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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE Y£AR 1 9 14

PART I

PUBUSHED BY THE SOaETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN

i

TRANSACTIONS

assat^iisdts Jjjr titultoral ^odd^

FOR THE YEAR 1914

PART I

BOSTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
NINETEEN HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN

CHAPtL

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1914.

President.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR. of Boston

Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, of Chestnut Hill.

Treasurer.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretaxy.
WILLIAM P. RICH, or Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston
F. LOTHROP AMES, of North Easton.
ERNEST B. DANE, of Brookline.
WILLIAM DOWNS, of Chestnut Hill.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton
CHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, or Brookiine
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Warbham.
WILFRID WHEELER, of Concord.
EDWARD B. WILDER, of Dorchester

Nominating Committee.

HERBERT A CLARK, PHILIP DEXTER,

OF Belmont. of Boston

ARTHUR H. FEWKES. FREDERICK S. MOSELEY,

of Newton of Boston.

JOHN L. SMITH, of Swampscott.

* Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

COMMITTEES FOB 1914.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.

ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Membership Committee.

JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, WALTER HUNNEWELL.

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL.

Committee on Frizes and Exhibitions.

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman.
DUNCAN FINLAYSON, PETER FISHER, S. J. GODDARD.

T. D. HATFIELD, DR. W. G. KENDALL,

ALEXANDER MONTGOMERY, EDWARD B. WILDER.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

T. D. HATFIELD, Chairman.
ARTHUR H. FEWKES, DONALD McKENZIE,

JAMES MARLBOROUGH. WILLIAM NICHOLSON.

WILLIAM SIM.

Committee on Fruits.

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman.
WILLIAM DOWNS, HAROLD L. FROST.

Committee on Vegetables.

DUNCAN FINLAYSON, Chairman.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG; HENRY M. HOWARD.

Committee on Gardens.

JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman.

ROBERT CAMERON, DAVID R. CRAIG, JACKSON T. DAWSON.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES, T. D. HATFIELD,

RICHARD HITTINGER, DR. HARRIS KENNEDY,

WILLIAM NICHOLSON, THOMAS ROLAND, CHARLES SANDER.

WILFRID WHEELER.

Committee on Library.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.
RERNST B. DANE, GEORGE B. DORR, CHARLES S. MINOT.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.
i^ GEORGE B. DORR, F. C. SEARS.

Conmiittee on Children's Oardena.

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman.
MRS, AUGUSTUS HEMENWAY, MISS MARGARET A. RAND.
HARRY S. RAND, WM. P. RICH, JAMES WHEELRR.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1914.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman ] Committee on
George B. Dorr j- Lectures and

F. C. Sears J Publications.

CONTENTS.

The Inaugural Meeting

Horticultural Papers and Discussions

Utilizing Birds in Horticulture. By Edward H.
Forhush ........

The Hybrid Tea Rose of Today. By George II. Peterson
Soils and Fertilizers. By Dr. H. J. Wheeler .
Making a New Variety of Asparagus. By J. B. Norton
Varieties of Fruits. By Br. J. K. Shcnc
Orchard Sites. By Prof. F. C. Sears .
Fertilizers for the Orchard. By Henri Ilaskins
Establishing an Orchard. By R. W. Recs .
Factors that Influence Quality in Apples. By Dr. J
K. Shaic ......

Some Common OrchurJ Pests. By Prof. IF. II
Chenoiceth ......

The Spraying Campaign. By A'. JV. liees .

Soil Management in the Orchard. By R. IT. Rees

Some Principles of Pruning. By Prof. IT. IT. Cheno
teeth ........

Picking and Handling Fruit. By Prof. F. C. Sears
Packing Apples in Boxes. By R. W. Rcrs .
Packing Apples in Barrels. By Prof. F. C. Sears
Can we sell our Apples? By Prof. F. A. Waiifjh
Pear Culture. By Wilfrid Wheeler

Cooperation Among P'ruit Growers. By Dr. A. K
Cance .......

Peach Growing. By Prof. F. A. Waugh

The Possibilities of Nut Culture in New England. B\
Dr. William C. Deming

Undesiral)le Foreign Plant Diseases. By Dr. Perky
Spaulding ......

13
17
23
45
51
59
62
69

74

79
86
92

95
99
104
107
112
123

130
136

141

153

THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 10, 1914.

TRANSACTIONS

1914, PART I.

INAUGURAL MEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the IVIassachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year 1914 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 10, at eleven o'clock, with President Farquhar
in the Chair.

It was voted to dispense with the reading of the record of the
preceding meeting.

President Farquhar then delivered the following inaugural
address :

Inaugural Address of Pre.sident Farquhar.

Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society;
Ladies and Gentlemen: —

The expenses of the Society during the past year exceed those of
the year 1912 b}' nearly three thousand dollars. This increase
was occasioned chiefly liy the necessity of installing two new
boilers at a cost of over four thousand dollars to replace two worn-
out sectional boilers which had previously furnished steam for
heating our building. The new boilers are proving very satis-
factory and economical of fuel. Another element of increase in
expense is the fact of our various committees having made awards
to exhibitors almost two thousand dollars in excess of the aggregate
of the awards of the pre\'ious year.

O MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The rentals of our halls have been the largest since the building
was erected showing an increase of nearly fourteen hundred dollars
over the preceding year. There is reason to expect this source of
revenue to improve from year to year.

Receipts from admissions to exhibitions have been up to the
usual amount, although about two thousand dollars less than those
of 1912, when an unusually large return was derived from the
Italian Garden Exhibition.

From Mount Auburn Cemetery we have received over twenty-
three hundred (2300) dollars, and this revenue will probably con-
tinue without much reduction for a number of years. In time it
will diminish and will cease when all the land in which we have an
interest has been sold.

Under the management of your Board of Trustees many econo-
mies have been brought about, and for several years past our
income has met our expenditures.

The work of the Society in promoting interest in, and spreading
knowledge of horticulture, has been carried forward energetically
during the past year. There never was a time when the popular
interest in gardening was so evident. The attendance at our
lectures last year averaged the largest on record.

Your Trustees believe that the Society should do still more in the
way of teaching practical gardening, and to this end have arranged
for practical demonstrations of garden work in our lecture room.
They have also planned to supplement our time-honored Saturday
lectures by a series of visits to places of horticultural interest in
this vicinity. These excursions may be participated in by members
of the Society and other interested persons, and they will be under
the guidance of a competent horticulturist.

Our Society has an unusual opportunity now to give direction
and guidance to the present earnest, but too often uncertain and
erring efforts of our people to utilize and beautify their gardens
and grounds. The teachers in our public schools, the children's
gardens in the tenement districts, and suburban garden clubs are
all doing good work. I wish that our financial condition would
permit us to establish classes for the training of teachers for such
v/ork.

Tn the past the Society has devoted its energies mainly to three

INAUGURAL MEETING 9

lines of activity, namely, its exhibitions, its lectures, and its library
work. Every feature of our work along these three lines has so
often been discussed that I refrain from speaking of them now.
Rather would I ask you to look afield and if possible to let our
activities be even still more practical; to interest the young in the
garden, to instruct their teachers so that they may be taught
methods that will bring the encouragement of being successful in
their efforts, to help young gardeners and florists to a better
knowledge of their calling, and to help all interested in garden work
to a better understanding of it, from the occupant of the city apart-
ment limited to a window box to the owner of the large estate in the
country. Let us give them such instructions in cultural methods
and aid in choosing suitable subjects, that success in their efforts
may be less uncertain. If we do this we shall be fulfilling the
mission for which we received our Charter.

During the year on which we have entered, Boston will be the
busiest city of the country in horticulture. Next August we shall
have as our guests three thousand or more members and friends of
the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists
attending their annual convention to be held here. This together
with the growing demands of our other lines of work will keep us
busy during the year.

At the conclusion of his address the President called for the usual
annual reports of the officers and chairmen of the various com-
mittees which were presented in the following order :

Report of the Board of Trustees, by the Secretary.

Report of the Treasurer, Walter Hunnewell.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture,
Wilfrid Wheeler.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, James
Wheeler, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, T. D. Hatfield,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on P'ruits, Edward B. Wilder, Chair-
man.

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, Duncan Finlayson,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, John K. M. L. Farquhar,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, H. S. Adams,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Lectures, Wilfrid Wheeler, Chair-
man.

The reports were separately accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Lectures and Publications for printing in the Transac-
tions of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

UTILIZING BIRDS IN HORTICULTURE.
By Edward H. Forbush, Boston.

Read before the Society, January 3, 1914.

On account of the illness of Mr. Forbush he was unable to deliver
his lecture in person, but his place was supplied by Rev. William
R. Lord of Dover, Massachusetts, who read Mr. Forbush's paper
as printed herewith.

Mr. Lord supplemented the paper with a highly interesting talk
on the same subject, dwelling especially on the means of domesti-
cating and increasing bird life around the home grounds, and on
the important assistance of birds in keeping insect pests in check.

Mr. Forbush's paper follows:

Many people have absorbed the idea that birds were created to
protect the crops from insect pests, but the relations of birds,
insects, and other forms of animal life are not quite so simple as
this belief would indicate. No man yet is wise enough to under-
stand fully the marvellous relations and interdependencies existing
between the various forms of animal and vegetable life, but we
know that there exist between vegetation, insects, and birds what
may be termed, for want of a better word, primeval economic
relations, a sort of dependence one upon another; the existence of
each one depending upon the existence of the others.

Birds perform the function of an aerial police force, because they
are the best fitted of all the forms of animal life to concentrate
quickly on any unusual irruption of insects or other lesser animals.
Such an influence, working thus upon destructive or potentially
destructive pests, must of necessity have a beneficent relation to
agricultural industries. Birds have a marvellous capacity for
destroying pests. They are wonderfully active and tremendously
energetic and the resultant great and constant wasting of the
tissues calls for exceedingly rapid renewal. Constant fuel is re-
quired to keep the vital fires l)rightly burning. Hence, birds
require an enormous quantity of food.

13

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The late Chester A. Reed, author of "Bird Guide," regarded one
hundred insects as the average number eaten by each individual
insectivorous bird daily. He estimated by an ingenious calcula-
tion that two billion five hundred and sixty million (2,560,000,000)
insects or twenty-one thousand (21,000) bushels are eaten daily
by the birds of Massachusetts. I believe it was Professor Lawrence
Bruner who estimated that the birds of Nebraska, a much larger
State, ate one hundred and seventy carloads in a day. When we
consider that a very large proportion of the insects are injurious,
or would become injurious, to crops or trees if not held in check,
we can see the advantage of increasing and fostering bird life. We
may even reduce some of these benefits to the common standard
of dollars and cents.

I hold in my hand a document, containing a message of the
President to Congress, transmitting a report of the biological
survey of the Department of Agriculture, in which it is stated that
a single species of hawk saves the farmers $175,000 yearly by
destroying grasshoppers and field mice; and that the native
sparrow^s of the United States save to the agriculturists $35,000,000
yearly by destroying weed seeds. Professor F. E. L. Beal of the
Department of Agriculture has made a careful study which seems
to show that each pair of meadow larks is worth at least $4 a year
to the farmer, because of the grass they save by the destruction of
insect pests. A friend in Bristol County, having carefully studied
the work of the bob-white or quail, is satisfied that each pair on
his farm is worth $5 a year to him, because of the potato beetles and
other insects they destroy.

Birds are of greater potential value in the field and forest than
in orchard or garden. Insecticides and other means may be used
to control certain pests, but we cannot drench with poisonous sprays
the grass which horses and cattle eat, nor can we spray all the trees
in all the woods. We are absolutely dependent on the birds and
other natural enemies of insects to protect the trees and the grass
crops of the country from insect pests. Wherever birds exist in
normal numbers, they perform their office well except where some
foreign pest has been introduced which they are not accustomed to.

Something, however, may be done to utilize birds in horticulture
and fruit growing, for there are many injurious insects that cannot

UTILIZING BIRDS IN HORTICULTURE 15

be reached by arsenical spraying. Some which are readily destroyed
by birds cannot be controlled by any practicable mechanical
means now known. Birds, if attracted to an orchard in numbers,
are very destructive to the principal leaf-eating insects, such as the
tent caterpillar and the canker worms, the codling moth, and, in less
degree, to the gypsy and the brown-tail moth which our birds do
not yet fully understand, although about fifty species are known to
feed on one or both. Such insects can be controlled by spraying,
but there are many insects which feed under the bark or in the
wood, destroying the tree, which cannot be reached by spraying;
for example, the introduced leopard moth. Fruit growers know
how dangerous a pest it is, but there is little fear that there will be
any great loss from this insect in the country at large, provided we
are able to foster and increase the stock of native insectivorous birds.

Woodpeckers destroy quantities of borers, thus saving many
trees. There is at least one instance on record where nuthatches
saved orchardists thousands of dollars by destroying the pear tree
psylla which is not affected by poison sprays. Owls are among
the most beneficial of all birds because the}^ destroy mice and
nocturnal insects, particularly field mice, which are very destruc-
tive to trees and crops. All European writers who have observed
the habits of the owls agree that they are wonderfully useful in this
respect. Our larger species, such as the great horned owl and the
barred owl, sometimes molest poultry and game, but the smaller
species almost never pursue fowls or pigeons except when driven
by stress of weather and starvation. The screech owl may often
be induced to make its home on a farm by putting up a nesting box
for its accommodation. A box twelve inches square and fifteen
inches high with an entrance near the top four inches by five
would be ample for a family of screech owls, and such a box as this
was chosen by a pair of these owls near my orchard. In this they
reared their young and while there destroyed all the mice about the
place.

In conserving small birds, it is well, so far as possible, to secure
the services of their natural protectors. Kingbirds, while quarrel-
some, act as protectors to other small birds by driving away crows
and hawks. Kingbirds may often be induced to nest in the or-
chard by hanging on branches or fences a plentiful supply of cotton

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

string cut in lengths of one foot. This sometimes will induce
orioles to nest. Martins also drive away hawks.

Some few experiments have been made with birds in greenhouses
by introducing them there as protectors of the plants. In one such
case, some juncos and tree sparrows, shut in a greenhouse in the
fall and kept there during the winter, absolutely destroyed a pest
of plant lice. Hummingbirds are serviceable among flowering
plants, not only because, like the bees, they distribute pollen, but
also for the reason that they feed on many of the minute insects of
the plants and flowers, some of which may be too small to escape
the notice of other birds. Hummers may be readily attracted by
planting bee palm, honeysuckle, or almost any deep, bell-shaped
flower.

THE HYBRID TEA ROSE OF TODAY.
By George H. Peterson, Fair Lawn, N. J.

Delivered before the Society, January 17, 1914.

From time immemorial, the rose has been the favored flower of
mankind, and today its hold upon our hearts is stronger than ever.
It was not so very long ago that the hybrid tea rose was practically
unknown, and in those days, in this country, we could enjoy roses
out-of-doors practically only in June, with the exception of the
more or less tender teas, which needed much care. Because of
this many people became discouraged in their attempts at roses.
The bulk of their plants gaye flowers only in June, and often the
rose-bug got more of the flowers than did the grower. With the
advent of the hybrid tea, however, outdoor rose-growing has greatly
changed, and now one may have an abundance of the most glorious
roses imaginable from June to October. Fortunately, the rose-
bug or rose-chafer is not with us after June, and in autumn one can
have hybrid tea roses in his garden of even finer quality than in
June, as then we have the moister weather and less hot sun, and the
rose delights in a damp atmosphere.

As the name of this class of roses indicates, they are originated by
the crossing or hybridizing of a tea rose with another class; or, at
least, this was the original method when the hybrid tea first ap-
peared. At that time the strong-growing and hardy hybrid
perpetual or remontant rose was used in crossing with the tea.
Hybridizing the tea rose with the hybrid perpetual, the constant
blooming qualities of the former were retained, and in addition to
which we secured, in a large measure, the size and vigor of the
hybrid perpetual class as well. Of recent years other classes of
roses have been used; for instance, the yellow briers, and this has
given us what was formerly lacking in the hybrid tea class — magni-
ficent shades of yellow.

Strictly speaking, the hybrid tea made its advent nearly a half
century ago, but of the efforts at that time practically only one

17

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

variety is left us, viz., La France, a rose which is still favored
because of its almost unequalled fragrance. At first, this variety
was generally classed as a hybrid perpetual, and some of the Hol-
land growers class it as such even to this day, but there is no ques-
tion as to the proper class in which it should be placed.

There seems to have been little done in that way until about
twenty years later, when Bennett sent out some varieties, two of
which, both blush varieties, Grace Darling and Viscountess Folke-
stone, are still quite largely grown. In 1891 Lambert & Reiter, a
German firm, sent out Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, a lemon-white
rose, which to this day in its color has not been surpassed. Un-
fortunately this variety is not so strong a grower as many or most
of the hybrid tea class, but in quality of flower nothing more could
be asked for or sought.

About fifteen to twenty years ago two European growers took
up the development of the hybrid tea in earnest; I refer to Alexan-
der Dickson & Sons in Ireland and J. Pernet-Ducher in France,
and up to this time these two firms have probably sent out more
new, fine varieties of hybrid teas than all other raisers combined.
During the past five or six years, however, McGredy & Son of
Ireland have been sending out some uncommonly fine sorts, and if
they keep on as they have been doing I predict that they will soon
carry away the laurels.

At the present time new varieties are coming so thick and fast
that it is practically impossible to keep track of them all. Of
course many of these will not stand the test of time, and as we
already have so many known good varieties I would advise the
average planter to confine himself very largely to the tried -out sorts.
The hybrid tea rose is particularly strong in the various shades of
pink, and of recent years various shades of yellow and red have
become abundant, but in white we are less fortunate.

In any given list there must be some varieties omitted, which
succeed in some soils and climates, and in the following abbreviated
list I shall endeavor to give only such as are most generally success-
ful under the most varying conditions and covering a wide extent
of country.

Pink — Belle Siebrecht, Dean Hole, Jonkheer J. L. Mock,
Killarney, Lady Alice Stanley, Lady Ashtown, La France, Lyon-

THE HYBRID TEA ROSE OF TODAY 19

Rose, Madame Caroline Testout, Madame Jules Grolez, Madame
Segond Weber, Marquise de Ganay, My Maryland, Radiance.

Red — Chateau de Clos Vougeot, Etoile de France, General
McArthur, Gruss an Teplitz, Laurent Carle, Richmond.

Yellow — Duchess of Wellington, Madame Ravary, Marquise
de Sinety, Mrs. iVaron Ward, Mrs. A. R. Waddell, Sunburst.

White and Blush — Bessie Brown, Florence Pemberton, Kaiserin
Augusta Victoria, Pharisaer, Souvenir du President Carnot, White
Killarney.

In addition to the above, several of the newer varieties will no
doubt be found equally desirable as soon as they are thoroughly
tested out.

We have so far been considering the hybrid tea from an outdoor-
growing standpoint, but there is another phase of rose-growing
which, while it appeals to few directly, interests us all more or less,
since in this country the commercial growing of roses, under glass,
has become an important industry. Most of us are not so fortu-
nate as to be able to own and maintain a greenhouse, and so to have
roses when they cannot be grown out-of-doors we must purchase
them; and while we are considering the hybrid tea rose it is at
least interesting to know that practically all roses grown commer-
cially under glass today are hybrid teas. Those most largely so
grown are as follows: Killarney, White Killarney, Richmond,
Radiance, My Maryland, Mrs. Aaron Ward, Sunburst, Mrs.
George Shawyer.

While on this side of the Atlantic less attention has been paid
to the raising of new varieties, yet a few very good ones have origi-
nated here, and as a rule the hybridizer in America strives for a
forcing rose. In this way we have Richmond, which for several
years has been the leading red forcing variety. This was originated
by Hill of Indiana, who has also given us General McArthur, proba-
bly the best all-around red, for outdoor purposes, grown today.
Cook of Baltimore must be given credit for sending out both
Radiance and My Maryland, both of splendid forcing varieties
and outdoor roses as well. In fact, I consider Radiance, weighing
all its points, one of the very best hybrid teas for the amateur to
plant.

Now the question arises. What shall we do to enjoy the hybrid
tea rose continuously during summer and fall? In the first place,

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

a site for the planting should be selected well away from trees or
shrubbery, and at least a few feet away from buildings. The bed,
for best results, should be well in the open where it will get sun
for at least half the day, and yet be somewhat sheltered from the
wind of fiercest storms. The bed or beds should have at least
fifteen to eighteen inches of good rich soil, well manured, including
an application of bone, all of which should be thoroughly mixed
through the soil, and not left in layers. Any good garden soil can
be made to grow very fine hybrid tea roses, but remember that
the rose delights in a rich, moist soil, so if there is some clay in it,
so much the better. The careful grower may plant his roses in the
fall, but the average planter in New England will find early spring,
before deciduous growth begins, the best time; and the earlier
this planting is done, the better will be the first crop of blooms,
which should follow in about two months from time of planting.
In order to receive one's plants on time and to get the best, the
order should be placed with your grower weeks or even months
in advance. In handling the plants after arrival care should be
taken to expose the roots to the air as little as possible, i. e., in case
of dry, clear weather. Do not crowd and double up the roots
into a small hole, but spread them out naturally, and when the
roots are covered, tread the ground firmly about each plant with
the foot. After setting, the plant should be pruned severely,
leaving the canes only from three to six inches long, according to
strength, the weaker shoots being pruned closest. If planting
is done early, while the ground is still moist, little or no watering
will be required until the plants begin to leaf out. From that
time on, however, frequent waterings should be given during dry
spells of weather, since the rose, as mentioned before, delights in
moisture.

Each new strong shoot will produce usually three or four buds,
all of which, except the terminal one, should be pinched off as
soon as they can be taken hold of; and if this is done, one can have
glorious roses beginning the first June after planting.

As we all know, the rose has its peculiar diseases and insect
foes, but in this day of bugs and blight what plant has not? As
the shoots appear there will often be found upon the tender ends
of same a number of little green, lice-like insects called aphis.

THE HYBRID TEA ROSE OF TODAY 21

These do not eat the plant, but Hve by suction, and while, conse-
quently, they cannot be successfully poisoned, yet they can be killed
by contact. The fumes of tobacco are fatal to this insect, and
out-of-doors this is best applied in the form of tobacco water or
fresh tobacco dust sprinkled upon the plants and which will cause
no injury to the latter, even though heavily applied.

A little later green worms will appear on the foliage. These
can be destroyed by using freshly powdered white hellebore, which
is also harmless to the plant. In June the rose chafer, or rose bug,
makes its appearance — a brownish, hard-shell, flying insect, the
worst sinner of them all. Hand-picking into a little pan of kero-
sene is the most effective way of destroying this insect, since he
does not appear until the flowers are open and anything strong
enough to kill him would ruin the petals on which he feeds.

Two of the chief diseases to which the rose is subject are mildew
and blackspot. These, however, can be controlled by spraying
with sulphide of potassium and Bordeaux mixture. I would recom-
mend each grower to possess a good general work on rose culture.

While there are some difficulties in the way, yet these are often
largely magnified, since if one has fairly good soil and strong,
vigorous plants to start with, little trouble need be experienced.
Insect foes and diseases always prey chiefly upon the weak, both
in plant and animal life. With a little earnest effort one can today
be rewarded with an abundance of roses in his garden, often equal-
ling the finest product which the commercial grower can turn
out under glass, and that this can be so enjoyed we have to thank
those who by patient effort, and through many discouragements,
have wrought so wonderfully in the development of the hybrid
tea rose of today.

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS.
By H. J. Wheeler, Ph. D., D. Sc, Boston.

Delivered before the Society, January 31, 1914.

The first and greatest function of soil is to serve as a place
of anchorage and support for plants. Some of the lower plants,
to be sure, have no need of such anchorage and in water and soil
are subject to free movement without injury. On the other hand,
certain seaweeds, though existing in the water, are dependent
upon maintaining an anchorage. The anchor, or "hold-fast," in
some instances reaches a diameter of three feet and a single plant
extends itself to a length of from 700 to 1,500 feet.

Plants are affected by moisture, heat, air, light, bacteria, and
by other low forms of plant and animal life which are regular deni-
zens of the soil. These may have either a beneficial or injurious
effect according to the kind.

It is true that soils furnish naturally to the plant varying amounts
of mineral matter, which are either absolutely essential, or under
certain circumstances, incidentally helpful.

The mineral matter and the countless living plant and animal
inhabitants of the soil must be supplemented by dead and decaying
remains of plants and animals, if the soil is to serve as the most
useful medium for the growth of agricultural plants.

From the standpoint of the geologist, all soil is called "rock" for
he can never find a positive dividing line between the two. The
question is often asked at agricultural meetings, "Do rocks grow?"
From the standpoint of the agriculturist the more or less solid
matter which we call rock is continually weathering and crumbling
to a form which we recognize as soil, whereas in other places sand
dunes, gravels, and lacustrine and ocean sediments are being com-
pacted by the pressure of overlying accumulations and are being
cemented into solid masses of sandstones, conglomerates, shales,
slates, or limestone, by carbonate of lime, iron compounds, and
by soluble compounds of silica.

23

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

It is one of the wonderful provisions of an all-wise Providence
that changes of temperature, thawing and freezing, wind action,
water wearing, bacterial and other higher plants, as well as earth-
worms and burrowing animals, all play an effective part in reduc-
ing surface rock to soil, so that it may form a suitable habitat for
miscellaneous forms of plant life.

The Life of the Soil.

The types of bacteria, fungi, protozoa (microscopic animals)
and other useful or injurious forms of living organisms in the soil
are affected by the kinds, amounts, and relations of the mineral
and dead organic matter present, and also even by the chemical
reaction of the soil mass.

The amount of organic matter added to the soil, directly, by
the growth of the lower plant organisms, and the quantity of
nitrogen fixed by them directly from the air, are dependent upon
the temperature, moisture, and the kind and volume of available
mineral matter.

The rate of decay of vegetable matter, and hence the character
and volume of humus in soils is influenced greatly by the tempera-
ture, moisture, porosity, and chemical soil reaction.

The soil is no longer looked upon as a lifeless and inert mixture
of minerals and organic substances, but rather as a mass ever in
motion and teeming with countless millions of living organisms
of various kinds, engaged in a continuous battle for supremacy,
and as a result of the stage of that battle, exerting a marked in-
fluence for good or ill on the growth of agricultural plants.

Formerly the sole or chief function of animal manures was
supposed to be the addition of plant food and of humus whereby
the moisture content of the soil and its ability to retain fertilizers
were greatly increased. Now, however, it is known that a gram,
or about a twenty-ninth of an ounce, of either cow or horse dung
contains from 60,000,000 to 150,000,000 microorganisms, and in
human feces, as many as 18,000,000,000; in fact J. Strasburger
found that from 17 to 68% of the entire mass of human excrement
consists of these organisms. From this it will be seen that farm-
yard manures may perform a highly important function, especially

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 25

on old grass sward, for by introducing large numbers of certain
kinds of these organisms and by creating an alkaline condition in
the soil, the process of decay is hastened and the humification and
nitrification of the accumulated vegetable matter is greatly facili-
tated.

Nitrogen Assimilation From the Air by Legumes.

Time will not permit of the discussion of the various views and
contentions of Liebig, Boussingault, Ville, Lawes and Gilbert,
and other earlier investigators and writers, who contended as to
the relative importance of mineral and nitrogenous manures and
also as to the manner in which nitrogen was assimilated by plants.
It should be noted, however, that the work by Atwater on the
assimilation of nitrogen by legumes, in 1884, supported the earlier
results by Ville. This was then supplemented by the splendid
w^ork of that modest, careful German investigator, Hellriegel
(1880-1888) by which the relation of microorganisms to nitrogen
assimilation was definitely established, thus bringing about a new
epoch in our knowledge of plants and their economic production.

Concerning Toxic Substances in Soils.

Another controversy has been developed more recently by certain
assertions of Whitney and his co-workers. He at first claimed that
the chief function of commercial fertilizers was not the furnishing
of food to plants, but rather the improving of the physical condition
of soils. Later, this position was very largely abandoned. It was
subsequently claimed by the Bureau of Soils in Washington, D. C,
that practically all minerals of agricultural importance are present
in all soils; that there is no practical difference in the composition
and concentration of different soil solutions; that the soil^ solution
is being continually renewed by solution of the minerals; and that
plants were able to draw their nutriment from very dilute solutions.
From this the conclusion was obvious that fertilizers were not
needed to furnish plant food, but if they were helpful, it must be
by virtue of performing other functions.

It had already been claimed in 1832 by De Candolle that plants

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

excreted from their roots substances poisonous to themselves or to
other plants which follow them.

Early in the preceding century Mulder in Holland, Voelocker in
England, as well as other French and German investigators, had
pointed out that soils often contain certain salts of iron, and other
compounds which are frequently poisonous to plants.

Attention was called in 1892 and 1893 by the work at the Rhode
Island Agricultural Experiment Station, to the fact that when
carbonate of lime was deficient in soils, poisonous substances were
present. This was found to be true even of unfertilized and un-
manured lands, including well-drained uplands. Seven or eight
years later, it was found that similar conditions had developed at
the agricultural experiment station at Woburn, England, where
mixtures of ammonium chlorid and ammonium sulphate had been
used as fertilizers for a long series of years. When this soil was
leached with water, and the leachings were added to other soils,
they were found to affect plant growth injuriously.

Fertilizers not Merely Anti-Toxins.

The foregoing considerations probably furnished the foundation
for still another theory which shortly emanated from the Bureau
of Soils in Washington, D. C, to the effect that the function of
fertilizers was to act as anti-toxins, or, expressed in another way, it
was to transform and put out of action these various poisonous
substances, whether produced as the result of vegetable decay, or
formed as root excretions.

The most interesting feature of this theory was that from the
complete fertilizer standpoint, it rendered necessary the assump-
tion of three distinct types of plant poisons : one of which was to be
destroyed or rendered innocuous in varying degrees by all phosphatic
fertilizers; another by any one of the potash salts, whether chlorid„
sulphate, silicate, carbonate or nitrate; and a third rendered innocu-
ous by nitrogenous compounds regardless of whether they were
ammonium salts, nitrates, blood, tankage, fish, calcium nitrate or
calcium cyanamid. Finally, in view of the fact that before liming,
certain soils were toxic to plants, even after the three so-called

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 27

essential elements were applied, it was obvious that there was still
a fourth type of toxic substance which could be rendered innocuous
only by the use of lime. It is but fair to the Bureau of Soils to
state that this view as it relates to the function of nitrogenous
fertilizers was soon recognized as untenable.

The promulgation of some of these ideas, which are to a large
degree at variance with authorities throughout the world, has had
the unfortunate effect of strengthening a strong prejudice against
fertilizers in certain parts of the Middle West, which certain advo-
cates of raw rock phosphate have fostered. This it will take some
time to overcome, and in the meantime, the crop yields per acre in
that section of the country may be expected to decrease still fur-
ther, whereas, those of the eastern sections of the country, where
fertilizers are used, are rising more nearly in accord with, or even
equal to, those of Europe.

The most unfortunate feature of this whole matter has been the
dissemination of these ideas among farmers, as a basis for agricul-
tural practice, whereas had the matter gone no further than a
discussion among scientists, no practical injury to agriculture
would have resulted.

Mineral Fertilizers Lasting in Their Effects.

In addition to the foregoing, the public has been informed that
the action of fertilizers, if they chance to be used in excess, is fleeting,
and that little or no subsequent benefit will he observed.

In view of the foregoing, it is of interest to note that soils at
Rothamsted, England, on which either phosphatic fertilizer or
potash salts had been used, produced far better crops than where
they were omitted. The watery solutions of both of these soils
nourished plants far better and were respectively richer in phos-
phates and potash than solutions prepared from soils which had
received neither phosphates nor potassium salts. Upon treating
these soils with weak and strong acids, it was found that those to
which phosphates had been applied, yielded extracts containing
al)out five times as much phosphate as the soil on which no phos-
phate had been used. Similarly the soils where potash salts had

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

been applied in the past yielded extracts about eight times richer
in potash than those to which no potash had been added.

This shows that the acid solutions of the soils, like the watery
solutions, vary in concentration, and that the concentration was
greater where phosphatic and potassic fertilizers were used in the
past than where they were not. Furthermore, the soils yielding
the richer watery extracts were in all cases the more productive,
and the fact of the long existence of beneficial after-effects from the
use of phosphates and potash is splendidly illustrated.

In connection with the foregoing investigations. Hall (formerly
Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station) and his co-
workers also prepared watery extracts of two other soils, one where
wheat and the other where barley had been grown for sixty years in
succession. It was found that both wheat and barley grew better
in the extracts from the barley soil than in those prepared from the
wheat soil, and in both cases, the growth was slightly better than in
an artificial solution of mineral substances having the same chemi-
cal composition. The solutions from the barley soil were also
richer in mineral matter than those from the wheat soil. According
to Hall, these several results show conclusively that there was no
accumulation of toxic root excreta, nor indeed, of a toxic substance
of any sort in these soils which had in each case been devoted to a
single crop for sixty years.

In summarizing this work. Hall expresses himself as follows :

" (1) The composition of the natural soil solution as regards phosphoric
acid and potash is not constant, but varies significantly in accord with the
composition of the soil and its past manurial history.

"(2) Within wide limits the rate of growth of a plant varies with the
concentration of the nutritive solution, irrespective of the total amount of
plant food available.

"(3) When other conditions, such as the supply of nitrogen, water, and
air, are equal, the growth of the crop will be determined by the concentra-
tion of the soil solution in phosphoric acid and potash which, in its turn,
is determined by the amount of these substances in the soil, their state of
combination, and the fertiliser supplied.

"(4) On normal cultivated soils the growth of crops like wheat and
barley, even when repeated for 60 years in succession, does not leave behind
in the soil specific toxic substances which have an injurious effect upon the
growth of the same or other plants in that soil.

"The net result of these investigations is to restore the earlier theory of the
direct nutrition of the plant by fertilisers. The composition of the soil

SOILS AXD FERTILIZERS 2&

solution which determines the growth of the plant is dependent upon the
amount and the mode of combination of the phosphoric acid and potash
in the soil, both of which are affected by the fertiliser supply, though to
what extent is not yet determinable."

Another case where the accumulation of toxic root excreta
would seem to be impossible is that of lawns, for it is a well-known
fact that some of the best lawns in England are said to be several
centuries old. It is, therefore, obvious, that permanent lawns of
this character would be an impossibility if the grass were excreting
poisonous substances w'hich were capable of accumulation in the
soil.

Effect of Crops Upon Those which Follow.

In view of what has been presented, it may be of interest at this
point to mention an experiment which was conducted by the writer
and S. C. Damon at the Rhode Island Experiment Station. A large
number of plots of land were tested as to their uniformity without
fertilization, first for one year by growing Indian corn, and then a
second year by growing across each, strips of a large number of
different kinds of plants, with which it was proposed to experiment
subsequently.

As a result the plots were found to be as uniform for all of the
plants as could reasonably be expected. Each plot was then
devoted for two years to a given crop, and all were moderately
fertilized w'ith a like quantity of a complete fertilizer of the same
kind. The third year onions were sown over the entire area repre-
sented by each of the plots. It was noted almost from the outset
that the onion plants on the plots of land w hich were devoted the
previous year to cabbage, mangel wurzels, Swedish turnips, and
buckwheat, were behind the others. Next followed the onions
which succeeded potatoes, whereas, the best results of all
followed red top. AVhen the onions were about 1^ to 3 inches
tall, a frost occurred, but no injury resulted excepting on the plots
where the growth had been somewhat inferior from the outset.
The line of demarcation was also absolutely in accord with the
outline of the plots showing that it was not due to faulty air drain-
age over a portion of the area, for had such been the case, the

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

boundaries between the injured and uninjured portions would
naturally have been somewhat irregular and they would not have
followed for more than 200 feet the exact border of the plots, which
were located side by side. As the season advanced, the differences
became more and more accentuated until finally, at the close of the
season, it was found that the onions following the cabbage, mangel
wurzels, Swedish turnips, and buckwheat, were small, had thick
necks, and failed to ripen properly. Where redtop had preceded
for two years, a large crop was produced and the growth and ripen-
ing were normal. The results following the other crops ranged
between these two extremes. In other words, the yield of No. 1
onions ranged from between 12 and 13 bushels to the acre
where the results were bad, to 412 bushels on the redtop plot.
For the fourth and fifth years of the experiment, each plot was
devoted to the same crop which had occupied it during the first
and second years, and the sixth year, 1913, when the work was in
charge of Director B. L. Hartwell, buckwheat was sown over all
the plots, though, for the first time in six years, all fertilizer was
omitted.

It was found, as a result, that the buckwheat grew better on
some of those plots where the conditions were disastrous to onions,
than it did on the others, and best of all following Swedish turnips.
It will be seen from this that there was apparently a peculiar effect
upon the physical condition of the soil, upon its bacteriological
condition, and its microscopic animal life, or, the result may have
been due to excretions, to great differences in the demands of
preceding plants upon the various constituents of the soil, or to
other obscure and hidden influences.

Fertilizers in their Relations to Crops and Soils.

Much evidence has already been secured to show that fertilizers
should be prepared differently according to the crop which has
preceded and that which follows. The whole solution of this prob-
lem, however, has not been reached, yet the manufacture of fertil-
izers designed to meet the needs of special crops and soils is being
continually placed on a more scientific basis.

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 31

In many of the claims which have been put forth by the Bureau
of Soils there exist certain elements of truth; and it is because of
this seductive fact that they have received exaggerated attention
in those parts of the country where fertilizers are but just being
introduced. It is quite true, for example, that certain fertilizers
do destroy toxic substances in the soil, whereas others may lead to
their creation. For example, in the case of very acid soils, the
long continued use of large amounts of nitrate of soda tends gradu-
ally to lessen their acidity and the quantity of toxic substances
which often accompanies a lack of lime. On the same kind of a
soil ammonium chlorid or sulphate of ammonia would gradually
increase the toxicity by virtue of leaving acid residues behind,
instead of sodium carbonate, as in the former case.

There are, however, other factors to be considered, for certain
phosphates are rendered more available in the soil if sulphate of
ammonia is used as the source of nitrogen than when nitrate of
soda is employed. On the other hand, still another kind of phos-
phate would be likely to be made more available by the nitrate
of soda. Sulphate of ammonia is also said to be better than lime
for correcting the unfavorable conditions created by nitrate of
soda in heavy clay and silt soils.

Again, on a very acid soil, calcium chlorid may be highly toxic;
sulphate of lime (land plaster or gypsum) may not correct the con-
dition more than slightly, if at all; whereas the character of the
productiveness of the soil may be wonderfully increased by the
application of burned or slaked lime, or by any form of carbonate
of lime.

Some Points Concerning the Effects of Lime.

It has long been noted that soils which are even quite lacking
in carbonate of lime nevertheless contain rather surprising amounts
of nitrates. In a study of a Rhode Island acid soil, it was found
that nitrates were present, and that the difference in the activity
of the nitrifying organisms before and after the application of lime
was not great enough to more than partially explain the remarkable
benefit which followed its use.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

A most interesting and suggestive investigation has just been
made by Abbott, Conner, and Smalley (Bulletin No. 170) of the
Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station which promises to shed
new light on some of these questions and to offer another reason
why liming is often helpful. They found soils which were
relatively unproductive even after the introduction of organic
matter and after the application of ample fertilizer. The extracts
of these soils were adequately rich in nitrates, but the nitric
acid was found to be present very largely in combination with
alumina which, in the absence of enough lime and magnesia, had
been seized upon for use as a base by the nitric acid. The latter,
as is well known, must combine with some basic substance such as
soda, potash, lime, or magnesia, or it soon collects to such an
extent as to inhibit further nitrification. Experiments with plants
grown in watery solutions showed that the aluminum nitrate was
poisonous to plants, whereas the same amount of nitric acid in
other combinations was highly beneficial. It was found, upon
liming, that the nitric acid united with the lime forming nitrate of
lime, the alumina was thrown out of solution, and the soils became
highly productive.

At this point, attention should be called to the fact that sub-
stances which are so poisonous to certain plants as to cause them to
die to the last individual may nevertheless fail to injure other plants
and may even sometimes be helpful to them. This is well brought
out by the fact that where a soil was so greatly in need of lime as to
absolutely prevent the growth of a crop of clover, timothy, canta-
loupes, onions, lettuce, beets, spinach, and cress, it would never-
theless produce splendid results with blackberries, common sorrel,
serradella, watermelons, cranberries, and Silene orientalis.

From what has just been said, the futility of carrying on labora-
tory tests with wheat seedlings, as has been done in some cases, as
a basis for conclusions concerning the need of lime for miscellaneous
agricultural plants, must be obvious; and no one should attempt
in any case to predict from the results secured with any given
agricultural plant as to what may be expected with others.

It is an interesting fact that on an acid soil where the bush lima
bean will thrive to perfection, the pole horticultural beans will fall
slightly^short of a maximum crop, and the golden wax or Low's

SOILS AXD FERTILIZERS 33

Champion (a green-podded string-bean) will produce hardly more
than half a crop.

At this point, attention should be called to a common error of
agricultural writers, for many of them still assume that all of the
legumes are greatly helped by liming on soils of great or even of
moderate acidity. In this regard the lupines vary as widely among
themselves as the beans which have just been mentioned. It is
also a well recognized fact in Europe that serradella is often in-
jured by liming; the soy bean, and more particularly the cowpea,
may be injured the first season by heavy applications of slaked
lime, though responding favorably to it after the lapse of a year
or two. Even the clovers are not extreme in their need of lime for
they will thrive well, where further liming is needed in order to
secure maximum crops of winter vetch and particularly of alfalfa.

The Cuthbert raspberry responds moderately to liming where
the closely related black-cap raspberry and the blackberry are
indifferent to it.

The American elm, American linden, cjuince, cherry, and plum,
respond well to liming, where but small benefit is noted with the
Baldwin apple, little, if any, with the Bartlett pear or sugar maple,
none with the common white birch, and where positive injury
results to the average spruce and pine and probably to the kalmia,
rhododendron, and azalea.

In view of these wide variations in plants, which constitute but a
part of the 600 or more varieties which the writer has tested, he
may perhaps be pardoned for suggesting that no one is justified in
discussing the eff"ect of soil acidity and of its accompanying con-
ditions upon plants in general, as a result of conclusions drawn
from one or even from several varieties.

Fertilizers not Stimulants in a Bad Sense.

Recently certain public spieakers and agricultural writers in the
United States have been designating fertilizers as "stimulants"
and at the same time have been advising that all that it is necessary
to purchase for the fertilization of soils is raw rock phosphate and
ground limestone.

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Whatever the intent of these speakers and writers, there can be
no question as to the interpretation placed upon such statements
by the general public. Every one is familiar with the designation
of alcohol as a stimulant, and the inevitable consequence of such
statements is that the public is led to believe that whatever effect
fertilizers may have, it is merely temporary, and that the final
result of their use will be bad. According to Webster's Dictionary,
a stimulant is something "producing increased vital action in the
organism at any of its parts." According to such a definition each
one of the elements essential to plant growth is a stimulant and
without stimulants plant growth and reproduction would be an
impossibility.

The popular idea regarding fertilizers, however, as formed from
such statements as those to which reference has been made, is that
they are of mere temporary benefit, and there is no suggestion or
implication of the actual fact that their constituents enter into and
form an essential part of the plant itself, without which its existence
would be impossible.

Nitrate of soda is the ingredient of fertilizers which is most
frequently mentioned as a stimulant in the improper sense, that is,
as something having merely a temporary effect; whereas, on the
contrary, the nitric acid enters into the plant, and the nitrogen
thereof is an absolutely essential constituent of the protoplasm,
without which plant growth and reproduction could not take place.

Iron, lime, magnesia, and sulphur, might, with equal propriety,
be called stimulants, and yet plants cannot thrive and develop seed
without them. A striking illustration of this is afforded by at-
tempting to grow Indian corn in a medium free from iron, for the
plants soon take on a chlorotic or yellow appearance and growth
practically ceases. If, however, a small aifiount of iron chlorid is
added to the medium in which the plant is being grown, an entire
transformation takes place within a few hours, the leaves become
green, vigorous growth follows, and the plant goes forward func-
tioning in a perfectly normal manner. The designation as " stimu-
lants" of materials like these without which no plant reproduction
is possible is positively vicious and misleading. This is, therefore,
an attempt to create popular prejudice against those very fertilizers,
which are known to have been the chief factor in raising the yield

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 35

of wheat in Europe from 4-6 bushels to 31-32 bushels to the acre,
and which are now rapidly and profitably raising the yields of
Indian corn in the East far above those of the Middle West.

Raw Rock Phosphate.

Recently New England has been invaded by certain speakers
from the Middle ^Yest who have asserted, with but little qualifica-
tion, that no other form of fertilizer or phosphate is necessary on
the New England soils than ground limestone and raw rock phos-
phate. In support of this view results are cited from the black,
acid, corn belt of Illinois, where the soil conditions are utterly
different from most of those which exist in New England, and
where the possibility of the economical application of raw phos-
phate rock is far greater than on practically any of our New England
soils, excepting those known as peat, muck, or, possibly black, rich
and acid river bottoms.

Last winter in Connecticut a speaker cited the Ohio and the
Tennessee Experiment Stations as having secured results sup-
porting those which had been quoted from the black, corn-belt
soil of Illinois. My recollection of the phosphate experiments in
Ohio was to the effect that little or no financial advantage had been
shown from the use of raw rock phosphate as compared with
superphosphate (acid phosphate). Previous to this Connecticut
meeting, I had written to the Director of the Ohio Station, asking
him for the latest word on this point. A reply was received from
Director Charles E. Thorne under date of December 13, 1912, in
which he states:

"The only point upon which an issue could be taken is, as to whether
the raw rock is a more economical reenforcement to manure than acid
phosphate. On this point we are in doubt. Apparently, in our experi-
ments acid phosphate is somewhat more effective in proportion to cost,
than the raw rock, but there is room for argument on this point."

When the speaker in Connecticut c^uoted the Ohio Station as
having so strongly supported the view which he was presenting,
I referred to this letter, saying it was from one of the stations cited,

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

but without at the time mentioning the station or the name of
the Director from whom it was received, for I had then no authority
to make pubhc use of it, although this was subsequently granted.
The speaker was asked how he would explain the fact that his
conclusions from some of these experiments were so widely at
variance with those of the Director of at least one of the Stations
which he had cited. In reply he stated to the audience of about
250 people that I was now connected with a fertilizer company.
The intimation was that because of this fact my statement could
not be accepted, and my possession of the letter was also practically
questioned by one of the audience. Such an intimation in the
place of a frank and open statement of the reason for drawing such
different conclusions from the results, than had been drawn by the
Director of the Station cited, was a great surprise, coming as it did
from a college professor who should stand for fair dealing and the
truth at whatever cost.

Upon my return from that meeting I wrote to the Tennessee
Agricultural Experiment Station stating that their results had been
quoted as supporting the greater economic value of raw rock phos-
phate as compared with superphosphate. I asked if such were the
case, and if so, if they would kindly send me the bulletins and re-
ports in which these results were outlined. In reply I received a
letter containing the following statement:

"I am sure that I do not understand how Dr. * * * has been lead to be-
Ueve that our results show floats to be a more economical source of phos-
phoric acid for plants than acid phosphate. For my views in the matter
I refer you to Bulletin No. 90, pages 86-90."

It is needless to say that I forthwith wrote to the Tennessee
Station for a copy of bulletin No. 90, and also asked permission
to use in a public way the letter which has just been quoted. The
following quotations from bulletin No. 90 of the Tennessee Station
will be of interest at this point :

"The results obtained here, however, demonstrate that under liming,
which should be considered necessary, acid phosphate would without
doubt be a more profitable material than phosphate rock .... Thei'e seems,
therefore, to be little promise in phosphate rock on soils like those under

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 37

consideration, unless liming be omitted, and even then the results of Series
III and IV show that acid phosphate may be much more profitable than the
untreated rock."

Particular attention should be directed to the fact that certain
crops very largely failed on this soil in Tennessee unless lime was
used, a fact for which 1 can vouch from a personal inspection of
the crops in the field. The absurdity of attempting to maintain
these lands in an acid condition in order that they may render
phosphate rock more quickly and fulh^ available, when by doing
so the effect upon many of the important crops of the State would
be most serious, must be too obvious to require comment.

At the same meeting in Connecticut, to which reference has been
made, certain results secured at the Rhode Island Station, were
quoted by the speaker from the Middle West in support of raw
phosphate rock. Perhaps I can do no better than to quote here
from an open letter, by me, to the directors, chemists, and agrono-
mists of the agricultural experiment stations of the United States:

"A case in point is certain of the results embodied in a Bulletin of the
Rhode Island Experiment Station, which have been widely quoted by
certain interested parties who are determined to show good results with
raw rock phosphate, regardless of the legitimacy of the methods and data
used to do so. In order to make the situation clear in this case it should
be stated that at the outset, in 1894, it was planned to apply like money
values of the several phosphates rather than to use the same quantity of
phosphoric acid in all cases, although several years later the plan was
changed so as to equalize the applications and make the amounts of phos-
phoric acid the same on each plot.

"In 1894 and 1895, therefore, annual applications of the several phos-
phates were made, which cost exactly the same sum of money. In the
autumn of 1895 the plots were all seeded to grass, and at this time, in order
to give the most favorable conditions which were possible, the full money
value of raw rock phosphate, for a three-year period, was applied before
seeding; whereas no phosphate was applied that autumn to the plots
receiving acid phosphate. The next spring one-third of the total three-
year application was made; the second, another third was applied; and the
third spring the final portion was used. The experiment was conducted
on both limed and unlimed areas.

"The crops of the first two years have been estimated on the basis of
common Eastern prices as follows:

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

70 lbs. of com on the cob equal to a bushel.

80 cents per bushel for hard corn.

20 cents per bushel for soft corn and nubbins.

$5.00 per ton for corn stover.

50 cents per bushel for oats.

$12.00 per ton for oat straw.

"Table I. Showing the crop results with hke money values of acid
phosphate and raw rock phosphate :

Acid Phosphate. Raw Rock Phosphate.

Limed Unhmed Limed UnUmed

Value per acre Value per acre

Corn crop: $49.21 $40.31 $17.35 $18.73

Oat crop: 53.24 65.51 39.80 38.45

$102.45 $105.82 $57.15 .$57.18

"The total difference in the two years, in favor of acid phosphate, on the
limed land was $45.30 per acre, or enough to buy about four tons of acid
phosphate. The difference in favor of the acid phosphate in the two years
on the unlimed soil was $48.67 or enough to buy about four and a quarter
tons of acid phosphate. The difference for the three years the land was
in grass was in favor of the raw rock phosphate on the unlimed area, but
the land was in the direst need of lime as shown by the gain of 5.6 tons of
hay per acre when it was used with acid phosphate, and of 4.98 tons per
acre when used with raw rock phosphate. It is evident, therefore, that the
results from the unlimed areas are not to be taken as a guide, because no
good farmer would attempt to use phosphate of any kind on such land until
it had been limed. In other words, no one would think of keeping his soil
out of condition to produce good crops for the sake of having it exert a
shght solvent action on raw rock phosphate. In fact, Director Thorne,
whose experiments have often been otherwise interpreted or represented
(Official Report, Ohio State Board of Agriculture on Commercial Fertilizers,
1912, p. 50), says that 'it is not advisable to use it as a direct application
to the land.'

"On the limed areas the total yeild of hay for the three years was 320
pounds greater with the raw rock phosphate, than with the acid phosphate.
This quantity, after allowing 17 per cent for shrinkage, was worth at
$17.00 per ton but $2.26, as against the loss the first two years of $45.30
per acre, by using the raw rock phosphate. In fact even this small sum is
less than the accumulated interest on the extra returns from the earlier
crops produced with acid phosphate, not to mention the longer interest
period on the investment in the raw rock phosphate during the three years
the land was in grass.

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 39

"It is indeed surprising, in view of these figures, how certain persons can
have the face to cite the Rhode Island Station as having shown that raw-
rock is the more profitable source of phosphoric acid for our eastern soils,
especially when but few of them are as favorable to raw rock phosphate as
this particular acid soil at Kingston, which was exceptionally rich in humus."

Concerning the Ratios of Lime and Magnesia in Soils.

It was long ago pointed out by European investigators that, in
case of an injurious excess of certain mineral elements in forms
available to the plant, the addition of certain others had a counter-
acting effect. Later Loew advanced a new theory in explanation
of the beneficial effect of lime upon its application to soils contain-
ing excessive amounts of magnesia. This was based upon the idea
that the presence of unduly large ratios of magnesia to lime, in the
plant, interfered with nucleo-proteid formation. This line of work
was taken up also by several of his Japanese assistants and a vast
amount of literature on the subject has been published. More re-
cently Gile of Porto Rico and the writer have called attention to
the fact that in the attempt to apply this theory conclusions have
been drawn in some cases which were too far reaching and were not
wholly justified by actual experience.

The c{uestion of the lime-magnesia ratio is nevertheless a point
which must be borne in mind in connection with the treatment of
soils; and on those where magnesia is present in amounts far in
excess of the lime, the use of pure burned or slaked lime or pure
ground limestone is preferable to the use of lime which is of a highly
magnesian character. For such soils, also, the high grade sulphate
of potash might be preferable to the double manure salt, which is
rich in magnesia.

There are soils in New England on which the magnesia contained
in limestone is positively helpful, from which it is to be inferred
that there is sometimes a slight lack of magnesia in sufficiently
available form to meet the full requirement of plants, or else, that
it has some beneficial effect on the bacterial life of the soil as sug-
gested by Hilgard and Lipman or in other obscure and unrecognized
ways. It is a safe proposition to recommend the alternation of two

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

applications of comparatively pure lime with one of magnesian
lime, particularly if ground limestone is used. This is for the reason
that the magnesium carbonate of the ground limestone is not as
readily dissolved and lost from the soil as the calcium carbonate.

The Effect of Soil Disinfectants.

Already in 1894 A. Girard observed a remarkably beneficial
effect on the growth of plants where carbon disulphide had been
added to soils for the purpose of destroying beet nematodes. This
benefit was noted in connection with the growth of wheat, potatoes,
beets, clover, oats, and other crops. Similar observations have
been made by several other Europeans upon the after effect of
carbon disulphide which had been used in combating phylloxera,
which in Europe is a serious parasite of the grapevine.

Recently, Russell and Hutchinson of the Rothamsted Experi-
mental Station have found if toluene, tricresol, chloroform, and
various other substances, were added to soils, that certain micro-
scopic animals including the amoebae and ciliates, were destroyed,
whereupon the bacteria increased enormously and ammonification,
or the formation of ammonia, went forward at a rapid rate, with
the result that the productiveness of the soils was at least tempor-
arily and greatly increased. They also found that this condition
endured in certain cases for at least 200 days. Similar observations
concerning the use of chlorid of lime, potassium permanganate, and
other substances were made by Loew who found that the first of
these was highly effective in curing a soil which had become sick
and unfitted for the production of lilies.

Sodium in Connection with Plant Growth.

It was claimed many years ago by Wagner and Dorsch in Ger-
many and by Atterberg in Sweden, that sodium salts could in some
degree replace salts of potassium in plant nutrition. It was sub-
sequently found, however, by correspondence with Atterberg that

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 41

he used a sea-sand as a medium in which to grow his plants and that
it was not tested at the outset for its content of soda and potash.
It was subsequently found to contain considerable quantities of
soda, and it doubtless contained also some potash, which fact threw
much doubt upon the full reliability of his results. Later, investi-
gations of this subject were made by Hellriegel and Wilfarth at the
Bernburg Experiment Station in Germany, and as early as 1894,
experiments in this line were also begun at the Rhode Island Experi-
ment Station, which have been continued without interruption to
the present time. In connection with this work plants were gro^^^l
in the field, in plots, in artificial soils, and in solutions, and these
and the solutions were analyzed. The results of this work have
shown beyond c|uestion that salts of sodium may perform beneficial
physiological functions in connection with at least certain plants,
whenever the supply of potash is inadequate. Evidence was
secured, however, to the effect that it would not be wise in actual
practice to omit a part of the necessary potash supply for the
express purpose of making the soda effective.

There is probably' at all times and in all soils enough soda to meet
any possible necessary food demand of the plant for that element.
In fact, it is even now disputed whether any of it is absolutely
essential so long as plants find at their disposal all of the potash
which they require.

The presence of sodium compounds in fertilizers used for certain
agricultural plants serves, nevertheless, as a sort of insurance
against a possible lack of potash, for the reason that if the potash
supply runs short, soda may help it out to a marked extent. Fur-
thermore, soda frequently conserves the potash supply of the soil
by entering into the plant to su'ch an extent as to prevent its taking
up undue and unneeded amounts of the latter, if present in excess.

A practical illustration of the effect of sodium salts is furnished
by the fact that in certain of the Rhode Island experiments, when
as much as 330 pounds of muriate of potash, or the same equivalent
of potassium carbonate, were used to the acre, the addition of sodium
salts, regardless of whether carbonate of soda or common salt was
selected, practically doubled the crop of mangels. These sodium
salts under the same conditions also exerted a highly lieneficial
influence on turnips, radishes, and \'arious other farm crops.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The previous reference to the conservation of the potassium
supply of the soil will perhaps be made more clear when it is stated
that experiments hav^ shown that a certain minimum of potash is
required to produce a given amount of dry matter in connection
with any given plant. In such experiments, an abundance of all
the other necessary elements is furnished. Similar experiments
have been conducted to ascertain the minimum amount of phos-
phoric acid, of lime, magnesia, and nitrogen, which the plant must
have. Having determined these minimum amounts, one might
suppose that if they were added together, this would furnish a
guide as to the quantities which would enable the plant to thrive
normally. It appears, however, that such is not the case. In
other words, plants must have a certain amount of basic substances
such as lime, magnesia, soda, and potash, in considerable excess of
the minimum requirement for each, and this excess is often referred
to by the Germans as a "luxus" or luxur}^ consumption. It is
even probable, as shown by recent experiments, that silica, which is
represented by the quartz rock and the common sand, with which
we are all familiar, may likewise, when present in soluble form
play a conserving part in furnishing some of this necessary excess
of mineral matter which the plant seems to demand.

Some New Fertilizer Materials.

In closing, a word ought to be said about sc|iie of the new fertil-
izer materials which are coming on the market. Recently, a large
number of patents have been taken out for various processes for
rendering phosphates available and for the manufacture of phos-
phates containing high percentages of soluble or available phos-
phoric acid. Inventive genius, however, has not been directed
solely in this direction, for the great problem of practically taking
uncombined nitrogen out of the air, where it exists as a gas, and
changing it economically into compounds which can be applied to
tlie soil for the nourishment of the plant, has ceased to be a dream
of the poet and of the scientific in\-estigator, and has become a
practical reality. Already for several years, the manufacture of

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 43

calcium cyanamid has been on a practical basis in Europe and it is
now being produced on a large scale in this country.

Chemists have also devised still another process by which nitro-
gen can be taken from the air and combined by electrical means in
such a way that the final product is calcium nitrate. Both of these
processes for taking nitrogen out of the air are, however, dependent
upon the generation of an exceedingly powerful electric current,
and they are consequently conditioned upon cheap and abundant
water power. The Germans realizing their somewhat helpless
situation, on account of the lack of such water power, have been
at work for some years in an attempt to devise a process by which
nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas could be combined into ammonia,
under conditions which would permit of the economic manufacture
of ammonium compounds, where only the usual sources of power
are available. It is now claimed that this process has been placed
on a successful commercial basis and considerable amounts of
sulphate of ammonia, which are being manufactured in this way,
are already being placed on the market.

The latest addition to this galaxy of new nitrogenous fertilizers
is nitrate of ammonia, which is now being introduced in an experi-
mental way. Its future, however, can only be surmised.

The calcium cyanamid, unfortunately, is open to the objection
that, if used in the field in large quantities as the sole or chief
source of nitrogen, it exerts a poisonous effect for the first two or
three weeks, which is sometimes not fully overcome during the
entire life of the plant. This is supposed to be due to the formation
in the moist soil, of some of the poisonous dicyanamid, although
a portion may break up at once into urea and subsequently into
ammonium compounds, and ultimately, nitrates.

From what has l:)een presented, it is evident that the world has
been making rapid progress in all lines of investigation which have
to do with soil treatment, fertilization, and plant production. We
have indeed, as expressed recently by Mr. W. H. Bowker, tapped
the inexhaustible supply of the heavens in order to secure nitrogen
for the feeding of plants and animals and for the continued sus-
tenance of man. The discoveries of enormous phosphate deposits
in the West, in northern Africa, extending as they do from one side
of the continent to the other, in China, Russia, and in other portions

44 SOILS AND FERTILIZERS

of the world, together with the practically inexhaustible supplies
of potash salts in Germany and the prospect of other similar dis-
coveries in other lands, all add further evidence of the provision of
an all-wise Providence for the perpetuation of a race of human
beings with sufficient intellectual endowment to delve into the
depths of the earth for its hidden treasures, into the mysteries of
science as a means of discovering the application of the laws of the
universe to human existence, and wise enough to look upon the
opportunity for labor as one of the greatest blessings bestowed upon
the human race.

MAKING A NEW VARIETY OF ASPARAGUS.
By J. B. Norton, ^YASHIXGTON, D. C.

Delivered before the Society, February 14, 1914.

Long ages before your waiter placed that steaming platter of
luscious asparagus on toast in front of you, the cave men of Anjou,
the lake dwellers of Switzerland, and the wild man of the English
dunes devoured asparagus shoots in no waj^ inferior to those shipped
into your home from the Concord fields. Growing in the cradle
of civilization the common asparagus has spread with the spread of
culture. From old Nebuchadnezzer, the original vegetarian who
cured his nervous d3^spepsia with "grass," down through Persia
to Greece, Rome, France, England, and America by turn its record
goes. Asparagus it has always been and asparagus it is today.
Our best of today is not much better than that of the old Roman
gardener who produced stalks that weighed over five ounces.
Many other vegetables have been changed so by their growers that
at present we have hard work to connect them up with their wild
parent types, while asparagus is still unchanged.

Now why has this been? Some of its admirers say that it is
because it is already perfect. A gift of the gods — a finished food
plant. While we must admit with those who have tried to kill out
an old bed that it undoubtedly seems endowed with immortality,
nevertheless, while it is all good yet some asparagus is better than
others.

The many forms of Brassica developed from one original type
show that man, even in a comparatively short time, can Avith the
aid of variation produce marvellous changes in wild plants. Then
why don't Ave find distinct varieties of asparagus? Simply because
it is a dioecious plant, with the male and female flowers on separate
individuals, and it is only in the last few years that our knowledge

45

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of the workings of heredity has been sufficient to conquer a difficulty
of this kind.

If the asparagus rust had not come into this country as an un-
desirable alien we might have been content to go along as we were
twenty years ago when there was little uniformity of type in an
asparagus field. Asparagus has persisted in remaining uncivilized
in all its habits of growth and reproduction. No other cultivated
plant establishes itself so readily in our wild growth and that
without any reversion in type. Go where you will in New England,
you will find wild asparagus. I claim we have only captured a
wild plant and have as yet to domesticate it.

I defy any one of you to go into the market, pick up a bunch
of asparagus and tell me from what variety it came. It can't be
done! And yet asparagus has been grown in America for genera-
tions and has been "improved" by horticulturists until twenty
years ago we had numerous local varieties or named strains which
with one or two exceptions were so much alike that their own
parents could not tell them apart.

The introduction of the asparagus rust from Europe changed
the face of the asparagus map. From around New York where
it was probably accidentally introduced in 1895 it spread in every
direction, leaving a wreck of rusted-out fields in its trail reaching
the Pacific coast in 1901.

Palmetto and Argenteuil were the only varieties that did not go
down before its attack. Beds of these strains that were planted
soon after the rust came in are still paying.

As soon as the rust began its devastation, remedial measures
were demanded and spraying work was taken up by experiment
stations in different States. Except in California where Professor
Smith developed the dry sulphur spray, this work was not taken
up by the growers. It was too expensive for the small growers
and one farmer could reinfect every field in the neighborhood by
leaving his field unsprayed.

Breeding work for disease-resistant strains of cotton, cow peas,
etc., about this time began to receive attention from the general
public. From the successes with this work in the South, the aspara-
gus growers in Concord and vicinity conceived the idea that it
would be a good thing if a rust-resistant asparagus could be devel-

MAKING A NEW VARIETY OF ASPARAGUS 47

oped. They proceeded with their usual promptness to carry out
the idea. The Massachusetts Asparagus Growers' Association
was organized in the spring of 1906, having as its object " the restor-
ation of asparagus to its immunity from rust or the discovery of a
species that shall be rust resistant and the dissemination of informa-
tion in relation to its growing and marketing." This association
interested the Massachusetts Experiment Station and the United
States Department of Agriculture, and as a result a cooperative
asparagus experiment station was established at Concord, Mass.
At the present time the breeding work is being done by the Bureau
of Plant Industry, although the results are shared in by the Massa-
chusetts station which has charge of the experiments on asparagus
fertilizer at the sub-station.

No attempts have been made to experiment with the control
of rust by spraying, it being felt that success of the breeding work
would mean so much more to the grower.

Before taking up the breeding work it is desirable that we know
something of the disease. However, the methods of breeding
used would be the same no matter what the life history of the
fungus.

Asparagus rust was described in 1805 by DeCandolle as Puccinia
asparagi. It is one of the many rusts that affect economic plants
and cause millions of dollars' annual loss to the farmers of this
country. Differing from wheat rust, which has its spring stage
on the barberr}', all of the stages of this rust are on asparagus.

It goes through the winter as a small two-celled spore. In the
early spring about the time tlie asparagus is coming up these spores
sprout and send out a short filament on which is borne four sporidia.
These sporidia are blown or carried by water into contact with the
young shoots. They germinate and send their filament into the
asparagus stalk and if the latter is not cut and marketed the fila-
ment grows, and about a month later ripens into the spring stage
or cluster cup of the rust. This stage is rarely seen by the ordinary
grower, as it rarely appears in a commercial bed. The spores
from this stage are carried by air currents to other asparagus
plants and germinate when conditions are right, i. e., warm dewy
nights. The mycelial filaments pass through the stomata of the
epidermis and effect a lodgment in the living tissues of the aspara-

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

gus host. From this infection the summer rust develops, appear-
ing in about two weeks after infection. The rust spores of this
stage form under the epidermis and as they grow, break through,
expose the plant to the drying action of the wind and sun. Some-
times when the attack is bad the epidermis peels off over large
areas. This summer stage is the one that does the damage, as its
infection period is less than two weeks, and there is room for many
generations during one season so that a susceptible field is usually
killed back to the ground by the end of August. Usually the
summer rust is followed by the winter stage or black rust which
appears in the same spot where a few days before the red rust
was losing its spores for further spread of the rust. These black
rust spores go through the winter and sprout next spring to start
a new crop of rust. The damage is apparent in the reduced cut of
the next season.

On taking up breeding work the most important thing is to get
started right. Material to select from was gathered from all
over the world. All possible sources of good asparagus were
searched and are still being called on to supply breeding material.
This material was planted out in trial fields at Concord and in
the fall of 1908 was selected for rust resistance. The fields were
mapped and the resistant plants were located so that they could
be marked in the fields in the spring of 1909. No one variety was
found good enough to start from alone. Most lots were discarded
altogether. The best resistant male plant was in a strain called
New American, while the best female was in Reading Giant.
In 1909 the selected plants were allowed to grow while the non-
select were cut. " Glassine" paper bags were placed over branches
on the female plants before they bloomed and the flowers under-
neath were later poUinated from the flowers of the best of the
select males. The seed from these hand pollinated lots was saved,
and small tests were started in the greenhouses in Washington that
winter. The next spring these test lots were planted in a small
plot at Concord for a rust test. When the rust attack came on,
every lot that had been pollinated with the resistant male could be
identified by a casual observer.

The lot from the best female plant crossed with the best male had
scarcely any rust and was so good in vigor that the success of this

MAKING A NEW VARIETY OF ASPARAGUS 49

trial was beyond all our hopes. Now that it had been shown that
rust resistance was transmitted in about the same degree that the
parent showed resistance the search for good parents began with
renewed energy. In 1910 more pedigree pollinations had been
made. More selections were made in the fall. In 1911 the best
plants were covered with wire cages to keep out the bees and the
flowers were pollinated by hand with pollen from the good male.
Unfortunately it was found that a small bee was creeping in be-
tween the meshes of the fly screen used. In this way many of the
supposed pure pedigree seedlings were mixed with rustj^ and un-
desirable blood.

In 1912-13 cheesecloth screens were used and pure seed was
obtained. The rust tests in 1911 and 1912 were practically fail-
ures on account of the absence of strong rust infection due to un-
favorable weather but 1913 showed that one new female plant was
even more satisfactory than the one found in 1910. In every way
this plant gives satisfactory seedlings when crossed with the good
male plant. These two plants will be set apart in a breeding field
and from the progeny of this seed patch a new asparagus will come
that will take the place of that grown now.

The hard work and experimenting that it has taken will be amply
repaid by the added production of this peerless vegetable. The
few thousand dollars that an experiment like this costs will be
returned to the country many fold.

When we think that one of our trial plots the first half season it
was cut produced at the rate of 10,000 pounds per acre, you can
see that the work is liable to pay for itself.

In addition to the breeding work with the common asparagus
many wild species have been tested out for rust resistance and
possible commercial value. So far all the close relatives of Aspar-
agus officinalis have been attacked by the rust in some degree.
One Chinese species, A. davuricus, is nearly immune and fortu-
nately has given fertile hybrids with the best rust resistant male.
From these hybrids another strain of asparagus may be developed
that will do well where our asparagus will not grow well.

Asparagus as we go south into Florida and Texas produces such
small shoots that it is not of value commercially. It is hoped that
from some of these species introduced from Africa or Asia a form

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

will be obtained that will give satisfactory results. After we give
these new strains to the growers it is necessary that they be handled
in the right way to make the most of them. Preparation of the
land before planting by the use of cover crops and green manure,
proper fertilization, careful planting, and cultivation, destruction
of insect enemies, and above all careful and up-to-date methods of
cutting and marketing.

While the new strain is rust proof it is not fool proof and can be
spoiled in the hands of a poor grower. A poor crop can be pro-
duced with it just as easily as with a poor variety.

SPECIAL COURSE OF LECTURES AND DEMONSTRA-
TIONS ON FRUIT GROWING.

During the week of February 24-28, 1914, the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society in cooperation with the Extension Service of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College offered a special course of
lectures and demonstrations on the subject of fruit culture in New
England.

The course was planned to cover the entire field of orchard fruits,
including the selection of sites for the orchard, varieties of fruits
best adapted for New England, fertilizing, grafting, pruning,
spraying, packing, and marketing the product.

The lectures were given mainly by members of the staff of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College who have kindly prepared the
following liberal astracts of their several topics.

The daily sessions were largely attended by persons practically
interested in the subject and demonstrated the increasing attention
now being given to the possibilities of successful and profitable
fruit growing in the New England States.

VARIETIES OF FRUITS.
By Dr. J. K. Shaw.

The question of what varieties to plant is a perennial one. New
candidates for favor appear from time to time and some prove
worthy of a place in our orchards while others are rejected.

Changing conditions of culture and markets are constantly
making changes in the relative value of well-kno^^^l sorts. The
Mcintosh is an example; it has been known over 40 years but it is
only in recent years, since we have known how to combat the
apple scab, that it has found favor.

51

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

A mistake in the choice of varieties is corrected only with diffi-
culty and at the expense of much time and labor. With the devel-
opment and specialization of the orchard business the choice of
varieties will continue to be of increasing importance.

Any variety in order to be commercially successful must possess
in considerable degree most, if not all, of the following charac-
teristics of the tree and fruit : —

The Tree should have

Good form and habit. The head should be upright and not too
dense. A fault of the Rhode Island Greening is its drooping habit,
while the Sutton is too upright and goes up into the air too rapidly;
the Spy makes a dense head. Mcintosh, Wealthy, and Graven-
stein are quite satisfactory in form and habit.

Resistance to disease and insects. The Mcintosh is subject to
scab. Certain varieties of peaches and most of the European
varieties of plums are badly affected with the brown rot, while the
Japanese varieties of plums and most of the North China peaches
are less affected by this disease. The most serious objection to the
Baldwin is its tendency to suffer from the Baldwin spot. Certain
varieties are going out of cultivation because they are preferred
by the apple maggot. No variety is free from all insects and
diseases and a variety badly affected by one may be comparatively
free from another.

Vigor. A vigorous tree is apt to be able to resist disease and
most of our popular sorts are the stronger growers. Generally
the more vigorous a variety is the better, but it may possibly be a
fault in extreme cases where it exists at the expense of fruit bearing.
With the present development of better orchard methods some
of the weaker growing varieties are gaining in favor, but it is
easier and cheaper to hold back a vigorous variety than to push a
weak one.

Productiveness. This is perhaps the most important character
of all — if a tree does not bear well it has small value. Not only
must the variety bear abundantly, but also regularly and at an
early age. The annual bearing habit is a desirable one for many
reasons, and an orchard that is long in coming into bearing is

VARIETIES OF FRUITS

53

piling up expense of maintenance that must always be a load to
■carry. On the other hand it is probable that a variety coming
into bearing early may be short lived, but this may be overcome
in part at least by good methods of cultivation as the tree gets on
in years.

Good growth in the Nursery. Nurserymen have had much to do
with the comparative popularity of different varieties and it is but
natural that they should push those sorts that yield the highest
proportion of number one trees, for it is on these that he makes
most of his profit. The character of the tree in the orchard is of
more account than its growth in the nursery and the two may be
quite different.

The Fruit should have

Good size and form. In general, large apples bring a better price
than medium sized ones, yet there must be a limit to the demand
for big apples. Undersize is never desirable. Apples that are
oblong or irregular in form are not as desirable as those that are
more regular and symmetrical. Above all it is advantageous that
all the apples of a variety be uniform in both size and form. Wealthy
excels in this, while Early Harvest is variable; it is much easier
to grade and pack Wealthy than Early Harvest. Some varieties
are more uniform in other characters such as time of ripening; uni-
formity in all characters is desirable.

Attractive appearance. Most people buy apples with their eyes.
Probably they will become more discriminating as time goes by
but always the bright red attractive apple will be preferred over
the dull red, green, or otherwise unattractive one. Attractive
appearance will always be an important asset to the variety that
possesses it in high degree.

Good Quality. This is the most important quality of a variety.
People are becoming more insistent on good quality and the day
of the mediocre or inferior variety is passing and no variety
should be planted that is not at least good in quality.

Market Demand. It is much easier to sell a variety that is well
known in the market than one that is little known. The Baldwin
is known everyw here that apples are known and its value does not
have to be explained. If one is planting for a local market this is of

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

less account, but if one is planting for the general market he should
hesitate to plant unknown sorts no matter how good they may be.
Different markets prefer different varieties. Rhode Island Green-
ings sell readily in New York but go slowly in Boston. The
orchardist should inquire carefully into the preferences of his
prospective market.

One should choose varieties that are adapted to his special con-
ditions ; the ones that he can grow as well or better than anybody
else on earth. A variety that succeeds well under one set of con-
ditions may be much less desirable under different conditions.
This may be discussed under the following heads :

The Market.

Market preferences have been mentioned. For the general
market a short list of varieties is best, generally not more than
three or four, and this in order to lengthen the picking season and
perhaps to insure cross pollination and more uniform crops from
year to year. It is easier to sell a carload than a dozen barrels
in the large general market. For a local or special market a longer
list of varieties is usually indicated, one that will furnish a con-
tinuous supply all through the season. If there is a period of short
supply some one else may capture your customers.

The Soil.

We are just beginning to appreciate the soil preferences of differ-
ent varieties of apples and probably other fruits have such prefer-
ences as well. Then Baldwin succeeds best on a sandy loam, giving
more attractive and better quality fruit, while the Hubbardston
prefers a still lighter soil. On the other hand the Rhode Island
Greening does best on a moderately heavy clay loam. One must
inquire carefully into the soil preferences of possible varieties and
see if they are suited to the soils that are to be utilized for the
prospective orchard.

The Climate.

Most varieties are at their best over a comparatively narrow
range of territory. The varieties of New England are different

VARIETIES OF FRUITS

55

from those of New Jersey and Maryland, or of Illinois and Mis-
souri, largely on account of climatic differences. It is probable
that southern, central, and northern New England should have
quite different lists of varieties on account of differences in climatic
conditions. The Baldwin is not desirable north of southern New
Hampshire, while it is at its best in southern New Hampshire
and Massachusetts. There is always a tendency for well-known
and successful varieties to spread beyond the section most favor-
able to their development. Differences of a few hundred feet in
elevation may make a marked difference in climatic conditions.
Bew^are of varieties that succeed well in southern or far western
conditions.

Methods of Culture.

The methods of culture can be largely modified to suit the
variety, yet the probable methods to be followed have a bearing
on the selection of varieties. Wealthy, Williams, or Wagener will
need to be pushed by comparatively high cultivation after they
come into full bearing, while Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening,
and Northern Spy are apt to be very vigorous even to old age,
though in a soil only moderately fertile.

Personal Preference.

Finally, the likes and dislikes of the grower should have consid-
eration. One is more likely to succeed well with a variety that he
likes and believes in than with one that he thinks less of.

Varieties,

It appears from the foregoing discussion that the choice of
varieties for any particular orchard depends upon a variety of
conditions and the prospective orchardist ought to study his own
conditions very carefully and learn as much as possible about the
characteristics of the different varieties in order to make the wisest
choice. Following is a brief list of some of the most desirable
varieties for Massachusetts with a few comments on the character-
istics of some of them :

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Baldwin This has long been and will doubtless continue to be
■ the leading main crop variety for southern New England. The
tree is vigorous and long lived and generally healthy, though the
leaves sometimes suffer from the scab disease and the fruit has in
recent years been badly blemished by the physiological fruit spot
for which no certain remedy is known. It bears rather late in life
but heavily, usually in alternate years. It is best adapted to
medium or light loams, or heavy sandy loams with slightly heavier
subsoil. It is a question if it is wise to plant it much above 1200
feet in this state. It is a pretty good keeper and sells readily in all
markets.

Fall Pippin. This is not much planted, being late in coming
into bearing and a green or yellow apple. The tree is large and
long lived and vigorous, but somewhat subject to scab on both
leaves and fruit. It ripens unevenly and ought to have several
pickings. It is suited to a little heavier soil than the Baldwin and
it is good for the home orchard and the local market.

Gravenstein. This is one of the best varieties both for table and
kitchen use. Unfortunately the tree is much subject to winter
injury and often goes to pieces just as it comes into full bearing.
On this account much attention should be given to inducing the
tree to ripen up its wood early in the fall. It should be planted on
a medium dryish sandy loam with a fine sandy subsoil and nitro-
genous fertilizers given sparingly if at all. It ripens unevenly and
requires several pickings.

Mcintosh. This is about the highest quality variety we have.
It has been heavily planted in recent years and will, on account of
its high quality, do much to extend the apple market. The tree
is excellent but must be well sprayed to check the scab on the fruit.
It comes into bearing moderately early and bears moderate to good
crops almost annually and brings the highest price in the market.
It is of tender flesh and must be handled with care. It does best
on a fine sandy loam or light clay loam.

Northern Spy. This is another excellent apple coming later in the
season than the Mcintosh. The tree is very vigorous and needs to
have the top kept open by judicious pruning and care should be
taken that it does not split down under a crop of fruit. It is rather
uncertain in its behavior, sometimes succeeding well and other

VARIETIES OF FRUITS

57

times being pretty near a failure. It does best on a loamy soil,
with a somewhat lighter subsoil. It comes into bearing late and is
somewhat subject to scab.

Oldenburg. This is a good early cooking apple, desirable as a
filler. The tree requires pushing as it gets into full bearing and it is
one of the earliest to begin to bear. The fruit is handsome, and
uniform in size and shape.

Porter. This good old sort seems to be going out of cultivation
perhaps on account of its being so often infested with the apple
maggot. It is worthy of attention for the home or local market.

Red Astrachan. This is about the earliest red apple good for
cooking and fairly good to eat. It is generally an early and fairly
abundant bearer and sells readily especially in the local market.
It needs a fertile soil and good care.

Rhode Island Greening. This apple sells readily in New York
but slowly in Boston. It usually brings a somewhat lower price
than red varieties of the same season. It is commonly regarded as
a kitchen sort but is esteemed for table use by those who know it
well. The tree is vigorous and comes into bearing about the time
of the Baldwin. The fruit is subject to scab, especially late in the
season. It is adapted to a moderately heavy, moist, silty loam.
It sometimes scalds badly in storage but this may be overcome by
wise handling. It is worth planting for the general market.

Roxbury Russet. This excellent late-keeping variety is not now
being planted very much but it should not be allowed to pass from
cultivation. It does well in a deep loamy soil with a moderately
heavy subsoil; somewhat heavier than good Baldwin soil. It is
one of the good varieties for table use.

Tompkins King. This apple, best known simply as the King,
is one of the best early-winter table apples and always brings a
high price in the market. It bears quite regularly but only moder-
ate or light crops. The tree resembles the Gravenstein in its
liability to winter injury. It needs a fertile, well-drained, light,
mellow, loamy soil. It must be sold at a good price in order to be
profitable.

Wagencr. This is one of the best fillers as it is later in season
than most sorts used for this purpose. It is vigorous when young
but is short lived. It is an early bearer and very prolific while it

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

lasts and very good in quality. Its soil requirements are much like
the Spy though possibly less exacting.

Wealthy. This is another good filler. The tree is vigorous
when young but needs pushing as it gets older. The fruit is of
good quality and very uniform in size and shape.

JVilliams. This is one of the best early table apples. The tree
is only moderately vigorous and needs a fertile soil full of humus.
It bears early, regularly, and usually heavily. It is handsome in
appearance but with a tender flesh.

Yellow Transparent. This is the earliest good variety we have.
The tree is only moderately vigorous and bears early and abun-
dantly. The flesh is very tender and must be handled with the
greatest care. It is a good filler for the local market.

Most of the attention given to fruit just now goes to the apple
but there is no reason why the other fruits should not be more
planted in Massachusetts. Some of the desirable varieties are here
given.

Pears. Bartlett, Clapp Favorite, Bosc, Lawrence, Seckel.

Quince. Champion and Orange.

Peaches. Belle of Georgia, Carman, Champion, Elberta, Hiley,
Greensboro, Waddell. The J. H. Hale is a new variety that is
attracting much attention just now and it may largely replace the
Elberta.

Plums. Bradshaw, Burbank, Fellenburg, French Damson,
Red June.

Cherries. Early Richmond, English Morello, Montmorency,.
Gov. Wood, Schmidt, Windsor.

Grapes. Delaware, Moore Early, Green Mountain, Worden,
Niagara, Salem.

Blackberries. El Dorado, Snyder.

Raspberries. Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert, Kansas, Plum
Farmer.

Currants. Cherry, Perfection, Wilder.

Gooseberries. Downing, Industry.

Strawberries. x\bington. Minute Man, Parsons Beauty, Sample,.
Senator Dunlap.

ORCHARD SITES 59

ORCHARD SITES.
By Prof. F. C. Sears.

Probably, in common with most of our other orchard operations,
the choosing of a site for the new orchard deserves more consider-
ation than it usually receives. Certainly a great many orchards have
been set on land but poorly adapted to such purposes, and while
orchards will thrive surprisingly well under somewhat unfavorable
conditions and while, moreover, our knowledge of the exact con-
ditions which are best is still lamentably small, yet enough is
known to make it well worth while to give the question careful
consideration.

The following are some of the more important points to be con-
sidered in choosing an orchard site. First, Is the land adapted
to the fruit to be grown? This is probably one of the most impor-
tant questions, but unfortunately is one on which we have the least
reliable data. We know in a general way that peaches do best on
relatively light soil, while pears and plums prefer a somewhat
heavier soil, but we are only beginning to realize that there are
decided differences in the soil preferences of different varieties
within a single class of fruit. This question of the adaptation
of soils to varieties has been studied most fully by Mr. H. J.
Wilder of the Bureau of Soils and the following suggestions will
serve as illustrations of his ideas as to the best soils for a few of
our leading apple varieties.

Baldwin soils. If soils are thought of as grading from heavy
to light corresponding with the range from clay to sand then a
Baldwin soil is medium to semi-light. It ought to be a soil that
dries out quickly after rain and in no sense a moist soil. The sub-
soil should be light enough to drain off readily any surplus moisture.

When the Baldwin is grown on soils which are too light the
fruit does not keep so well and does not reach the highest quality.
If grown on soil which is too heavy and wet the color is poor and
the skin is apt to be dull and greasy.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Rhode Island Greening soils. The soils for Rhode Island Green-
ing are very different from those on which the Baldwin thrives
best. In fact they may be considered as extremes. The Rhode
Island Greening prefers a medium loam surface underlain with
a subsoil that is a medium loam to a plastic clay loam. Corn
grown on such soil ought to mature late and the lower leaves
should stay green until time for cutting. Such soils maintain
a long season of growth under uniform conditions of moisture which
gives the crisp firm texture of high grade Rhode Island Greenings.

Hubbardston. The heaviest soils adapted to Hubbardston lap
over a little on to the lightest Baldwin soils. It will grow on the
lightest soils of any of our varieties, but will not do well on poor
light sands as it does not reach sufficient size. Soil must be mellow
and a rich fine sandy loam of twelve inches in depth with a sub-
soil of the same texture will give good results. A subsoil which has
sufficient clay to make the sandy material stick together is excel-
lent, but subsoils should never be heavy. On a heavy soil the skin
of the Hubbardston is apt to be greasy, the color poor, and the
flavor not well developed.

These few illustrations will serve to show what has been worked
out in reference to some of our varieties and more information
along the same line for all classes of fruits is urgently needed.

Some of the other questions which would come up in connection
with the soil of the proposed site would be the question of its
fertility; whether the land is run out or has plenty of plant food
in it; the ease of working the land; whether it is stony heavy clay
or contains bowlders which interfere with the work in the orchard ;
whether the land is sour or not; if it is lime must be applied to
correct this defect; whether the land is well supplied with humus
or not.

In the subsoil two questions are of especial importance. First
the ease with which the roots can penetrate the subsoil and second
the question as to its fertility, pure sand being less desirable than
gravelly clay.

Water drainage, both surface and sub drainage, is of extreme
importance in the orchard. The surface drainage ought to be
sufficient to carry off any surface water and still should not be so
much as to cause washing of the soil or loss of water from showers

ORCHARD SITES 61

in summer when water may be needed. The under drainage is
generally of vital importance as trees do not usually thrive in a wet
soil. Occasionally trees may be seen with their roots right in the
water and still do well, but as a rule wet, poorly-drained soil gives
a poor growth and makes the trees liable to much greater damage
from winter injury.

Atmospheric drainage is another question of importance in rela-
tion to the orchard site though its importance varies decidedly in
different sections. Where late spring frosts are troublesome good at-
mospheric drainage is imperative. In sections where frosts seldom
occur its importance is naturally much less. Two or three points
should be considered if frosts are likely to occur and these are,
first, whether the land has sufficient slope to carry off the cold
air. This does not require a heavy slope by any means. Second,
whether there is cold air draining down onto the orchard site
from slopes above. This is likely to lead to trouble as it means
a much larger amount of cold air on the orchard. Third, whether
there is any obstruction at the bottom of the orchard to hold back
the cold air.

The aspect or slope is another questi : worthy of careful con-
sideration, particularly the question of .s slope with reference to
the prevailing wind. Where heavy gales are likely to strike in
from the northwest in the autumn, as frequently happens in orchard
sections, some slope other than the northwest is desirable. In
sections where frosts are not to be feared a southern slope is
desirable as it gives better color.

The last point to be considered is the question of wind breaks
and these are of decided importance in any windy section. Besides
the fact that the orchard man can work more comfortably in a
sheltered location ;t frequently happens that much better work can
be done than if the orchard is exposed to the wind. This is particu-
larly true of spraying. It is frequently impossible to do a satis-
factory job of spraying when the orchard is on an exposed site,
while if it is sheltered the work may be carried on satisfactorily.
Pruning, picking, and in fact most other operations are likely to be
interfered with by severe winds. Lastly it is worth while to con-
sider what species of trees should make up the wind break. Those
sorts which are likely to harbor either insects or fungous diseases.

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

that attack the orchard trees should be rigorously excluded. Pines
and spruces, among evergreen trees, and rock maples, among
deciduous trees, seem to be especially satisfactory.

FERTILIZERS FOR THE ORCHARD.
By Henri Haskins.

A fertilizer may be considered any material which furnishes in
suitable and available form the four elements of plant food, nitrogen,
phosphoric acid, potash, and lime. There are seven other elements
just as essential to plant growth as the four mentioned. The
others, however, are furnished in abundance from the air and from
the soil. Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, and lime have be-
come depleted by constant cropping and by poor management of
the soil as regards furnishing these elements of plant food arti-
ficially. These elements are taken from the soil in larger quanti-
ties than the other constituents, and for this reason the soil becomes
depleted of them sooner. A familiarity with these four essential
elements is absolutely necessary in order to understand the princi-
ples underlying economical fertilization for various crops.

Nitrogen.

Four-fifths of our atmosphere is composed of the gas, nitrogen
Only one class of plants can make use of this inexhaustible nitrogen
supply. These plants are members of the Leguminosoe family.
It is, therefore, good economy to plan a rotation to include legumes.

Nitrogen is the most expensive element of plant food, costing
four or five times as much per pound as do phosphoric acid and
potash.

The function of nitrogen is to cause a large development of stem
and leaf. The use of an excessive amount of nitrogen delays fruit
and seed development.

The feeding value of all plants may be increased by supplying an
abundance of nitrogen, and when this element is lacking the feeding
value of plants is materially lowered.

FERTILIZERS FOR THE ORCHARD 63

There are three forms of nitrogen which should be considered by
anyone compounding a complete fertilizer:

1. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate, illustrated by nitrate of
soda, nitrate of potash, and nitrate of lime. This salt is soluble in
water, is readily diffused in the soil, and is immediately available to
growing vegetation. All nitrogen is taken up by the growing plant
in the form of nitrates or nitrites.

2. Sulphate of ammonia. This is a mineral form of nitrogen,
soluble in water, but not immediately available to the growing
plant. Its ammonia must first be changed in the soil by nitrifying
bacteria before the nitrogen may be assimilated by vegetation.

3. The organic forms of nitrogen such as tankage, dried blood,
the farm manures, etc. These must first undergo decomposition
in the soil, changing the nitrogen of the organic compounds to an
ammonia form. Nitrifying bacteria subsequently change these
ammoniates to nitrates. This process must take place before the
nitrogen in these products can be assimilated.

These three forms of nitrogen-furnishing chemicals and raw
products furnish means by which the farmer is able to compound a
fertilizer that may be applied at the time his crop is planted and
which will carry the plant from the period of germination to its
maturity. The proportion of nitrogen to be supplied by each one
of these forms of nitrogen varies with individual crops. Usually
from one-third to one-half may be supplied from mineral sources,
and half from high-grade organic animal and vegetable products.

Some of the products furnishing nitrogen are: nitrate of soda,
nitrate of potash, ammonium sulphate, calcium cyanamid, blood,
different grades of tankage, dry ground fish, steamed bone, cotton-
seed meal, castor pomace.

Potash.

Potash is never found in a free state in nature. In our country
it is usually found associated with silica and is found in some of
our natural rocks such as feldspars and granites. Our commercial
supply of potash comes from the Stassfurt mines in Germany.

Potash is not as readily leached out of the soil as is nitrogen. It
may be found accumulated in the stems and leaves of plants.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Different soils have different degrees of ability to retain potash.
Clay soils retain potash better than sandy soils, but the latter may
be improved in this respect by increasing the organic matter and
humus. ^B ■ ' \

The function of potash is to favor the development of the sugars
and starches. It is important in wood development and in the
growth of the fleshy part of fruits and vegetables. It has a very
important function in neutralizing fruit and vegetable acids.

Some of the potash salts commonly known are: high grade
sulphate of potash, sulphate of potash-magnesia, muriate of potash,
carbonate of potash, kainit.

Phosphoric Acid.

Phosphoric acid, like potash, is always fomid associated with
other elements. It is largely found in combination with lime as
tricalcium phosphate, although sometimes it may be found in
combination with iron and alumina.

There is little danger of loss of phosphoric acid from leaching.
This element is found in the largest quantities in the grain and
seeds of plants.

Rock phosphate is the source of the bulk of phosphoric acid
known to commerce, although bones and basic slag phosphate
furnish a large quantity of phosphoric acid. The treatment of
ground rock phosphate with sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol furnishes
the different grades of acid phosphate known to commerce. The
acid phosphates usually carry three forms of phosphoric acid :

1. Monocalcium phosphate, the portion soluble in water.

2. Dicalcium phosphate, that portion which, although not
soluble in water, is dissolved by the soil solutions. (Called also
reverted phosphoric acid.)

3. Tricalcium phosphate, that portion which is not dissolved
by the soil solutions and which would not be available the first
season.

Available phosphoric acid means the sum of the soluble and
reverted phosphoric acids in any fertilizer.

The function of phosphoric acid is to favor the maturity of the
plant. It favors the transformation of proteids in the seed, pro-
moting maturity and seed formation.

FERTILIZERS FOR THE ORCHARD 65

Some of the sources of phosphoric acid are: acid phosphate,
dissolved bone black, dissolved bone, basic slag phosphate, fine
ground bone meal.

Lime.

The use of this element artificially is perhaps not called for in
order to furnish the plant food, calcium. The benefit from an
application of lime is largely to counteract acid principles in the
soil. It also improves the mechanical condition of soils. A
hydrated lime applied to a heavy clay soil causes flocculation
of the clay particles, thereby making the soil more open and porous,
and improving its capillarity. Fine ground limestone or marl or
air-slaked lime used on a light sandy or gravelly soil acts as a sort
of binding agency, making such soils more retentive of plant food
and improving their capillarity.

Another effect of the application of lime is the liberation of
potash and phosphoric acid already existing in the soil. This is
brought about by a transformation of bases and acids in the soil,
the lime going to the silicic acid forming silicate of lime with the
consequent liberation of potash which can be used by the growing
plant. In the liberation of phosphoric acid, the lime being the
stronger base displaces iron and alumina which are in combination
with the phosphoric acid and forms calcium phosphate in the soil.
This product is more soluble in the soil solutions than the iron and
alumina phosphates. Lime also favors the more rapid decomposi-
tion of existing organic matter in the soil, thereby gradually furnish-
ing available nitrogen to the plant. Lime aids nitrification by
furnishing the base calcium with which the nitric acid which is
produced by the nitrifying organisms in the soil may unite.

An acid soil will show a red coloration with blue litmus paper.
The litmus paper test is a qualitative test for acidity in soils. In
order to determine definitely how much lime a soil needs to produce
a neutral soil, the soil must be submitted to a chemist. Soils
should contain at least one per cent of calcium carbonate.

The Purchasing of Fertilizers and Fertilizing Material.

In purchasing fertilizers it is much more economical to order
in carload lots and buy for cash. This holds with the purchase of

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

factory-mixed goods as well as chemicals. If it is not possible to
use a whole carload of fertilizer on one farm, several neighbors
should get together and buy their fertilizer in common.

If it seems best to buy factory-mixed fertilizer, by all means
buy a high grade product; that is, one which will value commer-
cially over $25 per ton. It should be the practice of everyone
buying fertilizers to figure out the number of pounds of the different
elements of plant food which will be furnished by the formula
purchased; in other words, get into the habit of buying pounds
of plant food rather than tons of fertilizer.

Unquestionably the cost of plant food in chemicals and raw
products is much less than when the plant food is bought in the
form of factory-mixed fertilizers. Oftentimes a good bargain can
be made by submitting a fertilizer formula to several manufacturers
and asking for bids. Of course, the basis should be cash for the
mixed product.

Fertilizers for Fruit.

A young orchard will take care of itself so far as the application
of fertilizers goes if a cultivated crop is grown between the rows.
It is well to cultivate an orchard. The cultivation results in an
earth mulch which prevents the rapid evaporation of moisture
through capillary attraction. The upkeep of an orchard can be
carried out more economically if the orchard is established on a
rich, well-drained clay loam. Such a soil will retain both plant
food and moisture better than the lighter soils.

It should be remembered that trees in bearing draw from the
soil for two crops: first, new growth of wood and leaves; and second,
fruit.

Approximate Amount of Plant Food Removed Annually per
Acre by Fruit, Wood, and Leaf Growth of Forty Mature Apple

Trees.

From Fruit. From Fruit,

218 barrels Wood and

per acre. Leaf.

(Pounds). (Pounds).

Nitrogen 13.1 23.6

Potash 32.7 36.5

Phosphoric acid ... 6.54 8.3

Lime 3.27 21.8

FERTILIZERS FOR THE ORCHARD 67

Fertilizer for Bearing Orchard {Lbs. per acre).

500 pounds basic slag phosphate,
350 " sulphate of potash-magnesia, or
175 " high grade sulphate of potash,
150 " nitrate of soda.

Approximate Amount of Plant Food Removed Annually per
Acre by Fruit, Wood, and Leaf Growth of one hundred Mature
Peach Trees.

From 400 From Fruit,

bushels fruit wood and leaf.

(Pounds). (Pounds).

Nitrogen 22.2 78.5

Potash 45.5 90.0

Phosphoric acid . . . 11.0 21.0

Lime 2.8 130.0

Fertilizer for Bearing Orchard (Lbs. per acre).

600 pounds basic slag phosphate,

250 " high grade sulphate of potash,

100 " nitrate of soda,

100 " ammonium sulphate.

Approximate Amount of Plant Food Removed Annually per
Acre by Fruit, Wood, and Leaf Growth of one hundred Mature
Pear Trees, one hundred twenty Mature Plum Trees, or one hun-
dred sixty Mature Quince Trees.

From Fruit From Fruit, Wood
and Leaf.
(Pounds). (Pounds).

:^itrogen 12. 29.

Potash 21. 33.

Phosphoric acid . . . 5 . 9 .

Lime 3 . 40 .

Fertilizer for Bearing Trees {per acre).

500 pounds basic slag phosphate,

200 " high grade sulphate of potash,

200 " nitrate of soda.

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The most economical practice, perhaps, in fruit growing is to
grow as a cover crop either crimson clover or some other member
of the legume family. These plants, when given the right environ-
ment, take nitrogen freely from the atmosphere. This crop can
subsequently be plowed under to furnish valuable organic matter
and humus.

Approximate amount of plant food contained per acre in a crop of :

Phosphoric
Crop. Nitrogen Acid Potash

Crimson clover . . . (16000 lbs.) 72. 19. 64.

Vetch (10000 lbs.) 50. 10. 45.

Soy beans or field peas . (10000 lbs.) 50. 15. 60.

An old orchard which has been neglected for a long time should
receive a pretty liberal application of fertilizer when it is first
renovated. There are many such old orchards in different parts
of the state which, if properly pruned, scraped, sprayed, and
fertilized, would give remarkable returns. A suitable fertilizer
for such a condition would be about as follows :

600 to 800 pounds basic slag phosphate,

300 " high grade sulphate of potash,
300 " nitrate of soda.

The soil in such an orchard should be plowed and an application of
from 1200 to 1500 pounds of agricultural lime should be made to
the rough furrow and thoroughly wheel-harrowed in. In early
spring, the basic slag phosphate, the sulphate of potash, and 150
pounds of the nitrate of soda may be applied. The remaining 150
pounds of nitrate of soda can best be applied after the petals have
fallen. This fertilizer formula may be reduced somewhat after
the first year's application. About

500 pounds basic slag phosphate,

200 pounds sulphate of potash,

200 pounds nitrate of soda,
will usually be found a sufficient fertilizer application.

It is sometimes necessary to fertilize an individual tree which is

ESTABLISHING AN ORCHARD 69

growing outside of a block of orchard. The following data may be
used in this connection:

Determine the diameter of the top of the tree plus about two
yards. Figure the square yards in this area. For every square
yard of surface apply:

2 ounces basic slag phosphate,

Ij " nitrate of soda,

1 " high grade sulphate of potash.

ESTABLISHING AN ORCHARD.
By R. W. Rees.

One of the first steps in establishing an orchard is the preparation
of the land. The methods to be employed will of course vary
greatly with the previous treatment the soil has received. If the
land has been in hay or sod for some time, fall plowing is always
preferable provided the site is not so steep as to cause washing from
late autumn and early spring rains. There are two systems of fall
plowing. One is to plow as shallow as possible, allowing the sod to
decay during the winter and following by a deep plowing in the
spring so that the partially decomposed sod will be turned well
under where it will not bother with surface cultivation. The other
system is to plow at a good depth in the fall and to omit spring
plowing but work the land down with the disk harrow. If this
system is followed the disking should be in the direction of the
furrows as cross disking will turn up many sods and give trouble in
subsequent cultivation.

If the land has been in a cultivated crop it may be plowed in the
spring as early as condition of the soil will permit and should be
harrowed and fined as for corn or other cultivated crops. A little
extra labor spent in proper preparation of the soil is money well
invested. It is much easier to cultivate the soil thoroughly where
the tree is to be planted than it is to cultivate near the tree after
it has been set. If the orchard site is worked down with the planker

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

for a finishing course it will leave the surface soil in excellent condi-
tion for staking out.

It is sometimes advisable to plant rough steep land to apples, and
in such cases it is usually not the intention to use a cultural system.
The preparation of such land would of course vary from that where
land is to be cultivated or run to a good system of sod culture. On
rough steep land the important features are to see that all brush is
cut off, that stumps are removed from the places where the trees
are to be planted, to look after the removal of stones and bowlders
if they come at the point where a tree should be planted. This
system is not to be advised for the average orchardist, but there
are certain conditions under which it is permissible. A number of
men have succeeded with this type of planting, but for every one
who has succeeded a number have failed. In order to keep up a
good soil fertility and sufficient moisture supply to mature a crop
of first-class apples under this system, the orchard operating ex-
penses will be greater than under a system of sod culture, or clean
cultivation on land which is not so rough.

Types of Trees for Planting.

It is usually best to buy trees of local nurserymen provided you
can secure good vigorous well-grown trees of the varieties you desire.
If you do not buy of a local nurseryman, it is considered best to
buy from a locality where climatic conditions are as similar as
possible to those in the district where you are establishing the
orchard. It is a good plan to send for sample trees before placing
your order. Save these trees and see that those delivered come up
to the sample submitted. Orders should be placed early — by the
first of January at least, if the planting is to be done in the spring.

There has been a considerable amount of discussion as to the
comparative merits of one and two-year-old trees. There are
several objections to the two-year-old tree. In the first place it is
usually poorly headed, that is, the branches come out very near
together forming what we call a close head. From most nursery-
men it is impossible to obtain trees which have been headed as low
as is most desirable for the commercial plantation. In packing
two-year-old trees very frequently many branches are broken or

ESTABLISHING AN ORCHARD 71

bruised in the bales, thereby rendering them valueless and making it
impossible to form a perfect head during the first year or two of
growth.

The advantages of the one-year-old tree are that it can be headed
to any desired height, and usually has a root system more nearly
intact than that to be secured on two-year-old stock. After a
three or four years' growth, a one-year tree will usually be fully as
large and more perfectly developed than the average two-year-old
tree planted in the orchard for the same length of time.

In buying trees, pay particular attention to a good spreading
root system; buy those of medium height but of thick caliber and
stocky. Always avoid the tall, slender, willow-like tree.

Upon the arrival, the bundles of trees should be broken and
the trees heeled in a moist but well-drained soil, paying particu-
lar attention to see that the soil is firmed well about the roots so
that there will be no danger of shrivelling of the trees from lack of
moisture.

There has been considerable discussion as to the proper distance
of planting, but it is usually conceded that for our standard varie-
ties, such as Baldwin, and especially Rhode Island Greening, 40
by 40 feet is not too far apart. For the slower, less vigorous
growers, as the Mcintosh, this distance might be reduced 4 to 6
feet. It is a common practice to plant the permanent trees 40 by
40 feet, filling in the space with early-bearing varieties, such as
Wealthy, Wagener, Oldenburg, or Yellow Transparent. Where
this filler system is used we have the trees 20 b}' 20 feet. When
the}^ begin to crowd, the alternate trees should be taken out,
leaving the rest on a diagonal with the trees approximately 27|
feet apart. They will be allowed to stand in this formation for
ten or fifteen years longer, at which time the remaining filler trees
should be removed, leaving our "permanent planting 40 by 40 feet.

Systems of Staking Out.

The hexagonal system, or one in which the trees are planted in
series of seven, six trees forming a hexagon with the other in the
center, is a system used in certain Western districts. With this
system we get 128 trees to the acre where trees are planted 20 by

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

20 feet, while in the square system trees planted 20 by 20 feet will
give but 107 trees to the acre. This sometimes causes people to
use the hexagonal system, but the mere fact of getting more trees
to the acre does not mean very much for even with the trees 20 by
20 feet on the square the root systems will before many years
fill the entire surface strata of soil. The hexagonal system is not
as well adapted to the filler methods as the square, and therefore
is not in as great favor in New England.

In the square system trees are put out in squares of 20 by 20 feet.
The Munson system of staking is probably the most generally used.
In establishing this system the base line is established along one
side of the field and stakes set every twenty feet on this line. A
perpendicular line is laid out from this at either end or at the center.
A person can easily erect a perpendicular by the use of a triangle
12 by 16 by 20 feet. The perpendicular also has the stakes set
every twenty feet. It is then necessary to use measuring boards
for establishing points for the other trees. Material 1 by 3 inches,
20 feet in length, makes good measuring boards. These should
be bolted together with a single bolt at one end so that the two
will shut up like a jack-knife. By putting the loose end of one of
these parts against the stake in the base line and the end of the
other part on the first stake in the perpendicular line, the point
where the two are bolted together will give the location of the next
tree. By carrying this system right on across the field you will
locate all the trees.

Laths make very satisfactory stakes for this use. The laths
may be sawed so there will be three stakes to each lath.

The next operation is the use of the planting board. This is a
board about four feet in length with a notch in the center and one
at each end. The center notch is placed about the stake, and stakes
are then placed in the notches at either end of the board. The
center stake and board may be removed and a hole dug for the tree.
Then in planting, if the board is again placed with the end notches
over the two stakes, the center notch will be at the exact place for
the tree, whereby we get a perfect alignment.

On a loose porous soil the holes need not be very much larger
than necessary to hold the root systems without cramping, as the
new roots will grow readily into the undisturbed soil. If the soil

ESTABLISHING AN ORCHARD • 73

is heavy the holes should be of greater size so that when the root
system begins growth it will have plenty of loose soil in which to
make a good start. Root systems should be well spread in the
holes and the holes filled with surface soil. Great care should
always be used to see that this soil is packed down thoroughly
about the roots. The soil should be well packed until the hole is
filled within three inches of the surface, and from there up loose
soil may be filled in and left as a soil mulch. It is better to plant
the trees about two inches deeper than in the nursery row. This
will cover up the crown or crooks in the trees if any exist.

Many questions are always asked concerning the use of dynamite
in the establishment of the orchard. It will depend pretty largely
on soil types as to whether or not there is anything to be gained
from its use. If the subsoil is porous the roots will find their way
readily through it and very little is gained from the use of the
powder. If, on the other hand, the subsoil is somewhat compact,
by the use of d\Tiamite it will be loosened and the roots will be
able to make a more rapid growth the first year or two, thereby
forcing out a better wood growth on the tops and branches.

74 * MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE QUALITY IN APPLES.
By Dr. J. K. Shaw.

One of the prominent characteristics of the recent development of
the apple industry is the appreciation of high quality on the part
of the producer and the consumer alike. People are ready to be-
lieve that the New England grown apple is superior in quality to
those grown in any other part of the world and this may well be
true. At any rate it is worth while to consider the production and
the recognition of quality. Not all will agree on which are the best
apples, yet it is possible to lay down certain principles that most
people will assent to if they understand them. Let us first consider
some of the factors upon which quality depends.

Color and appearance. While the outside appearance of an apple
does not enter into quality directly, it should be noted on account
of its indication of the condition of the interior of the fruit. As
between varieties color and appearance have little significance.
Some unattractive sorts are of the highest quality while some
handsome ones are worthless. On the other hand, within a given
variety the external appearance may have considerable value in
indicating the quality of the fruit. As a general rule a handsome
Baldwin is likely to be a good Baldwin and an unattractive one will
be found to be of poorer quality. It should be said here that one
must understand the meaning of appearance of an apple in order
to judge its quality.

Texture. This has considerable influence in determining the
quality of an apple. Some apples are coarse, dry, or mealy in
texture while others are fine, smooth, and juicy. Most people
will prefer a smooth melting, juicy apple but some like them to be
crisp or breaking in texture. Perhaps the Mcintosh represents
the finest texture but some may prefer the firmer, crisper texture of
varieties like the Yellow Newtown.

Sugars and Acid. Apples contain from about 8 to 12% of sugars,
the amount depending on the variety and condition of the fruit.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE QUALITY IN APPLES 75

Winter varieties have more than summer ones and one that in
prime eating condition is likely to have more than one either
unripe or over ripe. From less than one-fourth to nearly one-half
of these sugars may be cane sugar which we are all familiar with,
and the remainder consists of a mixture of dextrose and levulose,
sometimes spoken of as glucose. It is mainly a mixture of these
sugars that we buy in corn syrup. Sugars lend richness to the fruit
and cane sugar is of more value in this respect than glucose. The
amount of sugars in apples changes from day to day according to
the conditions under which the fruit is kept. In general, the more
sugars in the apple the better the quality. The acid of apples is
malic acid, a perfectly harmless vegetable acid. There may be
found from one-tenth to three-fourths per cent or more in ripe
apples. Sweet apples have usually less than one-fourth of one
per cent and it is the lack of acid and not an excess of sugars that
makes an apple sweet. Tolman Sweet apples usually contain less
sugars than Rhode Island Greenings. It is the relative amounts
of acid and sugars that make for high quality rather than the
absolute amounts of either. A moderate amount of each yields
higher quality than an abundance of one and a moderate amount
of the other. The most agreeable relation of acid and sugars is
largely a matter of personal preference, some liking a mild or even
sweet apple while others prefer quite sour fruit.

Essential oils. These are what contribute the distinctive flavor
and aroma to the different varieties. They exist in only very
minute quantities and may be detected by the chemist only with
very great difficulty if at all. An abundance of pleasing flavoring
oils supply the utmost refinement to good quality and are therefore
of greatest importance in the best of fancy table apples. Mcintosh
and King are two varieties that rank very high in flavoring oils and
most people will prefer them largely on this account.

Apples are used for two purposes, dessert and cooking, and it has
been a common practice to classify varieties under these two heads
but there are many sorts that take high rank in both classes. In
general it may be said that the requirements for a good cooking
apple are less exacting than those for a good dessert apple. We
like to see an apple of attractive appearance on the table, one that
is bright red, but this is of little account in cooking apples. A

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

coarse texture is broken down in the cooking process but many like
an apple that keeps its form fairly well when cooked. A deficiency
in sugars is readily made up by adding sugar to the cooked product
thereby adding to its richness, while a deficiency in acid is not
commonly supplied though perhaps it might be by the addition of
citric acid, the acid of oranges and lemons. Flavoring oils are of
great value in cooking and table apples alike.

Having discussed the factors that go to make up high quality in
kitchen and dessert apples we are now ready to take up the several
things that may influence these factors of quality. The first and
perhaps most important thing is the variety. Some kinds of apples
are good and some are not, no matter how well grown and handled.
There are many hundred varieties of apples and it is impossible to
name them all and assign them their value in the scale of quality
even if all would agree with the rating. The high-quality varieties
are those with a tender, melting, juicy flesh, rich with a pleasant
acid and an abundance of agreeable flavoring oils. Most of the
best known varieties are red but there are many green or yellow
ones that are of the highest rank. A few of these have become
more or less well known in spite of their handicap of a lack of a
bright red skin. Yellow Newtown is perhaps best known of any
yellow table apple and the Rhode Island Greening among the
cooking varieties. Other excellent sorts are Grimes, Roxbury
Russet, and Porter, while the Palmer Greening is worthy of becoming
the Yellow Newtown of New England. The Newtown and Grimes
are not at their best with us.

Among the red apples perhaps the Mcintosh and Tompkins King
should be assigned first place among varieties of high quality.
They are closely followed by Northern Spy, Gravenstein, Williams,
Wagener, and a host of others. The Baldwin is not ordinarily
classed among the very best but, when well grown and properly
handled there are few that can beat it as a steady thing week after
week and year after year. Among the excellent red varieties that
come to us from other parts of the country are Jonathan, Esopus
Spitzenburg, Winesap, and Stayman Winesap. All of these with
the possible exception of Williams and Jonathan are excellent for
cooking as well as for the dessert.

The best of varieties are not always as good as they should be

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE QUALITY IN APPLES 77

and one of the reasons is the conditions under which the apples
are grown. A tree that is starved or has unhealthy foliage cannot
produce apples up to the standard of the variety. Possibly too
much vigor in the tree may be unfavorable to the production of
the best fruit. The quality of a variety may be much modified
by the soil in which it is grown and we must fit varieties to soils
in order to grow them at their best. Climate, too, has great
influence on the quality of varieties. Grimes, Esopus, Jonathan,
and Winesap, mentioned above, are excellent when grown in
climates adapted to them but with us in New England they are
only medium or even poor in quality. There is always a tendency
for well-known commercial varieties to spread to sections of the
country to which they are ill adapted and as a result of this their
reputation for quality suffers. Baldwin is an illustration of this.
Well grown in suitable soils in southern New Hampshire and
Massachusetts it is very good but it has been carried too far to the
north and into unfavorable soils and under these conditions the
quality suffers. Bad storage conditions may injure the quality
of a variety; strong smelling vegetables or any disagreeable odor
in the storage cellar may injure the flavor. In order to be at its
best any variety must be grown in a soil and climate suited to it
and given the best of care both while growing in the orchard and
while in storage ripening and waiting for the consumer.

All apples go through a definite order of growth, ripening, and
physiological decay and at a certain stage of the ripening process
they are at their best, therefore the stage of maturity has much to
do with good quality. The rate of progress depends principally
on the temperature to which the apples are subject. Much of the
inferiority sometimes found in western apples is due simply to the
fact that they are over ripe and of the Baldwins from northern
New England to their immaturity. The selection of a choice
apple is based largely upon the recognition of the proper stage of
maturity. This may be made upon the color and appearance of
the apple. It attains its best quality when the appearance is most
attractive but it may retain this until it is past its prime. In
judging maturity one should go by the yellowish-green ground
color more than by the overlying red. When this is at its brightest
and most pleasing j^ellow and before it begins to grow dull the apple

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

is good. The development of this yellowish color livens up the
reds and makes them more attractive. The texture also changes
with maturity. In the green apple it is firm and crisp ; it gradually
mellows and finally acquires a dry and mealy taste. This mealy
taste arises from the fact that the outside layers of the individual
cells soften with over maturity and allow the individual cells to
separate in the mouth so that one gets the taste, or rather the taste-
lessness, of the cellulose walls instead of the rich, pleasant juices
contained within the cell which would be obtained if the walls were
more generally ruptured as occurs when the apple is at its best stage
of maturity. The "dry" apple may contain more water that the
juicy one.

The sugars gradually increase with the development of the apple
until the highest quality is reached, or perhaps a little later and
then they slowly disappear. The acid is high in the immature
apple and it gradually decreases with ripening until finally in the
over-ripe apples it has decreased so much as to leave the apple flat
and insipid. Obviously the most desirable stage so far as the sugars
and acid is concerned is when the sugars have reached about the
maximum and the acid has decreased to the point that gives the
most agreeable blend of the two.

The essential oils increase with ripening even after the fruit is
in storage and then gradually decrease and it is probably a change
in these oils that gives the bitter flavor occasionally found in highly
flavored apples when they are much over mature. In well-grown
and properly cared for fruit they reach their maximum about with
the most desirable texture and blend of acid and sugars.

SOME COMMON ORCHARD PESTS 79

SOME COMMON ORCHARD PESTS.
By Prof. W. W. Cheng weth.

A knowledge of the habits and life history of the various pests
which beset the way of the fruit grower enables him to exercise an
intelligent control of any particular pest. He knows not only when
to attack it but how and why. Methods of control are determined
by the nature of the pest and not infrequently are they more
easily combatted in some one stage of their life than in any other.
This knowledge acted upon would in most cases prevent any serious
loss.

Orchard pests are very readily separated into two classes, viz.,
diseases and insects. Diseases are the result of parasitic plants
known as fungi and bacteria. These parasites may attack the
whole plant, or they may confine their activities to some certain
part, or their greatest damage may be done to the fruit. Some
may be controlled by spraying, others are not.

The insect pests may readily be grouped into two classes; those
that chew their food and those that suck. The chewing insects
are most easily controlled by spraying upon their food some arseni-
cal poison while those that suck their food must be treated to a
corrosive spray or one that will spread a film over the body causing
its death by suffocation.

Many insects pass through a number of well-defined stages in
their development. The adults of many lay eggs and these hatch
into a worm-like creature, the larva, commonly called worm,
grub, borer, or caterpillar. This is the stage in which as a rule the
greatest damage is done as the larvae are voracious feeders. Soon
these worm-like creatures go into a resting stage which continues
for some days or weeks. It is now called a pupa. From the pupa
there eventually issues the adult, thus completing the life cycle.
Some few as the San Jose scale give birth to living 3^oung. Others
as various plant lice pass the winter in the egg stage, but during
the spring and summer months give birth to living young.

In many cases then the control of our insect pests is determined
by the habits of the insect.

80 massachusetts horticultural society

Diseases.

Apple Scab. This is the most common of the fungous diseases
and no doubt causes more damage than any other one. Certain
varieties as Mcintosh and Fameuse are very susceptible and often
the whole crop is lost if proper measures are not used.

The disease appears first on leaves, later on blossom stems and
fruit. The leaves assume a velvety olivaceous appearance, often
becoming distorted and falling in early season. If the disease
attacks the young flower stems or setting fruit much of it too will
drop. When the disease develops on the fruit it forms an olive-
colored spot with silvery edges. Soon the fruit cracks, if "scab"
is bad, rendering it worthless.

In orchards known to be affected with this disease spraying with
lime-sulphur just after leaves expand, but before the buds open,
and again just after fall of petals will be found to give a fair degree
of control. Though quite often if season is cool and cloudy another
spraying three weeks following the last mentioned above will be
found necessary.

Fire Blight. This disease, known also as twig blight and pear
blight, is caused by a bacterium which infests the cambium, i. e.
the layer just beneath the bark. The fruit spurs, twigs, branches,
and occasionally the trunk of the tree are affected. The disease
operates about as follows : Usually a short time following blossom-
ing the leaves on fruiting parts and the young shoots begin to turn
brown or black. The wood dies but generally the blackened leaves
hang tenaciously to dead twigs. If disease is serious much injury
may result, often large branches and occasionally whole trees die
in a single season. The progress of the disease down the twig or
branch can generally be traced quite readily as the dried shrunken
bark shows distinctly in contrast to the live bark below. How-
ever, it is safe to assume that the disease germs have progressed
several inches below this area. The disease lives through the
winter in what are known as "hold over cankers." In the spring
when growth begins there exudes from these cankers a sweetish
fluid teeming with the bacteria. Bees and other insects visit these
places and carry the bacteria to the flowers. Here in the nectar
of the flowers the bacteria multiply rapidly, and each infected
flower in turn becomes a seat of infection. From the flower the

SOME COMMON ORCHARD PESTS 81

bacteria enter fruit spur or twig, while plant lice and other insects
are held responsible for introducing them into the growing shoots.

Since this disease operates beneath the surface spraying is useless.
The only remedy known is to prune out and burn all diseased
portions using great care to cut low enough to remove all diseased
wood and as a further precaution against spreading the disease
each wound should be sterilized with mercuric chloride, formalin,
or some good antiseptic. Much of the infection might be avoided
if all cankers (dead, sunken areas in bark) were found and care-
fully pruned out.

Black Knot. This disease attacks the plum and cherry trees.
It is conspicuous because of tjie black warty knots on the twigs
and branches. This diseased condition is due to a fungus living in
the bark and cambium. These knots are the seat of infection as
spores are produced here in early season and are readily borne to
unaffected parts by the wind. Here as in the case of fire blight
the disease is within and cannot be reached b}^ spraying. Though
experiments have shown that Bordeaux sprayed on at swelling of
the buds has greatly lessened the spread of the disease, the only
reliable remedy seems to be to prune out all diseased parts (the
knots) and burn. If allowed to go unchecked much injury results.

Canker. There are a number of diseases of apple and pear which
during all or a part of their life cycle, live beneath the bark causing
roughened dark areas known as cankers. The one most common
throughout New England is the European canker. This disease is
to be found in nearly all neglected trees and quite often in young
trees. In most all cases these various diseases depend upon wounds
for entrance into tree. The European canker attacks the bark,
cambium, and to some extent the wood. As the new growth
develops around the wound it is attacked and killed by the fungus
and in this way a series of ridges develop gi\ing a characteristic
appearance. Spores are produced in spring and summer and
through these new infection takes place. The remedy is to prune
out and burn all branches affected. Large cankers on main branches
and body of tree may be cut out and wounds coated with Bordeaux
or paint.

Brown Rot. Brown rot or ripe rot as it is often called attacks
the peach, plum, and cherry any time after half grown, but is worse

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

just before or at ripening time causing them to rot. Many of the
fruits shrivel up and produce the mummies often seen hanging on
trees throughout winter and spring. It is particularly prevalent
during moist seasons. This disease is very closely allied with the
curculio, especially in case of the peach and plum. The unbroken
skin of the fruit is ample protection against this disease, but if
curculio and other insects which puncture the fruit are prevalent
then the disease finds ready entrance. This disease is spread by
means of spores which are formed on the mummied fruits and from
cankers on the trees.

Remedy. Destroy or plow under all mummies; prune out any
cankers that may be present; spray (1) with lead arsenate at time
of shedding the calyx; (2) two to four weeks later with self-boiled
lime-sulphur and lead arsenate; (3) about one month before fruit
ripens using self-boiled lime-sulphur. Plums and cherries may be
sprayed later as the lime-sulphur washes from them more readily
than from peaches.

Peach Leaf Curl. This disease attacks the leaves, young shoots,
flowers, and fruit of the peach. It is characterized by a curling or
arching of the leaf blade becoming much thickened and crumpled
along midrib. Later in season diseased leaves may fall leaving
tree bare. The shoots become enlarged often attaining more than
twice their normal size.

The disease is produced by a fungus which develops best during
a cool damp spring. Infection takes place just at the opening of
the buds. Spraying with a fungicide as lime-sulphur just before
buds open will prevent entrance of disease. If spraying is delayed
until leaves begin to show it will be too late as the disease has
already gained entrance and is therefore safe from any spray that
might be applied.

Insects.

The Codling Moth. This is the insect that gives us the " wormy"
apples. Losses estimated at millions of dollars are attributed
to this one pest alone. The annual loss due to codling moth in
New York is estimated to be between two and three million dollars.

The adult moth deposits its eggs on the leaves, fruit, or branches
usually two to three weeks following the fall of the petals. The egg

SOME COMMON ORCHARD PESTS 83

hatches within a few days and the young larva soon finds its way
to the calyx end of the fruit. If the egg was deposited upon the
apple the first meal is taken from the sheltered cavity beneath the
closed calyx lobes. More than 75% of these "worms" enter the
apple at this place. Quite often where two fruits touch the en-
trance is made at this point. Eating its way into the apple the
worm feeds upon the core and surrounding pulp. After a period
varying from 20 to 30 days it tunnels out, finds a hiding place
usually under the bark of the tree and changes to a pupa. Here it
may spend three weeks when it emerges as an adult ready to begin
the life cycle again. In many sections there are two broods each
year, but here there is only a partial second brood, only the very
earliest eggs developing into the adult moth. As a rule the pupa
state continues until the following spring.

Since the large number enter through the calyx this offers the
surest way of combating them. If more than 75% of the newly-
hatched larvae take their first meal in the calyx cup it naturally
follows that if we can get some poison into this cup the first meal
will also be the last one. For a week or ten days subsequent to the
falling of the petals the calyx lobes are standing wide apart. How-
ever, after a lapse of this time these lobes close down practically
closing the cavity beneath. In order then to get poison into this
cup the trees must be sprayed within a week or ten days following
fall of petals. Lead arsenate is most effective and is used at the
rate of 3 pounds of the paste to 50 gallons of water. Thorough
spraying done at the right time will reduce codling moth injury
to a minimum.

San. Jose Scale. The extreme small size, its marvelous powers
of reproduction, its protection by a scale covering, and its large
variety of food plants all combine to make this one of the careless
orchardists' most deadly pests. It lives upon the surface of the
bark to which it gives an ashen-grey appearance and upon the
fruit where it produces its characteristic pink or red spots, thus
injuring the appearance and greatly reducing the market value of
the fruit.

The approach of severe winter destroys practically all the mature
and the very young scales, leaving the half-grown insects to pass
through the winter. When growth begins in spring these half-

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

grown insects grow rapidl}' and soon begin to propagate and so
rapid is their propagation that one female might in a single season
easily become the ancestor of more than one billion oflFspring.
Insects, birds, and the wind are the chief agents in distributing
this pest throughout the orchard. The young spend the first
few hours after their birth in crawling around seeking some con-
genial place to settle down. It is during this stage that they are
blown about or carried by birds and flying insects. Nursery stock
is often responsible for introducing this pest into uninfested locali-
ties. Fruit bearing the scales is also accredited with assisting in
the dissemination.

Since the insect itself is so completely protected by its armor
the only effective campaign for its extermination can be carried
on during the dormant season as sprays strong enough to penetrate
the scale would prove destructive to the foliage. In a badly
infested orchard spraying with soluble oils, 1 to 12, in late autumn
or early winter and again in the early spring with a strong solution
of lime-sulphur, 1 to 10, is recommended. The spraying should be
thorough; look out especially for the tips of the branches for if a
few places on each tree are left uncovered they become a breeding
place and a center for distribution of the pest the following summer.

Curculio. This insect is now regarded as among the most
destructive of our orchard pests. It is responsible for many of
our knotty, misshapen apples pears and quinces, for our wormy
plums and peaches, also for many of the wormy cherries. The
adults appear early in the spring from their hiding places and feed
for a time upon the foliage. When the young fruit sets they then
turn their attention to it. They not only feed upon the fruit but
also lay their eggs in it. The egg is deposited in a hole made in the
fruit and a crescent shaped cut is made near this hole. If the egg
hatches a "wormy" fruit results. If the egg does not hatch an
undeveloped fruit generally results. Also it has been shown
conclusively that the many punctures in the fruit made by these
insects is very largely responsible for the spread of the brown rot
in the peach, plum, and cherry.

The only practical methods of control at present consist in
destroying all drops, keeping the rubbish out of the plantation,
thus reducing the chances for hibernation of adults, and in spraying

SOME COMMON ORCHARD PESTS 85

with arsenate of lead as soon as foliage appears and again after fall
of petals. The purpose of these sprays is to keep the foliage and
young fruits, the insects' food, covered with poison.

Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm. The adult of this pest is a fly.
Its eggs are laid just under the skin of the apple beginning usually
in July and continuing until September. The eggs hatch into
legless grubs which tunnel about through the apple. The earlier
tunnels become healed but hardened, while the later ones remain
open and turn brown. The fruit is practically worthless. This
insect is an exceedingly difficult one to combat. The only practi-
cal method in the past has been to destroy all infested fruit. How-
ever, quite recently experiments have been made in the use of
sweetened spray for both this and the cherry fruit fly. This treat-
ment consists of a spray of lead arsenate sweetened by addition
of molasses and applied to foliage at the time the adults make their
appearance in the orchards. It is possible that this may prove a
ready means of controlling this pest.

Tent Caterpillar. This pest is particularly conspicuous because
of its web or tent and because of the destruction of the foliage.
The eggs are laid in a large mass firmly fixed to a twig and well
covered over with a dirty brownish gelatinous substance. These
eggs hatch in early spring as soon as foliage starts and the cater-
pillars coming from a single egg cluster remain together as a colony.
A tiny web tent is formed on the branch or at the crotch of two
twigs and as they increase in size the tent is enlarged until it be-
comes very conspicuous. During nights, cool days, or rainy spells
the colony retires to the tent and advantage is taken of this habit
to burn out the nest as it is often called. In orchards receiving the
dormant spraying this pest is seldom of any importance as the oil
or lime-sulphur will destroy all egg masses that are thereby covered
with the spray material. Lead arsenate applied to infested
branches readily controls them. It is necessary to spray only the
tree affected.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

THE SPRAYING CAMPAIGN.
By R. W. Rees.

In taking up this subject let us first consider some of the sprays
which are in common use in controlling our insect pests and fungous
diseases.

Lime-Sulphur.

Lime-sulphur as a spray was discovered by accident. Originally
a combination of lime, sulphur, sugar, and salt was used as a sheep
dip. A Western rancher after dipping his sheep in this solution
applied some of it to a tree which was infected with San Jose scale.
He found that it killed the scale, and through this chance experi-
ment has been developed our present commercial lime-sulphur
which now does not contain either the sugar or the salt. Commer-
cial lime-sulphur is an amber-colored liquid and should have a
density of 30 to 33 degrees on the Beaume scale.

Lime-sulphur is used as a contact insecticide for such pests as the
scales, and as a fungicide for apple scab. It is the most largely
used, and without doubt is the most effective general "cleaning up"
spray we have.

Self-boiled lime-sulphur is very different material from our
commercial lime-sulphur as the self-boiled is merely a mechanical
mixture and not a chemical combination. Self-boiled lime-sulphur
is made by placing 17 pounds of good grade live lime in a cask and
putting over this 17 pounds of flowers of sulphur and adding 6 or 8
gallons of water. It is well to cover the cask so as to hold in the
steam while the material is cooking by the heat generated by the
slaking lime. It should be allowed to cook for about twenty
minutes and then be diluted to 50 gallons, w^hen it is ready to be
strained and applied to the trees. The formula will vary anywhere
from 10-10-50 to 20-20-50, but the 17-17-50 just given has proved
most satisfactory in our work.

Soluble sulphur is a comparatively new preparation on the market

THE SPRAYING CAMPAIGN

87

and while it has given very good success where tried we beheve it
best to be a little cautious about giving it a general recommenda-
tion. We will say, however, that it has proved satisfactory with
us as a dormant spray, but where used as a summer spray on peaches
it caused considerable injury to the foliage. Where used in com-
bination with arsenate of lead on apple trees for codling moth spray
it also gave more or less trouble. We do not believe that it is a
spray suitable for summer use, either alone or in combination with
the lead.

MisciBLE Oil.

Miscible oils are made up of a petroleum base so treated that it
will readily mix with water. It has been used quite largely as a
spray for scale. Most brands are somewhat more expensive than
lime-sulphur, but it is possible to do more thorough work, especially
on rough bark and tall trees, as the oil is much more penetrating
and spreads more readily than the lime-sulphur.

In one or two states there has been considerable complaint of
damage to trees from the use of oil. I have never seen any damage
to apple wood caused by oil and cannot positively say that I have
seen peach trees that have been damaged by oil, but have seen trees
on which the wood was in poor condition and circumstantial evi-
dence pointed strongly to oil as the cause. If a good grade of oil is
used and directions are followed there should be no damage to the
trees sprayed.

On tall apple trees or those badly infested with scale oil is to be
recommended as the best spray because it is very effective and is
easy to apply.

Bordeaux Mixture,

Bordeaux mixture had its origin in the Province of Bordeaux,
France, where it was first used as a fungicide in combating mildew
of grapes. For orchard use it is made up of 4 pounds of lime and
4 pounds copper sulphate to 50 gallons of water. It has fallen into
disrepute among apple growers as a spray for apple scab on account
of damage to fruit in the form of russeting if the weather is damp
and cold at the time of application.

so MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY

During the past year there has been a considerable amount of
trouble from burning foliage, and in certain cases damage to fruit,
by a combination of arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur. For this
reason there is somewhat of a tendency to return to the use of
bordeaux as a fungus control. It is probable that some of the
forms of bordeaux and lead combination would be as satisfactory
as anything for this particular spray.

Arsenate of Lead.

Arsenate of lead is practically the only stomach poison now used
in apple spray work. We have arsenate of lead in two forms, paste
and powder, the paste form being by far the most widely used.
The paste arsenate of lead is quite uniform in strength and when
used alone practically never causes damage to foliage. There is
more or less trouble in getting it into suspension in the water.
Great care must be exercised to see that it is well mixed before
being applied to the trees and a good agitation should be kept up
while the liquid is being sprayed from the tank so that there will
be no settling of the materials. The powder form is somewhat
more expensive but in a number of the most progressive apple
districts it is meeting with great favor. It is very easy to get into
suspension and stays in suspension better than does the paste.
From this saving of time many growers think that it is cheaper
than the paste form.

Tobacco Sprays.

A number of tobacco sprays are to be found on the market.
Their chief use is in the controlling of soft-bodied insects such as
the aphis or plant lice. These sprays kill entirely by contact and
though very effective never give trouble by foliage burning.

Black leaf 40, which is in reality a solution of nicotine, is proba-
bly the most popular and widely used type of tobacco spray.

Whale Oil Soap.

Whale oil soap is also used as a contact spray for soft-bodied
insects. The greatest objection to this soap is that it is not uni-
form in strength and sometimes causes damage to the foliage, also

THE SPRAYING CAMPAIGN 89

that it is extremely hard to dissolve in water. When using whale
oil soap it should be cut up finely and dissolved in boiling water.
Then it may be diluted to one pound to six or seven gallons of
water.

Spraying Apparatus.

We have four general classes of sprayers, the bucket pump,
knapsack sprayer, barrel pumps, and the power outfits.

The bucket pump is a small cylindrical pump which may be
attached to any ordinary bucket and is of service in a home garden
on currant bushes or cane fruits, or for spraying two or three small
trees on a suburban lot, but is not satisfactory for commercial
purposes. Very frequently commercial orchardists keep one or
two bucket pumps for use on local troubles, as in controlling aphis
in case it is found on one or two trees, thus making it unnecessary
to take out a heavier outfit.

The knapsack sprayer is somewhat more expensive and in most
cases less effective. It usually has a capacity of five or six gallons
and is carried about on one's back while at work. One of the
principal objections to a knapsack is that most of them leak and it
is rather hard on a man's Christian fortitude to continue work
with spray dripping down his back. The knapsack sprayer is not
capable of producing high enough pressure to reach trees of any
height, its work being limited entirely to shrubs and the home
garden.

Barrel Pumps. There are two general types of barrel pumps,
one in which the pump is mounted on the end of the barrel, and one
in which it is mounted on the side. It makes comparatively little
difference which type of sprayer is selected so far as effective work
is concerned. The side mount is probably a little more satisfactory
on rough hillside land as there is less danger from tipping of the
barrel. But whatever type of barrel pump is selected, be sure that
all the working parts are of brass, that the valves are of some non-
corroding material and easily accessible, and that the pump is in
every way as simple as possible. A complicated spray pump is
never satisfactory.

90 massachusetts horticultural society

Accessories.

Hose. The type of hose which a person will use will of course
vary somewhat with the type of work one is doing, but for general
spray work a good five-ply grade of three-eighths inch hose will be
found the most satisfactory. A three-eighths inch hose will carry
all the spray which can be discharged through two nozzles. Owing
to the lighter weight which is necessary to drag about the ground
the wear on the smaller hose will be less than it would be on a
larger one. A five-ply hose, as mentioned before, is best when a
person is willing to take care of his spraying apparatus. The hose
should always be rinsed out carefully after each day's work. If
left covered with spray materials, either the oils or lime-sulphur,
the best grades of rubber hose will not last better than a cheap grade
of cotton.

Extension Rods. A good bamboo extension rod with a brass or
aluminum inner casing is by far the most satisfactory to use if a
person is careful in handling it, but these rods will not stand the
rough handling and abuse that is possible with a heavier gas-pipe
rod. If an iron gas pipe is to be used it should be cased with wood
for three or four feet at the lower end so that a man may obtain a
good grip. Otherwise there will be more or less trouble from
cramped hands.

Nozzles. There are three general types of nozzles. The large
disc type is one with a large chamber where the spray enters in a
whirling motion and is thrown out from a comparatively large bore
but owing to the circular motion within the chamber forms a fine
cone spray. This is one of the best general types of nozzles inso-
much as it may be obtained in the forty-five degree angle style,
also that it does not have any projections which wiU catch on the
branches.

The Vermorel type of nozzle is one with a comparatively small
spray chamber and a small opening. The spray is driven out under
pressure and forms a fine mist merely by being forced through a
small opening. This type is satisfactory with oils and with care-
fully strained sprays of other nature, but it has given more trouble
from clogging, and also has projections which sometimes catch on
the branches.

THE SPRAYING CAMPAIGN 91

The Bordeaux nozzle is one which is particularly adapted to
long distance spraying for if the nozzle is opened up wide a coarse
driving spray may be thrown at great distance. This may be
adjusted by turning the barrel of the nozzle so that the opening
crosses a knife-edge which thereby forms a fan-shaped spray much
finer in composition.

The Bordeaux and Friend types will answer practically all our
purposes and in most cases will prove more satisfactory than the
more complicated types.

It might be well to say a few words in regard to the general
principles of spraying. We hear a great deal as to the relative
merits of high and low pressure, fine and coarse sprays. In a
general way a medium high pressure and a comparatively fine spray
give the best results, but thoroughness in application is of greater
importance than the size of nozzle or the height of pressure. If we
know the insect pests or fungous diseases which we are trying to
combat, if we use the spray materials which have proven
most satisfactory for their control and make thorough applications,
the work as a rule will be satisfactory.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY

SOIL MANAGEMENT IN THE ORCHARD.
By R. W. Rees.

The subject of soil management is one on which we have many
conflicting opinions even among our most progressive and most
successful commercial apple growers. The diversity of opinion
lies partly in the wide range of soil types which they are handling,
and partly in the systems of pruning and fertilizing which they are
conducting.

For a short time let us consider systems of cultivation and the
benefits to be derived therefrom. We would not think of growing
annual crops, like corn or potatoes, without practicing some cultural
system to keep up the physical condition, conserve moisture,
and assist in freeing plant food. If it is important on annual
crops, is it not logical to believe it must be of fully as great impor-
tance on crops which are to occupy the land for a period of fifty or
seventy-five years? Cultivation improves the physical condition
of the soil by reducing the extremes of temperature and moisture,
and by firming and drying the soil early in the spring. It aids in
the chemical activities of the soil by hastening decomposition of
organic matter and aiding in freeing plant food. Certain classes
of insect pests are controlled to a greater or less degree by the use
of cultural methods, thereby destroying places for them to harbor,
or in some cases destroying their egg nests. Probably one of the
greatest benefits to the soil from cultivation is that of conserving
moisture. The moisture rises from the lower strata of the soil
through very small capillary tubes and if the soil is compact to the
surface the moisture will rise to the surface and then be carried
away in the air through evaporation. Many of you no doubt
have noticed during dry summer weather that if a large stone or
heavy plank is removed the soil will be moist beneath it while it
may be dry and baked nearby. The reason for this moisture
under the stone or plank is that it has been brought to the surface

SOIL MANAGEMENT IN THE ORCHAED 93

through capillary tubes, but has not been allowed to pass off by
evaporation. If we have loose soil as a surface layer it will act
similarly to the stone or wooden mulch, holding the moisture where
the feeding roots of the trees are able to utilize it.

The effect of tillage on the trees is to give a slightly longer period
for wood growth, to force a more vigorous growth early in the sea-
son so that the trees will have made a sufficient growth in time to
mature the wood before the fall frosts. Tillage, by maintaining a
good moisture supply, tends toward the formation of a larger
number and more vigorous fruit buds for fruit the following year.
It also makes it possible for the tree to produce a larger number of
fruits of good size.

The principal objections to tillage are that when a tree is making
heavy wood growth and carrying a large amount of foliage, we
sometimes have trouble in securing a good color on the red varieties.
This feature of the work will be discussed under another heading.

Implements for Tillage.

On all ihe heavier soils a plow is necessary every spring, and
especially where cover crops are grown even on the lighter soils we
usually secure better results by plowing than by the use of other
cultural tools. If the soil is comparatively light and sandy and the
cover crop has been of buckwheat or some type which does not live
through the winter a disk harrow may be used to advantage in
the spring and at a less expense than the plow. Whether plow or
disk is used, it is usually best to follow with a spring tooth harrow^
and the cultivations during the latter part of the season being with
an acme harrow or a smoothing harrow. Almost any type of
cultivator which will keep the soil stirred up in good condition and
destroy the weeds will be satisfactory. Cultivation should always
be started in the spring as soon as the soil is dry enough to work,
and cultivations given every two weeks until about the 20th of
July, when a cover crop may be sown and cultivation discontinued
for the remainder of the season.

A number of growers are having very good results with systems
of sod culture, especiall}^ where the grass is mowed two or three
times diiriiiL^ the season and allowed to lie under the trees as a

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

mulch. It must be remembered that if we are using the sod cul-
tural system, and especially if the trees are in sod and the grass is
cut for hay, that we are taking out a considerable amount of plant
food as well as moisture. It is usually well, on an orchard which
is in sod, to give it liberal dressings of stable manure to keep up
fertility and a sufficient amount of organic matter. On very rich
soils it is frequently advisable to seed down to allow the orchard to
go in sod for two or three years to check up wood growth. On very
heavy soils the same treatment is frequently desirable to improve
the color and texture of the fruit. These are matters to be regu-
lated by soil conditions and the judgment of the orchardist.

Associated Crops.

In producing the apple orchard there is a considerable expense
attached for a number of years before the orchard comes into a
profitable state. To assist in carrying this expense, associated
crops are frequently grown between the trees. If good judgment is
used in the selection of crops and in the systems of handling, the
trees need not be damaged, but it must always be borne strictly in
mind that fruit trees are the principal crop on the soil and that the
inter-crops are secondary.

We want a crop the top of which will furnish shade to the soil,
preferably one that will add fiber by its roots, and a type which will
have the least interference with the trees. Most of the common
garden and truck crops can be grown to greater or less advantage.
Corn has probably been grown more than almost any other crop.
It is pretty satisfactory, but if the larger types of corn are used they
sometimes shade the trees too much and are really an injury to the
orchard. Leguminous crops, such as beans or peas, are the very
best provided they may be marketed to advantage. Potatoes are
grown to a greater or less degree and are pretty satisfactory, the
greatest trouble being that if the soil is heavily fertilized for pota-
toes they frequently will leave an excess of fertilizer in the soil,
thereby forcing the trees in growth late in the season. The careful
orchardist may grow cane and bush fruits to advantage, providing
he is careful that they do not interfere with the trees. For the
novice or amateur this is a dangerous practice as there is a

SOME PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING 95

great tendency to allow these crops to remain in the orchard long
after they should be removed, the trees suffering as a consequence.
It must be borne in mind that the roots of the young trees will
extend out beyond the ends of the branches, also that the roots
from associated crops will extend out some little distance from the
plant rows, so that the first year the associated crops should be
kept at least three feet from the trees and each year about a foot in
distance should be added.

SOME PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING.
By Prof. W. W. Chenoweth.

Of all the orchard operations none is so full of interest as pruning.
Through it we come into the most intimate relations with each
individual plant and learn much concerning the habits of each
variety and species. Pruning requires more knowledge, more
experience, and more thought than any other orchard work and the
fact still remains that we know much less about it.

The purposes of pruning are generally summed up under some
half-dozen heads, but for our purposes here we will say that pruning
is one of the means employed for securing more fruit, better fruit
at a minimum cost. I should like to make a distinction between
pruning and "trimming up." Too many Massachusetts apple
trees have been trimmed up for so many years that they stand now
with tall, gaunt, naked branches and trunk often twenty feet or
more to the first fruit bearing branch, a living, crying monument
to the ignorance or indifference of present or bygone owners.
These trees are to be found throughout the state and are an example
of what trimming up will do.

We may fertilize our trees by formula, we may spray by formula,
we can even maintain cover crops and cultivation by formula,
but we cannot prune by formula. Each species, each variety,

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

and among the tree fruits each tree is a law unto itself. Each tree
presents a problem varying in complexity from every other tree.
And while we may not lay down any "rule of thumb" whereby
our plants may be pruned there are a few general principles which
if known and applied with a liberal use of good common sense will
enable one to do a fairly creditable job.

Perhaps the most important of these principles is the fruiting
habit of the plant. The apple and the pear are much alike, each
bearing the bulk of their crop on short crooked ragged growths
known as fruit spurs. These fruit spurs live for years bearing
annually or biennially. The fruit buds are as a rule terminal,
hence the crooked growth of spur as each time' a blossom is pro-
duced the direction of growth is changed. The pruning of these
species should be of such nature as will best develop the fruit
spurs and maintain their normal growth.

The peach bears all its fruit on wood of past season's growth.
It has what might be called a progressive habit of bearing, the
bearing wood being constantly carried higher in unpruned trees.
Evidently then we should prune the peach so as to secure the
desired amount of young growth each year not too far from body
of tree. This requires more severe pruning than does the apple
or pear.

Plums and cherries are quite similar in fruiting. Most of the
fruit being born on spurs growing on wood two to four or five years
old. In cherries particularly some fruit is born upon wood of
past season's growth, while on plums only a very small part of
crop is found on the shoots of past season's growth. The spurs
on these species are relatively short lived, three to five years.
Hence pruning will be more severe as a rule than the apple, but
less severe than the peach.

The quince blossoms are born on the new growth coming from
lateral buds of past season's growth. In all the other tree fruits
discussed the fruit buds are formed the season preceding blossom-
ing. These vary in their degree of development, but are neverthe-
less true fruit buds, while the quince does not produce any true
fruit buds until the season of blossoming.

Grapes, blackberries, and raspberries do not form true fruit buds
to pass through the dormant season. Buds are formed, however,

SOME PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING 97

and these in the spring grow into branches which produce the
flowers and fruit. It might be well to remember that the fruiting
branches come from buds formed on wood of previous season's
growth. Hence in pruning these we leave a sufficient number of
buds on past season's growth to provide for this season's crop.

From this very brief discussion it will be seen that a man ignorant
of fruiting habit of plants has no business trying to prune them.

Another principle it is well to bear in mind is the light relation.
Neglected trees soon become so thick topped that lower branches
and all small growth in interior of tree are shaded out. Light is
necessary to the growth of leaves, and parts of trees kept in too
dense shade die. This results in forcing all the bearing wood to
the outside of the tree and thereby places the load fruit of too far
from stem of tree. A judicious thinning out of the top will keep
alive the lower branches also much fruiting wood in interior of tree.
The crop will be large since there is more feeding surface to support
growth, and besides it is better distributed through the tree. If
thinned sufficiently the fruit in interior spurs will not be of low
color.

Another principle we must consider is the relation between
growth and fruiting. Each tree after arriving at bearing age is
engaged in two activities, viz., vegetative activity and reproductive
activity. Now there is a proper relation between these two activi-
ties and happy is the orchardist who can maintain this proper
balance. It is not an uncommon thing to find on old trees branches
of same age, one of which has born many fruits while the other is
guiltless of having produced any revenue to its owner. An exami-
nation of two such branches will show that one is in a balanced
state while the unfruitful one is expending all its food in vegetative
activity to the exclusion of fruitfulness. Since these two activi-
ties are antagonistic any practice which checks to some degree
this excessive wood growth will tend to bring the tree into fruit-
fulness.

A fourth principle is the relation of pruning to fruiting. In a
normal growing fruit tree there is a well-balanced condition between
top and roots, and with a normal amount of moisture and mineral
foods present there will be a certain amount of growth and a
certain amount of food material stored each year. Heavy dormant

y« MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

pruning will break this balance. The removal of a considerable
portion of top without a corresponding disturbance of root system
will result in an increased lateral growth of that part of the top
remaining. Fruit spurs may even be forced into twig or branch
growth. Conditions like this will necessarily reduce the fruiting
capacity of tree for the time. Spasmodic pruning such as is in-
dulged in by many men owning apple trees keeps them in a con-
tinued state of unbalance and such trees are consequently unprofit-
able. Moderate annual pruning of bearing trees must be the slogan
of the successful fruit grower. Dormant pruning is always re-
juvenating or invigorating, depending upon the severity of it. In
old trees, or badly winter injured trees severe dormant pruning is
often advisable, but unnecessary for well-kept trees. Pruning
for fruit should consist in moderate annual dormant pruning,
enough to keep trees vigorous, to keep the tops open so sunlight
can reach the interior of trees, and a cutting back of too vigorous
growing leaders thereby inducing a broad open head rather than a
high dense one. It might be well to add that all ingrowing and
chafing branches should be removed.

Careful orchardists have found that by pinching the tips of grow-
ing shoots just shortly before the terminal buds form "tends to the
development of more fruit buds. To the inexperienced, however,
this is a delicate operation. If done too early in the season the
pinched shoot will start two or three buds into growth and result
in increased wood growth. If done too late no benefit is secured.

In pruning young trees it is well to keep in mind that much of
the future value will depend upon forming the head. The age of
high-headed trees has gone and we are now insisting that our trees
shall be headed low. Three to five branches should form the frame-
work for the top. These should be well distributed about the tree
nor should they all spring from the same point. See to it that no
bad forks are left in starting the head. Once well started subse-
quent treatment will be relatively simple and easy. Keep out all
interfering branches, remove those that grow toward center,
shorten back the more vigorous leaders, keeping the tree low and
broad. An open center will result in development of fruit spurs
along the scaffold branches and early fruiting is assured. Too
much heading in develops many small branches causing a dense
head. This is to be avoided.

PICKING AND HANDLING FEUIT 99

In pruning all wounds should be clean cut. Branches should be
cut off as near to parent branch as possible, the cut being parallel
to the latter. Wounds made in this manner heal more readily.
Stubs should never be left as they never heal over and shortly
become a menace to the life of a part or to the whole tree. Large
wounds should be painted using white lead and linseed oil. If
preferred this may be darkened by addition of a small amount of
burnt umber.

PICKING AND HANDLING FRUIT.
By Prof. F. C. Sears.

Few people realize the importance of proper care and proper
methods in the handling of fruits of all kinds at the time of picking.
With some sorts, like the more solid varieties of apples, a considera-
ble amount of rough handling will be endured without serious
results, but even these fruits are much better if treated more care-
fully, and with the perishable kinds, like peaches, the slightest
bruising is likely to result in serious damage.

The first question to determine is the proper degree of maturity
for picking and this will vary greatly with different classes of fruits,
and even with different varieties of the same class. Three factors
of a general nature might be mentioned as likely to influence the
question of the proper maturity and these are, first, the kind or
class of fruit; second, the variety; and third, the distance from
market. Under the first head, the kind of fruit, pears may be
cited as a general class which should be picked sometime before they
are ripe. There may be a few exceptions to this, but as a general
rule it will hold, while stone fruits on the other hand as a class are
never so good as when they are allowed to ripen fully on the trees.
One has only to taste the quality of our local fruit as compared
with peaches, for example, shipped from California or even from
Georgia, to see what a difference it makes to allow these fruits to
become fullv mature.

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

There is less difference between varieties of the same fruit, yet
even here there is considerable variation in the proper degree of
maturity. Firm fleshed varieties can be allowed to become much
riper than softer fleshed sorts. The Elberta peach, for example,
will stand up thoroughly well if picked when almost ripe while the
Greensboro will go to pieces at once.

On the score of distance from the market the general rule may
be laid down that the further one is from his market the greener
the fruit must be picked in order to reach market in proper condi-
tion, and this is one of the strong arguments in favor of locally
grown fruit and is one of the reasons why our New England growers
will always have a very distinct advantage over the more distant
fruit men in competing for our New England markets.

While it is impossible to give absolute directions as to the proper
degree of ripeness for the different fruits the following suggestions
may be helpful:

1. Apples. With summer apples or those varieties which tend
to become "mealy" the fruit should be picked as soon as the skin
begins to change color, showing full maturity. This maturity is
also shown by the seeds turning dark and by the stem separating
readily from the fruit spur. The late maturing varieties of apples
are, of course, picked long before they are ripe, but are usually
allowed to remain on the trees until after frosts, and even a fairly
severe freezing while on the tree will not injure them if they are
allowed to thaw out without being handled.

2. Pears. With summer pears it is desirable to pick usually as
much as a week before they are fully ripe and this, as with apples,
is especially important with the mild flavored sorts. As soon as
the skin begins to change from a dead green to the more attractive
shades of yellow the fruit may be gathered and stored in a cool dark
place to ripen. The same indications as given under the apple
apply here.

3. Peaches. These may be picked as soon as they show signs
of becoming ripe on the shady side and the proper degree of ripeness
ought to be determined by the color of the fruit and not by any
handling of it. It is often recommended to judge of the degree of
ripeness by the feeling of the fruit under the thumb, but this is
entirely unnecessary. Any man who is fit to pick fruit ought to be

PICKING AND HANDLING FRUIT 101

able to judge with very little coaching as to the proper ripeness
from the appearance of the fruit and most varieties of peaches are
so delicate that any " thumbing " will show almost at once.

4. Plums. While the proper degree here varies decidedly with
the distance to market there is no fruit which is more decidedly
improved by being allowed to become fully ripe on the tree. Even
such low quality varieties as the Japanese will develop a surprising
quality if they are allowed to develop fully before being picked.
For distant markets it is of course necessary to pick before they are
fully matured, but this, as suggested before, is one point in favor
of the local grower.

5. Grapes should be allowed to mature fully on the vines.
No other fruit improves so little after picking. If the fruit lacks
its fine flavor when picked it will never make it up.

6. Strawberries should be picked as soon as they color and the
longer the distance to market the less color is allowed. There
should generally be some white on the berries if they are going even
a short distance to market, but like grapes and stone fruits straw-
berries are better if they can be fully matured on the vines.

7. Raspberries are left until they separate readily from the recep-
tacle which is usually a safe general rule.

8. Blackberries are usually picked as soon as they are fully col-
ored, but for local markets can be allowed to stay on sometime
after this and will develop better quality as a result. Here again
we have a strong argument in favor of the local grower.

9. Currants are not picked until they color, but only need a
slight color, especially if they are to be used for jelly, where the acid
is needed to make the fruit "jell." Where they are to be used in a
fresh condition they should be allowed to become fully ripe and
it is surprising how long they will remain on the bushes and still
keep in fine condition.

10. Gooseberries. These should be picked while quite green
unless they are to be eaten out of the hand as is sometimes done with
the large English varieties. For jam, etc. the seeds should be still
soft, which means a considerable degree of immaturity. Where
the fruit is fully ripe the seeds become hard and woody.

11. Cherries. These should be picked just before they are
fully ripe unless for very local markets. The degree of maturity can

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

usually be judged quite accurately by the color. It is often recom-
mended to tell by tasting, but when this is resorted to it frequently
requires a good deal of time.

As an equipment for picking the fruit grower needs some sort of
satisfactory receptacle in which to pick and usually some type of
ladder. With a few kinds of fruits he also needs some type of shears
for cutting the fruit. The proper receptacle will vary considerably
with different fruits. As a rule some type of basket will be found
best and the half -bushel swing bail oak picking basket is satisfactory
for more different kinds of fruit than any other receptacle. Some
growers use the ordinary peach basket for handling many kinds of
fruit, but it it so frail as to be easily broken. Baskets which have
been used in the orchard in this way frequently become muddy and
are therefore not satisfactory for market. Bags are sometimes
used for apples, but there is so much danger of the fruit being
damaged that they ought to be ruled out altogether, even the com-
bination pail with the cloth bottom is not very satisfactory. Gal-
vanized iron pails are used in some sections and have a good deal
to recommend them. In some sections it is customary to use a
bushel box for apples and the practice has much to commend it as
the fruit can be taken as picked directly to the storage house and
not handled again until it is packed.

Two types of ladders seem to be especially satisfactory for low
trees. Some type of step ladder and preferably one with three legs
instead of four. This is much easier to establish firmly than the
four legged type. For taller trees the ordinary orchard ladder is
more satisfactory than the old type of ladder which has two side
bars parallel. Another device which is worth considering is a low
light bench which can be carried about easily. The basket is
placed on this bench leaving the operators free to pick with both
hands.

The operation of picking varies considerably with different fruits
and skill can only be acquired by considerable practice. The fol-
lowing notes may be helpful.

1. Apples. These should always be picked with the stem on as
a stem pulled out means a broken skin and probably decay. If the
thumb is placed along side the joint between the stem and the fruit
spur and then the fruit is given a quick twist it will usually separate

PICKING AND HANDLING FRUIT 103

readily. Extreme care should be exercised not to break the fruit
spurs from the trees.

2. Pears. These are practically the same as apples except that
the fruit should be handled with even greater care and it is desirable
to use smaller packages for picking.

3. Peaches. In this case the stem does not come with the fruit,
but remains on the tree and care should be exercised not to bruise
the fruit any more than is absolutely necessary in separating it from
the stem. A straight pull will usuallj' accomplish this. Pickers
should also be cautioned not to hold one fruit in the hand while
picking a second fruit as this is almost certain to bruise both fruits.

4. Plums. These should always be picked with the stem on and
as far as possible should be handled by the stem. Considerable
care will have to be exercised not to break off the spurs with the
stems. A quick pull taking hold close to the stem will usually
accomplish this result.

5. Grapes. Bunches are always cut from the vine with shears
or knives, preferably the former. Take hold of the stem with the
left hand or allow the cluster to lie in the hand while it is being cut.
The less handling they can receive the better as every time the fruit
is touched the bloom is removed.

6. Strawberries. Always pick the stem with the berry.
" Hulled " berries are sure to decay or to lose moisture and wilt or
shrivel. It is also desirable to sort into two sizes in picking.

7. Raspberries. These are picked without the receptacle and
should not be picked until they separate readily from it. Several
may be picked before they are put into the box.

8. Blackberries. These are always picked with the receptacle,
separating at the joint between the receptacle and the stem. Sev-
eral berries may be picked as with the raspberries.

9. Currants. These should be picked with the stems and the
operator should take hold close to the spurs as the latter must be
allowed to remain on tlie bushes.

10. Gooseberries. Pick with the stems on and use gloves. No
special precaution necessary in picking except to do it with the least
amount of discomfort to the operator.

1 1 . Cherries. Cherries should be always picked with the stems
on and the spurs left on the tree as they bear for several years.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

While it is impossible to control the weather yet it has such an
important influence on the fruit that it is worth a good deal of con-
sideration by the orchard man. The main points to be desired are
to have the fruit dry and cool and any change in the methods which
will insure these two conditions ought to be made if possible. For
example, if one is picking only a part of the time he should choose
the cool of the day for this purpose and the fruit will arrive in
market in better condition.

PACKING APPLES IN BOXES.
By R. W. Rees.

There is a great diversity of opinion as to the place of the standard
apple box for New England-grown fruit. Some of our best pro-
ducers argue that we should hold to the barrel for apples, as it is the
established package for New England. Other progressive growers
believe we should pack our finest grades in boxes and the medium
quality in barrels. To me it seems to be a problem governed
largely by the quality of fruit produced and the type of market to
which we are catering. If one is growing high quality varieties,
taking proper care to secure a large percentage of perfect fruits of
high color, the standard box will prove to be a very profitable
package. It must be borne in mind that our fruit is not generally
known to the box trade and will not sell so readily as in barrels,
but by a little extra effort it may be turned to very good advantage.

Packing Materials.

The standard apple box is 18 inches long, 11| inches wide, 10|
inches deep, inside measurements. The ends of the box are f-f of
an inch in thickness, the sides one piece material | of an inch thick,
the top and bottom each made of two pieces j inch thick.

Layer card is used under the first layer and on top of the last

PACKING APPLES IN BOXES.

105

layer of apples as well as being used between the layers in some of
the packs as explained below. The card should be of Manila tag
board 17j b}'^ 11| inches.

Lining paper for lining the boxes should be 17^ by 26 inches,
preferably white in color.

Papers for wrapping the fruit should be thin, soft, but tough in
texture. The sizes will range from 8 by 8 to 12 by 12, according to
the size of the fruit.

The table below will give in condensed form the common com-
mercial packs as put up in the standard apple box.

Apples

Style

Number

Number

Apples in lay

3rs

Position

per box

in row

of layers

1- 2- 3- 4-

- 5-

of apples

200

3X2

8-8

5

40^0-40-40-40

On end

188

a

8-7

5

38-37-38-37-

-38

(( (

175

tc

7-7

5

35-35-35-35-35

(( (

t

163

le

7-6

5

33-32-33-32-

-33

a I

150

((

6-6

5

30-30-30-30-30

it t

138

It

6-5

5

28-27-28-27-

-28

tt i

125

((

5-5

5

25-25-25-25-

-25

ti I

113

ti

5-4

5

23-23-23-22-

-23

it it

112

2X2

7-7

4

28-28-28-28

On cheek

104

a

7-6

4

2G-26-26-26

it it

96

a

6-6

2

24-24-24-24

it it

88

tt

6-5

2

22-22-22-22

it it

80

(I

5-5

2

20-20-20-20

" end

72

(<

5^

2

18-18-18-18

(( it

64

(C

4^

2

16-16-16-16

it it

56

((

4-3

2

14-14-14-14

it it

48

<(

3-3

2

12-12-12-12

it ft

63

straight

7

3

21-21-21

" cheek

54

a

6

3

18-18-18

it it

45

C(

5

3

15-15-15

a if

In starting the first layer of the 3-2 pack, place the first apple in
the lower right-hand corner of the box, the second in the lower left-
hand corner, and the third apple in the space between numbers one
and two. The second layer is started by placing an apple over the

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY

space between number one and number three of the first layer, and
a second between number three and number two. The third layer
is packed exactly as the first, the fourth as the second, and the fifth
as the first and third. Where apples are unusually long in 3-2 size
it is not necessary to use layer card, but if the apples are flat it is
usually necessary to use card between the layers in order to bring
the apples high enough for the required amount of bulge. In this
pack the apples are usually placed on end. The 113 size apple in
the 3-2 pack is the size that will pack a straight four tier, but it is
usually advisable to avoid a straight or square pack.

The 2-2 pack starts with an apple in the lower right-hand corner
of the box and the second placed in the center of the remaining
space between apple number one and the lower left-hand corner of
the box. The next tw^o apples fit into the space left by the first two.
The second layer is started by placing an apple over the space
between numbers one and two of the first layer and the second
apple over the space between number two and the corner of the box.
For most apples it is customary to pack this style with layer cards
between layers. The 2-2 style of pack starts with the 112 size,
which is just too large to pack straight.

For commercial work it is best to pack apples on end wherever
possible, as they will be less subject to bruising on the nailing press
or in handling of the packed boxes. The notes given above as to
position of apples are not ironclad rules and will vary somewhat
with the shape of the apple.

When the pack is finished and ready for the nailing press, the
fruit should be about one-eighth inch higher than the ends of the
box. At the center of the box it should stand three-quarters to one
and one-fourth inches above the sides of the box. The bulge should
be firm and uniform, as it is the tension of the thin tops and
bottoms on this bulge that holds the pack in place.

To develop speed in packing apples takes much practice, but if
one uses care to see that the first three apples of each layer are
properly placed and holds to a uniform size throughout the box,
there will be little trouble.

PACKING APPLES IN BARRELS 107

PACKING APPLES IN BARRELS.

BY PROF. F. C. SEARS.

The barrel will probably long remain the most important apple
package for New England. It has been used for years and while
personally I think it is a barbarous package it will no doubt be
used for many years to come. It therefore seems worth while to
give more consideration than is usually done to the proper method
of packing apples into a barrel. There are doubtless several differ-
ent ways that are good. There certainly are many that are bad,
but the methods here described have been gathered from experience
and observation over a number of years in various orchard sections
and have stood the test.

A word ought to be said first about the barrel itself and the
equipment for packing.

The Sulzer law (which is the only authoritative pronouncement
that we have on the subject of packing apples in barrels) gives the
following as the proper dimensions for the barrel: "The standard
barrel for apples shall be of the following dimensions when measured
without distention of its parts ; length of stave 28| inches ; diameter
of head 17| inches; distance between heads 26 inches; circum-
ference of bulge 64 inches outside measurements; representing
as nearly as possible 7056 cubic inches provided that steel barrels
containing the interior dimensions provided for in this section
should be construed as in compliance therewith."

If one is attempting to develop anything like a good trade it is
better to buy new barrels. They cost a little more, but are certainly
worth it. Second-hand barrels are useful to take into the orchard,
but should not be sent to market. This rule is often violated, but it
seems to me that New England has too long clung to this anti-
quated package. Even for orchard purposes second-hand barrels
ought to be carefully cleaned up. This may be done with a broom
and water.

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

In addition to the barrel the following equipment will be found
useful. First, an apple packing table. It is very desirable to have
a good sized table and one six feet long by three feet wide by six
inches deep will prove an acceptable size. The inside should be
padded, which may be done with old bags covered by burlap. It
is often advisable to have the table set on two "carpenter's horses"
rather than to have the legs attached to the table. If this is done
the table top may be hung up on the wall when the packing is over
for the season and thus not occupy much room. One-half bushel
swing bail baskets are most satisfactory and these should be as
smooth as possible. The "oak stave" basket is very satisfactory
for this purpose. Some packers go so far as to pad the basket in
addition.

For a barrel press one with a circle follower will be found most
satisfactory. This circle follower can be made by any blacksmith,
but a few firms are offering these presses with the circle follower
instead of the ordinary bar follower. Another type of press which
is very popular with some growers is the lever press. This is cer-
tainly expeditious and when one becomes familiar with it it can be
used very satisfactorily.

A good stencil is another important part of the equipment. This
should be made with fairly large and very plain letters and might
contain something like the following:

Choice New England Apples

No. 1. Baldwins

Grown and Packed

by

John Jones

Boston, Mass.

It is also desirable to have corrugated heads (circular piece of paste
board with one side corrugated), lace circles, and paper caps (these
are circular pieces of paper or card board on which more or less
advertising matter may be printed). The same legend given for
the stencil will do, but it is usually customary to add still more in
the way of advertising. This completes the equipment.

A word might be said next as to the proper grades for barrel

PACKING APPLES IN BARRELS 109

apples. The Sulzer Law, already referred to, gives the following
on this subject: "Sec. 2. The standard grades for apples when
packed in barrels which shall be shipped or delivered for shipment
in interstate or foreign commerce, or which shall be sold or offered
for sale within the District of Columbia or the Territories of the
United States shall be as follows : Apples of one variety, which are
well-grown specimens, hand picked, of good color for the variety,
normal shape, practically free from insect and fungous injury,
bruises, and other defects, except such as are necessarily caused in
the operation of packing, or apples of one variety which are not
more than ten per centum below the foregoing specifications shall
be "Standard grade minimum size two and one-half inches," if
the minimum size of the apples is two and one-half inches in trans-
verse diameter; "Standard grade minimum size two and one-
fourth inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two and one-
fourth inches in transverse diameter; or " Standard grade minimum
size two inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two inches
in transverse diameter."

In my opinion this bill is open to serious criticism on account
of the low standard it establishes. Anyone unfamiliar with sizes
of apples will be surprised to find what a small apple a two and one-
half transverse diameter gives and this is the largest size established
by the bill. It seems to me that the old custom of No. 1, No. 2,
and No. 3 is much better and if some idea of size seems desirable
the Canadian method of calling for "apples of good size for the
variety" is much more satisfactory since a two and one-half inch
King, for example, would be a much less desirable apple than a
two and one-half inch Golden Russet. I am very strongly of the
opinion that the Canadian standards are greatly to be preferred to
our own as established by the Sulzer Bill.

The actual operation of packing the barrel will be something as
follows: First place a corrugated head in the bottom of the barrel
with the rough side down. Next a paper cap if this is to be used
and lastly a lace circle with the best side down. Second, select
the apples for the face of the barrel. These ought to be a fair
average of what the barrel is to contain, but should be of uniform
size. Select about as many as will be required to lay the face.
The stem of each apple is removed by a little pair of nippers called

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

stemmers and the apples are then poured into the barrel and placed
stem end down, beginning with a circle around the outside of the
barrel and continuing until the entire surface is filled in. In my
opinion more care should be exercised as to the size of the face
apples selected. Some sizes will work out very satisfactorily while
others do not. If apples three and one-half inches in diameter
are used there will be two circles, and one apple in the center which
makes a handsome face. If apples three inches in diameter are
used there will be two circles with three apples in the center, which
also makes a good looking face; but if apples three and one-fourth
inches in diameter are used the center has only two apples, which
leaves a good deal of open space. Apples two and three-fourths
inches in diameter give two circles with four apples in the center,
which also makes a good face. I would suggest therefore that the
three and one-fourth apple be left out and the other sizes used.
A little experience in selecting the size will enable one to choose
those which will fit in best. Having laid the first layer of the face
we next select apples with a red cheek and place one of these in each
opening in the face already laid, being careful to put the red cheek
down in each case. This second layer serves two useful purposes.
It stops the openings in the first layer so that the customer sees only
a solid face and it fills in these openings with a handsome red color
making the finished face much more attractive.

After the face is laid in this way the apples are selected with less
care, choosing some larger and some smaller than the face applies,
and three scant half -bushel baskets are poured in before any racking
is done. The idea of this is to place sufficient weight on the face so
that the apples will not turn when the barrel is racked. After
the third basket the barrel is racked or shaken after each basket
until it is nearly full, when the false or padded head (a circular piece
of wood about the size of the barrel and padded on one surface) is
placed on top of the apples and the barrel thoroughly racked, exert-
ing some pressure on the false head during the process. This
makes a smooth surface on which to place the last layer of apples
and this "tailing of the barrel" is one of the most difficult steps.
Personally I prefer to place these apples on the cheek as it is easier
to get a smooth surface in this way, but either cheek or the stem
end may be placed out, the whole object being to get a smooth

PACKING APPLES IX BARRELS 111

surface on which to exert the pressure. The proper height for this
last layer is a matter on which authorities differ somewhat. Per-
sonally I believe that where the barrel has been thoroughly racked
the apples should not be much, if any, higher than the edge of the
barrel.

We are now" ready to head up the barrel. With many orchard
men it is customary to use what is called a "cushion head." This
is a small quantity of excelsior enclosed in thin paper and it is
placed upon the apples before the head is put in place with the idea
of acting as a cushion and preventing some of the bruising of the
apples that would otherwise occur. The press is now slipped into
place, the head adjusted beneath the follower and with a screw or
lever the head of the barrel is forced into place. This is an opera-
tion which it is difficult to describe and as a matter of fact methods
vary a good deal, some operators loosening both hoops and others
leaving the lower hoops tight and forcing the head into place.
W^hen the head is in place the hoops are driven home and six or
eight six-penny nails are used to nail it in place. These should be
spaced evenly around the barrel. As a final touch many orchard
men put in "liners" which are small strips of wood and are nailed
just inside the edge of the barrel and against the head, the idea
being to give additional security.

The barrel is now turned over and what was the lower end marked
with the stencil.

Barrels packed in this way will carry well to market, will give a
good impression to the prospective buyer who looks at the face,
and will "live up" to that favorable impression when the "prospec-
tive buver" becomes the consumer.

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

CAN WE SELL OUR APPLES?

BY PROF. FRANK A. WAUGH.

There used to be a big fight in this country led by the agricultural
people against the pernicious habit of dealing in futures. The
grain growers of the middle west in particular felt that their inter-
ests were seriously prejudiced by the manipulations of men on the
stock exchanges who speculated on next fall's wheat crops or next
spring's hog market. The most inveterate and incurable dealers in
futures are of course the farmers themselves. Every man who puts,
in a crop of any sort or breeds a litter of pigs or sets a dozen hens
makes a bid against the future of the market. Nobody takes a
larger chance in this way than the apple grower. He plants out an
orchard with much labor and expense and is obliged to wait for a
future several years distant before he can realize on his investment.
What is that future going to be? Will it be one of bountiful har-
vests and high prices, or wull it be a future of worms, fungus, hail-
storms, middlemen and disaster? A large number of us are putting
out apple trees, and the one thing which we would like to know
better than anything else is what will be the situation in the apple
markets 20 years from now. We have high hopes, but sometimes
we have also our misgivings.

It is a matter of common knowledge that enormous plantings of
fruit trees have been made in the past ten years. First there was
the era of peach tree planting, when our nurserymen could not
possibly supply the demand, even by sending out hundreds of
thousands of June buds. Lately the furor in peach orcharding has
fallen off somewhat, while the popularity of apple planting has
increased. Every day we hear of new orchards planned or planted
with thousands of trees, sometimes with hundreds of thousands.
The nurserymen have doubled their prices on stock, but yet the
demand has hardly been checked. In many cases it has been im-
possible to grow nursery trees to supply the planters. These
millions of trees must some day be heard from, and they will un-
doubtedly make an impression on the market.

CAN WE SELL OUR APPLES? 113

Another disturbing factor in the situation Hes in the fact that
the big plantings made in the last few years have been mostly in
the hands of competent men. They have been organized by big
stock companies who could hire expert overseers, or in many cases
they have been in the hands of thoroughly experienced men who
were planting trees on their own land, and we know that such con-
ditions are likely to give genuinely good results. In the past apple
trees have been planted largely by farmers on miscellaneous farms
and have succumbed rapidly to neglect and mismanagement.
It seems quite possible that the young trees which are now growing
will have a different story to tell.

The orchard business has been furiously advertised in the last
few years. The magazines have been full of it, and alwaj^s the
story has been told in its roseate colors. It would seem as though
any government clerk or ribbon-counter jumper could buy a 10-
acre "unit" of cheap farm land — $5 to SIO an acre — have some-
body put it out to apples for him, and within four or five years be
reaping an income of $1,000 an acre. The magazines seldom make
it less than $1,000 an acre; the advertisements always make it more.

While these big stories have come to us in large quantities from
the west, and while we modestly yield the premium to the Pacific
Coast for tall tales, there has been some first-class lying done on
this side of the Great Divide. It is perfectly possible to tell a
glorious story about the apple growing business in New England,
New York, or Virginia, and these parts have not been overlooked by
the story tellers. It must be considered that many of the invest-
ments which have been made in apple land in the west and also in
the east have been ignorantly and foolishly made; and that in
spite of what we said, a good many of the orchards put out with this
kind of investments are established on a basis such that they can-
not win. We must expect to see some failures in apple growing,
and while of course we are sorry to have anybody lose his money
we will be bound to say in certain cases that it serves people right.

The census figures for 1910 show that there were over 65,000,000
young apple trees in the field not yet of bearing age. Now this
number represents a potential increase of 44% in the bearing trees
and may possibly give us some concern. If the output of apples
were to })e suddenly increased by 44% it would swamp the market.

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

There need be no doubt about that. Furthermore these young
apple trees when they come into bearing will produce fine high-
grade fruit. Probably there was never so many young trees coming
into bearing before. There should be within the next few years a
very large output of fancy apples, and it seems possible there will
be some difficulty in disposing of them at the fancy prices which we
have learned to expect.

On the other hand the census figures give us some encouragement
also. They indicate that in 1910 the number of bearing apple trees
in the United States was 50,000,000 less than it was 10 years ago.
We know from reliable reports that hundreds of thousands of bear-
ing apple trees are now being cut down. In the San Jose scale area
the destruction of old apple trees goes on rapidly and amounts to
thousands every year. In the mid-western states I am told on
reliable authority there are thousands of acres of orchard land being
cleared of apple trees in order to grow other crops. It would seem
to be a fair balance of the figures if we assume that the 65,000,000
young trees now growing will do no more than make good the loss
of old trees. Now this is of course a very different story and one
which we can take some comfort in.

It is to be noticed further that the annual output of apples in this
country had not been increasing during the last few years, but has
remained remarkably uniform. This is shown by the figures of the
American Agriculturist, which I choose to quote because they cover
more years and are more consistent than the government figures.
It should be said, however, that the government figures usually
show larger quantities of fruit, though it may be doubted whether
they more justly indicate the size of the commercial crop. The
figures since 1899 are as follows:

1899

37,460,000 Barrels

1900

56,820,000

1901

26,970,000

1902

46,625,000

1903

42,626,000

1904

45,360,000

1905

24,310,000

1906

38,280,000

1907

29,540,000

CAN WE SELL OUR APPLES? 115

1908 25,850,000 Barrels

1909 25,415,000 "

1910 24,225,000

1911 30,065,000

1912 38,310,000

Average 14 years 35,132,57l| barrels

All this happened while the population of the country has been
increasing during the 10 year period from 1900 to 1910 from
76,000,000 to 92,000,000 ^Miile the number of apple trees de-
creased 50,000,000 and the annual output of apples also decreased
or remained stationary, the population of the United States in-
creased 21%. The apple consuming capacity of the country, it
may be fairly assumed, increased considerably more. There are
more people able to buy apples and pay good prices for them than
there were 10 years ago. There are certainly a great many more
people able to buy automobiles and similar luxuries now than there
were 10 years ago. Yet apples are a luxury (if we so regard them)
capable of reaching hundreds of times as many people. I consider
it a very conservative guess to suppose that the apple consuming
capacity of the public, measured in ability to buy good grades of
fruit, has increased over 25% during the last decade. This, added
to the numerical increase in population would make our possible
apple market at least 50% larger than it was 10 years ago. Every
year increases this potential market. With our market increasing
so rapidly and with the production practically at a standstill, it
would seem as 'though the future of the apple business were bright.

There are other features of the situation which are encouraging.
We have to consider for example the fact that we have never made
a serious study of the marketing of fruit in this country. We are a
hundred years behind the ordinary business standards of America
in this respect. While this may be a humiliating admission to
make, it is a fact, and at least it encourages us to think that we can
do better in the future.

One of the ordinary business practices in which we have as yet
made no appreciable progress is the utilization of wastes. In all
other great manufacturing industries large profits are made by
this means. It is often said that the packing industry and other
big enterprises make their entire profits from their waste products

116 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

It has been our practice to throw away the waste, and there is a
truly enormous amount of it. We know that the apple market
would be much better off each year if a considerable amount of
poor fruit were taken out of the regular trade altogether and used
up in some other way. At the same time great quantities of fruit
which are now left to rot on the ground could be made into valuable
food products. We already know that apples can be canned, dried
or evaporated, but we have done nothing to develop the manufac-
ture or marketing of such products. We know that apple cider is
a good drink either for temperance people or for those who like it
strong, but this market is practically untouched. We know that
our apple parings can be shipped to France and made into cham-
pagne, shipped back to the United States, made to pay a heavy
tariff, sold at fancy prices and money made for somebody. We
know too that whatever money is made out of it is not for the
American apple grower. We ought to be smart enough to turn
these profits to our own account. We know that apple vinegar is
much more wholesome than commercial mixtures of acid and city
water, and we know that it commands a good market; but we have
done nothing to develop the vinegar trade. Instead of that we have
allowed laws to be passed in certain states (for instance Massa-
chusetts) practically eliminating honest cider vinegar from the
market. We know that the apple forms the best basis for all
kinds of jelly and jam making, and we know that these products
sell in large quantities and high prices, but we have done nothing
to get in line for this business either. It seems perfectly clear
to me that if we would take hold of this problem of manufacturing
and selling poor grades of apples, we could make thousands of
dollars out of the trade which now exists, we could greatly extend
this trade, we could divert a considerable portion to our own con-
trol, and perhaps more important than all these, we could find new
methods of manufacturing our products into profitable wares.

But the most conspicuous opportunity for future improvement
lies in better selling organization. Up to the present time we have
no organization amongst apple growers worthy of the name. If
we compare our situation in this respect with conditions which
exist in the tobacco trade, the steel industry, the oil industry, the
distilling industry, and even in such legitimate lines as the break-
fast food trade, the furniture business, the woolen and cotton

CAN WE SELL OUR APPLES? 117

trades, we find that we have done nothing at all. It is a fact of
course that the organizations which exist in many of these indus-
tries, for instance in the cotton trade and the dressed meat trade,
have not been formed in the interests of the original producers.
There is no reason, however, why they should not be; and there is
every reason why the apple producers should organize their own
apple trade before some group of promoters and bunco-steerers steps
in and organizes it for them, as was done in the tobacco business.
A fine model has already been set for us by the California producers
of citrus fruits, especially the orange growers. They have an
organization of their own which has done truly phenomenal ser-
vice in the enlargement of their markets and in the promotion of
their interests in many ways.

Even the smallest local cooperative selling associations managed
with the most ordinary honesty and intelligence are capable of
helping tremendously in the marketing of our apple crops. Why
is it that such organizations grow so slowly?

One of the first benefits to be derived even from the lowest type
of a cooperative organization, and still more to be realized through
strong and centralized associations, is a better distribution of the
crop. The distribution should be improved both with regard to
season and with regard to territory. Every year there is a heavy
rush of apples onto the market during September and October,
giving speculators an opportunity to make profit at the expense
of growers. The establishment of cooperative storage houses will
enable growers to hold their crops until they are wanted and thus
to avoid the excessive offerings of early fall.

A better territorial distribution of the crop would be still more
valuable. At the present time the entire commercial output is
shipped to a few big cities. Here it is stored and reshipped as
ordered, but the crop is never fairly spread over the country where
it is needed. There are thousands of small localities where apples
are a rarity, where at least they are never offered in quantity. If
we had a strong central organization which could discover these
local markets and send the crops direct from the orchards to the
consuming districts, we would find that the actual area of apple
consumers in this country would be more than doubled.

As regards the handling of fruit this problem is already on the

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

way to a solution. The solution appears to be coming through the
development of a mail-order trade. A considerable number of
men in all parts of the country who have fancy box apples are ad-
vertising them in the papers and in other ways and are finding cus-
tomers in all parts of the country to whom boxes are shipped by
express. Perhaps we may hope for some improvement in express
rates and conditions at the present time, all of which will have a
tendency to increase the mail-order apple trade. At the present
time it seems not only possible, but probable that this will form an
important feature in the wide distribution of the best grades of
fruit.

This leads naturally to speak of advertising. Now anyone who
has watched the development of American business knows how
much of it is due to advertising. Most of the great successes in
this country, from patent medicines to breakfast foods, have been
built upon intelligent advertising. Certainly the consumption of
any one of these eatable or drinkable products has been increased
not by 10% or by 20%, but 100 times or 500 times by a strong
advertising campaign. The advertising method is strictly applic-
able to the apple trade, provided the business can be centralized to
some extent. No one grower can afford to do it on his own account,
but a large combination of growers can well afford to undertake it,
and the larger this combination the cheaper and more effective will
that advertising campaign be.

This method has already been thoroughly tested by the Cali-
fornia orange growers. Their central association, which handles
some 60% of the output of California, last year selected four states
in the central Mississippi valley for an experiment in advertising.
They put small attractive advertisements in all the local papers in
this territory and the first year increased the consumption of
oranges in those states by 200 or 300%. The fact is that the orange
growers are our natural competitors, and that if we don't wake up
■ and attend to our business they will cut a large part of our trade
out from under us. Most people would just as soon eat apples as
oranges, but they do not know where to get good ones, and the
merits of the apple are not kept constantly before them.

It may be remarked in passing that the magazines and the local
newspapers offer the best advertising mediums for the apple busi-

CAN "VVE SELL OUR APPLES? 119

ness. It certainly would be a great mistake to undertake to adver-
tise apples on the bill boards along wdth talcum powder, patent
medicines and various brands of cheap whiskey.

Another form of advertising which we have sadly overlooked,
which would be very easy to take up, and which ought not to wait
for any further organization, is a general apple eating propaganda.
Such a propaganda ought to keep befftre the people e^'er;v^'here the
value of the apple as a food, with plenty of stress on all the other
virtues of apple eating. Every one of our horticultural meetings
and fruit shows ought to have large cooking demonstrations going
on constantly so that everyone who comes in will have a chance to
see and test apples prepared in all kinds of ways. Little things of
this kind go far toward popularizing any article of food.

These methods of enlarging our apple market which I have just
been discussing appl}' chiefly to the selling of first-grade fruit. It
has long been our ambition to grow nothing but first-grade apples
and to sell them at high prices. Everyone wants to put his crop in
boxes and to get $3 or $4 a box. This is a very laudable ambition
and one capable of being realized on a much larger scale than any-
thing we have yet attempted. Let us not relax in the least our
efforts to produce high-grade fruit, to put it up in the fanciest
manner possible, and to get the fanciest possible prices for it. At
the same time it is foolish to forget that there are hundreds of thou-
sands of people in this country who cannot afford to pay $3 or S4 a
box for apples. In fact the market for apples at $2 a barrel is very
much larger than it ever will be for the $3 a box kind. Moreover
it is possible for us to cater extensively to this lower priced market.
"We can grow hundreds of thousands of barrels of apples in this
country to be sold at $2 a barrel and still make a profit for the grow-
ers. It is perfectly right and natural that we should have put the
emphasis in recent years upon the production of high-grade apples,
but this is no reason why we should overlook the important fact
that it costs a great deal more to produce fancy apples than to
produce medium grades. It would be very much better as things
now exist for a considerable number of men to stop fooling with the
box trade and settle down to a straight barrel basis. The greatest
enlargement of the apple output for the future can be made on the
basis of good sound medium priced apples for the ordinary consumer.

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

It is a fact of course that this ordinary consumer, represented to
us perhaps best by the city wage earner, should buy his fruit in
smaller packages — bushel boxes or even less. I am inclined to
believe that this situation even though it presents some difficulties
can be met with entire success. That is I believe that after we have
learned how to pack high-grade apples in boxes we can also learn
how to pack fairly cheap apples in cheaper boxes and put them in
the hands of wage earning consumers at prices which they can
afford to pay.

Even this does not by any means exhaust the possibilities of
extending the American apple trade. We have the foreign market
still to consider. Something has already been done of course in the
shipment of American apples to Europe, especially to the British
Islands. Our present shipments run from 1,000,000 barrels to
1,500,00 barrels a year. It is plain to all of us that that market is
limited. While England will take a considerable quantity of fruit,
the country is not big enough to take everything which we might
like to ship in years of plenty. At the same time it is true that we
have never taken even ordinary business pains for the development
of this British market. The Canadian government keeps a staff
of well-trained men in England and Scotland to look after the apple
trade. They advertise Canadian apples widely, they make exhibits
at all fruit shows and before boards of trade everywhere, they meet
the dealers and arrange for sales of Candian apples, they meet all
shipments of Canadian apples when they arrive, inspect the fruit,
and if the shipments are not all right, defects are immediately
reported to the original shippers so that similar troubles may be
avoided in the future. If our American apple growers should be
represented in Great Britain by a staff of clever and intelligent men
who would perform similar services for us, we could easily double
our sales of fruit and perhaps triple and quadruple them, at the
same time realizing better profits on what we ship.

The apple trade in continental Europe is at the present time
almost nil so far as we are concerned. A very few apples, mostly
from California, are put into France and Germany every year, yet
there is no market in the civilized world where such a shortage of
apples exists as in the markets of France and Germany. The
difficulties of getting our fruits into these countries are considerable,

CAN WE SELL OUR APPLES? 121

but by no means insurmountable. If we would apply to this
problem also the same business energy which is given to the selling
of other American products, we should find a large and lucrative
outlet for our fruit on the continent. American shoes, American
steel, and American Standard oil are now sold in that territory in
enormous quantities.

Speaking of the foreign markets we have always to consider
another opening which has been neglected with a consistency and
thoroughness most remarkable. This is the market which exists
in the tropics and sub-tropical regions, in a territory naturally
tributary to our shores. Good apples are a rarity even in the Gulf
states where the markets could be reached by relatively short and
easy shipments. It certainly is a fact that New Orleans, Jackson-
ville, Galveston and all the Gulf territory do not use one-tenth the
quantity of apples which they ought to use. When we go beyond
this and reach Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, and all the country
round about the Carribbean Sea, and even further south, we have a
region in which apples are almost unknown. I have recently
heard from friends living in different parts of these tropical lands
and know that they are longing for good old-fashioned apples.
This is a demand which it would pay us to meet more than half way
with our products. There is no more difficulty about shipping
apples to Porto Rico, Jamaica, and the Barbados than there is in
shipping bananas from those countries to our markets. Why in
the name of business common sense do we not do something for
that trade? The quantity of fruit which could be disposed of in
that section under proper conditions would be enormous.

Perhaps it would be well now for me to summarize the points
which I have tried to make and which present my principal reasons
for having great confidence in the future of the American apple
growing industry.

1. First of all it seems that though American apple plantings
are extensive our actual output of apples is not keeping pace with
our increase in population.

2. It seems clear that the apple consuming capacity is increas-
ing faster than the numerical census. The same number of people
can eat and ought to eat a great many more apples than they do
today.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

3. Our markets could be greatly enlarged in many ways and
among others by the better utilization of waste fruit. There seem
to be several opportunities for making a good deal of money in this
way, and a much more extended study of the manufacturing and
selling of by-products ought to be a part of our regular apple grow-
ers' campaign.

4. A great deal could be done by organization. This is one of
the prime needs of the present time. Organization ' would help
first of all in a better distribution of the crop. It would spread
the crop over the season better and would distribute it over the
country at large in a more advantageous manner.

5. The mail-order trade seems likely to offer a feasible method
for the distribution of a fancy grade of fruit in boxes.

6. A general advertising campaign which could best be con-
ducted by a central organization yet to be formed would seem
likely to increase the consumption of apples very materially.

7. A general apple eating propaganda can be carried on by
various means. Our apple growers' conventions and exhibitions
should give attention to this feature of their work.

8. We ought to give special study to the problem of producing
large quantities of fairly good apples at a low price for the benefit
of that great section of our population which ought to eat apples in
quantity but which cannot afford the fancy box prices to which our
ambitions have chiefly turned in recent years.

9. There are still great opportunities undeveloped in the foreign
markets. This is true in the British market where we have already
made a beginning. It is true of continental Europe which is al-
most untouched, and it seems to be especially promising in the semi-
tropical regions immediately to the south of us.

PEAR CULTURE 123

PEAR CULTURE.
By Wilfrid Wheeler.

The cultivated pear is not native to North America, but is
derived from two sources, tlie European pear, which was brought
here at the time of the first settlement of the country, and the
Chinese pear, which was imported in the early part of the 19th
Century.

Compared with the apple the pear has several disadvantages
which work against its popularity. In the first place it is ready for
eating at a time when it comes into competition with the juiciest
and most delicious of all fruits for eating out of hand — the peach.
The plum also competes for popularity at the same time as the
earlier pears. Pears that go into cold storage meet the competition
of the apple and tropical fruits, and the number of ways of preserv-
ing and cooking pears is much more limited than with the apple.
For this reason the consumption of pears will perhaps never reach
such quantities as the apple, orange, or banana. Perhaps for this
very reason this is one fruit where the planting of new trees in the
last few years has rather lagged. Pear growing has not been
boomed as have apple and peach orcharding and it would seem as
though today there were better opportunities for planting pears
than ever before.

Eastern Massachusetts, and especially the region immediately
around Boston, has always been famous as a pear region. This
section is admirably adapted to growing the highest quality pears,
and the work of two famous orchardists. Wilder and Hovey, did
a great deal to add to the fame of Boston and its vicinity as a pear
growing section. These two men, at their orchards in Dorchester
and Cambridge, made a very ^'aluable series of experiments with
pear varieties; in fact at one time Col. Wilder had over 400 varie-
ties in his orchard. Their work has been perpetuated by the pears
which bear their names.

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Practically all of our best parent varieties have been imported
from Europe, but the best seedlings of the Oriental pears have
originated here, such as Kieffer and Garler. These latter are
crosses with European varieties. Some attempts at hybridizing
the pear have been made, and we have some good varieties of our
own among which are Clapp's Favorite, Seckel, Dana's Hovey,
Sheldon, and Lawrence.

More pear trees should be planted here now — the opportunities
were never better. The soil and climatic conditions in all the
Eastern Counties of the State, with the exception of Dukes and
Nantucket are just right for pear growing, as the history of pear
growing here has conclusively proved; while our market facilities
are too obviously remarkable and have been too often narrated to
need dwelling on now. One especial advantage that Boston has
over other cities of the county as a pear market is that the public
here has been educated up to certain varieties because they have
been grown for so many years and to such high perfection in the
immediate vicinity. Such varieties are Seckel, Bosc, Anjou, and
Dana's Hovey.

In selecting the varieties for a pear orchard particular attention
should be paid to local conditions. It is a great mistake to try to
force a variety of pear to grow out of its natural environment and
the most perfect fruit cannot result if this is done. Such varieties
as Winter Nelis, Bartlett, Comice, and Easter Beurre, do best on
the Pacific Coast; and Oregon is now growing unexcelled Bosc
pears. New York State grows splendid Anjou and Bartlett. The
best varieties for Eastern Massachusetts are Seckel, Bosc, Clapp's
Favorite, Bartlett, Sheldon, and Dana's Hovey; though many
other varieties do well here.

Planning the Orchard.

In deciding on the location of a pear orchard, the soil is a most
important consideration. It should be rather heavy in character —
with some clay in its composition — deep and well drained, but
at the same time retentive of moisture. A light sandy soil like
that on Cape Cod or Southern New Jersey is not at all adapted to
pear growing. In New York State deep clay soils are used almost

PEAR CULTURE 125

entirely and on these soils the trees live to a great age, in fact some
trees in New York State are still bearing which were planted over a
hundred years ago.

In Massachusetts a deep loam over a black sandy subsoil is
good. A gravelly soil will do for the Oriental pears which are not
so long lived, but is not so satisfactory for the European kinds.

Unlike apples, pear trees do not need high elevations to produce
the highest quality fruit, in fact orchards near sea level do very well
indeed.

The trees should never be planted in sod, but always in culti-
vated ground, and the soil should be prepared as thoroughly as for
corn or potatoes before setting the trees. The young pear orchard
is well adapted to interplanting with other crops, one reason for
this being the fact that the habit of grow^th of the tree is upright
rather than spreading, and so does not shade the ground. Currants,
gooseberries, and strawberries are all ideal crops to plant in the pear
orchard, and asparagus may even be set if the rows are not nearer
than four feet to the trees.

Dwarf pear trees are commercially successful while dwarf apples
are not; but the chief objection to dwarf pears is that with this
fruit the difference in size between the dwarfs and the standards is
not nearly as large as with the apple ; and as the standard pear is a
small enough tree to be easily cared for, the chief argument for the
dw^arf falls to the ground.

The best distance for most varieties is 16 X 16 feet, although
Seckel ma}' be set as close as 12 X 16. The former distance is more
desirable when intercropping is to be practised as it allows four rows
of a variety of crops to be planted between the rows of trees.

A medium grade of two-year budded trees is the best to plant.
Whips should be secured if possible and cut to 30 inches. The
height at which to head will depend of course on the shape of tree
desired, the variety, and the methods and tools to be used in culti-
vation. There is very little danger of heading pear trees too low
however, both because of the upright habit of the tree, and because
modern orchard tools will permit of close working almost all trees
no matter how low they are headed. Bosc trees on account of the
poorly shaped and straggly growth of this variety should be top-
worked on some better stock, like Anjou or Bartlett.

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

In setting the trees the holes should be dug deeper than for
apple trees, and care should be taken that good top soil comes in
contact with the roots. The use of the planting board will insure
straight rows. No fertilizer or manure should be put in the hole at
the time of planting.

As with other fruit trees, the use of manure alone as a fertilizer
tends to produce too large a wood growth. A better balance can
be preserved if a mixture of chemicals with a large proportion of
the minerals is used. A mixture containing 300 pounds muriate
of potash, 200 pounds nitrate of soda, and 1000 pounds basic slag
is recommended, and in applying it about one pound per tree per
year should be used after the first year.

As has been said, the pruning when the trees are set out should
consist of cutting back to whips about 30 inches high. From that
time until the trees come into bearing all pruning should be with
the idea of shaping the tree. Excessive pruning tends to force
a sucker growth and also without question delays the trees from
coming into bearing. After the trees begin to bear however, much
heavier pruning will be necessary. In all pruning, the cuts should
be made just above spurs and near heavy wood. The pyramid is
the best shape for standard pears. This shape is secured by main-
. taining a central shaft to the tree and leading from it successive tiers
of side branches.

The success of any method of pruning will depend somewhat on
the variety. Bosc, when on its own root will never make a very
shapely tree. As with other fruits, the life of the pear tree will be
prolonged if all cuts are painted over.

As has been said earlier in this article a number of very high
quality varieties can be grown in eastern Massachusetts with
especial success. For a commercial orchard it is a good idea to
select a list which will extend over the season, both because of
better distribution of labor and so as to keep customers supplied
throughout the season. A list of high quality pears which would
meet this requirement would be Bartlett, Seckel, Bosc, Dana's
Hovey, Anjou, and Lawrence. Clapp's Favorite, Sheldon, and
Lincoln are also suitable to this locality, but it is best to keep the
list of varieties a small one except for home orchards, and the
habit of rotting at the core is a serious fault with the Clapp's
Favorite.

PEAR CULTURE 127

While the trees are growing, before bearing age, the chief pests
that must be guarded against are gypsy and brown-tail moths, scale,
borers, pear midge, pear psylla, pear slug, fungus and pear blight.

No fruit tree is more subject to scale than the pear, and the
spraying for it should be just as thorough and unremitting as for
the apple. Either the concentrated lime and sulphur at a strength
of one to eight, or soluble oils at a strength of 1 to 15 will satisfactor-
ily control this insect, if thoroughly applied. This same spraying
will do much toward controlling the pear psylla, especially if all
other trees and shrubs in the vicinity are thoroughly covered. The
pear slug and pear midge work on the leaves during the summer and
must be killed with a contact insecticide. The best spray to use
for this purpose is lime and sulphur diluted to the summer strength,
as it is also an effective fungicide and will do much toward con-
trolling the pear fungus and scab. This latter may also be con-
trolled by Bordeaux mixture applied as soon as the leaves are well
developed. Borers, as in peach trees, must be dug out with knife
and wire. The most serious of all pear tree troubles, the pear
blight, cannot however be controlled by spraying. Fortunately
it is not as prevalent in eastern IMassachusetts as in some other
producing sections, but still does occasionally appear. It indicates
its presence by the drying up of the leaves and the blasted appear-
ance of the twigs. The only remedy is to cut off the affected part
well below the point to which the blight has run, being careful to
burn all affected parts.

When the trees begin to bear, the fruit itself may be attacked
by codling moth, scale, and scab. The same spraying should be
done against the codling moth as with the apple, that is, applying
2 lbs. arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water immediately after the
blossoms fall. Scabby fruit may be cured by the same spraying
as for fungus, that is with the summer strength of lime and sulphur.
It will also be advantageous to scrape the bark of trees where scab
is troublesome. The variety which is most affected with scab is
the Flemish Beauty, but with careful spraying even this pear can
be grown clean.

The above may sound like rather an elaborate spraying program,
but it will be seen that the sprayings can be so combined that only
two or three annual applications will be essential, as with the apple.
These should be:

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1. Dormant spraying with lime and sulphur, 1-8, to control
scale and kill fungus and scab spores.

2. Spray just after leaves are out with Bordeaux mixture for
scab and fungus.

3. Spray just after blossoms fall with concentrated lime and
sulphur (1 to 40) and 2 lbs. arsenate of lead to every 50 gallons of
mixture. This application combines the properties of a fungicide,
contact insecticide, and stomach poison, and is therefore the most
important of the year. The second spraying may be omitted in
most orchards.

Cultivation of the pear orchard should be carried on just as
thoroughly as with the apple orchard, that is, the land should be
plowed early in the spring, harrowed frequently during the summer
to conserve moisture until about August 1st, and then it may be
sown to a cover crop. In this climate a combination of rye and
vetch, 1 bushel of the former and 20 pounds of the latter will make
a satisfactory combination for broadcasting in the orchard, as
both plants are hardy, and the vetch is a legume.

Thinning the fruit is a very profitable practice, especially if a
fancy product is arrived at; and it is the fancy pears which bring
the best money. It should be done when the pears are about the
size of walnuts. All imperfect and defective specimens should
first be taken off and in addition the fruit should be thinned so that
no two individual fruits touch each other. This will take courage
and it is doubtful if it is done in many orchards, but one trial will
convince anybody of the value and profit of the practice.

The pear is one of the fruits which is better ripened off the tree
and so should be picked while still hard. A good rule to follow is
to pick as soon as the fruit will separate readily from the spur.
This generally means about two weeks ahead of the natural ripen-
ing season, but no definite rule as to date can be set down. Winter
pears should be picked just as soon as they reach a good average
size for the variety, for the storage limit is longer when the fruit
is picked hard. When intended for storage the fruit should be
placed in cold storage as soon after picking as possible, and kept at a
temperature of not less than 38 degrees. When taken out of
storage, the fruit should be ripened slowly in a moderate tempera-
ture.

PEAR

CULTURE

Storage Limits

OF

Varieties.

Bartlett

6-8 weeks

Seckel

8-12 "

Sheldon

10-12 "

Bosc

10-15 "

Anjou

15-20 "

Dana's Hovey

15-20 "

Winter Nelis

15-20 "

Kieffer

15-20 "

129

In ordinary cellar storage, very few varieties will keep more
than 10 weeks.

In the Boston market, most native pears are sold in the regular
bushel box. Western fruit is packed in what is known as the
Western State Box. A great many New York State pears going to
New York City are packed in barrels but this method is not usual
in New England markets. On account of their irregular shape
pears are much harder to pack than apples in any kind of container.
They should of course be carefully graded, and wrapping each
specimen of the first grade in tissue paper makes a more attractive
package.

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

COOPERATION AMONG FRUIT GROWERS.
By Dr. Alexander E. Cance.

The matter of cooperation among fruit growers has received
comparatively httle attention in New England, although it is one of
the factors in New England fruit growing which needs emphasis.
The lack of co5peration among our fruit growers is probably due to
the same reasons that affect cooperation in other lines of agriculture
in the East. The great success of co5perative fruit packing, ship-
ping, and selling among the fruit growers of the Pacific Coast gives
us some idea of the possibilities of this form of cooperation when
carried out by progressive growers.

Advantages of New England.

New England fruit growers declare that so far as natural condi-
tions are concerned, this part of the United States is well fitted to
compete with any other part of the country in the raising of apples
and a good many other fruits. In the first place, a great many
varieties of fruits may be raised, varying from the early fruits to
those that mature late in the season. In the second place, our
soils are as well adapted to fruit growing as the soils of any other
part of the country. In the third place, our lands are cheaper
than the land on which most fruit is grown successfully. It is
quite possible to purchase several acres of New England land for
the price of one acre in the fruit growing region of the great north-
west.

The quality of the fruit, of whatever variety, is unsurpassed.
Fruit lovers state that the flavor and texture of New England
apples is far superior to that of the larger and more highly colored
apple of the Pacific Coast.

Finally, the advantages of the market are ours. There is no
part of the country in which the grower is so near a good market as
the grower in New England. Fruit growers in the West ship their

COOPEKATION AMONG FRUIT GROWERS 131

fruit across the continent at a cost for freight practically equal to
the price which the Massachusetts grower receives for his apples.
In New England our markets lie immediately at our doors. They
are markets that take not only the highest quality of apples, but
the medium grade apple; not only apples in barrels, but apples in
boxes and smaller packages. In short, so far as the soil, climate,
cheap land, quality of fruit and market facilities are concerned.
New England stands foremost as a fruit raising section.

Disadvantages of New England.

Despite all this, New England fruit growers find that they cannot
compete with the western growers thousands of miles away. They
find that western apples bring a higher price than home grown
apples. They frequently find that at times when home grown
apples cannot be sold at all, the western apples have a good place
on the New England market. What is the reason for the difficulty
which the New England grower has in marketing his products?

In the first place, the fruit growing industry is not specialized
in New England. Fruit raising, except on a few farms, is an inci-
dental industry. The farmer has a few trees, or has set aside a
few rods for fruit, but his main dependence is probably dairy farm-
ing, potato growing, onion raising, or poultry products. This is
a disadvantage chiefly because the fruit, being an incidental matter,
is handled incidentally and does not bring the profit it should,
since the farmer takes no particular interest in it.

In the next place, there are very few expert fruit growers in New
England. Thanks to the encouragement of such societies as the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society and the Agricultural Colleges,
a much greater interest is being manifested in fruit raising, both
in growing the crop and in preparing it for market. But, until a
larger number of expert fruit men come to the front, it is evident
that New England fruit will not be able to compete on the market
with better growers and more specialized regions.

The greatest disadvantages, however, are in the marketing.
The New England fruit grower is an individualist. He packs the
fruit and markets it in his own way. A half-dozen fruit growers
have a half-dozen different packages, and a half-dozen different

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

grades of fruit. Neither the package nor the product is standard-
ized. Number 1 apples in Springfield are altogether different from
Number 1 apples in Boston. The Boston package is different from
the Springfield package. Because he has a small quantity, each indi-
vidual puts his fruit on the market without reference to any one else.
He cannot expect to get a large price for it because he has very little
to offer. The marketmen cannot depend either on the grade of
the fruit or on the time of shipment, nor can they expect a sufficient
quantity of fruit to meet the demands of their customers.

More than this, the stormg, grading, and supplying the trade is
practically all in the hands of dealers, jobbers, and commission
men. The fruit growers, who should keep in their own hands the
standards of packing and grading, have turned them over to dis-
interested parties. Consequently the fruit growers of New England,
with all the natural advantages which this section of country
affords, are at a great disadvantage in placing their product before
the consumers.

Advantages of Organized Marketing.

At the present time, the fruit market wants a standard quality
of goods, dependable and guaranteed. It is essential to a wide
market that fruit be purchased by grade or sample. So long as
the customer must examine every barrel of apples which he buys in
order to find out their quality, so long will the apple growers receive
comparatively small prices for their apples.

In the next place, the market wants a uniform variety of apples,
uniformly packed and graded. The definition of the grade is not
so important as the uniformity of the grade. It will be a happy day
for fruit growers when Massachusetts passes a law, conforming to
that of other states, defining standard grades and standard fruit
packages. More than this, the market must have a sufficient
quantity of fruit to meet its demands and the fruit must be shipped
to the market regularly.

Now the individual grower is not in a position to give the market
what it wants unless he has a very large quantity of fruit. Our
small growers are not able to supply a sufficient quantity of fruit;
neither are they able to ship regularly nor to establish standard

COOPERATION AMONG FRUIT GROWERS 133

grades. If, however, the fruit growers in a given region^ unite to
ship their products, fix a standard grade, build a storage house, and
ship their fruit regularly to known markets, they are in a position
to fill the needs of the market.

Western Experience.

Western fruit growers, especially in Washington and Oregon,
some years ago found it necessary to form organizations for ship-
ping their fruit. So successfully have they done this that the
organizations now have practically full control of each grower's
crop from spraying time until the crop is marketed. They have,
by very stringent rules, forced their members to comply with rigid
methods of grading, packing, selling, and spraying, so that now a
box of apples bearing a certain label is just exactly like every one
of a hundred thousand other boxes bearing the same label and the
same brand.

These organizations have made a name for Oregon and Washing-
ton apples all over the United States and in a great many markets
in Europe. Their goods have been advertised because of their
dependable quality and uniformity. They are absolutely true to
t}^e and true to grade. A customer buying a box of these apples
knows just exactly what he is going to receive, and the marketman
knows that he can get an unlimited supply. This standardization
of product and guarantee of quality have been the two most
important factors in the tremendous success of the western fruit
growing sections.

Possibilities in New England.

What are the possibilities of cooperative fruit marketing in New
England? It is not possible to form an organization for selling
apples unless there are sufficient apples of a given variety and grade
in a comparatively small community, to make carload shipments
possible. But there are some sections of New England where a
sufficient number of good apples of one variety is raised to make
cooperative packing and shipping possible. In these places, and

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

where small fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries,
cherries, etc. are raised, it is quite possible for growers to cooperate
in the shipment of their fruit.

The essentials of an organization for shipping are few and simple.
In the first place, as we have said, there should be sufficient good
fruit of a given variety; in the second place, the members joining
the organization should contract to sell all their fruit through the
organization for a period of say three years. A method of packing
and grading should be agreed upon, the members to hire an expert
packer and inspector to do the grading for them. This is almost
essential because growers can seldom be trusted to pack their fruit
uniformly. The members should raise a small capital by means of
shares, choose the best possible business man among them to
manage the selling of the fruit, and incorporate under the laws of
Massachusetts, which provide for a cooperative organization on
strictly cooperative lines.

The most essential factor in such an organization is a good
manager, one who has business ability and is given a free hand in
marketing the fruit for the organization. It is also essential that
the members be thoroughly loyal and turn in all their fruit for the
time agreed upon to the organization. This method has worked
out exceedingly well among strawberry and raspberry growers along
the Atlantic Coast, and the success of the cranberry growers in New
England is very well known.

The Benefits of Cooperation.

The benefits of an organization of this kind will be very quickly
felt not only on the market for the fruit of New England, but on
the growing of the fruit itself. The whole history of cooperation
in Europe has demonstrated that cooperation for marketing very
quickly reacts upon the quality of the produce grown. Coopera-
tive selling means better selling, better pruning, better care of
orchards, and consequently a much larger percentage of market-
able fruit.

The first great benefit, however, that would accrue to an organi-
zation would be the widening of the market for fruit of a given
community. In a year or two it would result in very much better

COOPERATION AMONG FRUIT GROWERS 135

prices for the fruit. A little later still, cooperative marketing
would result in a wider distribution because the fruit so labeled
and branded would be known and demanded by consumers. Inci-
dental benefits would accrue in cheaper shipments, because of
shipping carload lots, and better prices because sold in quantity
and guaranteed as to quality.

Perhaps the most far reaching result of such an organization
would be the establishing of grades and standards. Every barrel
of fruit shipped by an organization should be stamped with the name
of the organization and the number of the grower of the fruit.
This would make the organization responsible for the fruit, and
every individual responsible to the organization for the fruit which
he furnishes. The discipline would be good and the effect on the
market would be tremendous. There is no reason why, after a
few years, when a few of these organizations have been established
in the chief fruit growing sections of New England, they should not
be federated into a general marketing association which would
put upon the markets of New England and the world a splendid
fruit grown in New England and guaranteed by the New England
growers.

The possibilities of such an organization are remarkable. Not
only might they sell their fruit, but also buy their fertilizer, spray-
ing material, and other supplies. Very soon they would control
the whole policy of fruit growing in ia way that no loose organiza-
tion, such as the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, can do.
It is to be hoped that the wide-awake fruit growers of Massachusetts
will look alive to the possibilities of this, the weakest point in the
fruit business of New England.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

PEACH GROWING.
By Prof. Frank A. Waugh.

The following is a condensed report of the lecture:

New England and Massachusetts in particular have generally
been regarded as lying outside the commercial peach belt. In the
past few years, however, the industry has developed largely in New
England, especially in Connecticut and in certain districts in Massa-
chusetts, and it seems to be a fact that the New England orchards
have paid better returns than those in the famous peach districts
of the South. This is largely due to the extra good market of New
England and to the fact that the peach can be best handled in the
neighborhood where it is grown. This fruit does not stand distant
shipment well.

Climatic factors. The peach is supposed to be only partially
hardy. It does not thrive north of Massachusetts and is not a safe
crop in the higher altitudes of this State. Whenever the tempera-
ture goes below -20° during the winter the buds nearly always
freeze. Only under the most favorable conditions will they with-
stand a lower temperature. In many cases they will be frozen and
killed with temperatures between -10° and -20°. This winter
freezing of the buds is the chief climatic danger which the Massa-
chusetts peach grower has to face.

A great deal has been said about the killing of buds and blossoms
by late spring frosts. This damage does sometimes occur in other
districts, but is very rare, indeed almost unknown, in New England.
For this reason the methods of smudging and orchard heating suc-
cessfully practiced in some western orchards have no application
here.

Soils. The peach is generally said to be adapted to light soils.
Perhaps it will thrive on soils somewhat lighter than the apple, but
the difference is not marked. A light soil if well drained and sup-
plied with reasonable plant food and fair water holding capacity

PEACH GROWING 137

will carry a successful peach orchard. As a rule it may be said
that as far as the soil is concerned peaches will be entirely suited on
land well adapted to potatoes or corn. This is as fair a statement
as can be made in general terms. The soil must be deep and the
subsoil porous.

Altitude. The location and exposure of land is quite as impor-
tant as the composition of the soil. It is not necessary to have a
high altitude, but it is rather important to have rolling land so
placed that there is lower land immediately about it. This pro-
vides for atmospheric drainage, which is more important than
absolute altitude.

The importance of exposure with reference to the point of the
compass has been greatly exaggerated in the past. In some cases
exposure is a factor, but in other cases it may be wholly disregarded.
In general, northern and eastern exposures are preferred where there
is a difference.

Securing trees. The propagation of peach trees may usually be
disregarded by the fruit grower inasmuch as he will find it most
advantageous to buy his stock direct from the nursery. These
trees should always be one-year old, good, clean, strong and well
branched. It is customary to grade these trees according to height,
which is as satisfactory a classification as any. Trees four to five
feet high may be considered a safe investment and will usually
form the bulk of the planting. Small weak trees or those more than
one-year old should not be used under any circumstances. For
this reason "June buds" should be avoided.

Planting. Fall planting is probably advisable under any condi-
tions where it can be well done. If spring planting is adopted it
should be done as early as possible, that is, as soon as the ground
dries sufficiently to be worked.

The customary distances for planting peach trees are eighteen
by eighteen and twenty by twenty feet. In Massachusetts it is
safe to adopt the minimum spacing. Indeed in the hands of good
growers it is perfectly safe to plant peach trees at one rod apart
each way.

In this part of the country peach trees have frequently been
planted as fillers between rows of permanent apple trees. This
practice is neither very good nor very bad. If properly managed

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

it may be entirely satisfactory. If badly managed it will result
in great damage to the apple orchard.

Pruning. At the time that trees are set out they should be
severely headed back. This means that the side branches should
be cut off and the main stem shortened to 12-18 inches. Low
heading is almost obligatory with peach trees and has many ad-
vantages. Instead of having any main trunk, like that of an old-
fashioned apple tree, it will be better for the commercial peach tree
to have four main stems arranged in the form of a vase. The vase
form of pruning is generally preferred by all growers and any devi-
ation from this is of minor importance. After the tree has been
formed and has begun to bear it will require frequent heading-in.
This may best be done by summer pruning during the first half of
June. In cases where the fruit buds are killed by winter freezing
it is possible to give a vigorous pruning in early spring, preferably
before April 1st. At such time the trees may be cut back consider-
ably without sacrificing a fruit crop. The practice sometimes
adopted of "dehorning" or cutting the main branches clear back to
the principal stem is not recommended.

It should be understood that a peach orchard is not a permanent
plantation. Under favorable circumstances the trees will live
to an age of fifteen or twenty years, but this is about the limit of
profitable existence for a commercial orchard. After a certain time,
now usually estimated at fourteen years, the peach orchard must be
abandoned and it will be better management to clean it out entirely
at that time. The land is then put into general crops for two or
three years after which it may be returned to peaches.

Tillage. Tillage is very important in the peach orchard. Even
those cranks who believe in growing apples in grass hardly go so
far as to apply this method to peaches. The general methods of
tillage now widely recognized as standard practice in apple orchards
apply also to peach orchards. The ground is lightly plowed early
in the spring and receives frequent thorough light surface cultiva-
tion up to July 1st or thereabout. During the first half of July a
cover crop is sown and allowed to stand until the following spring.
The best cover crops for Massachusetts seem to be buckwheat,
soy beans, vetch, rye with peas, and rape.

Tkimiing the fruit. In all the advanced commercial districts

PEACH GROWING 139

thinning the fruit is now an established practice. In Massachusetts
this practice is particularly desirable since we are in a position to
dispose of an extra fancy grade of fruit to better advantage than are
growers at a greater distance from the market. This thinning
should immediately follow the "June drop," that is, it will take
place the latter part of June and the first of July when the fruits
are about the size of walnuts. It may be desirable to give a second
thinning in August, though if the work is thoroughly done at the
first thinning a second operation will not be necessary.

Fertilizers. Peach trees need a good deal of plant food. This
fact is generally recognized, but the common practice in the fertil-
ization of peach orchards has been notably ignorant and wasteful.
Barnyard manure is the least satisfactory of all good fertilizers and
in Massachusetts where it can always be applied to other crops it
should never be used on peaches. Commercial fertilizers are
usually satisfactory, especially when combined with cover crops
or other means of maintaining a supply of humus. Probably the
best practice for the ordinary farmer and fruit grower is to buy
ready mixed complete high-grade fertilizer for his orchards. Those
who understand the crop well enough to do their own mixing may
use some such formula as the following:

300 lbs. sulphate or muriate of potash and
500 lbs. slag.

These are mixed and are applied to a bearing orchard at the rate
of about eight hundred pounds an acre a year. In addition to these
each tree should be given one-half a pound to two pounds of nitrate
of soda, depending upon general indications.

Insects and diseases. These are not given any extended discus-
sion in this lecture owing to the fact that these subjects have been
fully covered by other speakers at this horticultural school. The
peach, however, has its full quota of insects and diseases, notably
the San Jose scale, the peach tree borer, the yellows, the leaf curl,
and the brown rot of the fruit. Constant intelligent attention
must be given to the crop in order to overcome these pests.

Marketing. The great advantage of New England, and particu-
larly of Massachusetts, in the fruit business lies in the superior
quality and accessibility of our markets. For the most part peach

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

growers in this part of the country cater entirely to local markets.
There are few cases in which shipments in carload lots are neces-
sary. As long as such shipments can be avoided it is a great advan-
tage to the grower in every way.

Peaches should be quite largely grown in Massachusetts in small
plantations as a side line in combination with other fruit or truck
crops or with poultry. They should also be much more widely
planted as a feature of the family orchard. In such home orchards
a dozen or two dozen peach trees will be sufficient and will supply a
very acceptable addition to the family diet.

THE POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN NEW ENG-
LAND.

By Dr. W. C. Deming, Secretary Northern Nut Growers'
Association, Georgetown, Connecticut.

Delivered before the Society, March 7, 1914.

To those who have never thought much about it I suppose it
seems that there is not very much to learn about a Httle thing hke
nut growing; but people who specialize in anything usually find
the subject indefinitely broadening out before them.

The success of the pecan in the South, and of the walnut, almond,
and filbert on the Pacific Coast, together with the activities of
certain individuals and societies, has awakened an interest all over
the country in the possibilities of nut culture.

With one or two exceptions there are no commercial nut orchards,
no real nut orchards at all, far east of the Pacific Coast nor north
of, let us say, Georgia. The exceptions are two small orchards of
seedling Persian walnuts in northern New York and a number of
chestnut orchards, mostly in Pennsylvania.

The reasons for the neglect of nut growing are several. People
have mostly been too busy developing this great new country of
ours to think about such little and slowly materializing things as
nuts, especially when there have been plenty of pretty good wild
nuts to be had for the gathering; and when there was not time nor
inclination for that, the hot chestnut man and the corner grocery
were handy.

But there are other reasons. Lots of people have planted exotic
nuts and been disappointed in the results. Foreign filberts have
uniformly gone down with the blight. Almonds have been almost
as uniformly sterilized by the cold. Here and there a seedling
Persian walnut has struggled through an\"W'here from 10 to 25

141

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

years of growth, preparatory to bearing, and then has borne nuts
in uncertain quantity and of uncertain size and quahty.

Attempts with the walnuts and hickories to accelerate bearing
and convey exact characteristics by the asexual methods, budding
and grafting, have been almost always unsuccessful, so that all
this has been very discouraging. The man who wanted to grow
nuts could get seedling trees of various kinds from the nurserymen,
or he could plant nuts, but in either case the chances were that
results either would not come in his lifetime or, when they did
come, would be practically valueless. It has been slow and hard
work getting to the point that we think we now have reached, where
we can make progress rapidly and intelligently. Not that the
great problems have yet been solved, or that we can advise com-
mercial planting, in this part of the country, at any rate. We are
still in the experimental stage. But we are passing rapidly through
this stage that on other continents has taken centuries.

The pioneer nut growers of the southeastern United States have
shown us the way. They have selected the one wild pecan in ten
thousand worth keeping, preserved it by grafting or budding, for-
ever unchanged, and have built up on a certain foundation an
industry that is today, when ideally managed, as it often is,
the equal of almost any standard form of investment.

One of the objects of the Northern Nut Growers' Association
is this same preservation of our fine types of northern nuts, that
year by year are passing out of existence, and that, with our dimin-
ishing forests, are not being replaced by nature. There are not a
half-dozen of our native northern nuts that are now preserved by
asexual propagation. I urge you who may know, or in future
learn, of native nuts that ought to be preserved by propagating, to
send specimens of such nuts, with a description of the tree, to some
officer of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, or to the Pomolo-
gist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington.

We have reached the present state of our knowledge of nut
culture chiefly because we have learned how to propagate the wal-
nuts and hickories. Doubtless there were men before the Christian
era who could graft the walnut. It has been done in other coun-
tries probably for centuries. As the hickory, however, is native
only on the North American continent it is safe to say that its

THE POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN NEW ENGLAND 143

propagation by budding or grafting is of very recent origin. We,
in the eastern and northern states, are indebted to the walnut
growers of California for our first knowledge of methods of propa-
gating that nut, and to the pecan growers of the South we owe the
working out of the methods of budding and grafting the pecan that
seem to be applicable to all the hickories, and to the walnuts as
well.

But it must not be thought that these methods have been, or
probably ever will be, made easy for the person of mental or physi-
cal indolence. It is said that one may throw a peach bud at a
peach tree and if it hits it will stick and grow. It is easy to bud and
graft the apple. But an expert at these things might fail to get a
single bud or graft to take with walnuts or hickories, while an
expert pecan budder has been known to have a thousand successes
with a thousand buds.

If it had not been for the difficulties of propagation probably we
should see today, here in the East, many fine orchards of named
varieties of nut trees, such as, it is no vain thought to hold, we
shall actually have in the not far distant future.

Descriptions of these methods of propagation must be sought in
special articles with suitable illustrations, and carefully studied
and practised, or, better, learned from a master hand. In a general
way it may be said that walnut and hickory buds and grafts are so
slow in uniting that a large amount of vigorous and sappy tissue
must be transplanted to hold the life of the bud until union is
made. It has recently been observed that grafting wood up to
six years of age may succeed, for this reason, where wood of one
season's growth might fail from lack of sufficient substance. The
utmost dexterity in cutting the buds and scions must be acquired
to insure accuracy of fit and speed in reducing to the minimum the
exposure of the cut cambium layers which rapidly lose their vitality
on contact with the air.

The stocks should be in a condition of active growth and the
scion buds perfectly dormant. The buds and grafts must be
properly protected with waxed wrappings or with paper bags.
Pure beeswax is said to be much better than the ordinary grafting
wax, the oil in which is harmful to the cambium cells.

We are now, I think, in a position to make the following general

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

recommendations to the person who wishes to grow nut trees in
this part of the comitry.

Concentrate your thought and labor on getting established, in
the best possible condition, a few, two to four, grafted or budded
trees, if they are obtainable, of each of the varieties that you wish
to grow. The walnuts and hickories are difficult to transplant,
especially when of a size great enough to allow of their being grafted
or budded, and are slow to become established. They will need all
the care you can lavish on them. Loosening the subsoil with
dynamite, being sure that the soil is afterward compacted again^
is apparently good practice. Acid soils will need lime, especially
for the walnut. They must be given frequent and deep watering
in dry weather, particularly the first season, be kept free from
weeds, bud eating, stem boring and leaf rolling worms, and have
cultivation, fertilization, and winter protection until well estab-
lished. After that they may grow with astonishing vigor. Many
an exotic is so only in babyhood.

While establishing these few choice trees, grow also seedlings
from the best nuts obtainable, thousands if you can, in nursery
rows. These to be later grafted, budded, or otherwise experi-
mented with. If allowed to fruit, one in many will be worth
propagating, and now and then a grand prize will be drawn.

Were the industry established, as is walnut growing in Oregon,
we might adopt the method advised there, of planting sprouted
nuts in holes dynamited in their permanent places, one-half the
resulting trees to be grafted as early as possible, the other half to
be allowed to grow as seedlings, to help pollinate the grafted trees,
to furnish new varieties when they fruit, and later, if undesirable,
to be top worked.

The grafting and budding you should learn to do yourself, to
get the full satisfaction of the work, but it will not be long before
we shall have men who will do this for us if we wish.

Judging by the questions asked me by correspondents I know
that many of you are likely to feel discouraged by my statements.
Many persons write asking the questions a methodical person-
would who wanted to start a peach or apple orchard ; about varie-
ties, cost, treatment, time of bearing, markets, and profits. These
questions cannot be answered. The joy lies in finding out many

THE POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN NEW ENGLAND 145

things for yourselves. If you want sure profits you had better
follow established methods in peach or apple growing. There are
no established methods in nut growing for us here, as yet. We
know just enough about it to set you on the way to success with
the fundamental and expensive mistakes eliminated.

I am sorry to say that extravagant claims have been, and are
being, made as to the hardiness and productiveness of certain nut
trees. Most nurserymen make such claims for most of their trees,
and we have learned to make allowance for that, but the promoters
of certain nut trees, taking advantage of the popular interest and
ignorance, are making claims which they cannot fail to know are
not only improbable but impossible of fulfilment. Already many
people have been fooled and have become very shy of any advocacy
of nut planting. The nurserymen are killing their own industry
by making unproved claims for hardiness, productiveness, ease of
culture, desirability of nut, and so on. They do not mention the
fatal filbert blight and the chestnut bark disease which render the
culture of these nuts all but impossible; and in some instances, I
regret to say, nurserymen have sold seedling trees at the price of,
and with the understanding that they were, grafted trees.

In recognition of these evils the Northern Nut Growers' Associa-
tion at its last meeting passed a resolution of which the following
is an abstract.

"Resolved, that the secretary of the Northern Nut Growers'
Association be instructed to keep an accredited list of northern nut
nurserymen, such list to be made up by the Executive Committee
of this Association of such nurserymen as the secretary may feel
satisfied make no misrepresentation as to whether the trees they
sell are budded or grafted varieties, or as to the specific varieties
which they sell, or any other statement calculated to mislead the

purchaser to his detriment Such accredited list of nurserymen

shall be furnished anyone on request."

The greatest field for scientific nut growing is that of hybrids.
There seems to be almost no limit to the possibilities, even without
resort to unnatural methods. All the walnuts will cross with one
another and with some of the hickories. The hickories all mutual y
cross. As there are thirteen species of the hickory and three more
well-marked varieties, and perhaps as many of the walnuts, the
possibilities are evident.

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

There is a natural cross of the pecan and the shagbark hickory
called the "hican." It is a big hollow mockery, but it does not
follow that there will not some day be a cross between these two
nuts that will be a dream of perfection.

Any one with the time and inclination can make brand-new kinds
of nuts. Some one may make one some day so good that no one
will think of planting anything else for shade and ornament, be-
cause at the same time it will provide food and income. Let us
replace our dying elms and other "bunches of leaves" with trees
as beautiful and infinitely more useful. There are good ones to
begin with, though not the best that we expect. A tree was re-
cently found by one of our members in a dooryard in the city of
Lancaster, Pa., that bears the handsomest Persian walnut I have
ever seen, selling in the markets of Lancaster for fifty cents a
pound. It is said to be a good annual bearer and to be perfectly
hardy. If Boston Common and the yards of Cambridge were lined
with trees like this, a policeman under each would be none too
many.

A measure of the growing importance of nuts as food is furnished
by the amount of the importations of nuts and nut products into
the United States. The following table shows the value of the
imports of nuts into the United States from 1908 to 1913;

1908

$ 9,643,943

1909

8,664,253

1910

13,246,742

1911

14,498,413

1912

15,828,003

1913

13,979,905

It should be our aim to reduce these large figures rather than to
have them pretty steadily and rapidly growing. But their growth
shows the growing importance of nuts as food. This includes
tropical nuts and products that we do not, and perhaps never can,
produce in quantity or profitably. But an increased production
of other nuts that we can grow would lessen the need of the im-
portation of tropical nuts.

No one has to be told how good nuts taste and how many ways
there are of using them as food. The concentration of the nourish-

THE POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTUEE IN NEW ENGLAND 147

ment in nuts is too little known, or too often ignored. For example,
peanuts are nearly three times, and hickory nuts more than three
times as nourishing as beef steak. AVhen you think of it that way
it hardly seems to be the thing to munch, casually, triple extract
of beef steak from a street peanut stand or after a hearty meal.
The bad reputation for digestibility that nuts sometimes have is
due solely to this fact. Nuts properly chewed are very digestible.
Nearly all the nuts are very rich in protein and oil, up to as much as
30% in protein, which is richer than cheese, and up to 70% or
even 80% of oil, which is twice as rich as cheese, our idea of a
highly concentrated food. It is plain that food could hardly be
more concentrated than is the meat of the butternut, shagbark, or
pecan. The chestnut alone has a high percentage of starch, about
70%, and of course a much smaller percentage than the other nuts
of protein and fat. Nuts should have, and must have, greater
recognition and use as a highly nourishing and palatable food.
" Bread, butter and beefsteak are furnished by nuts, in a nutshell,
in tablet form, in sealed individual packages, water-free, concen-
trated and uncontaminated. Yearly seeding, daily milking, or
butchering are not required."

I wish not to let pass the opportunity of speaking of the Northern
Nut Growers' Association. This society was organized in 1910
for " the promotion of interest in nut producing plants, their prod-
ucts and their culture." It aims to be educational, is entirely non-
commercial and there are no salaried offices. Among the founders
were Dr. Robert T. Morris of New York, the late Professor John
Craig of Cornell University, and Mr. T. P. Littlepage of Washing-
ton, D. C. iVnother of its objects is the preservation and perpetua-
tion by asexual propagation of our valuable native nut trees. The
secretary will be glad to furnish literature and give any help that he
can to persons interested in nut culture. He will also be glad to
receive information about valuable nut trees.

Let us now take up the different kinds of nuts, and consider first,
for the sake of completeness, those about which there is the least
to say.

The Pistache or Pistachio. This familiar confectioner's nut is
grown on the Pacific Coast. It is being tried here by private and
government experimenters. At present there is no more to be
said.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Pine Nuts. These are purely for experiment. There seem to be
latent possibihties in them and for a young man with money here is
a promising field.

The Almond. The best types of these nuts are grown on the
Pacific Coast and men are making good incomes from them on a
small acreage. The hard-shelled almond will grow and fruit here
but those who do grow it have not communicated a great deal of
enthusiasm about it to others, except that its flowers are praised.
So far as I know nobody is fruiting the soft-shelled almonds east of
the Pacific Slope. You can buy several varieties, with beautiful
French names, from some of the nurser;yTnen, but those that are
bought seem never to be heard of again. The reason given for the
lack of success with the almond is that it is too tender for our
winters and that it blooms so early that it is caught by the late
spring frosts.

Here is the opportunity of the man who wants to plant nuts.
Let him raise thousands of almond seedlings and it would be indeed
surprising if variation did not sometime highly favor him. We
ought to, and I believe will, have varieties that can grow where the
peach will. It is of the peach family and is usually propagated on
peach roots.

Filberts. The filbert is one of the tragedies of nut growing.
Very hardy, easy to grow and propagate, early in bearing, of
good quality, it is the 'quick results" nut, but alas, every planting
in the East of the fine large foreign filbert goes down sooner or
later with a blight to which our small native hazel is immune.
Careful spraying with Bordeaux ought to hold this in check but
there seem to be no recorded, long-time experiments. Anyway we
don't want to grow nut trees whose very existence depends on
systematic spraying. The thing to do is to work for an immune
variety. Our native hazel thickets must be searched and seed-
lings raised, but above all crosses made between the large
susceptible foreign, and the small immune native, hazels, with the
object of creating a large immune variety. Such experiments are
under way.

The Chestnut. This is the other and the great tragedy of the nut
world. It differs from that of the filbert in that the blight of the
filbert is native and seriously attacks only the imported nut.

THE POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN NEW ENGLAND 149

When we stop importing the nut the disease stops. But with the
chestnut it is the disease that is imported and it cannot be deported.
The native chestnuts, and the European chestnuts grown here,
seem to be doomed. At any rate no one should set chestnut trees
except with full knowledge that they are almost certain to be
attacked. Some growers seem to have been able to keep this
disease in check in large orchards by constant watchfulness and
prompt and energetic treatment, similar to that employed against
pear blight. With this understanding the planting of a few trees
may be recommended. But if neglected their destruction is almost
certain. The statements of nurserymen who have these trees to
sell would lead one to think either that the blight is a negligible
thing, or that their trees are immune. So far as I know there is but
a single nurseryman who even mentions the chestnut blight.

But a light of great promise is breaking for chestnut growers.
Dr. Van Fleet, of the Department of Agriculture at Washington,
by crossing the practically immune native chinquapin and the
Japanese chestnut has produced an immune nut of a size approach-
ing that of the Japanese and with the high quality of the chinqua-
pin. Moreover this chestnut has borne nuts in the second year
from seed and appears to bear increasing crops annually. Herein
lies our hope, but these trees are not yet available.

Several deaths in Connecticut have been ascribed to eating
chestnuts from trees affected by the blight. These cases are not
yet authenticated but it is a thing that may be safely remembered,
especially as it has now been shown that the blight attacks the nut
itself as well as the bark and wood of the tree.

The Hickories. Of the thirteen species of hickory we need to
consider but two, the shagbark, Hicoria ovata, and the pecan,
Hicoria pecan. The shagbark needs no introduction to Massa-
chusetts people. You all know how desirable it is at its best and
what a pesky little thing it is at its worst. One would think that
the difference would have induced improvement, in the average
at least, by selection and propagation. But it is not so. We are
still dependent on our chance native trees for all our shagbarks.
Many people can be run across who will tell you what big fellows
grew on a tree on father's farm, now cut down, of course, but mighty
few have had the gumption even to plant the nuts. One man only.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

SO far as I know, who had a fine tree, worked for many years of
his life to have his nut propagated and disseminated. This was
Mr. Henry Hales of Ridgewood, New Jersey, who died last Novem-
ber. He finally had success and his shagbark hickory is practically
the only grafted one on the market.

The few grafted shagbark hickories that have come into bearing
have been discouragingly slow in doing so. But it does not follow
that all will be so. In fact if we can draw inferences from the
behavior of that other hickory, the pecan, top worked hickories
should bear by the third or fourth year. This seems to offer the
opportunity to top work, by grafting or budding, our native young
hickories. In the dormant season trees of any species of hickory,
and up to a good many inches in diameter, may have their limbs
amputated near the trunk where they are not over three inches
through. The resulting strong shoots may be budded the follow-
ing summer or grafted in the spring after that. But this will need
an expert. Immediate grafting also may be practised if the limbs
are cut off soon after growth starts.

The Pecan. Those of you who are familiar with the modern
pecan of the South, and probably few of you are, as down there
they don't let many of them get far from home, know to what a
state of near perfection they have brought this delicious nut. To
my taste there is no nut so good. But we cannot grow the southern
pecan here. What we think we can grow, however, is the Indiana
pecan, native in the southern parts of that and adjoining states.
This pecan, while not quite so large as the southern, yields nothing
to it in quality. Several grafted or budded varieties of the In-
diana pecan may now be bought of several nurserymen, and it is
recommended by the Northern Nut Growers' Association for trial.

Not long ago I saw in Hartford, Connecticut, a pecan tree that
is nine feet and three inches in circumference, breast high from the
ground. The nuts on this tree do not fill, probably from not having
a growing season long enough to mature them. There are a num-
ber of other pecan trees scattered over the North that show us that
even the southern pecan may produce individual trees that endure
our climate.

The Walnut. The Japanese heartnut, Juglans cordiformis,
grows in Japan on the mountains where they have snow every

THE POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN NEW ENGLAND 151

month in the year. It seems to be very ha^d^•, grows rapidly,
makes a beautiful tree, and bears young. The nut is pretty good
and easily cracked from the shell. It is to be recommended but
care must be taken not to get a similar tree, J. Sieholdiana, much
pushed by nurserymen, but the nut of which is very inferior.

Our native butternut and black walnut can be grown almost
anj^'here. One must be content with seedlings however for there
are no propagated trees. In fact nobody seems to have made
known a tree of either of these nuts sufficiently superior to be worth
propagating. This is unfortunate. We need badly a good butter-
nut. This need not necessarily be thin shelled but should crack
fairly easily and the meat come out in unbroken halves.

As much may be said for the black walnut. We need one espe-
cially that lacks the usual strong flavor and that falls easily from
the cracked shell.

The nut most in the public eye just now is the so-called " English "
walnut. It has been called the French, Italian, European, and
Madeira walnut, and many other names. The most approved is
Persian though the latest is Circassian. If we could just make it
plain walnut what a simplification it would be. But that would
confuse our Connecticut folks who commonly refer to the shagbark
hickory as the walnut.

I have been making an investigation of the Persian walnut trees
in the East and it is astonishing to learn how many of them there
are. Manj' are in localities favored by proximit}^ to large bodies
of water, but not all of them. They are all seedlings bought from
nurserymen or gro^vTi from nuts, planted where they stand. Many
bear small, thick shelled, or bitter and astringent nuts, but some
of them bear nuts the equal of any that we get.

Most trees are reported from the region south of Lake Ontario
in the great fruit belt, beginning in Ontario on the Niagara Penin-
sula and extending past Rochester. Hundred of trees are reported
from this region. One man has an orchard of 225 bearing trees,
27 years old.

But there are trees scattered over Massachusetts, Connecticut,
and all the states as far south as Georgia. There is one at Xew-
buryport, Mass. and another at Roslindale.

I hope in time to trace out almost all these trees that are of any
value.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The best of these trees have been propagated and you can buy
them from a few nurserymen who speciahze in nut trees. They
are to be recommended for trial but should be given the special
care that I have before spoken of. They are expensive and it is
disheartening to lose them. Most of them are lost through neglect
in the first two years.

It is better to grow seedlings than no nuts at all and better to
grow these from nuts selected by yourself from known trees.
At any rate don't set big trees, don't pay extravagant prices for
seedling trees, and don't buy seedlings thinking that you are
getting grafted or budded trees. In case of doubt the Northern
Nut Growers' Association or the United States Department of
Agriculture will be glad to advise you.

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES.
By Dr. Perley Spaulding, Washington, D. C.

Delivered before the Society, March 21, 1914.

The John Lewis Rcssell Lecture.

So much is made of the conservation of our natural resources that
the present day might be called the age of conservation. In this
connection we hear a great deal about the saving of human life;
the prevention of sickness; the limitation of working hours for
women and children; of our rapidly decreasing coal supply; the
necessity for retaining large water powers in public control; the
need for conserving our dwindling timber supply; the prevention
of the extinction of many big game animals, game birds, aigrette
herons, etc., etc.; but in all this discussion we seldom or never
hear of anj^ sort of concerted action to reduce the immense loss
caused to agriculture, horticulture, and forestry by the multitude
of parasitic fungi which attack the crops of our fields, forests,
orchards, and gardens. While we all know in an indefinite way
that the loss from parasitic fungous diseases is great in the aggre-
gate, we have unfortunately a very hazy and indistinct idea of the
economic importance of such diseases. A few specific items show-
ing the estimated loss to some of our most important crops from this
cause may perhaps give us some notion of their really great impor-
tance.

The Economic Importance of Plant Dise.\ses.

Whil'e considering these losses it must be borne in mind that plant
pathologists have originated methods of reducing these losses in

153

154 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY

most cases to a point where they have not continued to be disas-
trous. It was estimated that the Anaheim disease of the European
varieties of grape caused a total loss of twenty million dollars, in
the southern part of California (1, 2) in the decade from 1884 to
1894. It practically destroyed the grape industry within the
diseased area. The American grape mildew, when introduced into
Europe about 1850, reduced the crop in some sections of France to
one-tenth or one-twentieth of the normal yield. The situation
became so serious that many people emigrated from the worst
affected areas (3). East of the Rocky Mountains the principal
grapes grown are American varieties. A conservative estimate
of the annual loss due to the diseases of the American varieties
shows that there is an average loss of between five hundred thousand
and one million dollars. But such losses as these are not limited
to single crops, but may be paralleled with a great many of our
more important crop plants.

The bitter rot of the apple was estimated by a competent author-
ity to have caused $10,000,000 damage to the apple crop of this
country in the single year of 1900 (4). The pear blight, during the
years 1904 to 1909, destroyed over five million dollars' worth of
pear orchards in California (5). The peach leaf curl was estimated
to have caused $2,335,000 damage in the year 1900 (5). The
California peach twig blight has for several years caused a large
loss in the crop of California peach orchards. Efficient methods
of treatment devised for this disease are already saving more than a
million dollars a year (5). The brown rot of peaches, plums, and
cherries is present practically everywhere these fruits are grown,
and causes great total loss, the loss often reaching as high as 25 to
50 per cent of the total crop. The estimate has been made that
the annual average loss in this country from this disease is five
million dollars or more. The small fruits, aside from the grape,
have a considerable number of serious diseases which often destroy
from 10 to 50 per cent of the crop (5).

About a generation ago there was a very valuable and productive
coffee industry in the Island of Ceylon. The coffee leaf rust practi-
cally wiped out this industry and caused a total loss in Ceylon
estimated at $85,000,000 (6, 7, 8). In the Philippines the coffee
crop was reduced 35 per cent in 1891 by this disease; in Java the

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGX PLANT DISEASES 155

crop was reduced one-third during the years 1884-1888; in Mada-
gascar the coffee industry was ruined as a result of the rust being
sent there in coffee trees from Ceylon. The disease is present
through the Old World coffee districts, but is still unknowTi in the
New World. Great care should be taken that it does not reach the
coffee growing regions of the Western Hemisphere, for if it once
gets established in a single place it will be almost sure to spread
throughout our coffee plantations, as it has done in the Old World.

In Prussia alone, the rust of wheat, rye, and oats was estimated
to have caused a loss of $100,000,000 in 1891 (7). The wheat
crop of 1890-1891 in Australia was injured by rust to the extent
of $12,500,000. The wheat rust was estimated to have done
$67,000,000 damage to the crop of this country in 1898 (9). In
1904 a serious outbreak of this disease occurred, and in the three
states. North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, the loss for
that year was estimated at about $15,000,000 (10). The average
annual loss from wheat rust in the entire country is set at fifteen
to twenty millions of dollars (10, 11). The annual loss from the
smuts of wheat and oats is estimated at about twenty million
dollars in this country (5) .

A damage of ten million dollars was done by the potato blight
in the single State of New York in 1903 (12). It is estimated that
the average annual loss from potato blight in this country is
$36,000,000. It has been estimated on good authority (5) that
not less than 10 per cent of all our principal horticultural and
agricultural crops is annually destroyed by parasitic diseases.
The estimate of the value of these crops for this comitry in the
year 1912 is $6,137,000,000 (13), thus giving a total loss for that
year of $613,700,000. The statement has also been made that the
annual loss from the diseases of cultivated crops the world over is
approximately one billion dollars, but the remark is added that it
is probably double this amount if all loss from this cause could be
definitely ascertained (7).

But this loss is not limited to our cultivated crops. In certain
national forests of the Northwest it has been estimated that 75
per cent of the total stand of certain species of trees is worthless
because of the attacks of wood-rotting fungi. Species which are
known to be thus seriously affected in certain localities are aspen

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

(Populus tremuloides) , western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) ,
grand fir {Abies grandis), and mountain pine {Pinus monticola).
The speaker personally knows that the hardwood forests of certain
sections of the Adirondacks are in very bad condition, and in lum-
bering operations which covered a large area there some years ago
it was found that the amount of useful hardwood timber was ac-
tually much less than the estimates had led the contractor to expect.

The chestnut blight alone was estimated, in 1911 (14, 31), to
have caused a loss of twenty-five million dollars in this country.
This disease has spread steadily on its devastating course, and what
the loss may be at the present time no one can say. Were the
actual facts known it would be found that a very considerable
percentage of the stand of lumber in this country at the present
time is useless, because of disease; that is, these diseases are not
limited to the above-mentioned localities only, but are generally
distributed and are exacting a large, although little appreciated toll
from the forests of the entire country; and this is true not only in
this country but in practically all forested regions which are not
under intelligent supervision.

But the loss caused by these diseases is not entirely a pecuniary
one. The chestnut blight probably has caused as great loss in its
destruction of ornamental and shade trees as it has done in actual
destruction of timber of our forests. The potato blight, during
its first outbreak in Ireland during the '40's, caused a very large
loss of life (16). The influence of this disease is felt even to the
present day in this country. It may truthfully be stated that the
potato famine in Ireland, caused by this disease, has undoubtedly
had a very potent effect upon the politics of this country, since it
was the direct cause of the great immigration of the Irish to this
country which began at that time.

Some Plant Diseases Which Have Emigrated to New Regions.

In order to gain some idea of the extent to which fungous plant
diseases have been carried from one part of the world to another, it
may be well to consider here a few specific instances of this sort.
The potato blight already mentioned was undoubtedly a native of
South America (16). It appeared in Europe and North America

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 157

at practically the same time, about 1840. The period during which
the potato has been cultivated on these continents had resulted in
the development of many new varieties, and quite likely had brought
about a very considerable change in the character of the potato
plant from its original South American type. These changes
carried on in the absence of the disease for a long period imdoubtedly
had much the same effect upon the progress of the disease as would
the presence of a new susceptible host. The result was, as you all
know, one of the most disastrous outbreaks of plant disease known
in the history of the world.

The American grape mildew was native in this country upon the
wild species of grapes, but it caused comparatively little harm (3).
It was first discovered in Europe in 1845. It spread rapidly and in
the '50's devastated the vineyards of France and the Mediterra-
nean region, causing a tremendous loss. It is at present known in
practically all the large grape growing regions of the world.

But we do not have to go back of recent years for instances of
the introduction of fungous diseases into new regions. Such
emigrations are constantly going on. As recently as 1900 the
American gooseberry mildew was first discovered in Europe (17).
It is present in practically all of Europe, and even Siberia, at the
present time. Serious efforts to control this disease were not
undertaken until it was already too late to hope to prevent its
spread. Moreover, it spread simultaneously from three different
centers of infection which were very widely separated. The
European gooseberry is seriously attacked in this country by this
disease, and the situation in Europe is rapidly becoming quite
similar.

The hollyhock rust was first known in Chile in 1852, where it
was apparently native (18). In 1869 it was first found in Europe.
It has since spread practically over all Europe and North America,
and is present in Australia. In Europe it has attacked practically
every wild species of the hollyhock family, in many localities com-
pletely exterminating both the wild and cultivated mallows.

The asparagus rust was present in Europe over one hundred years
ago (19). It was known to be present in the United States in 1896,
and for a number of years thereafter a very serious epidemic of the
disease spread over the country. I hardly need make any state-
ments of the damage done by it.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The oak mildew, which broke out in a very serious epidemic
during the years 1907 to 1910 in Europe, is apparently a case of a
newly introduced disease there. It spread over all Europe and
extended even into Asia Minor. It attacked the European oaks
worse than those of other continents. It is not yet definitely
known where the disease originated.

Qther diseases which undoubtedly have been carried from one
region to another are some of the grain rusts and smuts which have
accompanied their hosts all over the world; the carnation rust
which has spread practically over this country; and the olive knot
very probably came to California in the early days of the Missions,
along with its host. Certain ornamental bulb diseases are known
to be widely distributed over the world, and there can be no doubt
that they have accompanied their hosts from the native home of
the latter. The chestnut blight, which is now known to be native
in the interior of China (35, 36, 37, 38, 39) has, as you know,
spread well over the eastern part of this country. Moreover, it
has been found present in British Columbia, and there is a strong
likelihood that it may be present on the Pacific Coast. It is carried
in nursery stock and sometimes probably in diseased nuts (40).
The white pine blister rust, which is probably native in western
Siberia and eastern Russia, has spread practically throughout
Europe, and, as you know, is present in North America.

These instances, which are all a matter of history, and which are
but a few among the many which could be mentioned, certainly
should be sufficient to convince the most skeptical person that these
diseases have been carried extensively from their native homes to
new regions, and that such emigration is constantly going on to an
extent which is entirely unsuspected by the public.

Diseases Threatening to America at the Present Time.

With such plant disease emigration constantly going on it must
occur to the most thoughtless person that there are certain new
diseases which are likely to be introduced into this country with
just as disastrous results as has attended the introduction of some
of the above-mentioned ones. As a matter of fact, there are a

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGX PLANT DISEASES 159

large number of such diseases which may be brought to this country
in imported plant material and which may become very destructive
here if they are introduced. It might seem to some that we have
already received all such diseases that could possibly be brought
to us, but this is far from being the truth. The rapidly increasing
volume of imported plant materials received in this country which
originates from the four quarters of the globe, and which is coming
to a greater and greater extent from new countries with which
read}^ intercourse has not before existed, renders us more and more
liable to import diseases about which we know little or nothing at
the present time.

Moreover, our florists are constantly* introducing new choice
ornamental plants. Similarly, our horticulturists are introducing
new fruit-producing plants, and our agriculturists are testing and
planting on a large scale new varieties of forage plants, vegetables,
and cereals from the most diverse parts of the world. In fact, at
the present time a very marked movement is in progress to secure
for the farmer, horticulturist, and florist of this country all of the
different useful plants of the other countries of the earth.

The United States Department of Agriculture has an Office of
Seed and Plant Introduction for the express purpose of securing
new kinds of plants from all parts of the world with a view of testing
them and introducing to cultivation those which promise to be of
value. A very important part of the duties of this office also is to
secure plants for experimental use by investigators who are origi-
nating new and more valuable varieties of plants, or who are
working out the complete life history of a new disease. For in-
stance, in the experimental work upon the white pine blister rust
an effort has been made to secure every species of pine in the world
so that tests may be made to prove their susceptibility or immunity
to the disease. In the breeding of new varieties of asparagus
resistant to the rust all the varieties of Europe were secured and
tested before the actual breeding work could be begun (15).

The securing of these diverse species and varieties of plants from
all quarters of the world, however, is always accompanied by the
danger of introducing foreign diseases of these plants along with the
plants themselves. A special inspection is maintained for the pur-
pose of preventing the introduction of such diseases, and it is not

160 • MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

overstating the truth to say that dozens of dangerous new diseases
are intercepted every year. Some examples of diseases which are
Ukely to be introduced into this country very shortly may be cited.
There is a rust of the canna in Europe, which, if not alread}^ present
in this country, is likely to come to us sooner or later. The alfalfa
has been found in one or two parts of this country to be affected
with root wart, which is known to have come to us from Europe.
The black wart of potato tubers has been known for a number of
years in Europe, and is known to have already become established
in Newfoundland and some adjacent islands. It is not known to
occur in this country. The powdery scab of potato tubers is
another European disease which has been discovered in Canada
and also to a limited extent in this country. In Africa the mango
was recently reported to be affected by a serious new bacterial
disease of the leaves and fruit. The gladiolus is known to be
affected with a bulb smut in Europe. Indian corn is seriously
attacked in Java and India by a downy mildew. In fact, we might
go on enumerating similar diseases of practically all of our cultivated
plants, but these few instances will serve to emphasize the point that
I wish to make, namely, that we are in constant and increasing
danger from serious foreign plant diseases, and this danger is really
much greater than the public believes can be possible.

One point in this connection that is not generally understood is
that a fungous disease may become much more virulent in its
attacks upon a new host or when carried into new climates. Hence
the seriousness of a disease in another country is no index of its
seriousness in the United States, or vice versa. A disease that is of
no consequence in South America or in Asia may become very
destructive in America. In fact, this was the case with the potato
blight and the chestnut blight. Also, it should be mentioned that a
parasitic fungous disease that is once established in a new country
is a permanent factor in that country forever after.

Methods of Combating Plant Diseases.

The science of plant pathology is one of the youngest among
those which directly affect everyday life. It is scarcely more than
a generation old. For this reason, perhaps, it is in a state of in-
tense activity and growth, and it does not seem to be hampered by

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGX PLANT DISEASES 161

hidebound precedents which usually accompany old age. There
is a disposition on the part of the plant pathologist to use any and
every means possible in controlling outbreaks of parasitic diseases
and in preventing such outbreaks. In considering the various
methods of combating parasitic diseases we may divide the subject
into two heads, namely, methods of controlling outbreaks of disease,
and methods of preventing outbreaks of disease. A brief consider-
ation of the methods in use may perhaps be useful.

Methods of Controlling Outbreaks of Disease.

In subduing outbreaks of disease most use is perhaps made of
various forms of dust and liquid spray mixtures. This, in fact, is
a field in itself, wherein a great amount of experimental work is
being carried on every year. In certain European forests, removal
of the sporophores of the large wood-rotting fungi from the living
trees is an efficient way of preventing infection spreading to ad-
jacent trees. The removal of plant parts bearing the fruiting
bodies of the parasite is also an efficient method of controlling out-
breaks. Under this heading would come the removal of pear twigs
killed by the pear blight organism. Another method of preventing
the spread of certain fungi which require two distinct hosts for the
completion of their life history is the removal of one of the comple-
mentary hosts from the locality where the disease is present; for
instance, the removal of cedars from the vicinity of apple orchards
to stop the outbreak of the cedar-apple fungus upon the apple
leaves.

The Prevention of Outbreaks of Disease.

While noting the subjects treated by various lecturers upon
plant diseases here the speaker was struck with the unanimity with
which they have emphasized the prevention of outbreaks of plant
diseases, nor is this agreement in opinion at all to be wondered at.
This is a cardinal principle in dealing with diseases of man and
animals. In nearly all lines of investigation of plant diseases it has
come to be recognized that the really efficient method of treatment
of plant diseases is that which prevents extensive outbreaks of
such diseases.

Among the various methods of preventing outbreaks of disease

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

may be mentioned: The spraying of fruit trees while in dormant
condition to kill spores sticking to the trees; the removal of dis-
eased plants and parts of plants during the dormant season; the
sterilization of seed with suitable fungicides to kill adhering spores;
the antiseptic treatment of wounds in woody plants to prevent the
entrance of wood -rotting fungi; the separation of complementary
hosts of parasitic fungi requiring two distinct hosts to complete
their life history; the avoidance of localities or conditions favoring
certain diseases; the avoidance of planting large, continuous areas
to the same crop, which gives a disease excellent conditions for
spreading; the sterilization of soil in limited areas ; the use of large
and strongly viable seed ; and the development of varieties resistant
to disease.

Up to a very short time ago these comprised the methods of
preventing disease outbreaks that were utilized in this country.
Until 1912 one of the most efficient means of safe-guarding the
forestry, horticultural, and agricultural interests of this country
was practically ignored — I refer to national quarantine, which,
because of its very recent enactment, many be considered an unused
naethod of combating disease outbreaks in this country. Practi-
cally every country in the world has had for a number of years a
national control and regulation of the importation of plants from
other countries with a view to preventing the importation of
destructive insects and parasitic fungous diseases. As previously
stated, this country in August, 1912, finally enacted such national
legislation for the regulation of importations of plants, but this was
not done until the most destructive forest and orchard disease
known anywhere in the world at the present time was permanently
established here, and we had already received one of the most
destructive diseases of our white pine from Europe. I refer to the
chestnut blight and the white pine blister rust.

Plant Disease Quarantine.

It may be well to give some attention to what has been done in
this country in the way of quarantine of plant diseases. What
was in effect a quarantine against wheat rust was undertaken by
the colony of Massachusetts by means of the barberry destruction

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 163

law in 1755. It may be interesting to those present to know that
somewhat similar action has just been taken by the states of
Virginia and West Virginia against cedars in apple-orchard districts.
In Virginia the matter is one of local option, but in West Virginia
it is a general law applying to the entire state. It may be remarked
that if the cedars are cut in these states the loss will be much larger
than would be sustained if every white pine plantation in the coun-
try knowTi to be diseased with blister rust were to be totally de-
stroyed according to my earnest recommendations. Undoubtedly
the State of California was the leader on this continent in actual
quarantine of plant diseases. I have, however, been unable to
find out at what time the first definite disease quarantine was under-
taken by that state. It is well known that such a quarantine has
been enforced for a number of years and that the inspection has
been comparatively rigid.

In 1910 Canada passed "An act to prevent the introduction or
spreading of insects, pests and diseases destructive to vegetation."
This was a result of the recent introduction of the white pine
blister rust and the potato black wart. At about the same time
there was instituted in the Rogue River Valley of Oregon what was
in effect a quarantine against orchard diseases. The orchardists
of that valley formed an association, taxed themselves for the
running expenses, and hired an expert plant pathologist to aid
them in a general fight against orchard tree diseases. The valley
is isolated, being a rather narrow body of cultivated land bordered
on either side by forest land. Because of its relatively isolated
position it was feasible to undertake measures there which other-
wise could not have been carried out. The pear blight, which is a
very destructive disease upon the Pacific Coast, was partly the
cause of this action being taken, but the work widened out under
the efficient direction of the pathologist, Mr. O'Gara, until it
included practically all orchard diseases. Especial emphasis was
given to frost fighting in the orchards, and for the past four years
there has been practically a rigid quarantine against orchard
diseases in this valley. This experiment — for such it is, since it
is the first known instance of the kind — has apparently been very
successful.

In 1911 Pennsylvania passed a law giving to the Chestnut Tree
Blight Commission quarantine power over the chestnut blight and

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

full power to enforce control measures against it, even to the de-
struction of diseased trees. This is practically a dead letter at
present through the lapsing of appropriations to carry on the work.
In 1912 your own state put into effect an absolute quarantine
against the importation of any five-leaved pines into the state from
Europe, because of the white pine blister rust. A little later in the
same year our National Congress passed a plant disease quarantine
act, which was the first that this country has ever had. The pro-
visions of this act are administered by a body known as the Federal
Horticultural Board, consisting of five members who are appointed
by the Secretary of Agriculture from the Bureaus of Plant Industry,
Forest Service, and Entomology of the Department of Agriculture.
Not more than two of these members can be appointed from any
one Bureau. This Board puts into effect, under the approval of the
Secretary of Agriculture, such measures as are decided to be most
expedient. The passage of the bill came as a surprise, and necessi-
tated quick action on the part of the Secretary of Agriculture and
the Board which he promptly appointed to set the machinery in
motion. More or less friction necessarily developed before a
routine was established, but much of this has been eliminated since
the beginning of actual work.

International Trend of Plant Pathology.

It is generally acknowledged that this country is the leader in the
practical control of plant diseases, and in the investigation of
problems relating thereto. To such a point have we progressed
that this is the day of specialists in plant pathology, as is the case
in many other sciences. The early pioneer work has largely been
done, and we are now attacking the more difficult problems, which
necessarily had to be left in early years because of the lack of time,
means, or knowledge to solve them properl}^ Our horizon is
widening in every direction, so that diseases which were considered
to be thoroughly worked out years ago are being reinvestigated
from new view points with surprising results. Our great need at
the present time is more intensive research, sometimes along lines
which, to the practical man, have no bearing upon economic prob-
lems. It is very difficult to secure money for carrying on such

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 165

research, and yet it is absolutely essential to the permanent progress
of our science.

A fact which is becoming more and more evident with the
advance of pathological work in this country is that the inves-
tigator or institution that is isolated geographically or by an
exclusive polic}^ is working at a great disadvantage. " Team work "
is just as effective in plant pathology as it is in any of the sports
or in any other line of endeavor. The great progress of the Bureau
of Plant Industry- during late years is undoubtedly quite largely
due to team work within that Bureau (20). And what is true of
the Bureau is even more decidedly true of the Office of Investiga-
tions in Forest Pathology of that Bureau, of which the speaker was
formerly a member. Since the beginning of work of that office
in 1907, there has been a very marked cooperation and pulling
together of the members of this office, together with personal
credit for work done by individuals, which has made possible much
of the progress that has been made in the investigations carried
on by it.

In plant pathology we are in much the same position as is the
case with the civil government of this country, that is, each state
has its local government which has its owti limits of operation and
application. But the Federal Government is necessary to handle
cases which affect more than one state, or which affect all the states.
In the same way, each state carries on its own investigation of
plant diseases within its borders, but it is necessary to have patholo-
gists who are not limited in the scope of their operations to any one
state, or even to any one country. Plant diseases are not limited
in their distribution by state borders or international boundaries.
In order to secure the best results, the pathologist must work out
his problems wherever the conditions are best for securing results,
regardless of whether the locality is within this country or not (21).

The whole tendency of plant pathology at the present time is very
strongly in the direction of international cooperation. The recent
national quarantine of plant diseases has rendered necessary an
exact knowledge of the distribution of the various plant diseases
within our o^^^l country. This is accomplished by means of plant
disease surveys. Such a survey has been carried on by the Bureau
of Plant Industry since 1898 (22) with increasing efficiency. It is
hoped that this survey work may be more extended and made to

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY

cover the country in a much more thorough manner than has ever
yet been possible. The forest tree diseases are being surveyed by
the Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology, this work having
been carried on there from the beginning in 1907. The great fact
which has been ascertained through these surveys is that we are
greatly deficient in our knowledge of the occurrence, even of the
common plant diseases, in different years throughout the country.
It becomes necessary, because of the frequency of disease in im-
ported plants, for us to know not only the distribution of these
diseases within our own borders, but in all the countries of the world.
What is true of our knowledge of the plant diseases of this country
is even truer with respect to foreign comi tries. In fact, com-
paratively little is known about the plant diseases of South
America, Africa, or Asia.

Another line of work to which emphasis is being given at present
is that of intensive comparative studies of similar diseases of Amer-
ica and of the Old World; for instance, the brown rot disease of
stone fruits of this country has its counterpart in Europe in a brown
rot disease upon the pome fruits (21). The fungi causing the
disease here and in Europe are so similar that they have been con-
sidered by many pathologists to be identical, yet their behavior
in the two countries is quite different. For instance, our own disease
attacks the pome fruits only exceptionally, but it attacks the stone
fruits very virulently (23). The European disease, on the other
hand, occurs upon stone fruits rather exceptionally, while the
disease upon the pome fruits is very destructive. Recently an
American investigator (23) secured samples of the disease from the-
United States and from various localities in Europe and made a
careful comparative study of the fungi secured. This resulted in a
decision that the two are entirely distinct, an opinion earlier held
by the Russian investigator, Woronin, but partially lost sight of in
late years.

Similar studies should be made of dozens of others of our common
diseases which are present both in this country and in the Old
World; and until such studies are made, we can not say with
certainty whether our disease is the same as the Old World disease.
Just as it is necessary for us to have plant pathologists whose field
is not restricted to a single state, so is it necessary that there should.

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 167

be pathologists whose field is not restricted to any single country;
and this fact is recognized by the United States Department of
Agriculture. WTiile cooperation is to be expected in actual in-
vestigation of plant diseases, in making disease surveys, etc., it is
perhaps a little surprising to find that there is already a decided
beginning upon cooperation in legislative matters.

There is, in this country, a very strong movement in favor of a
uniform horticultural inspection law for all of the states. The
various state constitutions vary so much that it is impossible to
secure an absolutely uniform inspection law; but very active steps
are being taken to make these laws as uniform as possible. There
are two instances of a similar kind in other countries which it may
be interesting to note here. These are the English colonies of
South Africa and of Australia. In both of these cases, a compact
federation of the colonies has been established, and what is to all
intents and purposes a national inspection law has been placed in
operation in each of these federations; that is, plants imported
into any colony of the South African Union at the present time are
subject to the same rules and regulations as would be the case were
they imported into any other colony of the federation.

Besides all this, our plant pathologists are becoming better
acquainted personally with those of other countries, and this means
better cooperation, for effective cooperation depends absolutely
upon personal friendship and sincerity. The policy of the Federal
Horticultural Board (25) is to make such regulations as will cause
foreign countries to establish and maintain efficient inspection of
plants exported to this country. None of the other countries
formerly had any such inspection and their first attempts were
in many cases no better than they should be. But they are
strengthening their inspection service so that even now the nursery
stock sent to us is of a decidedly better character than was the case
two years ago (24). This also tends to strengthen cooperation
between us and other countries, because each has to become more
familiar with conditions in the other. In order to illustrate and
make clearer the foregoing remarks, the speaker wishes to consider
with you a specific disease that is of much interest to New Eng-
land and which bids fair to become of much economic importance
within the next twenty years if it is not completely destroyed
soon in this countrv.

I

168 massachusetts horticultural society

The White Pine Blister Rust (26, 29).

We have with the white pine bhster rust a peculiar state of
affairs and one w^hich is not often paralleled in the records of plant
pathology. The white pine, a native of North America, was car-
ried to Europe about two hundred years ago, and has been widely
distributed there. It has, in the main, been very successful as an
ornamental, and has even come to be used very extensively in
forestry planting in a number of European countries. About
fifty years ago it was found that this tree was being attacked by a
disease native to the Old World and widely distributed in Europe
upon the old world stone pine, Pinus cembra. It appears that this
disease probably originated in western Siberia and eastern Russia,
where is located the original home of this particular pine. We have
then the curious condition of an introduced tree attacked by an
introduced disease. WTiether this is the real state of affairs or not,
the disease found very congenial quarters upon its new and rela-
tively succulent American host, the white pine, and attacked it very
vigorously; so much so that its cultivation in Denmark has been
largely given up on account of this disease, and it threatens to be
driven out of cultivation by it in England and in certain districts
in other European countries.

In the late 80's there began to develop in this country a consider-
able demand for young white pine trees for ornamental planting
and also to some extent for reforestation of waste lands upon which
it was thought this species would thrive. This import trade grew
rather steadily until the spring of 1909, at which time very large
shipments of this species were made, principally from Germany,
into this country. These shipments were estimated to have reached
at least as high as three million young seedlings. Practically no
attention had been given up to this time to the diseases which might
possibly be imported upon such stock, but in the spring of 1909 it
was discovered that this serious disease of Europe had been im-
ported into this country in nearly all of the immense importations
which were made that spring. Furthermore, it was afterwards
found that this disease had also been brought into this country
upon young stock in the spring of 1908, but that it had not devel-
oped enough to be recognized until the spring of 1909. Worst of all,

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGX PLANT DISEASES 169

this immense number of seedlings had largely been distributed to
private parties throughout the Northeastern States and were
already set out in the field before the presence of the disease was
discovered. The forestry officials of the states known to have
received diseased lots of these pines were notified of what had been
found, and a meeting was held, at which it was decided that the
best thing to be done was to inspect all plantations made from the
suspected stock, to destroy all diseased seedlings found, and also
to destroy all currants found in the neighborhood of such planta-
tions. The several state officers agreed to carry out this program.
This work has been more or less faithfully carried out ever since
that time, as it has been found that the inspections of the infected
plantations must be made annually for an indefinite number of
years.

Damage Done by this Disease.

As above indicated, this disease has been so serious in certain
localities in Europe that the white pine has been practically driven
out of cultivation in those localities. Ever since the spring of 1909,
when the disease was first discovered in this country, the speaker
has been investigating it. This experience has shown not a single
instance where any tree known to be diseased on the main stem
has recovered, that is, a young tree thus diseased is doomed. This
fact does not seem to be generally appreciated by those who are
unfortunate enough to own trees affected by this disease. The
developments of the season of 1913 have convinced the speaker
that this disease will run a course quite similar in some respects to
that of the chestnut blight, but with this difference, that the
progress which is made by the chestnut blight in two or three years
will be made by the white pine blister rust only after a period of ten
to twenty years. 'But that progress will be made just as surely as
the disease is able to spread. The damage in the long run will be
just as complete locally as is that inflicted by the chestnut blight.

The Present Situation (27, 28).

The situation with this disease at the present time in this country
is as follows : In no case has the disease secured such a footins: that

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

it cannot be relatively easily eradicated. For a number of years
we had a very serious situation in the vicinity of Geneva, New
York. In the spring of 1913, however, the state inspectors su8-
ceeded in finding two diseased white pine trees approximately
fifteen years of age, which had apparently been serving as a center
of infection there. These were promptly destroyed, but the disease
appeared upon a few neighboring currant bushes. It is believed,
however, that this season will reveal none of this disease in that
locality, unless there are other diseased white pines about which
nothing is known at the present time.

Up to the spring of 1913, this was the most seriously afPected
of any known area in this country. Apparently we have been able
to control the disease here, which should give us encouragement in
attacking other outbreaks of the disease. Later in the season of
1913, two serious outbreaks of the disease were found, one in
Vermont and one in Massachusetts. It is believed that the center
of infection in both cases has been discovered, and it is hoped that
the diseased white pines have been completely removed from each
of these neighborhoods. Should this prove to be the case, we will
have successfully handled three very serious situations. The
future, however, alone can show the efficiency of the work which is
being done. It is to be expected that the disease will crop up in
other places where it is now not known, but it should be noted that
in all the serious outbreaks which we have had up to this time, the
disease has been present upon relatively old white pines, which were
imported some ten or twelve years ago.

The encouraging feature is that white pines imported as long ago
as that were almost invariably used for ornamental planting and
not for planting in large masses for forestry purposes ; that is, they
are usually found well isolated from natural bodies of white pine
of the neighboring woods, due to the fact that they are commonly
used for ornamental effect around the buildings of private estates.
This fact alone has saved the situation up to the present time ; for
in all three of the above mentioned cases, the disease was found in
trees which were well separated from neighboring forests comtaining
white pines.

It is estimated that about 4,500,000 young white pines were
imported into this country since 1900 and that nearly all of these

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 171

importations were infected with blister rust. About 1,750,000 out
of the 4,500,000 were burned before they were set out by private
parties, so that there is still a total of about 2,750,000 trees with the
disease scattered among them. Repeated inspection has cost
heavily and apparently must be continued an indefinite time.
Hence the speaker has urged the total destruction of the remaining
imported trees which are known to be infected. Their continued
presence in this country is a constant menace to our white pine
forests. Moreover, the cost of inspection has already much ex-
ceeded their total valuation when they were imported. Disregard-
ing their increased valuation, due to growth made since 1909, a
liberal estimate of the cost of these trees and of planting them out
would not exceed $225,000. This is a large amount of property
to destroy but it must be remembered that for the sake of this
reall}' small sum we are risking white pine forest property estimated
to be worth $600,000,000 in 1909 (30). It would seem that such
values as these should not be placed in the slightest danger from
an imported disease like the white pine blister rust.

Comparison of White Pine Blister Rust w^ith Chestnut

Blight with Reference to Possible Methods

OF Control.

In order to make clearer the possible methods of combating the
white pine blister rust, I wish to compare it with you with the chest-
nut blight, a disease with which you are more or less familiar, and
which has been much discussed both in the scientific and popular
press for several years. The chestnut blight fungus is entirely
different from the white pine blister rust fungus. They are widely
separated in their characters and i» their method of producing
spores and distributing them. The chestnut blight fungus may
infect a chestnut tree at any time of year that the weather is warm
enough for the germination of spores, that is, when ordinary garden
seeds would sprout. The chestnut blight produces millions of
spores of two distinct forms. The one which is produced in the
spring and early summer is known as the summer spore stage.
These spores ooze out in sticky masses from the mouths of the
fruiting bodies, and in extreme cases may occur as distinct tendrils.

172 JIASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

These are apparently distributed by rain washing them from one
part of the tree to another (31), or by other mechanical means, such
as sticking to the feet, fur, and feathers of squirrels and birds passing
over them (32, 33); that is, they are not distributed by the wind
to any extent. They serve to spread the disease from an original
center of infection to adjacent trees and parts of the same tree.
The second stage, known as the winter spore form, however, is
produced in tiny sacks contained within the spore cases, and when
set free from the spore cases, they are forcibly ejected into the air
some little distance. They are very readily carried by the wind
when they are thrown out into the air, and this is apparently
their chief method of distribution (34).

The chestnut blight fungus does not require any alternate host,
other than the chestnut, in order to complete its life history.
Stated in another way, any of the spores produced by the chestnut
blight fungus can, under favorable circumstances, produce the
disease again upon chestnut trees. Another point which should
not be overlooked in connection with this disease is that it occurs
absolutely indifferently upon ornamental, orchard, and forest trees,
provided such trees are within its range of distribution. The only
feasible method of controlling this disease seems to be that of cut-
ting out all of the diseased trees along the advance line of its prog-
ress ; but this is an exceedingly difficult thing to do, for the following
reasons : A very careful inspection may be made in the spring and
all of the diseased trees thus found may be cut and peeled, and the
brush and bark burned on the stumps, with the very greatest care.
That same summer, or early next spring, reinspection may show
additional trees which have developed the disease since the first
cutting out was done. This is not the fault of the inspector, but
is due to the fact that the fungus may be, and very often is, present
in the bark of apparently healthy trees in early stages of infection,
so that it is not externally visible.

The matter of cutting out chestnut blight then in a given area,
supposing all infection from without this area could be prevented,
is about as follows : Inspection for the disease, followed by cutting
of all the infected trees found, peeling the stumps and burning the
brush over them. The next season reinspection with accompany-
ing cutting of infected trees thus found. The third season a rein-
spection with the cutting of the infected trees found. The first

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 173

year there may be found a considerable number of affected trees.
If the work is carefully and thoroughly done, the second inspection
should reveal but a few scattered cases, and the third inspection
should reveal none or a \-ery few. But this presupposes that there
will be no infection from without the inspected area. Infection
from outside adds to these difficulties. It must not be concluded
from these statements that cutting out the chestnut blight does no
good. It does do good, and at least hinders the progress of the
disease while utilizing the diseased trees before they spoil from
decay or insect depredations.

With the white pine blister rust, however, the situation is very
different. We have, first of all, a fungous parasite which requires
two distinct sets of host, i. e., pines and currants, in order to com-
plete its life history. We find at once that there are certain forms
of spores which will infect each set of hosts but not the other; that
is, the spores produced upon the pine will not infect the pine, but
they do infect currants. There are two forms of spores produced
upon the currants; the first will infect currant leaves and is the
form in which the disease spreads very readily and extensively
upon currants. The second kind of spores formed on currants will
not infect currants, but will infect pines. The spores are produced
upon the pines onlj- rather early in the spring, mostly in the month
of May. The spores upon the currants are produced from the
middle of June until the currant leaves are shed in the fall. Thus
you will at once perceive we have a great advantage in dealing with
the blister rust, in that a separation of the two kinds of hosts
prevents the fungus from reinfecting the next season whichever
host is present within the diseased area.

Let us assume a specific instance where the disease is known to be
present in young imported white pines which are planted as orna-
mentals around the buildings of a large private estate. Upon this
estate let us assume there are garden currants present quite close
to the affected pines, and that the disease is already present upon
the currants. What steps can be taken to reduce the danger of
the spread of the disease to native white pines of the woodlot a
half mile away? One immediately thinks, "Why, pull up the
currants and burn them. As long as they are absent from this
vicinity there is no danger." This, however, will be found to be
only a partial solution of our problem. Were this done, the

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

diseased white pines will continue to bear fruiting bodies of the
fungus e\'ery spring as long as they live. It is unknown at present
to how great a distance these spores may be carried, and the pres-
ence of diseased pines is much more dangerous than the presence of
diseased currants, because it has been found that the disease lives
for only a single year upon the currant leaves, and that the currants
must be reinfected from pines each spring in order to have the
disease in succeeding years.

The white pine blister rust is not yet permanently established in
this country, and unlike the chestnut blight, it has not attacked
our forests. We know where nearly all white pines which are
affected with this disease are located. I say nearly, because there
are undoubtedly scattering private importations which are not yet
known to us. To return to our estate with the disease present upon
both pines and currants. The only safe thing to do in a case of
this kind is to promptl}' destroy all affected pines, which are usually
few in number. This prevents any possible outbreaks in future
years. Where the disease is also upon currants, if it is found early
in the season, the currants should be destroyed, or else have all the
leaves carefully pulled from them. If found late in the fall upon
the currants, the danger for that year perhaps would not be in-
creased by allowing the currants to remain. The great danger
from the disease upon currants is the possible infection of neighbor-
ing white pines of the forests with the disease. This is something
which has never yet occurred in this country. Where the disease
is found late in the season upon the currant leaves, very close and
careful inspection must be made for at least five succeeding years
of all the neighboring five-leaved pines for possible new infections
upon them from the currants. Such new infections have been
found in two localities in this country already upon ornamental
trees.

It must be remembered that our object is the total destruction
of the disease wherever it is found, with the idea of its ultimate
eradication from the country. Any other ideal in carrying on this
work will result in the final permanent establishment of this danger-
ous disease in our forests. The presence of the disease upon the
main trunk of a yoimg white pine tree means the final death of the
affected tree, as not a single case of this kind has yet been seen

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 175

where the diseased tree recovered. If the disease is present upon
branches of the tree and not upon the main stem, it may be argued,
"Why not cut off the affected branch?" This, as you well know,
would result in a ragged, irregularly shaped tree which, from the
ornamental standpoint, would be unsatisfactory. From the patholo-
gist's viewpoint, this procedure is very poor, because the disease,
if present upon a single branch, is almost sure to have infected
other branches of the same tree or neighboring trees. Some of these
infections will be quite sure to be in early stages so as not to be
visible externally ; hence they cannot be found. The disease occurs
in this way upon trees not less than fifteen to twenty feet in height.
If you will step out into your own grounds and attempt to look at
every twig and branch upon one such tree, and be sure there is no
cankered area present upon those twigs and branches, you will at
once acknowledge that such inspection must be exceedingly careful
in order to detect all visible cases of the disease, not to mention
those which have not yet become visible. "To err is human," and
it is almost superhuman for a person to make such an inspection
and be at all sure none of the disease is left in the tree. This is why
the above statement was made that when the disease is found upon
white pines, the entire tree should be removed and destroyed. If
the tree is so located that it is considered an irremediable loss for
it to be removed, it is practicable to secure from the neighboring
forest or from nurserymen a tree of about the same size and set it in
its place. If the disease is found present only upon pines, this pro-
cedure is absolutely safe. If the disease was found upon both pines
and currants, and the diseased pines, together with the diseased
currants, are removed and burned, this procedure also should be
safe. It will be argued that it will cost a large amount of money to
secure trees of such size; but under such circumstances the owner
had far better imdergo this expense than to run the risk of being
responsible for the permanent establishment of this disease here in
this country, as Mr. Trouvelot is said to be unintentionally for
that of the gypsy moth.

It is useless for an individual who is not a trained pathologist
to attempt to handle this disease when it is found upon his grounds,
without expert advice; and by expert advice I mean, not the advice
of some tree surgery company', but the advice of the state nursery

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

inspector, or of the pathologist of the state experiment station,
or of an expert from the Office of Forest Pathology in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Washington. The best course to pursue,
if you believe this disease is present upon your grounds, is to notify
your state horticultural inspector or the Department of Agriculture
in Washington, and ask that an examination be made to make sure
of the true state of affairs. Such application will result in an expert
examination being made, if the facts justify such a course, and the
most expert advice and attention will be given in controlling the
disease and in tracing out the whole extent of the outbreak. It is
not customary for any charge to be made for this service. The
inspectors, either of the state or the United States Department of
Agriculture, feel deeply their responsibility for private property,
and will do everything possible to avoid its destruction; but it
oftentimes becomes necessary to destroy a certain amount of such
property in order to prevent much greater ultimate loss, either to
the same parties or their neighbors.

Results of the Work Already Done.

The work already done upon this disease has had the following
practical results : The attention of all responsible officials has been
called to the presence of this disease and the great danger from
allowing it to become established and to spread unhindered. One
serious outbreak has apparently been almost completely overcome,
and in no case is the disease yet known to have become so firmly
established that we cannot eradicate it. This disease, together
with the black wart of the potato, has convinced the public that
there is real need for protection from dangerous foreign plant dis-
eases. As a result of this public attitude, the National Quarantine
Act was passed in 1912, and a strict quarantine has been enforced
against all five-leaved pines from the old world. Hence we are
no longer receiving this disease from other countries. If the diseased
trees that we already have can be finally destroyed before the
disease gets a foothold in our forests we may well congratulate
ourselves, for this disease is, in the speaker's opinion, the most
dangerous one for our white pine that is now known.

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES

177

Federal vs. State Power.

Finally, allow me to say a word regarding Federal and state
power to deal with this, as well as other dangerous diseases. Under
our present system of government Federal officers have power to
inspect, condemn or pass nursery stock only when it is an article
of interstate commerce or is being imported from another country.
State officers, on the other hand, have complete power to enter pri-
vate grounds, to inspect, and to condemn nursery stock or other
plants while they are in the hands of their owner. Your inspection
officer in Massachusetts I believe to be honest, capable, and con-
scientious. If you wish to prevent the white pine blister rust from
becoming permanently established here in your state, make it
known, back your officer with sufficient money so that he can do
good work, and if you are unfortunate enough to have some of the
disease in your own grounds, get his advice and follow it. A little
public backing at this time will mean the difference between success
and failure, and will give an example that cannot fail to be heeded
by other states.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(1

(2

(3

(4

(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10

U. S. Dept. Agr.,
1892.
U. S. Dept. Agr.,

Pierce, N. B. The California vine disease.

Division Veg. Phys. & Path. Bull. 2: 1-222.

Grape diseases on the Pacific coast

Farmers' Bull. 30: 7-8. 1895.
Viala, Pierre. Les maladies de la vigne. pp. 1-56. 189.3.
Schrenk, H. von, and Spaulding, Perley. The bitter rot of the apple.

U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 44: 10. 1903.
Woods, A. F. The wastes of the farm. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook

for 1908. pp.- 207-212. 1909.
Cook, Mel. T. The Diseases of Tropical Plants, pp. 160-162.

1913.
Massee, Geo. Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees, p. 52.

1910.
Faber, C. von. Die Krankheiten und Schadlinge des Kaffees I.

Centbl. f. Bakt., 2 Abt., 21: 99-112. 1908.
Stevens, F. L., and Hall, J. G. Diseases of Economic Plants, p. 14.

1910.
Freeman, E. M., and Johnson, E. C. The rusts of grains in the

United States. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 216: 7-8.

1911.

178 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

(11) Bolley, H. L., and Pritchard, F. J. Rust problems; facts, observa-

tions and theories; possible means of control. No. Dak. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 68:615. 1906.

(12) Stewart, F. C, Eustace, H. J., and Sirrine, F. A. Potato spraying

experiments in 1903. N. Y., Geneva, Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 241:
252. 1903.

(13) Wilson, James. Report of the Secretary. U. S. Dept. Agr., Year-

book for 1912. p. 20. 1913.

(14) Metcalf, Haven, and Collins, J. F. The control of the chestnut bark

disease. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bull. 467: 5. 1911.

(15) Orton, W. A. The biological basis of international phytopathology.

Phytopathology, 4: 11-19. 1914.

(16) Jones, L. R., Giddings, N. J., and Lutman, B. F. Investigations of

the potato fungus Phytophthora infestans. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 245: 1-110. 1912. Also published simul-
taneously as Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 168.

(17) Herter, W. Die Ausbreitung der Stachelbeerpest, Sphaerotheca

morsuvae (Schweinitz) Berkeley in Europa in Jahre 1906.
Centbl. f. Bakt., 2 Abt., 17: 764-773. 1907.

(18) McAlpine, D. The rusts of Australia, pp. 43-44, 178-179. 1906.

(19) Smith, R. E. Asparagus and asparagus rust in California. Calif.

Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 165: 18-21. 1905.

(20) Galloway, B. T. The Bureau of Plant Industry, its functions and

efficiency. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind. Circular 117: 1-12.
1913.

(21) Shear, C. L. Some observations on phytopathological problems in

Europe and America. Phytopathology, 3: 77-87. 1913.

(22) Orton, W. A. The plant disease survey of the United States.

Science, n. s., 25: 268. 1907.

(23) Matheny, W. A. A comparison of the American brown-rot fungus

with Sclerotinia fructigena and S. cinerea of Europe. Botanical
Gazette. 56: 418-432. 1913.

(24) Orton, W. A. International phytopathology and quarantine legis-

lation. Phyt.opathology, 3: 143-151. 1913.

(25) Marlatt, C. L. Report of the Federal Horticultural Board, pp. 1-

11. 1913.

(26) Spaulding, Perley. The blister rust of white pine. U. S. Dept. Agr.,

Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 206: 1-88. 1911. (With colored plate of
both stages).

(27) . The present status of the white pine blister rust. U. S.

Dept. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind. Circular 129: 9-20. 1913.

(28) . New facts concerning the white pine blister rust. U. S.

Dept. Agr., Bull. 116 : 1-8. 1914.

(29) , and Field, Ethel C. Two dangerous imported plant diseases.

U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bull. 489: 1-19. 1912.

UNDESIRABLE FOREIGN PLANT DISEASES 179

(30) Kellogg, R. S. The timber supply of the United States. U. S.

Dept. Agr., Forest Service, Circular 166: 8, 19. 1909.

(31) Metcalf, Haven. The chestnut bark disease. U. S. Dept. Agr.,

Yearbook for 1912, pp. 363-372. 1913.

(32) Heald, F. D. The symptoms of chestnut tree blight and a brief

description of the bhght fungus. Pa. Chestnut Tree Blight
Commission, Bull. 5: 1-15. 1913.

(33) , and Studhalter, R. A. FreHminary note on birds as carriers

of the chestnut bhght fungus. Science, n. s., 38: 278-280.
1913.

(34) , Gardner, M. W., and Studhalter, R. A. Wind dissemina-
tion of ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus. Phytopathol-
ogy, 4: 51. 1914.

(35) Metcalf, Haven. The immunity of the Japanese chestnut to the

bark disease. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind. BuU. 121: 3-4.
1908.

(36) Marlatt, C. L. Pests and parasites. National Geographic Maga-

zine, 17: 345. 1911.

(37) Fairchild, David. The discovery of the chestnut bark disease in

China. Science, n. s., 38: 297-299. 1913.

(38) Shear, C. L., and Stevens, N. E. The chestnut bUght parasite

(Endothia parasitica) from China. Science, n. s., 38: 295-297.
1913.

(39) Metcalf, Haven. The chestnut bark disease. The Journal of

Heredity, 5: 8-18. 1914.

(40) Collins, J. F. The chestnut bark disease on chestnut fruits. Science,

n. s., 38: 857-858. 1913.

#

' I'' ' i/,^B
x-% ^ t-'x c- \:xl t\ ; r ^-

TRANSACTIOlNfS^

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1914

PART II

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN

TRANSACTIONS

|iassst|Mtts JarWtal ^odd^

FOE THE YEAR 1914

PART II

BOSTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society
1914

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications-
Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Wilfrid Wheeler

Chairman
George B. Dorr
Prof. F. C. Sears

Committee
on
Lectures and
PnhJicaiions

182

CONTENTS

/
Annual Reports for the Year 1914

Report of the Board of Trustees ....

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers

Report of the Committee on Fruits

Report of the Committee on Vegetables

Report of the Committee on Gardens

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul
ture .......

Report of the Secretary and Li})raria-n .

Report of the Treasurer ....
The Annual Meeting, November 14, 1914

Necrology, 1914 .

Officers, Committees, and Members, 1914

187
191
193
229
247
261
269
275

277
281
285
293
297
303

183

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1914.

185

TRANSACTIONS

1914, PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
FOR THE YEAR 1914.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society presents herewith to the members a summary of the
business transacted at its meetings during the year 1914.

April 4. A communication was presented from Mr. C. C. Laney
of Rochester, New York, acknowledging the receipt of the George
Robert White Medal of Honor, recently awarded the Rochester
Park Commission.

A communication from the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions
was also presented recommending the appropriation of S6000.00,
in addition to the income of the special prize funds of the Societ;^",
for prizes and gratuities for the year 1915. On motion of Mr.
Wilder the recommendation of the committee was approved and
adopted.

On motion of Mr. Roland it was voted that a committee of three
be appointed to consider the matter of cooperation with the com-
mercial growers and florists, with a view to making the Spring
Exhibition of 1915 one of unusual size and interest. The President
appointed as this committee Messrs. James Wheeler, Chairman,
WilHam Sim, and Herman Bartsch.

187

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

On motion of Mr. Saltonstall it was voted that $25.00 of every
life membership fee received be added to the permanent funds of
the Society, the income only to be used for general purposes, and
that the remaining $5.00 be held for such action as the Board may
take later in the year.

Mr. Allen again called attention to the unsatisfactory color of
the walls of the large exhibition hall and suggested that something
should be done to change them to a tint more in harmony with the
floral displays. After some discussion of the subject it was voted,
on motion of Mr. Saltonstall, that a special committee, consisting
of the President and Messrs. Allen and Kidder, be appointed to
consider the suggestions of Mr. Allen and to have full power to
carry them into effect if it could be done without expense to the
Society or from the Society's funds.

Mr. Wheeler suggested that an attractive poster be adopted for
further advertising the exhibitions and lectures of the Society, and
on his motion it was voted to appoint a committee of three to
consider the subject and report at the October meeting. The
President appointed as this committee Messrs. Allen, Wheeler, and
the Secretary.

Mr. Roland referred to the Thirtieth Convention of the Society
of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists which is to
be held in Boston in August next. He said that he would like to
see the Massachusetts Horticultural Society identified in some
way with this event which promised to be one of national interest.

President Farquhar stated that the Society of American Florists
was not merely a trade organization but went far beyond that in
promoting the interests of horticulture throughout the country.
He said that the Massachusetts Horticultural Society had been
asked to appoint delegates to represent it on the committees to
be selected from the various horticultural organizations of the
city.

On motion of Mr. Saltonstall it was voted that the President be
authorized to appoint such delegates to the convention without
expense to the Society. The President appointed the following
named members of the Society as delegates to represent the Society
at the Thirtieth Convention of the Society of American Florists:
Messrs. R. M. Saltonstall, E. B. Wilder, W. P. Rich, William

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 189

Downs, James Wheeler, D. R. Craig, Peter Fisher, Jackson T.
Dawson, and Geo. B. Dorr.

It was voted also that the President be authorized to appoint a
special committee of three Trustees, of which the President should
be a member, to formulate methods for the proper representation
of the Societ}^ at the convention and an appropriation not exceed-
ing $500.00 was voted for this purpose. The President appointed
as this committee Messrs. Farquhar, Roland, and Wilder.

October 3. A communication from the American Peony Society
was read in reference to the annual meeting of that Society in
Boston, 1915. It was voted to extend an invitation to the Ameri-
can Peony Society to hold its next meeting in Boston in connection
with the Peony Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, June 12 and 13, 1915.

The special committee, consisting of Messrs. Saltonstall, Roland,
and Wilder, appointed by the President to present at this meeting
a list of nominations for the Standing Committees of the Society
for the ensuing year submitted a report which after some changes
was accepted as follows :

Standing Committees of the Society
FOR the Year 1915.

Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, Arthur F. Estabrook,
Stephen M. Weld.

Prizes and Exhibitions :— James Wheeler, Chairman, Duncan Fin-
layson, Peter Fisher, S. J. Goddard, T. D. Hatfield,
Dr. W. G. Kendall, Edwin Jenkins, Edward B. Wilder.

Plants and Flowers: — T. D. Hatfield, Chairman, Arthur H.
Fewkes, Donald McKenzie, James Marlborough, Wil-
liam Nicholson, William Sim.

Fruits: — Edward B. Wilder, Chairman, William Downs, Harold
L, Frost, Ralph W. Rees.

Vegetables: — Duncan Finlayson, Chairman, Wni. X. Craig,
Richard Hittinger, Henry M. Howard, John L. Smith.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Gardens and Greenhouses: — John K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman,
Robert Cameron, David R. Craig, Jackson T. Dawson,
WilUam Downs, Arthur H. Fewkes, T. D. Hatfield.

Library: — Charles S. Sargent, Chairman, Ernest B. Dane, Nath'n'l.
T. Kidder, Wm. P. Rich.

Lectures and Publications : — Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman, George
B. Dorr, F. C. Sears, Fred A. Wilson.

Children's Gardens : — Henr}' S. Adams, Chairman, Philip P.
Chase, Mrs. Augustus Hemenway, Dr. Harris Kennedy,
Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody, Harry S. Rand, Miss
Margaret A. Rand, Wm. P. Rich, James Wheeler.

The Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions presented the Schedule
of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year 1915 which was duly approved
and accepted.

The special committee, consisting of Messrs. S^irgent, Farquhar,
and Roland, on the award of the George Robert White Medal of
Honor for the current year reported the name of Sir Harry James
Veitch of London. In presenting this name. Prof. Sargent stated
that this award of the White Medal was in appreciation of the great
work accomplished by Mr. Veitch in promoting the interest in
horticulture in both Great Britain and the LTnited States.

On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to award the George
Robert White Medal for 1914 to Sir Harry James Veitch.

William P. Rich.

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND EXHI-
BITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1914.

By James Wheeler, Chairman.

During the year 1914 there were held twelve regular exhibitions
and one special with an admission charge of fifty cents at the Spring
and Chrysanthemum Shows. At the Spring Show competition
and quality were satisfactory but the receipts for paid admissions
are steadily decreasing. Your committee has held two special
meetings to discuss the lack of interest in the Shows and we find
by reports from other exhibitions throughout the country that they
have had the same experience where an admission fee was charged.

The free exhibitions have been better than those of the previous
year with good displays and large attendance.

During the Convention of the Society of American Florists and
Ornamental Horticulturists held in Boston in August, your com-
mittee felt that the Society should be represented by an exhibition.
In cooperation with the President invitations were sent out to
those usually exhibiting who were told that no prizes were to l)e
offered. Nearly everyone asked responded liberally with the re-
sult that all three halls of the building were well filled and the
exhibit of gladioli in the Lecture Hall was never surpassed.

The Chr\santhemum Show as a whole was not up to the stanthird.
There were more large cut blooms and of better quality than we
ha\e had for many \'ears but there were few chrysanthemum plants
and those shown were not up to the standard of previous years.

Soon after the Chrysanthemum Show a special meeting of the
committee was held in connection with a special committee of the
Board of Trustees, including the President, to discuss methods for
the improvement of the exhibitions of the ensuing year.

At this meeting it was decided to change the name of the Chrys-
anthemum Show to The Grand Autumn Exhibition of Plants,
Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables, to increase the amounts of the

192

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

prizes offered, and to add other special features. Each member
present was appointed a special committee to interest cultivators
and lovers of horticulture in the Society's exhibitions so that it
may be able to maintain its position as a leader in the horticultural
advancement of the country.

James Wheeler
Duncan Finlayson
Peter Fisher
s. j. goddard
T. D. Hatfield
Dr. W. G. Kendall
Alexander Montgomery
Edward B. Wilder

Committee

on Prizes

and Exhibitions.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1914.

By T. D. Hatfield, Chairman.

The shows of the year 1914 were above the average in quahty of
material used and the arrangement was of a high order of merit.

On January 3d Bayard Thayer of South Lancaster exhibited a
very fine specimen of Buddleia asiatica, for which a First Class
Certificate of Merit was awarded Mr. Thayer and a Silver Medal to
William Anderson, the gardener, for superior cultivation. This
was a plant of graceful contour, about four feet high, with long
drooping spikes of white, sweet-scented flowers. It promises to
be valuable for indoor winter decoration, as small plants in four
inch pots bloom as freely as larger ones.

On January 10th a Bronze Medal was awarded the W^eld Garden
for a very fine specimen of Cymbidium Wigamanum, and a Sih'er
Medal was given Mrs. J. L. Gardner for an elegant group of
Euphorbia J acquiniacflora.

Midwinter Exhibition.

The Midwinter Show, January 31, was noted for extra fine
specimens of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine and Primulas. The
Primulas shown by William Whitman included very fine specimens
of P. malacoides and P. obconica for which his gardener, Martin
Sullivan, was awarded Cultural Certificates.

The Gloire de Lorraine Begonias from Mrs. J. L. Gardner, A.
M. Davenport, and Mrs. Lester Leland were all good. W^heeler
& Co. and Mrs. J. L. Gardner had splendid displays of orchids.

The carnation growers did themselves much credit, A. A. Pem-
broke and M. A. Patten making fine displays, and the competition
was close. J. W. Minot of Portland, Maine, was a new exhibitor

193

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of carnations. He showed Winsor, pink; Pocahontas, crimson;
and Beacon, scarlet; taking first prize in each class.

Thomas Roland was awarded a First Class Certificate for a
display of winter-flowering Spencer sweet peas. This is the first
time winter-flowering Spencers have been shown. The ^■arieties
were Christmas Pink, Spencer, and White Spencer.

F. J. Dolansky showed a form of Cattlcya Trianae, blush-white
sepals and petals and yellow throat, named Mrs. Thomas Y. Galvin.
It w^as awarded a First Class Certificate. Duncan Finlayson was
given a First Class Certificate for a fine specimen hybrid orchid,
Cymbidiimi ebumeum X insigne, tinted white with finely spotted
lip. It was distinct and superior to the type.

H. Huebner of Groton made a splendid display of winter-flower-
ing snapdragons. He has been selecting them for years and has
developed the winter-flowering tendency to a considerable degree.
At first he had pink and now has them in three or four other colors.

A First Class Certificate was awarded M. A. Patten & Co. for a
superior form of white winter-flowering mignonette named Far-
quhar's Universal. Knight and Struck Co. of New York made a
pretty display of Epacris pahidosa and Chorizema cordata.

Spring Exhibition.

The Spring Show, March 12, was a good show all through. The
competitive features were extra good cyclamen, forced bulbs,
cinerarias, orchids, schizanthus, and cut roses.

Competition between Duncan Finlayson and Mrs. Lester Leland
was very close, with honors about even in the matter of awards.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner and William Whitman split about even in
cinerarias. Bulbous plants by A. W. Preston and W^illiam Whit-
man were remarkably good and quite up to the standard. Henry
L. and Margaret A. Rand kept up the amateurs' end and Duncan
Finlayson was first in the orchid group with a very fine lot.

Among the miscellaneous groups Thomas Roland's exhibit of
hardwooded plants was a striking feature. His specimens of Erica
mcl anther a were perfect in every way, graceful plants, about nine
feet high; standing separately they made a wonderful effect. It
is questionable if such magnificent specimens have been seen any-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 195

where before. The Society's Gold Medal was awarded Mr.
Roland.

Mr. Roland's group was mainly acacias. It was wonderful in
the variety and beauty of individual specimens and marvelously
well flowered. Noteworthy were specimens of Acacia Baileyaita
and A. pubescens. A Special Diploma was awarded Mr. Roland
for this unique display.

R. & J. Farquhar's collection of seasonable plants made an
interesting and showy group and detail in arrangement was well
carried out. The group included forced lilacs and rhododendrons.
Conspicuous among the latter were specimens of Pink Pearl and
Camille de Rohan. Among other plants were standard Wistarias,
Deutzias, Cytisus, Spiraeas, Azalea, mollis, A. Thunbcrgii, Forsy-
thias, and Magnolia soulangcana. The whole was set off with
palms, bay trees, ferns, and edged with Euonymiis radicans. In
another place the Messrs. Farquhar made a pretty display of the
yellow calla (Richardia Elliottiana) .

The Weld Garden decorative group had marguerites, primulas,
rhododendrons, azaleas, acacias, coronillas, schizanthus, lilacs, and
bulbous plants.

In Edgar Brothers' rose group were plants of Tausendschon,
Clothilde Soupert, Lady Gay, Crimson Rambler, American Beauty,
Marechale Niel, and Hiawatlia. It was prettily arranged.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner's group of bulbous plants arranged for effect
was nicely done. The different kinds of bulbs were well repre-
sented and set off with asparagus ferns and Grevillia.

W^alter Hunnewell had a nice lot of Erica mclanihcra and Miss
Cornelia W'arren some excellent forced roses. Miss Warren's
group of acacias, cytisus, and heaths set off with forced forgetmenot
and white Primula obconica made a pretty color contrast.

Edgar Brothers' commercial group contained azaleas, palms,
cytisus, spiraeas, rhododendrons, acacias, and l)ulbous plants in
))loom.

Thomas E. Proctor (James Marlborough, gardener) put up a
bright group of flowering plants. All were good specimens in-
cluding Primula malacoides, wallflowers, cytisus, stocks, acacias,
azaleas, and some remarkably fine specimens of rhododendron
Pink Pearl.

The Weld (jarden orchid groiij) wiiich won first prize was rich in

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cymbidiums, including C. insigne, C. Lowianum, C. Schroderianum,
also Cypripedium insigne, Cattleya Schroderae, Dendrohium virgin-
ale, and D. Wardianum.

Edward MacMulkin's group was mostly Cattleyas, but nicely
displayed, and F. J. Dolansky exhibited Cattleyas for the most
part. Miss Warren showed an unusually fine specimen of Azalea
indica. Mrs. Lester Leland had some neatly trained cytisus,
boronia, and heaths which attracted a good deal of attention.

The Waban Rose Conservatories sent some magnificent cut
roses. Among them were Killarney Queen and Mrs. Charles
Russell. A new variety, Mrs. Moorfield Storey, on the style of
Madame de Watteville, but more double, on better stems, and
deliciously perfumed, was awarded a Silver Medal.

The Montgomery Co. of Hadley sent a new Hybrid Tea rose
named the Hadley, a velvety crimson. We do not remember
seeing its equal in this color nor one that stood so long.

First Class Certificates went to William Sim for sweet peas,
Orange Orchid and Bohemian Girl, pink. Walter Angus of Wal-
tham sent a pretty lot of cut blooms of the Cherokee rose (Rosa
laevigata) and camellias.

The Cottage Gardens, New York, were awarded a Silver Medal
for carnation Matchless, a fine new white variety, grown and
exhibited by William Sim. The carnation growers made excellent
displays. S. J. Goddard and A. A. Pembroke were the principal
exhibitors. The varieties mostly shown were Benora, variegated ;
Rosette, pink; Beacon, red; Pink Delight; and Yellow Star.

May Exhibition.

Calceolarias were quite up to the standard; the new Stewartii
shown by E. A. Clark was extra good. A pair of Cytisus Laburnum
showed by Mr. Clark was an attraction and showed how valuable
this plant is for decorative effect at this season.

Harry S. Rand made a remarkable exhibit of scented-leaved
geraniums. There were over one hundred varieties' of these
old-fashioned plants and they attracted a good deal of attention.
He was awarded a First Class Certificate.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 197

F. W. Fletcher of Auburndale made a large display of his new
pink snapdragon Nelrose, an attractive winter-flowering variety,
and was awarded a Silver Medal.

Among Mrs. J. L. Gardner's display of orchids were some
extra fine plants of Cattleya Skinneri, Calanthe veratrifolia, a pretty
and rather uncommon white-flowering variety, Cattleya Mossiae,
Phalaenopsis amabilis, and some Miltonias. The group was neatly
edged with Panicum and Selaginella.

June Exhibitions.

The extremely hot weather carried most rhododendron blooms
beyond the date set for the Rhododendron Show, with the result
that only late varieties were exhibited. Walter Hunnewell put
up a table of over one hundred vases of R. delicatissimum. The
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co. of West Newbury was the only other
exhibitor, the season being just right for them.

Orchids were put up in good shape by William Thatcher, gardener
for Mrs. J. L. Gardner. The group contained Cattleya Mossiae,
Phalaenopsis amabilis, P. Schilleriana, Vanda teres, Calanthe vera-
trifolia, and Laelia cinnavipmea, set off nicely with palms and other
decorative plants.

Extensive groups of hardy, herbaceous flowers were tastefully
arranged by R. & J. Farquhar & Co., who were awarded a Silver
Medal; by the Mount Desert Nurseries, including bold vases of
Eremurus himalaiacus, German iris, Polygonatum midtiflorum,
pretty and graceful for grouping, and Heuchera hryzoides, var.
gracillima, very neat for decorative purposes ; and by the Eastern
and Old Town Nurseries.

German irises was a prominent feature. Prizes were won by
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., E. M. Dunphe, and J. K. Alexander,
Among noteworthy varieties were pallida and its varieties; Madame
Paquette, claret; Clio, light and dark purple, falls edged with wliite;
Mrs. H. Darwin, white; Victorine, white and violet mottled;
Lorelei, blue and creamy white; Gagus, crimson falls, light yellow
edges; Maori King, crimson and yellow, falls gold margined.

Early peonies were shown by Mrs. J. L. Gardner, William Whit-

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

man, James McKissock and seedlings by Walter Hunnewell, Dr.
C. S. Minot, and Geo. W. Page. Jackson Dawson staged an in-
teresting lot of seedling roses and was awarded a First Class Certifi-
cate.

Miss Cornelia Warren showed a fine group of Hydrangea Otaksa
besides roses Sunburst, Mme. Plantier, Richmond, Killarney, Lady
Hillingdon, and Austrian Briar. She showed also poppies and an
excellent group of Oncidium flexuosum. Mrs. Frederick Ayer,
George Page, gardener, had a splendid lot of Canterbury bells, and
Mrs. E. M. Gill showed seasonable cut flowers.

The Peony Show, June 20, was put oft' a week and was rather
late for some of the best varieties. Dr. C. S. Minot showed a new
seedling named Mrs. C. S. Minot, a silver white of fine form and
deliciously scented. It was awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit. George N. Smith of Wellesley had a nice lot of commercial
sorts.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co. had a representative collection neatly
displayed which was awarded a Silver Medal. Among them were
Couronne d'Or, yellow and white; Limoe, pink; Mme. de Verne-
ville, white; Agnes Mary Kelway, anemone flowered, white and
yellow; Venus, blush; Louis Van Houtte, red; Charles W. Parker,
red; Snowball; Victor Hugo, red; Baron Rothschild, pink, raised
yellow center; Princess Beatrice, light pink; and Mrs. James
Farquhar, pink.

Among the varieties exhibited by T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., were
Mrs. Manning, red. The ten best in their collection were Baroness
Schroeder, white; Mile. Debuissons, light pink; Mile. Bon chariot,
pink; Mme. Emile Galle, light pink; Dr. Caillot, deep pink;
Mile. Rosseau, white; Mme. August Dessert, light pink; Edward
Andre, red; Felix Crousse, red; and Festiva maxima, white.

The best bloom in the exhibition was shown by Arthur H.
Fewkes, named Mt. Blanc.

The Eastern Nurseries had a fine lot of herbaceous flowers,
among them Heuchera hryzoides, light and dainty; Valeriana offi-
cinalis, Clematis recta, Gaillardia grandiflora, Armeria cephalotes,
Alyssum rostrattim, Aster alpinus, Oenothera glaiica, Centaurea
dealhata, Aquilegia Jaesckkanii, Achillea tomcntosa, Dianthus atro-
rubens, Camijannla j^ersici folia, Centaurea montana, sweet williams.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 199

and the Eldorado coreopsis. Thurlow's pink Kalmia was very
attractive and Mrs. E. M. Gill had a display of seasonable cut
flowers. The Mount Desert Nurseries made a very fine display of
Eremuriis Elwesii, the Lohengrin iris, and the rare Saxifraga
pyramidalis.

The Rose Show, June 26, was excellent in every way. The
growing popularity' of the Hybrid Tea rose was shown by numerous
displays and close competition. Miss S. B. Fay, A. W. Preston,
Albert Geiger, and T. N. Cook were the principal exhibitors and
all were competitors.

Mr. Preston's Queen of May, a magnificent coppery yellow was
very much admired and Miss Fay's Lyon Rose, a large salmon
pink came in for a good deal of attention. The new climber, Mrs.
Henry Sargent Dawson, is full of promise. Miss Susan Minns
made a pretty display of the old York and Lancaster rose and was
awarded Honorable Mention.

Some of the best Hybrid Teas in Miss Fay's lot were Mrs.
x\aron Ward, coppery yellow; Miss Page Roberts, orange red;
Prince of Bulgaria, salmon pink; Caroline Testout, lavender pink;
The Lyon, salmon pink; Dean Hole, deep pink; Mrs. J. B. Clark,
cerise; Antoine Re voire, creamy pink; Miss Cynthia Forde, red;
Souv. Pres. Carnot, pink tinted white; and Gen. McArthur, red.
x\mong Hybrid Perpetuals Miss Fay's exhibit was quite up to the
standard, but contained no new or unusual varieties ; all have been
noted before.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons' Co. made a large display of peonies and
were awarded a special Gold Medal for their work in popularizing
the peony. William Whitman staged a show}' group of sweet
Williams and larkspurs and Mrs. J. L. Gardner an elegant table
of Streptocarpus.

A. H. Fewkes had some late peonies. The Mount Desert
Nurseries had a large collection of peonies and other herbaceous
flowers for which they were awarded a Silver Medal. William
Nicholson showed the always interesting Edelweiss.

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

The Sweet Pea Show, July 11, was quite up to previous exhibi-
tions. The best varieties shown were as follow: White, White
Spencer; Crimson or Scarlet, King Edward, Spencer; Carmine,
John Ingman; Yellow, Floradale Fairy; Blue, Wedgewood;
Blush, Millie Maslis; Deep Pink, Countess Spencer; Cream Pink,
Mrs. C. W. Breadmore; Orange, Thomas Stevenson; Lavender,
Asta Ohn; Purple, Tennant Spencer; Maroon, King Manoel;
Pico tee Edged, Blue Picotee; Striped and Flaked Rose, Aurora
Spencer; Striped and Flaked Blue, Senator Spencer; Bicolor, Mrs.
Cuthbertson.

Among amateurs the varieties for the most part were the same
and quality almost as good as that shown by professional growers,
which goes to show, as much as anything, that the sweet pea is
"everybody's flower."

William Whitman was awarded a Silver Medal for an excellent
display of hybrid larkspurs, and R. & J. Farquhar & Co. received
a Silver Medal for excellence in display of herbaceous flowers.
A Cultural Certificate was given Eric H. Wetterlow, gardener to
Mrs. Lester Leland, for a well-grown lot of Achimenes. Mrs. J. L.
Gardner and Miss Cornelia Warren had neat displays of gloxinias.
Dr. Harris Kennedy and T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co. exhibited
Japanese irises, and the Old Town Nurseries herbaceous flowers.
William Whitman had a fine lot of Ldlium Hansoni and Mrs. Sarah
C. Sears was awarded a Silver Medal for seedling larkspurs.

The Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.

It appears to have been early for gladioli and phloxes on August
8th and not all the usual exhibitors were represented.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer won in the general display with a very fine
collection of gladioli. Chamberlain and Gage made a beautiful
display which included the lovely Mrs. Chamberlain, a white
tinted flower. William Sim exhibited a fine collection of commer-
cial sorts for John Lewis Childs of New York. The gladiolus

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 201

America shown by Mr. Sim won the first prize for the best vase of
one hundred spikes, and Honorable Mention was made of the Mrs.
O. W. HaUiday, a fine tinted pink variety shown by C. W. Brown
of Ashland.

The big feature of this show was a grand display of fancy cala-
diums by Thomas E. Proctor of Topsfield. Nothing like it has
e\ er been seen before in the halls of the Society. A Gold Medal
was awarded Mr. Proctor and a Silver Medal (Cultural) was
awarded the gardener, James Marlborough.

Herbaceous phloxes were shown by T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co.,
Bay State Nurseries, Eastern Nurseries, and F. J. Rea. The
Eastern and Bay State Nurseries made extensive displays of hardy
flowers. The Mount Desert Nurseries made a special display of
Aconitums and Astilbes. For Aconitums they were awarded a
Silver Medal and for Astilbe Juno and Silver White First Class
Certificates.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co. made an artistic display of hardy flowers
for which they were awarded Honorable Mention. Noteworthy
among them were Spark's variety of Aconitum napellus, Viola
cornuta atropurpurea, of the Violetta type, Lilium Henryi, Buddleias
in variety, and Sorbaria glabrata.

The Dahlia Exhibition.

The Dahlia Show came on September 12. It seems that most
florists' flowers have their day. Popularity ebbs and flows. The
dahlia among them holds steadiest of all. The dahlia fad is a lone
fad. The dahlia faddist seldom has another. The same exhibitors
come every Dahlia Show. There is the same ci'owd of admirers
and they vanish, not to be seen again for another year.

Still the dahlia is a gorgeous flower and it has a fascination for a
large number of people, as was shown by the immense throng that
filled Horticultural Hall on Sunday, September 13. It is always
so. The last Dahlia Show was the best we have had for years.
It filled the Main Hall and overflowed into the smaller one. The
flowers were of high quality and competition close. In some classes
there were as many as seven competitors and in the general display

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

some exhibitors had 250 named varieties, and the least over 100.

A. W. Preston and T. N. Cook had displays of Hybrid Tea roses.
William Whitman had a good display in yellow, white, and red,
made up of zinnias, gladioli, dahlias, and marigolds.

The Eastern Nurseries made an extensive exhibit of autumn
flowers, mostly Composites, and a large display of phloxes of which
the Elizabeth Campbell, clear pink, and Jeanne d'Arc, white, were
especially noteworthy. Mrs. F. C. Upham of Melrose had a fine
display of wild flowers, carefully named.

Sisson and Thurston showed long-stemmed dahlias very effec-
tively. William Nicholson was awarded a First Class Certificate
for Buddleia variabilis in variety and Mrs. E. M. Gill had season-
al )le flowers.

The Chrysanthemum Show.

The Chrysanthemum Show has become noted more for other
good plants than chrysanthemums. To be sure we had a few at the
exhibition of November 5-8, enough to make a quorum of speci-
mens. W^hile not as large as formerly they were neat and well
worth the name. The varieties used in J. S. Bailey's group, which
won the first prize, were Mrs. Duckham, yellow; Dr. Enguehard,
pink; Theo, creamy- white; and Garza, white. A. M. Daven-
port's Garza won the first prize for the best plant in the exhibition.
Garza has probably taken more honors than any chrj^santhemum
plant we know.

There seems to be no letting up in size of specimen blooms. It
is doubtful if we ever had better or larger blooms than those shown
by Col. H. E. Converse, E. A. Clark, Galen Stone, Lester Leland,
and W. S. Russell. It may be interesting to know just what today
are considered the best varieties for exhibition blooms so we give
the names and colors of a number of the best Japanese varieties:
James Eraser, Queenie Chandler, Chelton, Mrs. Duckham, yellow;
Leilia Filkins, Marquis Venosti, Alice Lrcmon, pink; Mrs. R. D.
Foote, Miss Alice Finch, crimson; Annie E. Angus, Nellie Josier,
Mrs. Gilbert Drabble, William Turner, Onunda, white; Meudon,
Reginald Vallis, William Mease, red; Mary Mason, Pockett's
Surprise, bronze.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AND FLOWERS 203

The Messrs. Farquhar put up an excellent decorative group of
flowering and foliage plants not entered in competition and the
Breck, Robinson Co. made an interesting display of coniferous
trees and shrubs in tubs.

The prize for the large decorative group was won by the W. W.
Edgar Compan3\ This firm did more than was required to win the
prize which was indeed most creditable. The material was ex-
cellent and the arrangement bold and handsome.

F. P. Putnam of Tewksbury staged a beautiful lot of seedling
single chrysanthemums which showed much improvement in the
type. Mrs. Lester Leland exhibited some wonderful specimens
of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine and the gardener, Eric H. Wetterlow,
was awarded a Cultural Certificate for Turnford Hall, a fine white-
flowered variety.

Cattleys were a feature of F. J. Dolansky's group which showed
much improvement in arrangement. J. T. Butterworth had some
pretty and unusual plants in his orchid group, notably, Miltonia
Morclliana, the Black Diamond.

A Silver Medal was awarded Edwin S. Webster for Begonia
Mrs. Heal, one of the winter-flowering hybrids belonging to the
Lorraine tj^pe. A Silver Medal went to the Waban Rose Con-
servatories for the rose Mrs. Moorfield Storey, a sweetly-scented,
pink-tinted variety, with long stems and handsome foliage. Its
lasting qualities were remarkable and it kept in first-rate condition
throughout the show.

Mrs. E. M. Gill made a pretty display of Dipladenia and Al-
lamanda blooms. Thomas T. Watt made an interesting display
of imusual plants, among them Strelitzia regina, Statice Holfordi,
Saxifraga sarmentosa, and Saintpaulia ionantha. Peter Fisher's
carnation Alice was awarded a Silver Medal. It is a finely formed
light pink commercial variety.

On November 28th Walter Hunnewell was awarded a First Class
Certificate for Cattleya Minna (Cattleya Trianae X Laelio-Cattleya
cximia). ,

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The Convention Show.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society held a flower show,
complimentary to the Society of American Florists, during the
week of August 20th.

William Sim made a large exhibit of gladioli and was awarded a
Gold Medal for excellence in display, as well as a First Class Cul-
tural Certificate. B. Hammond Tracy also made a display of
gladioli and was awarded a Silver Medal for excellence in display.
John Lewis Childs was awarded a Silver Medal for an exhibit of
gladioli.

Honorable Mention was awarded the following named exhibitors :

Old Town Nurseries for display of gladioli and herbaceous
flowers.

Mount Desert Nurseries for Aconitums.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for lilies and herbaceous flowers.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer for fuchsias.

E. F. Dwyer for dahlias.

Eastern Nurseries for herbaceous flowers.

Walter Hunnewell for Buddleias.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co. for phloxes.

W. W. Edgar Co. for display of commercial plants and flowers.

T. D. Hatfield
Arthur H. Fewkes
Donald McKenzie
James Marlborough
William Nicholson
William Sim

Committee

on

Plants and Flowers.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 205

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND

FLOWERS.

1914.

Midwinter Flower Show.

January 31 and February 1.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine. — Six plants in pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, A. M. Davenport, $6.
Begonia Glory of Cincinnati. — Six plants in pots:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8; 2d, A. M. Davenport, $6.
Freesias. — Six eight-inch pots:

1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $4.
Primula sinensis. — Eight plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $8; 2d. WiUiam Whitman, $6; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $4.
Primula Kewensis. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, E. A. Clark, $8.
Primula stellata.— Eight plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, WiUiam Whitman, $6.
Primula obconica. — Eight plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, Wilham Whitman, $6; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $4.
Primula malacoides. — Eight plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $8; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6; 3d, Weld
Garden, $4.
Roman Hyacinths. — White, eight six-inch pans:

1st, WUliam Whitman, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.
Orchids. — Calanthes, six pots, in bloom:
1st, Wheeler & Co., 110.
Three plants in bloom other than Calanthes:

1st, F. J. Dolansky, .SIO; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 3d, F. J.
Dolansky, $6.
Specimen plant in bloom, other than Calanthes:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $5: 2d, Wheeler & Co., $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner $3.
Carnations. — Vase of fifty cut blooms, not less than five varieties, with
foliage :
1st, M. A. Patten, $10; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, $6.

206 MASSACHIiSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Vase of twenty-five cut blooms, not less than three varieties, open to
private growers only:

1st, E. D. Jordan, $5; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, S4.
Fifty blooms any white variety:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, White Wonder, $6; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, White
Enchantress, $4.
Fifty blooms any red variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Commodore, $6.
Fifty blooms any light pink variety:

1st, J. W. Minot Co., Winsor, $6.
Fifty blooms aiy flesh pink variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Pink Delight, $6; 2d, Strcuts, Pink Delight, $4.
Fifty blooms any dark pink variety:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Rosette, S6.
Fifty blooms any crimson variety :

1st, J. W. Minot Co., Pocahontas, $6.
Fifty blooms any scarlet variety:

1st, J. W. Minot Co., Beacon, $6.
Fifty blooms any white variegated variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Benora, $6.
Feeesias. — One hundred sprays:

1st, F. W. Fletcher, $8.
Violets. — -Bunch of one hundred blooms of any single variety:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $3 ; 2d, E. Bingham, $2.
Bunch of one hundred blooms of any double variety :

1st, E. Bingham, $3.
Sweet Peas. — ■ Two vases, distinct varieties, one hundred sprays in each:

1st, Thomas Roland, $5.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, group of Erica melanthera, $8.
Miss Cornelia Warren, two specimen plants of Erica melanthera, $3.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, group of Cyclamen, $4.
Miss Cornelia Warren, Lachenalia Nelsoni, $1.
" " " two specimen -plants oiCytisusracemosus,$4i.

A. M. Davenport, collection of Gloire de Lorraine Begonias, white and

pink, with ferns, $5.
Wheeler & Co., cut Phalaenopsis amabilis, $2.
Patten & Co., vase of Carnation Princess Dagmar, $3.
Thomas Roland, collection of Sweet Peas, $3.
Mrs. C. G. Weld, vase of Tulips, $1.

awards for plants and flowers 20^

Spring Exhibition.

March 12, 13, 14, and 15.

Azalea indica. — Fom- plants, four varieties:
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $15.
Three plants, distinct varieties, not less than thii'ty-six inches in diam-
eter; for private gi-owers only:
1st, William Whitman, $12.
Specimen plant:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $10; 2d, A. W. Preston, $6.
Palms. — Pair in pots or tubs:

• 1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $10.
Specimen palm in bloom :
1st, William Whitman, $10.
Acacias. — Specimen plant in bloom:

1st, Weld Garden, .$8; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $6; 3d, Weld Garden, $4.
Hard Wooded Greenhouse Plants.— Six specimens, other than Acacias,
Azaleas, and Ericas:
1st, Weld Garden, $15; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $10.
Specimen plant:

W. W. Edgar Co., $10.
Rambler Roses.— Three plants, distinct varieties:

2d, W.W.Edgar Co., $8.
Group of Roses.— Not less than twelve plants, all classes admissible:
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $40, and Silver Medal; 2d, Miss Cornelia
Warren, $30, and Bronze Medal.
Cyclamens.— Twelve plants in not over seven-inch pots:

1st, Weld Garden, $15; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $6.
Six plants in not over ten-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $25; 2d, Weld Garden, $15; 3d, Mrs. J.
L. Gardner, $10.
Specimen plant:

Mrs. Lester Leland, $5.
Cinerarias.— Grandiflora type, six plants:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12.
Specimen plant:

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Stellata type, six plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $8.
Specimen plant :

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ScHizANTHUS. — Six plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $6; 3d, Weld
Garden, $4.
Hyacinths. — Six pans not exceeding ten inches in diameter, six bulbs of one
distinct variety in each:
1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, E. A. Clark, $8.
Single pan not exceeding twelve inches in diameter, six bulbs of one
distinct variety in each;
1st, E. A. Clark, $4; 2d, Francis Skinner, $3; 3d, E. A. Clark, $2.
Single pan not exceeding twelve inches in diameter, ten bulbs of one
variety:
1st, WilUam Whitman, $3; 2d, Francis Skinner, $2.
Two eight-inch pans, two distinct varieties; for amateurs only:

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $5; 2d. H. L. Rand, $3; 3d, Miss M. A. Rand,
$2.
Single Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, one distinct variety in each:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $10; 2d, Wilham Whitman, $8; 3d, A. W.
Preston, $6.
Joost van Vondel, white, three eight-inch pans:

1st, WilUam Whitman, $5.
Any other white variety, three eight-inch pans:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Mon Tresor, three eight-inch pans:

1st, William Whitman, $5.
Any other yellow variety, three eight-inch pans:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Vermihon BrUUant, three eight-inch pans:

1st, A. W. Preston, $5.
Any other red variety , three eight-inch pans :

1st, A. W. Preston, $5.
Keizerkroon, three eight-inch pans: •

1st, William Whitman, $5.
Pink Beauty, three eight-inch pans :

1st, William Whitman, $5.
Any other pink or pink and white variety, three eight-inch pans:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Duchess of Parma, three eight-inch pans:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $5.
Two eight-inch pans, two varieties; for amateurs only:

1st, H. L. Rand, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $3; 3d, Miss M. A. Rand, $2.
Double Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, in not less than three varieties:
1st, William Whitman,, $10; 2d, A. W. Preston, $8; 3d, Francis
Skinner, $6.
Narcissuses. — Collection of Large Trumpet varieties, twelve eight-inch
pots or pans, one distinct variety in each:
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $12.

AWAKDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 209

Large Trumpet varieties, four eight-inch pots or pans:

1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, A. W. Preston, $4; 3d, William Whit-
man, $3.
Collection of Short Trumpet varieties, ten eight-inch pots or pans, one
distinct variety in each:
1st, WilUam Whitman, $12.
Short Trumpet varieties, four eight-inch pots or pans, one distinct
variety in each:
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $6; 2d, A. W. Preston, $4; 3d, William Whit-
man, $3.
Two eight-inch pans, two varieties; for amateurs only:

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $3; 2d, H. I . Rand, $2; 3d, Miss M. A. Rand, $1.
Crocus. — Three eight-inch pans, one distinct variety in each:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.
Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $6.
Amaryllis. — Twelve pots, distinct varieties;
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.

LlLIUM LONGIFLORUM. — Six pots:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $10; 2d, Francis Skinner, $8.
General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — AU classes, to be ar-
ranged with foliage plants:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $30.
Forced Bulbs. — Six pans, six inches in diameter, grown without the aid
of a frame or greenhouse:
1st, H. L. Rand, $10; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $8; 3d, Miss M. A. Rand,
$6.
Orchids. — Group of plants arranged for effect with ferns or other foliage
plants, to cover not less than fifty square feet:
1st, Weld Garden, $40, and Silver Medal; 2d, Edward MacMulkin,
$30, and Bronze Medal.
Specimen plant:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $6; 2d, Joshua Lawson, $4; 3d, F. J.
Dolansky, $2.
Roses. — Twenty-five blooms of KiUarney:
1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $12.
Twenty-five blooms of Mrs. Charles Russell:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $12.
Twenty-five blooms, any new named variety not in commerce:
Montgomery Co., The Hadley. Silver Medal.
Carnations. — Vase of one hundred cut blooms of one variety, with
foliage:
1st, Albert Roper, Mrs. Alice Coombs, $12; 2d, A, A. Pembroke,
Benora, $8.
Fifty blooms any named dark pink variety :
1st, A. A. Pembroke, Rosette, $5.

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Fifty blooms any named scarlet variety:
1st, A. A. Pembroke, Commodore, $5.
Fifty blooms any named white variegated variety c

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Benora, $5; 2d, James Wheeler, Benora, $4.
Fifty blooms any named white variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, White Wonder, $5; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, White
Enchantress, $4.
Violets. — Bvmch of one hundred blooms of any single variety:

1st, Esty Bros., $3; 2d, Esty Bros., $2.
Marguerites. — -One hmidred blooms, yellow:

1st, James Wheeler, $6.
Antirrhinums. — Vase of twenty-five spikes:

1st, G.E.Buxton, $6; 2d, G. E. Buxton, $4.
Camellias. — Collection of twelve blooms:

1st, Walter Angus, $5.
Gardenias. — -Collection of twelve blooms:

1st, F. J. Dolansky, $5; 2d, E. B. Dane. $4.
Table Decoration. — For the best table decoration laid for eight covers:
1st, F. E. Palmer, $50; 2d, Sidney Hoffman, $30; 3d, Edward Mac-
Mulkin, $20.

Gratuities: — ■

T. T. Watt, Azaleas, $2.

A. W. Preston, display of Azaleas and bulbous plants, $4.

Edward MacMuIkin, six Bougainvillea plants, $3.

Mrs. Lester Leland, specially trained plants, $8.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, six plants Cineraria Reading Gem, $3.

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of flowering plants, $20.

W. W. Edgar Co., " " " " $20.

Weld Garden, " " " " $15.

William Whitman, display of bulbous plants, $3.

Francis Skinner, " " " " $2.

Patten & Co., vase of Carnation Princess Dagmar, $2.

S.J. Goddard, six vases of Carnations, $10.

R. D. Kimball, vase of Carnations, $2.

J. H. Leach & Son, " " " $2.

Walter Angus, Cherokee Roses and Camellia blooms, $5.

Edward MacMulkin, annual Chrysanthemums, $1.

T. T. Watt, display of Camellias, Statice Holfordi, and Strelitzia Reginaey

$2.
G. W. Page, thi'ee pans Cypripedium acaule, $1.
Edward MacMulkin, Orchid decoration, $5.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $3.

awards for plants and flowers 211

May Exhibition.

May 16 and 17.

Calceolarias. — Large Flowered, six varieties, in pots:
1st, E. A. Clark, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8.
Stewartii, six plants in pots:
1st, E. A. Clark, $12.
Pelargoniums. — Six named Show or Fancy varieties, in not less than
eight-inch pots, in bloom:
1st, WilUam Whitman, $10.
Hardy Narcissuses. — Twenty-five blooms of Emperor:
1st, William Whitman, $3.
Twenty-five blooms of Empress:

1st, WilHam Whitman, $3.
Twelve blooms of Glory of Leiden :

1st, C. S. Minot, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2.
Collection of twenty vases of not less than six named varieties:
1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, William Whitman, $6.
Pansies. — ■ Forty-eight blooms, not less than twenty-four varieties:

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d, Miss Cornelia
Warren, $1.
Native Plants. — Collection, named, one bottle of each kind:
2d, Miss Ruth G. Taylor, $4.

Gratuities: —

Miss Cornelia Warren, Calceolaria Golden Gem, $8.
William Whitman, collection of Pelargoniums, $4.

" Tulips, $8.
" " " " Narcissuses, $1.

H. S. Rand, collection of scented-leaved Geraniums, $5, and First Class

Certificate of Merit.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, collection of Orchids, $12.
E. A. Clark, two Laburnums in bloom, $5.
" " " standard Hydrangea Otaksa, $5.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, specimen Gloriosa Rothschildiana, $2.

" " " " vase of Clarkia Salmon Queen, $1.

T. T. Watt, collection of cut Petunias, $1.
Patten «fe Co., vase of Carnation Princess Dagmar, $2.
Miss Cornelia Warren, vase of white Carnations, $1.
" " " vase of Poppies, $1.

" " " display of Gladiolus Blushing Bride, $i.

Mrs. M. W. Chadbom-ne, display of cut shrubs, $2.

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Mrs. E. M. Gill, collection of cut flowers, $3.

Lowthorpe School of Horticulture, " " " " $1.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " " " " $1.

Rhododendron Exhibition.

June 13 and 14.

Orchids. — Display of plants, not less than four genera, arranged for effect
with foUage plants:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $25; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.

H.H. Hunnewell Fund No S.

Rhododendrons. — Six distinct varieties, one truss of each:
1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $3.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

German Irises. — Twenty-four vases of three trusses each, not less than
twelve varieties:
1st, T. G. Thurlow's Sons Co., $5; 2d, E. M. Dunphe, $3; 3d, J. K.
Alexander, $2.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers.— Twenty-five distinct species and varie-
ties, not less than ten genera:
1st, Eastern Nurseries, $10.

Gratuities: —

William Whitman, collection of German Iris and Peonies, $10.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of German Iris, $2.

J.K.Alexander, " " " " $1.

G. W. Page, collection of Hemerocallis seedlings and German Iris, $2.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, collection of Peonies, $5.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Peonies, $5.

Wellesley Nurseries, " " " $5.

James McKissock, " " " $2.

T. C. Thurlow's Song Co., " " " $1.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, two vases of Peonies, $2.

G. W. Page, collection of seedling Peonies, $2.

Miss Cornelia Warren, collection of Roses and Poppies, $3.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Canterbury BeUs, $3.

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Onddium flexuosum, $6.

AA\ ARD.S P^OR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 213

F. J. Dolansky, specimen Cattleya Mossiae, $5.

E. A. Clark, specimen Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, $2.

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Hydrangeas, $4.

Old Town Nurseries, collection of herbaceous flowers, $4.

Mrs. M. W. Chadbourne, display of seasonable flowers, $2.

Peony Exhibition.

June 20 and 21.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of twenty named varieties, double, one
^1 flower of each:

1st, A. H. Fewkes, $10; 2d, James McKissock, $6; 3d, T. C. Thurlow's
Sons Co., $4.
Collection of ten named varieties, double, tliree flowers of each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $10; 2d, A. W. Preston, $6; 3d, James
McKissock, $4.
Specimen bloom, double:

1st, A. H. Fewkes, $2; 2d, James McKissock, $1.
Collection of twelve named varieties, single, one bloom of each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $4.
Collection of twelve named varieties, Japanese Single:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $4.
Collection of six named double varieties, White, one flower of each:
1st, C. S. Minot, $3; 2d, James McKissock, $2; 3d, T. C. Thurlow's
Sons Co., $1.
Collection of six named double varieties, Rose Pink, one flower of each:

1st, James McKissock, $3.
Collection of six named double varieties, Salmon Pink, one flower of each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $3.
Collection of six named double varieties. Red or Crimson, one flower of
each:
1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $3.
Collection of six named double varieties, any other color, one flower of
each:
1st, A. W. Preston, $3.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double. White or Blush :

1st, H. F. Chase, $5; 2d, A. H. Fewkes, $3; 3d, WiUiam Whitman, $2.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double. Pink or Rose:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $5; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $3;
3d, James McKissock, $2.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, Red or Crimson:
1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $5; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3.

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Collection of twelve named varieties, double, one flower of each; for
non-commercial growers only :

1st, C. S. Minot, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Collection of twelve blooms, Pink; for private gardenei'S only:

1st, William Whitman, $3.
Collection of twelve blooms. White; for private gardeners only:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $3; 2d, A. W. Preston, $2.
Collection of twelve blooms, Red; for private gardeners only:

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2.

Gratuities: —

Wellesley Nurseries, display of Peonies, $5.

William Whitman, " " " $4.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., " " " $3,
J. K. Alexander, " " " $2.

A. W. Preston, " " " $1.

A. H. Fewkes, " " " $1.

WiUiam Whitman, display of Hybrid Roses, $5.
" " display of Kalniia latifolia, $4.

Lowthorpe School of Horticulture, display of Sweet Williams, $1.
Eastern Nurseries, collection of perennials, $10.
Old Town Nurseries, " " " $5.

T. C. Thm-low's Sons Co., thi-ee vases of cut flowers, $3.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $3.

Mrs. M.W.Chadbourne, " " " " $2.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 27 and 28.

Gloxinias. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.

Theodore IJynuin Fund No. 2.

Hakdy Roses. — Collection, named, not less than twenty varieties, filling
fifty vases, one rose in each vase:
1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $20; 2d, A. W. Pre.ston, $15; 3d, T. N. Cook, $10.

John C. Chaffin Fund.

Best three blooms of any white Hybrid Perpetual Rose:
1st, Robert Seavor, l^'rau Karl Druschki, $.5.

A\A'ARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 215

Best three blooms of any Pink Hybrid Perpetual Rose:

1st, Robert Seaver, Marie Finger, $5.
Best three blooms of any Red Hybrid Perpetual Rose :

1st, Robert Seaver, Gen. Jacqueminot, $5; 2d, Robert Seaver, Ul-
rich Brunner, $3.
Basket of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, artistically arranged:

1st, Robert Seaver, $5; 2d, Robert Seaver, $3.

Society's Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — ^ Twelve named varieties, tliree of each:
1st, Miss S. B. Fay; $12; T. N. Cook, $8.
Six named varieties, three of each:

1st, Miss S.B. Fay, $6.
Twenty-four named varieties, one of each:

1st, WilUam Whitman, .$8.
Twelve named varieties, one of each:

1st, A. F. Estabrook, .14; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $3.
Six named varieties, one of each:

1st, E. K. Butler, $3; 2d, Miss S. B. Fay, $2; 3d, Col. Frederick Mason,
$1.
Hybrid Tea Roses. — Collection of twelve varieties, three blooms each:
1st, Miss S. B. Fay, .$15; 2d, A. W. Preston, .flO; 3d, Albert Geiger,
Jr., $6.
Best three blooms of a Hybrid Tea variety introduced since 1909:

Lst, A. W. Preston, $3; 2d, A. W. Preston, $2; 3d, T. N. Cook, $1.
Six blooms, any White variety:
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, .$3.
Six blooms, any Yellow variety:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3; 2d, A. W. Preston, $2.
Six blooms, any Pink variety:

1st, E. K. Butler, .$3; 2d, A. W. Preston, $2; 3d, A. F. Estabrook, .$1.
Six blooms, any Red variety :

1st, A. W.Preston, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2; 3d, A W. Pre.stou, $1 .
Basket, artistically arranged:

1st, Mrs. Albert Geiger, Jr., $5; 2d, Mrs. Albert Geiger, Jr., .$3.
For the most artistic decoration of Roses, with rose foliage, to fill space
not exceeding fifty square feet :
lst, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, .$30; 2d, Miss S. H. Fay, .$20; 3d, T. N.
Cook, $10.
Sweet Williams. — Display, eighteen vases of three trusses each, not less
than six varieties:
1st, William Whitmau, $.5; 2(1. Mrs. .1. L. (ianlncr, .$4; :!d. William
\\hitmau, $3.

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Best display:

1st, Old Town Nurseries, Silver Medal; 2d, Eastern Nurseries, Bronze
Medal.
Perennial Larkspurs. — Twelve vases, three spikes each:

1st, William Whitman, $5.
Campanula Medium. — Collection, filling twelve vases, one color in a
vase:
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $6.

Gratuities: —

Miss Susan Minns, display of York and Lancaster Roses, $1, and Honor-
able Mention.
Miss ComeHa Warren, display of Roses, $3.
A. W. Preston, " " " S3.

William Whitman, " " " $1.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Gladioli, $2.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Streptocarpus hybrids, $3.
A. W. Preston, display of Sweet Peas, $2.

A. H, Fewkes, display of late Peonies, $2, and Honorable Mention.
Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Hydrangea plants, $5.
WilKam Whitman, display of herbaceous flowers, $4.
Mrs. E. M. GUI, display of cut flowers, $3.

Miss Comeha Warren, " " " " $2.

E. W. Dwyer, " " " " $1.

Mrs. M. W. Chadboume, " " " " $1.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.
July 11 and 12.

John Allen French Fund.

Sweet Peas. — Twenty-five sprays, any White variety:

1st, Mrs. W. B. Leeds, $3; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $2; 3d, Mrs. Lester
Leland, $1.
Twenty-five sprays. Crimson or Scarlet:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $3; 2d, Col. Charles Pfaff, $2; 3d, Mrs.
Lester Leland, $1.
Twenty-five sprays, Carmine:

1st, Mrs. W. B. Leeds, $3; 2d, Col. Charles Pfaff, $2; 3d, Col. Charles
Pfaff, $1.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 217

Twenty-five sprays, Yellow :

1st, Miss Fanny Foster, $3; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $2; 3d, Mrs.
Lester Leland, $1.
Twenty-five sprays, Blue:

1st, Mrs Lester Leland, $3; 2d, Miss Fanny Foster, $2; 3d, Mrs.
Lester Leland, $1.
Twenty-five sprays. Blush:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $3; 2d, Col. Charles Pfaff, $2; 3d, Mrs. Les-
ter Leland, $1.
Twenty-five sprays. Deep Pink:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $3; 2d, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, $2; 3d, Mrs. Lester
Leland, $1.
Twenty-five sprays, Cream Pink:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $3; 2d, Miss Fanny Foster, $2; 3d, Mrs.
Lester Leland, $1.
Twenty-five sprays, Orange:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $3; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $2; 3d, Mrs. W.
B. Leeds, $1.
Twenty-five sprays. Lavender:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $3; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $2.
Twenty-five sprays. Purple:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $3; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $2; 3d, Miss
Fanny Foster, $1.
Twenty-five sprays. Maroon:
1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $3.
Twenty-five sprays, Picotee-edged:

1st, Miss Fanny Foster, $3.
Twenty-five sprays, Striped or Flaked Red or Rose:

1st, Mrs. W. B. Leeds, $3; 2d, Mrs. W. B. Leeds, $2; 3d, Harry
Heeremans, $1.
Twenty-five sprays. Striped or Flaked Blue or Purple:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, S3; 2d, Mrs. W. B. Leeds, $2; 3d, E. L.
Lewis, $1.
Twenty-five sprays, Bicolor, other than Picotee-edged:

1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, $3; 2d, Miss Fanny Foster, $2; 3d, W. D.
Blossom, $1.
For the best decoration of Sweet Peas, cut flowers or growing plants or
both:
1st, Penn the Florist, Silver Medal; 2d, Boston Cut Flower Company,
Bronze Medal.

Society's Prizes.
(For amateurs only.)

Best vase. White, twelve sprays to a vase:

1st, J. A. Raddin, $3; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, $2.

218 MASSACIII'SETTS HOKTICrLTrHA 1, SOCIETY

Best vase, Pink:

1st, Miss I. H. Miller, $3; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, $2.
Best vase, Dark Pink:

1st, Miss I. H. MUler, $3; 2d, J. A. Raddin, $2.
Best vase, Lavender:

1st, Miss I. H. Miller, $3; 2d, Alice Hildreth, $2.
Best vase, Salmon:

1st, J. A. Raddin, $3; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, $2.
Best vase. Crimson or Scarlet:

1st, Miss I. H. Miller, $3; 2d, Thomas Brook, $2.
Best vase. Primrose:

1st, J. A. Raddin, $3; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $2.
Best vase, Scarlet:

1st, J. A. Raddin, $3; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, $2.
Best vase, any other color:

1st, Miss I. H. Miller, $3; 2d, J. A. Raddin, $2.
Best collection of Sweet Peas, six flowers in a vase:

1st, Alice Hildreth, $6; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, $4; 3d, J. A. Raddin, $2.
Hollyhocks. — Twenty-foiu- blooms, not less than four varieties:

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, Wilham Whitman, $2.
Native Plants. — Collection, named, one bottle of each kind:

1st, L. D. Watson, $5; 2d, Mrs. Sarah Hildreth, $4; 3d, Mrs. F. C.
Upham, $3; 4th, Miss Ruth G. Taylor, $2.

Gratuities: —

Col. Charles Pfaff, display of Sweet Peas, .S3.

William Whitman, display of Liliiwi Hansoni, $2.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Gloxinias, $3.

Miss Cornelia Warren, " " " $2.

A. W. Preston, Hybrid Tea Roses, $2.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Gladioli and R'oses, $8.

Boston Cut Flower Company, basket of Roses, $3, and Honorable

Mention.
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Japanese Iris, $8.
Dr. Harris Kennedy, display of Iris Kaeinpferi, $5.
Miss Cornelia Warren, " " " " $3.

William Whitman, display of Hybrid Larkspurs, $10, and Silver Medal.
Mrs. Lester Leland, display of Achimenes, $8.
Miss Cornelia Warren, specimen of Hydrangeas, $2.
Old Town Nurseries, display of hardy flowers, $6.
Eastern Nurseries, " " " " $10.

Miss Cornelia Warren, " " " " $3.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $4.
Gertrude Schulz, " " " " $3.

awards for plants and flowers 219

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.

August 8 and 9.

Perennial Phloxes. — Twelve named varieties, one truss of each :

1st, F. J. Rea, $4; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $3; 3d, Eastern
Nurseries, $2.
General display, in not less than thirty vases, named:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $8; 2d, F. J. Rea, $6; 3d, Bay State
Nurseries, $4.
Twelve trusses, named varieties; for private growers only:
1st, William Whitman, $5.
Gladioli. — Twelve named varieties, one spike of each:
1st, WiUiam Sim, $4.
Twelve named varieties, one spike of each; for private growers only:

1st, Miss H. A. Reardon, .$4.
Fifty spikes, any named variety:

William Sim, $8.
Display of named and unnamed varieties filling one himdred vases, ar-
ranged for effect with any foliage :
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15.
Basket or hamper, artistically arranged:
Chamberlain & Gage, $5.
China Asters. — Display of Lai-ge Flowei-ed of all classes, named, fifty
vases, three flowers in each :
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $6.
Twenty-five vases, three flowers in each, all classes:
1st, William Whitman, $4; 2d, WiUiam Whitman, $3.
Annuals. — ■ General display, named, thirty species, filling not less than
t)ne hundred bottles:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 2d, Col. Charles Pfaff, $8; 3d, WiUiam
Whitman, $6.

Gratuities: —

WiUiam Sim, display of GladioU, $10.

Chamberlain & Gage, " " " $5.

B. H. Tracy, " " " $3.

Miss H. A. Reardon, two vases of Gladioli, $1.

E. F. Dwyer & Son, display of DahUas, $2.

Gustav Olson, display of Shasta Daisy, $1.

William Nicholson, display of Buddleia variabilis varieties, $2, and

Honorable Mention.
Bay State Nurseries, displaj^ of hardy perennials, $10.
Eastern Nurseries, " " " " $10.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

G. W. Page, display of herbaceous flowers, $3.
" " " collection of native flowers, $1.
Miss Cornelia Warren, display of cut flowers, $5.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " " $4.

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.

September 12 and 13

Dahlias. — Show or Fancy, twenty-four named varieties:
1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4.
Twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, P. A. Mansfield, $3; 2d, F. L. Tinkham, $2; 3d, G. H. Walker, $1.
Cactus, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

1st, Sisson & Thurston, $4; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $3.
Twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, Miss Fanny Foster, $3; 2d, P. A. Mansfield, $2; 3d, W. H. Sy-
monds, $1.
Decorative, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4; 2d. F. L. Tinkham, $3.
Twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, E. W. Ela, $3; 2d, Mrs. L. M. Towle, |2; 3d, G. H. Walker- $1.
Peony-flowered, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, G. L. Stillman, $3; 2d, E. W. Ela, $2; 3d, Sisson & Thurston,^$l.
Pompon, twenty-four vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4; 2d, G. L. Stillman, $3.
Twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, Lydia A. Towle, $3.
Single, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, Sisson & Thurston, $3; 2d, E. W. Ela, $2; 3d, G. L. Stillman, $1.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each:

1st, E. F. Dwyer & Son, $8; 2d, G. H. Walker, $6; 3d, G. L. Stillman,
S4.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Best display:

1st, Eastern Nurseries, Silver Medal.
Hybrid Tea Roses. — Twelve varieties, three blooms of each:

1st, T. N. Cook, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $4; 3d, T. N. Cook, $3.
Native Plants. — Collection, named, one bottle of each kind:

let, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $5; 2d, Etta M. Parker, $4; 3d, Ruth G.
Taylor, $3.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. F. G. Dodge, display of DahUas, $4.
Lydia A. Towle, " " " $4.

.AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 221

W. D. Hathaway, display of Dahlias, $4.

W. C. Winter, " " " $2.

G. B. GiU, " " " $2.

G. L. Stilhnan, collection of Collarette Dahhas, $1.

Fottler, Fiske, Rawson Co., collection of Dahlias and Gladioli, $5.

Eastern Nurseries, display of Herbaceous Phloxes, $8.

William "Wliitman, display of cut flowers, $5.

Mrs.E. M.GUl, " " " " $3.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Foliage and Flowering Plants. — Best arranged group, covering three
hundred square feet :
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $50.
Best arranged group covering one hundred and fifty square feet :
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., S30, 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $20.
Orchids. — ■ Best table of Orchids ; both plants and flowers, six or more
genera, accurately named:
1st, F. J. Dolansky, $50; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, $40.
Best specimen Orchid:

1st, F. J. Dolansky, $10; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, $8; 3d, F. J. Do-
lansky, $6.
Chrysanthemums. — Foiu* specimen plants, any color or class:
1st, J. S. Bailey, $60.
. Two specimen plants, any color or class:

1st, J. S. Bailey, $30.
One specimen plant, white;

1st, A. M. Davenport, $15.
One specimen plant, pink:

1st, J. S. Bailey, $15.
Twenty-five plants, commercial specimens, not less than six varieties, in
not over eight-inch pots :
let, W. H. Elliott, $30; 2d, W. H. EUiott, $20.
Twelve plants, single flowering sorts, not less than three varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.
Six plants of six different varieties, grown to six stems with one bloom
to each stem, in seven-inch pots:
1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8.
Kentias.— Two plants, eight feet high or over:

Ist, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 3d, Wil-
liam Whitman, $8.

222 massachusetts horticultural society

Specimen Palm:

William Whitman, $10.
Arecas. — One or more plants in a tub. eight feet or over in height:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer. $12; 2d, WUHam Whitman, $10; 3d, Wil-
liam Whitman, $8.
Begonias. — Gloire de Lorraine, three plants:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 2d, E. A. Clark, $8; 3d, W. W. Edgar
Co., $6.
Glory of Cincinnati, three plants:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $8.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Chrysanthemums. — Best plant oik exhibition :
A. M. Davenport, Silver Medal.

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Twenty-five blooms, of twenty-five distinct varieties:

1st, H. E. Converse, $20; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $15; 3d, G. L.
Stone, $10.

Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund.

Best vase of blooms of the Mrs. Jerome Jones or the Yellow Mrs. Jerome
Jones:

1st, W. S. Russell, $20; 2d, estate of C D. Sias, $10.

Society's Prizes.

Twelve blooms, Japanese, named, in vases:

1st, E. A. Clark, $8; 2d, G. L. Stone, $6; 3d, H. E. Converse, $4.
Twelve blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, in vases:

1st, H. E. Converse, $8; 2d, Mrs. Lathrop Brown, $6.
Twelve blooms, Reflexed, named, in vases:

1st, H. E. Converse, $8; 2d, Mrs. Lathrop Brown, $6.
Twelve sprays. Anemone, named, in vases:

Ist, F. P. Putnam, $5.
Twelve sprays or branches of Pompon, distinct varieties:

1st, F. P. Putnam, $5; 2d, E. K. Butler, $3.
Vase of blooms on long stems, pink, named:

1st, H. W. Vose, $10; 2d. W. S. Russell. $8; 2d, F. E. Palmer, $6.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 223

Vase of tea blooms on long stems, red, named;

1st, E. A. Clark, $10; 2d, W. S. RusseU, $8; 3d W. W. Edgar Co., $6.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, white, named:

1st, E. A. Clark, $10; 2d, E. A. Clark, $8; 3d, W. S. Russell, $6.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, yellow, named:

1st, E. A. Clark, $10; 2d, W. S. Russell, $8; 3d, Mrs. Lathrop Brown,
$6.
Collection of sprays of single chrysanthemums filling twenty-five vases:

1st, F. P. Putnam, $12; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $10.
Most artistic vase of chrysanthemums with any foliage, arranged for
decorative effect:
1st, W. W. Edgar Co.. $20; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $15; 3d, Mrs. J. C.
Philhps, $10.
Table Decoration. — • Table decoration of eight covers, chrysanthemums
to be the chief feature:
1st, F. E. Palmer, $40; 2d, Sidney HofTman, $30; 3d, Wax Bros., $20.
Carnations. — Six vases, fifty blooms each; six named varieties:
1st, A. A. Pembroke, $15; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $10.
One hundred blooms, mixed varieties:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $10; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $6.
Fifty blooms, mixed varieties:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $5: 2d, Strouts, $3.
Twenty-five blooms, mixed varieties:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $4; 2d, estate of C. D. Sias, $3.

Gratuities: —

Waban Rose Conservatories, vase of Chrysanthenuun Timothy Eaton,

$5.
F. P. Putnam, display of seedling Chrysanthemums, $10.

Miss Cornelia Warren, " " " " $4.

E. J. Norman, " " " " $2.

Mrs. Lester Leland, display of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine in variety, $5.

T. T. Watt, display of rare plants, $5.

Breck, Robinson Co., display of evergreen shrubs, $10.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, specimen Palm, .$2.

William Whitman, pair of specimen Palms, $5.

A. Leuthy. group of Palms, $10.

F. C. Becker, Palms and flowering plants, $10.

T. T. Watt, specimen plant of Plaiycerium alcicorne, $5.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Dipladenia and Allarnanda flowers. $3..

Edward MacMulkin, floral decoration, $5.

F. E. Palmer, " " $5.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Additional Awards.

Gold Medal.

March 12. Thomas Roland, three specimen plants Erica melanthera.
June 27. T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., for their work in popularizing the

Peony.
August 8. Thomas E. Proctor, display of fancy Caladiums.

Silver Medal.

January 3. Bayard Thayer, Buddleia asiatica.

" 10. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, growpoi Euphorbia J acquiniaeflor a.
March 12. Waban Rose Conservatories, new Rose Mrs. Moorfield Storey.

" " Cottage Gardens Co., Carnation Matchless.
May 16. F. W. Fletcher & Co., Antii-rhinum Nelrose.
June 13. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of herbaceous flowers.
" 20. C. S. Minot, Peony Mrs. Charles S. Minot.
" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Peonies.
" " Mt. Desert Nurseries, display of Eremuri and herbaceous flowers.
"27. " " " display of Peonies and other herbaceous

flowers.
" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., artistic arrangement of herbaceous

flowers.
July 11. " " " " " display of herbaceous flowers.

August 8. James Marlborough, cultvue of fancy Caladiums.

" " Mt. Desert Nurseries, display of Aconitums.
November 5. E. S. Webster, three specimen plants Begonia Mrs. Heal.
" " Peter Fisher, Carnation Alice.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of flowering and other
decorative plants.

Bronze Medal.
January 10. Weld Garden, Cymbidium Wiganianum.

First Class Certificate of Merit.

January 31. Thomas Roland, winter-flowering Sweet Peas, Christmas
Pink Spencer and White Spencer.
" " H. Huebner, winter-flowering Antirrhinums.
" " Duncan Finlayson, Cymbidium hybrid (C eburneum X
C. insigne) .

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS

225

January 31. F. J. Dolansky, Cattleya Triance Mrs. Thos. F. Galvin.
" " M. A. Patten, Farquhar's Universal Mignonette.
" " Waban Rose Conservatories, vmnamed Rose.
William Sim, new Sweet Pea Orange Orchid.
" Bohemian Girl.

u u u u u -^^ 4^_

E. B. Dane, Cattleya intermedia alba.
Wheeler & Co., Phalaenopsis leuchorrhoda.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Spiraea Arendsii var. rubens.
Jackson T. Dawson, collection of seedling climbing Roses.
Wheeler & Co., three specimens Dendrohium formosum, summer-
flowering variety.

Mrs. J. M. Sears, collection of Delphiniums.
August 8. J. P. Rooney, Peony-Dahlia Mrs. Frederick Grinnell.
" " Mt. Desert Nurseries, AstUbe June
" " " " " " SUver White.

September 12. William Nicholson, Buddleia variabilis varieties.
November 28. Walter Hunnewell, Laelio-Cattleya Minna (Cattleya
Trianae X Laelio-Cattleya eximia).

March 12.

April 4.
June 13.
" 20.

July 11.

Cultural Certificate.

January 3. William Anderson, superior cultivation of Buddleia asiatica.

" 31. Martin Sullivan, " " " Primula obconica.

" " " " " " " " malacoides.

" " A. A. Pembroke, vase of Calendula Orange Bang.
May 16. Alexander McKay, Calceolaria Stewartii.
November 5. Eric H. Wetter low. Begonia Turnford Hall.

Honorable Mention.

January 31. Knight & Struck, Epacris paludosa, and Chorizema cordata
splendens.
" " R . & J . Farquhar & Co ., vase . of Buddleia asiatica .
" " Mrs. C. G. Weld, pink Snapdragons.
March 12. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Chinese Rhododendron, Wilson No.
1324.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of flowering plants.
Thomas E. Proctor, " " " "

Fottler, Fiske, Rawson Co., display of Cyclamen.
Mrs. C. G. Weld, Antirrhinum Weld Pink.
William Sim, vase of Pansies.
May 16. Miss Marian Roby Case, Anemone nem^rosa, double flowers.

226 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICrLTrHAL SOCIETY

June 13. C. S. Minot, display of seedling Peonies.

" " Walter Himnewell, collection of seedling Peonies.
" " " " disTplay oi Rhododendron delicatissimum,

" " Mt. Desert Nurseries, display of herbaceous flowers.
" " Miss M. L. Waite, bloom of Barcodes sanguinea.
June 20. Jackson T. Dawson, Rose Baby Dawson.

" " " " " collection of seedling Roses.

" " C. S. Minot, Peony R. T. Jackson.
" 27. Jackson T. Dawson, display of seedling Roses.
" " William Nicholson, display of Edelweiss.
August 8. A. M. Davenport, display of Heliotrope.

" " John Lewis Childs, new Gladiolus Whitest W^hite.
" display of Gladioli.
" C. W.Brown, Gladiolus Mrs. O.W.Halliday.
" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of herbaceous flowers.
September 12. Thomas M. Proctor, seedling single Dahlias.

" " G. L. Stillman, collection of seedling Dahlias.

November 5. Littlefield & Wyman, seedling Carnation.
" Ed. Winkler,

Vote of Thanks.

March 12. Walter Hunnewell, display of Ericas.

" " " " collection of cut Camellias.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Bay Trees and Pahns.

" " " " " " " dwarf hybrid Cinerarias.

" " William Sim, vase of Sweet Peas.

Awards made at the Exhibition in honor of the Society
OF American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists.

August 18, 19, and 20.

Gold Medal.
William Sim, for excellence in display of Gladioli.

Silver Medal.

B. Hammond Tracy, artistic display of Gladioli.
John Lewis Childs, display of named Gladioli.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 227

First Class Certificate of Merit.
Jackson T. Dawson, display of Heaths and Heathers.

Cultural Certificate.
WilHam Sim, Gladioli.

Honorable Mention.

Walter Hunnewell, display of Buddleia variabilis magnifica.

WilUam Nicholson, display of Buddleia varieties.

Mt. Desert Nurseries, display of Aconitums.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Fuchsias.

E. F. Dwyer & Son, display of Dahlias.

W. D. Moon,

E. B. Dane, display of Orchids.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Phloxes.

F. J. Rea, " "

A. W. Preston, display of hybi'id tea Roses.

Mrs. Frank Merriam, Geraniums.

Miss Isabelle H. Miller, Sweet Peas.

Faulkner Farm, collection of new Gladioli originated by Wm. Pfitzer,

Stuttgart.
Old Town Nurseries, display of Gladioli antl herbaceous flowers.
Miss Mary Flood, display of Chinese Asters.

William Whitman, display of Chinese Asters and herbaceous flowers.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of herbaceous flowers.
Eastern Nm'series, " " " "

W. W. Edgar Co., display of commercial decorative plants.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS
FOR THE YEAR 1914.

By Edwaed B. Wilder, Chairman.

There has been a steady improvement in the exhibitions of fruit
during the year and a constant increase of interest on the part of
the public in them. The severe winter had disastrous effect on
the peach crop, the only peaches exhibited coming from Cape Cod
where the sea breezes tempered the frigid atmosphere.

The pear crop also was very poor, but the apples have been
abundant, in spite of the protracted drought of the late summer and
autumn, although various adverse conditions reduced the market-
able crop.

The Midwinter Show had a fine amount of fruits, but the Spring
Exhibition was very disappointing, only a few dishes of apples
being displayed.

The Strawberry Exhibition, June 20-21, was a great advance
over the one of last year, despite the fact that the date was sud-
denly changed making the show a week too late and thereby cutting
out much fruit which could have been shown at the scheduled
date.

Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord took the first prize for best collection
of ten baskets of two quarts each and George V. Fletcher of Bel-
mont first prize for best collection of six baskets, one quart each
and of six varieties.

R. B. Home of Belmont displayed a fine basket of Marshall
strawberry getting first prize for best four quarts of any variety.
The new strawberry St. Martin grown by Louis Graton of Randolph
won the Silver Medal for the best new strawberry not yet intro-
duced. He says " I deemed this strawberry worthy of being named
for my native Parish in Canada. It has a perfect blossom and its
fruit proved all that could be desired as to flavor, size of berry, and
vigor of plant. The shape is very good, most of the berries are

229

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

blunt, conical, and evenly colored a rich glossy brownish red. This
season it has been the most persistent bloomer and heaviest bearer
but one of nine varieties."

J. H. Fletcher of Belmont, C. B. Travis of Brighton, and George
V. Fletcher carried off first prizes for Red, White, and Black cher-
ries respectively.

At the Sweet Pea Exhibition, July 11-12, there was a very fine
and encouraging show of small fruits, especially of gooseberries,
currants, and cherries.

Twenty-three baskets of gooseberries were displayed, Wilfrid
Wheeler taking first prize for collection of six baskets of one quart
each. Oliver Ames of North Easton and Dr. W. G. Kendall of
Atlantic had especially fine exhibits of single dishes.

There were thirty baskets of currants, Mr. Ames and Dr. Ken-
dall showing excellent specimens of Perfection and White Grape
respectively. Charles S. Smith of Lincoln was awarded a First
Class Cultural Certificate for exceptionally fine and well-grown
Coe's Transparent cherries.

One of the chief features of the show, August 8-9, was the display
of cultivated blueberries from the Estate of W. C. Jennison of
Natick, Charles H. Chamberlain, Manager. This exhibit was
entered for the Hillcrest Prizes offered by Miss Marian R. Case of
Weston for the improvement of the blueberry by cultivation in
Massachusetts. The committee visited the Estate of Mr. Jennison,
saw the berries in cultivation, and the first prize of fifty dollars was
awarded. Mr. Chamberlain writes, "Our best berry was selected
with five or six other berries of different color and flavor near a
swamp, brought on to our place in November, 1904, and planted
in our natural soil which is a heavy loam with clay subsoil. In
1910 we renewed the loam about one foot deep and filled in with
peat that had been exposed to the weather for one season and
planted the berries in this with a small quantity of sand. We
noticed a great improvement the first year and the result is what
you saw when you visited our place. "

Mr. Chamberlain also exhibited a new everbearing strawberry
of good form, size, and excellent flavor, which seems to be very
promising and for which he was awarded a Certificate of Merit.

Miss Cornelia Warren of Waltham, Henry Stuart, gardener,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS 231

received a gratuity of $5.00 for two fig trees in fruit and William
Downs of Chestnut Hill, gardener for E. S. Webster, a First Class
Cultural Certificate for very fine specimens of Lord Napier nec-
tarines.

Early apples were also shown, L. F. Priest of Gleasondale,
George V. Fletcher, H. A. Clark of Belmont, and J. H. Fletcher
taking first prizes in different classes. Mrs. Elbridge Torrey of
Dorchester won first prize for Clapp's Favorite pears and Frederick
Mason of Taunton and Myron S. Wheeler of Berlin first prizes for
plums.

There was a good display of early apples at the Dahlia and Fruit
Exhibition, September 12-13. Parker Brothers of Brookfield took
first prize for best collection of six varieties of Fall apples and also
for collection of seasonable fruit arranged for effect with foliage.
David R. Craig of Wellesley, A. F. Estabrook of Swampscott,
George F. Wheeler of Concord, Parker Brothers, J. Corey & Son,
Truro, taking first prizes for apples, and Dr. W. G. Kendall, A. F.
Estabrook, and F. W. Dahl of Roxbury, first prizes for pears.

W. T. Hutchinson and M. S. Perkins of Danvers and Myron S.
Wheeler won first prizes in plums, and Joseph S. Chase of Maiden,
J. Bauernfeind of Medford, Edward R. Farrar of South Lincoln,
and Charles W. Libby of Medford, first prizes for grapes.

J. Corey & Son of Truro were awarded first prize for collection of
peaches, first prize for Champion, and first prize for any other
variety of peaches, with Greensboro, no other peaches being ex-
hibited, when last year sixty-three dishes were on the tables.
Mrs. R. Goodnough of West Roxbury was awarded a gratuity for
a fine basket of fruit.

The large hall had a fine exhibit of fruit, largely apples, at the
Fruit and Vegetable Show, October 3-4. Two new features were
introduced by the committee this year, the first being for the largest
and best exhibit of apples, not less than ten varieties, and five
specimens of each, to be judged by the following scale. Number
of varieties 15; value of varieties 25; cultural value 50, this to
include such points as form, size, freedom from blemishes, uni-
formity, and quality, all such points as count in individual scores;
attractiveness of exhibit 10; total 100 points.

There were four entries in this class. Alden Derb^' of Leominster

232 MASSACHUSETT.S HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

winning first prize, A, B. Howard & Son of Belchertown, second,
and J. Corey & Son third.

The second feature was the class for best exhibit of apples in
trays which were furnished by the Society, measuring 18 X 11§
inches and about 3 inches deep. Not less than five trays and one
or more varieties. This arrangement gives excellent opportunity
for inspection of the fruit. Alden Derby took first, Edward E.
Cole, Greenbush, second, and Parker Brothers, third. These
exhibits were so encouraging that the committee has entered the
same classes in the Schedule for 1915.

Mrs. R. Goodnough displayed two beautiful tables of native
and foreign fruits arranged for effect. Edward E. Cole carried off
the first prize for best six varieties of Fall apples and Alden Derby
first prize for best six dishes of Winter apples. Single dishes of
apples were well represented, nearly all classes having entries, some
excellent fruit being exhibited.

The display of pears was good, F. W. Dahl of Roxbury won first
prize for best collection, also four first prizes for individual dishes
of pears. A. B. Howard & Son also took four first prizes in this
latter class.

Grapes were in abundance, there being quite a number of entries
for the best collection of not less than six varieties, J. Bauernfeind
having the best. Charles W. Libby won five first prizes for single
dishes of grapes. Dr. Kendall three, Edward R. Farrar and J.
Bauernfeind two.

J. Corey & Son were the only exhibitors of peaches, showing
Champion, Elberta, and Late Crawford. David R. Craig had
the best dish of quinces, showing some good Orange quince.

The number of exhibits and quality of fruit at the Chrysanthe-
mum Show, November 5-8, excelled anything your committee has
ever seen at this exhibition and created full as much interest as
the plants and flowers. There were 149 dishes of fruit on the tables
and with the exception of a few dishes of apples which showed San
Jose scale the specimens were good.

E. M. Bruce of Leominster won first prize for best collection of
apples arranged for decorative effect, having a table of very fine
native apples, and Edward MacMulkin of Boston took first prize
for a beautiful collection of native and foreign fruit also arranged
for effect.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 233

We were surprised to find six entries for best six varieties of
Winter apples, with some excellent fruit displayed. Edward E.
Cole won first, E. F. x\dams, second, and Parker Brothers, third
prize in this class. F. W. Dahl won first prize for best collection
of six varieties of Winter pears.

John Bauernfeind, Charles W. Libby, and Dr. W. G. Kendall
won first, second, and third prizes respectively for collection of
hardy native grapes, not less than three varieties.

Edward B. Wilder ] Committee
William Downs [ on
Harold L. Frost J Fruits.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

1914.

Midwinter Flom^er Show.

Januaky 31, AND Februaby 1.

Winter Apples. — Collection of four varieties:

1st, C. M Parker, $6; 2d, EUiott & H. W. Moore, $4.
Two dishes, two varieties:

2d, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, EUiott & H W. Moore, $2.
Dish of one variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Rhode Island Greening, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher,
Baldwm, $2; 3d, EUiott & H. W. Moore, Kmg, $1.
Winter Pears. — CoUection of four varieties:
1st, F. W. Dahl, $5; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $4.
Dish of one variety:

1st, Dr W. G. KendaU, Bosc, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Bosc, $2; 3d,
Dr. W. G. KendaU, Dana's Hovey, $1.

Spring Exhibition.

March 12, 13, 14, and 15.

Winter Apples. — Collection of four varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $6.

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Two dishes, two varieties:

1st, Parker Bros., $4.
Dish of one variety:

1st, Mrs. E. F. Kendall, $3.

Peony Exhibition.
June 20 and 21.

Gratuities: —

WUfrid Wheeler, five baskets of Strawberries, $4.

" " Gov. Wood Cherries, $1.

C. B. Travis, Elton Cherries, $1.
" " " Black Eagle Cherries, $1.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.
June 27 and 28.

John A. Lowell Fund.

Strawberries. — For the best collection of ten baskets of two quarts each,
not less than six varieties:
1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $25; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $15; 3d, G. V. Wheeler,
$10.
Six baskets of one quart each, six varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $4.

Benjamin H. Pierce Fund.

Two quarts of any variety introduced since 1910:

2d, G. F. Wheeler, $3.
For the best four quarts of any variety:

1st, R. B. Home, Marshall, $8; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Barrymore, $6;
3d, Samuel McMullin, Brewer, $4.
For the best single plate of any variety arranged with foliage, twenty-
four specimens:

1st, E. S. Webster, $3; 2d, Samuel McMuUin, $2.
For the best new strawberry not yet introduced:

Louis Graton, St. Martin, Silver Medal.
Two quarts of Abington:

Ist, R. B. Home, $3.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS

235

Two quarts of Barrymore:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2.
Two quarts of Black Beauty:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3.
Two quarts of Glen Mary:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3.
Two quarts of Golden Gate:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Forbes, $3; 2d, W. C. Cooper, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher,

SI.
Two quarts of Marshall:

1st, E. S. Webster, $3; 2d, R. B. Home, S2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Two quarts of Minute Man:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3.
Two quarts of any other variety:

1st, Louis Graton, Chesapeake, $5; 2d, Louis Graton, Brandywine, $3;
3d, W. C. Cooper, Bubach, $2.
Cherries.— Two quarts of any red variety:

1st, J. H. Fletcher, Royal Ann, $3; 2d, Mrs. M. P. Ruker, Royal Ann,
$2; 3d, Mrs. M. W, Chadbourne, Downer, $1.
Two quarts of any black variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Black Tartarian, $3; 2d, C. B. Travis, Black
Tartarian, $2.
Two quarts of any white or yellow variety:
1st, C. B. Travis, $3; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $2.

Gratuity: —
Wilfrid Wheeler, display of Strawberries, $4.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.
Jtily U and 12.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 2.

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any red variety:

1st, Louis Graton, Geneva, $3.
Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Black Tartarian, $3; 2d, Mrs. M. J. Merrill,
Royal Ann, $2; 3d, C. S. Smith, Coe's Transparent, $1.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 1.

Currants. — Two quarts of Fay's:

1st, Samuel McMuUin, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d, William Whitman,
$1.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Two quarts of Perfection :

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2.
Two quarts of Wilder:

1st, Dr. W. G. KendaU, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Two quarts of any other red variety :

1st, T. D. Hatfield, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, William Whitman,
SI.
Two quarts of any white variety :

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d, William Whitman,
$1.
Collection of six baskets, one quart each, not less than four varieties:

1st, William Whitman, $5.

Society's Prizes.

Gooseberries. — Collection of six baskets, one quart each, not less than
four varieties:
1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $5.
Two quarts of Columbus:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. A. War-
burton, $1.
Two quarts of Downing:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Dr. W. G. KendaU, $2; 3d, Wilfrid Wheeler,
$1.
Two quarts of Industry:

1st, Dr. W. G. KendaU, $3; 2d, OUver Ames, $2; 3d, J. Bauernfeind,
$1.
Two quarts of Triumph:
1st, J. Bauernfeind, $3.
Two quarts of any other variety :

1st, Dr. W. G. KendaU, Bates, $3; 2d, J. Bauernfeind, Chautauqua,
$2; 3d, Mrs. R. Goodnough, Chautauqua, $1.
Collection op Fruit. — Largest and best coUection of midsummer fruits,
arranged for effect with their own foUage:
1st, WiUrid Wheeler, $8; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $6.

Gratuities: —

T. D. Hatfield, Black Currants, $1.

I. I. Margeson, Currants and Gooseberries, $1.

William Whitman, collection of Currants, $1.

C. S. Smith, Coe's Transparent Cherry, Cultural Certificate.

awards for fruits 237

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.

August 8 aistd 9.

Apples. — Oldenburg:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3.
Red Astrachan:

1st, L. F. Priest, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2.
Sweet Bough:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, Parker Bros. $2.
Yellow Transparent:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, E. S. Webster, $2; 3d, L. F. Priest, $1.
Williams:

1st, J. H. Fletcher, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, M. S. Wheeler,

$1.
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, S2; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, BeuiTe Giffard, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Dearborn
Seedling, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, Boussock, $1.
Plums, Japanese. — Abundance:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2,
Burbank :

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. T. Hutchinson, $2; 3d, M. S.
Wheeler, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, W. T.
Hutchinson, $1.

Society's Prizes.

Nectarines. — Six specimens of one variety:
1st, E. S. Webster, Lord Napier, $5.

Miss Marian R. Case Prize for Cultivated Blueberries.
Estate of W. C. Jennison (C. H. Chamberlain, Supt.), $50.

Gratuities: —

Miss Cornelia Warren, two Fig trees, $5.
Mrs. R. Goodnough, basket of Late Duke Cherries, $3.
WiUiam Downs, Lord Napier Nectarines, First Class Certificate of Merit.
Estate of W. C. Jennison, Everbearing Strawberry, First Class Certificate
of Merit.

238 massachusetts horticultural society

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.
September 12 and 13.

Special Prizes.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 1.

Apples. — For the best collection of six varieties of Fall Apples, twelve
of each:
1st. Parker Bros., $10.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 1.

Peaches. — For the largest and best collection of native peaches :
1st, J. Corey & Son, $10.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $2; 3d, E. S.
Martin, $1.
Clapp's Favorite:

1st, A. F. Estabrook, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Tyson, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, President, %2; 3d, J.
Bauemfeind, Flemish Beauty, $1.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Gravenstein:

1st, D. R. Craig, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher. $1.
Maiden Blush:

1st, A. F. Estabrook, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2.
Porter:

1st, G. F. Wheeler, $3; 2d, Parker Bros., $2; 3d, D. R. Craig, $1.
Wealthy:

1st, Parker Bros., $3.
Any other variety:

1st, J. Corey & Son, Duchess, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Williams, $2;
3d, M. S. Wheeler, Red Astrachan, $1.
Melons. — Mrs. H. H. Rogers, three specimens:
1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 239

Any other variety, three specimens:
1st, A. W. Preston, Superlative, $3.
Peaches.^ — Champion:

1st, J. Corey & Son, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, J. Corey & Son, Greensboro, $3.
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties other than Japanese,
twelve specimens of each :
1st, W. T. Hutchinson, $5; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Single plate of any variety other than Japanese:

1st. M. S. Perkins, Bradshaw, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, S2;
3d, M. S. Perkins, Yellow Egg, $1.
Japanese Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve speci-
mens of each:
1st, M. S. Wheeler, $5.
Single plate of any variety :

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Hale, $3; 2d, Mrs. R. Goodnough, Burbank, $2.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Native Gkapes. — Green mountain, six bunches:

1st, J. S. Chase, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2; 3d, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $1
Any other white grape, six bunches:

1st, J. Bauernfeind, Niagara, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, Niagara, $2; 3d,
C. W. Libby, Moore's Diamond, $1.
Moore's Early, six bunches:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2.
Any other purple grape, six bunches:

1st, E. R Farrar, Worden, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, Nectar, $2; 3d, G. W.
Jameson, Clinton, $1.
Any red grape, six bunches:

1st, C. W. Libby, Lucile, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, Delaware, S2; 3d,
E. R. Farrar, Brighton, $1.
Collection of five varieties, three bunches of each:

1st, J. Bauernfeind, $5; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $4; 3d, C. W. Libby, $3.

Society's Prizes.

Collection of Fruit. — Collection of seasonable fruit arranged for effect
with fohage, to cover a space not larger than twenty-four square
feet:
1st, Parker Bros., $15; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $12.

Gratuities: —

A. F. Estabrook, Pears, $1.

E. R. Farrar, collection of Grapes, $3.

Mrs. R. Goodnough, basket of fruit, $5.

240 massachusetts horticultural society

Fruit and Vegetable Exhibition.
October 3 and 4.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 1.

Apples. — Collection of six varieties of fall apples, ripe, twelve of each:
1st, E. E. Cole, $12; 2d, Alden Derby, $10; 3d, A. B. Howard &
Son, $8.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, Parker Bros., $1.
Hubbardston:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2; 3d, Charles Scully, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 2.

Apples. — Gravenstein:

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1,
King:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, Parker Bros., $2; 3d, M. J. Cain, $1.
Mcintosh:

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, E. R. Farrar, $1.

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Apples. — Northern Spy:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, Edward Warren, $2; 3d, Parker Bros., $1.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Bellfiower:

1st, Parker Bros., $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2.
Blenheim :

1st, J. Corey & Son, $3.
Fall Pippin:

2d, W. C. Winter, $2.
Fameuse:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher,
$1.
Golden Russet:

1st, H. A. Lamb, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 241

Gravenstein:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, J. Corey & Son, $2; 3d, Alden Derby, $1.
Jonathan :

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, F. H. Evans, $2.
Maiden Blush:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2.
Palmer Greening:

1st, Alden Derby, $3.
Pound Sweet:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Rhode Island Greening:

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole, $1.
Roxbury Russet :

1st, Alden Derby, $3; 2d, Parker Bros., $2; 3d, J. Corey & Son, $1.
Sutton :

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, Alden Derby, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher,
$1.
Tolman Sweet:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Twenty Ounce:

1st, Mrs. N. P. Cutler, $3; 2d, J. Corey & Son, $2.
Wagener:

2d, J. W. Barton, $2; 3d, Edward Warren, $1.
Any other variety, ripe:

1st, T. L. Perkins, Porter, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, Bietigheimer, $2; 3d,
Edward Warren, Pumpkin Russet, SI.
Any other variety, not ripe:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, Canada Red, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, Ben Davis.
$2, 3d, Edward Warren, Lyscom, $1.
For the largest and best collection of apples, not less than ten varieties,
five specimens of each :

1st, Alden Derby, $15; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $12; 3d, J. Corey &
Son, $10.
For the best exhibit of apples in trays:

1st, Alden Derby, $25; 2d, E. E. Cole, $15; 3d, Parker Bros., $10.
For the best six varieties of winter apples, twelve specimens of each:

1st, Alden Derby, $12; 2d, E. E. Cole, $10; 3d, Parker Bros., $8.
Crabapples. — Twenty-four specimens, any variety :

1st, C. A. Moore, $3; 2d, Alden Derby, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 2.

Pears. — Angouleme:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $2.
Belle Lucrative :

2d, W. C. Winter, $2.

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Bosc:

1st, Dr. W. G. KendaU, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 3d, W.
Heustis & Son, $1.
Clairgeau:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, E. L. Smith, $2; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, $1.
Cornice :

3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Dana's Hovey:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 3d, G. V.
Fletcher, $1.
Lawrence:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, H. A. Lamb, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Louise Bonne de Jersey :

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
Marie Louise:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3.
Onondaga :

1st, H. A. Lamb, $3; 2d, C. B. Travis, $2.
Seckel:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 2d, A. F. Esta-
brook, $1.
Sheldon:

1st, Mrs. R. Goodnough, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, C. A. Moore, $1.
Urbaniste:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, J. L. Bird, $2; 3d, E. B. Wilder, $1.
Vicar:

1st, E. B. Wilder, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, H. A. Lamb, $1.
Winter Nelis:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3.
Worden Seckel

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, Bartlett, $3; 2d, F. H. Evans, Flemish
Beauty, $2; 3d, A. B. Howard & Son, Flemish Beauty, $1.
Collection of pears, not more than twelve plates of twelve specimens
each and not less than six varieties:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $10; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $8; 3d, A. B. Howard &
Son, $6.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Peaks. — Anjou:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2; 3d, J. Bauemfeind, $1.
Grapes. — Concord, twelve bunches:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $4.
Niagara:

1st, J. Bauemfeind, $4.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 243

Worden:

1st, E. R. Farrar,

Society's Prizes.

Native Grapes. — Agawam, six bunches:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, S3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2.
Brighton :

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, J. Bauemfeind, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1.
Campbell's Early :

1st, J. Bauemfeind, $3; 2d, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $2.
Delaware :

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2; 3d, E. R. Farrar,
$1.
Eaton:

1st, Mrs. R Goodnough, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2.
Green Mountain:

2d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Herbert:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, J. Bauemfeind, $2.
Isabella:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, Dr. W. G Kendall, $2.
Lindley :

1st, C. W. Libby, $3.
Moore's Diamond:

1st, Charles Sander, $3; 2d. C. W. Libby, $2; 3d, Mrs. R. Goodnough,
$1.
Salem :

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, J. Bauemfeind, $2.
Vergennes:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, E. S. Martin, $2.
Wilder:

1st, E. A. Adams, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, C. W. Libby, Pocklington, $3; 2d, J. Bauemfeind, Diana, $2; 3d,
J. S. Chase, Diana, $1.
Collection of hardy native grapes, not less than six varieties, three
bunches each:

Ist, J. Bauemfeind, $10; 2d, C. W. Libby, $8; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $1.
Peaches. — Champion:

Ist, J. Corey & Son, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, J. Corey & Son, Late Crawford, $3; 2d, J. Corey & Son, Elberta,
$2.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Plums. — Any variety:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Wickson, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Lombard, $2;
3d, A. B. Howard & Son, Monarch, $1.
Quinces. — Any variety:

1st, D. R. Craig, Orange, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Orange, $2; 3d, G.
G. Barker, $1.
Native Nuts. — Collection of not less than four varieties, one quart of
each:
1st, M. S. Wheeler, $4; 2d, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $3.
Collection of Fruit. — Collection of native and foreign fruits, arranged
for effect:
1st, Mrs. R. Goodnough, $15 and Silver Medal.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. N. P. Cutler, Wellwood canteloupe, $2.

Edward Gowing, Rocky Ford Melons, $2.

C. W. Rowley, Watermelon, $2.

W. C. Jennison Estate, Strawberries, $1.

L. S. Richards, Baldwin and Mcintosh Apples grown on dwarf trees, $1.

Mrs. R. Goodnough, display of fruit, $10.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, E. F. Adams, $2; 3d, Parker Bros., $1.
Hubbardston;

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, Parker Bros., $2; 3d, C. A. Campbell, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 1.

Apples. — Rhode Island Greening:

1st, E. F. Adams, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2,

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — BelMower:

1st, W. H. Stone, $3; 2d, Parker Bros., $2; 3d, Mrs. E. F. Kendall, $1.
Mcintosh:

1st, E. F. Adams, $3; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $2; 3d, M. S. Wheeler, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 245

Northern Spy:

1st, E. E. Cole, S3; 2d, Parker Bros., $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Palmer Greening:

1st, E. F. Adams, S3.
Pound Sweet:

3d, G.V.Fletcher, SI.
Roxbury Russet:

1st, H. C. Fuller, S3; 2d, M S. Wheeler, $2; 3d, Parker Bros., $1.
Sutton :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, S3. \

Tolman Sweet:

1st, Mrs. E. F. KendaU, $3; 2d, E. N. Powers, $2; 3d, F. E. KendaU,
SI.
Tompkins Coimty King:
1st, Parker Bros., S3.
Wagener :

1st, C. A. Campbell, .S3.
Winter Banana:

1st, F. E. Kendall, S3.
Any other variety:

1st, C. A. Campbell, Banks' Gravenstein, $3; 2d, Parker Bros., Falla-
water, $2; 3d, C. A. Campbell, Jonathan, SI.
For the best six varieties of winter apples, twelve specimens of each:

1st, E. E. Cole, SIO; 2d, E. F. Adams, S8; 3d, Parker Bros., S6.
Collection of apples arranged for decorative effect :
1st, E. M. Bruce, S20; 2d, Parker Bros., S15.
Native Grapes. — Collection of hardy native grapes, not less than three
varieties, three bunches of each :
1st, John Bauernfeind, S6: 2d. C. W. Libby, S4; 3d, Dr. W. G. Ken-
daU, S3.
Quinces. — Any variety, twelve specimens:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Orange, S3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Champion, $2;
3d, E. M. Bruce, Champion, SI.
Collection. — Native and foreign fruit, arranged for effect:
1st, Edward MacMulkin, $15, and Silver Medal.

John S. Farlow
Newton HorlicuUural Society Fund.

Pears. — Angouleme:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, S3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
Dana's Hovey:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Lawrence:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, H. A. Lamb, $2; 3d, John Bauernfeind, $1.
Seckel:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl, $1.
Vicar :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3.
Winter Nelis:

1st, J. L. Bird, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Urbaniste, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, SieuUe, $2; 3d, W. C.
Winter, Diel, $1.
Collection of six varieties of winter pears, twelve specimens of each: 1st,

F. W. Dahl, f 10; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $8.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Pears. — Bosc :

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, John Bauern-
feind, $1.
• Sheldon:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2; 3d, C. B. Travis, $1.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Anjou:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES
FOR THE YEAR 1914.

By Duncan Finlayson, Chairman.

There were nine regular exliibitions during the year at which
vegetables were shown, and your committee is glad to report a
decided improvement in the various exhibits during the year, both
in arrangement and in quality. We note with pleasure the interest
of, and the splendid exhibits made by, the Boston Market Gar-
deners' Association during the year.

The March 12-15 Show was in every way up to former years and
the various classes were well contested. The Boston Market
Gardeners' Association made a remarkable display of vegetables
in boxes at this exhibition. Among them we note the following:
31 boxes of lettuce, 5 boxes of cucumbers, 4 boxes of carrots, 2 boxes
of turnips, 4 boxes of parsnips, 6 boxes of radishes, 4 boxes of
watercress, 5 boxes of dandelions, 5 boxes of beets, 3 boxes of
spearmint, 3 boxes of parsley, 2 boxes of endive, 3 boxes of leeks,
3 boxes of potatoes, 6 hubbard squashes, with other smaller exhibits,
all of which were splendidly arranged.

At the May 16 Show the asparagus from Mr. Frank Wheeler,
Concord, Mass., was of remarkable quality and was awarded a
Cultural Certificate. The variety was Early Giant Argenteuil.
Some very fine tomatoes were exhibited by the Faulkner Farm,
W. N. Craig, gardener, and were awarded the first and second
premiums. Thomas Watt, superintendent at Wellesley College,
exhibited a new salad plant, Udo, for which a ^ ote of Thanks was
awarded. This new plant was introduced from Japan by the
United States Department of Agriculture, and is highly recom-
mended as an addition to our spring esculents.

June 27-28, Rose and Strawberry Show. All the classes were
well contested, and the quality of the vegetables was excellent.
Col. Frederick Mason of Taunton was awarded first prcminni for a

247

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

collection of vegetables, ten varieties, tastefully arranged. The
individual exhibits were of high order.

July 11. The Boston Market Gardeners' Association made a
splendid showing at this exhibition. The cauliflower from W. H.
Allen, Arlington, was of superior quality. Walter J. Clemson,
Taunton, was awarded first premium for a collection of vegetables,
twelve varieties, tastefully arranged.

August 8. Norris F. Comley, Lexington, showed several new
seedling cucumbers, some of them very promising. We noted
splendid onions from Oliver Ames, North Easton, and Golden
Dawn sweet corn from A. M. Davenport, Watertown; also a
collection of potatoes of splendid quality from the Jordan Farm,
not for competition. Oliver Ames, North Easton, was awarded
first premium for the collection of vegetables, fifteen varieties,
decoration and arrangement to be considered. The collection was
well worthy of the prize. It was splendidly arranged.

The October Exhibition was the main show of the season, and
the display of the various vegetables at this show was of high order.
Several new varieties were shown which we hope will be tried
another year. The collection of potatoes from E. L. Lewis,
Taunton, was excellent. The following named varieties were
noted among them: Early Rose, Early Ohio, Long Stone, Noro-
ton Beauty, New Queen, Carman, Bliss's Triumph, Dewdrop,
Prolific Early, Early Surprise, Green Mountain, Norcross, Early
Harvest, Northern Beautj^, White Bliss, Seneca Beauty, Clark's
Pride, Clark's No. 1, Sir Walter Raleigh, Golden Crown. This
collection received first premium for largest and best collection of
potatoes.

David L. Fiske, Grafton, exhibited a new potato named Sutton's
Congo, black in color, rather long and deep eyes. We hope it will
make a better showing next year. A Vote of Thanks was awardetl
for this variety.

Class 594, Levi Whitcorab Fund, Best seedling potato not in
commerce, grown for at least two years in New England, 24 speci-
mens: brought out several competitors, but your committee did
not award the prize, for none of the exhibits were up to the standard
of the older varieties now in commerce. S. Wilson, of Weston,
Mass., showed three seedling potatoes named Sherwood, Delki,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES 249

and Morning Glory. Awarded Vote of Thanks. David R. Craig
of Wellesley, a new exhibitor, showed some excellent vegetables at
the various shows ; also F. W. Sargent of Wellesley.

Class 539, Collection of vegetables, twelve kinds, not more than
one variety of a kind, tastefully arranged: first premium was
awarded to Oliver Ames, North Easton, second to Col. Frederick
Mason, Taunton. The two exhibits were very even and it took
the committee some time to decide as to who should receive the
first premium. They were both beautifully arranged and the
quality of each exhibit was excellent.

In Class 596 A, Best display of vegetables put up in glass jars:
the first premium was awarded to Mrs. G. B. Gill of Medford.
The following twenty-five varieties were noted among them : Corn
on cob and off, lima beans, tomatoes, onions, chard, egg plants,
cabbage, beets, asparagus, salsif}', summer squash, Brussels sprouts, .
kohl-rabi, peas, cauliflower, carrot, mushrooms, sweet pepper,
rhubarb, tomatoes with mushrooms. The second prize was
awarded to Mrs. F. C. Upham, Melrose, Mass. We believe that
by encouraging the industry of putting up vegetables at the proper
time we would help the vegetable grower and help to solve the
problem of the high cost of living.

Class 595, For the best new vegetable shown in the year 1914,
a Silver Medal : your committee did not award this medal for they
thought there was nothing shown in this class worth}^ of the award.

Class 596, For the best improved vegetable shown in the year
1914, a Silver Medal: this medal was awarded to J. B. Shurtleff,
Jr., Revere, Mass., for a hybrid squash, a cross between Marrow
and the hard shelled Red Hubbard. The quality was excellent
and the keeping quality vouched for by the raiser. In speaking
of this variety Mr. Shurtleff said the squash had been in the family
for over fifty years, and ten years ago he commenced to mix with it
the hard shell Red Hubbard to improve the keeping quality as well
as to make it heavier and of better flavor. It is now a fixed type.
It is a splendid cropper. He grew twenty tons of it last year and
intends to double it next year.

Class 679, Collection of vegetables exhibited by seedsmen, a
Silver Medal: this prize was awarded to the T. J. Gre^^ Company,
South Market St., Boston, for a collection of eighty-nine varieties

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of vegetables, all correctly labelled. It was one of the most com-
prehensive collections of vegetables ever staged at Horticultural
Hall, and great credit is due the T. J. Grey Co. for the artistic and
educational way they were displayed. We sincerely hope that
more seedsmen will compete in this class another year.

We congratulate the Society on the splendid showing in the
vegetable department made the past year. We hope the Society
will continue to give liberal prizes, as experience proves that the
large prizes bring out the best competition.

A detailed list of awards made during the year is appended to
this report.

Duncan Finlayson 1 Committee
William N. Craig \ on
Henry M, Howard i Vegetables.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.

1914.

Spring Exhibition.
March 12, 13, 14, and 15.

Beans. — String, fifty pods:

1st, E. D. Jordan, $3.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, G. D. Moore, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2.
Radishes. — Four bunches of twelve:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, Esty Bros., $2.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. W. Preston, $3.

Gratuities: —

Frank Wheeler, Rhubarb, $3.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables, $75.

Mrs. M. W. Chadbourne, " " " $1.

awards for vegetables 251

May Exhibition.
May 16 and 17.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $5; 2d, Frank Wheeler, $3; 3d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, W. H. Allen, $2; 3d, A. F. Coolidge, $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Wyman Bros., $2; 3d, F. E. CooUdge, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2; 3d, Wyman Bros., $1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $3; 2d, Faulkner Farm, $2; 3d, Mrs. J. L,
Gardner, $1.

Gratuities: —

William Whitman, Parsley, $1.

OUver Ames, Rhubarb, $1.

Wyman Bros., collection of Lettuce, $1.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables in boxes,

$30.
W. H. Allen, collection of vegetables, $1.
T. T. Watt, Udo, Japanese salad plant, Vote of Thanks.
Mrs. M. W. Chadbourne, collection of vegetables, Vote of Thanks,

Rhododendron Exhibition.
June 13 and 14.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, Frank Wheeler, $5; 2d, Frank Wheeler, $3.
Beans. — String variety, one quart, forced:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3.
Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $3.

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cabbages. — Four specimens;

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

3d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2.
Carrots. — Four bimches:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, M. E. Moore, $3; 2d, M. E. Moore, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:
■ 1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, M. E. Moore,
$1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2.
Any other Vegetable not mentioned in the above:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, Peas, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, New^Zealand
Spinach, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. A. Warbm-ton, Peas, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Grown in 1914, eight varieties:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $8; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $5.

Gratuity: —
Frank Wheeler, Asparagus, First Class Certificate of Merit.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 27 and 28.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Beets. — Twelve, open culture:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, M. E. Moore, $2; 3d, D. L. Fiske, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, M. E. Moore, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, $1.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

3d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Cucumbers. — Foiir specimens:

1st, M. E. Moore, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $4; 2d, M. E. Moore, $3; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $2;
4th, Col. Frederick Mason, $1.
Peas. — Gradus or Thomas Laxton, fifty pods:

Ist, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $2; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 253

Sutton's Excelsior:

1st, G. B. GUI, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $3; 2d, T. D. Hatfield $2; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $1.
Collection of five varieties, fifty pods each:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $5; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 3d,
F. W. Sargent, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Ten varieties, tastefully arranged:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $10; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, 18; 3d, Mrs.
A. A. Warburton, $6.

Gratuities: —

W. J. Clemson, two plates of Tomatoes, $2.

G. H. Arnold & Son, Tomatoes, $1.

Faulkner Farm, Mushrooms, $2

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables, $10.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.
July 11 and 12.

William J. Walker Fund.

Beans. — String, two quarts:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d,
M. E. Moore, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Succession, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, Copen-
hagen Market, $3; 3d, M. E. Moore, $2.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

Ist^ W. H. AUen, $4.
Carrots. — Six specimens:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Oliver
Ames, $1.
Lettuce. — • Four heads:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d, Oliver
Ames, $1.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens;

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler. $3; 2d, Oliver Amea, $2; 3d, J. W. Stone, $1.

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Collection op Vegetables. — Twelve varieties, tastefully arranged:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $16; 2d, Oliver Ames, $10; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $8.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. A. A. Warburton, collection of Peas, $2.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, Cucumbers, $1.

" " " collection of vegetables, $20.

Hermine Schulz, " " " $2.

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.

August 8 and 9.

Beans. — Two quarts, shelled, not Lima:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d,
D. L. Fiske, $1.
String, four quarts:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, Col. Fred-
erick Mason, $1.
Cucumbers. — ■ White Spine variety:

1st, N. F. Comley, $3; 2d, N. F. Comley, $2.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, J. B. Shurtleflf, Jr., $2; 3d, Col. Fred-
erick Mason, $1.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens. Bell or Bull Nose:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $3; 2d, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $2.
Twelve specimens, any other variety:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $2; 3d, J. W. Stone, $1.
Squashes. — Marrow, three specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, F. W.
Sargent, $1.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Crosby:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2.
Twelve ears, any other variety:

1st, D. L. Fiske, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, A. M. Daven-
port, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $2.
Collection op Vegetables. — ■ Fifteen varieties:

1st, Oliver Ames, f 10; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $8.
Eight varieties:

1st, D. L. Fiske, $5; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $4;. 3d, F. W. Sargent,

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 255

Gratuities: —

Jordan Farm, collection of Potatoes, $2.
N. F. Comley, collection of Cucumbers, $2.
J. W. Stone, box of Sweet Corn, Vote of Thanks.
" " " " "Potatoes, " "

A. M. Davenport, box of Sweet Corn Golden Dawn, Vote of Thanks.

Fruit and Vegetable Exhibition.
October 3/ and 4.

Benjamin V . French Fund No. 2.

Collection of Vegetables. — Twelve kinds, not more than one variety
of a kind:
1st, Oliver Ames, $25; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $15.
Six kinds, not more than one variety of a kind:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $15; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $10; 3d, F. W.
Sargent, $8.
Six kinds, distinct species (for cottagers only) :

1st. Michael Cahalan, $8; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $6; 3d, Mrs. A. A. Warbur-
ton, $4.

William J. Walker Fund.

Beans. — Lima, any variety, four quarts, pods:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $4; 2d, F. W. Sargent. $3; 3d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Lima, any variety, shelled; for cottagers only:

1st, Michael Cahalan, $3; 2d, G. B. Gill, $2; 3d, D. L. Fiske, $1.
String, four quarts:

1st, J. Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2; 3d, F. W. Sargent,
$1.
Wax, four quarts:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Beets. — Any round variety, twelve roots:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d,
Oliver Ames, $1.
Any round variety, six roots; for cottagers only:

1st, Michael Cahalan, $3; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl, $1.
Chard, tln-ee plants:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $2; 3d, D, R.
Craig, $1.
Brussels Sprouts. — Four quarts:
1st, A. W. Preston, $4.

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Society's Prizes.

Cabbages. — Any ball head variety, green, four heads:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, Mrs.
Frederick Ayer, $2.
Any flat head variety, four heads:

1st, D. R. Craig, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. C. Phillips, $3; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $2.
Savoy, four heads:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $3; 3d, Mrs. J. C.
Phillips, $2.
Red, four heads:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $4; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $3; 3d, D. R. Craig,
$2.
Any green variety, three heads; for cottagers only:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $4; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $3; 3d, Michael
Cahalan, $2.
Carrots. — - Dan vers, twelve roots: ,

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $4; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 3d,
Oliver Ames, $2.
Any red or orange variety longer than Dan vers, twelve roots:
1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $4.
Cauliflowers. — Three heads:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $4; 2d, D. R. Craig, $3.
Celery. — Boston Market, four heads:

1st, D. R. Craig, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $1.
Giant Pascal, four heads:

1st, Col. Frederick Maons, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $2; 3d, D. R.
Craig, $1.
Paris Golden or Golden Rose, four heads:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $2; 3d, Oliver
Ames, $1.
White Plume, four heads:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2; 3d, D. R. Craig,
$1.
Any red or pink variety other than Golden Rose, four heads:
1st, OUver Ames, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2.
Cucumbers. — White Spine type, four specimens:

1st, Boston Gardening Co., $3; 2d, Boston Gardening Co., $2.
Egg Plant. — Four specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $2; 3d, Mrs. J. C. Phillips,
$1.
Kohl Rabi. — Six roots:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Mrs. H. B. Nichols, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 257

Lettuce. — Cos or Romaine, six specimens:

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2.
Round headed, six- specimens:
1st, WiUiam Whitman, $3.
Onions. — Ailsa Craig, twelve specimens:

1st, OUver Ames, $5; 2d, F. W. Sargent, S3.
Dan vers, twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3; 3d, Frederic Cole, $2.
Any red variety, twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $5; 2d, Oliver Ames, $3; 3d, Col. Frederick Mason,
$2.
Parsnips. — Twelve specimens:

1st, D. L. Fiske, $4; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 3d, Mrs. A. A.
Warbm-ton, $2.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, $3; 3d, Col. Frederick
Mason, $2.
Potatoes. — Early Rose type, twelve specimens:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $5; 2d, Charles Scully, $4; 3d, Col.
Frederick Mason, $3.
Green Mountain tjrpe, twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $5; 2d, Charles Scully, $4; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Any other variety, twelve specimens:

1st, D. R. Craig, $5; 2d, Charles Scully, $4; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Collection, not less than six varieties:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $10; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $8.
Pumpkin or Squash. — Heaviest specimen, any variety:
Patrick Minton, $5.
Sugar or Winter Luxury, four specimens:

1st, S. D. Goff, $5; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $3; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $2.
Radishes. — White Stuttgart or other winter variety, twelve specimens:

2d, J. A. Nixon, $2.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. W. Preston, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2.
Squashes. — Bay State, three specimens:
1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $3.
Delicious, three specimens:

1st,' Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, D. L Fiske, $1.
Essex Hybrid or Warren, three specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, S3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2.
Hubbard or any of its varieties, three specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, S2.
Any other winter variety, three specimens:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $2; 3d,
Col. Frederick Mason, $1.

258 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Tomatoes. — Any forcing variety grown under glass, twelve specimens:
1st, Oliver Ames, $4; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $2.
Any outdoor scarlet variety, twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, S3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d, Col. Frederick Mason,
$1.
Turnips. — Any early white flat oi- purple top \^hite flat variety, twelve
specimens:
1st, OUver Ames, $3; 2d, G. F. Wheeler, $2.
Any globe variety, twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Charles Scully, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1.
Rutabaga, any variety, six specimens:

1st, Col. Frederick Mason, $4; 2d, Col. Frederick Mason, $3.
Herbs. — Green, fresh, largest and best collection, tastefully arranged,
with cards explaining the general use or uses of each variety:
1st, J. A. Nixon, $5; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $3; 3d, Mrs. F. C.
Upham, $2.
Salad Plants. — Best collection:

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $6; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $4; 3d, J. A. Nixon, $3,
Any variety of vegetable not mentioned in this list:

1st, D. R. Craig, $4; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3; 3d, D. R. Craig, $2.
For the best display of vegetables put up in glass jars:

1st. Mrs. G. B. Gill, $12; 2d, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $10.
For the best improved vegetable exhibited in the year 1914:
J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., improved Squash, Silver Medal.

Gratuities: —

C. W. Rowley, Squash and Peanuts, $2.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables, $10.

Mrs. N. P. Cutler, " " " $1.

Chrysanthemum Show.

November 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Collection of Vegetables. — Twelve varieties, not more than one
variety of a kind:
1st, Col. Frederick Mason. $12.
Eight varieties:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $8; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $6; 3d, J. A. Nixon,
$4.
Collection of vegetables exhibited by seedsmen :
1st, T. J. Grey Co., Silver Medal.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 259

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, collection of Lettuce, $1.

Boston Gardening Co., collection of Cucumbers, $1.

W. Heustis & Son, collection of Celery, $1.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables, $15.

T.J. Grey Co., " " " S3.

Col. Frederick Mason, " " " $2.

MASS. HORT. SOC, 1914

^LATE 5

Grenville L. Winthrop Estate, Lenox, Mass.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS
FOR THE YEAR 1914.

John K. M. L. Faequhak, Chairman.

The Committee on Gardens has to report an important year in
its history. The departure from the usual methods begun the
previous year has been continued through the present season and
the results have been satisfactory. Instead of visits to many differ-
ent localities the main part of the committee's work has been con-
centrated in one place, a plan which has already developed far
reaching benefits to the Society. A detailed account of the visits
of the year is gi\'en herewith.

Dr. Harris Kennedy'^ Iris Garden.

July 8. The first visit of the season was made on this date to
the estate of Dr. Harris Kennedy at Milton to see his collection of
Japanese irises.

Since the visit of the Garden Committee to this garden three
years ago, Dr. Kennedy has not only continued his interest in the
culture of this flower but has added many new varieties and made
improvements in the arrangement of the gardens. An attractive
feature was the construction of a summer house, after real Japanese
designs and set up by Japanese workmen, from which the visitor
can leisurely enjoy the brilliant display spread out before him.

The committee wishes particularly to commend such special
gardens devoted to a single family of flowering plants, which it is
to be noted are becoming every year more common.

261

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Visit to Lenox and Stockbridge Estates.

August 24-26. Estates and gardens of Lenox and Stockbridge
have long been famous as examples of the highest development of
landscape gardening in this section of the country. Their charm is
doubtless influenced in great measure by their natural surroundings,
occupying as they do commanding positions among the Berkshire
Hills, where on every side are grand vistas of mountain scenery.

By invitation of the Lenox Horticultural Society, supplemented
by the courteous permission of the owners of estates in that vicinity,
the committee on gardens of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society spent two days this week visiting fourteen of the notable
gardens located there. The objects of the visit were to note the
development of ornamental horticulture in this State, to cultivate
a closer affiliation with the various horticultural interests of New
England, and to report in the transactions of the society a statement
of the progress made.

The Allen Winden Farm, an estate of two hundred acres, owned
by Charles Lanier, was the first place seen. The location overlooks
the Stockbridge Bowl and commands extensive views of the noble
Taconic range of mountains across the intervening valley. The
gardens here were bright with summer flowering plants and the
groups of coniferous trees were especially interesting. A. H. Win-
gett is the superintendent here, a position which requires a high
degree of horticultural skill and knowledge.

Elm Court, the residence of William D. Sloane, was next on the
list. This is an estate of one thousand acres, two of which are
devoted to flower gardens. The extensive lawns are bordered by
trees and flower beds with a terraced Italian garden. It was highly
commended by the committee as an example of artistic landscape
arrangement. Frederic Heeremans has charge of the grounds and
greenhouses here.

High Lawn, the residence of W. B. O. Field, came next. It
occupies an elevated site with a magnificent grove of white pines
near the house. A large area is devoted to ornamental planting
and a swimming pool of liberal dimensions is a noticeable feature.
George Foulsham is the superintendent in charge here. Adjoining

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS 263

this estate is that of George Westinghouse, Edward J. Norman,
superintendent. A tasteful arrangement of trees and an unusually
fine display of flowering plants characterized this place.

White Lodge, occupied by A. R. Shattuck, is an estate compris-
ing 125 acres, a good deal of it in woodland. It has many features
of interest, notably a "White Garden" composed exclusively of
white flowers, while at the end of a linden-bordered avenue is
another garden filled with masses of brilliantly flowered herbaceous
perennials. The extensive grounds are well planned and arranged
with great artistic efl^ect. An interesting rock garden was also
noted. Alexander McLeod has charge of the grounds here.

Bellefontaine Gardens, the home of Giraud Foster, is an estate
of about two hundred acres in charge of Edwin Jenkins. This place
is embellished with an elaborate Italian garden, with many fine
specimens of marble statuary. The magnificent mansion is
modelled after Le Petit Trianon of Versailles, France, and the
formal gardens surrounding it are of noteworthy interest.

Next came Wyndhurst, the estate of William E. S. Griswold,
comprising four hundred acres. It has a great stretch of law^n
with a fine grouping of trees and from the front of the house com-
mands a grand view of Greylock mountain in the far distance.
The floricultural feature of this place is the enclosed gardens of
flowers. There are also numerous fine specimen trees. Alfred
Loveless is the superintendent of this estate.

Blantyre, the residence of R. W. Paterson, is an estate of 250
acres in charge of Thomas Proctor as superintendent. It presents
a beautiful example of landscape gardening, with well-arranged
groupings of trees. In addition to the horticultural features of
this estate the committee had the privilege of inspecting the notable
collection of paintings and procelains gathered by Mr. Paterson
from all parts of the world and deposited in a building especially
erected for them.

The estate of Miss Adele Kneeland of twelve acres showed the
hand of an enthusiastic expert in flower gardening. It contains a
notable phlox garden, brilliant in the August sunshine, also num-
erous formal gardens with water basins and fountains. A very
interesting Alpine wall garden is another feature of this place.
Miss Kneeland's personal interest in her gardens was very pleasing
to the visitors. Alfred Etherington is the head gardener here.

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Groton Place, the notable estate of Grenville L. Winthrop, con-
tains 250 acres in charge of William Henry as head gardener.
Simplicity of arrangement and harmony of planting are. its note-
worthy features. There are noble groups of trees artistically ar-
ranged and magnificent stretches of smoothly shaven lawns. An
atmosphere of restfulness and peace seemed to pervade the place.
A magnij&cent plant of Hydrangea pctiolaris climbing high upon
the front wall of the house attracted much attention.

Tanglewood, the estate of R. C. Dixey of Boston, has noteworthy
and elaborate gardens under the care of Alexander MacConnachie,
the superintendent of the place. The estate borders the northern
end of the Stockbridge Bowl, and is of peculiar interest because
it contains the site of the "little red house" once the home of
Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Wheatleigh, the home of Carlos De Heredia, an estate of
240 acres, is elaborate and beautiful. A grand court with a
magnificent fountain occupies the foreground of the mansion
and formal gardens are arranged around it. Lower down on
the slope is a series of flower gardens, and the blue spruce trees
on the estate are unusually fine specimens. The grounds are
partly in Lenox and partly in Stockbridge and are in charge of
George H. Thompson.

Naumkeag, the residence of Hon. Joseph H. Choate, is in Stock-
bridge and comprises an area of about seventy acres situated on a
rather steep hillside. On the side of the hill is a formal garden with
Italian effect showing a very good example of a battlement hedge
in hemlock. There are also numerous trimmed pillar-like ever-
green trees and a remarkable avenue suggesting the "Unter den
Linden." George Breed has charge of this place, which presents
some features of bold landscape treatment making it of noteworthy
horticultural interest.

A brief call was made at Clovercroft, the estate of Mrs. Oscar
lasigi of Boston. This place of fifty acres is in Stockbridge and
is of especial interest on account of the numerous flower gardens
enclosed by hedges of hemlock and hornbeam. It brought to mind
the fashion of a past generation now superseded by the more open
and natural arrangement. William T. Donaldson is the head
gardener of this estate.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDEXS 265

Nearly all of the estates had other features of horticultural
interest, especially the greenhouses containing the decorative
foliage plants, the orchids, the palms and ferns, and the fruits.
Every place had its distinctive features, illustrating the various
tastes and requirements of its owner, but everv^'here in the con-
servatories and reception halls was observed the Canterbury bells
{Camyanula pyramidalis) showing its popularity and effectiveness
as a decorative plant.

The formal and so-called Italian garden still seems to hold a
strong place in the planning of the modern estate, and as stated by
Guy Lowell " in recent years there has been a revival of interest in
the formal garden in this country. Foreign travel may in part
account for this, but still more important factors are the interest
that has sprung up in all that relates to outdoor life. As a conse-
quence formal gardens have been created side by side with the
natural, and the discussion of the relative merits of the two styles
has been revived on this side of the Atlantic. "

The visiting committee consisted of J. K. M. L. Farquhar, presi-
dent of the society and chairman of the garden committee; William
P. Rich, secretary; William J. Stewart, editor of horticulture, and
Jackson Dawson, William Nicholson, A. H. Fewkes, D. R. Craig,
T. D. Hatfield, Robert Cameron, Charles W. Parker, and M. H.
Norton. The visitors were hospitably entertained by the Lenox-
Horticultural Society, several of whose officers acted as guides to
the various estates.

Awards made by the Committee on Gardens.
1914.

Dr. Harris Kennedy, Milton, for garden of Japanese

irises. Silver Medal

Joseph H. Choate, Stockbridge, for topiary garden-
ing. Silver Medal

W. B. O. Field, Lenox, for effective avenue planting,

Silver Medal

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Giraud Foster, Lenox, for elaborate formal arrangement

of Bellefontaine Gardens, Silver Medal

William E. S. Griswold, Lenox, for artistic planting of

grounds and placing of gardens. Silver Medal

Carlos De Heredia, Lenox, for artistic planting in con-
nection with architectural features. Silver Medal
Miss Adele Kneeland, Lenox, for well arranged formal

garden, Silver Medal

Charles Lanier, Lenox, for artistic landscape planting,

Silver Medal
R. W. Paterson, Lenox, for excellence of parterre garden-
ing. Silver Medal
A. R. Shattuck, Lenox, for artistic flower gardening. Silver Medal
William D. Sloane, Lenox, for excellence in landscape

effects. Silver Medal

Grenville L. Winthrop, Lenox, for harmonious lawn and

woodland effects, Silver Medal

A. H. Wingett, for skilful gardening as shown on the

x\llen Wynden Farm, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Frederic Heeremans, for skilful gardening as shown on

the Elm Court Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

George Foulsham, for skilful gardening as shown on the

High Lawn Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Edward J. Norman, for skilful gardening as shown on the

George Westinghouse Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Alexander McLeod, for skilful gardening as shown on the

White Lodge Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Edwin Jenkins, for skilful gardening as shown in the

Bellefontaine Gardens, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Alfred Loveless, for skilful gardening as shown on the

Wyndhurst Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Thomas Proctor, for skilful gardening as shown on the

Blantyre Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Alfred Etherington, for skilful gardening as shown on the

Miss Adele Kneeland Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

William Henry, for skilful gardening as shown on the

Groton Place Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

Alexander MacConnachie, for skilful gardening as shown

on the Tanglewood Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS

267

George H. Thompson, for skilful gardening as shown on

the Wheatleigh Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

George Breed, for skilful gardening as shown on the

Naumkeag Estate, Lenox, Honorable Mention

John K. M. L. Farquhar

Chairman

Robert Cameron

David R. Craig

Jackson T. Dawson

Arthur H. Fewkes

Committee

T. D. Hatfield

on

Richard Hittinger

Gardens.

Dr. Harris Kennedy-

William Nicholson

Thomas Roland

Charles Sander

Wilfrid Wheeler

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S
GARDENS.

By Henry Saxton Adajvis, Chairman.

The growth in gardening among the children throughout the
State has continued with remarkable rapidity and the Exhibition
of Children's Garden Products held by this committee at Horti-
cultural Hall, September 5th and 6th, showed what satisfactory
results are being obtained. This exhibition has grown to such an
extent that this year your committee experienced considerable
difficulty in arranging and judging the exhibits.

It may be interesting to know the growth in the number of awards
made during the last few years. In 1912 there were 108 prizes, in
1913 there were 168, and in 1914 there were 192. We not only
awarded more prizes this year then ever before but there were many
exhibitors who left the hall without any award of any kind which
has never happened before, it having been our previous desire to
give every child some encouragement, however small it might be.
We now feel that only really meritorious exhibits should receive
awards and that the children appreciate that quality as well as
quantity are desired. Our new schedule has been prepared and we
offer liberal prizes in all classes.

The appropriation for 1914, included the !$200.00 gi\en by the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the encouragement of garden-
ing among the children of the State and without this additional
amount we could hardly have suitably rewarded the exhibitors.
The number of exhibitors and the quality of the material brought
in has made it possible for us to raise our standard of excellence
and man\- of the exhibits are in e^■ery way as good as those seen at
our regular exhibitions.

Through the courtesy of Messrs. Ginn & Co., a copy of Meier's
Home and School Gardens was awarded to every child winning a
first prize in the exhibition. This book is considered by many

269

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

the best authority on the subject and we hope will stimulate interest
among the children.

We are glad to welcome several new members to our committee
and know they will be needed at the next exhibition. We feel that
with the continued interest in the children's garden work of the
Society we will haxe an exhibit in 1915 which will be larger than
ever and of interest to every member of the Society and to the
public at large. Every effort will be made on the part of the
committee for our Exhibition to be held Saturday and Sunday,
August 28 and 29, 1915, which promises to fill all the available
space. We hope to see a large number of our members among the
visitors, to see and encourage the children's work.

The list of prizes awarded follows:

Henry Saxton Adams

Mrs. Augustus Hemenway

Harry S. Rand

Miss Margaret A. Rand

William P. Rich

James Wheeler

Committee

on Children's

Gardens.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED DURING THE YEAR 1914
BY THE COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S GARDENS.

September 5 and 6.

For the best coUection of vegetables from a school garden:

First. — Hawthorne Club School, Weymouth $6 00

Second. — South End Industrial School, Roxbm-y 5 00

Third.— Waltham School Gardens . 4 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden established
since 1909:

First. — Hvmtington School, Brockton 5 00

Second. — Belcher School Garden, Milton 4 00

Third.— Groton School Gardens 3 00

Fourth.— Brook Road School, Milton 2 00

Fifth. — Jamaica Plain Neighborhood House 1 00

AWARDS FOR CHILDREN'S GARDENS 271

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden:

First.— Groton Boy Scouts .|6 00

Second. — South End Industrial School, Roxbury 5 00

Third. — Crosby School, Arlington 4 00

Fifth. — Roxbury Neighborhood House 2 00

Sixth.— Cable St. Garden School, Roxbury 1 00

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden established since
1909:

First. — Woman's Municipal League Garden 5 00

Second. — Jamaica Plain Neighborhood House 4 00

Third. — Emmanuel House Gardens, Roxbury 3 00

Fourth.— Belcher School Garden, Milton 2 00

Fifth.— Sterling St. Garden, Roxbury 1 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's home garden:

First. — Hermine Schulz, Roslindale 5 00

Second. — Robert Fisher, Waltham 4 00

Third.— James W. Carl, Concord 3 00

Fourth. — Evan A. Woodward, Marlboro 2 00

For the best collection of flowers from a child's home garden :

First.— John G. Thatcher, Brookline 5 00

Second. — Martha Townsend, Lynn 4 00

Third.— Gertrude Schulz, Roslindale 3 00

Fourth.- E. Winslow Stratton, Marlboro 2 00

For the best vase of flowers from a child's home garden, arranged with
any foliage:

First. — E. Winslow Stratton, Marlboro 3 00

Second.— Martha Townsend, Lynii 2 50

Third.— Lillian M. Bauernfeind, Medford 2 00

Fourth. — William Albrecht, Roshndale 1 50

Fifth. — Estacio Ferriera, Brockton 1 00

For the best potted plant grown by a child in the City of Boston :

First.— Helena Nagel, Ro.slindale 3 00

Second. — Mary O'Cormor 2 00

Third.— William Albrecht, Roslindale 1 00

For the best bouquet of flowers from a child's home garden:

First.— E. Winslow Stratton, Marlboro 3 00

Second.— Rose Fui'don, Arlington 2 50

Third.— Helen C. Reddy, Framingham 2 00

272 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Fourth.— Martha Townsend, Lynn $1 50

Fifth. — Gertrude Schulz, Roslindale 1 00

For the best collection of native flowers, berries, leaves, and grasses,
correctly named as far as possible:

First. — Lester D. Watson, Dorchester 5 00

Second. — Martha Townsend, LjTin 4 00

Third. — Margaret Hogan, Quincy 3 00

Fourth.— Evelyn A. Fisher, Waltham 2 00

Fifth. — Edward B. Schwamb, Arlington 1 00

For the best three vases of China Asters:

First. — Frank Frazer, Ai-lmgton 3 00

Second.— Mary McDermott, Milton 2 00

Third.— Margaret Thatcher, Brookline 1 00

For the best three vases of Dahlias :

First. — Martha Townsend, Lynn 3 00

Second. — Grace Wilbur, Brockton 2 00

Third.— E. Winslow Stratton, Marlboro 1 00

For the best three vases of Gladioli:

First.— Olive Pearl Winters 3 00

Second. — George Sheehan, Arlington 2 00

Third.— John G. Thatcher, Brookline 1 00

For the best six specimens of Beets :

First. — ■ Joseph Leahy, Arlington 3 00

Second. — Hermina Lammers, Roxbury 2 00

Third.— Wilson Walker, Marlboro 1 00

For the best six ears of Green Sweet Corn :

Fu-st.- Gregory McDermott, Milton 3 00

Second.— Wilson Walker, Marlboro 2 00

Third. — Edward Reagan, Brockton 1 00

For the best four specimens of Cucumbers:

First. — Evan A. Woodward, Marlboro 3 00

Second. — Wilson Walker, Marlboro 2 00

Third.— E. Winslow Stratton, Marlboro 100

AWARDS FOR CHILDREN'S GARDENS 273

For the best plate Green String Beans, fifty pods:

First.— Wilson Walker, Marlboro $3 00

Second. — Flora Barsam, Roxbury 2 00

Third.— Gladys Grant, Brockton 1 00

For the largest Pumpkin or Squash:

First.— John Houlihan, Arlington 3 00

Second.— Estacio Ferreira, Brockton 2 00

Third.— Wilson Walker, Marlboro 1 00

For the best plate of Carrots, six specimens:

First.— E. Winslow Stratton, Marlboro 3 00

Second. — Dan Barrows, Brockton 2 00

Third.— Wilson Walker, Marlboro 1 00

For the best plate of Tomatoes, six specimens:

First. — James Spadea, Brockton 3 00

Second. — Wilson Walker, Marlboro 2 00

Third.— Ralph J. Walker, Marlboro 1 00

For any other variety of vegetable:

First. — John Houlihan, Arlington 3 00

Second. — Carl Anderson, Brockton 2 00

Third. — John Houhhan, Arlington 1 00

For the best collection of four different vegetables:

First.— Robert Cary, Brockton 5 00

Second. — Evan A. Woodward, Marlboro 3 00

Third.— Gregory McDermott, Milton 2 00

For the best collection of flowers from a roof garden in the City of
Boston :

First. — South Bay Union 5 00

Second.' — Etta, Annie, Bernie, and Bessie Goldberg 3 00

In addition to tliese prizes 109 awards ranging from 25 cents to
$1.00 were given for other exhibits of merit.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LECTURES AND
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1914.

By Wilfrid Wheeleb, Chairman.

The lecture course of 1914 was on the whole very satisfactory
and particularly that part which was conducted by the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College consisting of a whole week's course on
fruit growing. An average attendance of over 250 Avas present at
these sessions and great interest in the program was aroused.
Two very stormy Saturdays kept the attendance down at the
lectures on those days.

Never before than at present is the need of an adequate lecture
hall more apparent that the lectures may go on without interrup-
tion. The coming course will have many breaks in it owing to the
impossibility of making the necessary arrangements for the present
lecture hall.

There is a continued demand for lectures of this sort but they
should be supplemented by some out-of-door demonstrations in
practical horticulture and it is hoped that some plan for this may
be worked out another year.

The following is the program of lectures and discussions for the
year 1915.

January 16. Selection and Care of House Plants. By Frederick

E. Palmer, Brookline.
January 30. Conference on Garden Planning and Planting.

Conducted by the Staff of the Mass. Agricultural

College.

10.00 A.M. Trees and Shrubs for Home Grounds.

Prof. A. K. Harrison.

10.45 A.M. Garden Planning. Mr. P. H. Ell-
wood, Jr.

1L30A.M. Garden Furnishings. Prof. F. A.

Waugh.

275

276

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1.30 P.M. Practical Management of the Home

Flower Garden. Prof. A. H. Nehrling.

2.30 P.M. Herbaceous Annuals and Perennials.

Mr. A. S. Thurston.
February 6. The Home Vegetable Garden. By H. F. Tompson,

Amherst.
February 13. Conference on Fruit Growing. Arranged by the

Mass. Agricultural College.

10.00 A.M. Grafting and Budding. Prof. W.

W. Chenoweth.

11.00 A.M. Pruning. Prof. F. C. Sears.

1.30 P.M. Spraying. Prof. R. W. Rees.

2.45 P.M. Small Fruits. Hon. Wilfred Wheeler.
February 27. The Culture of Hardy Shrubs. By Arthur E.

Thatcher, Bar Harbor, Maine.
March 6. The Insect Outlook for New England. By Dr. H. T.

Fernald, Amherst.
March 13. Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. By W. A. Manda, South

Orange, N. J.
March 27. Diseases of the Peony. Illustrated. By Prof. H. H.

Whetzell, Ithaca, N. Y. The John Lewis Russell

Lecture.

W^iLFRiD Wheeler 1 Committee
George B. Dorr > on
F. C. Sears Lectures

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1914.

By Edward B. Wilder, Delegate.

The work of the Board during the year has been along the regular
lines. It has favored legislation which would be of benefit to the
farmers and opposed that detrimental to them. There has been,
however, some special work of great importance in the preparation
of two exhibits for the Panama-Pacific Exposition to be held in
San Francisco during 1915, one of which is horticultural and one
agricultural.

The horticultural exhibit, covering about one acre of ground out
of doors, is composed of Massachusetts grown shrubs, also peren-
nials, biennials, and annuals, which are contributed by various
nurserymen. This ground, planted to conform as nearly as possible
to a Massachusetts Garden, will be arranged by a landscape
architect employed by the Board of Agriculture.

The agricultural exhibit is designed to call the attention of
people to Massachusetts conditions in agriculture and consists of
maps, charts, diagrams, etc., as well as pictures.

It is a remarkable fact that one hundred and five thousand
(105,000) copies of circulars and bulletins have been put out during
the year, all of which have been on request, as they are not on the
mailing list.

Meetings and Exhibitions.

The meetings of the Board were as follows : —

The Summer Field Meeting was held at Lowell, June 24, 1914,
on the grounds of the Hood Farm. The program consisted of
a demonstration of blasting rocks and stumps and ditching with
dynamite, by Winthrop Fillebrown of Bryantville; a demonstra-
tion of summer spraying by H. L. Frost of Arlington; a talk on

277

278 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

marketing farm products by the Secretary of Boston Fruit and
Produce Exchange, and a talk on swine raising by Professor Fred-
erick C. Minkler of the New Jersey Experiment Station. There
was a good attendance and special interest was shown in the
demonstrations.

The Public Winter Meeting was held at Worcester, December
1, 2, and 3, in co-operation with the Worcester County Improve-
ment League, the Massachusetts Dairymen's Association, the
Massachusetts Milk Inspectors' Association, and the New Eng-
land Alfalfa Growers' Association. x\n interesting program was
arranged, consisting of lectures on Poultry, Beef production,
Dairying, Co-operation in Fruit Growing, Alfalfa, Farm and House-
hold Accounting, and Truck F'arming. Moving pictures of various
phases of farming in the State were also shown.

In connection with this meeting the board held a Corn and
Apple show, and an exhibit of Boys' and Girls' Home and School
Garden Club work. The Board also appropriated .1500 to the
Massachusetts Dairymen's Association for exhibitions of Dairy
Products. Two shows were held by the Dairymen from this appro-
priation, one at Amherst, in connection with Farmers' Week and
one at the Public Winter Meeting at W orcester.

The Board also made apple exhibitions at the convention of the
International Apple Shippers' Association at Boston in August,
and at the Domestic Science Exposition at Mechanics' Hall in
October, and appropriated $500 for the Massachusetts prize
winners at the New England Fruit Show at Providence in Novem-
ber. These awards as well as the premiums for the shows held at
Worcester were taken from the appropriation for special exhibi-
tions.

Publications.

The demand for the publications of the Board has increased very
largely during the year. No mailing list is maintained, so publi-
cations are only given to those who write or apply for them in
person; notwithstanding this, certain of the Bulletins, notably
"Apple Growing" and "Poultry Culture" are in such demand
that it is difficult to keep them in stock with the present appro-
priation.

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 279

The publications of the Board for the year have been as follows: — •

A List of Available Publications, 5000 copies.

Thirteen Nature Leaflets, reprinted, 23,500 copies.

Bulletin No. 1, "Poultry Culture," fourth edition revised, 3,500 copies.

Bulletin No. 2, "Apple Growing," fourth edition, revised, 5,000 copies.

Bulletin No. 6, "Dairying," 2,000 copies.

Circular No. 3, "Balanced rations for Dairy Stock," reprint, 2,000 copies.

Circular No. 4, " Apple Packing for Massachusetts Growers," 1,000 copies.

Circular No. 8, "Cost of Milk Production," 2,000 copies.

Circular No. 9, "What it costs to Produce Milk in New England," 2,000
copies.

Circular No. 11, "Some Bacteriological Aspects of Clean Milk Inspection,"
2,500 copies.

Circular No. 12, "Apple Diseases," 500 copies.

Circular No. 13, "Clean Milk Contest, 1913," 2,000 copies.

Circular No. 14, "The Culture of the Cmrant," 5,000 copies.

Circular No. 15, "Canteloupe Growing in Massachusetts," 5,000 copies.

Circular No. 16, "The Pruning of the Grape," 5,000 copies.

Circular No. 17, "Poultry Feeds and Methods of Feeding," 7,000 copies.

Circular No. 18, "Farm Water Supplies," 4,500 copies.

Chcular No. 19, "The New Orchard," 8,000 copies.

Circular No. 20, "Farm Management," 10,000 copies.

Circular No. 21, "Breeding and Feeding Dairy Cattle," 5,000 copies.

Circular No. 22, "The Army Worm," 6,000 copies.

Circular No. 23, "Rural Credit, Banking and Agricultural Co-operation
in Europe," 6,000 copies.

Circular No. 24, "Alfalfa Growing," 6,000 copies.

Circular No. 25, "How to Buy Fertilizers," 5,000 copies.

Chcular No. 26, "Nut Culture," 5,000 copies.

Circular No. 27, "Peach Growing in Western Massachusetts," — ^ (from
June, 1913, Crop Report) 3,500 copies.

Circular No. 28, "Cooperation," — (from July, 1913, Crop Report)
3,500 copies.

Circular No. 29, "Diversified Farm Accounting," — (from August 1913,
Crop Report) 3,500 copies.

Circular No. 30, "Farm Ice Houses," — ^ (from September, 1913, Crop
Report) 4,500 copies.

Apiary Inspection Bulletin No. 7A, "Soft Candy Feed for Bees," 4,000
copies.

Apiary Inspection Bulletin No. 8, "Honey Bees as Pollenizers," 3, .500
copies.

List of Farms for Sale, 1,500 copies.

"Agriculture of Massachu.setts " for 1913, was also printed. In '
publishing this book the number of copies has been reduced to

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

5,000, and special articles from it have been issued as circulars.
This has considerably reduced the cost of the report and at the
same time has resulted in a wider distribution of the information
contained in it.

The Annual Report of the Experiment Station was omitted this
year, which reduced the size of the volume to 478 pages. In addi-
tion to the report of the Secretary, it contains the report of the
State Nursery Inspector, the State Ornithologist, the State Apiary
Inspector, the State Dairy Bureau, and the State Forester.

Work of the Office.

There has been a large increase in the work of the office, due
partially to the wider demand for publications which have been
mentioned, and partly also to the large number of callers seeking
information about the agricultural resources of the State. The
Board has also had charge of 'the preparation of the Agricultural
and Horticultural Exhibits for the Panama-Pacific Exposition,
and this has entailed a large amount of work.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
THE YEAR 1914.

Passing in review the work of the Society during the year just
closed there appears to have been no prominent feature distinguish-
ing it from that of the average of other years. The usual time-
honored exhibitions have been held similar to those of the past,
the winter course of lectures on horticultural subjects duly main-
tained, and the incidental duties and correspondence of the Sec-
retary's office attended to.

While a year like the last by no means indicates any decline
of interest in the objects for which the Society was established
it points, perhaps, to the desirability of some more progressive
action in the near future if the Society is to maintain its prestige
as the leader in the horticultural development of this section of the
country.

It would be encroaching upon the reports of the various com-
mittees to go into the details of their work during the year. Their
annual reports, as they have been always, are important records of
the progress of horticulture and the Secretary, perhaps more than
others, realizes their value from the frequent references to them
made necessary by inquiries from horticulturists throughout the
country for the information which they contain relating to the
introduction of new varieties of plants, flowers, fruits, and vege-
tables.

The twelve exhibitions as listed in the Schedule of Prizes and
Exhibitions have been held, all of which, with the possible excep-
tion of the Chrysanthemum Show in November, have been fully
up to the Society's high standard of excellence. The interest in
the once popular Chrysanthemum Show appears to be on the
decline and it is evident that some changes in this exhibition will
be necessary if it is to be continued as a " pay show. "

281

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

In addition to the twelve regular exhibitions a special flower
show was held August 18 to 20 in honor of the Thirtieth Con-
vention of the Society of xVmerican Florists and Ornamental
Horticulturists which was held in Boston on those dates. This
exhibition, arranged at short notice, was one of the best of the
year, all three halls being well filled with a very attractive col-
lection of plants and flowers, of which the gladiolus was a notable
feature.

The usual winter course of lectures was varied somewhat this
season by the introduction of a series of lectures and demonstra-
tions on the subject of fruit culture in New England occupying five
days in the week of February 24 to 28. The course covered the
entire field of orchard fruits, including the selection of sites for the
orchard, varieties of fruits best adapted for New England condi-
tions, fertilizing, grafting, pruning, spraying, packing, and market-
ing the product.

The instructors were mainly from the staff of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College and all were experts in the various subjects
treated. It offered a valuable opportunity for obtaining the
latest and most approved information on the best methods of
successful fruit growing in this section of the country. The course
proved a marked success, an average of 250 persons being in
attendance, practically all of whom were personally interested in
some phase of orcharding in New England.

Full reports of these demonstrations as well as of the more formal
lectures were published in Part I of the Transactions of the Society
for the year 1914.

Through the personal efforts of a special committee of the
Trustees, 130 new members were added to the membership list
during the year, making the receipts for membership the largest
with one exception in the history of the Society.

The publications of the Society and the dates of issue for the
year have been as follow:

January 20. Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year
1914, 60 pp.

April 16. Transactions, 1913, Part II, pp. 133-293 and Plate 3.

August 5. Transactions, 1914, Part I, pp. 1-179.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN 283

The Library.

The publication of the catalogue of the library has been further
postponed. From one point of view this action will be an advan-
tage as it will permit the addition of a large amount of material
which is being daily received.

When the library room of the present building was constructed
in 1900 it was thought to afford ample space for as far ahead as it
was necessary to look; but already, at the end of fourteen years,
the need of additional shelving is being felt and will have to be
provided within a very few years.

The library is an important adjunct in the work of the Society
and no small share of the Society's reputation is due to its develop-
ment.

The greater part of the accessions of the year have been horti-
cultural books of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries which
from their historical and bibliographical value are desirable addi-
tions while the purchase of recent publications has not been
neglected.

One of the most noteworthy of the horticultural publications
of the year is the new Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture of
which two volumes have been thus far issued. This work is a
condensed horticultural library and is of great value for ready
reference on all subjects relating to gardening in general.

William P. Rich,

Secretary and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR ^1914.

Massachusetts Horticui/turaii Society in account current with
Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer, December SI, 1914-

Dr.

Paid for Library from Appropriation

$431.14

" J. W. D. French Fund . .

96.23

" J. S. Farlow Fund ....

100.78

' Heating

1,097.77

' Lighting .

1,878.75

' Labor

1,936.35

' Stationery and Printing

1,406.10

' Postage

230.00

' Insurance

535.20

' Incidentals

1,309.42

' Repairs

926.68

' Committee on Lectures and PubUcations .

290.48

' Salaries of Officers

4,384.50

' " Committee on Plants and Flowers

406.19

" Fruits

149.00

"Vegetables . . .

147.00

' Committee on Prizes & Exhibitions . .

250.00

' Expenses Committee on Gardens . . .

301.05 •

' Medals

494.39

' Library Catalogue

132.00

' Prizes for Plants and Flowers

3,688.00

* Prizes for Fruits

1,317.00

' Prizes for Vegetables

1,074.00

' Prizes for Childi-en's Garden

297.54

' H. A. Gane Fund

30 00

' Geo. R. White Medal of Honor ....

446.30

' John C. ChafEn Fund

26.00

' John Lewis Russell Fund

40 00

' Appn. S. A. F. Convention

500.00

' Miss M. R. Case Prize

50.00

' $4000 United Fruit Bonds

3,840.00

' $4000 Interboro' Bonds

3,920.00

Ba

[anc(

3 December 31, 1914, Treasm-er and Bursar .

4,423.76

$36,155.63

285

286

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cr.

Balance December 31, 1913 $6,243.08

Received Rents 5,098.41

" Exhibitions 1,503.50

" less expenses 814.25 689.25

" Membership Fees (1057. Income a/c 2525

Perm. Fund) 3,582.00

State Bounty 1,000 00

" .Sundry Donations 4.50

" Mount Auburn Cemetery (1180.12 Income

a/cl 180. 13 Perm. Fund) 2,360.25 12,734.41

" Interest on securities from the following
fimds:

S. Appleton 40 00

J. A. Lowell 40 00

T. Lyman 440 00

J. Bradlee 40 00

B. V. French 20 00

H. H. HuimeweU 160 00

W. J. Walker '. . 94 16

L. Whitcomb 20 00

B. B. Davis 20 00

M. P. WUder 40 00

J. L. Russell 40 00

F. B. Hayes 400 00

H. A. Gane 40 00

J. S. Farlow 100 00

J. D. W. French 200 00

B. H. Pierce 32 00

J. C. Chaffin 40 00

B. V. French, No. 2 120 00

G. R. White 240 00

J. S. Farlow, Newton 116 00

J. A. French 200 00

Interest and dividends on securities

other than those for the above funds
$5000. West End Bonds (due and paid)
Miss M. R. Case Prize

2,442.16

9,685.98

5,000.00

50.00

5,155.63

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

287

Assets.

Real Estate . $518,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 10,796 96

Library 45,110 47

Plates and History . . . . ' 235 50

$2,000 Kansas City, Clinton, and Springfield

Bonds 1,980 00

10,000 Lake Shore and Mich. So. Bonds . . 10,415 25

21,000 City of Newton Bonds ...... 24,228 75

50,000 Atch. Topeka and S. F. Bonds . . . 44,693 25

50,000 Chicago Burl, and Quincy Bonds . . 50,012 50

10,000 Chicago and West Mich. Bonds . . . 9,987 50

25,000 K. C. F. S. and Memphis Bonds . . . 27,523 75

50,000 C. B. and Q. lUinois Bonds .... 51,625 00

8,000 Boston and Maine Bonds 8,710 00

4,000 Am. Tel. & Tel. 4% Bonds, 1936 . . . 4,110 00

4,000 United Fruit 5% Notes, 1918 .... 3,840 00

4,000 Interboro 5% Bonds, 1966 3,920 00

12,000 Pacific Telephone Bonds 11,670 00

260 shares General Electric Stock 12,909 90

Hayes and Loring, Trustees 2,308 66

Cash in hands of Treasurer and Bursar . . . 4,423 76

$847,065 88

Ll.\BILITIES.

Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks :

S. Appleton Fund $1,000 00

J. A. Lowell

T. Lyman

J. Bradlee

B. V. French, No. 1

H. H. Hunnewell

W. J. Walker

L. Whitcomb

B. B. Davis

M. P. Wilder

J. L. Russell

F. B. Hayes

H. A. Gane

J. S. Farlow

1,000 00

11,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

4,000 00

2,354 43

500 00

500 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

10,000 00

1,179 00

2,500 00

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

J. D. W. French Fund 5,110 86

B. H. Pierce

J. C. Chaffin

B. V. French, No. 2

J. A. French

G. R. White

J. S. Farlow, Newton

800 00
1,245 89
3,000 00
5,000 00
5,863 08
2,900 42 $61,453 68

Surplus 785,612 20

$847,065 88

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

Membership of Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

December 31, 1914.

Life Members, December 31, 1913 689

Added in 1914 101

Changed from Annual 1

791
Deceased . . - 16 775

Annual Members, December 31, 1913 149

Added in 1914 . . . ■ 29

178

Deceased 2

Changed to Life 1

Resigned 6

Dropped for non-payment of dues 6

Changed to Corres. Member 1 16 162

Membership, December 31, 1914 937

Income from Membership

101 New Life members at $30 $3,030 00

29 New Annual Members at $10 290 00

1 changed to Life 20 00

Assessments for 1914 242 00

$3,582~()0

Walter Hunnewell,

Treas2irer,

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 289

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

40 State Street, Boston,
February 24, 1915.

To the Finance Committee of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Gentlemen:

As requested by you I have made a thorough audit of the books and
general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety for the year which ended with the thirty-first day of December, 1914,
and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

Report.

I have proved the correctness of the ledger, journal, and cash books and
the small books tributary to the cash books, and saw that all balances were
properly carried forward. I examined all vouchers and checks repre-
senting the disbursements during the year and found the amount of cash
required by the cash book upon the first day of January. 1915, to have
been on hand, and also examined the securities of the Society, finding
them in all details in accordance with the requirements of the records.
I traced all postings from the journal and cash books into the ledger
and certify that the balance sheet taken from it as of the 31st of December,
1914, is a correct abstract and that the Treasurer's statement of the assets
and liabilities of the Society upon said date is true to the best of my knowl-
edge and behef .

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in comiection with the account-
ing affairs of the Society is being inteUigently and faithfully performed
and that the books and papers of the Society are in commendable condi-
tion.

Yours very respectfully.

Andrew Stewart,
Certified Public Accountant .

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 14, 1914.

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1914.

The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the year 1914 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Satur-
day, November 14, at twelve o'clock, noon, with President Far-
quhar in the chair.

The call for the meeting was read by the Secretary and the
record of the previous meeting was read and duly approved.

The President announced that the Board of Trustees had ap-
proved an appropriation of $6000.00 in addition to the income of
the special prize funds of the Society for prizes and gratuities for
the ensuing year. He then appointed Messrs. Edward B. Wilder,
J. Allen Crosby and WiUiam P. Rich a committee to receive, assort,
and count the ballots, and to report the number and declared the
polls open until three o'clock.

The following motion was offered by Mr. C. H. W. Foster:

Whereas it is some fourteen or fifteen years since the building of this
Society was constructed, and

Whereas the needs of the Society and possibiUty of income from the
rental of its hall have changed.

Now, Therefore, be it moved:
That it is the sense of this meeting that the Trustees consider the advisa-
bility of reconstructing the interior of the building of the Society, so that
it will be better adapted to the purposes of the Society and will brmg about
an increase in its income, and that the Trustees be requested to make a
report upon this subject at a special meeting of the Society, to be called
not later than May 1st, 1915.

The motion of Mr. Foster was seconded by Mr. N. T. Kidder
and unanimously adopted.

There being no other business the President declared a recess
until three o'clock and appointed Mr. Wilder as Chairman pro tern.

293

294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

At three o'clock Chairman Wilder declared the polls closed and
the balloting committee proceeded to assort and count the ballots
and reported the result as follows:

Whole number of ballots cast, 34.

For President, John K. M. L. Farquhar received 33. For
Vice-President, Richard M. Saltonstall, 33. For Trustees for
three years, Thomas Allen, 32, F. Lothrop Ames, 34, Thomas
Roland, 33, C. S. Sargent, 31.

For Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture for three years,
Edward B. Wilder received 32.

For Nominating Committee, David. R. Craig received 33,
Richard Hittinger, 32, Henry M. Howard, 32, George Page, 32,
John L. Smith, 32.

Chairman Wilder then declared the following named persons to
be the duly elected officers of the Society for the year 1915:

President
Vice President

(for two years)
Trustees

(for three years)

John K. M. L. Farquhar
Richard M. Saltonstall

Thomas Allen
F. Lothrop Ames
Thomas Roland
Charles S. Sargent

Delegate to the State Board of Edward B. Wilder
Agriculture (for three years)

Nominating Committee

The meeting was then dissolved.

David R. Craig
Richard Hittinger
Henry M. Howard
George Page
John L. Smith

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

NECROLOGY 1914.

NECROLOGY, 1914.

Elbridge Torrey of Dorchester, Massachusetts, died January
3, 1914, in his 76th 3'ear. For more than fifty years he was engaged
in the carpet business in Boston, and was actively interested in
numerous educational and religious organizations.

He became a member of the Society in 1904 and was a frequent
exhibitor of fruits at its exhibitions.

Frank A, Day of Newton, Massachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1905, died in St. x\ugustine, Florida, January 15, 1914,
at the age of 62. He was engaged in the banking business in
Boston.'

Isaac Emery Coburn of Everett, Massachusetts, died at his
home in that city January 22, 1914, at the age of 71. Mr. Coburn
became a member of the Society in 1874 and was for many years a
frequent exhibitor at its exhibitions, especially of pansies and
strawberries. He was noted particularly as a grower of pansies
and on his place in Everett had in recent years four acres of this
flower under cultivation.

Samuel H. Warren of Weston, Massachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1891, died at his home in that town February 19, 1914,
in his 78th year. Mr. Warren was an extensive grower and propa-
gator of strawberries and a regular exhibitor of his products for
many years at the Society's exhibitions. In addition to the many
regular prizes given him he was awarded in 1912 a Silver Medal
for his new strawberry the Warren. He also introduced the Hub
strawberry which was well spoken of.

James Lawrence of Groton, Massachusetts, died in that town
February 24, 1914, at the age of 61. He was much interested in
general horticulture and farming, and had been a member of the
j^ociety since 1876.

297

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

R. Wilton Lockwood, of South Orleans, Massachusetts, died
in Boston March 20, 1914, at the age of 53 years. Mr. Lockwood
was not only one of the most prominent artists in the country but
was well known to the horticulturists of Boston and vicinity through
his gardens of roses and peonies at South Orleans. These gardens
were visited several times in recent years by the Garden Com-
mittee of the Society and were awarded Silver Medals in recogni-
tion of the skill and taste displayed by Mr. Lockwood in the culture
of his favorite flowers.

Hon. Eben S. Draper of Hopedale, Massachusetts, died April
9, 1914, in his 56th year. He became a member of the Society in
1894. In addition to his large interests in many manufacturing
and commercial enterprises Mr. Draper was greatly impressed with
the possibilities of successful agriculture in New England. He
carried on a large orchard in Milford to show his faith in apple
growing here and was a member of the State Board of Agriculture
for several years.

He served as Lieut. Governor of the State in 1908 and as Gover-
nor in 1909 and 1910.

Francis Skinner of Dedham, Massachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1899, died May 7, 1914, at the age of 44 years. Mr.
Skinner had a beautiful estate in Dedham and was a frequent
exhibitor, especially of tropical plants and flowers, at the Society's
shows.

James Lovell Little of Brookline, Massachusetts, died at his
home in that town August 20, 1914, in his 69th year. He had been
connected with the Society since 1887.

Edwin H. Jose of Cambridge, Massachusetts, died September
29, 1914, in his 70th year. Mr. Jose was much interested in the
objects of the Society of which he had been a member since 1888.
He was especially devoted to the forestry interests of New England.

Gardiner M. Lane of Boston died October 3, 1914, at the age
of 55 years. He became a member of the Society in 1905. Mr.

NECROLOGY, 1914 299

Lane was acti\'ely interested in many of the public institutions of
Boston, rendering effective service in their behalf,

Langdon Shannon Davis of Brookline, IVIassachusetts, died
in that town October 25, 1914. He had been a member of the
Society since 1899.

Miss Caroline Louisa Williams French of Boston, died
October 27, 1914, at the age of 81 years. Miss French was a
member of a family distinguished in the annals of the Society for
its benefactions, to which her own name was added a few years ago
in the gift of a sum of money for the purchase of books for the
librar}'. She became a member of the Society in 1899.

William Endicott of Boston, a member of the Society since
1894, died November 7, 1914, in his 89th year.

Mr. P^ndicott was an' old-time Boston merchant and was in-
fluential in the management of many business and charitable
organizations.

Charles Bradford Travis of Brighton, Massachusetts, died
November 8, 1914, at the age of 73 years. Mr. Travis became a
member of the Society in 1891. He was much interested in fruit
culture, especially of pears, and few were the exhibitions of the
Society in recent years that did not contain specimens from his
trees in Brighton and for which he was the recipient of many
awards.

Dr. Charles Sedgwick Minot of Milton, Massachusetts, died
at his home in that town November 19, 1914, at the age of 62 years.
Dr. Minot in addition to his many professional duties in connection
with the Harvard Medical School was much interested in horti-
culture. He made a specialty of peony growing and had a large
and noteworthy collection of this flower. He was a frequent ex-
hibitor at the flower shows and during the present year was awarded
a Silver Medal for a new seedling white peony which he named Mrs.
C. S. Minot.

300 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

James Arthur Beebe of Boston, a member of the Society since
1894, died November 27, 1914, at the age of 68. Mr. Beebe was
much interested in horticultural and agricultural matters and had a
jfine estate of some 300 acres at Falmouth, Massachusetts.

Joseph B. Robinson of Dorchester, Massachusetts, a member
of the Society since 1885, died December 5, 1914, at the age of 65
years. In former years he was well known in horticultural trade
circles but in later years had been in other lines of business.

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1914.

assatljxtsetts Portimlteral Societjj.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1914.

President.
JOHN K. M. L. PARQUHAR, or Boston.

Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNNEWELL. of Boston.
RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, of Boston.

Treasurer.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston.
F. LOTHROP AMES, of North Easton.
ERNEST B. DANE, of Brookline.
WILLIAM DOWNS, of Chestnut Hill.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK. of Boston.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.
CHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.
STEPHEN M. WELD, op Wareham.
WILFRID WHEELER, of Concord.
EDWARD B. WILDER, of Dorchester.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
EDWARD B. WILDER

Nominating Committee.

HERBERT A. CLARK ARTHUR H. FEWKES

PHILIP DEXTER FREDERICK S. MOSELEY

JOHN L. SMITH

* Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

304 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

COMMITTEES FOR 1914.

Finance Conunlttee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK. STEPHEN M. WELD.

Membership Committee.

JOHN K. M, L. PARQUHAR,
WALTER HUNNEWELL, RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL.

Committee on Library.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.
ERNEST B. DANE, CHARLES S. MINOT.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.
GEORGE B. DORR, F. C. SEARS.

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman.
DUNCAN FINLAYSON, PETER FISHER, S. J. GODDARD.

T. D. HATFIELD. DR. W. G. KENDALL,

ALEXANDER MONTGOMERY, EDWARD B. WILDER.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

T. D. HATFIELD. Chairman.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES, DONALD McKENZIE,

JAMES MARLBOROUGH. WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

WILLIAM SIM.

Committee on Fruits.

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman.
WILLIAM DOWNS. HAROLD L. FROST.

Committee on Vegetables.

DUNCAN FINLAYSON, Chairman.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG. HENRY M. HOWARD.

Committee on Oardens.

JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman.

ROBERT CAMERON, DAVID R. CRAIG, JACKSON T. DAWSON,

ARTHUR H. FEWKES. T. D. HATFIELD. RICHARD HITTINGER,

DR. HARRIS KENNEDY, WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

THOMAS ROLAND, CHARLES SANDER, WILFRID WHEELER.

Committee on Children's Qardens.

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman.

MRS. AUGUSTUS HEMENWAY, HARRY S. RAND,

MISS MARGARET A. RAND, WM. P. RICH, JAMES WHEELER.

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1914.

Revised to December 31, 1914.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

1900 Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C.

1900 Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of

France, Paris.
1897 Hon. James Wilson, Ex-Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

1901 George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y.

1889 Dr. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.

1898 John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.

1875 Professor William J. Beal, Amherst, Mass.

1911 W. J. Bean, Royal Gardens, Kew, England.

1889 Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial
College of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

1900 Col. Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

1911 John Dunbar, Park Department, Rochester, N. Y.

1887 Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., "Witcombe,"
Gloucester, England.

305

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTITRAL SOCIETY

1875 Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society,

Roswell, N. M.
1887 H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.
1889 William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany,

Harvard University, Cambridge.

1893 B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

1900 Dr. Beverly T. Galloway, Director College of Agriculture, Cornell

Universitj', Ithaca, N. Y.
1877 George Lincoln Goodale, M. D., Cambridge, Mass.
1895 Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick,

N. J.
1914 C. S. Harrison, York, Nebraska.
1911 Professor U. P. Hedrick, New York Agricultural Experiment

Station, Geneva, N. Y.
1907 Dr. Augustine Henry, Cambridge, England.

1897 J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.
1906 Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

1889 Professor William R. Lazenby, Department of Horticulture and
Forestry; Secretary College of Agriculture and Domestic Science,
Ohio State University, Columbus, O.

1911 Emile Lemoine, Nancy, France.

1875 T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

1911 J. Ewing Mears, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

1911 WiLHELM Miller, Supermtendent of Horticulture, University of

Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

1898 Sir Frederick W. Moore, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
1887 Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D.Sc, M. A., F. L. S.
1898 Peter N0vik, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticultural Society,

Christiania.

1912 C. Harman Payne, London, England.

1906 Lieut. Col. David Prain, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew, England.

1894 CavaliJ]re Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.

1906 Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director of the Botanic Garden, Singapore.

1898 Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph.D., Curator of the Gray Her-

barium of Harvard University, Cambridge.
1875 William Robinson, Editor of Gardening Illustrated, London.

1899 William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery

Cincinnati, O.
1875 Robert W. Starr, Wolfville, N. S.
1893 Professor William Trelease, University of Illinois, Urbana,

Illinois.
1882 H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
1905 Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.

CORKESPONDING MEMBERS 307

1905 Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.

1912 Professor Hugo de Vries, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Holland.

1894 William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Eng-
land.

1906 Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.
1911 E. H. Wilson, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

1901 Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horti-
cultural Society, Berlin, Prussia.

308

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

LIFE MEMBERS.

1899 Adams, Mrs. Charles Francis,

South Lincoki.
1907 Adams, George E., Kingston,

R.I.

1897 Adams, Henry Saxton, Jamaica

Plain.

1899 Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yar-
mouth Port.

1894 Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

1898 Allen, Thomas, Boston.

1899 Ames, F.Lothrop, North Easton.
1914 Ames, Mrs. F. L., North

Easton.
1899 Ames, John S., North Easton.
1899 Ames, Miss Mary S., North

Easton.
1894 Ames, Oakes, North Easton.

1899 Ames, Oliver, North Easton.

1900 Ames, Mrs. Oliver, St., North

Easton.
1900 Ames, Miss Susan E., North

Easton.
1867 Amory, Frederic, Boston.

1899 Anderson, Larz, Brookline.
1911 Anderson, William, South Lan-
caster.

1864 Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
1871 Appleton, Hon. Francis H.,

Boston.
1914 Appleton, Francis R., New

York, N. Y.

1913 Appleton, Henry Saltonstall,

Boston.

1914 Apthorp, Mrs. Harrison 0.,

Milton.

1900 Arnold, Mrs. George Francis,

Brookline.

1894 Ash, John, Pomfret Centre,
Conn.

1890 Atkuis, Edwin F., Belmont.
1914 Ayer, Mrs. Frederick, Boston.
1899 Ayer, James B., Boston.

1912 Bache, James S., Sharon, Conn.
1905 Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
1914 Bacon, Miss E. S., Jamaica

Plain.
1905 Badger, Walter I., Cambridge.
1894 Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
1902 Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
1902 Baker, Chfton P., Dedham.
1901 Baker, James E., South Lincoln.
1904 Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
1909 Baldwin, Frank F., Hopkinton.
1888 Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

1904 Barker, George, Swampscott.

1905 Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

1866 Barnes, Walter S., Boston.

1904 Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

1867 Barney, Levi C, Boston.
1897 Barry, John Marshall, Boston.

1893 Barry, WiUiam C, Rochester,

N. Y.
1901 Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.
1914 Bartol, Dr. John W., Boston.
1901 Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich.
1899 Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.
1914 Beal, Mrs. Boylston, Boston.

1905 Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

1891 Becker, Frederick C, Cam-

bridge.
1876 Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Ded-
ham.

1894 Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS

309

1890 Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

1905 Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

1914 Bemis, Mrs. Frank B., Beverly.

1899 Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

1914 Bigelow, Charles, Brookline.

1899 Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

1899 Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis,
Boston.

1899 Black, George N., Manchester.

1885 Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brook-
line.

1914 Blake, Benjamin S., Auburn-
dale.

1897 Blake, Edward D., Boston.

1908 Blood, Eldredge H., Cambridge.

1905 Boardman, Miss Eliza D.,
Boston.

1899 Boardman, T. Dennie, Man-

chester.

1914 Boit, Miss Elizabeth E., Wake-
field.

1875 Bolles, William P., M. D.,
Roxbury.

1894 Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

1914 Bowditch, Alfred, Jamaica
Plain.

1887 Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

1897 Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

1883 Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

1894 Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Fram-
ingham.

1877 Bowditch, WiUiam E., Roxbury.

1878 Bowker, WiUiam H., Boston.

1913 Brackett, C Heniy B., Boston.
1912 Bradley, Charles H., Boston.

1914 Brandegee, Mrs. Edward D.,

Brookline.

1900 Breck, Joseph Francis, Waban.
1914 Breck, Luther Adams, Newton.
1899 Bremer, Mrs. John L., Man-
chester.

1871 Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
1914 Brewer, Edward M., Milton.
1914 Brewer, Joseph, Milton.
1905 Brewster, William, Cambridge.

1910 Briggs, Mrs. George R., Ply-

mouth.

1897 Briggs, William S., Lincoln.

1873 Brigham, William T., Hono-
lulu, Hawaii.

1909 Brooke, Edmund G., Jr., Provi-
dence, R. I.

1914 Brooks, Miss Fanny, ReadvUle.

1914 Brooks, Henry G., Milton.

1899 Brooks, Peter C, Boston.

1899 Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

1912 Brooks, Walter D., Milton.
1909 Brown, Mrs. John Carter, Prov-
idence, R. I.

1899 Brown, Samuel N., Boston.
1907 Brush, Charles N., Brookline.
1906 Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper

Falls.
1914 Bullard, Alfred M., Milton.
1897 Burlen, William H., East Hol-

liston.

1895 Burnett, Harry, Southborough.

1911 Burnett, John T., Southbor-

ough.

1914 Burnett, Robert M., South-
borough.

1914 Biu-nham, Miss Helen C, Bos-
ton.

1911 Burpee, W. Atlee, Philadelphia,
Pa.

1909 Burr, I. Tucker, Milton.

1906 Burrage, Albert C, Boston.
1868 Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

1907 Butterworth, George William,

South Framingham.
1906 Butterworth, J. Thomas, South

Framingham.
1905 Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

1902 Cabot, George E., Boston.
1914 Cabot, Henry B., Brookline.
1870 Calder, Augustus P., Mattapan.

1896 Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.

1908 Campbell, Charles A., Ipswich.

1913 Campbell, ChesterI.,Wollaston.
1891 Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.

310

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1905 Carr, Samuel, Boston.

1893 Carter, Charles N., Needham.
1867 Carter, Miss Maria E., Wobum.
1885 Cartwright, George, Dedham.
1899 Casas, W. B. de las. Maiden.
1911 Case, Miss Marian Roby, Wes-
ton.

1873 Chamberlain, Chauncy W.,

Waban.
1909 Chamberlain, Montague, Gro-

ton.
1903 Chapman, John L., Prides

Crossing.
1878 Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.

1909 Chase, Philip Putnam, Milton.

1895 Cheney, Mrs. Ehzabeth S.,

Wellesley.

1894 Christie, William, Everett.
1876 Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
1871 Clapp, WiUiam C, Dorchester.

1896 Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.
1896 Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfret

Centre, Conn.
1907 Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.
1890 Clark, J. Warren, MiUis.

1910 Clark, Winslow, Milton.
1871 Clarke, Miss Cora H., Boston.

1899 Clarke, Eliot C, Boston.
1914 CUfford, Charles P., Milton.

1895 Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.
1894 Cobb, John C, Milton.

1914 Cochrane, Alexander, Boston.

1906 Codman, Miss Catherine A.,

Westwood.

1871 Codman, James M., Brookline.

1914 Codman, James M., Jr., Brook-
line.

1901 Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston.
1903 Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., New-
ton Highlands.

1900 Cole, Edward E., Boston.
1887 Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
1882 Collins, Frank S., North

Eastham.
1900 Colton, Samuel H., Worcester.

1902 Comley, Norris F., Lexington.

1899 Converse, Col. H. E., Marion.

1913 Cook, Thomas N., Watertown.

1914 Coolidge, Charles A., Boston.

1902 Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.
1899 Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

1899 Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph,
Chestnut Hill.

1914 Cotting, Charles E., Boston.

1914 Cotting, Mrs. Charles E., Bos-
ton.

1892 Cottle, Henry C., Boston.

1914 Councilman, Dr. W. T., Boston.

1913 Cox, Simon F., Mattapan.
1892 Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

1914 Crafts, Miss Elizabeth S., Bos-

ton.
1910 Craig, David R., Boston.
1901 Craig, William Nicol, Brookline.
1899 Crane, Zenas, Dalton.
1891 Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Rox-

bury.
1891 Crocker, Miss Sarah H., Boston.
1914 Crompton, Miss Isabel M.,

Worcester.
1887 Crosby, George E., West Med-

ford.
1914 Crosby, Mrs. S. V. R., Boston.
1901 Cross, Alfred Richard, Nantas-

ket.
1909 Cumner, Mrs. Nellie B., Brook-
line.
1856 Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica

Plain.
1899 Curtis, Charles P., Boston.
1895 Cushing, Livingston, Weston.
1906 Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.

1903 Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Re-

vere.

1897 Damon, Frederick W., Arling-
ton.

1908 Dane, Ernest B., Brookline.

1908 Dane, Mrs. Ernest B., Brook-
line.

1899 Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS

311

1909 Danielson, Mrs. J. DeForest,
Boston.

1892 Davenport, Albert M., Water-

town.
1902 Davis, Arthur E., Dover.
1902 Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Dover.

1913 Davis, Bancroft Chandler, Wes-

ton.

1914 Davis, Livingston, Milton.

1909 Dawson, Henry Sargent, Ja-

maica Plain.

1872 Dawson, Jackson T., Jamaica

Plain.
1905 Day, Henry B., West Newton.

1873 Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
1904 Dexter, Gordon, Beverly Farms.
1904 Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

1866 Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.

1902 Doane, Edgar Howard, Wen-
ham.

1896 Donald, William, Cold Spring
Harbor, N. Y.

1900 Donaldson, James, Roxbury.

1907 Doten, Scott T., Jamaica
Plain.

1914 Douglass, Alfred, Brookline.

1910 Downs, William, Chestnut Hill.

1893 Dowse, William B. H., West

Newton.
1899 Draper, George A., Hopedale.

1896 Dreer, William F., Philadelphia,

Pa.

1897 Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut

Hill.

1899 Duncan, James L., New York,

N. Y.
1902 Duncan, John W., Spokane,

Wash.
1896 Dunlap, James H., Nashua,

N. H.
1909 Dupuy, Louis, Whitestone.

L. I., N. Y.
1852 Durfee, George B., Fall River.
1880 Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.

1900 Dwight, Theodore F., Kendal

Green.

1902 Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington.

1912 Eaton, Harris D., Southbor-
ough.

1911 Edgar, Mrs. Rose H., Waverley.

1912 Edgar, William Percival, Ja-

maica Plain.

1895 Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

1887 EUiott, Mrs. John W., Boston.

1888 Elliott, William H., Brighton.

1903 Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.
1907 Emerson, Nathaniel W., M.D.,

Boston.
1894 Endicott, William, Jr., Boston.
1899 Endicott, William C, Danvers.
1897 Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.
1905 Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F.,

Boston.
1907 Eustis, Miss Elizabeth M.,

Brookline.

1907 Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe,

Brookline.
1914 Evans, Mrs. Robert D., Boston.

1881 Fairchild, Charles, New York,

N. Y.
1877 Falconer, William, Pittsburg,

Pa.
1884 Farlow, Lewis H., Boston.

1896 Farnsworth, Mrs. William, Ded-

ham.

1890 Farquhar, James F. M., Roslin-

dale.

1891 Farquhar, John K. M. L.,

Roxbury.

1884 Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-
bridge.

1873 Faxon, John, Quincy.

1899 Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.

1908 Fay. Wilton B., West Medford.
1914 Fearing, George R., Jr., Boston.
1899 Fessenden, George B., AUston.
1883 Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton

Highlands.

1904 Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica

Plain.

312

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1892 Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica

Plain.
1901 Fisher, Peter, Ellis.

1910 Flanagan, Joseph F., Newton.

1882 Fletcher, George V., Belmont.

1883 Fletcher, J. Henry, Behnont.
1914 Forbes, Alexander, M.D., Mil-
ton.

1909 Forbes, Charles Stewart, Boston .
1909 Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm, Milton.
1914 Forbes, W. Cameron, West-
wood.

1909 Forbes, Mrs. William H., Milton.
1914 Foster, Alfred D., Milton.

1899 Foster, Charles H. W., Need-

ham.
1883 Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
1885 Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.

1881 Fowle, George W., Jamaica

Plain.
1914 Fraser, Charles E. K., South
Natick.

1911 Freeman, Mrs. James G., Boston.

1910 French, Mrs. Albert M., Read-

ing.

1892 French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.

1893 French, W. Clifford, Brookline.

1882 Frohock, Roscoe R., Boston.

1903 Frost, Harold L., ArUngton.

1900 Frost, Irving B., Belmont.

1910 Galloupe, Frederic R., Lexing-
ton.

1914 Gannett, Samuel, Milton.

1914 Gardiner, Robert H., Gardiner,
Maine.

1901 Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P.,

Hamilton.

1895 Gardner, George A., Boston.

1895 Gardner, George P., Boston.

1899 Gardner, John L., Boston.

1899 Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brook-
line.

1899 Gardner, WiUiam Amory, Gro-
ton.

1904 Garratt, Allan V., HoUiston.

1899 Gaston, William A., Boston.
1911 Gavin, Frank D., Manchester

1910 Geiger, Albert, Jr., BrookUne.

1911 Gill, Miss Adeline Bradbury,

Medford.

1911 Gill, Miss EHza M., Medford.
1865 Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
1887 Gill, George B., Medford.

1870 Gilson, F. Howard, Wellesley

Hills.
1907 Goddard, Samuel J., Framing-
ham.

1904 Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.
1885 Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

1892 Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Kendal
Green.

1899 Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston.

1910 Green, Mrs. Francis Gushing,
Buzzards Bay.

1914 Greene, Edwin Farnham, Bos-
ton.

1905 Greenough, Mrs. Charles P.,

Brookline.

1912 Greenough, Mrs. David S.,

Jamaica Plain.
1899 Grew, Edward S., Boston.
1914 Grew, Mrs. Edward S., Boston.
1914 Grew, Edward W., Boston.

1897 Hale, James O., Byfield.

1873 Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

1912 Hall, Mrs. George G., Boston.
1899 Hall, Jackson E., Foxboro.
1897 Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.
1910 Halloran, Edward J., Roxbury.

1913 Handler, Max Paul, South

Natick.

1914 Harding, Charles L., Dedham.
1863 Harding, George W., Arlington.
1869 Harding, Louis B., Chestnut

Hill.

1871 Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.
1905 Hardy, Miss Susan White,

Boston.
1889 Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

LIFE MEMBERS

313

1887 Harris, Thaddeus William, A. j 1876

M., Littleton, N. H.

1910 Harris, Prof. William Fenwick, 1900

Cambridge.
1909 Hart, Francis R., Milton. 1899

1914 Hartt, "-Arthur W., Brookline.
1899 Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worces- 1899

ter. 1913

1895 Harwood, George Fred, Newton. 1914
1884 Hastings, Levi W., Brookline. 1888
1906 Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon.
1914 Havemeyer, Theodore A., New 1912

York, N. Y. 1902

1891 Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rock- 1907

land. Me.
1899 Hayward, George P., Chestnut 1910

Hill.
1914 Haywood, H. T., Franklin. 1872

1905 Head, Thomas W., Bergenfield,

N. J. 1884

1913 Heeremans, F., Lenox. 1904
1903 Hellier, Charles E., Boston.

1888 Hemenway, Augustus, Canton. | 1896
1899 Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus, I 1905

Canton. I

1914 Hemenway, Augustus, Jr., Bos- l 1896

ton. '

1884 Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston. : 1865

1899 Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge. 1913

1901 Heurlin, Julius, South Braintree. 1875

1894 Hewett, Miss Mary C, Cam-

bridge. 1912

1900 Higginson, Francis L., Boston.

1902 Higginson, Mrs. Henry L., 1893

Boston.
1866 Hilboum, A. J., Boston. 1912

1886 Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

1911 Hittinger, Richard, Belmont. 1882

1895 Hoitt, Hon. Charles W., 1912

Nashua, N. H.
1905 Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston. 1892
1914 Hollingsworth, Valentine, Bos- 1866

ton.
1899 Hollingsworth, Z. T., Boston. 1880

1881 Hollis, George W., Allston. 1904

1891 Holmes, Edward J., Boston. i

W., Norway,

Ellen,

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cam-
bridge.

Holt, William
Maine.

Hood, The Hon. Mrs.
Sheen, Surrey, Eng.

Hooper, William, Manchester.

Hopewell, John, Newton.

Homblower, Henry, Boston.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cam-
bridge.

Horton, Arthur E., Lexington.

Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.

Houghton, Clement S., Chest-
nut Hill.

Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G.,
Boston.

Hovey, Charles H., South
Pasadena, Cal.

Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

Howard, Henry M., West New-
ton.

Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.

Hoyt, William J., Manchester.
N. H.

Hubbard, Charles Wells, Wes-
ton.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Huebnor, H., Groton.

Humphrey, George W., Ded-
ham.

Hunnewell, F. W., 2d., WeUes-
ley.

Himnewell, Henry Sargent,
Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Mrs. Henry S.,
Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Jr., Welles-
ley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, Franklin, Charlestown,
N. H.

Hunt, Wilham H., Concord.

Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis,
Concord.

314

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1893 Jack, John George, East Wal-
pole.

1886 Jackson, Charles L., Boston.

1914 Jackson, Mrs. James, Jr., West-
wood.

1884 Jackson, Robert T., Cambridge.

1902 James, EUerton, Milton.

1902 James, Mrs. Ellerton, Milton.
1899 James, George Abbot, Nahant.
1910 Jaques, Herbert, Chestnut Hill.

1913 Jeffries, John Temple L., Cam-

bridge.
1899 Jeffries, William A., Boston.
1865 Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.
1905 Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.

1914 Johnson. Edward C, Boston.

1885 Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
1907 Jones, Mrs. Clarence W.,

Brookline.

1896 Jones, Jerome, Brookline.

1897 Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.

1899 Jordan, Eben D., Boston.

1900 Jordan, Henry G., Brookline.

1897 Kellen, William V., Marion.

1886 Kelly, George B., Jamaica

Plain.

1848 Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.

1868 Kendall, Edward, Cambridge-
port.

1891 Kendall, Dr. Walter G., At-
lantic.

1868 Kennedy, George G., M. D.,
Milton.

1909 Kennedy, Harris, M. D., Mil-

ton.

1905 Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer,
New York.

1891 Keyes, John M., Concord.

1889 Kidder, Charles A., South-
borough.

1910 Kidder, Mrs. Henry P., Boston.
1880 Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
1899 Kimball, David P., Boston.

1903 Kimball, Richard D., Waban.
1899 King, D. Webster, Boston.

1865 Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield.
1899 Kinney, H, R., Worcester.
1906 Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P.,

Worcester.
1904 Kirkland, Archie Howard, Read-
ing.

1899 Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

1913 Lancaster, Dr. Walter B.,

Brookline.
1899 Lanier, Charles, Lenox.
1895 Lawrence, Amos A., New York,

N. Y.
1873 Lawrence, John, Groton.
1899 Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William,

Boston.
1895 Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Lee, George C, Westwood.
1914 Lee, Mrs. George C, Westwood.
1880 Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., New-
ton Centre.

1902 Leigh ton, George B., Monad-

nock, N. H.

1914 Leland, Lester, Boston.

1914 Leland, Mrs. Lester, Boston.

1871 Lemme, Frederick, Charles-
town.

1903 Libby, Charles W., Medford.

1904 Lindsey, N. Allen, Marblehead.
1899 Little, John Mason, Swamp-

scott.
1899 Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.
1891 Lodge, Richard W., Redlands,

Cal.
1897 Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford.
1899 Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.

1905 Loring, David, Boston.

1914 Loring, Miss Katherine P.,
Prides Crossing.

1914 Loring, Miss Louisa P., Prides
Crossing.

1899 Loring, Mrs. WilUam Caleb,
Beverly.

1899 Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Boa-
ton.

1902 Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookline.

LIFE MEMBERS

315

1903 Lowell, James A., Chestnut
Hill.

1903 Lowell, John, Newton.

1904 Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.

1899 Luke, Otis H., BrookUne.
1895 Lunt, Wilham W., Hingham.
1914 Lyman, Arthur T., Boston.
1914 Lyman, C. Frederic, Boston.

1895 Lyman, George H., Wareham.

1898 Mabbett, George, Plymouth.

1912 McKay, Alexander, Jamaica

Plain.
1911 McKenzie, Donald, Chestnut
Hill.

1900 Mackie, George, M. D., Attle-

boro.
1868 Mahoney, John, Boston.
1892 Mallett, E. B., Jr. Freeport,

Me.
1884 Manda, W. A., South Orange,

N. J.
1906 Mandell, Mrs. William D.,

Boston.
1873 Mann, James F., Ipswich.
1887 Manning, J. Woodward, North

Wilmington.

1884 Manning, Warren H., Brook-

line.

1903 Marble, Benjamin C, Man-
chester.

1909 Marlborough, James, Topsfield.

1913 Marshall, A. A., Fitchburg.
1876 Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.

1898 Marston, Howard, BrookUne.

1899 Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.

1896 Mason, Col. Frederick,Taimton.

1914 Mathews, Miss EUzabeth Ash-

by, Newton Center.

1901 Matthews, Nathan, Boston.

1906 Maxwell, George H., Newton.

1902 Melvin, George, South Fram-

ingham.

1885 Melvin, James C, Boston.

1905 Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.

1907 Merriam, Charles, Weston.

1881 Merriam, Herbert, Weston.

1884 Metivier, James, Waltham.

1914 Meyer, George von L., Hamil-
ton.

1914 Mifflin, George H., Boston.

1914 Miller, Peter M., Mattapan.

1888 Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Wash-
ington, D. C.

1908 Minot, Laurence, Boston.
1892 Monteith, David, Hyde Park,

Vt.
1896 Montgomery, Alexander, Na-

tick.
1902 Montgomery, Alexander, Jr.,

Natick.

1896 Moore, George D., Arlington.
1881 Moore, John H., Concord.

1897 Morgan, George H., New York,

N. Y.

1914 Morgan, Mrs. J. P., New York,
N.Y.

1913 M orison, Robert S., Cam-
bridge.

1912 Morris, George E., Waltham.

1899 Morse, John T., Boston.

1909 Morse, John Torrey, 3d., Bos-

ton.

1910 Morse, Lewis Kennedy, Box-

ford.

1913 Morse, Robert C, Milton.

1900 Morse, Robert M., Jamaica

Plam.

1914 Morss, Charles A., Chestnut

Hill.

1914 Morss, Mrs. Charles A., Chest-
nut Hill.

1902 Morton, James H., Mattapan.

1896 Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.

1909 Moseley, Charles W., New-
buiyport.

1896 Moseley, Frederick Strong, New-

buryport.

1914 Munroe, Howard M., Lexing-
ton.

1900 Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

1897 Mutch, John, Waban.

316

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1899 Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.
1914 Newbold, Frederic R., New

York, N. Y.

1874 Newman, John R., Winchester.

1874 Newton, Rev. William W.,
Pittsfield.

1914 Nicholson, William R., Fram-
ingham.

1906 Nickerson, William E., Cam-
bridge.

1914 Norman, Mrs. Louisa P., New-
port, R. I.

1881 Norton, Charles W., AUston.

1891 Norton, Edward E., Boston.
1869 Norton, Patrick, Dorchester.

1912 O'Conner, John, Brookline.
1898 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr.,

Brookline.

1892 Olmsted, John C, Brookline.

1898 Orpet, Edward O., Lake Forest,

111.

1909 Page, George, Newton High-
lands.

1909 Page, George William, East
Billerica.

1900 Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cam-

bridge.

1884 Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.

1914 Paine, Robert Treat, 2d, Bos-
ton.

1908 Parker, Augustine H., Dover.
1891 Parker, Charles W., Boston.

1913 Parker, Edgar, North Easton.
1911 Parker, Edward, North Easton.
1891 Parkman, Henry, Boston.

1899 Parsons, John E., Lenox.

1914 Patten, Miss Jane B., South

Natick.
1897 Patten, Marcellus A., Tewks-
bury.

1909 Peabody, Francis, Milton.
1909 Peabody, Mrs. Francis, Milton.
1905 Peabody, Frank E., Boston.
1899 Peabody, George A., Danvers.

1881 Peabody, John E., Salem.
1871 Peck, WiUiam G., Arhngton.
1907 Perce, E. Allan, Waltham.
1914 Peirson, Charles Lawrence,

Boston.
1899 Pentecost, Mrs. Ernest Harvey,

Topsfield.
1873 Perry, George W., Maiden.

1904 Perry, Oliver Hazard, Lowell.

1899 Pfaff, Col. Charles, South

Framingham.

1900 Phillips, John C, North Bev-

erly.
1899 PhilUps, Mrs. John C, North
Beverly.

1899 Phillips, William, North Bev-

erly.
1895 Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

1902 Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston.
1881 Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
1892 Pierce, George Francis, Ne-

ponset.

1905 Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.
1905 Pierson, Frank R., Tarrytown,

N. Y.
1914 Pingree, David, Salem.

1900 Pond, Preston, Winchester.
1899 Porter, Alexander S., Boston.
1892 Porter, James C, WoUaston.
1884 Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
1868 Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
1914 Pratt, Waldo E., Wellesley

Hills.

1898 Pray, James Sturgis, Cambridge.
1858 Prescott, Eben C, New York,

N. Y.
1914 Preston, Andrew W., Swamp-
scott.

1903 Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-

dence, R. I.

1911 Priest, Lyman F., Gleason-

dale.

1912 Proctor, Henry H., Boston.

1901 Proctor, Thomas E., Boston.

1899 Putnam, George, Manchester.

1900 Putnam, George J., Brookline.

LIFE MEMBERS

317

1886 Quinby, Hosea M., M. D., Wor-

cester.

1891 Raddin, Everett W., North
Cambridge.

1889 Rand, Harry S., North Cam-

bridge.

1908 Rand, Miss Margaret A., Cam-

bridge.

1903 Rawson, Herbert W., Arling-
ton.

1882 Ray, James F., Franklin.

1890 Raymond, Walter, Pasadena,

Cal.

1891 Read, Charles A., Manchester.

1902 Reardon, Edmund, Cambridge-

port.

1892 Reardon, John B., Boston.
1912 Reiff, William, Forest Hills.
1905 Remick, Frank W., West New-
ton.

1889 Rice, George C, Worcester.

1887 Rich, William P., Chelsea.
1876 Richards, John J., Brookline.

1899 Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W.,

Charles River Village.
1912 Richardson, H. H., Brookline.

1900 Richardson, Dr. WilUam L.,

Boston.

1905 Riggs, William Allan, Auburn-
dale.

1886 Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

1892 Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham
Centre.

1903 Robb, Russell. Concord.

1909 Roberts, Miss Anna B., Boston.
1909 Robinson, Alfred E., Lexington.
1871 Robinson, John, Salem.

1900 Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.
1903 Roffe, Albert H., Newton Cen-
tre.
1911 Rogers, Dexter M., Allston.
1914 Rogers, Dudley P., Danvers.

1899 Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Pea-

body.

1900 Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

1910 Ross, Harold S., Hingham.

1895 Rothwell, James E., Brookline.

1899 Roy, David Frank, Marion.
1881 Ruddick, William H., M. D.,

South Boston.
1875 Russell, George, Woburn.
1914 Russell, Mrs. Henry S., Boston.

1900 Russell, James S., Milton.
1914 Russell, Mrs. Robert S., Boston.

1893 SaUsbury, William C. G., Brook-
line.

1912 Saltonstall, John L., Beverly.

1912 Saltonstall, Mrs. John L., Bev-
erly.

1899 Saltonstall, Richard M., Chest-

nut Hill.

1898 Sanger, Mrs. George P., Bos-

ton.

1900 Sargent, Andrew Robeson,

Brookline.
1870 Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

1899 Sargent, Mrs. Charles S.,

Brookline.
1902 Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,

Brookline.
1899 Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wel-

lesley.

1896 Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.
1864 Scott, Charles, Newton.

1895 Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.
1899 Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.
1914 Sear.s, Horace S., Weston.
1899 Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery,
Boston.

1898 Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Dr. Frederick C.

Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Mrs. Frederick C,
Boston.

1899 Shaw, Francis, Wayland.
1914 Shaw, Henry S., Milton.

1899 Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., Welles-
ley.

1901 Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain.
1906 Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

318

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1865 Shorey, John L., Lynn.

1892 Shuman, Hon. A., Boston.
1901 Shurtleff, Josiah B., Jr., Revere.

1893 Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,

N. Y.

1899 Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

1903 Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk,
N. Y.

1888 Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

1872 Smith, Edward N., San Fran-
cisco, Cal.

1911 Smith, John L., Swampscott.

1888 Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.
1874 Snow, Eugene A., Cambridge.
1899 Sohier, Col. William D., Bev-
erly.

1864 Spaulding, Edward, Weston.
1908 Spaulding, John T., Prides

Crossing.
1908 Spaulding, William S., Prides

Crossing.
1897 Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

1884 Steams, Charles H., Brookline.
1893 Stearns, Frank W., Newton.
1896 Stedman, Henry R., M. D.,

Brookline.
1914 Stevens, Mrs. Nathaniel, North
Andover.

1885 Stewart, William J., Winchester.
1901 Stone, Charles A., Newton.

1889 Stone, Charles W., Boston.
1910 Stone, Mrs. Francis H., New

Bedford.

1914 Stone, Galen L., Brookline.

1896 Stone, Prof. George E., Am-
herst.

1849 Stone, George F., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Stone, J. Winthrop, Watertown.

1914 Stone, Nathaniel H., Milton

1905 Storrow, James J., Boston.

1905 Stratton, Charles E., Boston.

1906 Strout, Charles S., Biddeford,

Me.
1914 Sturgis, Miss Evelyn R., Man-
chester.

1902 Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Bos-
ton.

1910 Sullivan, Martin, Jamaica
Plain.

1912 Swan, Charles H., Jamaica
Plain.

1891 Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.

1904 Sylvester, Edmund Q., Han-

1899 Taylor, Charles H., Boston.
1913 Tedcastle, Mrs. Arthur W.,

Hyde Park.
1896 Tenney, Charles H., Methuen.

1912 Thatcher, Arthur E., Bar Har-

bor, Me.

1898 Thatcher, WilHam, Brookline.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Alice R., Boston.

1900 Thayer, Bayard, South Lan-

caster.

1900 Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South

Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R.,
South Lancaster.

1903 Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

1899 Thayer, John E., South Lan-
caster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. John E., South
Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lan-
caster.

1899 Thiemann, Hermann, Owosso,
Mich.

1899 Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

1910 Thurlow, George C, West
Newbury.

1913 Thurlow, Winthrop H., West

Newbury.

1874 Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Bos-
ton.

1896 Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

1864 Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.

1899 Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lex-
ington.

1901 Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cam-

bridge.

LIFE MEMBERS

319

1914 Towle, L. D., Newton.

1893 Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove,

L. L, N. Y.
1910 Turner, Chester Bidwell, Rox-

bury.
1914 Tyler, Charles H., Boston.

1910 Underwood, Henry O., Belmont.
1901 Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

1873 Vander-Woerd, Charles, Wal-
tham.

1899 Vaughan, William Warren, Bos-
ton.

1884 Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somer-
ville.

1909 Wainwright, Arthur, Milton.
1849 Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
1876 Walcott, Henry P., M. D.,
Cambridge.

1895 Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica

Plain.
1914 Walker, William B., Man-
chester.

1896 Walsh, Michael H., Woods

Hole.

1901 Waltham, George C, Dorches-

ter.
1907 Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield.

1902 Warburton, Chatterton, Fall

River.
1912 Wardwell, Mrs. T. Otis, Haver-
hill.

1894 Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston.
1909 Warren, Bentley W., Boston.
1889 Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica

Plain.

1884 Watson, Thomas A., East
Brain tree.

1914 Watters, W. F., Boston.

1905 Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Webster, Mrs. Edwin S., Chest-
nut Hill.

1905 Webster, Frank G., Boston.

1907 Webster, George H., Haverhill.

1896 Webster, HolUs, Cambridge.
1905 Webster, Laurence J., Holder-

ness, N. H.
1909 Weeks, Andrew Gray, Marion.

1901 Welch, David, Dorchester.

1902 Welch, Edward J., Dorches-

ter.

1914 Weld, Mrs. Charles G., Brook-
line.

1884 Weld, Christopher Minot.Read-
ville.

1899 Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Ware-
ham.

1914 Weld, Mrs. Stephen M., Ware-
ham.

1912 Wellington, Mrs. Arthur W.,
Boston.

1882 West, Mrs. Maria L., Nepon-
set.

1887 Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
1889 Wheeler, James, Natick.

1897 Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.
1865 Whitcomb, WiUiam B., Med-

ford.

1901 White, Mrs. Charles T., Bos-
ton.

1865 White, Francis A., Brookline.

1899 White, George R., Boston.

1909 White, Harry K., Milton.

1888 White, Joseph H., Brookline.
1905 Whitman, William, BrookUne.
1894 Whitney, Arthur E., Winches-
ter.

1894 Whitney, EUerton P., Milton.
1899 Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.
1899 Wigglesworth, George, Milton.
1863 Wilbur, George B., Boston.

1889 Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., West

Roxbury.

1881 Wilder, Edward Baker, Dor-
chester.

1899 Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin,
Roxbury.

1905 Williams, George Percy, Bos-
ton.

1899 Williams, John Davis, Boston.

320

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1905 Williams, Mrs. J. Bertram,
Cambridge.

1905 Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brook-
line.

1871 Williams, Philander, Taunton.

1911 Williams, Ralph B., Dover.

1914 Wilson, Fred A., Nahant.

1881 Wilson, William Power, Boston.

1905 Winsor, Robert, Weston.

1906 Winter, Herman L., Seabrook,

N. H.
1914 Winthrop, GreenviUe L., Lenox.

1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert, New

York, N. Y.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert C, Jr.,

Boston.
1870 Wood, William K., Franklin.
1905 Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude,

North Cambridge.

1905 Woodbury, John, Canton.

1906 Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bay-

ard, Worcester.
1900 Wyman, Windsor H., North
Abington.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

321

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

1913 Adams, Charles F., Jamaica
Plain.

1905 Allen, Mrs. Sallie R., Wilming-
ton.

1896 Anderson, George M., Milton.

1912 Babcock, Miss Mabel Keyes,

Wellesley Hills.

1911 Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.
1865 Barker, John G., South Bend,

Ind.

1898 Barr, John, South Natick.

1893 Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

1867 Bird, John L., Dorchester.

1909 Blanchard, Herbert W., Con-
cord.

1904 Borst, Theodore F., South
Framingham.

1901 Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hing-

ham.

1913 Bradley, Miss JuUa H., Rox-

bury.
1873 Breck, Charles H., Newton.

1902 Breed, Edward W., Clinton.

1908 Briggs, Frank P., Ayer.

1909 Brigham, Mrs. Clifford, Milton.

1914 Brown, F. Howard, Marlboro.
1908 Butler, E. K., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Campbell, Ernest W., WoUas-
ton.

1910 Camus, Emil, Boston.

1904 Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline.
1910 Churchill, Charles E., Rockland.

1912 Clark, Mr.s. Herbert L., Read-

ing.
1914 Collins, WiUiam J., Brookline.

1914 Colt, James D., Chestnut Hill.

1907 Colt, Mrs. James D., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Crocker, Mrs. George Glover,
Boston.

1914 Crocker, Joseph Ballard, Chat-
ham.

1914 Crompton, Miss Mary A.,
Worcester.

1881 Crosby, J. AUen, Jamaica Plain.

1875 Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

1914 Gushing, Mrs. Harvey, Brook-
line.

1912 Cutler, Mrs. N. P., Newton.

1906 Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd,
Roxbury.

1910 Dahl, Frederick WiUiam, Rox-

bury.

1889 Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.

1914 Deland, Mrs. Margaret, Boston.

1911 Dolansky, Frank J., Lynn.
1897 Dorr, George B., Boston.

1903 Evans, Frank H., Maiden.

1902 Farlow, Mrs. WilUam G., Cam-

bridge.

1901 Fiske, Harry E., Wollaston.

1894 Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brook-
line.

1885 Forbes, William H., Jamaica
Plain.

1903 Freeman, Miss Harriet E.,

Boston.
1905 Fuld, Maurice, New York, NY.

1912 Gage, L. Merton, Groton.

322

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

1902 Garthly, James, Fairhaven.
1912 Goodwin, Mrs. Daniel, East

Greenwich, R. I.
1900 Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.

1897 Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

1907 Hall, Harry F., Moorestown,

N. J.

1908 Hamilton, Mrs. George Lang-

ford, Magnolia.

1910 Handley, A. H., Newton.

1912 Hardy, John H., Jr., Little-
ton.

1912 Hartshorn, William N., Boston.

1894 Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.

1910 Hayward, Mrs. W. E., Ipswich.

1891 Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.

1914 Higginson, Mrs. Alexander H.,
Manchester.

1902 Hildreth, Miss EUa F., West-
ford.

1902 Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.

1884 Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.

1912 HoUingsworth, Mrs. Sumner,

Boston.

1913 Holmes, Eber, Montrose.
1913 Houghton, Mrs. Clement S.,

Chestnut Hill.
1900 Howden, Thomas, Prides Cross-
ing.

1902 Hubbard, Allen, Newton Centre.

1893 Hubbard, F. Tracy, Cambridge.

1869 Jameson, G. W., East Lexing-
ton.
1913 Jenkins, Edwin, Lenox.

1903 Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

1894 Keith, Mrs. Mary R., Wash-

ington, D. C.

1898 Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.
1898 Kennard, Frederic H., Newton

Centre.
1912 Kirkegaard, John, Bedford.

1889 Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Rox-

bury.

1900 Lawson, Joshua, Brookline.
1914 Leach, C. Arthur, South Hamil-
ton.

1914 Leary, Dr. Timothy, Jamaica

Plain.
1904 Leuthy, A., Roslindale.

1902 Lewis, E. L., Taunton.

1896 Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Med-

ford.
1914 Longyear, Mrs. Mary Beecher,

Brookline.

1901 Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Boston.
1896 Loring, William C, Beverly.

1903 Lumsden, David, Ithaca, N. Y.

1912 McCarthy, Nicholas F., South

Boston.
1914 McGregor, Alexander, Maiden.

1904 MacMuUdn, Edward, Boston.

1890 Manning, A. Chandler, Wil-

mington.
1914 Morse, Frank E., Auburndale.

1913 Murray, Peter, Manomet.

1895 Nicholson, William, Framing-
ham.
1904 Nicol, James, Quincy.
1903 Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.

1913 O'Brien, Mrs. Edward F.,

Brookline.

1914 Parker, Miss Charlotte E.,

Ipswich.
1906 Parker, Eliab, Roxbury.
1892 Parker, Walter S., Reading.
1909 Parker, W. Prentiss, Roxbury.
1908 Peabody, Mrs. W. Rodman,

Readville.
1914 Pembroke, A. A., Beverly.
1898 Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.

1902 Pritchard, John, Bedford Hills,

N. Y.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

323

1912 Proctor, Dr. Francis I., Welles-

ley.
1883 Purdie, George A., Wellesley
Hills.

1913 Putnam, Frank P., North

Tewksbury.

1906 Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
1897 Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
1912 Reed, H. B., South Weymouth.

1914 Rees, Ralph W., Amherst.
1893 Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
1888 Rich, William E. C, Ocean

Park, Maine.
1900 Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.
1893 Robinson, Walter A., Arlmg-

ton.
1879 Ross, Charles W... Newtonville.
1892 Ross, Henry Wilson, Newton-

viUe.
1903 Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

1909 Russell, Charles F., Weston.

1910 Rust, WiUiam C, Brookline.

1907 Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
1897 Sander, Charles J., Brookline.
1875 Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
1871 Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
1896 Searles, E. F., Methuen.

1910 Sears, Prof. F. C, Amherst.

1907 Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.

1886 Sharpies, Stephen P., Cam-
bridge.

1907 Sim, Wilham, Cliftondale.

1910 Smith, D. Roy, Boston.

1914 Smith, George N., Wellesley
Hills.

1914 Spaulding, Mrs. Samuel S.,
Springfield Center, N. Y.

1914 Sprague, George H., Ipswich.

1914 Stevenson. Robert H., Read-
ville.

1914 Storey, Mrs. Richard C, Bos-
ton. '

1914 Sturgis, Miss Lucy Codman,
Boston.

1904 Symmes, Samuel S., Winches-

ter.

1869 Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
1914 Thayer, John E., Jr., Lancaster.
1909 Tracy, B. Hammond, Wenham.

1913 Tuckerman, Bayard, New York,

N. Y.
1907 Turner, Everett P., Arlington.

1892 Tyndale, Theodore H., Boston.

1911 Ufford, Charles A., Dorchester.
1911 Unverhau, Heinrich, Marble-
head.

1881 Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

1902 Ware, Horace E., Milton.

1914 Washburn, Paul, Boston.
1914 Waterer, Anthony, 3d, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

1914 Waterer, Hosea, Philadelphia,
Pa.

1903 Waugh, Prof. F. A., Amherst.
1889 Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

1893 Westwood, Thomas H., Ja-

maica Plain.

1909 Wheeler, George F., Concord.

1897 Wheeler, Henry A., Newton-
ville.

1907 Whipple, Frank L., Lynn.

1905 White, Miss Margaret, Cam-

bridge.

1901 Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dor-
chester.

1897 Wilkie, Edward A., Newton-
ville.

1913 Williams, Mrs. Emile F., Cam-
bridge.

1889 Winter, William C, Mansfield.

1913 Wood, Mrs. Charles, New Bed-
ford.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1915

PART I

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN

TRANSACTIONS

assat|iisett$ JorUteoI ^atlti^

FOR THE YEAE 1915

PART I

BOSTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
NINETEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN

sssatl^uB^lts p0rtimltura;l Sori^tg,

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1915,

President.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR. of Boston.

Vice-Presidents .

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, of Chebtntjt Hill.

Treasurer.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston.
F. LOTHROP AMES, of North Easton
ERNEST B. DANE of Brookline.
WILLIAM DOWNS, of Chestnut Hill
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, of Danvers.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.
tCHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham.
WILFRID WHEELER, of Concord.
EDWARD B. WILDER, of Dorchester.

Nominating Committee.

DAVID R. CRAIG. HENRY M. HOWARD,

of Boston. of West Newton.

RICHARD HITTINGER, GEORGE PAGE,

OF Belmont. of Newton Highlands.

JOHN L. SMITH, of Swampscott.

* Coimnunications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.
t Died January 24, 191.5.

COMMITTEES FOR 1916.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK. STEPHEN M. WELD.

Membership Committee.

JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, WALTER HUNNEWELL,

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL.

Committee on Prizes and Eshibitlons.

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman.
DUNCAN FINLAYSON, PETER FISHER, S. J. GODDARD.

T. D. HATFIELD, DR. W. G. KENDALL,

EDWIN JENKINS, EDWARD B. WILDER.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

T. D. HATFIELD, Chairman.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES. DONALD McKENZIE,

JAMES MARLBOROUGH, WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

WILLIAM SIM.

Committee on Fruits.

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman.
WILLIAM DOWNS, RALPH W. REES, HAROLD L. FROST,

Committee on Vegetables.

DUNCAN FINLAYSON, Chairman.

WILLIAM N. CRAIG, HENRY M. HOWARD,

RICHARD HITTINGER, JOHN L. SMITH.

Committee on Gardens.

JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman.

ROBERT CAMERON, DAVID R. CRAIG, JACKSON T. DAWSON,

WILLIAM DOWNS, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, T. D. HATFIELD.

Committee on Library.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.

ERNEST B. DANE, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER,

WILLIAM P. RICH.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.

GEORGE B. DORR, F. C. SEARS,

FRED A. WILSON.

Committee on Children's Oardens.

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman.

PHILIP P. CHASE, DR. HARRIS KENNEDY,

MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY, MISS MARGARET A. RAND,

HARRY S. RAND, WM. P. RICH. JAMES WHEELER.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1915.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman
George B. Dorr
F. C. Sears
Fred A. Wilson

I Committee on

\ Lectures and

Publications.

CONTENTS.

The Inaugural Meeting

Horticultural Papers and Discussions

Selection and Care of House Plants. By Fred E
Palmer .......

Trees and Shrubs for Home Grounds. By Prof. A. K
Harrison .......

Cottage Gardens for Massachusetts. By P. H. Ell
wood, Jr. .......

Garden Furnishings. By Prof. Frank A. Waugh .

Practical Management of the Home Flower Garden
By Prof. A. H. Nehrling ....

The Home Vegetable Garden. By H. F. Tompson

Pruning. By Prof. F. C. Sears

The Culture of Hardy Shrubs. By Arthur E. Thatcher

The Insect Outlook for New England. By Dr. H. T
Fernald .......

Diseases of the Peony. By Prof. H. H. Whetzel .

13

22

37
47

55
61
69

77

87
103

THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 9, 1915.

TRANSACTIONS

1915, PART I.

INAUGURAL MEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year. 1915 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 9, at eleven o'clock, with President Farquhar
in the Chair.

The call for the meeting was read by the Secretary and the record
of the preceding meeting, that of November 14, 1914, was read and
approved.

The President then delivered the following inaugural address:

Inaugural Address of President Farquhar.
Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society;

Ladies and Gentlemen: —

During the year 1914 our Society has gained 130 new members
and has lost by death and other causes 32, making a gain of 98
members for the year and a total membership of 937.

The income from membership for the past year has been $3582.00,
about $3000.00 of this total coming from new life-memberships.
This is the largest amount received from this source in any year,
with one exception, in the history of the Society.

We have distributed in Cash Prizes, Medals and Gratuities
$7035.00. This includes 53 Medals, of which 4 were Gold Medals
given for objects of more than usual merit.

7

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The report of the Treasurer will show that the financial condition
of the Society is much the same as last year. Were it not for the
large amount received from new membership fees, however, we
should have had a deficit. I contend that receipts from life-mem-
bership fees should not be used to meet current expenses, but
should be added to our permanent fund and the income only to be
expended.

Both the financial and horticultural conditions of the Society are
far from being satisfactory, when compared with the progress being
made by similar organizations elsewhere.

At your last meeting you instructed your trustees to inquire into
and to report to you upon the practicability of changing the interior
of this building. Over five years ago, as you may recall, I urged
that this should be done and now, as nearly all our members see
the necessity of it, 1 feel that a more thorough rearrangement even
than was then contemplated will soon be made.

From plans and information which have been already obtained,
without expense to the Society, I am pleased to inform you that the
practicability of a rearrangement has been demonstrated and with-
out change of the beautiful exterior walls, except to strengthen the
brick wall on the alley-way side.

Experts have stated that with such changes as may readily be
made, our building, situated on one of the most rapidly advancing
sites in the city, would unquestionably yield a substantial revenue
over and above the requirements of a sinking fund to provide for its
reconstruction.

While our Society is not organized for money making, it needs
money to carry on its work and at present it is sadly handicapped
by the lack of it.

I have long felt that our work is not as progressive as the times
demand that it should be, and I hope that our Trustees will, in the
near future, deem it advisable to constitute a committee on Horti-
cultural Progress, to study closely the activities of the various
committees of the Society and to advise as to future policy.

The important horticultural event of the past year was the
achievement of the Convention Garden in the Fenway, in connec-
tion with the Convention of the Society of American Florists and
Ornamental Horticulturists. The success of this undertaking was

INAUGURAL MEETING 9

due largely to the support of this Society and its members. The
garden will be further developed and permanently maintained by
the city.

In order that the Society may continue to exercise a strong in-
fluence in promoting advancement in Horticulture, it must extend
that influence beyond eastern Massachusetts.

The visit of the Garden Committee last Summer to Lenox has
already developed far-reaching benefits. Our exhibitions should
exert a wider influence and to accomplish this they should be re-
duced in number and made more extensive.

Our Society has the opportunity to become a much more potent
agency in developing interest in and promoting knowledge of
Horticulture than it is at present. Let us work for the accomplish-
ment of this purpose.

At the conclusion of his address the President called for the usual
annual reports of the officers and chairmen of the various com-
mittees which were presented in the following order:

Report of the Board of Trustees, by the Secretary.

Report of the Treasurer, Walter Hunnewell.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture,
Wilfrid Wheeler.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, James
Wheeler, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, T. D. Hatfield,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, Edward B. Wilder, Chair-
man.

Report of the Committee on \^egetables, Duncan Finlayson,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, John K. M. L. Farquhar,
Chairman,

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, H. S. Adams,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Lectures, Wilfrid Wheeler, Chair-
man.

10 INAUGURAL MEETING

The reports were separately accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Lectures and PubHcations for printing in the Transac-
tions of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

SELECTION AND CARE OF HOUSE PLANTS.
By Fred E. Palmer, Brookline, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January 16, 1915.

It is customary and often edifying in presenting a subject to an
audience to trace its early history and find out as far as possible
what bearing the past has on the present, thereby pointing a moral
and adorning a tale that might otherwise be tame and uninteresting.

The task of discovering a time or place when men first began to
take pleasure in the companionship of flowers appealed to the
writer as too large an undertaking to attempt in connection with
this simple paper. It does seem true that the flowers of early
literature took on almost entirely symbolic or art phases and never
were portrayed as intimate companions and household pets in the
sense that we are discussing them today. People who naturally
love flowers attempt to associate their increasing use and enjoyment
with the upward growth of civilization. This would be a very
difficult case to prove because of the difference of opinion as to what
constitutes civilization. Certain climatic causes seem to foster
the love for flowers as well as social and economic conditions that
insure permanent homes and some leisure time. The beautiful
gardens of Great Britain and some countries of Continental Europe
bear witness to this. There, the climate is just rigorous enough
to give a zest to flower cultivation but not severe enough to cause
discouragement. People occupy the same houses for many years,
as a rule, and the long days give leisure even to the hardest workers
to enjoy the rural pleasures that have become a large part of their
natures.

Coming down to the individual, any attempt to assess virtue or
character on the basis of an appreciation or love of flowers would
be as unjust as it would be to endorse Shakespeare's denunciation
of " the man who hath no music in his soul." As a matter of fact,
no law can be formulated bearing on the case; temperament and
environment being probably the principal factors in this as in many

13

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

other phases of our Ufe. The superstition that a man's character
must necessarily be influenced for good by an enforced association
with flowers, as for instance, one who gains his hving by their
cultivation, is equally erroneous as is also that other common
fallacy that certain personalities have such a baneful effect on plants
and flowers that the latter would rather die than endure their
attentions. If any in this audience are suffering under this last
depressing thought, let them cheer up at once for there is certainly
nothing whatever in it.

A desire that is sufficiently strong to compel a study of the needs
and requirements of the object of its devotion will certainly result
in success. Indeed, the essential causes of success or of failure are
generally so simple and easily explained that no one need waste
time searching for them in deep and mysterious places. When we
consider how much pleasure may be gathered from the cultivation
of flowers and with what tender and affectionate regard they are
held by almost everyone who has once become acquainted with
them, it is surprising that the study of their habits and needs
is not more thorough and general.

In pursuing this study, we will consider first the fundamental
requirements of all plants and how nearly we may reach ideal
conditions in the average home. The most essential need is light,
direct sunlight if possible, at any rate, daylight and plenty of it.
This fact is so important that it cannot be overestimated. Indeed,
it is safe to say that if this one condition is granted, all others can
be so easily provided as to make success assured with very little
effort. It is only in recent years that the value of unobstructed
daylight in greenhouses has been understood and appreciated by
professional gardeners. When the old-fashioned, heavy framed,
small glass structures gave place to the modern greenhouses and
the wonderful results became apparent, horticulturists were amazed
to realize how such a simple thing should have remained so long
undiscovered. Today, the new greenhouses are "a little lighter
than outdoors"; every unnecessary post and bar is zealously
eliminated, any defective pane of glass is discarded until our old
friend "Sol" is made to give up to the utmost every little flower
producing unit that he contains. This one discovery has enabled
growers to produce the wonderful roses and carnations that we see

SELECTION AND CARE OF HOUSE PLANTS 15

today and to sell them at half the price that the few of similar
quality brought twenty-five years ago. Nothing else has changed ;
watering, heating, feeding, and ventilating have continued just
the same, but this great life giving force of sunlight has been
gathered in and used to the full. This will be worth remembering
in every phase of gardening experience. It will cause you to pull
aside curtains and roll up shades in the early morning so that the
plants in the window may get the first bit of daylight. It will warn
you against placing window boxes under awnings, or flower beds
in the dense shade of trees, and even the hardy shrubs will be give
their full share of the blue sky overhead.

Apropos to this particular phase of the subject is the fact that
many householders, having become disappointed at their inability
to really grow plants and flowers in their living rooms, have impro-
vised plant rooms out of existing sun parlors or enclosed piazzas,
or have built a small addition to the house for this particular pur-
pose. These, if properly designed, are proving most successful,
not only as conservatories where plants will really thrive, but as
most delightful sitting rooms. Indeed, the combination of sitting-
room and conservatory is the principal charm of this arrangement,
differing entirely from the old-fashioned elaborate and expensive
conservatory which at best was a thing apart from the home. It is
safe to predict that in the near future very few houses of any pre-
tention will be designed without this charming feature being con-
sidered an essential part of it.

Coming back to the regular living rooms, which is where our
immediate interest lies, and still having in mind the question of
light, it is quite possible to keep a variety of plants in comparatively
healthy condition in rooms on southeast or southwest corners \\ath
good sized windows on both sides, provided one is prepared to
consider the needs of the plants as of first importance and is willing
to give them the constant attention that every living thing requires.
This attention should begin by removing every bit of shade such as
roller curtains and draperies as soon as the first daylight appears
and allowing the window throughout the day to fulfil its one
essential function which is to admit daylight to the room. With
a room thus flooded with light, many foliage plants will thrive even
at a considerable distance from the windows, in fact some plants

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

have a marvelous capacity for adapting themselves to conditions
that are far from ideal. Some instances of this adaptation, which
refers more particularly to foliage plants, will be given later when
discussing individual species and varieties.

Flowering plants, on the other hand, are most exacting and will
tolerate no position short of the immediate window-sill. Take for
example the common geranium. Every year, just as soon as the
days begin to shorten and the light is reduced to its minimum, the
cry goes up, "Why do my geraniums stop flowering, my neighbor
has a window full of beautiful flowers? Is n't there some kind of
fertilizer that I can give them? " The plant doctor makes his visit
and like the modern physician, he goes without bottle or pill. He
finds the little patients standing on a table a foot or two away from
the window with heavy draperies partly drawn and roller shades
half down, obscuring a greater part of the available daylight.
Moreover, the plants are in pots very much too large for them and
are generally standing in saucers full of water, which aggravates
the case. If he knows his business, he will recommend that the
plants be pushed forward to the window-sill until the leaves touch
the glass, possibly that they be repotted into comparatively small
pots, cutting down their meat diet as it were, or at any rate, with-
holding the excess of water. On his way home the plant doctor
takes a look at the successful neighbor's window, which by the way,
is the same quoted by many other clients, and finds it a bay window
facing south, west, and east, catching every bit of sunlight that
comes that way. The narrow sill is packed with small geraniums
in four-inch pots, their leaves are almost pasted to the glass and
they are in full bloom. He realizes with pleasure that some one is
having a good time in that particular house, having discovered the
secret of success. In this somewhat insistent plea for daylight, the
geranium has been used as an example because it is the most
common member of a class that needs a more abundant supply of
direct sunlight than any other. In warmer climes, plants of this
class are evergreen and everblooming, as in southern California for
instance, where they blossom literally every day in the year. Hav-
ing no storehouse for their pigments, such as bulbous plants have,
they mix them from day to day, each according to its needs, select-
ing from the solar spectrum some red, some blue, some yellow, and

SELECTION AND CARE OF HOUSE PLANTS 17

make them over in their wonderful laboratories into the beautiful
flowers that we admire. Take away this source of supply and they
find themselves in the predicament that many of our textile manu-
facturers are in, now that the supply of dyes from Germany has
been reduced by the war, for they have to be content with simple
green dresses and wait until " sunnier" times arrive.

The need of proper watering may be mentioned next. How
much water and how often to be given seems to be a process in
plant culture more difficult than any other for the average amateur
grower to understand. The trouble seems to be that plants have
been classified by species rather than by individuals in regard to
their need of water. Does a begonia need more water than a
primrose? or a cyclamen more than a geranium? is invariably the
form of the question. As a matter of fact, with the following three
conditions existing, it is almost impossible to overwater:

1. A plant with a relatively large amount of foliage and blos-
som in a small pot.

2. A warm room with very dry atmosphere.

3. Effective drainage in a pot which allows all superfluous
water to drain away quickly.

On the other hand, if a plant is in an oversized pot, especially
when the earth has been insufficiently "firmed" down, it is very
slow to dry out and will quickly suffer from too much water. The
soil in this case is like a loose sponge and remains saturated for a
long time. It is worth remarking that all inexperienced amateurs
use pots much too large for the needs of the plant and always leave
the soil in a loose, spongy condition, both of which are conducive
to ill health in the plant. No amount of drainage will help much
under these conditions and if, as is often necessary, the plants are
all kept in saucers, it will be almost impossible to keep these over-
potted ones in good health. Even with all conditions ideal, it is
impossible to lay down a rule as to frequency of watering. The
successful professional grower relies entirely on his daily observa-
tion as to when a plant needs water, the dry aspect and light color
of pot and soil being his principal guides. Stern necessity has
trained his eye to be very keen in this respect; with the amateur,
an equally strong desire to succeed would quickly have the same
result. Perhaps the best general rule for the amateur would be

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

that when the soil in any pot or box has dried out so that it is
friable or crumbly to the touch, as distinguished from a pasty
condition, it is time to water it. In every case, enough water
should be given to saturate the entire bole of earth at the time.
Continual watering or spraying the foliage of plants is injurious.
An occasional washing or spraying for cleansing purposes only is
permissible however, the leaves not being able to perform their
function if covered by dust or the exudations from insects or even
the oil with which some people are wont to anoint them.

The use of saucers in which to stand potted plants may be a
benefit or an evil according to the degree of intelligence exercised.
Some provision, of course, is necessary to prevent water which runs
through the pot from injuring the floor or furniture. On the other
hand, many plants suffer from standing saturated all the time in a
saucer full of water. This evil can easily be obviated by filling a
saucer half -full of small pebbles, in fact, the very best arrangement
for a group of window plants is to provide a shelf the full length of
the window and about twelve inches wide. Cover this entirely
with a flat tray of galvanized iron two inches deep, filling it one
and one-half inches deep with a layer of white pebbles. Plants
standing on this may be watered without any fear of overdoing it.
The superfluous water runs in among the pebbles and quickly
evaporates so that there is no need of providing any special means
of drawing it off. This constant evaporation is of great benefit to
the plants and the whole affair is neat and practical.

There is no royal road to the successful cultivation of flowers,
even under favorable conditions, much less so with the serious
handicaps which have been indicated. It is not a question of
formulas or of higher education, or deep studies in botany or of
soils or fertilizers, nor does it involve the abstruse questions lately
set forth by some impressionist biologist as to whether plants
shudder or weep or laugh and clap their hands when you come into
their presence; it is simply whether you care enough for them to
give some time to their study and to supply their needs just as one
would to a child or a highly prized dog.

In the matter of heating and ventilating the room, plants have to
put up with what they can get. Excessive heat is perhaps second
in the list of unfavorable conditions to which house plants are

SELECTION AND CARE OF HOUSE PL.\NTS 19

subjected. This is aggravated by violent extremes caused by
throwing open windows when airing the room and by a draft
blowing in around a poorly fitting sash. This latter continuing
through every cold night is sufficient to destroy a whole window
full of plants during the winter. Every window devoted to plants
should be double glazed and great care used in airing the room on
very cold days. Valuable palms are often destroyed by allowing
an icy draft from an open window to strike them. Only a few
minutes are necessary to accomplish this destruction, when the
temperature outside is much below freezing. It is well to remem-
ber that all plants are benefited by comparatively low temperature
at night, so that if circumstances compel them to be subjected to a
temperature of 80° in the day, they should be given a rest at night
by lowering the room to 60°.

The following list of plants has been grouped according to posi-
tions which they are usually called upon to fill and their names are
placed in the order of their value in the group.

Group 1. Flowering plants that under good conditions should
be in flower from October to May. To get results, these require
the best care and environment possible and practically the same
treatment applies to all in the group.

a Cyclamen, certainly the best flowering plant.

b Begonias, everblooming varieties and Begonia Gloire de
Lorraine hybrids.

c Primulas, Sinensis (Chinese primrose), Obconica (poisonous
variety).

d Geraniums.

e Heliotropes.

f Linums (yellow flax, like California poppy).

g Impatiens Sultana.

h Tea Roses, March, April, and May only.
Group 2. Plants that flower for a limited season and are not as
particular as to sunlight as Group 1.

a Azaleas, in season from November to May.

b Chrysanthemums, October and November.

c Celosias, Princess Feather, October, November, December.

d Canterbury Bells, March, April, and May.

e Fuchsias, September, October, and November.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

f Gloxinias, March, April, and May.

g Genistas, March, April, and May.

h Hydrangeas and all the spring-flowering shrubs, such as
lilacs. Azalea mollis, Rambler roses, also all French and
Dutch bulbs.
The Dutch bulbs may be grown from the beginning by any one
having a back-yard or shed in which to carry them through the fall
months. When the severe frost sets in, they can be transferred to
the coolest part of the cellar and afterwards be brought to the
window from time to time as desired. The French Paper White
Narcissus, which has been a despised member of the familj^ for so
many years, has recently sprung into immense popularity and is
much easier to cultivate. A few bulbs in a dish half-filled with
pebbles and water, placed in the window or on the table, will grow
and flower without the least care; and successive plantings every
two weeks will yield a continuous supply of flowers all winter. It is
safe to predict that next winter will see these simple bulbs planted
by the million.

Group 3. Foliage plants used to stand about the house for
decorative purposes:

a Palms: Kentia Bebnoreana, Kentia forsteriana, Areca
lutescens, Phoenix Roebelenii.

b Ficus, rubber plant.

c Dracaena Lindenii.

d Pandanus Veitchii.

e Araucaria, monkey tree.

f Aspidistra.

g Ferns of different kinds.
The above list comprises the kind of plants that will endure the
uncongenial environment of the average house plant as bravely as
any. Many of them are very tenacious of life indeed and adapt
themselves to adverse conditions in a marvelous way. This is
such an interesting study that a few remarkable instances which
have come under our personal observation are worth reciting. The
first is a plant, a Dracaena Lindenii, which has been standing on an
upper landing for more than fifteen years. Scarcely a ray of sun-
light reaches it, it has never been repotted, and it has never been
out of the house. It stands about seven feet tall, has lost very few

SELECTION AND CARE OF HOUSE PLANTS 21

leaves, and is in pretty good health. Two other cases were Pan-
danus Veitchii. Both of these remained in six-inch pots for a matter
of ten years, stood in a very unfavorable position, and yet had
grown into fine, handsome plants. Both died promptly when put
into larger pots. There is in our store in Brookline a very hand-
some specimen of Kentia palm. It came to us a year ago, having
been for many years in a large private dining room. The new
environment seems to suit it, being very similar to the old, although
both, according to the code, are entirely unsuited to any healthy
plant life.

These apparent vagaries and contradictions of nature in the
plant world should furnish food for encouragement and hope in the
more serious affairs of human life. They might easily teach that
by perseverance and adaptation to the inevitable a great deal of
happiness may be gotten out of conditions that some would con-
sider intolerable.

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS.
By Prof. Arthur K. Harrison, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January 30, 1915.

There has been a great development in the appearance and care
of home grounds in the last few decades, which has been brought
about largely by a better knowledge and use of hardy plants.
This wider appreciation of hardy and especially of native plants
is a result of the teaching and practice of Mr. Frederick Law Olm-
sted and his disciples.

Mr. Olmsted's extensi\'e use of our native flora, which before
his time had been very little used and that use more abroad than
in our own country, was really an epoch-making departure in
American horticulture. It was however a perfectly natural and
logical thing both from the standpoint of business economy and of
artistic effect and, the value of the new idea being apparent, it
met with general approval and popularity.

There have been great changes in our modes and conditions of
life in recent years which have had wide influence on homes and
surroundings. The peace and prosperity of these years have pro-
duced an increasing number of well-to-do families who have more
or less time and means at their disposal for attention to artistic
surroundings and the enjoyment of outdoor life.

A great advance in all lines of artistic and allied endeavor has
resulted, architecture has taken on new life, transportation has
been revolutionized, dress has changed, agriculture has become a
new thing, horticulture has wonderfully advanced, printing and
illustrating have been vastly improved. The electric car has made
it possible for city dwellers to go to the suburbs where lawns and
gardens can be made, the automobile has taken the suburbanite and
the wealthy business man still farther into the country and devel-
oped the country home and country road improvement.

A far-reaching body of horticultural, architectural, and agricul-
tural periodicals has developed which has widened the desire for

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS 23

better home surroundings. Opportunities for the exchange of
ideas regarding improved home conditions, or for the employment
of persons devoting their endeavors to the artistic and economical
planning of homes and home surroundings have vastly increased;
and the trade in horticultural materials has correspondingly de-
veloped.

In spite of all this, however, in spite of all that has been said
and written and done, there remains yet much room for improve-
ment. The extension and development of suburban regions have
brought problems, some of which are not yet satisfactorily solved.
These problems are mostly of the larger kind involving the commu-
nity life and welfare; smaller problems affecting the individual
homes are, however, constantly recurring.

The development of real estate subdivisions has made it necessary
often to locate dwellings on lands heretofore thought too steep, too
rugged, or too low for such uses, and it has been necessary to plan
for such development not only in grading, drainage, and road con-
struction, but also for successful planting in varying soils and ex-
posures.

So much has been said and written on these subjects that the
field has been well gone over and perhaps I shall have nothing new
to bring to you. If such is the case it really need not disappoint
or discourage anyone, for the most familiar subjects need constant
repetition.

In agricultural and horticultural work we are finding that a
thorough physical preparation of the soil is of the greatest impor-
tance, that for the best results it is necessary to go over the same
ground repeatedly. This is quite as true in teaching where drill or
repetition is imperative. Moreover, a new generation of home
builders is constantly coming on and to them some of the problems
are new.

Taken as a whole there is a marked difference between the
present home surroundings in country or country village and in
residential suburbs. Many of the country homes have been long
established and their character and surroundings largely fixed before
the recent advances of which I have spoken. Many of the sub-
urban homes are of recent construction and have profited by
present day architecture and planting. Moreover, there are a

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

greater number of persons of leisure in suburban regions and the
areas are limited so that more can be done in planning and
maintenance.

There is also a considerable difference in the mental attitude of
the country and the suburban dweller, particularly of the mascu-
line gender, toward ornamental gardening and garden materials.

The country man appreciates the large and sturdy things, he
loves a tree, he tolerates the flowers in the front yard, but he has
very little use for shrubs and then only for a few specimen plants;
masses or borders of shrubs he despises. He has too many on the
farm lots to contend with; they cumber the ground and harbor
undesirable animals; their wood is of no value and their use or
desirability about the house he questions.

The tree however is different, it takes up little ground space, it
furnishes grateful shade or protection from winds, its beauty is
apparent and its wood is valuable, so that the country man believes
in trees, he appreciates their artistic value and desirability about
the home, and even when they interfere with his work and must be
removed he does not curse them as he does the hedgerow, but goes
to the attack with "the stern joy which warriors feel in foemen
worthy of their steel."

The man of the suburbs has less of this ingrained love of trees
because he has not lived with them so intimately; he does have a
greater appreciation of flowers and flowering shrubs, for his experi-
ences do not include so many years of uprooting and clearing
hedgerows and his opportunities of seeing and enjoying lawns and
planted spaces have been greater. The feelings of the women of
country and suburbs do not, perhaps, vary so much, for their
experiences with the different plant forms have not usually been
so intimate and their appreciation of artistic and decorative values
if not keener are at least more responsive and unbiased.

Partly as a result of these divergent views and partly because
there is a greater opportunity for choice of house location on the
farm than on the suburban lot, the usual condition is that the
country or village home has plenty Of trees but few shrubs, while
the suburban home has few trees and an abundance of shrub
growth. The country home has been placed near existing trees or
it has been long established and its trees have reached good size,

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS 25

while no trees have existed on the suburban lot and its recent
planting has but little development. The lack of the suburban
home is perhaps not so great because there are often trees along
the street or streets bordering the lot, but it is a lack nevertheless.

While it is true that shrub growth is an especially useful plant
form for suburban lots, because of its permanence, its convenient
size, its quick growth, infinite variety and especial fitness for
screens, slopes and borders, yet it cannot take the place of the
larger tree forms and a more careful study and wider appreciation
of trees is desirable.

In places where wooded areas are developed into building lots
this is not the case but usually so much of the area is taken up with
roads, walks, walls, buildings, and other structures that much of
the existing growth is sacrificed. Such a sacrifice of shrub growth
is, perhaps, not so serious, for shrubs can often be moved or at the
worst can be replaced without great outlay of money or time, but
with tree growth the case is very different, for young specimens
take years for development and even at great expense mature
effects are impossible. The logical deduction is that the first duty
should be to save all the existing tree growth possible, no matter
what its kind or condition. Streets and lot lines should be planned
with this end in view and the purchaser should plan his house and
lot accordingly. Of course hopelessly diseased and misshapen
trees should not be allowed to distort the general design but much
may be made of ordinary materials.

One occasionally sees good examj)les of this on suburban house
lots where the natural hedgerows have been retained as screens or
border plantings. The hedgerows are made up of a considerable
variety of native trees and shrubs, none of which are well developed
single specimens, but their combined effect is decidedly good and it
would require some years and quite an expenditure of money in
order to produce a similar effect with planted materials. Many
homes in our state show such an appreciation of native growth. I
was especially interested, during a trip to the Maritime Provinces,
to see how the native growth had been retained about a summer
home just outside of the village of Baddeck in Cape Breton where
the various outbuildings had been carefully placed among the
spruces and firs in such a way as to make a pleasing and convenient
grouping of necessary but usually unattractive structures.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The same thing was done in a somewhat larger way in the mining
town of Gwinn in the upper peninsula of Michigan, where in clear-
ing the town site and in constructing roads and buildings a few
years ago, we carefully saved all the native growth possible. The
growth was largely poplar, birch, and the short-leaved jack pine.
Few of the trees were well-developed individuals but the general
effect was decidedly good.

In the town of Winchester, eight miles north of Boston, are two
elm trees which are of especial interest because they have been
retained under conditions where ordinarily they would have been
cut. Church street is one of the important streets of the town and
when the street was widened some years ago it was proposed to cut
a beautiful elm standing at the curb line near the center of the town,
but public spirited citizens rose to the occasion and at a cost of
something over one thousand dollars purchased sufficient land to
provide a roadway at each side and retain the tree which now stands
practically in the center of the street close to the car track. There
is, however, plenty of room for passing, and a careful arrangement
of street lights prevents accidents at night. Another elm on the
town hall grounds stands barely two feet from the wall of the build-
ing to which it adds a decided touch of interest. These two exam-
ples suggest the value of a single tree which in some positions is
almost beyond estimate.

At Mr. W. D. Sloan's place in Lenox the great house was located
with particular reference to a splendid elm from which the place is
known as "Elm Court." At Mr. William H. Moore's place in
Pride's Crossing there is a double white oak between the house and
the tennis court which though not especially large is graceful and
very fitting in its location, casting interesting shadows on the lawn
and sheltering a beautifully carved marble seat at its base. These
two gentlemen value their trees at the good round sum of one
million dollars each.

In my own home village of Lebanon Springs, New York, there
stands in one of the yards a great tall broad spreading elm which
reaches out over the house and its surroundings with protecting
arms and gives to the place a definite character and distinction.
A prominent Brooklyn divine, a native of our town, always raises
his hat to this tree when he passes. The Winchester town hall is

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS 27

not altogether uninteresting architecturally, but its beauty is much
improved by the foliage effects or tracery of branches of the elm at
its side.

It is one of the best known facts of landscape design that foliage
enhances the charm of architecture, no matter how primitive or how
refined the architecture may be. The artist passes by the larger
and pretentious home but spreads his canvas for the vine-draped
cottage though without its wealth of foliage it would be a hovel.

Those who are familiar with Grace Hall, the new auditorium at
Williams' College, will remember that seen from the front approach
where the whole of the structure appears unrelieved by foliage, it is
but a building, though a well-designed and finely executed one.
From the lawn of the old Van Rensselaer place, next door, one gets
a glimpse of the beautifully proportioned columns with their fine
Corinthian capitals and the broad low classic pediment, the whole
framed in at the sides by dark evergreen foliage of arbor-vitae;
not simply a building, but a picture suggesting at once "The glory
that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome."

When we come to a choice of trees for planting on our home
grounds we can then consider kinds and forms, and it is at once
apparent that there are at least three great groups from which we
may select, and our choice of the group from which to select will
be governed by the use or end for which we are planting.

These groups run into each other somewhat, but still it is quite
possible to recognize a group especially useful for shade, another
having particular beauty of form or outline but of less value for
shade, and a third bearing showy flowers. Certain trees are desir-
able for shade, they have good-sized leaves in rather thick heads on
trunks of moderate height, and are mostly broad spreading in form.
Some are more desirable than others on account of density of shade,
sturdiness of character, tolerance of abuse, or cleanness of growth.
The maples have been perhaps the most generally planted of shade
trees and deservedly so, as they have many points of excellence;
comparatively rapid growth, clean and free from litter, few enemies,
easily moved, considerable variations in leaf character and density
of shade, wide adaptability to soil conditions, and particularly
good fall coloring; they have long been popularly considered the
most useful street and lawn tree.

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

In early days the maple was much planted because it was easily
obtained from the woods or fields and was not at all difficult to move
even in good size; but it was planted for a double purpose; not
only was it attractive and useful as a shade tree in home grounds,
but it also gave an annual revenue of sugar so that the early settler
was independent of the market source of supply and frequent long
lines of roadside trees in many parts of New England give ample
proof of the enterprise of our forefathers who set them not alone
for roadside adornment but also from love of sweet or greed of gain ;
this however was in the good old days before ever we had Cuba, the
Philippines, or the sugar trust on our hands. Acer saccharum, A.
saccharinum, and A. ruhrum are our native species, the two latter
especially useful in moist soils, while A. platanoides is the most
useful European species.

Next to the maples in popular approval, and probably even more
valuable, are the different species of oaks ; trees which are character-
ized by a thrifty if not rapid growth, broad spreading habit, good
shade without being so dense as to prevent air circulation, and
especially long-lived sturdy character. They have not been so
much planted as the maples because they lack the sugar making
qualities and because they are not so easily transplanted in good
size from the wild, though nursery stock is readily handled. The
best species for ordinary soils are Quercvs palustris, Q. alba, and
Q. rubra, while Q. bicolor and the first-named, Q. palustris, are good
for moist soils.

Some of the poplars and willows which are much planted where
quick effects are needed are decidedly good; the poplars of large
leaf and rapid growth serve very well for shade, while other kinds
are coming to effective size, but for the most part they are not as
good for permanent trees and should be replaced by other species.
The Lombardy poplar certainly has a place in suburban planting
where narrow high screens are necessary and when dilapidated
or injured by age is easily replaced.

The ordinary white willow, v/hich however is not a native, is a
decidedly useful and beautiful tree. It will succeed almost any-
where and it has altogether different foliage character from any
other of our large tree forms. The graceful form of branching and
the play of light and shade as the wind passes over it are especially

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS 29

pleasing. It will fit in almost anywhere as it embraces rock or wall
or building with protecting arms and whatever form it assumes has
a grace and beauty of its own.

The buttonwood is hardly useful for a lawn shade tree, its size
is large and crown too open, at least this is the case with out native
species; the Oriental plane is more fitted for home grounds where
it is considerably used.

The different species of ash and beech give good shade, but the
ash is not as graceful in twig growth and its leaves fall quite early,
while the beech is slow in growth and impatient of injury to its
roots. If purple-leaved trees must be planted, the beech is the
best of them, but judging from the kinds used on the hills and in
the valleys all over this world of ours, the Lord likes green foliage
better.

Of the kinds remarkable for their beauty but less useful for shade,
the elm easily stands first; its usual form of open top on a tall trunk
makes it unsatisfactory where a dense shade is desired at a given
point, for its shadow is relatively light and, because of the tall
trunk, the shadow moves about much during the day. The elm
however should always be planted, especially where it has room to
develop and where it can be seen from a little distance so that its
graceful form may be appreciated. I know that it takes some forti-
tude to recommend the planting of elms to a Boston audience, but
no one who has ever enjoyed the picture of the graceful pendent
branches and feathered trunks of the elms as they frame in the
beautiful church door at the head of that historic first street in
America at Plymouth, or who has ever read Henry Ward Beecher's
remark on the elms of New England and especially of the village
of "Norwood," which by the way was our own college town of
Amherst, can ever quite neglect the elm or find any reason to doubt
the statement of Michaux that it is the most magnificent plant of
the temperate zone.

Chestnuts and hickories are well worth preserving when already
established, but they litter the lawn with burs or shucks; while
the slow growth of the hickory and the liability of the chestnut to
the rapidly spreading bark disease, together with its unpleasant
odor at flowering time, make them unsatisfactory for lawn planting
when a choice of kinds is possible.

30 ■ MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Among the showy flowering trees the most commonly planted is
the horse chestnut which, coming to us from Asia, has proven en-
tirely hardy, though rarely reproducing itself. It is the most
successful or at least the most widely planted of any flowering tree.
It gives good shade, but is not so broad spreading as the oak or so
long lived.

Somewhat less common, because less hardy, especially when
young, is the catalpa, whose broad leaves and large flowers are es-
pecially attractive in early summer. This tree deserves to be more
widely planted, as it combines an attractive luxuriant foliage with
a beautiful display of flowers. The southern species, C. bignoni-
oides, is the best, but the western C. speciosa is usually more hardy.
The foreign kinds are smaller and well suited to limited areas.

The most showy flowered of our northern trees of large size is the
tulip or white wood. Related to the magnolias, though not
especially resembling them, it is fine, clean, and thrifty, and well
deserves planting, not so much for its large cup-shaped flowers of
orange and pale yellowish green as for the clean healthy foliage and
general shade value.

Another native tree of value for shade and flowers is the basswood
or linden of rather rapid growth. It is larger and more ovate in
form than its European relatives which are useful in positions too
small for the larger sorts.

The locust which was frequently planted about old country
homes has an abundance of very sweet flowers but it is of little
value for shade on account of the small size of its foliage and the
extreme lateness of leafing as well as early loss of foliage by frosts.
It is not therefore to be recommended.

Of our small-sized flowering trees none is more showy than the
flowering dogwood, a native as far north as central New England;
here of small size but from New York southward often attaining a
trunk diameter of a foot or more. From its size, flowering date,
and general character and uses it is rather to be classed with the
magnolias though in no way related to them.

I believe that the flowering trees which we most neglect in lawn
planting are the useful fruits. It was one of the marked charac-
teristics of Andrew J. Downing's work that he constantly made use
of fruit trees in his home ground plans, not so much for their

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS 31

economic as for their ornamental value. I believe that we are
seriously at fault in not using them more often in lawns. The
whole growth and character of the apple fits it admirably for such
use and it is hard to imagine a more interesting detail than a well-
formed, low-branched apple tree flowing into the easy curves of a
nicely graded lawn. It is ornamental in flower and scarcely less so
in fruit, and its economic value is no small item to the lot owner.
Other kinds of fruit trees are almost as ornamental and are well
worth planting, the quince, especially, would lend a decided attrac-
tion to our larger shrub borders.

Trees planted for particular beauty in color, form, or gracefulness
of branching require careful study. Their special merits or indi-
vidual characteristics should be w^ell brought out either by har-
monious placing or by occasional sharp contrasts. The graceful
branching of the birch is best shown by well-developed individual
specimens so placed that thej^ may often be seen from a distance
sufficient for the eye to take in the whole form or where the light-
barked kinds will show against a contrasting background of darker,
especially of evergreen, foliage. The same may be said of that
really novel tree, the larch, whose chief beauty appears with the
tender green of early spring. The coarser, rigid branching forms
like the sassafras, coffee tree, and pepperidge show their character-
istics better when seen against the sky.

Two trees much planted in recent years and well worth a place
in lawns of considerable size are the maidenhair with its strong,
pointed, divergent branches, clothed with peculiar straight-veined
fan-shaped leaves; and the sweet gum, artistic in all its parts, the
star-shaped leaves turning to beautiful shade of crimson, the fruit-
ing head a perfection of design; it is a southern tree native as far
north as southern New England and well deserves planting where-
ever it will prove hardy.

The contrasting forms should be used with greatest care and only
in small amounts. ^Ye like to have some sharp accents to give life
and spirit to our musical compositions. So too the artist likes to
see some accent in his landscape pictures, but a little is enough.
The upright forms furnish this accentuation. The narrow ever-
green forms and, especially, the Lombardy poplar serve such pur-
poses and may occasionally be used to break an even sky line to
good effect.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Another form of contrast is the dark color of the evergreen, and
evergreens should be used either as single well-developed specimens
in remote parts of the lawn or in groups for mass effects or as dark
backgrounds for other shrubs and trees. They may well serve as
screens or windbreaks or to give snow effects, but from their
conical form they are not to be selected when shade is the main
consideration. In spite of all the kinds which have been brought
to us from near and far, the white pine and the hemlock are un-
surpassed and no mistake can be made in their selection.

Next to the establishment of a good lawn surface, the greatest
improvement in home ground planting results from the use of
shrubs. Suburban regions simply show this improvement more
often than do country homes.

Natural shrubbery is characteristically informal; and home
grovmd planting should be the same. Formality in shrub planting
may be had by careful selection of special kinds supplemented by
repeated use of the shears in a misdirected effort to improve on
nature. Any man who devotes his efforts to clipping otherwise
graceful and artistic shrubbery down to severe straight lines or
rounded forms should the next day get out his paint pot and go at
the lily — nature is constantly making blunders which we can
rectify.

The one most excusable form of shrub pruning is the close-
clipped hedge and there are places where such a treatment is well
enough or even desirable, but in many places the clipped hedge might
better be replaced by the irregular lines of an informal shrub border
or by a vine covered fence.

In border plantations we have a much greater degree of variety
and beauty; variety in position, form, flowers, shades of foliage,
height, etc. The two chief lines or parts of beauty in the irregular
border are the sinuous line where the foliage meets the lawn and
casts interesting shadows and the varying height and form of sky
line. Such irregular lines are not only beautiful, but they are
elastic, changes may come, shrubs may die and be removed, or
additional ones may be planted without destroying any of the
beauty or effectiveness — which does not depend on any one thing
but on the whole appearance.

In close-clipped hedges, however, beauty depends entirely on

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS 33

one thing, perfection. The shade of green must be the same
throughout, all plants must be equally tall and sturdy, all well
branched at the base and in every other way, each must be a repeti-
tion of the next and, just because the beauty of the whole depends
on this one thing, perfection, the eye, no doubt unintentionally,
seeks out the blemishes and any departure from perfection, any
missing plant or lack of best development shows up at once a fault
as glaringly as do princely or even imperial transgressions "in that
fierce light wh!'ch beats upon a throne."

Irregular shrub borders give fine opportunity for the use of
kinds of varying size so that in the broader parts of the border tall
sorts may be used in the rear or on prominent points along the
front and, bj^ the use of such points and bays and occasional islands
of shrubbery in front of bays, hidden effects may be provided
which, come upon unawares, add new interest to the plantations.

A shrub border always looks better with a foreground of turf and
for this reason shrubbery should, whenever possible, be kept back
some four or five feet from roads and paths. In broader areas,
■ where shrub grouping is possible in other places than along borders,
we should be careful to have them so arranged as to bring out the
beauty of surroundings as well as to show themselves off to best
advantage.

Lawn vistas should be kept open and planted naturally along
the sides especially where the ground slopes up at either side as in
that charming bit of tree and shrub bordered lawn just across
the entrance drive from Professor Sargent's house at Holm Lea or as
might be the case in that other view across Leverett Pond where
the rhododendrons and azaleas though beautiful in themselves,
might better have been kept back from the center of the picture.

This brings up the fact that too many flowers may be a dis-
advantage. Most flowers, when growing, as well as when cut and
arranged, are much more attractive when accompanied with con-
siderable green foliage, and great masses of flowers with little foliage
lose much of their charm, especially when the colors are particu-
larly striking or brilliant.

Flower colors are contrasts, foliage shades are analogies. We
do not care for too much contrast in life. Contrast is always active,
stimulating, exciting; analogous colors and tones are tonic, re-

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

freshing, and restful; bread is really better for us than spice, and
we need more of it.

For the same reason the showy flowered things should be used
in moderation and with plenty of white, which is always harmonious
and restful.

Most shrubs flower in early summer, and in order to prolong
the period when flowers are to be had and enjoyed it is always well
to supplement shrub growth with some sturdy perennials planted
along the front of the border or with taller ones in the middle and
rear. These taller perennials are usually late in flowering, so that
by using them a pleasing effect may be had throughout the fall.

There are, it is true, a few fall-flowering shrubs but unfortunately
they are either coarse and stiff", like the althaeas and hydrangeas,
which require special positions and the softening effect of distance,
or they are not particularly hardy like the Caryopteris, and Les-
pedeza, which is really more of an herb, and is not dependable.
Much may be done, however, to prolong the season of interesting
color in the shrub border by selecting kinds with brightly colored
bark or fruit.

In grouping shrubs we should learn from nature where we find
the hedgerows and watersides planted with considerable groups of a
single kind rather than a confused mass of many kinds. In nature
also the shrub groups are edged down to the turf and are clustered
about ledges, fences, and other objects, keeping the center of the
picture open and framing in the sides.

Next to position and size perhaps the important things to con-
sider in associating shrubs are general texture and method of
branching.

I do not like to plant the coarser things like Rubus odoratus,
Sambucus, and Hydrangea close to the house where smaller leaved
kinds, with more refined flowers and textures seem more in keeping.
An association of the coarse upright brpnching forms, like althaeas
or the dwarf horse chestnut, with slender branching spiraeas or
drooping forsythias is not attractive.

For kinds there is wide choice, almost any of the hardy species
are useful in some position or other, some are better in moist places,
others for dry exposed banks, some for direct sunlight, others for
shade. The descriptions and hints given in the retail nursery
catalogs are safe guides in selection.

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR HOME GROUNDS 35

Many of- our native species are excellent and with ordinary care
large plants of azaleas, laurel, dogwoods, viburnums, or thorns
may be successfully moved. The native thorns are especially
valuable and one or two specimens in corners or broad plantings are
very effective.

The sumacs too, are decidedly fine for massing. Among the
cultivated kinds the forms of spiraeas are unlimited, Van Houttei
and its near relatives being the best.

The golden forsythias should always find a place because of their
early flowering and fine healthy blue green foliage.

Some shrubs or small trees are especially valuable because they
flower very early and produce fine effects before others begin. The
introduced magnolias do this. The kinds with smaller white flowers
are more attractive, stellata especially so. Another old favorite
was the flowering almond, which however fades badly and the
petals fall quickly.

The bush honeysuckles are especially attractive, Morrowii and
the Tartarian being best. The Sno^^ball is an old favorite, but the
Japanese form is better in flower and not so liable to insect attack
which alone excludes the use of the Guelder Rose. Among other
old garden shrubs which can ne\er be dispensed with are the mock
orange and the lilac, so long favorites that they often mark home
sites long since deserted.

The commonly grown double hybrid roses are not nearly so well
suited to border effects as are our wild ones or the imported single
kinds. They should be specially grown in rich garden soil for cut
flower effect and their place in the border be taken by the single
forms which are much more effective as growing shrubs.

A special form of shrub indispensable for home ground is the vine.
And here again we may choose for dense .shade, attractive foliage,
fine flower effects, or showy fruits. The native bitter sweet is un-
surpassed for winter coloi^ of fruit. The Dutchman's pipe and
native woodbine are thick in growth or foliage, giving shade or
screen. The fine-leaved forms of Cissus or Vitis have graceful
foliage and tendrils.

There are frequently unsightly or incongruous things about the
grounds which can be easily screened or relieved, and this is one of
the great uses to which vines may be put. An unattractive out-

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

building may be made attractive or the severe lines of posts or
poles softened by the use of vines. The native kinds collected from
hedgerows are admirable. If it is possible to relieve the stiffness
of telephone and light poles the effort seems worth the while.

Among the flowering vines the earliest effects may be had with
the wistarias which, though slow in growth, are incomparable in
flower.

The several forms of clematis are fine; the large flowered white
and purple sorts for summer, and the small flowered C. yaniculata
which is especially valuable because of its late flowering period.

In June the climbing roses are at their best and here again fewer
flowers with sprays of foliage give more graceful and pleasing effects
than do the masses of the commonly used Crimson Rambler.
The Dorothy Perkins, Lady Gay, and other similar sorts with
fewer flowers and softer coloring are better.

In a talk of this kind one can do little more than draw attention
to some of the general points of interest in tree and shrub planting
and mention a few of the more useful kinds. Now in closing
let me sum up, if it is possible to sum up such a subject, into two
general rules : First, use only hardy plants and do not overlook the
native species, and secondly, study nature and those who have
followed nature as your guide.

COTTAGE GARDENS FOR MASSACHUSETTS.
By p. H. Elwood, Jr., x\mherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January 30, 1915.

If anyone should ask me what I considered the most needed
landscape development in Massachusetts, the one which would
count most toward a finished and beautiful country-side as well as a
contented and happy people, I would say home improvement.
Anyone familiar with conditions as they generally are and with
conditions as they might and should be, realizes the possibilities
and need in this field of development.

When I refer to home grounds or cottage gardens I mean only
areas of ground intimately connected or associated with a cottage
or house of our middle and working classes whether in the open
country, the rural village, or the city suburb. In short, any
garden whose care is directly carried on by those who live with it.
It is this type or class of gardens which really gives the most
enjoyment and pleasure to their guardians and to the passers-by
rather than the more pretentious gardens of the country villa.
These gardens contribute more than all others to human happiness,
not alone because they exist in greater numbers, but because their
appeal is more direct. The one who cultivates the ground, plants
and cares for the flowers, lives among them, sees them and comes
to know their every caprice and individuality, gets the greatest
returns in mental, physical, and spiritual happiness from his garden.
In this way the garden becomes a very integral part of the home.

One of the greatest of human joys is that of creation and this is
just as true whether the result is a successful business enterprise or a
beautiful garden. This is the fundamental reason why women are
so fond of gardens. It is one of the fields involving actual creative
ability that is open to them and they respond with enthusiasm. In
the garden they can actually see the results of their labor. The joy
and rewards of this intimate gardening are not wholly aesthetic

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

as no one denies that caring for a garden affords the best mental
and physical tonic.

To many minds when the term cottage garden is mentioned
there come pictures of England and her picturesque cottages set
amid a profusion of flowers. Let us analyze these cottage pictures
of England. We find by close observation that more than half the
charm of these cottage pictures is due to the cottage itself. Here in
America where the average house is ugly in material, outline, and
color we seldom find it fitting into a picture, but the solid and grace-
ful English cottage with its low eaves and broken roof lines seems
to have grown into its environment. The substantial material
and low tones of the exterior at once suggest the quiet repose and
charming home life of England. Then too, the Englishman is more
modest than many of us and his main object in life is not for show
and display. He is happiest when with his family he can enjoy
his home environment without the help of the outside world. Con-
sequently we do not get open and comprehensive views of the
English cottage but fleeting and inviting glimpses through the
luxuriant foliage and bloom. One is never fully satisfied but
lingers for another passing vista. The lure of this element of
mystery is most engaging and we carry these little pictures with us
long after and hope to see them again.

The Englishman has learned through years of inherited experi-
ence that it is absolutely essential to maintain his garden in the
highest state to insure the best results and this characteristic
finish is typical of the English garden in a degree almost unknown
in America. But you say the English climate makes the difference;
yes, it does make a difference but it is not the chief factor for with
as good care we can get nearly as fine effects and with added atten-
tion we can equal if not excel. It must be said, too, that the aver-
age owner of a garden or of a few square feet of land in England
takes more pride in his yard and grounds and in the general out-
ward appearance of the community and the result is a country
side dotted with pictures that are a delight to the eye and one has
the impression of being in one continuous garden.

All this does not come without effort and if we are willing to pay
the price in effort we can have just as charming effects at home,
though in a different way. In America we are not bound by

COTTAGE GARDENS FOR MASSACHUSETTS 39

national traditions, therefore we can go abroad for our ideals in
gardens as we go for inspiration in other fields of art. With the
best examples of the world's gardens before us we can select the
best features from each, and with our American ingenuity and
originality adapt them to our environment and needs, and produce
a new type of cottage garden more beautiful here than its progeni-
tors would be because it is American.

As surely as the English cottages fit into the landscape, as surely
do our cottages fail to do so and no one thing will add more to the
general attractiveness of our country and suburban districts than
the creating of an artistic and appropriate type of domestic archi-
tecture.

While the scope. of this paper will not permit of a lengthy and
detailed discussion of this subject, yet I wish to emphasize the
importance and desirability of a general awakening in this much
neglected field. We have built of the cheapest and most temporary
materials, constructed in the most ugly angular outline imaginable,
often without consulting an architect, and finally we have covered
our work with the most flagrant signs and gaudy colors. Is it any
wonder that our rural neighborhoods so often lack that element
called charm? No amount of artistic and luxuriant planting can
conceal our mistakes. Our violation of the essential principles of
landscape art has been carried still farther by misplacing our
houses without proper regard to the best views and often too close
to the street or highway to give any degree of privacy or setting.

However, bad as conditions in general would seem to be there is
much to say in favor of our own environment and our best types
of cottages. Speaking of environment in a general way no Ameri-
can, especially no New Englander, need be reticent for we have as
fine a natural setting from a scenic point of view as any people in
the world. The charm of American native scenery cannot be ex-
celled, and we are blessed with a brilliant climate to set it off and in
which to enjoy it. Our country is builded on a large scale, conse-
quently we find our homes and gardens treated in a broad way. We
care more for wide open front lawns and less for seclusion than do
the English as ours is a larger and more democratic country.

I do not believe in importing English and German cottages and
gardens into America, but I do encourage the recognition of and

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

adherence to our own best types. Take for example the old colonial
houses of Massachusetts, the old half-stone Dutch types of New
Jersey, and the charming old stone houses of Pennsylvania, all of
them with unique and characteristic settings. To the present day
nothing has been built in this country to excel them. They should
be studied extensively and adapted to modern needs and conditions.
These cottage types if placed amid luxuriant lawns and gardens
would give us as fine cottage homes as any in the world and they
would have the openness and simplicity typical of the best American
life.

But how can these results be obtained? If one is fortunate
enough to be able to begin at the very beginning and select his own
location, style of cottage, and the size of his gardens then there
need be no excuse for anything but the very best results. But on
the other hand when one has to tidy up, repair and renovate, the
task is more discouraging in many ways though often the remodeled
place is the most charming as it enjoys the softening effects of age
which few new places can possess.

The first and last requirement of a finished landscape or cottage
garden is neatness. It has been said that anything out of its
proper place is dirt. This then includes all the atrocities so often
found in our front yards. Dog kennels, chicken runs, stone piles,
old fences, superfluous arbors with no architectural connection to
anything, mounds, brush and half dead trees, all must be removed
at the outset, if anything like a homogeneous result is to follow.

Let us now consider the work before the new home builder. If
he can possibly afford it he should first get a com.petent landscape
artist to locate the house, paying especial attention to the best
views from the living rooms, the placing of the dining room on
the east and south to get the morning sun and the general arrange-
ment of the rooms to secure economy of time and space and at the
same time get the most service from them. The proper drainage
must be considered and the proper segregation of the service areas.
Then get your own ideas about the house in concrete form on paper
and call in an architect to criticise and perfect the design of the
house.

The landscape architect should then prepare a complete plan for
the whole place whether you can carry it out at one time or not.

COTTAGE GARDENS FOR MASSACHUSETTS 41

At least you will not be obliged to alter and adjust your general
arrangement in the future when you finally build a tennis court or
a garage.

The cottage should be constructed of permanent and if possible
local materials to add to its appropriateness and economy in case
of addition and repair. Let me warn the home builder not to
build larger than he can maintain well, for a well-kept cottage and
garden though small forms a perfect picture while the larger and
untidy effect is a disgrace. When we have gotten our field or can-
vas clear, whether we are building a new garden or remodeling an
old one, we can at once proceed to the composition of our lawn and
garden areas.

The American idea of the large open semi-public front lawn and a
screened flower and kitchen garden in the rear where the family can
feel absolute privacy is very commendable. In providing for the
most attractive views and outlooks both to and from the house it
should be remembered that the home is primarily intended for the
enjoyment of the occupants rather than for the passer-by. The front
garden or lawn adds to the park-like effect of the street and forms an
adequate setting to the cottage when tastily arranged and planted.

Where the house is placed close to the street and space in the
rear is limited it is best to place a neat fence or hedge along the
sidewalk giving protection and a certain amount of privacy and
at the same time, when done cooperatively by neighborhoods,
adding to the finish of the street.

When of sufficient size the fine open green should be the main
feature of the front lawn and this when surrounded by flowering
and native shrubs gives us a very pleasing picture. The composi-
tion and arrangement of this front lawn requires the exercise of the
best artistic taste.

The following directions may be found helpful :

1. Do not plant for show, but use a few varieties in large num-
bers planted and spaced generously and with precision, giving a
dignified simplicity.

2 Frame the cottage in with foliage masses. The lines of the
house will be softened by planting shrubbery and flowers at the
base as well as vines on the walls.

3. Use specimen trees and shrubs sparingly and then only as
accents, as a painter uses his high lights and deep shadows. Do not

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

spot up a beautiful green with freak imported plants and trees.
It is bad taste. Individuals of the group may be somewhat isolated
at times to allow for the full development of the type.

4. Group trees carefully so that they do not form uninteresting
lines or masses. Arrange them to give vistas and settings from
and of the cottage.

Turning our attention to the plan of the garden itself we must
first consider the scale and proportion not only of the area at our
disposal but of the cottage itself because the grass areas, walks,
flower beds, and the whole composition must be in pleasing har-
mony of line, space, and arrangement with the house and the size
of the property. In order to get the best coherence in the design
of the whole garden they must be very closely coordinated with the
main architectural lines of the cottage unless it is more or less
informal in style. In this case lines will not bear such an impor-
tance as areas and spaces.

It must be remembered in all formal garden work that they are
really outdoor living rooms, planned in proportion to the house but
on a broader open scale as they need give the feeling of light, air,
and sunshine as well as brilliancy of color.

In determining the character of our gardens you must not lose
sight of the fact that usually we must look at them the year around,
winter and summer, so it is highly important that we not only have
the beds in the garden filled with continuous bloom throughout
the summer months, but we must consider the winter aspect of
our home surroundings. We should bear this in mind when we
decide on the size of our flower beds as they are sure to be more
or less unattractive in winter. However, if plenty of grass is
provided, the beds neatly cared for in the fall, and a variety of
color and interest given to the borders of trees and shrubbery we
need have no cause for monotony or untidiness during any month
of the year. In fact if we have given the winter aspect of our
fruiting and brilliant colored shrubs proper consideration our
garden will be a joy throughout our longest winter.

As a general principle to follow it can be said that we can make
our gardens as simple as is compatible with convenience and design.
Only those walks that are absolutely essential to the design should
be permitted and those should be of grass or of some native material.
All walks whether in the more formal garden or a more naturalistic

COTTAGE GARDENS FOR MASSACHUSETTS 43

one should be direct and when possible straight unless in very
informal work. Where the space for the garden is somewhat
limited and one wishes to raise a few vegetables for table use it is
well to combine the flower with the kitchen garden. The flowers
can be placed along the borders and main walks leaving the interior
space for kitchen planting. Often very charming effects are ob-
tained in this way.

When the space in the rear of the house is limited leaving only
the regulation backyard so common in our towns and cities there
should be an effort made toward neighborhood cooperation with
the idea of a series of garden plats in a big open center with small
areas directly in the rear of the house reserved for service and
utility including laundry yard, etc. This small area ma}' all be
paved or a border of grass and flowers planted to relieve its severitj'.
In the large open center in place of the hideous high board fences
now so prevalent, we would have a series of thrifty vegetable and
flower plats, each property owner being assigned to his share to
cultivate as he will.

Often in developing new grounds or remaking an old one certain
peculiar or unique natural features are met with and if liandFed
skilfully form the main theme or motif in the home pictures.

Several or even one fine tree if correctly located should be allowed
to dominate the whole lawn scheme. Do not plant more small and
insignificant trees and shrubs near such a specimen as they accen-
tuate their youth and lack of dignity thus breaking up the simplic-
ity and repose of the place.

A rocky ledge may be the means of producing many picturesque
effects. Do not attempt to smooth off fine rugged rocks, accejitu-
ate them if anything, thus establishing their meaning frankly.
Embellish rocks where existing by such plants as nature grows near
them, adding as many of the flowering varieties as will thrive under
the conditions of climate and moisture.

I have seen a brook running in close proximity to a cottage that
has given more artistic setting to the home than any amount of
careful planting could possibly produce. Its borders were planted
with nature's best brookside plants such as iris, forget-me-nots,
mint, lilies, alders, willows, and dogwood, giving a variety of interest
the whole year through.

Often a bare retaining wall or steep bank can be converted into

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

a mass of beauty simply by planting such climbing and trailing
plants as Forsythia suspensa, matrimony vine, honeysuckle, bitter-
sweet, and roses.

In many of our rural and suburban towns, homes are being
built in what was an unbroken forest. Here it is a mistake to cut
extensive openings especially in the background. Let the cottage
fit into its environment by allowing groups of trees to nearly enclose
the house. Of course trees should not be allowed so near the
house that they prevent the circulation of air and the admittance
of the proper amount of sunlight. When we have such a natural
woodland effect we should increase it by natural plantings. Masses
of native shrubs in the margins and snow-drops, crocuses, and vio-
lets, etc., in great colonies throughout the lawn among the trees
even extending into the thicker wood will give to the spring months
a charm peculiar to the best natural treatment.

Many places are not large enough for any special flower garden
as such so it is often very effective to plant perennials along the
edges and among the shrubbery giving a very informal and free
treatment to the whole place. Borders of flowers jammed full of
bloom between the walk and the base of the house make the home
seem much more cheerful and gay, a characteristic too rare with us.

To many the choice of colors in a garden is most important but
I do not consider it among the chief factors of a successful garden
though a garden must have color and plenty of it, yet the choice
of certain combinations of color in my mind is not the chief essen-
tial in garden making. Some of the most charming of our old New
England gardens can scarcely be said to have any definite color
scheme. Yet people have written books on this subject. The very
fact that people are afraid to use color freely has taken individual-
ity and brilliance from many a garden. There are a few things in
color arrangements to avoid and a few principles to bear in mind
which if followed will give us pleasing effects.

1. Use plenty of white, gray, and green in among your flower
masses and there can be but little discord as these are great harmon-
izers and soften the effect of brilliant colors.

2. Use as few colors as convenient and treat these in big broad
masses, a single variety or kind in a bed or section of the garden.

3. Get the purest colors and use but a few oddities in shades
and tints.

COTTAGE GARDENS FOR MASSACHUSETTS 45

4. In arranging colors consider the composition you are making-
Do not mass your most brilliant tones in the middle of your picture
unless seen at a great distance as it will tend to split the composi-
tion of color.

5. Almost any color with white forms a pleasing combination,
especially blue and pink.

6. Mass one or two colors together and you will get a broader
effect by using a number of plants of each variety and the result
will not be spotty.

7. Alternate the earlier blooming plants with later ones bearing
in mind the resulting combination of color.

8. Arrange your borders so that the higher plants are placed
in the rear far enough back to be seen at an advantage.

9. Experiment with various combinations from season to season
always striving for a more perfect result.

One should realize that a garden is never finished. It changes
from year to year and the character of these changes largely de-
pends upon the care and attention given by the owner. It would
require a book to thoroughly discuss these matters of preparation
and maintenance, but all we can do is to call attention to the more
salient features.

Too much emphasis cannot be laid upon the necessity of deep and
thorough cultivation and grading of the soil before the plants —
whether trees, shrubs, or flowers — are put into the ground. The
results will justify additional care and preparation many times over.
Plenty of rich plant food must be provided as flowers and shrubs
are great feeders and respond loyally to such treatment.

At this point a word on grading would not be inappropriate, as
often, especially in informal work, the entire success or failure of
the whole place depends upon the artistic and practical grading of
the lawn areas. Grading demands the resources of both the artist
and engineer. In many instances a particulai'ly apt and pleasing
contour of lawn forms the chief and fundamental beauty of the
grounds. This is an important subject which should be discussed
at greater length so let no one think that any contractor or laborer
can attend to his grading for it is in a real sense a fine art.

One should never allow the high standard of maintenance to
lower, but should keep everything trimmed and growing, making
the upkeep less expensive. Never allow bare spots in the flower

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

beds during the summer, but fill up the spaces with such annuals
as sweet alyssum, verbenas, asters, zinnias, Phlox Drummondii,
heliotrope, ageratum, petunias, snapdragons, coreopsis, etc.

Our object in this paper is to give the general principles in laying
out and making a cottage garden, to arouse interest, and to give a
few essential details to follow at the start. Then the individual
can and ought to use his own originality and imagination in getting
pleasing effects. Remember you are making a home garden not
a cemetery so you need n't be afraid to use color to give life to the
place. Experiment with different combinations of flowers and
shrubs and move them about from year to year. Perennials as a
rule do much better if moved and separated from year to year.

Do not think that because you have but a small area at your
disposal that you cannot have a garden. Some of the most charm-
ing gardens both abroad and at home are those of the little roadside
cottages, where only a few square feet are available, where every
inch has its bloom, every rock its fern, and the whole overflows with
beauty and charm and invites you to linger and become friends
with it and its master. "There is no place," says Guy Lowell,
"so small, no rock so barren, that it cannot be made to bloom."

AVith a profusion of flowers and immaculate care our cottage
gardens need be second to none. Our climate gives us a more
brilliant bloom than that of England with a much shorter season.
This short season can be lengthened by alternate planting and the
use of annuals so that we get a continual bloom from the early
snowdrop to aster and chrysanthemum time.

In this way our rural and suburban cottage homes will retain
their best blood as the attraction will be stronger than that of the
large business city. Delightful and charming environment im-
mediately about the home will do more in my mind to strengthen
the home tie than many other inducements.

Just for our own sake we should strive for the most attractive
surroundings for our cottage homes. Our pride and self-respect
demand it and as we grow individually we develop nationally.

When we realize this ideal visiting friends will more than ever
wish to tarry along the way and enjoy the innumerable glimpses
and vistas of the charming cottage gardens of Massachusetts.

GARDEN .FURNISHINGS.
By Prof. Frank A. Waugh, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January 30, 1915.

A garden may be considered from two different points of view.
It may be an integral part of the home, used and enjoyed like
any other domestic unit, such as the library, the sitting room, or
the kitchen. On the other hand it may be regarded merely as an
ornamental exterior. Unfortunately in this country the latter
view has largely prevailed. The garden has been considered
a mere embellishment, an external ornament. The idea of making
the garden a part of the home, of living, playing, working, eating
in it, is only beginning to find its way into the best society. Ob-
viously the garden ought to be more generally put to use and less
commonly left to the doubtful admiration of passers-l)y.

These different views of the purposes of a garden lead to Aery
different methods of design and treatment. If a garden is to he
part of the house it must first of all have privacy. AVe cannot live
our family life in the garden if the spaces are left open to the obser-
vation of all the neighbors and of strangers passing in the street.

Such privacy is secured in old-world gardens by high walls of
brick or stone. It is not feasible in this country to adopt such
exclusive habits, but at any rate we can do much in the direction
of domestic privacy by simpler means. Hedges and screens of
trees and shrubbery are the most natural and often the most effec-
tive means of shutting in the garden and shutting out the world.

After a certain amount of privacy is secured the garden next
needs some furnishings. An unfurnished garden is as dreary and
hopeless as an unfurnished house. Nothing could be less domestic
and inviting than an empty dwelling house; but put a rag carpet
on the floor, two chairs and a table in the room, with a picture on
the wall and curtains at the windows, and the place has all the phy-
sical equipment of a home. If there are sympathetic human beings
to inhabit the place nothing more can be recjuired.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

r
Now our American gardens are largely unfurnished. They have
reached exactly the same stage as the apartment house when it is
ready to rent. There are the hard-wood floors, the plumbing,
and the paper on the wall; all the furnishings necessary for family
life, for human comfort, for interest and entertainment are com-
pletely lacking. Our common talk about gardening completely
ignores furnishings, concerning itself simply with trees, shrubs,
and flowers, which at best are hardly more than the pictures on
the wall.

Extensions of the House.

The point at which American life first breaks through toward
the garden is on the family porch. We often talk about porch
life, which is a kind of outdoor life halfway between the garden and
the house. At any rate there are many families who are unwilling
to shut themselves up quite within the four hard walls of the house,
and who find some release and refreshment by taking tea on the
porch. They even read and visit there, play bridge, or smoke a
corncob pipe (according to sex). Many progressive people even
have sleeping porches whereby they project the daily life halfway
into the garden.

Now this porch life simply represents one stage in progress.
The next and natural stage would be to move further into the
grounds and to get more of the sky. Also more of all the joys and
satisfactions of outdoor living.

In modern garden magazines we read a great deal about pergolas.
As I understand a pergola, it is an architectural figure primarily de-
signed to connect an outlying architectural element with the main
house. It is a distinct extension of the dwelling house. It should
furnish more or less shelter. Its whole tendency is to carry domes-
tic life farther into the garden. Of course we must allow that, as
fashionable pergolas are designed, they do not always accomplish
this end, but I am suspicious that the pergola has not always been
fully understood by the architects who did the planning or the
suburban dwellers who paid the bills.

It is hard to tell the modern fashionable pergola in all cases from
the old-fashioned arbor or summer house. My own notion is that

GARDEN FURNISHINGS

49

there should be a difference in that the arbor or summer house
should always be a detached unit at some little distance from the
main dwelling. Whatever the name of this detached shelter, what-
ever the architectural style, whether simple or elaborate, whether
cheap or expensive, its real purpose should be perfectly evident.
It is to supply another attraction in the home grounds. It should
serve as a place where people may stop and find rest, shelter, and
an outlook upon the beauties of the garden. It should be in its
way quite as useful a part of the home as any room in the house.
In it we might carry on many of those pleasant domestic diversions
which now occupy the porch. We may play cards there or have
supper, or visit with the dog. A man might even meet his children
there and become somewhat acquainted with them.

The fact is, that many of these different architectural garden
features differ from one another chiefly in their names. Their
purposes are exactly those already described. That is, they serve
to ornament the garden, to add interest to it, and to give oppor-
tunity for various daily activities outside the house, but still within
the home. Thus, if we were to speak of the tea house in the garden
it need not be anything essentially different from an arbor. It may
mean that we will serve tea here on all pleasant afternoons during
the summer, or it may not. There would be no objection of course
to a quilting party in the tea house during the afternoon, or some
polite spooning of evenings, if the girls happened to have beaux
about.

In like manner the garden shelter may be called a music house
or a studio, if members of the family have musical or artistic tastes.
Or the place may become a children's play house, and may indeed
be designed primarily for their enjoyment. If the place is so
fortunate as to abut upon a lake or practicable stream, the family
will of course w^ant to keep a canoe or a motor boat or a cat boat,
and these would call for a boat house, which may in its own way
become the center of the outdoor domestic life. Where the water
is lacking for boating, there may be such semi-outdoor sports as
bowling to be provided for, or a small shooting gallery may be
established. In fact anything which will add interest to the out-
door life about the grounds is to be considered a part of the garden
and to be provided for frankly in this way.

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

In some of the old gardens there are attractive temples. Now a
temple is merely an architectural shelter which adds interest to the
place, and which is called a temple largely by way of politeness.
In order to make a temple of an ordinary garden shelter it was
necessary to introduce a putative god or traditional goddess.
Usually a small effigy of Mercury or a trivial bust of Venus would
answer this purpose. These pieces of statuary might possibly
be worth going out to the garden to see, even if not to worship.
At any rate they would supply a point of interest, of pictorial
effect in the garden, and would at the same time provide an excuse
for a garden visit whenever guests dropped in.

A pavilion is simply another name for a garden shelter where the
bujt of Venus is lacking, and where it does not seem poetically
desirable to call the incident by another name.

Then there is the gazebo. This is a delicious name and worthy
of introduction into the garden whether the thing itself cuts any
figure or not. My own understanding is that gazebo is middle-
period hog-Latin for an outlook. It marks a point of vantage from
which an exterior view may be secured. There are often such
points of special vantage within the garden, and they should always
be marked by some means, as by a seat or a sharp turn in the path,
or most emphatically by a gazebo. After all this is nothing much
different either from the arbor, summer house, tea house, studio,
music house, or other garden shelter.

Tables and Seats.

The creature comforts of life depend largely upon seats and
tables. If the garden is really to be inhabited, there must be places
to sit. Perhaps the most necessary furnishings of all are seats.
In this respect our American gardens are sadly unfurnished. Such
few garden seats as we see are obviously intended for ornamental
effect and not for comfort. I remember well the German garden
of Willy Lange, instructor in landscape gardening, who lives in one
of the suburbs of Berlin. In his snug little home-garden of about
an acre there were nine different stations furnished with seats, and
at six of these convenient stops tables were added. No one could

GARDEN FURNISHINGS 51

visit the garden without Kngering somewhere to sit and chat, and
usually to have a plate of cakes and a bottle of wine. This garden
was meant to be lived in.

Tables and seats therefore ought to be furnished in plenty in
every garden just as they are inside the house. They should be
placed at the most effective points, that is, the points of best in-
look and outlook. There should of course be seats and tables in
most of the garden shelters whether those shelters be called tea
houses or studios. There may be seats and tables under shady
trees in sequestered nooks, and at all points where fine views are
to be seen.

These seats and tables may be of any character. The fine classic
marble tables and seats which we see especially in our American
formal gardens are not to be criticised. They are perfectl}^ good
in their way. We ought to have more of them, and better ones.
At the same time it must be admitted that they are not very com-
fortable for use, and what we are thinking of now is more particu-
larly seats and tables which may be used with the greatest possible
creature comfort. The rustic chairs and tables of the past genera-
tion were almost as useless from this standpoint as the Italian
marbles of the present fashion. What we need is something plain,
substantial, attractive, and above all, comfortable.

WaterJFeatures.

Several styles of landscape gardening have insisted strongly
upon the introduction of water into every garden. The famous
Italian gardens practically never omitted the water features. It is
said that the classical Japanese gardeners insist upon the presence
of water in some form in every garden scene. We all know how
greatly water adds to the charm of every garden, and we may well
make suitable sacrifices in order to secure such great advantages.

Whatever form the water may take, it adds materially to the
interest and often to the practical comfort of the garden. Every
place which is fortunate enough to have natural ponds and streams
has therein a very great resource. Siwh features should be played
up for all they are worth. They should be developed not merely

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

for the artistic effects which they will produce, but for the practical
satisfactions which they may bring into the daily domestic life in
the garden.

Old garden wells have very little practical use in these days of
the city water supply. Nevertheless the well curb may be a most
effective artistic feature in the garden, and it would seem too bad to
discard a once useful well when so much sentiment and beauty can
be saved with it. Beauty and sentiment are indispensable graces
in every garden.

Then there are fountains. Perhaps the fountain is the most
effective way, pictorially speaking, of presenting water within the
domestic garden. It appears that our American ideas of fountains
are highly inadequate, being founded chiefly upon the cast iron
squirt-guns and dribbling geysers introduced 100 years ago. It
requires a fairly good designer to make an artistic fountain, and
features of this emphatic character should be introduced into any
garden with great care. A really successful fountain, however, is a
joy forever, and no opportunity should be omitted which might
yield a good result in this character.

We may speak a special word for bird fountains. A water offer-
ing satisfactory to the birds can be made without enormous ex-
penditure for engineering or for the services of a sculptor. Inas-
much as birds are a most attractive embellishment to any garden
where they may be brought in, and as the bird fountain may be an
attractive feature also in itself, this idea is worthy of special study.
A quiet pool, either formally or informally treated, may become
also a most attractive feature of any garden. It offers an oppor-
tunity for growing many beautiful plants which otherwise would be
inadmissible, it multiplies the garden picture by its reflections, and
in every way it brings into the garden those gracious sentiments
and sympathies which are most required to make the garden a
success.

Purely Ornamental Features.

After all is said and done, a garden is partly ornamental as well as
useful. It must be beautiful and full of pictures. In building up
these pictorial effects it is often desirable to introduce furnishings

GARDEN FURNISHINGS 53

of a purely ornamental character, and such as do not have any
justification in actual utility. Garden statuary has always been a
subject of consequence. While statuary has been used mostly in
formal gardens it can also, with some careful study, be introduced
effectively into informal gardens. It is quite unfortunate that the
art of the sculptor is so poorly patronized, and consequently so
meagerly developed in our country. If we were able to have
appropriate statuary at the prices which common people could
afford, we could readily add much of interest and beauty to our
gardens from this source.

Simple columns of stone, marble, or even of wood, serve to add
effect to certain points in gardens. This applies especially to the
design of formal gardens, but is o][^en for consideration elsewhere.

The sun dial has come to be a favorite fashionable garden feature.
The gazing globe is just as useful and sometimes more attractive,
though there seems to be less literary interest in it. Then at various
places throughout the garden we may use vases and bowls of all
sorts for potted plants, formal trees, and other purposes.

A bird house may become a striking and attractive feature of the
garden; and if we undertake a definite campaign for the attraction
of birds this would be a very natural line of development.

The garden gate is such a pretty and sentimental thing that one
only has to mention it to commend it. In fitting the garden with
those accessories most compatible with human life and enjoyment,
there should be now and then a pretty gate. If it is at the same
time thoroughly practicable for purposes of flirtation, this need not
be counted against it.

Every garden must be furnished with walks. There must be
means of access and circulation. The American policy always has
been to subordinate the walks as much as possible. While this is
perhaps a sound principle, especially in gardens of informal design,
it must not be carried too far. Garden walks are useful, indis-
pensable. They must therefore be well made, and as far as possible
must add to the beauty of the grounds.

54 massachusetts horticultural society

Materials and Manufacture.

Garden furnishings of all sorts have been rare and expensive in
this country. The expense of getting good furniture has accounted
in many instances for the unfortunate conditions of which we have
already complained. Of course, it is impossible to get the finest
kind of statuary, the best kinds of fountains or beautiful marble
seats except upon payment of relatively large sums. Such pay-
ments would be wholly justified in many cases. They would not
be out of scale as compared with the cost of similar furnishings
inside many homes.

But for common people, and especially for everyday use, a
simpler and more practicable style of garden furniture is much to
be desired. In a rough and very general way it may be said that a
good deal of this should be made up from plain native lumber on
the grounds. White pine, spruce, hemlock, oak, and chestnut, in
fact almost any of our native lumber will serve this purpose. The
design should be simple and comfortable and strong. The furni-
ture should be built in such a way that it will stand the weather
and still retain its beauty and utility. Very often it will increase
in beauty as it weathers, and wnll month by month and year by
year grow into the garden scheme.

Some of the fashionable garden furniture is made of nicely dressed
lumber and painted or enameled white. Such pieces, if well de-
signed, are extremely effective artistically. They can be freely
used, though they must be handled with care. In many situations
however, it is quite as practical to make furniture of heavy rough
lumber in the undressed state, leaving this to take its own color by
weathering, or staining it with dull neutral stains. Considerable
ingenuity and practical sense are required to design and build
furniture of this sort. It is a field in which American gardening
has not experimented sufficiently. We need to be shown more
good designs of practical garden furniture. After we have talked
about this matter and have seen as much in the illustrated maga-
zines about it as we have on the subject of shrubs, trees, and her-
baceous perennials, we will know a good deal more about it than we
do today. We will then be able to design a garden which has life
and interest in it, and which is so full of creature comforts that
nobody will want to go into the house even to eat or sleep.

PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE HOME FLOWER

GARDEN.

By Prof. A. H. Nehrling, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, January 30, 1915.

The beginning of spring brings on the more important operations
essential to the future success of the garden. Some things simply
cannot be done at any other time and others are accomplished at a
disadvantage later in the season. These spring gardening opera-
tions, however, must, to a certain degree, be carried on through the
season until the beds and borders are covered for the winter. A
good many of these details seem very simple, still, success will be
marked by strict attention to them.

After the site for the garden or border has been selected, a
careful study of the soil type should be made as the various types
of plants require different soils if they are to be brought to a state
of perfection. Annuals require a soil that absorbs heat readily
and one that is well drained. This same type of soil is also adapted
to the culture of bulbs that flower and ripen their leaves early
in the season. Lilies thrive best in a light moist well-drained situ-
ation and in a soil that contains plenty of humus. Bedding plants,
such as geraniums, cannas, etc., should be planted in rich soil,
containing a large amount of organic matter. If the surface soil
is very poor a foot or a foot and a half should be removed and
replaced by two parts of fibrous loam and one of well-rotted manure.
Herbaceous perennials, with but a few exceptions, are not so
particular as to their soil requirements. Any good soil that is
retentive of moisture and will not dry out too readily during hot
weather will give good results. No matter what type of garden
flower is to be grown, the soil must be fairly rich, rich enough to
grow a good crop of vegetables.

When the location of the garden has been decided upon the soil
in the beds or borders will require thorough preparation. In the
perennial border where the plants are to remain for some years,

55

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

special preparation of the soil is necessa^'y. Here the soil should be
worked at least to a foot, if possible eighteen or twenty-four inches,
especially if plenty of good manure may be incorporated. This
deep method of preparation is known as trenching by the English
gardeners and it is merely deep preparation of the soil. The soil
is thrown out of the bed or border and manure placed in the bottom
of the excavation. The neighboring soil is then filled in on this
manure and more manure placed in the bottom of the new excava-
tion. This method of procedure is followed until the entire border
is worked over when the soil first removed is used to fill in the last
opening. For sweet peas a trench from eighteen to twenty-four
inches wide, prepared according to this method will give excellent
results as the roots penetrate deeply into the soil. The work of
trenching should be done in early autumn where possible so that
effects of frost, rain, and air can exert their fullest influence on the
soil.

Where the soil is to be prepared according to the ordinary method
manure or other fertilizer may be scattered over the surface and
thoroughly incorporated as the soil is turned. All large clods must
also be broken up so as to leave the soil in a mellow condition.

To have a successful flower garden it is not only necessary to have
the soil wxll prepared but fertilizers must also be added in order to
furnish the amount of plant food necessary for the best development
of the plant. For the border or formal garden, well-decayed
barnyard or stable manure is the most suitable material. Where
the ground is prepared in the fall or when the bed or border is
trenched the manure need not be thoroughly decayed. Other forms
of manure such as sheep and hen manure may also be used. How-
ever, they are much stronger and must be used more cautiously.
It must be borne in mind that these natural manures do not afford
the necessary elements in the proper proportion and so must be
supplemented with commercial fertilizer. When natural manure
is used the elements most likely to be deficient are potassium and
phosphorus. The former may be added as potassium sulphate,
kainit, or unleached wood ashes. Phosphorus is best supplied in
the form of acid phosphate, raw or steamed bone, or Thomas
phosphate powder. In the preparation of the garden or border
these fertilizers are best applied at the time the trenching or spading

V.

THE HOME FLOWER GARDEN 57

is done so that they may be thoroughly incorporated into the soil.
As they add only food stuffs to the soil without appreciably affect-
ing its physical character it is best to use them in conjunction with
natural manures.

The next step in the preparation of the garden is the smoothing
of the surface soil. This work should also be carefully done,
the ordinary garden rake being the best implement to use no matter
whether the soil has been spaded or trenched. After raking the
soil should be fine, mellow, and loose, so that the ordinary planting
may be done without the aid of a trowel.

Garden flowers are propagated either by seed, cuttings, or divi-
sion. The group of plants known as annuals are always grown by
seeds. They may be started in flats or pans, indoors in March,
and transplanted to the garden or they may be sown directly into
the beds or l^orders. The tender bedding plants are commonly
grown from cuttings; this, however, is rather a difficult method
unless the proper conditions for the development of the young
plants can be supplied. A number of our common garden flowers
are propagated from root cuttings. This method consists of
detaching portions of the roots, cutting them into lengths of about
1\ inches and inserting them in rows in shallow boxes or pans of
sandy soil. This may be done from No^"ember to February, start-
ing the cuttings into growth in a temperature of about 50°. Hardy
phlox, stokesia, gaillardia, statice, oriental poppy, Japanese anen -
one, and senecio are a few of the plants which may be propagated
in this manner.

Division is a method of propagation often resorted to in the
culture of garden flowers, and it is a very simple and practical
method, especially for herbaceous perennials. A good time to
carry on this operation is when the plants begin to show signs t)f
decline and by doing this, division of the plants serves a dual pur-
pose. It not only gives the gardener an opportunity to increase
his stock, but also gives him an opportunity to rearrange his
border and correct any mistakes such as color clashes which may
have occurred. There exists considerable dift'erence of opinion as
to the best time for dividing and rearranging perennials, that is,
whether it should be done in the spring or fall. Such plants as
peonies, phlox, and iris may be successfully divided in the spring

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY \

providing it is not delayed too long. In dividing, dig up the clump
and cut it into two or more parts, keeping in mind that each divi-
sion must have a stem and roots of its own. The soil should be
prepared deeply, enriched with manure, before the plants are reset,
allowing sufficient space between individuals to obviate the neces-
sity of again shifting them within the next two or three years. x\ll
perennials, as a rule, unless handled carefully, are likely to bloom
less profusely the first season after dividing and shifting, but in
subsequent years the increased flower production will more than
compensate for the loss sustained during the first season.

After the garden has been planted, there are many things ^still
to be done in order that it be a success. These details are best
grouped under general maintenance or care of the garden and they
comprise such operations as transplanting, watering, weeding, culti-
vating, staking, cutting, pruning, and mulching.

Where plants such as annuals are sown directly into the border
they will need thinning out and transplanting. At this point it
might be well to caution against thick sowing of the seed. The
common statement, "do not sow too thickly" means little to the
amateur although it is well understood by the gardener. Fewer
mistakes will be made if when sowing seed it will be kept in mind
that every seedling should have room to fully develop its seed
leaves without hindrance from its neighbors. However, the plants
cannot be allowed to remain so close together after they become
established. If all were allowed to grow, the struggle for existence
would be great and all the plants could not develop properly.
Thinning, therefore, must be done after the plants become estab-
lished, and the distance that is to be left between the plants will
depend upon the variety that is being grown. The seedlings that
are removed from the rows may be transplanted to another portion
of the garden in the same manner as plants that are transplanted
from the seed box to the garden. If possible transplant in cloudy
or rainy weather; press the earth snugly around the roots in order
to bring the soil in contact with them. If plants such as bedding
plants are transplanted, it is well to water the pots some time in
advance as this will allow a ready removal of the ball of earth when
inverted and tapped lightly. After transplanting, especially if
the soil happens to be dry, the plants should be given a thorough

THE HOME FLOWER GARDEN 59

watering. When large plants are transplanted from pots to the
garden or from one part of the garden to another it is well to leave
a saucer-like excavation around the plant which will hold the water
and also allow the water to drain doTVTi to the roots more readily.

Thorough preparation of the soil has not only put the soil in the
best condition for the growth of plants but also for the development
of noxious weeds. These, when allowed to grow, not only spoil
the appearance of the garden, but also hinder the growth of plants.
Weeds, then, should be removed as soon as possible after the}' make
their appearance. At this point cultivation by means of a culti-
vator or hoe may be combined with the weeding and this has the
advantage of loosening up the surface soil as well. Sometimes it is
possible to loosen the soil by shallow spading, but when this method
is used care must be exercised that the roots of the plants ai'e not
injured. Breaking up the soil by means of a cultivator loosens up
weeds bringing them to the surface where they will then dry in the
air. Any weeds escaping the cultivator may be removed with a
hoe; in fact, where plants are close together this implement is
indispensable.

With many of the coarser growing garden flowers it is necessary
to stake in order to keep them in an upright position. W'here they
are allowed to fall over and remain for any length of time it is
impossible to stake them successfully as the new growth will have
changed its direction. Staking, therefore, should be done when the
plants are young, exercising care to keep them in natural positions.
Bunching the plants by tying a cord about them is worse than
letting them fall over. The best way to stake plants is to drive a
stake down along side the plant and then loosely tie the l)ranches
to this.

Watering is another important detail and one not well understood
by the average home gardener. Frequent light waterings are detri-
mental rather than beneficial as only the upper soil is moistened,
causing the roots to remain near the surface with the result that
these die when the soil dries out. For the best results we must
water thoroughly so that the water penetrates 6 or S inches. If
after watering, the surface soil is loosened up, that is', as soon as it
can be worked, the moisture can be conserved so that no watering
need be done for a week or ten da vs.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The principal use of a mulch in, the garden is to prevent the
escape of moisture from the soil, but if manure or some other
organic substance is used it also adds fertility to the soil. Of the
organic substances well-decayed manure is the best material
although grass clippings can be used to good advantage as well as
straw or leaves. A dry soil mulch which can be established by
keeping the, surf ace soil finely pulverized to a depth of from 1 to 1|
inches also breaks up the capillarity of the soil, and prevents rapid
evaporation of the moisture from the soil.

Where the temperature varies a great deal, as is the case in this
section, such plants as herbaceous perennials and roses, should be
protected with manure, straw, or leaves to prevent the alternate
freezing and thawing of the ground during the winter months.

While the operations thus far discussed are of the utmost im-
portance for the fullest development of the plant, the removal of
dead leaves and old flowers is necessary in order to keep up the
general appearance of the garden. Insect enemies must also be
exterminated and fungous diseases controlled if the garden is to be
a success. Eternal watchfulness to all these details is sure to bring
results.
)

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN.
By H. F. Tompson, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, Februaiy 6, 1915.

The home vegetable garden is not a luxury, it is not a necessity,
it is a pleasurable economy if you have in your bones the normal
person's love for "just seeing things grow." In planning for this
garden, consider these things : grow just those kinds of vegetables
that your home folks like, buy the best seed you can buy, select
those varieties which are characterized by quality, make the soil
of. the garden rich, keep it well cultivated, plant the short season
vegetables in succession so you can have them to eat at their best,
and learn the characteristics of the vegetables you are going to
grow. If you will do these things your garden will mean pleasure,
profit, pride, yes, and popularity, provided your neighbors benefit
by your surplus.

No small part of the fun from your garden will come in the plan-
ning. Sit down some evening soon and settle some of these
important questions. Pick out the standbys : the tomatoes, sweet
corn, radishes, lettuce, and all those other vegetables which make
you feel richer after a delightful meal. After you have set them
down, without any law or order, just as you have happened to think
of them, get out a seed catalog from some good reliable firm and
look over the lists. You will find some kinds specially recommended
for quality; make a note of these. If you cannot decide, consult
your seedsman, or the bulletin on home gardening from the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, and list one or two varieties, an
early and a late, perhaps, that you want to grow. Then consider
your area, the size of the home appetites, the yield to be expected
and you have the fundamentals for your plan.

There are over thirty of the common vegetables every one of
which can be grown in any home garden. With this wealth of
material and opportunity, no homes where a plot even 10 X 12 feet
is available should be without some home garden vegetables.

61

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Vegetables are easy to grow, some much more so than others,
but some degree of success is within the reach of everybody. To
reach their maximum quality, they need rich soil, plenty of moisture,
protection from insects and disease, but to be better than those you
get from the store, they need be only as you all can grow them.

The garden spot is best on light loam soil, but even an ash filled
yard can be used. It is best made fertile by the use of an abundant
supply of animal manure, stable or barnyard manure, but leaves,
grass, or any other decayable plant refuse is valuable for this
purpose. Two hundred and fifty pounds of manure to the square
rod is a good liberal dressing, and may be applied whenever con-
venient and spaded in. Preferably this work should come in the
late fall. The supply ma}" be spread in the winter, if the ground is
level, or in the spring, and spaded in.

In the spring when the frost is out of the ground and the soil is
dry enough to crumble when forked, the garden work should
begin. The large garden can best be plowed, the small one spaded.
Two objects are in view, one, the placing underground of the mate-
rial which is going to furnish plant food and improve the soil con-
ditions, the other, the loosening and warming of the soil, the
breaking up of lumps and making mellow.

After the spading and before the raking another addition can be
made to the garden which almost invariably will give surprising
results. That is, the scattering of about 20 lbs. to the square rod
of air- or water-slaked lime and raking it in; then add about 5 lbs.
to the same area of some good garden fertilizer which also should be
raked in. With this treatment, we should be ready for planting
time.

To go back to planning time, we have learned that many crops
like cool weather, that others must have warm weather; that some
grow quickly and in a few weeks produce something good to eat;
that we have to wait months for others. Of course the cool
weather crops are planted first. Radishes, beets, lettuce, cabbage,
carrots, peas, onions, parsley, and several others can be planted by
the middle of April (19th). On the other hand, beans, sweet corn,
squashes, cucumbers, melons, tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers
are tender to frost and need to be put into the garden late enough
so that we will not lose them. This is usually after May 15th.

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN 63

But many of these crops, some in each group, take even several
months to give us edible products. If we are going to pick toma-
toes in July, some one must plant the seed in late February or early
March. If we are going to have cabbage by the 4th of July, the
plants must have been growing several weeks before the frost was
out of the ground. And so, you see, we need to know the indi-
viduality of our cabbages and our radishes, our beans and tomatoes,
to get the results we want in our home gardens.

Fortunately for the home gardener, the plants which require
early starting can all be purchased at the seed store or corner
grocery and put into the garden at their proper season.

If the home garden is a permanent institution, it should include
the perennial crops, asparagus and rhubarb, and these should be
grouped at one side along with the small fruits. 100 good aspara-
gus plants, well fed and cared for should average from 1 to 2 lbs. of
asparagus a day from May 1st to July 1st. Palmetto or Argenteuil
is the best variety. Plants should be set 24 inches apart in the
rows, rows 4| feet apart in rich land, the richer the better, with the
plants set 8 inches deep and covered gradually. Large one-year-
old roots are best to set and they can easily be grown at home or
purchased in the open market.

Four to six rhubarb plants will furnish an abundant supply for
the average family. Victoria and Linnaeus are both excellent
varieties. The rhubarb may be propagated from seeds or roots
but it does not come true when grown from seeds, so propagation
by root division is most satisfactory. Both of these vegetables
are hardy, grow rapidly, yield abundantly if well fed, and will
continue, after the 3rd season, to yield suitable crops for 10 or 15
years. The rhubarb should be set with 3 feet between plants and
5 feet between rows.

The portion of the garden occupied by these crops needs only an
annual application of manure and fertilizer and good tillage to
insure pleasing results.

The garden pea is one of the first of home garden crops both in
popularity and time of planting. A succession is obtained by
planting early, medium, and late varieties. For first early kinds,
Early Morn and Nott's Excelsior are both good, for a later better
quality variety, Gradus is satisfactory, while Telephone or Cham-

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

pion of England are standards for the best quality and the late
crop. The early kinds are small and should be planted in rows
not over 30 inches apart and from 20 to 30 peas to the foot, covered
2 to 3 inches deep, in a drill 2 inches wide. The later kinds need
42 inches between rows and can be handled best in the home
garden by providing some support with bush or chicken wire.
They should be planted and covered as recommended for the
earlier kinds.

It will make the planning easier if w& group together the short
season crops which need to be planted at two or more different times
to insure a continuous supply. These are, beginning with the
quickest maturing radishes, lettuce, beets, carrots, cabbage, beans.
With this list in mind we can prepare to find room for successive
plantings for each. We expect the radishes to be ready to eat
from 3 to 4 weeks from seed sowing, if Scarlet Globe or one of the
popular French breakfast varieties is used. To keep a supply
coming, for radishes will become strong and pithy when too old,
a seeding should be made as frequently as the preceding sowing
has broken ground. This means that a sowing should be made
every week or 10 days throughout the season. Radishes can be
tucked in almost anywhere, if 6 to 8 inches is allowed and the sun-
shine is not cut off.

Lettuce takes about 12 to 14 weeks to reach that hard headed
stage which best suits the housewife, provided the right varieties
are selected and the garden soil is rich enough. The variety
for the home garden for spring is May King, for summer and fall,
Salamander. When the plants begin to crowd in the rows, thin out
to 12 inches apart and have rows 12 inches apart. Cultivate well
and you may expect good lettuce. Planting every 2 or 3 weeks up
to August first is necessary to keep the supply at its best.

Beets and carrots need about 2 plantings, one in April and one in
late May. The seed should be put in drills 12-15 inches apart,
sown 3 or 4 seeds to the inch, and thinnings made when the plants
are 3 to 4 inches high. The beets should be given 4 inches of room
apiece in the row and the carrots 3. Thinning to 1 plant in a place
is important. Cabbages are grown for a continuous supply by
setting plants in early April, of an early variety like Early Jersey
Wakefield, followed by a later setting of Succession perhaps,

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN 65

and again by a last setting, about July first, of the same kind. The
seed needs to be planted for these kinds about 6 weeks in advance
of the time for setting plants. This crop requires from 18 to 24
inches between plants and 30 to 42 inches between rows, and from
14 t© 18 weeks to reach full maturity from plant setting.

With beans we find a great variation in time required to grow
between the "6 weeks" kinds to the Limas which require 14 to 16
weeks. Successive plantings of such kinds as Round Pod Wax
and Stringless Green Pod make the bean season from the middle
of July to frosts in the fall. From 7 to 10 weeks are needed to grow
edible string beans and 2 or 3 plantings 2 or 3 weeks apart will
keep up the supply. Beans do best planted in drills 24 to 30 inches
apart and will grow better in shady spots than will most vegetables.
For Lima beans Fordhook Bush Lima is as good as any, but like
all beans it is tender and is best not planted until the ground is
warm and frosts out of date.

All of these crops which need to be planted more than once can
be worked into our garden before or after others so that they
fit together a good deal like a block puzzle. Of course different
home gardeners plan different combinations as tastes differ. Of
this group, radishes and lettuce can be used as fillers where the
garden is small and hand tillage the necessary practice.

Others of our garden crops, like parsley, parsnips, tomatoes,
salsify, cucumbers, melons, and squashes are permanent boarders.
After they are once planted they "stay put" until the season ends.
The tender kinds should not be planted until early in May while
the hardy ones of this list may be planted at any time from early
April until late May. Parsley is a prolific yielder after once
established and 6 feet of row will be ample to provide all of this
garnish needed. This seed is drilled thickly, covered shallow, and
seedlings appear in about 15 days. The young plants are weak but
after once established, can well take care of themselves. It is a
good plan to start these plants in the house in a box and transplant
them to give them an early and vigorous start. One foot between
rows is all that is required.

Parsnips and salsify need nearly the full season, a mellow soil,
and thick seeding. The former will yield about 1 bushel to 50
feet of row when thinned to 4 inches apart, rows 12 to 15 inches
apart; the latter 5 or 6 roots to the foot if thinned to 2 inches apart.

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Tomatoes, a standard in nearly all gardens, are set about May
20th, and they may be trained to a single stem, a good method for
the home garden, or allowed to sprawl at will. From 6 to 12 wellr
grown tomato plants will abundantly supply the average home.
Try Bonny Best for a choice home garden variety. Trained to
one stem and tied to a stake each plant will require about 4 sq.
ft. of room; where allowed to sprawl it will need 16 ft. The prun-
ing is done by nipping out the lateral branches soon after they
show and tying the main stem, every few inches, to a firmly set
stake.

The vine crops need considerable room, and the environs of the
home garden, as well as the damage to cucumbers and melons by
blight, often argue strongly against the inclusion of these vege-
tables in the home garden list. The fact that cucumbers are
often highly relished, and that, in rich garden land a considerable
crop can be had before the blight interferes, makes 2 or 3 cucumber
hills worth while. Plant them in some corner or edge where the
vines can readily reach over the garden edge. Plant Arlington
Improved White Spine or Davis Perfect and put a forkful of well-
rotted compost in each hill. Plant from 12 to 18 seeds to a hill
and probably you will be able to eat cucumbers in August. Like
directions apply to melons and summer squash. The winter squash
is such a spreading plant that it is considerably out of place in
the home garden.

There are at least two important home garden crops that have
not been considered. They are celery and sweet corn. The former
requires land rich in humus, an abundant supply of moisture, and
more or less coddling, to produce the kind you like to buy. It is
the most difficult of the garden crops to grow well and should be
practiced on before the gardener boasts of celery for his Thanks-
giving dinner. The two common varieties found in the market are,
for early. Golden Self Blanching, and for late, the Giant Pascal.
Seed is sown in April for these crops, the seedlings appearing after
2 or 3 weeks and growing very slowly. From June 20th to July
1st these are set in their permanent places, in soil filled with rotted
manure and they are kept well supplied with water. If this is
faithfully done, results will be forthcoming.

Finally room for sweet corn, which is one of the most popular

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN 67

and most easily grown of our garden crops, must be saved, for
several plantings are necessary to give us corn during August and
September. Select some one or two varieties which you have
found satisfactory or try Golden Bantam or Golden Honey and
plant, first about May first, then June first, and lastly about June
20th to keep the supply coming. Corn should be allowed to grow
about 3 stalks to a hill, hills 18 to 24 inches apart and rows 24 to
30 inches apart. A good average yield will be 2 ears to a stalk.

It is the best plan to put the vegetables which require an abun-
dance of room, like corn, beans, tomatoes, together in one part of
the garden and the close planted kinds like beets, carrots, and
lettuce in another part. This makes easier cultivation and a more
systematic arrangement. The more closely planted the garden
the greater the need of heavy fertilization and abundant water
supply. Where the garden spot is permanent a line of overhead
irrigation will give a certainty to the water supply which is not
only garden insurance but gardeners' satisfaction. One line of
irrigation equipment sufficient to water an area 50 X 50 feet will
cost only about $8.00, if connected with the public water supply.
This needs to be set only on 3 foot posts through the middle of the
garden and will water 25 feet on either side. One inch galvanized
pipe, a patent irrigation nozzle every 4 feet, a patent union at the
end where the water enters are the items of equipment.

Where the minimum of equipment is a primary consideration
the garden tools need be only these: 1 round-pointed shovel, 1
spading fork or 1 six-tine manure fork, a 12 or 14 tooth iron rake,
a common hoe, a good type of scuffle hoe, and a garden line. To-
gether these should not cost over five or six dollars. If one is
prepared to get all the equipment for the home gardening that will
be useful, these additions may well be made: the irrigation line
above mentioned, one combined wheel hoe and seed-drill, which
will cost about $10, 2 hotbed sash, a mat, a frame, together costing
about $15.00, and a small spraying outfit. It is possible to spend
from $40 to $50 in getting together the equipment which can be
used to advantage while one-eighth of this amount will supply the
necessities.

The products from the home garden need not cease when the
fall frosts come or even when the ground freezes, for several of the

68 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUEAL SOCIETY

garden crops can be stored well into the winter. This is true of all
of the root crops except the small radishes. The needed conditions
are a temperature between freezing and 40 or 45° F. and protection
from drying out. Almost every house cellar that has a cool corner
with an earth floor will prove a suitable place. A bushel or two
each of beets, carrots, turnips, parsnips, and a smaller supply of
salsify and horse radish can all be put into a corner, when w^ell-
cooled off, covered with 2 or 3 inches of earth, and keep well for
months when the temperature is low.

Tomatoes can be picked before frost and stowed away to slowly
ripen and give ripe fruit during October and November. The well-
shaped good sized specimens are the kind to use and these must be
handled carefully. Cabbage and celery can be kept for weeks, the
cabbage handled much as are the root crops and the celery placed
where it will be safe from freezing and the roots set into the soil of
the cellar bottom where they can get moisture to keep the plant
stems hard and crisp.

There are two classes of pests in the home garden, insects and
diseases. Most all growing plants are subject to some one or more
of each. It is generally true that the more healthy the plant the
less the damage from these causes. Such a pest as the cutworm
can be kept from doing damage by putting paper collars about the
plants that might be attacked. All those insects that chew the
foliage can be killed by putting poison on the leaves, while most
diseases can be prevented by covering plant foliage with Bordeaux
mixture. The simplest and most satisfactory plan by which the
home gardener can protect his garden from insect and disease
injury is by spraying with Pyrox, sufficiently often to keep the
foliage well covered.

The fundamentals of success in home gardening may well be
called to mind again. First, good seed; second, well prepared
soil; third, proper planting; fourth, thorough tillage; and fifth, an
acquaintance with the nature and habits of the' plants which are
grown. Thus fortified the home garden is a sure success.

PRUNING.
By Prof. F. C. Sears, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, February 13, 1915.

Why is it that almost anyone who takes any interest at all in
fruit growing likes to prune? Ask most fruit growers, particularly
those who have time to get the real enjoyment out of their work,
what they would rather do about the orchard and ten to one will
say "prune." One does not need to look far for the reason either.
Few, if any, of the other operations call for so much knowledge and
such good judgment, and none of them puts you in such intimate
touch with your trees. The man or woman who cannot become
enthusiastic over the pruning of a tree, especially a young tree, is
certainly difficult to enthuse.

Shall We Prune?

As a practical orchard matter the question of whether we shall
prune or not is, of course, almost always answered in the affirma-
tive, but there are a few men who prune little, if any, particularly
on young trees, and the amount of pruning done varies tremen-
dously, some men being very severe and others doing none at all or
at least very little. With the young trees there is a "school"
of orchardists of fairly respectable numbers who do not believe in
pruning at all at the time of setting. They argue that the tree
needs all its vitality to recover from the operation of transplanting
and that to remove any of the top reduces by just so much the total
vitality of the tree.

On the other hand, most growers prune the tree severely when
it is set in order to reduce the top to correspond to the reduction
of the root system which has been necessitated by digging the
tree. This argument has always appealed to me as a sound one
and what experimenting I have done along this line has served to

69

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

confirm my belief in the practice. I believe, however, that after
the tree is established, but while it is still young, say from the
second to eighth years, it ought to receive very little pruning. In
practice I have tended, during recent years, steadily towards less
and less severe pruning of such trees. At the present time all that I
would do to such a tree is to take out crossing branches, to look care-
fully after the development of the main branches and possibly to
do a little additional thinning. I think we are likely to overlook
the fact that trees of this age, being relatively small in bulk, can
afford to remain more thick than trees of larger volume, and it
seems to me that so long as we can keep such trees open enough to
give us well-colored fruit, the less pruning they receive the better.
The most important reason for curtailing our pruning at this
stage is the reasonably well-established fact that unpruned trees,
or those which at most receive very little pruning while young,
come into bearing relatively early.

The past month I had ithe pleasure of visiting a young orchard
in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, which had been set for nine
years. It was made up of Northern Spies and Wageners and the
Spies had never been pruned at all. Now the Spy is proverbially
slow in coming into bearing and yet some of these young trees bore
half a barrel of apples at seven years and at nine years the majority
of them were in bearing and many trees gave from one bushel to
one-half barrel of fruit. Other instances might be cited showing
the same results.

Reasons for Pruning.

If we are to prune we ought to acquire as clear a conception of
why we do it as possible and most of the intelligent pruning of
fruit trees is done for one of the following three reasons :

(1) To control size and shape of the tree. This is the only type of
pruning that the writer would do while the trees are young and it
varies with our ideals, all the way from the man who merely sees
that the main branches are satisfactorily distributed on the trunk
and that there are no crossing branches of any size, up to the man
who insists that the tree take some specific shape, as horizontal
cordon or espalier. As already suggested, to me it is the most

PKUNING 71

interesting of all phases of pruning for one works out his ideals and
cooperates with the little tree to produce very definite and specific
results.

(2) The second general reason for pruning is to influence the
bearing habit of the tree, to make it bear more or less fruit. Usu-
ally it is the former which we aim at, but occasionally we do pruning
with the definite purpose of making the trees bear less fruit. This
is especially likely to happen with such varieties as Wealthy and
Wagener which bear very freely and on which the apples are likely
to run small as the trees get older. It is often advisable to give
such trees a severe pruning with the idea of starting them into
renewed wood growth which will reduce the amount of fruit and
increase the size of the individual apples.

(3) The last general reason for pruning is to influence the char-
acter of the fruit, to make it better in color, and finer in quality.
This comes into play as the trees get older and is the reason which
we most commonly have in mind as we prune.

General Principles.

Let us glance next at some of the general principles which govern
the pruning of fruit trees. We can do little more than mention
them here and yet they must be understood if one is to prune
intelligently.

(1) The first of these is that the season of the year in which the
pruning is done is likely to influence the results. Where one prunes
in summer the tendency is toward fruit bearing and where one
prunes during the dormant season the tendency is in the other
direction. If summer pruning is to be most effectual it must not
be severe, and must consist in a mere checking of the growing tips.
The explanation of this result is simply this: Our tree is to be
looked upon as a manufacturing plant with a certain capacity in
manufactured plant food per day. The growing tips draw most
heavily on this output for materials to make new leaves and twigs.
Now if we stop this new formation of parts, we have still the same
amount of manufactured food and therefore a larger amount'for
the use of the developing buds and as a consequence these buds can

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

develop into fruit buds instead of having only materials enough for
the less highly developed leaf buds.

In distinction to this we have the effect of pruning in the dormant
season. When the tree goes into winter quarters there is a practical
equilibrium between the roots and top. If we take off half the
tops we have 100 percent of root surface to supply 50 percent of top
and the result is that that 50 percent makes a rank wood growth and
gives little fruit.

(2) The second general principle is that checking of the growth
of the tree tends to make it bear fruit. This checking may be
brought about in various ways. One important way is by summer
pruning as just discussed. Another is by the increasing age of the
trees. As they get older they grow more slowly and consequently
bear more generously. The application of fertilizers has a very
important effect on production, some kinds tending towards wood
growth and away from fruit and others tending in the opposite
direction. Diseases almost always tend toward fruitfulness. As
the tree becomes decrepit it tends to reproduce itself and so is
thrown into fruit bearing.

(3) The third and perhaps most important of these general
principles is that the pruning should vary with the kind or class
of fruit tree. This is because different fruits bear in such different
ways. Apples, for example, bear on short stubby spurs which
may live and produce fruit for ten or fifteen years and in that time
not make a growth of over six or eight inches. These spurs must,
therefore, be preserved at all costs and the pruning is relatively
slight. In contrast to this peaches bear altogether on the new
wood of the previous season's growth and the pruning must be
relatively severe in order to keep up a supply of this new wood.
The other fruits vary between these extremes and each requires
a little different treatment in order that we may secure the best
results.

(4) A fourth general principle is that the pruning must vary
with the age of the tree. This has already been touched upon.
The young tree may be left with a thicker top and in many cases
must be so left if it is to develop into the best type of tree. Take
young pears, for example, or some of the upright-growing varieties
of apples and plums. If these are pruned so as to give the proper

PRUNING 73

amount of density to the top while young, they will, as they get
older and bear fruit, spread out so as to make too open a top.

(5) We have lastly the general principle, closely allied to our
first principle, that severe pruning of the top at any season always
tends to strong wood growth, while little pruning or no pruning at
all tends towards fruit.

When we come to the actual operation of pruning, there are many
interesting details. When shall we prune? How shall we prune?
What shall we prune with? Shall we treat the wounds and if so
with what?

Pruning Tools.

Naturally the first step for real work is to provide oneself with a
convenient and efficient set of pruning tools. There are endless
types on the market, but strangely enough, relatively few of them
are satisfactory — at least that has been my experience. Perhaps
I am unduly particular, but half the satisfaction in pruning comes
from having a pruning knife or shear or saw that will do its work in
a workmanlike manner. A large knife is to be preferred, one with a
large and quite hooked blade. Personally I use a knife very little,
preferring a good shear, but there are occasions when a knife will
do the work better than anything else. In selecting a shear, buy
a good one. That always pays in the long run. ,|1.00 to $2.50 is
well spent for a really good shear. The so-called " French \Mieel-
Spring Shear," which can be had at any first class hardware store,
is the type I have used with the greatest satisfaction. Some
people object to a shear on the ground that it bruises the wood so.
It does if you have a poor, dull affair; possibly the best of shears
will to a limited extent, but only a very little, and this is much
more than offset by the greater danger of shaving into other parts of
the tree with a knife after the particular branch we are working on
has been cut off. A shear is also usually much more convenient
to work with.

The last item in our equipment is a saw. Here we are even
worse off than with shears. There are almost no good pruning
saws on the market. Here again perhaps I ought to plead guilty
to being particular, but I want a saw of good steel which is adapted

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

to the particular work I have in hand, and usually I cannot get it.
The situation is so bad that I have had saws made for me on special
orders, and three of these saws I want to describe: For heavy work
we use a saw of the following specifications — 26 inches long, 6
inches wide at the butt, 1 inch wide at the tip, and 5 teeth to the
inch. We have this made of No. 12 steel, the best on the market.
This saw has what is called the "regular" handle. For work on
bearing trees which have been well cared for, that is where there
will be no very heavy work, we use the following saw — 24 inches
long, 4 inches wide at the butt, 1 inch at the tip, 5| teeth per
inch. For small work we use a saw with the following specifica-
tions — 15 inches long, 3 inches wide at the butt tapering to a point,
with 7 teeth per inch. The last two saws have what is known as a
paragon handle. With such an equipment one is ready for any
type of work and it is a pleasure to do it.

Season for Pruning.

The question of when to do the work is sure to come up and like
most other questions depends on circumstances. As already
explained there is some difference in efl'ects of pruning at different
seasons, but barring this consideration it is my opinion that it
makes little difference when we do our pruning. Pruning during
the dormant season has two very definite advantages: (1) One can
see the shape of the tree much better and (2) there is usually more
time for the work. If one is looking for the ideal time in which to
do this dormant pruning, I should say the last of March or first of
April. The wounds have then but a short time to stand before
healing begins and one has all the advantages of the dormant
season. On the other hand when one has much work to do I con-
sider it entirely allowable to begin in December or even in Novem-
ber. Don't be afraid of pruning while the wood is frozen, at least
not so far as the well-being of the tree is concerned.

A maxim of good pruning which is more frequently violated than
almost any other is the admonition to cut close to the main branch,
to leave no stubs. The proper method requires little if any more
work than the wrong one and yet men usually persist in leaving

PRUNING 75

more or less of a stub when removing a branch, and the stub is
always fatal to the best healing of the wound. If the branch is of
any considerable size cut it off twice, once a foot away from the
tree (to get rid of the extra weight) and then cut it again right in
line with the line contour of the branch from which it is removed.

The Dressings for Wounds.

Another question of considerable practical importance and one
which is always asked when pruning is up for discussion, is what
treatment the wounds ought to receive. If they are at all large,
say anything above an inch in diameter, they ought to be treated
with some dressing. The ideal dressing should be durable, harm-
less to the tissues, a good preservative, cheap, and easy to apply.
Unfortunately the ideal dressing does not exist. In actual practice
we have to choose between paint which is harmless to the tissues
of the tree but not a very good preservative, and tar or creosote
which are much better as preservatives but damage the tissues.
Personally I have used the latter on very large wounds where it was
necessary that the tissues be preserved for a long time before we
could expect that the wound would be healed, and have used paint
on all smaller wounds.

Ready-mixed paint should be avoided since it usually contains
turpentine or some similar substance that will strike deeply into
the tissues and destroy them. The best type of paint is plain
white lead and oil, to which a little lamp black or raw sienna may
be added to take away the glaring white.

With the foregoing plans and specifications in mind one may sally
forth fairly well equipped for his pruning campaign. But the fun
of the thing comes from the fact that each new tree is a new prob-
lem to be thought over and solved on slightly different lines from
every other tree. >^

THE CULTURE OF HA'RDY SHRUBS.
By Arthur E. Thatcher, Bar Harbor, Maine.

Delivered before the Society, February 27, 1915.

When one considers what a large number of people there are who
spend the most pleasant part of the year in their country homes
it is somewhat surprising thf. ■< so little attention has been given to
the hardy garden and the many beautiful subjects which are suit-
able for adorning lawns and pleasure grounds. But the rapidly
increasing interest which is being taken in all branches of horticul-
ture makes it safe to assume that a much greater use will be made
of those shrubs and plants which are capable of withstanding the
rigors of our variable climate and which, instead of having to be
renewed every year like the majority used for garden decoration
at the present time, are enabled to continue giving pleasure year
after year with a minimum of expense and yet giving far more
beautiful and adequate returns than annual plants are capable
of doing. Along the eastern seaboard of North America from
Washington to Bar Harbor and inland for some hundreds of miles
we have a climate remarkable for its variableness and severity
and also remarkable for the fact that in no part of the world do
flowering shrubs succeed better.

English enthusiasts when visiting this country are always
impressed with the beauty of our deciduous shrubs produced by the
well-ripened wood, the result of our warm summers and congenial
fall temperature, and though we cannot succeed so well with many
of the ornamental leaved evergreens so conspicuous in English
gardens yet we have our corresponding advantages. Having been
privileged to work for many years in one of the foremost gardens
in England, where hardy trees and shrubs received the careful
attention of the owner and were a great specialty, and also for sev-
eral years in that great institution, the Arnold Arboretum, I may
claim to have had exceptional opportunities for studying their
requirements. Knowing the Boston Arboretum as well as I do

77

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

I would like to draw special attention to the remarkable collection
grown there and the great facilities it offers for people to learn
what are the most beautiful shrubs to plant which will succeed
in this climate. In laying out and planting a garden it is a very-
much better plan to go to such a wonderful Arboretum as this
and make one's own notes of the shrubs which will succeed in
different situations, than to leave the selection to others. One of
the principal reasons why so many shrubberies are uninteresting
today is because of the constant repetition of a few well-known sorts
and yet there is a great variety of inexpensive material which can be
seen at any good nursery and by a judicious selection will add much
interest and distinction to a garden.

In making a choice it should be remembered that there are other
shrubs than those remarkable for the beauty of their jBowers de-
serving of inclusion. In some, such as the Rhus family, the foliage
is very ornamental; others whose flowers may be inconspicuous
attract much attention when carrying beautiful fruit; some are
most noteworthy when their green mantle has changed to various
shades of crimson or gold in the autumn; and others are again
desirable on account of their richly colored stems in winter. Many
persons in making a selection are apt to attach too much importance
to coniferous and other evergreen shrubs and, although I am fully
aware of their value when used with discrimination, there can be
little doubt that they have been overdone in the past. To produce
the most pleasing effects both evergreen and deciduous shrubs must
be happily blended, but it should be borne in mind that deciduous
shrubs are much more beautiful, less expensive, and give the most
satisfactory results.

In selecting material for the planting of an ornamental shrubbery,
whether one has a limited area or unrestricted space, it should be
borne in mind that one need not be confined to shrubs only of a
bushy nature, for while they form the basis of a shrubbery others
grown as standards or half standards may be employed with excel-
lent results. A very pleasing method of growing many of the hardy
climbers, such as ornamental grapes and roses, is to firmly insert a
stout pole into the ground leaving ten to twelve feet above the sur-
face and lightly nailing or tying the long shoots of the climbers to it.
The pole soon becomes completely covered. If varieties of suffi-

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBS 79

cient hardiness are employed so that no taking down or covering
is required they will need little attention beyond tying up the new
growth.

The pole should be sunk into the ground three or four feet so that
frost will not loosen it and the buried part should be well treated
with creosote or tar which will preserve it for many years in good
condition. A good straight larch or cedar pole answers well for the
purpose. Many varieties of shrubs are now obtainable in standard
form such as the crabs, thorns, maples, particularly the handsome
Japanese varieties, and many others which by proper method of
pruning are amenable to this form of cultivation.

In one lecture it is obviously impossible to deal exhaustively with
all that appertains to the culture of hardy shrubs but I will endeavor
to bring to your notice some of the most important matters in
connection with their successful cultivation.

All hardy shrubs, except those which are naturally more at home
beneath the shade of trees, succeed best in an open sunny position
where they receive the full benefit of light and air, and this is
particularly true of those grown for their floral beauty. It is
important, therefore, to select if possible a position which, while
being sheltered from rough and cold winds, is fully exposed to the
beneficial influence of the sun. This enables the wood of the current
season's growth to become thoroughly ripened and consequently
much better able to pass through the winter without harm.

Having selected the position it is of paramount importance that
the ground be properly and thoroughly prepared, first by seeing
that it is well drained as very few shrubs will succeed in a water-
logged soil and then by having it well broken up to a depth of at
least two feet. If the soil is naturally very heavy it is a good plan
to freely incorporate decayed leaf mold and sand, but if very light
and dry in character nothing is better than a good heavy loam.
Well-decayed manure will prove of much benefit to the shrubs if it
can be worked deeply into the ground, otherwise I do not advocate
its use.

All hardy shrubs will succeed in a loamy or peat^' soil providing
it is well drained and deeply worked, but it may seem to some that
it is quite unnecessary to prepare it so deeply as I have ad\ised.
It is however highly important, even if the expense is somewhat

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

larger, for the difference between shrubs planted in ground which
has been properly prepared and those in poorly worked soil is quite
remarkable, and no one will question the advisability after seeing
the results.

When to Plant.

There has always been and probably always will be a difference
of opinion as to whether the fall or spring is the better time for
planting. If the work has to be done in the fall on account of the
rush of work in the spring it is advisable to plant as early as possible
when the ground is in a moist condition, directly the leaves com-
mence to fall. For my own part I am strongly in favor of preparing
the ground in the fall, letting it lay rough through the winter, and
planting in the spring. If the work is well done and the requisite
amount of attention is given the shrubs afterwards there is small
chance of failure. It is very true that we often have a short dry
planting season in the spring but much disappointment is frequently
caused by shrubs which if planted in the fall fail to become suffi-
ciently established to withstand the severity of our eastern winters.

Planting.

With the ground in readiness and the material at hand the next
operation, that of planting the shrubs, is perhaps the most impor-
tant part of their culture. So much depends upon how this is
accomplished as to after success or otherwise that too much care
cannot be taken to have it well done. From whatever source the
shrubs are obtained they should be carefully unpacked on arrival
and the roots thoroughly moistened and if they cannot be planted
for some time they should be laid in a sheltered place away from
the wind. It is a good plan to place a stake with the name where
each shrub is to go; this will expedite matters when the planting
is being carried out. The best time for planting is when the ground
is in a moderately moist condition as the soil can then be made
firm without becoming pasty and, if possible, choose a calm day as
wind has a most detrimental effect upon the roots. A hole should

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBS 81

be taken out of sufficient size to accommodate all the roots after
they have been spread out evenly so that it will not be necessary
to bend any round or cramp them, and having seen that the hole
is of sufficient depth the planting can then proceed. Cut off any
broken or damaged roots on the under side with a sharp knife and
take great care of the small fibrous ones as on these the life of the
shrub depends very largely and see that they are quite moist.
Then place the roots in the prepared hole and spread out all of
them evenly, working in among them some of the finest soil, pressing
it firmly, and adding more until the hole is filled. While the roots
should be well covered it is not advisable to plant too deeply,
especially on heavy land, and the nearer the fibrous roots are to the
surface the greater warmth do they receive and consequently start
into active growth more quickly than if buried some distance from
the surface. When the planting is completed it is an excellent plan
to give the shrubs a good mulching of any suitable material at hand
such as decayed leaves or long dressing. This is of the greatest
assistance if warm weather prevails for it keeps the roots moist and
cool and prevents the surface soil from becoming baked.

Many people are under the impression that newly planted shrubs
should be copiously watered at the roots but I consider this un-
necessary and oftentimes detrimental. If a good watering is given
immediately after they are planted, which will settle the soil about
the roots, and a mulching is applied, very little water will be needed
for some time by the roots, but it is an excellent practice to spray
them overhead frequently. This keeps the wood moist and greatly
assists the buds to develop.

If shrubs of standard form are planted they will need some
support until they become well rooted, and for this purpose noth-
ing is better than a straight stake, sharply pointed and driven
firmly into the ground as near the stem as possible without injury
to the roots. The shrub can be secured to it by wrapping a neat
piece of cloth or rubber around the stem and tying to the stake
firmly with string, but care should be taken that no injury is done
to the shrub as the bark expands with growth. Many beautiful
American shrubs are notoriously fond of peat and if the conditions
are not naturally favorable for their cultivation liberal additions
of this material should be incorporated when preparing the ground,

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

if it can be obtained. Peat, however, is not always available,
neither is it absolutely necessary for many peat-loving subjects
will succeed admirably in a mixture of fibrous loam, decayed leaf
mold, and sand.

The pruning of hardy shrubs is one of the most important
matters connected with them but at present it is very imperfectly
understood and we see far too often the lamentable results accruing
from a lack of knowledge of their individual requirements. All
that is generally considered necessary is for an incompetent work-
man to give the shrubs an annual trimming with a pair of shears
with the result that when the work is finished the shrubs all have
about the same rounded stiff appearance; much of the old growth
which should have been removed is left and forms a mass of use-
less growth, and the young wood which should be carefully pre-
served for future blossom is cut away. It is not possible to lay
down any hard and fast rule as shrubs differ so much in their
individual requirements, but it is better not to prune at all than
to prune indiscriminately.

The large majority of flowering shrubs produce their blossoms
during the spring and summer months and some of these such as
the Philadelphus, Deutzias, and Forsythias, which produce their
flowers on wood of the previous season's growth, are improved by
having some of the flowering stems cut clear out as soon as the
blossoms have fallen. This will help to strengthen the new growths
sent out from the base and give them a better opportunity of
becoming well ripened before winter sets in. The majority of
hardy shrubs, however, require very little pruning beyond occa-
sionally removing the old growth so as to keep them shapely and
open to enable them to receive the full benefit of the sun and air.
It is only by intelligent study and actual practice that one can
become conversant with the requirements of different shrubs.

As I have previously mentioned it is quite unnecessary when
planting an ornamental shrubbery to use only those shrubs which
are of bushy form when by the inclusion of some of pjTamidal
growth, for example, and the proper use of standards one can
produce a very much more attractive arrangement. A very
common mistake, which should be carefully guarded against, is to
plant all the larger shrubs at the back and graduate the others

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBS 83

down to the front. By bringing some of the larger shrubs to the
front and placing a well-grown standard on the edge of the shrub-
bery, where it stands clear above its neighbors, one will be able
to give the appearance of much greater depth, which is important
where space is limited. It will, of course, be necessary when the
shrubbery is first made to plant more shrubs than those which can
permanently remain. In the course of time as the different varie-
ties develop and assume their mature form a certain amount of
thinning out will have to be done. I do not mean by this that the
shrubs should be thinned by cutting back or pruning but after hav-
ing decided which shrubs are to remain permanently, the remainder
should be lifted out of the border and planted if desired in some
other part of the garden. A well-ordered shrubbery to give the
most satisfactory and pleasing results should be so arranged that
every shrub is able to grow and demonstrate its full beauty of form
and coloring without coming in contact with its neighbors. This
applies particularly to conifers, for while a deciduous slirub, if
damaged, is able to remedy an injury by forming new growth, a
conifer is unable to reproduce its lateral boughs and will become
unsightly if any of these are lost.

As I have previously said it is much better when forming a shrub-
bery to make one's own selection and I do not propose to enumerate
any varieties but I would like to say a word about the use of shrubs
with brightly colored foliage. On large estates where one has
unlimited space it is possible to use golden, purple, or variegated
leaved shrubs with good effects and I have seen them planted in
beds by themselves when the results were pleasing, but they have
to be used with great care and generally speaking, especially in small
gardens, it is better not to use them at all. A combination of the
many beautiful shades of green is in much better taste and more
refreshing to the eye.

Discussion.

A lengthy and interesting discussion followed at the close of Mr.
Thatcher's lecture. President Farquhar stated that the audience
had hardly touched the amount of knowledge the lecturer had in
store on this subject and suggested that questions be asked to
bring out this knowledge.

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The following are some of the principal points brought out
during the discussion:

For winter protection of roses there was nothing better than
covering with earth banked up around the base of the plants.

Some of the best hardy climbing roses are the Wichuraiana
Hybrids, such as the Lady Gay, Dorothy Perkins, The Farquhar,
Hiawatha, and Excelsa. The prairie rose {Rosa setigera) was also
one of the best and does not need any covering.

For a shrub to grow under the shade of a hemlock tree he knew
of nothing better than a Rhododendron or Kalmia. For shrubs
best to use as a protection from northwest winds he recommended
a mixture of evergreen and deciduous species. The native Vibur-
nums were good in both foliage and fruit as well as other native
American species which are not appreciated as much as their
merits deserve. He especially mentioned Viburnum cassinoides,
V. acerifolium, and V. dentatum which formed fine bushes 10 to 12
feet high and will do very well in dry soil.

In regard to moving and transplanting large trees the lecturer
had seen so many failures that he did not see any advantage in it.

Evergreens can best be transplanted in April and a wet season
was necessary. There was no great chance of success in taking up
native specimens. It is better to get nursery grown stock for
transplanting.

There are no finer shrubs than the Buddleias, the so-called sum-
mer lilacs. At Bar Harbor, Maine, they had lived through 25°
below zero. The Cotoneaster was also worthy of attention on
account of its foliage and fruit, especially the Cotoneaster hori-
zontalis, which is almost an evergreen.

There are no shrubs more valuable than the lilacs.

In answer to a question as to some hardy vines the lectvu-er
suggested Vitis Coignetiae, Actinidia arguta, Wistarias, Bignonia,
and Clematis. The ornamental grapes are not very good as far as
fruit is concerned.

In reply to a question why a fifteen-year-old Wistaria does not
bloom he said that it was a habit of this vine sometimes. He ad-
vised root pruning in such a case. Dig a trench around the plant
and cut off and shorten the roots.

The question was asked as to a book on the culture of shrubs.

CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBS - 85

President Farquhar replied to this question that there was no
American book devoted to this subject. Such a book was one of the
things most needed and it was unfortunate that we did not have
such a publication written by a man of practical experience in this
line.

Inquiry was made if Rosa microphylla, which grows in Maryland,
could be grown here.

Mr. E. H. Wilson, in replying to this question, stated that while
Rosa microphylla was a beautiful rose it was not hardy in Massa-
chusetts. It is a native of Japan.

Mr. WilsoiTfurther stated that it was best for amateurs to start
in with plants of known hardiness, and leave the experimenting
with specialists. He said at least a half-dozen of the Cotoneasters
were perfectly hardy, also an almost unlimited number of the
barberries, although most of them were not better, perhaps, than
Berheris Thunbergii and B. vulgaris.

One little group can be safely recommended he said for planting
in gardens, two species of which will flower in January and Febru-
ary. One species, the Hamamelis japonica, will bloom sometimes
in February and is more beautiful than the native species of witch
hazel that flowers in the autumn. The other species, the Hama-
melis vernalis, an American shrub, is perfectly hardy and flowers
in the late winter when nothing else will be in bloom. He said he
knew of nothing that would give greater pleasure and satisfaction
than these two shrubs.

Mr. Robert Cameron said that not enough emphasis was laid
upon the subject of pruning of shrubs. One of the questions most
asked today is why their plants don't bloom. In most cases it is
caused by bad and improper pruning at the wrong time. The
pruning of shrubs he said is a difficult problem and it is better not
to prune at all if one does not know what he is about. A great
many shrubs need very little pruning and the principal thing is to
preserve the natural habit and growth of the plants. He advised
carefulness and not to let a man go around with pruning shears
with no thought of the natural requirements of each species.

In answer to a question as to shrubs suitable for planting in a
shady place Mr. Thatcher recommended ^'iburnums, Ilex verti-
cillata, Clethra, and Rhododendrons, especially R. Kacmpferi.

THE INSECT OUTLOOK FOR NEW ENGLAND.
By Dr. H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, March 6, 1915.

More than twenty-five years ago it was my privilege to attend a
lecture by one of the most eminent of the Professors of Biology in
New England, in which he discussed the evolution and probable
future of the human race. In the course of this lecture he described
the ways in which man by his intelligence had gradually acquired
his supremacy over the larger and fiercer animals and was convert-
ing the entire world and its supplies to his ovm. use; how brain cells
had conquered brute force; and how man had finally become the
chief ruler of the earth. He warned his audience, however, of the
danger of cultivating the intellect at the expense of the body of
which it is the tenant, expressing the fear that if an undue develop-
ment of mentality should occur without sufficient care for the
development of the body, the time would come when man's su-
premacy would be at an end. Finally, he indicated one danger
which might develop in the future, viz : the possibility that small
forms of life having enormous powers of multiplication, might by
consuming the food needed by man, lead to the starvation and ulti-
mate extinction of the human race, leaving insects as the dominat-
ing animals on earth.

As time goes on, and the results of more careful research accumu-
late, the idea thus suggested a quarter of a century ago recurs with
added force, and the present insect outlook, not only for New Eng-
land but for North America and indeed for the whole world, becomes
of increasing interest and importance. Will the human race some
day disappear before the onslaughts of uncounted billions of insects
which will consume our food? Has a new phase of the struggle for
existence already begun? How is the battle going, and what may
we anticipate in the years to come? These are questions worth}^
of some consideration at the present time.

How to find the answers or at least the presumptive answers to^

87

05 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

such questions as these is of itself a problem. Prophecy is not
available; mathematical calculation of the future increase of
insects is out of the question, as too many unknown factors are
involved; and only a study of the insect problem of the past, the
factors which acting during this time have produced our present
conditions, and the probable result of the continued influence of
these and any new ones which may develop, on future conditions,
seem to promise any aid in deciding what is really the insect out-
look for the years to come.

The entomological conditions existing in this country when it
was first settled, and as late as the middle of the eighteenth cen-
tury, may perhaps be fairly termed aboriginal. Probably nine-
tenths of the entire territory was unsettled and covered only by its
native plants, shrubs, and trees, and these were attacked only by
native insects. Under such conditions as these, undisturbed for
centuries. Nature's methods for the preservation of plant and
animal life would be present in their most unmodified form, and
working without being influenced in any way by introduced and
abnormal factors.

Given such conditions as just outlined, we find the existence of
a principle which may be expressed as a paraphrase of the familiar
principle in Physics that "Nature abhors a vacuum," in the form,
"Nature abhors extermination." Apparently every plant and
animal in a region has such relations to the others that its complete
extermination upsets, to some degree, a very delicate balance of
forces, leading to marked modifications at least, and perhaps to
quite extensive readjustments of the life of that region. Nature's
machinery, therefore, for preserving this balance is worthy of some
attention.

It is at least theoretically possible that an insect having a given
food plant might, without some check, increase to such numbers
that practically all its food would be consumed, which would be
followed by a nearly complete extermination of the insect by starva-
tion. This would seem to be one of the possibilities Nature strives
to avoid, as such an event would come perilously close to upsetting
the balance she appears to be so desirous to preserve.

To prevent such a disaster as this might prove, we find that
an undue increase of every form of life is controlled either by un-

INSECT OUTLOOK FOR NEW ENGLAND 89

avoidable climatic conditions or by the development of enemies,
which increasing with the increase of their food, tend to restore
equilibrium.

Several methods for accomplishing this seem to exist. The
unusual abundance of any form may enable some disease ordi-
narily of minor importance to become a dominating force and
reduce the form it attacks to its former standing. Parasites may
be utilized in this way also, as may predaceous foes; or all three
working together may accomplish the desired result, and restore
an equilibrium which was on the point of being seriously disturbed.

Of the action and efficiency of disease in the case of insects we
know but little. Of parasites and their method of work we know
more. Apparently there are two classes of these, which for lack
of better names, may be designated as continuous and sporadic,
and a few moments may advantageously be given to their more
detailed consideration.

With some insect pests little variation in their abundance from
year to year seems to occur. Cutworms, for example, do not
usually seem to be much more abundant one season than another.
One student of this subject has stated that probably 98 of every 100
cutworms are parasitized each year, only about two per cent escap-
ing destruction by their enemies. The progeny of this two per
cent, however, is sufficient to produce an average amount of loss
to the crops and the parasites from the 98 per cent attacked are
sufficient to discover about 98 per cent of the cutworms the follow-
ing year, thus holding these at about an average, often over long
periods. A relation like this would place such parasites as con-
tinuous.

In other cases we find that a pest is present at a given time in
such small numbers as to be of no practical importance. Its
scarcity renders its discovery so difficult by its parasites that most of
the latter die without finding food, and there is little check at this
time upon the rapid increase of the pest. Each succeeding year,
therefore, the pest increases in numbers as does also the parasite,
but the latter appears to progress at first the less rapidly of the two.
In this way a year finally arrives in which the pest has become so
al)undant as to cause serious loss. That year the parasites have no
longer any trouble in finding all the indi\ickials they require for the

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

production of their own maximum number in the next generation,
and the usual result is, that though the parasites have failed to
prevent the crop loss of that season, they kill most of the pests
before they become adult, only a few escaping to continue the spe-
cies in that locality. This result reacts on the parasites so that the
following season enormous numbers of them die for lack of food,
and the process begins all over again. Parasitism working in this
way has been termed sporadic, and in its effects is by far the most
noticeable, though probably not more efficient in its results than
continuous parasitism.

Such natural methods of control as these, then, were the ones in
existence in this country in colonial days under the conditions
already touched upon, and, accordingly, we would expect to find
that crop losses large in amount, occurred only at intervals when
pests temporarily escaping from their control by sporadic parasites
were enabled to work for a time undisturbed. That this was
really the case is shown by old records, some of which have been
brought together by Flint in one of his reports as Secretary of the
Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. In this paper we find num-
erous records of which the following are samples: "1646 and 1649
were caterpillar years." "In 1658 the caterpillars did great harm
to fruit trees." "In 1743 there were millions of devouring worms
in armies;" and in 1749 "the grasshoppers appeared in myriads,
eating up whole acres of potatoes."

How far these attacks were favored by unusual weather condi-
tions as well as by the failure of parasites to check the insects
cannot now be determined; but in any case we find that serious
losses were only occasional though usually large when they did
come.

With these as the normal conditions under practically a state of
nature — such as I have already termed aboriginal — we must
now consider the results upon the insect problem of the introduc-
tion upon the scene of that disturbing factor, l^an, who by culti-
vating the soil and introducing new crops, always to some extent
upsets Nature's equilibrium.

One of the changes caused by civilization is always an increase
in the area occupied by certain plants. A corn field, for example,
contains as many plants of corn as would normally be found in a

INSECT OUTLOOK FOR NEW ENGLAND 91

square mile at least, if the corn grew wild. Even a small apple
orchard has more trees than would be found in a thousand times
that area, originating naturally, and in the early days at least, we
should remember that every apple tree was planted by man where
it grew, wild trees being of more recent origin.

^Tien extensive areas of single kinds of crops appeared then, a
new factor was introduced into the situation. Food, concentrated
and abundant, replaced food scattered and frequently scanty, as
available for insect consumption, and the insects which already
fed on that food or could successfully change to it would have every
opportunity for rapid increase. Serious attacks under such condi-
tions would be more frequent, the old relation between pest and
sporadic parasite though holding good, being modified as regards
frequency of repetition. Thus insect pests, as the settlement of
the country increased, gradually became a factor of larger impor-
tance from the standpoint of loss.

But this was by no means all. Practically all of our larger
fruits and many of our other crop plants are not natives of this
country but were brought here by the early settlers from their
former homes. Even in the early days when crossing the ocean
meant weeks or even months in some cases, certain insects were
able to survive the journey and establish themselves here. While
no records are available on the subject it is probable that our now
widely spread oyster-shell scale or bark louse reached this country
on some small apple tree or cion brought over by an immigrant,
and in a new country, with a climate perhaps more favorable than
the one from which it was brought, and free from the attacks of its
parasites, it began its spread over the United States. It is said
that the Hessian fly was brought over in straw in the ships which
conveyed the Hessian contingent of the British army here during
the Revolutionary war. If so, it has certainly taken kindly to the
new conditions and has now established a reputation as one of the
worst half-dozen pests with which we have to deal.

The aboriginal situation we see, has now changed, insect out-
breaks becoming more frequent; crops introduced being attacked
by those insects already present, which were able to feed upon
this new food ; and by the introduction of other pests from for-
eign lands, where escaping from the attacks of their enemies at

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

home, they find every opportunity to multiply and cause serious
destruction.

During the greater part of the nineteenth century the changes in
the insect situation from the conditions just outlined were probably
due less to the appearance of new factors than to the farther devel-
opment of those already outlined. The spread of civilization
westward enormously extended the areas devoted to cultivated
crops of various kinds and furnished corresponding opportunities
for enormous increases in the abundance of insects and for destruc-
tion. New pests from foreign countries from time to time suc-
ceeded in reaching this country and obtaining a foothold here, in
nearly every case successfully escaping from their enemies in the
process, and native forms, restricted in habitat, found in the coming
of the settler new opportunities for progress.

The Colorado potato beetle is a well-known example of this.
During an early exploring expedition through our then unknown
western territory a beetle was found feeding on a wild species of
Solanum. Specimens of this insect brought back by the expedition
were found to be unknown to science and were described in 1824
by Professor Thomas Say, then practically the only working
entomologist in this country, as Doryphora decemlineata, and for
years this was its only name as it remained a little known and
wholly unimportant insect. In time, however, when civilization
and the potato reached the territory it inhabited, it seems to have
found in this other species of Solanum not only a suitable food
plant but also one far more abundant than its previous one. Adapt-
ing itself to these conditions, and with a practically unlimited
supply of food, its spread and increase began and the insect soon
became a true pest over the greater part of the United States.

Of how many oth^r of our native insects a similar history is true^
we may never know. The apple maggot or railroad worm probably
fed on the fruit of our various kinds of thorn before the introduction
of the apple, and many other such cases have undoubtedly occurred.

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, new factors
began to appear and influenced the situation. Transportation^
increasing both in amount and in rapidity, came to the front and
began to make it possible for more insects to safely reach this
country from other lands. New lines established, increased the

INSECT OUTLOOK FOR NEW ENGLAND 93

list of countries from which insects might be imported, and a greater
range in the materials brought in also increased the chances of
destructive pests reaching our shores.

Shipboard surroundings can hardly be considered conducive to
successful insect immigration. If an insect leaves Europe, for
example, in one stage of its existence, and enters upon a long
voyage, it is probable at least, that before its arrival its life in that
stage will have terminated and that it will transform into the next
succeeding one. In this it is not likely to find the proper condi-
tions for the continuation of its life, and death will ensue. Each
day the voyage is shortened, however, the greater the chance of
arriving in the same stage in which it started, and then of finding
the necessary conditions under which to maintain itself in its new
form. If freshly cut logs containing the larvae of the leopard
moth, for example, form the cargo of a sailing vessel which might
be a long time in reaching its destination, it is probable that the
changes in those logs due to cutting, drjk^ing, etc., would prevent the
larvae from developing. If they were in the pupa stage it is likely
that the moths would appear before the voyage was at an end
and being without any places suitable to deposit their eggs, failure
to reach this country would again result. If the voyage is so
short, however, that when the cargo of logs was discharged the
insects are still in the pupa stage, they would on emergence as
adults, be liable to find a place at which they might successfully
start a new generation.

The last quarter of the nineteenth century then was a period
when, due to changes in our transportation facilities, insects began
to have more chances of reaching this country alive than ever before,
and our list of introduced pests began to increase rapidly.

During this period also, extensive agriculture largely developed,
still more increasing the food supply of insects. Thousands of
acres of one crop gro"wn in single toA\Tiships made it impossible for
an insect feeding on that crop to fail to find all it needed. Three
wheat fields of 17,000, 23,000, and 36,000 acres respectively, present
at one time in a single valley in one of our western states; over
30,000 bushels of strawberries produced in a single Massachusetts
town in one year; 6,500 acres of cotton on a single plantation:
these are figures which perhaps express the possibilities of food

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

supply and consequent opportunity for the multiplication of
insects, as effectively as can any method of presentation.

A third factor, also the result of extending for many years the
area cultivated, which began to manifest itself about this time
was the reduction in numbers of our insectivorous birds.

How large a factor these ever were is perhaps open to question,
but everyone who has studied the subject concedes their extreme
importance as insect destroyers. A few of them adjust themselves
readily to man and live around houses; many, however, make their
homes in thickets, woodland, and forest and are never content to
live in other places. Extensive cultivation and the increasing
demand for timber have combined to drive away such birds as
these last to the less thickly settled and more densely wooded areas,
and with their departure one of Nature's checks to the rapid
increase of insects has largely disappeared.

During the last quarter of a century the great increase of wealth
in this country has led to the appearance of many line& of industry
formerly undeveloped. Large estates covered with rare and
exotic plants have appeared; acres of farming land have become
transformed into arboretums stocked with the plants of other
countries; thousands of nurseries importing plants from all parts
of the world have been established; tropical plants have been ex-
tensively grown under glass, and with rapid transportation avail-
able, the vegetable resources of the entire world have been drawn
upon to bring beautiful, curious, or otherwise interesting plants into
this country. Growing plants annually imported into Massachu-
setts alone, from foreign lands, represent a value of over two
million dollars, and as most of these are brought in with more or
less earth around their roots, and at the dormant season, both for
the plants and for any insects which may be present upon them, the
chance for new pests to reach and establish themselves in this
country has become greater than ever before, and the importation
of fruit from other countries affords another opportunity for the
same thing to happen.

In order to protect ourselves as far as possible from an unchecked
invasion of this country by foreign foes in these ways, the inspection
of all imported nursery stock is now provided for in nearly every
one of the states. For years after its desirability became evident,

INSECT OUTLOOK FOE NEW ENGLAND 95

this was impossible for lack of information as to the arrival and
destination of the shipments. The presence of a large number of
brown-tail nests on nursery stock received in different parts of this
country in 1909 emphasized the fact, however, that unless imports
were watched, the money spent in fighting this pest in New England
to check its spread to other parts of the country would be wasted,
and United States laws controlling nursery stock importations were
established.

Under these laws the actual inspection of the stock is left to the
authorities of the state to which it goes, but a system of reports
is provided for by which the state inspector is enabled to keep track
of each shipment and examine it. In this way the danger of the
entrance of new pests into this country is reduced and the early
discovery of any which temporarily escape observation, greatly
increased.

Reports of the inspections made, show that many dangerous pests
not now present in this country have been discovered in this way
and destroyed, and that this work has been worth many times its
cost. During the first season of import inspections more than half
a dozen insects were discovered, any one of which, so far as could
be judged, might have developed into a serious pest had it become
established. Had such a system of inspection been in existence
when the brown-tail moth was imported, the discovery and de-
struction of only that one nest would have saved hundreds of
thousands of dollars in Massachusetts alone.

But while the inspection of imported stock is very valuable, its
limitations should also be recognized. In many states funds for
this purpose are either lacking or wholly inadequate, though a
shipment to one of those states is just as liable to harbor a dangerous
foe as one to a state able to properly inspect all shipments. The
work is often prosecuted under unsatisfactory conditions. The stock
cannot be left open long before planting, or it will dry out and die;
it may be in a place where the light is poor, and something may be
overlooked on that account; the shipments all come in practically
during two months in the fall and two in the spring, concentrating
the work in brief periods during which enormous quantities must
be examined ; and it is at times almost or quite impossible to obtain
a sufficient number of properly trained men for such a short time.

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

An inspector of imported stock should not only have a thorough
training in general entomology and plant diseases, but he should
also know the pests and diseases of foreign countries in order to
recognize them at sight, as otherwise some obscure case of infesta-
tion or infection not resembling anything present in this country
might escape notice.

It would seem as though a knowledge of this kind might be ob-
tained by a study of foreign publications, but strange as it may
seem, there is little available from this source, economic entomology
in foreign countries having received little attention until quite
recently. As an illustration of this it may be stated that one of
the most prominent of German entomologists recently remarked
to the speaker that Germany suffered practically no loss by the
attacks of insects, though a cursory examination an hour later of
the trees and plants growing on his quarter of an acrfe house-lot
revealed several trees dying and many of the other plants nearly
worthless, from the attacks of insects!

With such conditions under which the inspector must work, and
with at best an incomplete training for it, we must be prepared for
the occasional appearance of some new insect or disease in this
country.

The result of the action and interaction of the factors already
considered, in this, the first quarter of the twentieth century is now
ready for consideration. How does the insect problem stand today?
What is the present situation?

To these questions we must answer that the situation is not
entirely encouraging. We have materially upset the balance
Nature strives to maintain, by our modern systems of extensive
and intensive agriculture and by the reduction in number of our
insectivorous birds, and we have unintentionally introduced many
foreign pests which under new conditions have prospered far too
well to satisfy us. On the other hand, we have developed artificial
methods of control to an extent unparalleled elsewhere in the world;
have studied life histories carefully in order to learn where treat-
ment can be most effectively applied; have attempted to increase
the effectiveness of parasites and diseases; yet in spite of all these
efforts our annual losses by insects are greater than ever before!
Must we acknowledge that our efforts have been failures; that our
enemies are winning the battle? If this be so, what of the future?

INSECT OUTLOOK FOR NEW ENGLAND 97

The speaker has been called an "incorrigible entomological
pessimist" and what has just been stated might seem to support
this polysyllabic designation. Let me beg, however, that you
suspend judgment for a little time, for there is " another side to the
shield."

If we consider first the factors likely to cause continued or in-
creased loss in the future, we find them to be several. Our agri-
cultural methods in years to come are liable to continue along their
present lines, and the acreage of crops of any one kind will probably
increase rather than diminish. The insect enemies of those crops
will thrive, and following them, so will their parasites, and it is
probable that the intervals between the outbreaks will become
somewhat shorter, because of the abundance of food, and each
outbreak means a loss before it can be stopped. Insects not nov,'
important may change their food from something of little or no
economic value to some of our crops and become serious pests.
The introduced forms will spread more widely over the United
States and exact a larger loss than at present; and at least some of
our insectivorous birds will become almost extinct, thus practically
eliminating them from further consideration. \Miether those
which can live in proximity to man will so increase in abundance
as to make up for this, cannot now be determined, but it is perhaps
doubtful if this will ever be the case. New pests from other parts
of the world will establish themselves in those parts of this country
where climate and food permit their existence, and the distribution
of pests will ultimately be world-wide, limited only by the condi-
tions of climate and food supply just named.

On the other hand, factors opposing this result have already
begun to become active. Centuries give time for Nature to work
in, while the conditions now existing are after all of relatively recent
origin. During the last ten years parasites, heretofore unknowTi,
have appeared, attacking the asparagus beetle, San Jose scale,
chinch bug and several others of our serious insect foes. The
pioneer work in economic entomology is now being followed by a
most thorough study of all phases of the subject and already some
promising lines for control have been revealed. The discovery of
parasitic and other enemies which at least reduce the importance
of our imported pests in their native habitats and the introduction

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

into this country of these has already resulted successfully in several
cases, even though this line of control is in its infancy. The
discovery and introduction into Massachusetts of parasites of the
gypsy and brown-tail moths is of course, of particular importance
to us in this connection, because of its local interest; but is also
important because it is the most extensive experiment of the kind
ever attempted. Such attempts as this have their dangers, how-
ever.

To state the case in its simplest terms we desire a parasite which
will destroy the particular pest with which we are at the time con-
cerned. If we find an insect belonging to a group of parasites
escaping from some stage of the pest it might seem offhand as
though it would be a parasite. This is not necessarily true, how-
ever. The pest may have been parasitized but the insect escaping
may have been a parasite of the parasite rather than of the pest,
and therefore injurious rather than beneficial. Again some para-
sites at times attack the pest, i. e., are primary parasites; while at
others they may attack other primary parasites instead of the pest,
thus becoming secondary parasites in their nature.

From these facts it is evident that the successful introduction
of parasites into a country is far from the simple matter it might
seem. A careful and exhaustive study of the interrelations of the
forms concerned must be completed or the risk of introducing forms
more injurious than beneficial will be incurred. In fact, this has
actually occurred in one or two instances, and work along lines such
as this should only be carried on by the most expert investigators
carefully trained for the purpose. When properly conducted,
however, this is one of the most promising ways in which man may
be aided in his struggle against insects.

Our present knowledge of insecticides is far from complete. New
materials are constantly being studied and some promise greater
efficiency than those in general use. Extended research in this
line is now being carried on and is much to be desired, and the
results will surely aid us in our warfare against our tiny foes.

The possibility of producing by plant breeding, varieties resist-
ant to insect attack is a field of which we are as yet absolutely
ignorant. Whether it will ever be possible to produce plants of
this nature is not known, but there is at least a hope that in this

INSECT OUTLOOK FOR NEW ENGLAND ' 99

way also, man may attain a more advantageous position and
reduce losses by insects. The cultivation and spread of insect
diseases is still another line calling for further research. That
thus far little success has attended efforts to accomplish this is
not necessarily an indication that nothing can be accomplished,
but rather, that perhaps we have not been attacking the problem
in the right way.

Much of our loss at the present time is due to ignorance, indiffer-
ence, and neglect on the part of those who can least afford losses by
insects. When a general understanding of the problems of insect
control shall have been reached, so that the work of an intelligent
farmer in protecting his crops from insects is no longer nullified by
the failure of his neighbors to similarly care for theirs, either from
neglect, ignorance, or the adoption of a "laissez faire" policy, the
real success of artificial methods of control will become more evi-
dent and the results more commensurate with the efforts put forth.

How far these different lines of investigation may prove success-
ful in the war against insects, no one can tell. New principles of
attack, different methods, and above all a more general under-
standing of conditions and realization of the necessity for concerted
cooperation will undoubtedly accomplish much. But behind all
this, the infinite power of Nature working slowly, quietly, and
persistently, to gradually restore the equilibrium partly over-
thrown by man in this rapidly growing country of ours should
never be forgotten. The battle may turn in favor of our pigmy
foes for the moment, but Nature herself is infinitely greater than
her children, and the final outcome cannot be better expressed
than in the favorite saying of the entomologist and stone cutter of
Reading, Pa., "Time at last sets all things even."

Discussion.

The question was asked as to the success attending the intro-
duction of the parasites of the gypsy moth.

In reply Dr. Fernald said that he would rather underestimate the
effects of the parasites than overestimate them. They have not
been here long enough to show fully what they can do and we need

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

several more generations before we can tell their value. The
gypsy moth has been with us since 1869 while the parasites have
had only three or four years' test. We can only judge of their
usefulness by observing conditions in those regions in which they
have been longer established. He had visited some of these places
and found results decidedly encouraging, some 40 to 50 per cent
of the caterpillars having been destroyed.

No parasite can be expected to exterminate the gypsy moth.
It is contrary to nature's method. They will do their work up to a
certain extent but we cannot expect them to exterminate the pest
wholly.

Wm. N. Craig inquired as to what the State had been doing in
the matter of the use of disease cultures for the gypsy moth pest
and if it were not possible to do more in this line. Mr. Craig said
that he had tried this method on forty acres of woodland with
great success. It was planted at small cost and the trees were
as clear as if sprayed. He thought there was a future for this wilt
disease in his opinion.

In regard to this wilt disease Dr. Fernald said that it was excel-
lent in theory and worked out in practice to a certain extent, but
the results thus far had been small and aW efforts had been on the
whole rather discouraging so far.

A great deal depends on favorable climatic conditions which are
important factors when the wilt is planted. If conditions are not
favorable the disease will not spread, especially in a dry season, and
if a wet season the disease was already there.

The subject of the poisoning of birds as a result of the use of
insecticides was brought up.

Dr. Fernald replied that this was a disputed point and the evi-
dence so far was rather conflicting. In his opinion the small
amount of poison contained in a fine misty spray as used on garden
plants was not dangerous to bird life. In tree spraying where a
large amount of poison spray is used there may be more danger
and there was a strong suspicion that some birds are killed by it.

Charles Bigelow inquired as to the status of the San Jose scale
in Massachusetts and if it was increasing.

Dr. Fernald answered that it cannot very well avoid increasing.
It was gradually becoming more general and spreading under

INSECT OUTLOOK FOR NEW ENGLAND 101

suitable climatic conditions. It will not spread much further
northward. It must be met as a perpetual pest. The U. S. Gov-
ernment imported a species of lady bug to exterminate it but it
was not successful.

George N, Smith called attention to the aphis pest on fruit trees
concerning which the Lecturer remarked that its power of repro-
duction was tremendous. It was, however, sensitive to cold and
wet, and in such conditions was less troublesome, but in a warm
or dry season it would thrive and multiply.

The trees should be sprayed as soon as the insects appear.
Spray with "Black Leaf 40" or some other tobacco mixture.
This is more effective than kerosene emulsion or soap spray.

DISEASES OF THE PEONY.
By Prof. H. H. Whetzel, Ithaca, N. Y.

Delivered before the Society, March 27, 1915.

The John Lewis Russell Lecture.

It is an old fable passed down from catalog to catalog that
"The peony is free from diseases." Yet one has only to observe
carefully for one season the peony plants in gardens, lawns, and
nurseries to lose his childish faith in the story. Not less than
seven distinct diseases of this beautiful perennial are now commonly
to be met with in eastern United States. Doubtless there are others
not yet recognized or reported. I now have these seven slated
for further study and observation and expect to add others to my
list this season. The less we know of the diseases of a plant the
fewer and less important they appear. The reverse is equally true.
Yet it is only through greater familiarity and more knowledge of
them that we may hope to save our plants from their ravages.

The first step in our study of the diseases of the peony is to learn
to recognize them, to distinguish them, the one from the others,
to name them. This we may accomplish only by learning the
characteristic symptoms of each. This will be my chief object
in the present paper. The next step is to discover the cause of
each different malady, to uncover the nature of the pathogen, be it
fungus, bacterium, or what not, that is chiefly responsible for the
diseased condition. In this direction but little progress has as yet
been made. This is largely the problem of the plant doctors, and
I hope to be able to have shortly many more facts on this phase of
the subject than we now possess.

Of the control of these different diseases least is naturally known,
and only with fuller knowledge of the pathogens and their life habits
will we be able to intelligently undertake experiments on control.
What I may have to offer on this part of the subject must of neces-
sity be only suggestions.

103

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Diseases of the Root.

The Root Gall. The root gall disease appears to be rather
widely distributed in eastern United States and is well known to
the growers who make a specialty of this plant. Specimens have
come to my hands from time to time during the last eight years.
No special investigations on this disease appear to have been made,
and aside from a short article in the Florists Exchange of April 19,
1909, it appears to have been rarely written about. Whether it
was first imported from Europe or is of American origin is not
known. Certain imported French varieties are often very severely
affected. It is regarded by peony specialists as a troublesome and
by some as a dangerous malady.

Symptoms. The above-ground symptoms are many weak,
spindling shoots which remain short and give no blooms. The
shoots often grow fewer and shorter from season to season, the
plants gradually dying out. In other cases the plants appear to
gradually recover, the shoots growing stronger from year to year
and finally blooming. The latter appears to be the case when the
roots are frequently divided and reset. The affected roots are
short, stubby, and irregularly knotted or swollen. The crown on
which the bud sets is often much swollen. The fine rootlets are
often covered with galls. The lower ends of the galled roots seem
to rot away.

Cause. The nematode worm, Heterodera radicicola, is probably
responsible for some galls on peony roots. Bessey ^ reports it as
very injurious to the roots of the peony. This microscopic worm
affects the roots of no less than 480 different species of plants. It
is most common and destructive in the South, but is frequent on
greenhouse plants in northern United States and on the roots of
certain perennials, like ginseng and peony, easily survives the
winter outside.

Control. Until a fuller investigation of the disease has been made,
suggestions as to control cannot be very definite. In general it
will probably be most profitable to dig up and destroy all diseased

1 Bessey, E. A. Root Knot and its control. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bur. PL Ind.
Bui. 217 : 18, 43.

DISEASES OF THE PEONY 105

plants. The experience of some growers indicates that wath rare
or expensive varieties it may be profitable to help the plant " out-
grow" the trouble by frequently dividing and transplanting the
roots. Where nematodes are the cause of the swellings, diseased
roots should never be planted on land along with the healthy or on
which it is expected to grow peonies continuously. Land on which
galled plants have been growm should not be used again for peonies
for three or four years. The worms will usually die out, especially
here in the North, for want of a suitable host in which to survive.

Root Rots. Rotting roots of normal size and shape have
several times been sent to me by growers. \\Tiat appears to have
been a similar root rot has been reported by the botanists of the
Connecticut and Massachusetts Experiment Stations. Some
growers have reported it as very destructive.

Symptoms. The rotting away of the crown and the larger roots
seem to be a rather constant symptom. The top of the plants
either fail to appear in the spring or wilt and die during the summer.

Cause. The cause of root rot is apparently unknown. Nothing
more than a casual examination appears to have been made by
those plant pathologists who have reported on the disease. It is
very probable that we have under the name of root rot several
different diseases. They are very likely due to fungi or bacteria,
though winter injury may sometimes be responsible.

Control. Removal and destruction of diseased roots and the
planting of peonies on other land are the only suggestions to be
made with our present knowledge of root rots.

Diseases of the Stem, Leaves, and Flowers.

The Mosaic Disease. So far as I am aware this is the first
record of this very peculiar and interesting malady of the peony
leaf. I have observed this disease now for several seasons in the
peony plantation at Cornell University. It has doubtless been
observed by others and is probably of wide distribution. It does
not appear to be a serious malady.

Symptoms. The symptoms are very striking. Usually only
one or two stalks in a cluster are affected. The leaves show rings

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of concentric bands of alternating dark and light green color. The
spots are sometimes large, with broad bands; in other cases small
with narrow bands, the spots deng'ely crowded over the leaf. I
have observed no evidences of dwarfing or injury other than the
peculiar markings above described.

Cause. So far as I am aware no investigation of the cause of this
disease has been undertaken. It looks much like the well-known
mosaic disease of tobacco and other plants, the cause of which has
long been sought but never certainly discovered. The mosaic
disease of tobacco is known to be very infectious. Whether this
of the peony is also capable of being transmitted from diseased to
healthy plants, I have not determined as yet.

Control. Nothing with respect to control can be suggested
except destruction of diseased plants, until we know more of the
nature and cause of the trouble.

The Anthracnose. This is a name I am giving to a disease
affecting the stems and leaves of the peony. So far as I can find
this has never been recorded before, at least in this country. It
appears, from my observations in the Cornell University peony
plantation, to be a rather dangerous malady and deserving of the
attention of peony growers and plant pathologists.

Symptoms. The disease shows first in the early summer as dark
reddish bordered spots with almost white centers. Later the
centers become a bit sunken and show minute black pimples under
the dead epidermis, presumably the beginnings of the fungous
fruit bodies. During the latter part of the summer the spotting
of the stems becomes very severe and the leaves are often severely
affected with what appears to be the same disease.

Cause. This anthracnose is quite certainly a fungous disease,
but up to the present I have not been able to discover mature fruit
bodies of a fungus in the lesions and have not had the time to under-
take a careful investigation of the malady.

Control. Probably sanitary measures, involving removal and
burning of diseased tops early in the autumn would be effective in
getting rid of the pathogen which probably winters in the diseased
stems and leaves.

The Leaf Blotch. This disease appears to be one of the best and
longest known diseases of peonies. It was first described from

DISEASES OF THE PEONY 107

Europe where it is to be observed in almost every peony planting
today. It is also very common in America. It does not appear
to be a serious disease as it affects only the leaves and does not
appear until the latter part of the season after the leaves have
apparently begun to mature for autumn.

Symptoms. The symptoms are distinct and striking, large
purple blotches on the upper surface, often an inch to two or three
inches in diameter. The tissue does not become dead and dry as
in the case of the Botrytis blight spots to be described later. The
blotch on the underside of the leaf is a peculiar dull brown, as
though the epidermis of the leaf had been scorched. In moist
weather the center of the spot below becomes covered with an olive
green felt, the stalks and spores of the pathogen.

Cause. The disease is doubtless due to a fungus which goes by
the name of Cladosporium paeoniae.

Control. Where this disease gives trouble, early removal and
destruction of all diseased tops will doubtless be found most satis-
factory in preventing its appearance another season. The fungus
most probably passes the winter in the diseased and fallen leaves
from which in the spring a new crop of spores find their way to the
next crop of leaves.

The Sclerotinia Stem Rot. This disease is probably more
common than is suspected, but because its symptoms are so like
those of the Botrytis disease has probably seldom been recognized.
I have had diseased specimens from but one grower some years ago,
but recent inoculation experiments which I have made wdth the
pathogens show it capable of rapid destruction of young peony
shoots.

Symptoms. A sudden wilting of young or even nearly mature
stalks, due to a rotting off at the base near the ground, is the first
evidence of this disease. At this stage it cannot usually be dis-
tinguished from the more common Botrytis disease which affects
the plants in the same way. Later the dead stalks on being split
open will often show large black bodies, sclerotia, in the pith.
These are never present in stalks killed by Botrytis. '

Cause. The disease is caused by a fungus, Sclerotinia libertiana,
which is a most omnipresent parasite amongst cultivated plants,
especially greenhouse and garden plants. It is not particular as

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

to the host plants it attacks, so it is not surprising that the peony,
too, sometimes falls a victim to it. Wet weather greatly favors its
destructiveness.

Control. Prompt removal and destruction of wilting stalks,
cutting close to the crown and the removal of the soil all about the
crown is important. The fungous threads spread from stalk to
stalk through the soil. Removed soil should be replaced with
fresh clean soil, preferably sand. Keep manure away from the
crowns. The sclerotia carry the fungus through the winter and
therefore the burning of all diseased stalks is desirable.

The Botrytis Blight. This is by far the most common and
destructive disease of the peony so far as known at present. This
disease is frequently epidemic, especially during wet springs. It
occurs wherever peonies are grown, apparently the world over.
It is well known in Europe, especially in Holland and England.
Much in the way of scattered notes and records of its occurrence
have appeared in florists' papers and experiment station reports
for the past twenty years. I published a short article on the
symptoms and destructiveness of this disease in the Florists'
Exchange, September 14, 1912.

Symptoms. The disease aflfects stems, buds, and leaves, appear-
ing on these organs in the spring and summer in the order given.
The first appearance of the malady is almost always early in the
spring as the stalks are coming up. Shoots 4 to 8 inches tall, their
leaves not yet expanded, will suddenly wilt and fall over. Exami-
nation shows them to be rotted at the base at or below the surface
of the soil. The lesions begin usually at the base of the first leaf
sheath and spread down to the crown and up often an inch or more
above ground. The rotted portion soon becomes covered with a
felty brown coat of spores and spore stalks of the fungus, thus
distinguishing it from the similar stem rot caused by Sclerotinia.
While it is generally the young stems that are affected, I have seen
stalks with blossoms opening, suddenly wilt and fall over from
Botrytis stem rot at the base.

The buds are the next to show injury from this disease. Some-
times the very small young buds are attacked, turn black and dry
up. This is often spoken of as bud blast. Larger buds are later
affected, turn brown and fail to open; the stalk for several inches

DISEASES OF THE PEONY 109

below the bud is usually killed, turns brown and frequently shows
alternating stripes or bands of dark and light brown color. WTien
broken open, such buds present a dark brown rotten mass. This is
the "bud rot" stage of the disease. In a wet season as high as 80
or 90 per cent of the buds may thus be rotted before they can open.
Opened flowers are also often affected, becoming discolored and
rotten. The rotted buds and flowers soon become covered with
the brown felt of the spore stalks and spores of the pathogen.

The leaves are usually the last to show symptoms of. this disease,
in the form of large irregular spots which spread rapidly usually
from the apex or sinuses of the leaves. The tissue is killed, be-
coming brown and dry so that it crumples readily. The underside
of the spot is soon covered with the spore stalks of the fungus.
The blighting of the leaves gives the plants a most untidy appear-
ance. The leaf blight form is very common on peony plants
everywhere during the latter part of the summer, becoming very
bad during rainy weather. In dry seasons the disease is but little
in evidence.

Cause. The cause of this disease has long been attributed to the
fungus, Botrytis, found constantly associated with the lesions on
stem, bud, and leaf. There are many described species of Botrytis,
some of which are very common on greenhouse and garden crops.
The Botrytis forms found on peony have been referred usually to
Botrytis vulgaris or Botrytis cinerea, and Botrytis paeoniae, the last
described by a Hollander as the cause of the disease fn that country.
My own studies indicate that there are at least two distinct species
of Botrytis attacking and causing identical symptoms in the peonies
both in this country and in Europe. The species while quite
distinct in structure are very similar in their life habits and effects
on the peony. One forms large sclerotia (resting bodies), while
the other forms very minute ones. I have never seen the sclerotia
of the large form except in my cultures, but the small ones are
commonly formed in the diseased stalks just beneath the epidermis
and appear as black pimples the size of a pin head. Presumably
they serve to carry the fungus through the winter on the old stubble
left by cutting away the tops. There in the spring they probably
give rise to a new crop of spores, in just the best position to infect
the new shoots when they come up. I have not yet determined
whether these pathogens ever attack crowns and roots or not.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Control. The control of this disease is very difficult for several
reasons. It is destructive only in wet seasons. One of the patho-
gens, the small sclerotial form, is very common and widely distrib-
uted. The other, the large sclerotial form, having a number of
different hosts, may readily pass from one of them to the peony if
it be near by. Spores are produced in great quantities and carried
both by wind and insects. Ants seem to carry the spores from the
base of diseased stalks to the buds of healthy plants. Here in the
exuded sugary solution, so abundant upon unopened peony buds,
the spores find both food and moisture and germinate much more
promptly and vigorously than in water. The peony is very sus-
ceptible, there being apparently little difference in susceptibility
of the different varieties. Spraying is in the first place undesirable
as it discolors foliage and buds, and in the second place our experi-
ments indicate that the sugary exudate of the buds effectively
neutralizes the copper in Bordeaux so that the spores germinate
and infect sprayed buds just as readily as unsprayed. Sulpur in
its various forms appears to be equally ineffective in preventing
the bud rot form of th^ malady.

Eradication measures ofPer the most promise of success in the
control of the Botrytis blight. To be effective, however, they must
begin with the careful removal of the old stubs in the autumn or
very earh^ in the spring and be prosecuted persistently throughout
the season. To remove the old stubble carefully, remove the soil
from the crown, so as not to injure the buds. Cut away the old
stalks close to the crown and burn. These old stalks harbor the
fungus. Replace the soil removed with fresh clean soil, preferably
sand, or at least top coat with sand. When the shoots begin to
appear, inspect them daily and remove by cutting close to the
crown any that show wilting. These should be burned. By
promptly removing these wilting shoots, you prevent the crop of
spores that always appears if the dead shoots are left and so greatly
reduce the chance of infection of buds and leaves.

The daily inspection must now include the young growing buds
and any that begin to turn brown or black and die must be removed
and destroyed. As the buds grow older and approach the blooming
time, the infection will usually be first evident at the base of the
bud on one side as a brown lesion, which will gradually spread up.

DISEASES OF THE PEONY 111

involving the entire bud, turning it brown. Spreading downward
it gradually involves the entire circumference of the stem. It will
be very important to detect these lesions in the early stages and
remove the diseased buds, for spores are produced most abundantly
on rotted buds and are also in the most favorable position for dis-
tribution by wind and insects to healthy buds. Spotted leaves
should also be promptly picked off. However if the early spring
inspection and eradication operations have been thorough and
there are no diseased peonies near by, the foliage will probably
suffer but little. In wet seasons these inspections should be made
daily. In dry weather less often will suffice. For the nurserymen
or the grower of large numbers of peonies, this method of control
may not be profitable, but for the small grower or in the private
garden where a relatively small number of clusters are planted, it
will be found entirely practicable and profitable. Even in a large
area I believe the eradication measures I have outlined are worthy
a thorough trial.

Conclusions. The ultimate end and object of all plant disease
investigations is control. It must be evident from what has pre-
ceded that our knowledge of the diseases of the peony is limited
indeed, that most of it is yet to be discovered. Naturally then our
suggestions as to control cannot be specific. They must be general
and they cannot be taken as positive recommendations, only
suggestions based on limited knowledge as to the most likely lines
along which success is to be expected. Spraying cannot of course
get at the root troubles and our past experience and the ornamental
character of the plant both discourage this as a means of protecting
the parts of the plant above ground. Sanitary measures involving
the prompt eradication of the diseased parts, as I have already
suggested for the most of the diseases described, offer the most
practicable and satisfactory methods for the control of the various
maladies to which this beautiful ornamental is subject.

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate 1, Fig. 1. Peony root long affected with root gall. The main
roots are short and stubby. The small feeding roots are covered with
young galls. Fig. 2. Leaf showing the mosaic disease mottlings. Fig. 3.
Leaves and stems badly affected with the anthracnose. Fig. 4. The leaf
blotch lesions as they appear on both upper and lower surface of the leaf,
purple above, dull brown below.

Plate 2, Fig. 1. Shoots wilting over from attack of the Botrytis at the
base. Fig. 2. Two Botrytis rotted buds and one healthy one from the
same plant. Fig. 3. Young bud blighted, the pathogen extendrug into
and attacking the stem. Fig. 4. Botrytis blighted leaves. Note the
powdery spore masses on the leaf showing the lower surface. Fig. 5. An
old diseased stalk covered with minute sclerotia of the Botrytis.

MASS. HORT. SOC, 1915

PLATE 1

Whetzel— Diseases of the Peony

MASS. HORT. SOC, 1915

PLATE 2

Whetzei. — Diseases of the Peony

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1915

PART II

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN

TRANSACTIONS

|1[assac|us^tfe JijrMtoral ^jjdelg

FOR THE YEAR 1915

PART II

BOSTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

1915.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications,

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Wilfrid Wheeler

Chairman
George B. Dorr
Prof. F. C. Sears
Fred A. Wilson

Committee

on

Lectures and

Publications

114

CO|NTiENTS

Annual Reports for the Year 1915

Report of the Board of Trustees . . . .
Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions
Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
Report of the Committee on Fruits
Report of the Committee on Vegetables .
Report of the Committee on Gardens .
Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens

119
129
131
175
193
209
213

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications 217

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul- 219
ture .......

Report of the Secretary and Librarian .

Report of the Treasurer ....
The Annual Meeting, November 13, 1915

Necrology, 1915

Officers, Committees, and Members, 1915

227
229
237
241
247

V

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1915.

117

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

1915, PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
FOR THE YEAR 1915.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society has held eight meetings during the year 1915 and a sum-
mary of the business transacted is presented herewith to the
members of the Society.

January 2. The following communication from Sir Harry J.
Veitch of London was presented and ordered to be entered upon
the records of the Board:

34, Redcliffe Gardens,

South Kensington, S. W.
Oct. 21, 1914.
William P. Rich, Esq.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Boston.
Dear Sir,

I am favoured with your letter of the 6th inst. informing me that the
Board of Trustees of j'our Society have conferred upon me the great honour
of the George Robert White Medal of Honour for 1914.

I beg you to assure your Board that I appreciate most highly this great
and unexpected recognition of any services I may have rendered to Horti-
culture with which I liave been actively connected for nearly sixty years.
It will afford me the greatest possible gratification to receive this mark of
their esteem. I am, Dear Su",

Yours very faithfully,

Harry J. Veitch.
119

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Walter Hunnewell was appointed Treasurer of the Society,
William P. Rich was appointed Secretary, Librarian, and Superin-
tendent of the Building, and James Wheeler was appointed Superin-
tendent of Exhibitions for the year 1915.

An appropriation of $400.00, in addition to the income of the
French and Farlow Funds, was voted for the library, and $300.00
for expenses and awards was voted for the Committee on Gardens
for the ensuing year.

It was voted to extend the courtesies of the Society to the
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture and the use of the halls,
free of expense, was granted to the Board for its winter meeting
in Boston in December next.

The vote of the Board of Trustees passed at its meeting April 4,
1914, in regard to the receipts for life membership fees, was taken
up and discussed. It was voted to refer the matter to the Treasurer
with a recommendation that the entire amount of receipts for life
membership fees be transferred to the permanent funds of the
Society provided that it could be done without making too large
a deficit for the present year.

The following vote of the Society adopted at its Annual Meeting,
November 14, 1914, was taken up for consideration:

J
Motion Offered by Mr. C. H. W. Foster.

Whereas it is some fourteen or fifteen years since the building of this
Society was constructed, and

Whereas the needs of the Society and possibility of income from the
rental of its hall have changed,

Now, therefore, be it moved;

That it is the sense of this meeting that the Trustees consider the advisa-
bility of reconstructing the interior of the building of the Society, so that
it will be better adapted to the purposes of the Society and will bring about
an increase in its income, and that the Trustees be requested to make a
report upon this subject at a special meeting of the Society to be called
not later than May 1st, 1915.

It was voted that a committee of three be appointed by the
President and Vice President Saltonstall, of which committee
Mr. Saltonstall shall be a member, to consider the vote of the
Society and report at a special meeting of the Board to be held

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 121

prior to May 1; and it was further voted than an appropriation
not exceeding $500.00 be made for expert advice in the matter.

January 15. President Farquhar stated that the meeting had
been called to consider the advisability of some changes in the
methods of carrying on the work of the Society. He said that the
present policy was not advancing horticulture, that the lines of
activity were very restricted, and that there was need of broadening
out the work of the Society if it is to maintain an advanced position
in horticulture.

He suggested a reduction in the number of exhibitions and making
them on a larger scale so as to attract the interest of horticulturists
from without the state. We were spending, he said, $7000.00
annually which in his opinion was not returning to the Society the
value of this expenditure. He also suggested that moving pictures
might be made useful in teaching methods of horticulture such as
the pruning of trees, etc., and that the Schedules of Exhibitions
should be prepared two years in advance.

That the Trustees may have opportunity to study these sugges-
tions he advocated the appointment of a special committee to be
called the Committee on Horticultural Progress.

It was voted that the President appoint such a committee to
consist of five members, three of whom should be members of the
Board, the others from the membership of the Society, and to
report back to the Board.

Mr. Hunnewell called attention to the vote of the Trustees in
regard to the transfer of the receipts for life membership fees to the
permanent funds of the Society, stating that this action had caused
a deficit in the year's financial statement of approximately $2500.00.

February 19. The following memorial was read by the Secretary
and adopted:

Ifn /Dbemorlam.

Charles Wallingford Parker.

Since the last meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society our associate member, Charles Wallingford Parker,
has been called to the higher life.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For sixty-three years he was engaged in business in this city and he has
left a record of honorable dealing that has made his name and that of his
firm an example of the highest ideals of commercial life. In the midst of an
active business career he found time for the cultivation of interest in the
finer things of life and he was especially devoted to the objects for which
this Society was established. His love for horticultural pursuits was
strong and on his Marblehead acres he developed from the ruggedest
environment an estate that is considered by horticulturists a model for the
treatment of such places on our rocky coast.

From the year 1898 until the time of his death he was actively interested
in the executive management of the Society, as Chairman of committees
and as Vice President in 1909 and 1910 and as President during the years
1911 and 1912.

In appreciation of his services to this Society and to horticulture generally
and as an expression of the high esteem in which his memory is held by his
associates it is therefore voted that this memorial be entered upon the
records of the Board and a copy sent to his family in testimony of our
heartfelt sympathy in their bereavement.

Professor Sargent spoke on the subject of the proposed Com-
mittee on Horticultural Progress. He said that this committee
should all be members of the Board and that its duties should be of
an advisory rather than of an executive character.

After a general discussion of the subject Mr. Saltonstall offered
the following motion and moved that it be substituted for the
motion adopted at the meeting of January 15.

Voted : — That, pursuant to the provision of Clause (5) of Sec-
tion IX. of the By-Laws, the Board of Trustees shall appoint a
committee to be known as the Executive Committee, to be com-
posed of the President of the Society, ex officio, and four members
of the Board of Trustees. The Secretary of the Society shall act
as Secretary of the Executive Committee.

That the Executive Committee shall have the general power to
advise and assist the Board of Trustees, to examine and report to
the Trustees on all appropriations, to consider and suggest names
of members of committees to be appointed by the Trustees, to keep
itself informed of the work of the committees appointed by the
Trustees, and to make from time to time to the Trustees suggestions
for the improvement of the Society and the extension of its work
for the development of horticulture, it being understood that no
power is hereby given to the Executive Committee which in any

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 123

way conflicts or interferes with the rights and powers of the Trustees
under the By-Laws.

The motion of Mr. Saltonstall was unanimously adopted and
the President appointed as this committee Messrs. Sargent, Salton-
stall, Allen, and Roland.

The committee appointed at the last meeting of the Board in
reference to the vote of the Society passed at its Annual Meeting
in November last reported informally through its Chairman, Mr.
Saltonstall. He said that this committee had held several meetings
and had consulted with architects and real estate men in regard to
the proposed remodelling of the Society's building. The commit-
tee, however, was not ready at present to make any definite recom-
mendations in the matter.

April 3. A communication from Sir Harry J. Veitch was read,
acknowledging with much appreciation the receipt of the George
Robert White Medal of Honor recently forwarded to him.

It wa^ voted to substitute the term Advisory Committee in
place of Executive Committee as voted at the meeting of February
19.

William C. Endicott of Dan vers was elected a Trustee for the
remainder of the year to fill the vacancy in the Board occasioned
by the death of Charles W. Parker.

An appropriation of $6000.00, in addition to the income of the
special prize funds of the Society, was voted for prizes and gratui-
ties for the year 1916.

Professor Sargent, Chairman of the Committee on Library, sent a
communication in regard to the publication of a catalogue of the
library which has been in preparation during the last two years.
He estimated the cost of the printing and binding at about $3000.00.
It was voted that the sum of $1500.00 be appropriated from the
funds of the Society, provided that an additional amount of
$1500.00 be secured by the Library Committee from other sources.

President Farquhar called attention to the proposed field meet-
ings of the Society to be held during the present year, and suggested
a. series of visits to the Arnold Arboretum with a competent in-
structor in charge.

It was voted to refer the matter to the Committee on Gardens

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

with authority to carry the proposed plan into effect, and an
appropriation of $200.00 was voted for this purpose.

An appropriation not exceeding $500.00, to include the income
of the John Lewis Russell Fund, was voted for the lecture course
of the year 1916.

July 26. The following recommendation from the Committee
on Prizes and Exhibitions was presented:

At a meeting of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions held
June 30, 1915, the following vote was adopted:

The Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions desires to express to the
Board of Trustees that in the opinion of the members of this committee
it is inadvisable to hold fortnightly exhibitions during the year 1916 as
recommended by the Advisory Committee.

Mr. Wheeler moved an amendment to the report of the Advisory
Committee in the matter of the exhibitions for the year 1916,
substituting monthly exhibitions in place of fortnightly exhibi-
tions. The amendment was not adopted.

Mr. Saltonstall stated that the doings of the Advisory Committee
should be approved by the full Board of Trustees. He said that
the action of this committee in the matter of the exhibitions for
the year 1916 intended to emphasize the monthly shows and that
the other exhibitions of the month should be of a less important
character.

The records of the several meetings of the Advisory Committee,
up to and including that of July 21, were read by the Secretary,
on request, and it was voted that the doings of the Advisory Com-
mittee in the interim of the Board meetings be approved.

Another recommendation from the Committee on Prizes and
Exhibitions was presented as follows:

At a meeting of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions held June 16,
1915, it was voted to recommend to the Board of Trustees that the unex-
pended balance of the appropriation for prizes and gratuities for the year
1915 be added to the appropriation for 1916 to be used for the two large
exhibitions of that year.

It was voted that this recommendation of the Committee on
Prizes and Exhibitions be referred to the Advisory Committee to
confer with the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 125

August 12. The Advisory Committee submitted its report on
the Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year 1916, approving
the arrangement as presented by the Committee on Prizes and
Exhibitions with the exception of the third prizes in the fruit list
and the increase of the first and second prizes for fruits. The
Advisory Committee recommended the elimination of the third
prize in the Schedule and that the first and second prizes for fruits
be the same as in the Schedule for 1915.

It was voted to accept and approve the Schedule of Prizes and
Exhibitions for the year 1916 as recommended by the Advisory
Committee.

The President stated that the Schedule of the Society should be
prepared two or three years in advance and recommended an
amendment to Article 4, Section IX of the By-Laws in order that
such a change could be carried into effect. It was voted that the
matter of the proposed amendment be referred to Mr. Saltonstall
with authority to prepare such an amendment to be approved by
the Board and submitted to the Society at the annual meeting in
November.

A communication from Mr. Charles F. Fairbanks was presented
offering to the Society a gift of $135.00 to be devoted to prizes at
the exhibitions of the year 1916. It was voted to accept the offer
of Mr. Fairbanks with thanks for his interest in the matter and to
refer it to the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

The special committee consisting of Messrs. Saltonstall, Allen,
and Farquhar, appointed January 2, 1915, to consider the subject
of remodelling the Society's Building, presented a written report
stating that it is not expedient at the present time to undertake
such alteration. It was voted that the report of this special
committee be accepted and placed on file.

Mr. Allen referred to the desirability of changing the color of
the brick walls of the large exhibition hall of the Society's Building
and the matter was referred to the Finance Committee to report
at the next meeting of the Board.

The thanks of the Trustees were extended to Mr. Kidder for
his gift of a dozen handsome chairs for the Trustees' room.

October 2. Mr. Saltonstall, to whom was referred at the previous
meeting the preparation of amendments to the By-Laws of the

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Society permitting appropriations for prizes and gratuities to be
made two or three years in advance, reported the following amend-
ments :

1. That the second paragraph of Section II of the By-Laws be amended
so as to provide that the Trustees may appropriate a sum or sums amount-
ing to more than $5000 for the purpose of prizes and gratuities, provided
that there shaU not be appropriated for the purpose of being expended
in any one year, in addition to the income of special prize funds of the
Society, a sum or sums exceeding the amount of the general income of the
Society for the iDreceding year apphcable for such purpose as shown by the
report of the Treasurer, so that the said second paragraph of Section II as
so amended shall read as follows :

The Trustees or any five of them, or any fifteen members of the
Society, may propose business to be considered at any special meeting,
of which proposed business notice shall be given as provided in Section
I. No sale of the Society's real estate, and no expenditure or contract
therefor, amounting to more than $5000 for any one purpose, shall,
except as provided in the next paragraph of this section, be valid and
binding on the Society unless authorized by vote of the Society.

The Trustees may appropriate a sum or sums amounting to more
than $5000 for the purpose of prizes and gratuities, provided that
there shall not be appropriated for the purpose of being expended in
any one year, in addition to the income of the special prize funds of the
Society, a sum or sums exceeding the amount of the general income
of the Society for the preceding year applicable for such purpose
as shown by the report of the Treasurer.

2. That Clause 4 of Section IX of the By-Laws of the Society be and
the same hereby is amended so as to provide that appropriations for prizes
and gratuities may be made by the Trustees not more than three years in
advance so that said Clause 4 of Section IX as so amended shall read as
follows :

Section IX. (4) They shall consider and pass upon all questions
of the appropriation of money including the amounts to be appropri-
ated for prizes and gratuities. Appropriations for prizes and gratui-
ties may be made by them not more than three years in advance and
they shall, at the annual meeting, report to the Society the amounts
they have so appropriated for prizes and gratuities and also such other
appropriations as they think meet for the ensuing year. They may,
however, subject to the provisions of Section II, make such additional
appropriations for the purposes of the Society as they deem proper.

3. That Clause 7 of Section IX of the By-Laws of the Society be and
the same hereby is amended so as to provide that exhibitions of flowers.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 127

plants, fruits and vegetables may be arranged for by the Trustees not more
than three years in advance, and shall be announced at the annual meeting
of the Society, so that said Clause 7 of Section IX as so amended shall
read as follows :

Section IX. (7) They shall arrange for six or more exhibitions
of flowers, plants, fruits and vegetables each year, and shall have the
entire charge of all arrangements for conducting the same. Such exhi-
bitions may be arranged for by them not more than three years in
advance and shall be announced each year at the annual meeting of
the Society.

It was voted to approve the proposed amendments and to
submit them for the action of the Society at the Annual Meeting,
November 13.

An appropriation of $350.00 was voted for prizes for children's
gardens for the year 1916.

The President appointed Messrs. Kidder, Dane, Wilder, and
Roland a special committee to report at the next meeting a list of
nominations for the standing committees of the Society for the
ensuing year.

December 4. The committee on additional special prizes for
the Society's exhibitions in the year 1916 reported through Mr.
Saltonstall that practically the amount of subscriptions desired
had been secured. It was voted that the matter of these special
prizes be referred to the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions
in conjunction with the special committee.

The special committee on the award of the George Robert White
Medal of Honor for the year 1915 reported the name of Ernest
Henry Wilson. The committee stated that Mr. Wilson was
worthy of this award for no one in recent j-ears had done more for
the advancement of horticulture than he, for he had introduced to
cultivation a greater number of desirable garden plants than had
ever before been accomplished by any one man.

On motion of Mr. Saltonstall, seconded by Professor Sargent,
it was voted with acclamation to award the George Robert White
Medal of Honor for the year 1915 to Ernest Henry Wilson.

The committee of the Board appointed to present a list of the vari-
ous standing committees of the Society for the ensuing year reported
through its Chairman, Mr. Kidder, the following nominations :

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Standing Committees of the Society
FOR THE Year 1916.

Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, Arthur F. Estabrook,

Stephen M. Weld.
Membership : — R. M. Saltonstall, Chairman, Thomas Allen,

Thomas Roland.
Prizes and Exliibitions : — James Wheeler, Chairman, John K. M.

L. Farquhar, Duncan Finlayson, T. D. Hatfield, A. H.

Wingett.
Plants and Flowers : — William Anderson, Chairman, Arthur H.

Fewkes, S. J. Goddard, Donald McKenzie, William Sim.
Fruits: — Edward B. Wilder, Chairman, William Downs, Ralph

W. Rees.
Vegetables : — John L. Smith, Chairman, ^ Henry M. Howard,

William C. Rust. ^

Gardens: — R. M. Saltonstall, Chairman, David R. Craig, Jackson

T. Dawson, William Nicholson, Charles Sander.
Library: — Charles S. Sargent, Chairman, Ernest B. Dane,

Nathaniel T. Kidder.
Lectures : — Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman, John K. M. L. Farquhar,

F. C. Sears, Fred A. Wilson.
Children's Gardens : — Henry S. Adams, Chairman, Wm. N. Craig,

Dr. Harris Kennedy, Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody, Miss

Margaret A. Rand.

The nominations as reported by the committee were adopted.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1915.

By James Wheeler, Chairman.

The exhibitions of 1915 showed a marked improvement over
1914, both in quahty and increase in the number of exhibitors.
The receipts of the pay shows were $1819.00 more than in the
previous 3'ear and the attendance at the free shows was very good.

Your committee was instructed by the Board of Trustees to
arrange the Schedule of Prizes for the year 1916 to include a large
pay exhibition in May and fortnightly shows during the year.
This will give frequent opportunity to bring before the Society
new, rare, and interesting plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables
and should encourage specialists to exhibit collections and improved
varieties during the season.

If each member would bring in anything he may have of inter-
est to horticulture we would be living up to the Charter of our
Society which is for the purpose of encouraging and improving the
science and practice of horticulture and promoting the amelioration
of the various species of trees, fruits, plants, and vegetables and the
introduction of new species and varieties.

Your committee has prepared as strong a Schedule as the funds
appropriated will permit. When other societies are offering
$15000.00 for one show our appropriation of $6000.00 with the
income of the special funds of about $3000.00 does not seem much
to make up a schedule for a whole year.

As Chairman I want to thank my committee for their untiring
efforts, careful consideration of every detail, and their regular
attendance at the numerous meetings held this year.

The Schedule for 1916 has been carefully prepared and approved
by the Board of Trustees.

James Wheeler
Duncan Finlayson
Peter Fisher

S. J. G0DD.\RD

T. D. Hatfield
Edwin Jenkins
Dr. W. G. Kendall
Edward B. Wilder

129

Committee

on Prizes

and Exhibitions.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1915.

By T. D. Hatfield, Chairman.

The exhibitions of the year 1915 were above the average and the
spring and autumn shows were especially noteworthy.

Winter Exhibitions.

Carnations were the feature of the Midwinter Show held on
February 6. The prize winners were J. A. Nelson of Framingham,
A. A. Pembroke of Beverly, S. J. Goddard of Framingham, and
Strouts of Biddeford, Maine.

Pink Delight is well established as the best pink Carnation.
Beacon is still at the front among red varieties. Mrs. C. W. Ward
is the best rose-pink variety, and Benora the best variegated.
Gorgeous of salmon-pink tints was exceedingly well shown by
A. A. Pembroke, but as yet has not established itself in popular
favor. Matchless, White Wonder, and White Perfection compete
for favor among whites. A. Roper of Tewksbury showed his new
light pink variety, Miss Alice Coombs, in excellent condition and
was awarded a Silver Medal.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer showed a fine specimen plant of Acacia
heterophylla and Miss Cornelia Warren had a good g meral display
of spring-flowering plants, including Heaths, Cytisus, Cyclamen,
and Primulas. W. W. Edgar Co. put up a nfat display of com-
mercial plants, including Palms, Ferns, Cytisus, Acacia Drum-
mondii, Azaleas, and Tulips.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner's group of Orchids included some very fine
Calanthe Veitchii and Duncan Finlayson's specimen Dendrobium
Wardianu7n was extra well grown and flowered.

On February 27 some unusual Orchids were shown by E. B.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Dane. A Silver Medal was awarded him for Sophro-Cattleya
Thwaitesii {Sophronitis grandiflora X Cattleya Mendelii) which may
be described as a diminutive Cattleya, enriched with the vivid
tints of the Sophronitis.

A First Class Certificate also was awarded him for the bi-generic
Orchid Odontioda C harlesworthii {Odontoglossum Harryanum X
Cochlioda. Noetzliana). The characteristics of both parents were
plainly evident in this hybrid.

A Certificate of Honorable Mention was awarded E. B. Dane for
a hybrid Cattleya {Cattleya Schroderae X Cattleya Thayeriana),
color a lavender self.

Spring Exhibition.

The Spring Show of March 18-21, 1915, was the best we have
had for years. All the halls were filled to the limit, even the
vestibule, and crowded besides. There was no room for chairs.
Those of us who are interested enough to be close observers have
noticed the large number of elderly people who visit our shows, so
that this convenience was very much missed. Gratifying as it was
that the attendance was good it was nevertheless made clear that
if we are to have shows good enough to draw a large patronage to
make the Society the success we aim at we shall need more room.

The Farquhars' Dutch Garden was the drawing card. By this
is meant it was what brought the people. There were many other
excellent exhibits and the quality of the material was of a high
order throughout.

Much as your committee disapproves of the present fashion in
table decoration there is no denying the fact that it is a great
attraction. While on ths matter of table decorations it may be as
well to say what we have in mind now. With probably one excep-
tion all the tables at this exhibition were overloaded. It should
never be forgotten that tables are primarily for carrying food and
the function of dining. Flowers are secondary. Most of the
decorators appeared to be obsessed with the idea that they were
for flowers only.

Notwithstanding that the International Flower Show was in
progress in New York, the National Rose Society did itself full

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 133

credit. A wonderful lot of Roses was staged. The Killarney type
eclipsed all others in pink and white shades. Joseph Heacock of
Wyncote, Pa., A. N. Pierson of Cromwell, Ct., S. J. Reuter of
Westerly, R. I., Waban Rose Conservatories of Natick, and Mont-
gomery Co. of Hadley were the principal exhibitors.

A. N. Pierson showed a magnificent vase of Mrs. Aaron Ward,
a glorious yellow Rose. Mr. Heacock's Lady Hillingdon was
another yellow Rose of high quality. J. Welsh Young of New York
showed My Maryland, an unequaled shell pink. Renter's Mrs.
Taft, a tinted cream, was very much admired. Prince d'Arenberg
from A. N. Pierson is a beautiful velvety crimson. There was also
the coppery Sunburst from Reuter; Radiance from Heacock, that
delightful pink; Mrs. Charles Russell and its deeply colored sport,
Mrs. Bayard Thayer, from the Waban Rose Conservatories; and
the Hadley from Montgomery of Hadley, Mass. This last, the
Hadley, is probably the finest crimson Rose in existence. Combined
with its fine form and good lasting qualities it has a most delightful
fragrance.

Roses in pots in fine form were shown by Thomas Roland of
Nahant whose collection embraced all the best decorative varieties
as well as many of the best climbing types. The decorative value
of the climbers exceeds that of any other class of Roses.

Other exhibitors in this class were the W. W. Edgar Co., whose
collection, though smaller, was equally good in the quality of the
material, and Mr. Palmer of Brookline, who put up an excellent
group, including some fine standards of the climbing Tausendschon,
all set up in excellent taste.

M. H. Walsh of Woods Hole sent a large collection of specimen
Rambler Roses which included all the best this noted raiser has
produced. They were large trained specimens and entirely filled
one end of the hall. It comes pretty near being the last time we
shall see such a large collection of well-grown plants of this class
from him. The White Gold Medal of Honor, only awarded to
those who have excelled in special branches of horticulture has
recently been given to Mr. ^^'alsh, and the American Rose Society's
Silver Medal to this display.

William Sim of Cliftondale showed a wonderful lot of winter-
flowering Sweet Peas. He has done this so often that we have

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

come to expect it, but we did not expect Sweet Peas with flower
stems nearly two feet long, carrying four flowers each, as a regular
thing. A Silver Medal was awarded Mr. Sim for his group and
the following named varieties were given First Class Certificates
of Merit: Orchid Beauty, cerise; Rose Queen, medium pink;
Anita Wehrmann, lavender; Venus, white; and Mrs. Skaach, pink.

Walter Hunnewell made a large display of specimen Erica
melanthera.

The Silver Medal for the best Orchid display went to Mrs. C. G,
Weld. The material was excellent and the display was well set up.
In the group were good plants of Dendrobium JVardianum, Cypripe-
diums, Coelogynes, Oncidiums, Cattleyas, and Odontoglossums.

F. J. Dolansky won the Bronze Medal with exceptionally well-
grown Cattleya Trianae, C. Schroderae, C. gigas, and C. speciosissima
in his group.

The Faulkner Farm, Wm. N. Craig, gardener, sent an excellent
collection of Orchids, mainly Dendrobiums and Odontoglossums,
all very fine types. E. B. Dane's collection of Orchids was extra
choice, including Miltonias, Phalaenopsis, Laelio-Cattleya Gen.
French (Laelia cinnaharina X Cattleya Trianae), fine forms of
Oncidium varicosum Rogersii, Dendrobium Wardianmn, Phalaenop-
sis Reimstadtiana, Renanthera Imschootiana, and Odontoglossum
Hysterin.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer's Acacias were a most attractive feature
and were- placed where they showed to good advantage. The
group included Acacia heterophylla, A. Drummondii, A. cor data,
A. armata, A. Riceana, A. pulchella, and A. verticillata.

Cyclamens are a standing feature of our Spring Shows and have
been uniformly good for many years. Competition is always
keen. Honors were divided between Mrs. Lester Leland, E. A.
Clark, and Mrs. J. L. Gardner. The W. W. Edgar Co. made a
pretty display of new French Hydrangeas which proved quite a
feature.

Detail in Farquhars' Dutch Garden was well carried out. The
canvas and windmill were necessary to carry out the illusion
perfectly. As a picture it was unique. The basic features were
Bay trees, Cedars, Laurels, flowering Cherries, Laburnums,
Cytisus, and Forsythias, filled in with Azalea Kaempferi, Ghent

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 135

and Mollis Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Lilacs, Spiraeas, Box bushes,
Roses, Primroses, Wallflowers, Lily of the Valley, and a general
collection of spring-flowering bulbous plants.

A fountain in the center, margined with pink Spiraea, Asparagus
Sprengeri, Callas, and dwarf Wistaria, made a pretty color effect.

In front was a flower bed, in which the floral combination was
Schizanthus and Primula vialacoides, blue and white. A small
house with red-tiled roof and sabots for the feet of the attendants
completed the picture.

Mr. Roland staged a group of commercial sized hardwooded
plants, including Acacia Drummondii, Chorizemas, Camellias,
Boronias, Erica Cavendishii, E. Wihioriana, E. King Edward, E.
codonodes, E. melanthera, E. persoluta, and E. cupressina.

Carnations were shown by Edw. Winkler of Wakefield, M. A.
Patten, John Nelson, Roper, and others. Winkler's Morning
Glow, shown for the first time, made a good impression. It is
near to the old Grace Wilder in color, soft light pink, a shade that
is very much in demand. Other varieties were, Beacon, Benora,
Pink Delight, and Philadelphia.

The first prize for the best decorative group went to the Weld
Garden, composed of flowering and foliage plants, and most
effectively arranged. Palms and Ferns made the background,
with flowering plants as a filling, including Primulas, Schizanthus,
Cyclamen, Orchids, Imantophyllums, Rhododendrons, Cytisus,
•Antirrhinums, Wallflowers, and White Broom.

In the W. W. Edgar group were se\'eral good things. The
features were bold and well distributed. A bright red Bottle
Brush, Callistemon lanceolatus, usually known as Metrosideros
floribunda, was a stranger to most of the visitors. It is a native
of Australasia, and is interesting as representing an ancient flora,
now peculiar to that part of the world. Hydrangeas, Lilacs,
Lilies, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Cytisus, made up the rest of
a very showy group.

The Faulkner Farm, W. X. Craig, gardener, made a display of
foliage and flowering plants which for even good quality was
unexcelled, and included Heaths, Marguerites, Rhododendron
Pink Pearl, Broom, and Cytisus. Mr. Craig had also a group of
Cinerarias, representing the various t^^^jes, which was interesting

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

as showing the various forms and steps taken to bring the Cineraria
to its present degree of perfection. Sim's Pansies made a hit,
a beautiful lot in exquisite colors.

D. R. Craig of Wellesley set up a pretty lot of flowering and
berried plants. Conspicuous among them were fine specimens of
Ardisia crenulata and Ahutilon megapotamicwn.

Jackson Dawson was aw^arded a First Class Certificate of Merit
for a hybrid Azalea {A. Kaempferi X A. Amoena), quite intermedi-
ate in form, with the color of A. Kaempferi.

Mrs. Luther Adams Breck made a large and very interesting
display of Darwin Tulips. The first prize for the general bulbous
display went to Mrs. C. G. Weld with one of the best exhibits in
point of numbers, variety, and general make up, we have had for
years. Other bulbous plants were quite up to the average and
competition close.

May Exhibition.

The May Show, May 15 and 16, did not seem to "hit it right"
as to the proper date for Tulips and Narcissi, so that only part of
the Schedule was in competition. Pelargoniums and Pansies were
up to the mark. Herbaceous Calceolarias came from E. A. Clark
and the hybrid Stewartii from Mrs. C. G. Weld. Late-flowering
Tulips came from the Faulkner Farm and Narcissi from Wm.
Whitman.

Miscellaneous exhibits were yellow Marguerites from James
Wheeler of Natick and Hydrangea Radiance, a fine pink, from
Mrs. J. L. Gardner. A Silver Medal was awarded to F. J. Dolansky
for excellence in variety of Cattleya Mossiae.

Miss Ruth G. Taylor of Westfield made a very interesting
exhibit of native plants including Asarum, Dentaria, Polygala,
Hepatica, Sanguinaria, Trillium erythrocarpum, and T. erectum.
Wild flowers were displayed also by Lester D. Watson of Dor-
chester including Viburnum, Gold Thread, Trillium, Lamium,
Anemonella, Saxifraga, Uvularia, Polygonatum, and Potentilla.

On May 29, the committee was surprised with an exliibit of
hybrid Irises from Miss Grace Sturtevant of Wellesley Farms.
They were crosses between Iris squalens, aurea-reticulata, fiorentina,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 137

sambucina, pallida, Cengialti, orientalu-sanguinea, and pseudacorus.
Many of these and their hybrids and forms have been loosely
gathered under the collective name of German Iris. From their
parentage, at least in part, some of them are liable to the latter
designation; others not being hybrids pure and simple.

The list of varieties today of what are known as German Iris is a
large one; but when we come to make a careful selection, say of a
dozen of the best and most distinctive, we find we have about all
there is in variety. There evidently has been little scientific
hybridization, without which we cannot look for definite results,
in the creation of new forms and varieties.

Miss Sturtevant's process of hybridizing has been carried out
scientifically and the records carefully kept. Some of the crosses
were so wide apart that results of value could hardly be expected,
nevertheless, results, in some cases most astonishing, occurred.

Ten varieties received the Society's First Class Certificate of
Merit; six on the 29th of May and four on the 5th of June. There
were 22 in all exhibited, and we doubt if any of them could be
duplicated in commerce.

Miss Sturtevant's descriptions and records of the crosses of the
varieties certificated, together with a brief outline of her work in
her own words, is given herewith.

Description of Twelve Hybrid German Irises, Exhibited
May 29, 1915.

By Grace Sturtevant, Wellesley Farms, Mass.

1. PAL-AUREA. First Class Certificate.

A very good example of a first generation hybrid blending
noticeably the characteristics of the parents, in height (30").
growth and color giving a smoky-violet with a rich, glowing yellow
effect through the center. The pallida shaped bloom of good size
and substance is rich and somber.

2. PRESTIGE (IGNITITIA X STRIATA). First Class Certificate.
Standards bright clear yellow, upright and ruffled. Falls the

same color but white towards the center where it is widely veined
with light brown; horizontal with ruffled ends; 18".

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

3. ELINOR (QUEEN OF MAY X ROSE UNIQUE). First Class

Certificate.

Very light, clear pink bloom, white through center, with less
lavender and yellow than either parent; 18" high, erect with side
blooms held close to the stem. Each blossom lasts three or four
days.

4. MAGNATE (JACQUINIANA X CYPRIANA CATERINA). First

Class Certificate.

A large, heavy bloom with upright, fluted standards and velvety
crimson falls which hang perpendicularly from the middle of the
beard; the haft is light yellow veined with crimson. The blossom
is held upright and close to the stem which is 27" long.

5. QUEEN CATERINA (QUEEN OF MAY X CYPRIANA CATER-

INA). First Class Certificate.

It has a three and a half foot flexuous stem with five or six blooms
of very light lavender, except for the white haft veined with yellow-
brown. It is the shape of Cypriana Caterina.

6. SARABAND (EDINA X IRIS KING). First Class Certificate.

The shape of Iris King though more slender in growth. Light
peach color throughout except the rich velvety crimson center of
the fall. There is a quarter-inch light border, the extreme margin
is dark, and there is a light line down the center.

The Above Six were those Chosen for the First Class Certificates

OF Merit.
r

7. DEMURE (JACQUINIANA X ROSE UNIQUE).

Standards a light transparent pinkish-brown; falls a deep rose
on brown. The shape of Rose Unique. Height 27".

8. TRUTH (ORIFLAMME X COUNT DE ST. CLAIR).

Clear white, style arms light pink, crest veined with blue. Stem
2' with blossoms on short stalks near top. Exquisite and graceful.

9. ROSECRANS (ORIFLAMME X HECTOR).

A sturdy much branched, floriferous plant. Standards a light
shade of old rose and so widely opened that the yellow style arms

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 139

show. Fall deep old rose, heavily veined darker, horizontal with
the tip of the blade drooping. Size of Hector.

10. MERLIN (ORIFLAMME X IRIS KING).

Flower large and of good substance. Standards smoky lavender
faintly veined with violet, fluted upright and open. Falls red-
purple to beard, haft white veined purple, beard conspicuous,
orange. Height 30".

11. CORDON BLEU (SAMBUCINA X ISOLA).

Self-colored very dark blue purple. Stem slender, 2| feet.
Blossom short and broad, falls flare, beard white with orange tips.

12. GARNET (DR. BERNICE X QUEEN OF MAY).

A pink Dr. Bernice though smaller throughout. Standards,
color of Queen of May; Falls, dark velvety garnet. Height 21".

A Description of Ten Hybrid Irises Exhibited by

'Grace Sturtevant, Wellesley Farms, Mass.; June 5 & 6, 1915.

1. PRINCE CHARMING (ORIFLAMME X COUNT DE ST.

CLAIR). First Class Certificate.

A very refined and dainty white bloom, a short broad oval in
outline. Standards and falls faintly fringed with blue. Style
arms and crest violet-blue. The blooms are borne close to and near
the top of the 2' slender stem.

2. B. Y. MORRISON (EDINA X IRIS KING). First Class Certi-

ficate.

Standards clear blue-lavender, 3" long and If" broad. Falls, a
solid, velvety purple blade bordered with a quarter inch band of
blue-lavender, (the color of the standards). The extreme edge is
dark, the falls flare and the veins next the beard are dark, red-
purple, and heavy. Falls 3|" long, If" wide.

3. AFTERGLOW (PALLIDA DALMATIC A X AUREA). First

Class Certificate.

Light pink- or buff -gray shading to a soft rich yellow in the center,
the shape of Pal. Speciosa. Stem branching 3'.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

4. Q. C. (QUEEN OF MAY X CYPRIAN A CATERINA). First

Class Certificate.

Self colored delicate pink-lavender, large and of fine shape and
substance. Shape of Cypriana. Falls flare, 5" long, 2|" wide.
Standards 4" long, overlap at top. End of beard blush.

The Above Four Received First Class Certificates op Merit./

5. RAIvAN (EDINA X IRIS KING).

Standards yellow, short, fluted, 2|" long, Ij" wide. Falls,
blade solid purple for Y' breaking into heavy branching veins on a
white ground 1" in front of beard. Yellow border jg" wide. Falls
3" long, 1|" wide, horizontal.

6. BASHIBAZUK (SHELFORD CHIEFTAIN X CYPRIANA CA-

TERINA).

Enormous flower; crowded blooms. Standards blue-lavender,
5" long, 3" wide, upright. Falls with a deeper blush of red-violet
in center. They droop from the beard and are even in outline,
5" long, 2|" wide. Haft white, straight across at beard veined
yellow-brown.

7. CONSTANCE (MADAME CHEREAU X IRIS KING).

In shape and growth similar to Iris King. Bright lavender,
center of standards lighter, haft of falls veined on white.

8. CARIB (HONORABLE X HECTOR).

Shape and size of Hector 27" high, stout and low branching,
10 or 11 blooms often to a stalk. Standards, light pink-buff. Falls
similar with interlacing of crimson veins. Yellow style arms and
orange beard give a charming effect.

9. RANGOON (ORIFLAMME X CELESTE).

Violet-purple. Falls a shade darker. Standards the shape and
size of Oriflamme. 18" high.

10. MUSQUETEER (CORDELIA X CYPRIANA CATERINA).

Haft heavily veined on white and orange beard cor^spicuous.
Clear rich violet, of Cypriana type. Standards lighter. 3' tall,
upright. Two branches with close held blooms, 6 or 7 to stalk.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 141

I had had for a number of years, quite a collection of named ii'ises in my
garden, but it was not until 1909 when my interest was aroused by the
blooming of half a dozen chance seedlmgs that I began to hybridize them.

That first year I made a great many crosses but obtained only a few
pods and those poorly filled with seed, the result of faultj^ procedure and
from attempting to cross too divergent species.

I have however, obtained a cross with Sambucina X Orientalis sanguinea,
another with Orientalis sanguinea X Cengialti, one with Cengialti and
Hecata, and one from Pseudacorus with pollen from Mrs. G. Darwin.
This last however, refuses to bloom. They are interesting botanically but
are of poor growth. It may be of interest to note here that I have failed
to obtain a single seed from any plant in the Germanica Section last summer,
which was very favorable for seed production. I had three promising pods
but they proved to be empty. W. R. Dykes says it is impossible to obtain
seed in England but that in a warmer climate the result might be better.

I have kept careful records hoping to ascertain the laws governing the
dominance of the most prominent garden characteristics, such as size, shape,
color, and markings of the bloom, and the habit of growth, but thus far,
judging from my seedlings, the only thing that can be counted on is the
surprising variety. I can recognize in the seedhng points derived from one
or the other parent, but I should hesitate to predict even the color. Out. of
nearly one thousand plants I have had less than a dozen just like one of the
parents.

June Exhibitions.

German Irises were the feature of the exhibition of June 5.
Interest was again centered in Miss Sturtevant's unique display.

Standard varieties were shown by J. K. Alexander, East Bridge-
water, E. M. Dunphe, Elmwood, G. N. Smith, Wellesley, T. C.
Thurlow's Sons, West Newbury, and Mrs. Frederick Ayer of New-
ton Highlands.

Here follows a list of 22 varieties, being a selection of the best,
from five displays, with a description of each and the number of
times displayed:

falls yellow,

pencilled light brown 5

falls purple 1

" pencilled violet-brown 3

" reddish crimson 1

" white, pencilled blue 4

Aurea

yellov,-

Gracchus

stands white

Johan De Witt

" blue

Mrs. H. Darwin

" white

King Edward

" light blue

Mme. Chereau

" white

142

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Pallida varieties stands lavender

falls lavender

5-

Queen of May

a

rose-pink

((

rose-pink

5

Hector

u

yellow

K

reddish brown

1

St. Clair

u

pale blue

U

deep violet

1

Dr. Bernice

"

coppery bronze

il

velvety red

2

Mme. Newbounnes

i(

deep golden

U

yellow self ^

2

Gypsy Queen

((

coppery red

U

reddish brown

1

Niebelungen

u

" "

"

(( «

2

Lohengrin

u

blue

«

blue

2-

Gertrude

u

white

((

tinted blue

1

Stanley

u

bronze

u

bronze

1

Americus

u

white

it

blue

1

Iris King

u

golden yellow

u

plum, edged yellow

2

Florentina

u

light blue

u

self color

1

Flavescens

u

straw yellow

11

u u

2

Kharput

"

royal purple

(1

u u

1

Mrs. J. L. Gardner had a neat display of Orchids including
Cattleya gigas, C. Mossiae, Cypripedium barbatum, C. Lawrencianum,
Miltonia vexiUaria, Masdevallia Veitchiana, Calanthe veratrifolia,
Vanda teres, Thunia Veitchii, Laelia cinnabarina, Phalaenopsis
amabilis, and Dendrobium superbum.

The Weld Garden made a tasty display of hardy flowers includ-
ing 40 varieties. The names of the best are Phlox divaricata,
Baptisia australis, Iris florentina, Saponaria ocymoides, Anchusa
italica, Aquilegia caerulea hybrids, Lupimis polyphyllus, blue and
white, Geranium platypetalum, Didamnus fraxinella alba, Hybrid
Pyrethrums, Hemerocallis aurantiaca X major, H. Gold Dust,
Papaver orientalis, Viola cornuta atropurpurea.

Wm. Whitman and Miss Cornelia Warren made excellent dis-
plays of Canterbury Bells. Mrs. J. L. Gardner sent a very fine
specimen of the unusual Gloriosa Rothschildiana, and nice Strepto-
carpus.

E. B. Dane showed a well -grown specimen of Clerodendron
Balfouri and Mrs. E. M. Gill a neat display of cut flowers.
Dolansky's display of Cattleya gigas, C. Mossiae, and small plants
of Miltonia vexiUaria was exceptionally well done. Walter Hunne-
well made a large display of Rhododendrons.

The Peony Show was down to be held on the 12th of June.
Peonies were late and as nothing else was listed it was hoped to put
the show off until the 19th. However, as no decision could be

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 143

arrived at in time, the show had to be held according to schedule.
There were only five entries competing in three classes, so the full
schedule was repeated on the 19th.

The Eastern Nurseries had hardy flowers; Wm. Whitman, Irises;
T. C. Thurlow's Sons, early Peonies; .Wellesley Nurseries, Irises;
and Walter Hunnewell, Peonies.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded the Eastern
Nurseries for a new Chinese Potentilla, flowers yellow, and a
certificate of Honorable Mention to Jackson Dawson for a new
hybrid Rhododendron, Hazel Dawson (R. ledifoliuvi X Kaempferi).

The regular Peony Show was held on June 19th of even date
with the Rose Show. It was held in conjunction with the National
Peony Society. There was a large display including many notable
varieties. Without going into details as to the most successful
exhibitors, the best noted were:

White, — Baron Schroeder, Avalanche, Festiva Maxima, Grandi-
flora Nivea, Mme. de Verneville, Mont Blanc, Duchesse de
Nemours, and Mme. Lemoine.

Pink, — Felix Crousse, Edulis Superba, Carmen, Indispensable,
Mons. Boucharlat aine, Walter Faxon, Venus, Marguerite Gerard,
and Therese.

Red, — Mrs. Manning, M. Martin Cahuzac, Edouard Andre,
Tecumseh, Volcan, and Modeste Guerin.

Hybrid Roses were up to the standard in quality, but not in
quantity, for hereabouts it was too early. Walter Clemson of
Taunton was the principal exhibitor and no new. varieties were
noted.

Hybrid Tea Roses are deservedly increasing in popularity.
T. N. Cook, Albert Geiger, and Wm. Sim were the principal
exhibitors. Very few new varieties were noted. There were very
fine blooms of Killarney, pink and white; the Lyon Rose, unique
coppery pink; Mrs. Ward, coppery yellow; Richmond, red; J.
Mock, full double pink; D. P. Roberts, coppery pink; Radiance,
silvery pink; Pharisaer, salmon-pink; and Florence Pemberton,
creamy pink.

Herbaceous flowers were shown in quantity by the Bay State
Nurseries, Eastern Nurseries, Blue Hill Nurseries, and the Weld
Garden. The best noted were Helenium Hoopesii, Erigeron

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

speciosum, Campanula persicifolia in variety, Campanula macrantha,
C. rotundifolia, Dianthus plumarius in variety, Heuchera sanguinea,
Valeriana officinalis, Oriental and Iceland Poppies, Iris orientalis
Snow Queen, Oenothera fruticosa in variety, Aconitum napellus,
Sidalcea Candida, double and single varieties of Pyrethrum roseum.
Primula japonica, Achillea tomentosa, A. manchurica, Amsonia
Tabernaemontana, and Spiraea Ulmaria.

Some neatly arranged baskets of Roses were shown by Albert
Geiger and Mrs. N. P. Cutler. Thaddeus Hall of Wellesley Hills
showed a select lot of varieties of Dianthus plumarius, the result
of many years of careful selection. E. B. Dane had a neatly
arranged exhibit of Orchids, including Odontoglossum crispum,
0. Alexandrae, Miltonias, Cattleya Mossiae, Epidendrum vitellinum,
Cypripedium Schroderae, and Oncidium varicosum Rogersii.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

The Sweet Pea Show was held on July 10-11. It was not up to
the mark. Wet weather in this vicinity had seriously interfered
with the best development of the flowers. Edwin Jenkins of
Lenox was the only exhibitor whose display compared with the
best of previous years.

There were large displa,ys of wild flowers which were of much
interest to the visitors. A cultural Silver Medal was awarded
George Melvin of Framingham for an unusually well-grown speci-
men of Odontoglossum laeve, a rare species with an unusually large
spike carrying 47 flowers. The sepals and petals are cinnamon
brown, banded with yellow, lip white and violet. It is quite
fragrant.

The displays of Iris Kaempferi were meagre and much below in
quality those of previous years.

W. N. Craig of the Faulkner Farm showed well-grown specimens
of Trachelium caeruleum. This is a good old-fashioned plant of
great decorative value.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 145

Gladiolus Exhibition.

Considering the bad weather Gladioli at the show of August 8
were in very good condition. Growers have the advantage that
they can bring under cover what they intend to exliibit a few days
ahead, and the flowers will show up better for it. With Phloxes,
shown on the same date, it was different. They could not very
well be brought in to open, so they were in poor condition.

C. F. Fairbanks of Milton was a new exliibitor of Gladioli. He
is collecting the best from everywhere and showed many beautiful
varieties. His collection included Pink Beauty; Daisy Rand,
salmon-red; Panama, clear pink; C. W. Moulton, magenta-red;
Myrtle, tinted pink; America, light pink; Baron Jos. Hulet, deep
purple; Fair Columbia, ^dolet-pink; Halley, salmon-red; Prophe-
tess, white, red throat; Prince of Orange, striped orange-red; and
several promising varieties under numbers.

Wm. Sim set up an effectively arranged group including all the
best commercial sorts. The spikes were bold and handsome,
showing very good culture. In his group were Panama; Fascina-
tion, light salmon-pink; Lemon Drop; Mrs. Frank Pendleton,
rose pink; M;yTtle; IVIrs. Francis King, scarlet; Florence, violet,
white spot; Europa, extra fine white ; Mrs. Beecher, red; Amaryllis
fine large red self.

The Primulinus hybrids of Gladiolus are getting rather common.
The peculiar hood-like character of the flower, in color shading
from creamy yellow to orange red, is distinctly effective when used
for decorative purposes. For vase work it is better than the large-
flowered varieties. Hybridists are trying to flatten out the flowers
of the Primulinus type, an achievement we think that would be a
misfortune rather than a boon. ,As with Carnations, and some
other florists' flowers, the tendency of hybridists is to coarseness
rather than refinement of color and form.

R. G. Swett of Saxonville made a pretty display of new Gladioli,
including Niagara, primrose yellow; Schwaben, yellow; Lady
Montague, creamy red markings; Elegance, red striped; Liebes-
feuer, red; Empress of India, maroon; Belgian King, sulphur-
pink; Blue Jay; Princeps, red, white blotch; Glory of Noordwijk,
sulphur tinted.

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The Blue Hill Nurseries made a very interesting display of vari-
ous forms of Heather. The Jennison estate of Natick exhibited a
new white Phlox for which was awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit. Chamberlain and Gage of Wellesley and Clark W. Brown
of Ashland had displays of Gladioli.

Dahlia Exhibition.

The Dahlia Show, September 11, attracted the usual assemblage
of enthusiasts. The entries were full and competition close.
Owing no doubt to a very favorable season for Dahlias the flowers
were of a high order of merit. The best Dahlias usually come from
near the coast. It is evidently a seashore plant.

New developments in the Cactus, Peony-Flowered, and Decora-
tive classes were noticeable, but other classes appeared simply to
hold their own.

Among new exhibitors were Lemont D. Litchfield of Needham, F.
P. Webber of Newport, R. I., Miss Fanny Foster of Newport with
new varieties in the Decorative class, Mary C. Caswell of Concord,
N. H., and T. H. Snow of Boston, who exhibited seedling Dahlias.

Among the older exhibitors were W. D. Hathaway, E. F. Dwyer,
J. K. Alexander, G. H. Walker, Mrs. L. A. Towle, Thos. M. Proctor,
and the veteran H. F. Burt of Taunton.

The Mt. Desert Nurseries of Bar Harbor, Maine, was awarded a
Certificate of Honorable Mention for an artistic display of cut
flowers set up in bamboo stands. The flowers exhibited were
Artemisia lactiflora, Rudbeckia nitida, Aconitum Wilsoni, Aconitum
Fischeri, Veronica longifolia var. subsessilis, Aster vimineus, and
Lilium Henryi.

T. D. Hatfield showed Buddleia variabilis var. magnifica, from
seeds sown last March. The flowers borne on stems four feet
long, will certainly put this popular sub-shrub in an impressive
light.

G. W. Page of Billerica showed a lot of Perry's new hybrid
Asters of the Novae Belgiae type, among which were some that came
over on the Lusitania on her last trip. The Blue Hill Nurseries
showed Phlox Sunshine, a pretty salmon-pink variety.

KEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 147

Autumn Exhibition.

The Autumn Exhibition was a success in every way. It was one
of the best, if not the very best, in a long series of Fall shows. The
Committee of Arrangements is to be commended for the admirable
way in which the various exhibits were combined into one har-
monius whole.

Specimen Chrysanthemum plants for which this show has been
famous in the past are gradually passing, but they will come to the
front again, as they have in the past. They are so much in the
background nowadays that the Society decided to rename the
show "The Grand Autumn Exliibition," since now the show has
become famous for other good specimens of the gardener's art.

The first prize for the best chrysanthemum plant in the exhibi-
tion went to Galen L. Stone of Marion, for Garza, a white Anemone-
flowered variety, which has won more prizes at the Boston Shows
than any other Chrysanthemum in cultivaj^ion. First prize for
best yellow-flowered variety, went to Mrs. C. G. Weld for yellow
Garza and first for best pink, to A. M. Davenport for Caprice.
For best six specimens, to Jason S. Bailey with Enguehard, Wm.
Duckham, Theo, Annie Laurie, Yellow Garza, and Lady Lydia.

R. & J. Farquhar & Co. put up an artistic group of flowering and
foliage plants. The Chrysanthemums were mostly single-flowered
varieties. Salvia Bethelli, with showy bracts and flowers of pink,
was most effectively used. With Palms, Ferns, Bay Trees,
Pandanus, and other foliage plants a pretty combination was made.

Among the groups for private gardeners, Wm. Thatcher, gardener
to Mrs. J. L. Gardner, was first. Conspicuous in his group was a
fine lot of Lilium lancifolium; and Bamboo plants and Jerusalem
Cherries were most effectively used.

It was " nip and tuck" between A. M. Davenport and the W. W.
Edgar Co. for first in the class for the best decorative group for
commercial growers. Davenport's group was most effectively
arranged and included Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, Begonia Mrs.
Heal, the latter well placed, making the most of its unique color,
for effect. Hanging baskets were another very attractive feature.

Edgar's group was noteworthy for the fine quality of the material

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

used. It included specimen English Ivy, Chrysanthemums, Bays,
Palms, Ferns, Crotons, Dracaenas, Heliotropes, and a general lot
of foliage plants.

Breck Robinson Co. made an extensive display of evergreens in
pots and tubs. Junipers being the feature.

Old Town Nurseries also showed evergreens, Spruces, Yews,
Pines, Firs, Thuyas, Cotoneasters, edged with Pachysandra termi-
nalis and Euonymus radicans.

The Japanese florists, Kameyama and Serada of Cambridge,
made a pretty display, but it was disappointing, since it was
expected they would show something of the Japanese art in material
and arrangement. As it was, their arrangement differed little
from ordinary Western methods.

Galen L. Stone's plants of the White Begonia Gloire de Lorraine
Turnford Hall, were the best we have seen of this variety.

E. S. Webster's specimens of Begonia Mrs. Heal were magnifi-
cent. Mr. Downs, the gardener, eclipsed all his previous efforts
in growing specimens of this difficult variety.

F. P. Putnam's single Chrysanthemums were the best he has
ever shown here.

It amounted to a "toss up" between F. J. Dolansky's and
Wheeler's Orchid groups. It is a remarkable fact that both
exhibitors were commercial growers, yet no private estates could
excel them.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to E. B. Dane
and A. W. Preston for the double hybrid Cattleya Moira.

(Cattleya Bowringiana.

^ , , r> • /^ Mantinii.

Cattleya Dowiana /

var. Chrysotoxai
Cattleya labiatax X = Moira.

X ^ Fabia
Laelia tenehrosa'^ ).

Color, — rosy purple, deeper lip, veined golden.

Harry E. Converse was the principal exhibitor of large blooms.
In size and finish they were the equal of any previously seen here.
These big blooms are a great attraction, but they have little decora-
tive value.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 149

The varieties of Chrysanthemums which won the prizes for long-
stemmed blooms in vases were, Pink, Chieftain; Red, W. S.
Quittenton; White, Beatrice May; Yellow, AYm. Duckham.

The prize for the most artistic vase of Chrysanthemums, with
foliage, arranged for decorative effect, should bring a better re-
sponse than has hitherto been accorded. What we have had so
far are big blooms with Oak leaves, a by no means pleasing combi-
nation. Something different should be expected from the latitude
given in the wording of the Schedule.

The prize for examples of the various ways flowers may be used
to decorate the home brought better returns. All the exhibits in
this class were excellent. The prize went to the most costly display,
but there was a difference of opinion amongst the visiting public
as to whether or not the exhibits in which a lesser number of less
expensive flowers were used, were most fitting to express the idea
suggested in the Schedule.

Leuthy's commercial group of pretty decorative plants helped
very much to relieve the otherwise flatness of the Lecture Hall in
which the overflow exhibits were staged.

A very fine vase of the new Mrs. Moorfield Story Rose, a blush
pink of the Mme. de Watteville type, was displayed by the Waban
Rose Conservatories of Natick.

The Hadley Rose was shown in its very best condition by the
Montgomery Company of Hadley. The Society has honored it at
previous shows and it upholds the honors bestowed in excellent
style. Its color is velvety crimson, and it is the handsomest and
most fragrant Rose in cultivation.

The Waban Rose Conservatories again showed the Rose, Mrs.
Charles Russell and its deep pink sport, Mrs. Bayard Thayer,
and these were very much admired.

The window box, as exemplified by Mr. Palmer of Brookline,
had distinct merit.

A First Class Certificate of Merit went to Mr. E. S. Webster,
Wm. Downs, gardener, for Begonia Optima. It is one of the Mrs.
Heal type, with salmon-red flowers, a gem of the first water.

The table decorations, on the whole, were an improvement on
recent years. Wm. Sim made a display of Pansies, such as he
alone can make. Wax Brothers' Mantel decoration was in ex-
cellent taste.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Two trained specimens of the Heavenly Blue Morning Glory,
from Mrs. C. G. Weld, came in for much admiration. They were
nearly five feet tall, covered with hundreds of flowers and buds.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded Gen. S. M. Weld
for Dracaena indivisa var. Parei, a broad leaved variety, exceeding
in decorative value the type.

The Carnation growers were in force and competition was close.
A. A. Pembroke, Strouts, M. A. Patten, and S. J. Goddard divided
the honors. The first prize for the best six varieties went to A. A.
Pembroke, with matchless, white, Benora, variegated, Champion,
red, Alice, pink. Yellow Prince, and Pink Delight.

T. D. Hatfield
Arthur H. Fewkes
Donald McKenzie
James Marlborough
William Nicholson
William Sim

Committee

on

Plants and Flowers.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 151

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND

FLOWERS.

1915.

Midwinter Flower Show.

February 6 and 7.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, or any of its varieties. — Six plants in pots:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $6; 3d, E. A. Clark,
$4.
Freesias. — Six eight-inch pots or pans:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $4; 3d, Mrs.
Lester Leland, $3.
Primula sinensis. — Eight plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, WilUam Whitman, $8; 2d, WiUiani Whitman, -W; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $4.
Primula stellata. — Eight plants in not less than six-iiich pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, William Whitman, $6.
Primula malacoides. — Eight plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, E. S. Draper, S6; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $4.
Primula obconica. — Eight plants in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $8; 2d, William Whitman, $6; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $4.
Roman Hyacinths. — White, eight six-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4; 3d. Weld
Garden, $3.
Polyanthus Narcissus. — Six-eight-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Orchids. — Calanthes, six pots, in bloom:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.
Three plants, other than Calanthes:

1st, Weld Garden, $10; 2d, .T. T. Butterworth, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $6.
Specimen plant in bloom, other than Calanthes:

1st, Weld Garden, $5; 2d, .1. T. Butterworth, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $3.
Carnations. — Vase of fifty cut blooms, not less than five varieties, with
foliage :
1st, S. J. Goddard, $10; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, $6.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Vase of twenty-five cut blooms, not less than three varieties (for private
gardeners only) :

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $5; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $4; 3d, E. A.
Clark, $3.
Fifty blooms any white variety :

1st, Strouts, $6; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, $4.
Fifty blooms any light pink variety:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $6; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $4.
Fifty blooms any rose pink variety:

1st, Strouts, $6; 2d, M. A. Patten Co., $4.
Fifty blooms any fresh pink variety :

1st, J. A. Nelson, $6; 2d, Strouts, $4.
Fifty blooms any dark pink variety:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $6; 2d, Strouts, $4.
Fifty blooms any scarlet variety :

1st, Strouts, $6; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $4.
Fifty blooms, any crimson variety:

1st, Strouts, $6; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, $4.
Fifty blooms any white variegated variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $6; 2d, J. A. Nelson, $4.
Fifty blooms any yellow or yellow variegated variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $6.
Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms of any single variety:

1st, Esty Bros., $3; 2d, William Sim, $2.

Gratuities:

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Heaths, S5.

" " " specimen Acacia heterophylla, $3.

E. S. Draper, Begonia Sutton's Crimson Bedder, $2, and Honorable

Mention.
W. W. Edgar Co., display of plants in bloom, S8.
William Whitman, " " " " " $8.
Miss CorneUa Warren, " " " " " $5.
Walter Angus, display of Camellias, $1.

Spring Exhibition.

March 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Azalea indica.^ Four plants, not less than thirty-six inches in diameter:
1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $10.
Specimen plant, not less than thirty-six inches in diameter:
1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $10; 2d, A. W. Preston, $6.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 153-

Palms. — Pair in pots or tubs:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Aver, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $10; 3d, Weld
Garden, $8.
Specimen palm :
Weld Garden, $10.
Ericas. — Six plants in not less than three species:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $12; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $8.
Acacias. — Group of plants in bloom to occupy one hundred square feet:
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $25; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15.
Specimen plants in bloom:

1st, Weld Garden, $8; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $4.
Hydrangeas. — Collection, not less than six varieties, in not less than
eight-inch pots:
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $15.
Primula acaulis. — Six plants:
3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.
Hard-wooded Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen plant, other than Acacias^
Azaleas, and Ericas:
Miss Cornelia Warren, $10.
Rambler Roses. — Three plants, distinct varieties:
1st, M. H. Walsh, $15; 2d, M. H. Walsh, $10.
Group of Roses. — Not less than twelve plants, all classes admissible:

1st, Thomas Roland, $50; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $40.
Cyclamens. — Twelve plants in not over seven-inch pans:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 3d, Mrs-
C. G. Weld, $6.
Six plants, in not over ten-inch pans :

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $20; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15; 3d, E. A,
Clark, $10.
Specimen plant:
E. A. Clark, $5.
Cinerarias. — Grandiflora type, six plants:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $12; 2d, E. A. Clark, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
$6.
Specimen plant:

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Stellata type, six plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $8.
Specimen plant:

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
ScHiZANTHUS. — Six plants:

1st, E. A. Clark, $8; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $6; 3d, Mrs. J. L.
Gardner, $4.
Hyacinths. — Six pans, not exceeding ten inches in diameter, six bulbs of
one distinct variety in each pan :

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $12; 2d, E. A. Clark, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gard-
ner, $6.
Single pan, not exceeding twelve inches in diameter, ten bulbs of one
variety :
1st, A. F. Estabrook, $4; 2d, E. A. Clark, $3; 3d, E. A. Clark, $2.
Single pan, not exceeding ten inches in diameter, six bulbs of one variety:

1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, E. A. Clark, $2; 3d, E. A. Clark, $1.
Two eight-inch pans, two distinct varieties (for amateurs only) :

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $5; 2d, H. L. Rand, $3; 3d, Miss M. A. Rand, $2.
Single Early Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, one distinct variety in each:
1st, Wilham Whitman, $10; 2d, A. W. Preston, $8; 3d, WiUiam Whit-
man, $6.
Joost van Vondel, white, three eight-inch pans:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $3.
Any other white variety:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $3; 3d, A. W. Preston,
$2.
Mon Tresor:

1st, Wilham Whitman, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Any other yellow variety:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $3; 3d, A. W.
Preston, $2.
Vermilion Brilliant:

1st, A. W. Preston, $5.
Any other red variety:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $3; 3d, A. W. Pres-
ton, $2.
Keizerkroon :

1st, Wilham Whitman, $5; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, $3; 3d, A. F. Esta-
brook, $2.
Pink Beauty:

1st, William Whitman, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, A. W.
Preston, $2.
Any other pink or pink and white variety :

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $3; 3d, A. W.
Preston, $2.
Duchess of Parma:

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $5; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $3.
Two eight-inch pans, two varieties (for amateurs only) :

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $5; 2d, H. L. Rand, $3; 3d, Miss M. A. Rand,
$2.
Double Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans in not less than three varieties:
1st, William Whitman, $10; 2d, A. W. Preston, $8; 3d, A. F. Esta-
brook, $6.
Narcissuses.— Collection of Large Trumpet varieties, twelve eight-inch
pots, one distinct variety in each :
1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, A. W. Preston, $10.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 155

Large Trumpet varieties, four eight-inch pots, one distinct variety in
each:
1st, William Whitman, 16; 2d, A. W. Preston, $4.
Collection of Short Trumpet varieties, ten eight-inch pots, one distinct
variety in each:
1st, William Whitman, $12; 2d, A. W. Preston, $10.
Short Trumpet varieties, four eight-inch pots, one distinct variety in
each:
1st, A. W. Preston, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $4.
Two eight-inch pans, two varieties (for amateurs only) :

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $3; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $2; 3d, H. L. Rand,
$1.
Crocus. — Three eight-inch pans, one distinct variety in each:

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
Lily op the Valley. — Six six-inch pots:

1st, J. T. Butterworth, $6; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, $4; 3d, Mrs. C. G.
Weld, $3.
Amaryllis. — Twelve pots, distinct varieties:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.
LiLiUM LONGiFLORUM. — Six pots:

1st, W. T. Walke, $10; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $8; 3d, Mrs. C. G.
Weld, $6.
General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — All classes, to be
arranged with foliage plants:
1st, Weld Garden, $30; 2, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $20.
Forced Bulbs (for amateurs only). — Six pans, six inches in diameter,
grown without the aid of a frame or greenhouse:
1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $10; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $8; 3d, H. L. Rand,
$6.
Orchids. — Group of plants arranged for effect with ferns or other foliage
plants, to cover not less than fifty square feet:
1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $30, and Silver Medal; 2d, F. J. Dolansky, $25,
and Bronze Medal; 3d, J. T. Butterworth, $20.
Six plants:

1st, E. B. Dane, $8; 2, F. J. Dolansky, $6.
Specimen plant:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $6; 2d, F. J. Dolansky, $4; 3d, Miss
Cornelia Warren, $2.
Artistic Display ok Foliage and Flowering Plants. — Not exceeding
two hundred and fifty square feet:
1st, Weld Garden, $50; 2d, A. M. Davenport, $30.
Roses in Vases. — • Twenty-five blooms, any red rose other than American
Beauty or Richmond:
1st, S. J. Reuter & Son, $12.
Twenty-five blooms of Killarney, or any of its pink sports:
1st, Joseph Heacock Co., $12; 2, A. N. Picr.son Co., $8.

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twenty-five blooms white, or any white sport of Killarney :

1st, Joseph Heacock Co., $12; 2d, A. N. Pierson Co., $8.
Twenty-five blooms of Lady Hillingdon:

1st, Joseph Heacock Co., $12.
Twenty-five blooms of Mrs. Charles Russell:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, $12.
Twenty-five blooms of Mrs. Aaron Ward:

1st, A. N. Pierson Co., $12.
Twenty-five blooms of any other pink variety :

1st, Joseph Heacock Co., $12; 2d, J. W. Young, $8.
Twenty-five blooms of any new named variety not in commerce :

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Mrs. Moorfield Storey, Silver Medal.
Carnations. — Vase of one hundred cut blooms of one variety, with
foliage :

1st, Albert Roper, Alice Coombs, $12; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, Matchless,.
$8.
Fifty blooms, any named crimson variety:

1st, J. A. Nelson, Harry Fenn, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Princess Dagmar,,
$4.
Fifty blooms, any named dark pink variety:

1st, M. A. Patten, Rosette, $5; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, Gorgeous, $4.
Fifty blooms, any named light pink variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Philadelphia, $5.
Fifty blooms, any named flesh-pink variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Pink Delight, $5; 2d, J. A. Nelson, Pink Dehght,.
$4.
Fifty blooms, any named scarlet variety:

1st, J. A. Nelson, Beacon, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Beacon, $4.
Fifty blooms, any named white variegated variety :

1st, J. A. Nelson, Benora, $5; 2d, M. A. Patten, Benora, $4.
Fifty blooms, any named yellow variety:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Yellow Prince, $5.
Fifty blooms, any named white variety :

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Matchless, $5; 2d, J. A. Nelson, White Enchant-
ress, $4.
Artistic display of Carnations :

1st, Penn, the Florist, $50.
Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms oi any single variety:

1st, Esty Bros., $3; 2d, Edward Bingham, $2.
Bunch of one hundred blooms of any double variety :

1st, Edward Bingham, $3; 2d, J. T. Gale, $2.
Sweet Peas. — ■ Fifty sprays of any white variety:

1st, William Sim, $4; 2d, Ernest Townsend, $3.
Fifty sprays, any light pink variety:

1st, William Sim, $4; 2d, Ernest Townsend, $3.
Fifty sprays, any deep pink variety:

1st, William Sim, $4; 2d, Ernest Townsend, $3.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 157

Fifty sprays, any scarlet variety:

1st, William Sim, $4.
Fifty sprays, any lavender variety :
1st, William Sim, $4.
Marguerites. — One hundred blooms, yellow:

1st, James Wheeler, $6.
Antirrhinums. — Vase of twenty-five spikes:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $6; 2d, F. W. Fletcher, $4.
Camellias. — Collection of twelve blooms:

1st, Walter Angus, S5; 2d, Ernest Townsend, $4.
Gardenias. — Twelve blooms:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $5; 2d, Ernest Townsend, $4.
For the best table decoration laid for eight covers, to be awarded on the
first, second, and third days:
(First day) 1st, Edward MacMulkin, $20; 2d, Mrs. Duncan Finlay-
son, $10. (Second day) 1st, Mrs. S. J. Coram, $20; 2d, Edward
MacMulkin, $10. (Third day) 1st, Wax Bros., $20; 2d, Mrs. S. J.
Coram, $10.
Mantel Decoration:

1st, Penn, the Florist, Silver Medal; 2d, Sidney Hoffman, Bronze
Medal.

Gratuities:

Thomas Roland, display of hard-wooded greenhouse plants, $25, and

Silver Medal.
M. H. Walsh, collection of trained Roses, $100.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, group of Cytisus and Heaths, $5.
Mrs. C. G. Weld, two plants Cytisus racemosus, $5.
Faulkner Farm, collection of Orchids, $10.
Miss Cornelia Warren, three plants Dendrohium nobile, $3.
William Sim, display of Violets, $5.
W. T. Walkc, display of new Hydrangeas, $5.
H. J. Borowski, display of Cyclamen, $5.
E. A. Clark, display of Cyclamen, $4.
T. T. Watt, pair Polypodium musacfolium, $2.
A. W. Preston, display of Bulbs, $2.

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of spring flowering plants, $5.
Faulkner Farm, artistic display of decorative plants and flowers, $10.
Penn, the Florist, florist's display, $10.

H. R. Comlcy, « " $5.

Boston Cut Flower Co., " " $5.

Sidney Hoffman, « " $3.

Esty Bros., " « $1.

T. T. Watt, display of cut flowers, $2.

158 massachusetts horticultural society

May Exhibition.

May 15 and 16.

Calceolarias. — Large Flowered, six varieties:

1st, E. A. Clark, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 3d, A. M. Daven-
- port, $5.
Stewartii, six plants:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $12; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8; 3d, Miss
Cornelia Warren, $5.
Tulips.— Darwin, Collection of twelve varieties, six blooms of each:

1st, Weld Garden, $8; 2d, C. F. Fairbanks, $6; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $4.
Late Flowering, other than Darwin, twelve varieties, six blooms each:
1st, Faulkner Farm, $8; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6; 3d, Weld
Garden, $4.
Late Flowering, any or all classes, twenty-five varieties, three blooms of
of each variety :
1st, Weld Garden, $10; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $8.
Hardy Narcissuses. — Twenty-five blooms, Emperor:

1st, Weld Garden, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $1.
Twelve blooms Glory of Leiden :

1st, WiUiam Whitman, $3; 2d, WiUiam Whitman, $2.
Collection of twenty vases of not less than six named varieties:
1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, Weld Garden, $6.
Pansies. — Forty-eight blooms, not less than twenty-four varieties:

1st, William Sim, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2; 3d, Miss CorneUa
Warren, $1.
Native Plants. — Collection, named, one bottle of each kind:

1st, L. D. Warren, $5; 2d, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $4; 3d, Ruth G. Taylor,
$3; 4th, Helena A. Winde, $2.

Gratuities:

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Tulips, $3.

C. F. Fairbanks, " " " $3.

Weld Garden, " " " $3.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Tulips and Canterbury Bells, $5.

Mrs. C. S. Minot, collection of Narcissuses, $3.

Mrs. Lester Leland, display of Narcissuses, $2.

Mrs. C. G. Weld, display of Calceolarias, $3.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Gladiolus Blushing Bride, $2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 159

A. W. Preston, display of Astilbe floribunda grown in flats for fireplace

decoration, $5.
E. A. Clark, AstHbe PMla, $5.

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Hydrangeas and Pelargoniums, $5.
E. A. Clark, two specimens Hydrangeas, $3.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Hydrangea Radiance, $2.

" " " vase of Clarkia elegans Orange Queen, $3.

James Wheeler, vase of Yellow Marguerites, $3.
Miss Cornelia Warren, collection of Iceland Poppies, $1.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, specimen fern, Cibotium Schiedei, $3.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $1.

June Exhibition.

June 5 and 6.

Orchids. — Display of plants in not less than four genera, arranged for
effect with foliage plants in a space of forty square feet:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $25.
Canterbury Bells. — Twelve plants, in pots:

1st, William Whitman, SIO.

H. H. Hunnewell Fund No. 3.

Rhododendrons. — Twelve distinct varieties, one truss of each:
1st, W. C. Winter, $6; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $4.
Six distinct varieties, one truss of each :
2d, Miss Corneha Warren, $2.

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

German Irises. — Twenty-four vases of three trusses each, of not less than
twelve varieties:
1st, Miss Grace Sturtevant, $5; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $3;
3d, E. M. Dunphe, $2.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Twenty-five distinct species and varie-
ties, not less than ten genera :
1st, Weld Garden, $10.
Twenty distinct species and varieties, not less than eight genera:
1st, Weld Garden, $8.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Gratuities:

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Oncidium flexuosum and cut flowers, $5.

F. J. Dolansky, display of Cattleyas, $8.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Rhododendrons, $1.

William Whitman, display of Ghent Azaleas, $1.

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Canterbury Bells, $5.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of German Iris, Canterbury Bells, and

Guelder Rose, $5.
William Whitman, display of German Iris, $5.

Wellesley Nurseries, " " "' " $5.

J. K. Alexander, " " " " $5.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., " " " " $5.

E. M. Dunphe, " " " " $2.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Gloriosa Rothschildiana, $4.
E. B. Dane, pair Clerodendron Balfouri, $4.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Streptocarpus, $3.
Mrs. Frederick Ayer, " " Columbines, $4.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " cut flowers, $2.

Helena A. Winde, " " native plants, $1.

Peony Exhibition.

June 12 and 13.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of twelve named varieties, single, one
bloom of each:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $4.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, white or blush:

1st, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $6.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, any other color:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Collection of twelve named double varieties, one flower of each:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8.

Gratuities:

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Peonies, $3.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " $3.

William Whitman, display of Peonies and Poppies, $3.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Iris and Peonies, $4.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 161

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of German Iris, $5.
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Iris, $5.
Wellesley Nursery Co., display of German Iris, $5.
William Whitman, display of German Iris, $2.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Canterbury Bells, $5.
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Laburnum, SI.
Eastern Nurseries, display of hardy flowers, $8.
Miss Cornelia Warren, display of cut flowers, $3.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 19 and 20.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of twenty named varieties, double,
one flower of each:

1st, A. P. Saunders, S12; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $8.
Collection of ten named varieties, double, three flowers of each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $12; 2d, Mrs. F. S. Kellogg, S8.
Specimen bloom, double:

1st, G. N. Smith, $2; 2d, A. P. Saunders, $1.
Collection of twelve named varieties, single, one bloom of each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $5.
Collection of six named varieties, double, one flower of each, white:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., S4; 2d, Mrs. C. S. Minot, S2.
Rose pink:

1st, A. H. Fewkes, S4; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $2.
Salmon pink:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $4.
Red or Crimson:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $4.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, white or blush:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $6; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.
Pink or rose :

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $6; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $4.
Red or crimson:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $6.
Collection of twelve named varieties, double, one flower of each (for
non-commercial growers only) :

1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, R. C. Morse, S5.
Collection of twelve blooms, pink (for private gardeners only) :

1st, A. P. Saunders, $4.
Twelve blooms, white (for private gardeners only) :

1st, A. P. Saunders, $4; 2d, S. A. Perkins, $2.

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twelve blooms, red (for private gardeners only) :
1st, A. P. Saunders, $4; 2d, William Whitman, $2.
Gloxinias. — Six plants, in not less than six-inch pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $5.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Hardy Roses. — Collection, named, not less than twenty varieties, filling
fifty vases, one rose in each vase:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $20.

John C. Chaffin Fund.
(For amateurs only.)

Best three blooms of any white Hybrid Perpetual rose:

1st, Mrs. B. D. Harris, $6.
Best three blooms of any pink Hybrid Perpetual rose :

1st, Mrs. B. D. Harris, $6; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott, 5
Best three blooms of any red Hybrid Perpetual rose :

1st, Mrs. B. D. Harris, $6; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott,

Society's Prizes.

Twelve named varieties, three of each:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $15.
Six named varieties, three of each:

1st, T. N. Cook, $8; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $5.
Twelve named varieties, one of each :

1st, W. J. Clemson, $5.
Six named varieties, one of each :

1st, T. N. Cook, $4; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Hybrid Tea Roses. — Collection of twelve varieties, three blooms each:

1st, Albert Geiger, Jr., $15; 2d, T. N. Cook, $10.
Best three blooms of a Hybrid Tea variety introduced since 1912:

1st, T. N. Cook, $4.
Six blooms, any white variety:

1st, William Sim, $4; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2.
Six blooms, any yellow variety :

1st, WilUam Sim, $4; 2d, T. N. Cook, $2.
Six blooms, any pink variety :

1st, T. N. Cook, $4; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS

163

Six blooms, any red variety:

1st, William Sim, $4; 2d, T. N. Cook, $2.
Basket, artistically arranged:

1st, Albert Geiger, Jr., $5; 2d, Mrs. N. P. Cutler, $3.
For the most aktistic Decoration of Roses, with rose foliage, to fiU
space not exceeding fifty square feet:
1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $30; 2d, T. N. Cook, $20.
Sweet Williams. — Display, eighteen vases of three trusses each, not less
than six varieties:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 2d, Weld Garden, $4.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Twenty-five vases, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera:
1st, Weld Garden, $10.
Best display of Hardy Herbaceous Flowers:

1st, Bay State Nurseries, Silver Medal: 2d, Eastern Nurseries, Bronze
Medal.
Campanula Medium. — Collection, filling twelve vases, one color in each
vase:
1st, William Whitman, $8; 2d, E. B. Dane, $6.

Gratuities:

W. A. Riggs, display of specimen Hydrangeas, $8.

Miss Cornelia Warren, " " " " $5.

William Sim, display of Sweet Peas and Hybrid Tea Roses, $8.
Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Roses, $4.

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Peonies with Gillenia stipulacea (deco-
rated table) $15.
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Peonies, $15.

G. N. Smith,

U U I

$1C

J. K. Alexander,

U U 1

$6.

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

$5.

Mrs. J. F. Flood,

' $2.

William Whitman,

' $2.

A. H. Fewkes,

' $2.

Mrs. N. P. Cutler,

vase " '

$1.

Thaddeus Hall, display of fringed pinks, $2.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of herbaceous flowers, $4.

164 massachusetts horticultural society

Sweet Pea Exhibition.
July 10 and 11.

John Allen French Fund.

Sweet Peas. — Twenty-five sprays, any white variety:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Constance Hinton, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Etta
Dyke, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any crimson or scarlet:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, King Edward VII., S4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery,
Bobbie's Scarlet, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any carmine:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Rosabelle, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, John Ing-
man, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any yellow:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Bobbie's Cream, $4; 2d, Col. Charles Pfaff, Prim-
rose Spencer, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any blue :

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Leslie Imber, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Alfred
Watkins, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any blush:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Lady Evelyn Eyre, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery,
Mrs. Hugh Bickson, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any deep pink:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Hercules, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Margaret
Atlee, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any cream pink :

1st, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Lady Miller, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Har-
mony, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any orange:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, May Unwin, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Inspector,
$2.
Twenty-five sprays, any lavender:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Bon Alvar, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Lavender,
George Herbert, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any purple:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Royal Purple, $4; 2d, Col. Charles Pfaff, Royal
Purple, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any maroon:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Nubian, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, King Manoel,$2.
Twenty-five sprays, any picotee-edged :

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Blue Picotee, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Bobbie's
Blue Picotee, $2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 165

Twenty-five sprays, any striped or flaked red or rose:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Senator Spencer, $4.
Twenty-five sprays, any striped or flaked blue or purple:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Loyalty, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Mrs. T. W.
Warren, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any bicolor, other than picotee-edged :

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Mrs. Cuthbertson, $4; 2d, Mrs. T. J. Emery, Mrs.
Cuthbertson, $2.
For the best decoration of sweet peas :

1st, Penn, the Florist, Silver Medal; 2d, Boston Cut Flower Co.,
Bronze Medal.
Iris Kaempferi. — Collection of not less than six varieties, filling twenty-
five vases :
1st, Dr. Harris Kennedy, $8; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $6.
Hollyhocks. — Twenty-four blooms, not less than four varieties:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, S3; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $2; 3d, Miss
Cornelia Warren, $1.
Native Plants. — Collection, named, one bottle of each kind:

1st, L. D. Watson, $5; 2d, Mrs. H. R. HUdreth, $4; 3d, Mrs. F. C.
Upham, $3; 4th, M. S. Wheeler, $2.

Society's Prizes.
(For amateurs only.)

Sweet Peas. — Best vase, white, twelve sprays to a vase:

1st, F. P. Webber, King White, $3; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, White
Spencer, $2.
Best vase, pink:

1st, Miss I. H. Miller, Elfreda Pearson, $3; 2d, Ahce M. Hildreth,
Elfreda Pearson, $2.
Best vase, dark pink:

1st, F. P. Webber, Margaret Atlee, $3; 2d, Alice M. Hildreth, Mar-
garet Atlee, $2.
Best vase, lavender:

1st, F. P. Webber, R. F. Felton, $3; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, Asta Ohn, $2.
Best vase, salmon :

1st, Miss I. H. Miller, Edroin Beauty, $3.
Best vase, crimson:

1st, F. P. Webber, Dobbie's Crimson, $3.
Best vase, primrose:

1st, F. P. Webber, Primrose Spencer, $3; 2d, Mi.ss I. H. Miller, Clara
Curtis, $2.
Best vase, any other color:

1st, F. P. Webber, Mrs. Cuthbertson, $3; 2d, Miss I. H. Miller, Mrs.
Breadmore, $2.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Gmtuities:

Wells Beach Sweet Pea Farm, display of Sweet Peas, $3, and Honorable

Mention.
Gertrude Schulz, bouquets and two vases Sweet Peas, $2.
Jackson Dawson, single Hollyhocks, $2.
Miss CorneUa Warren, HemerocaUis and Veronica, $1.
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., herbaceous flowers, $3.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of flowers, $3.
Miss Cornelia Warren, eight plants Oncidium flexuosum, $5.
" " " Hydrangeas, $6.

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.

August 7 and 8.

John Allen French Fund.

Perennial Phloxes. — Twelve named varieties, one truss of each:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $5.
General display in not less than thirty vases, named :
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10.
Gladioli. — Twelve named varieties, one spike of each:
1st, C. F. Fairbanks, $5; 2d, Raymond Swett, $3.
Twelve named varieties, one spike of each, for private gardeners only:

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, $5.
Fifty spikes, any named variety, in the Society's vases:

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, $8; 2d, William Sim, $5.
Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred vases,
arranged for efi^ect with any foliage:
1st, William Sim, $15.
Basket or hamper, artistically arranged:
1st, Boston Cut Flower Co., $5.
Annuals. — General display, named, thirty species, filhng not less than
one hundred bottles :
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.

Special Prizes Offered by the American Gladiolus Society.

Gladioli. — Fifteen correctly named varieties, at least three spikes each,
. to be competed for by amateurs only :
1st, C. F. Fairbanks, Silver Medal.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 167

Gratuities: —

Chamberlain & Co., display of Gladioli, $5.

C. W. Brown, " " " $3.

R. W. Swett, " " " S3.

J. K. Alexander, display of Dahlias, $10.

Miss CorneUa Warren, display of Phlo.x and herbaceous flowers, $5.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, decorative Palms and Ferns, $10.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $3.

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.
September 11 and 12.

John Allen French Fund.

Dahlias. — Show and Fancy, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $4; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $3.
Show and Fancy, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. H. Symonds, $3.
Cactus, twenty-four blooms, named varieties :

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $3.
Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, Miss Fanny Foster, $3; 2d, G. H. Walker, $2.
Decorative, twenty-four blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4; 2d, L. D. Litchfield, $3.
Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties :

1st, G. H. Walker, $3; 2d, Miss M. C. CasweU, $2.
Peony-flowered, twelve blooms, named varieties :

1st, G. H. Walker, $3; 2d, E. F. Dwyer, $2.
Pompon, twenty-four vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $4; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $3.
Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms, named varieties:

1st, F. P. Webber, $3; 2d, E. F. Dwyer, $2.
Single, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, .$3; 2d, James Robertson, $2.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each:

1st, G. H. Walker, .$S; 2d, E. F. Dwyer, $6.
Native Plants. — Collection, named, one bottle of each kind:

l.st, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $5; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $4.

Gratuities: —

Fottler, Fiske, Rawson Co., display of Dahlias and Gladioh, $10.
J. K. Alexander, display of Dahlias, $8.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Mrs. L. A. Towle, display of Dahlias, $5.

G.H.Walker, " « " $2.

J. K. Alexander, vase of Dahlia blooms, $2.

Boston Cut Flower Co., basket of Dahlia blooms, $2.

T. H. Snow, collection of seedhng DahUas, $1.

Albert Geiger, Jr., display of single Asters and Roses, $1.

J. K. Alexander, display of Gladioli, $6.

Blue HUl Nurseries, collection of Phloxes, $2.

G. W. Page, display of hardy Asters, $5.

James Wheeler, display of Buddleia variabilis, $1.

W. C. Winter, display of cut flowers, $2.

Miss Cornelia Warren, " " " " $2

Mrs. N. P. Cutler, " " " " $1

Mrs. S. J. Kaulkmann, " " " " $1

T. L. Dean, " " " " $1

October Show.

October 2 and 3.
Gratuity: —

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of herbaceous flowers, $5.

Autumn Exhibition of Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and
Vegetables.

November 4, 5, 6 and 7.

Foliage and Flowering Plants.— Best arranged group, covering /three
hundred sq. ft.:
1st, A. M. Davenport, $100; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $50.
Best arranged group covering one hundred and fifty sq. ft (for private
growers only):
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $50.
Orchids. — Best table of Orchids, both plants and flowers, six or more
genera, accurately named:
1st, F. J. Dolansky, $60; 2d, Wheeler & Co., $30.
Six plants, not less than three species:

1st, F. J. Dolansky, $10.
Best specimen Orchid :

1st, F. J. Dolansky, $8; 2d, Miss Corneha Warren, $6.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 169

Evergreen Trees and Shrubs.— For the best collection in tubs or pots:

1st, Breck, Robinson Co., $40; 2d, Old Town Nurseries, $20.
Chrysanthemums. — • Group of plants to cover 200 sq. ft. (Palms and
Ferns may be used in arrangement) :
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $60, and Silver Medal; 2d, A. M. Davenport,
$40.
Six trained specimen plants, any color or class:

1st, J. S. Bailey, $50.
One trained specimen plant, white:

1st, G. L. Stone, $15; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $10.
One trained specimen plant, yellow :

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $15;' 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $10.
One trained specimen plant, pink :

1st, A. M. Davenport, $15; 2d, J. S. Bailey, $10.
Twenty-five plants, commercial specimens, not less than six varieties,
in not over eight-inch pots:
1st, W. H. Elliott, $30; 2d, A. M. Davenport, $20. ^

Twelve trained plants, in not over eight-inch pots, single-flowering sorts,
not less than three varieties:
1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $30.
Begonias. — Gloire de Lorraine or any of its varieties, six plants:
1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $25; 2d, G. L. Stone, $12.
Any other winter-flowering variety : six plants :
1st, A. M. Davenport, $10.

Samuel Applelon Fund.

Best CnRYSANTHEMtiM Plant on exhibition:
G. L. Stone, Garza, Silver Medal.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Chrysanthemums. — Twenty-five blooms, of twenty-five distinct varieties,
named :
1st, H. E. Converse, $20.

Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund.

For the best vase of blooms of the Mrs. Jerome Jones or the Yellow Mrs.
Jerome Jones:
1st, James Nicol, $30.

Society's Prizes.

Twelve blooms, Japanese, named, in vases:
1st, H. E. Converse, $8.

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twelve blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, in vases :

1st, H. E. Converse, $8.
Twelve blooms, Reflexed, named:

1st, H. E. Converse, $8.
Twelve sprays. Anemone, named:

1st, F. P. Putnam, $5.
Twelve vases, Pompon, distinct varieties, six sprays in a vase :

1st, F. P. Putnam, |5.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, pink, named :

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, Chieftain, $12; 2d, F. J. Dolansky, Chief-
tain, $8.
Vase of ten blooms, on long stems, red, named :

1st, W. S. Russell, F. T. Quittenton, $12.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, white, named:

1st, James Nicol, Beatrice May, $12; 2d, F. J. Dolansky, Wm. Turner,
$8.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, yellow, named :

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, Mrs. Wm. Duckham, $12; 2d, F. J. Dolansky,
Col. D. Appleton, $8.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, any other color, named :

1st, F. J. Dolansky, Polly Salis, $12.
Collection of sprays of single chrysanthemums, filling twenty-five vases :
1st, F. P. Putnam, $10; 2d, F. P. Putnam, $8.
Table Decoration of eight covers; to be awarded the first, second and
third days:
(First day) 1st, F. J. Dolansky, $20; 2d, Mrs. Duncan Finlayson $10.
(Second day) 1st, Boston Cut Flower Co., $20; 2d, H. R. Comley,
$10. (Third day) 1st, H. R. Comley, $20; 2d, F. J. Dolansky, $10.
Table Decoration of six covers (for private gardeners only); to be
awarded Saturday:
1st, Duncan Finlayson, $20; 2d, William Thatcher, $10.
Most Artistic Display of Cut Flowers to cover one hundred sq. ft.,
arranged with any fohage:
1st, Penn, the Florist, $50.
For the Best Mantel Decoration:

1st, Wax Bros., $30; 2d, Penn, the Florist, $15.
Carnations. — Six vases, fifty blooms each, six named varieties:
1st, A. A. Pembroke, $20; 2d, C. S. Strout, $15.
One hundred blooms, mixed varieties:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $10; 2d, M. A. Patten Co., $Q.
Fifty blooms, mixed varieties:

1st, James Wheeler, $5.
Twenty-five blooms, mixed varieties (for private gardeners only):
1st, W. C. Rust, $4; 2d, Mrs. C. D. Sias, $3.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 171

Gratuities : —

Miss Cornelia Warren, group of plants, $4.

Kameyama & Serada, group of plants and flowers, $25.

A. Leuthy & Co., display of Palms, $25.

W. W. Edgar Co., " " " $15.

E. S. Webster, display of Begonia Mrs. Heal, $5.

S. R. Cowey, seedling Chrysanthemums, $3.

Mrs. Lester Leland, vase of Chrysanthemums, $15.

W. A. Riggs, • " " " $10.

George Detlefsen. seedling Pompon Chrysanthemums, $1.

W. D. Hathaway, Dahlias, $5.

Edward Winkler, Carnation Morning Glow, $3.

James Wheeler, vase of Carnations, $5.

S. J. Goddard, " " " $4.

Peter Fisher, " " " $3.

A.A.Pembroke, " " " $2.

Waban Rose Conservatories, three vases of Roses, $15.

G. F. Stewart, Cattleya Trianae, $1.

Kidder Bros., Violets, $1.

WilUam Sim, Pansies, $5.

Belcher's Flower Shop, table decoration, $2.

Additional Awards. »

Gold Medal. ^

March 18. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Dutch Garden.

Silver Medal.

January 2. E. B. Dane, Cattleya Trianae alba.

" 9. George Melvin, superior cultivation of Laelia anceps.
" " F. J. Dolansky, collection of Cattleya Trianae varieties.
" " E. B. Dane, Cymbidium Gottianum (C. eburneum X C.
insigne) .
February 6. A. Roper, Carnation Alice Coombs.

" 27. E. B. Dane, Sophro-Cattleya Thivaitesii {Sophronilis grandi-
flora X Cattleya Mendelii) .
March 18. T. D. Hatfield, Superior cultivation of Erica melanthera.
" " William Sim, artistic display of Pansies.

" " " " " " Sweet Peas.

" " Walter Hunnewell, Dendrobium Wellesley (D. nobile murrhi-
niacum X D. nobiie Victoria Regina).

172

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

March 18, A. W. Preston, Brasso-Cattleya Veitchii.
May 15. F. J. Dolansky, display of Cattleya Mossiae.
" " E. B. Dane, Brasso-Cattleya Warneri.

Miss Grace Sturtevant, collection of hybrid Irises.
Walter Hunnewell, display of Rhododendrons.
T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., Peony Cherry Hill.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., artistic display of Peonies.
E. B. Dane, artistic display of Orchids.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of herbaceous plants.
Eastern Nurseries, " " " "

George Melvin, superior cultivation of Odontoglossum laeve.
C. F. Fairbanks, artistic display of Gladioli.

" 29.

June 5.

" 19.

July 10.

August 7.
November 4.

N. T. Kidder, superior culture of Davallia Mooreana.
Waban Rose Conservatories, new Rose Mrs. Bayard Thayer.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., artistic display of plants and
flowers.

Bronze Medal.

March 18. Mrs. L. A. Breck, display of Tulips.

" " T. F. Galvin, artistic table decoration.
August 7. J. P. Rooney, seedling Dahlia Mrs. Frederick Grinnell.

First Class Certificate of Merit.

January 2. Donald McKenzie, superior cultivation of Chysis aurea.
February 6. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Jasminum primulinum.

" " Weld Garden, Cymbidiuvi {insigne X Wiganianum) .

" 27. E. B. Dane, Odontioda Charlesworthii {Odontoglossum Harry-
anuni X Cochlioda Noetzliana.)
March 18. William Sim, Sweet Peas Rose Queen, Anita Wehrmann,
Orchid Beauty, Venus, and Mrs. Skaach.
" " Weld Garden, Cymbidium Paiiwelsii.
" " H. Huebner, new winter-flowering Antirrhinums.

" Littlefield & Wyman, Carnation Theo.
" " Edward Winkler, Carnation Morning Glow.
May 15. William Thatcher, superior cultivation of Clarkia elegans Orange
King.
" 29. Miss Grace Sturtevant, collection of hybrid Irises.
June 5. Mrs. Lester Leland, Geranium Mrs. Lester Leland (Lady Roscoe
X Mary Pelton).
" " Miss Grace Sturtevant, Iris B. Y. Morrison (Edina X Iris King).
" " " " " " Afterglow {pallida X aurea).

« " " " " " Oriflamme X Conte de St. Clair.

" " " " " " '!<lo. 97 {Cypriana catrina X pallida).

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS

173

June 5. H. Stewart, superior cultivation of Cattleya citrina.

" 12. Eastern Nurseries, Potentilla Veitchii, and Potentilla fruticosa

. var. parvifolia.
" 19. W. N. Craig, superior cultivation of Verbena Ellen Willmott.
July 11. W. N. Craig, superior cultivation of Trachelium caeruleum.
August 7. W. C. Jennison Estate, new white perennial Phlox Leona.
" " Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Calluna vulgaris.
" " George Melvin, sujierior cultivation of Epidendrmn -prismato-
carpum.
November 4. E. S. Webster, new winter-flowering Begonia Optima.
" " A. W. Preston, hybrid Cattleya Moira.

" E. B. Dane,
" " Littlefield & Wyman, Carnation Theo.

Certificate of Honorable Mention.

March 18. D. R. Craig, display of seasonable plants.

" " Jackson Dawson, hybrid Azalea {Rhododendron Kaempferi X
R. anwena).

" " Walter Hunnewell, Berheris Wilsonae.

" " Breck Robinson Co., collection of Cyclamen.

" " Mrs. T. D. Hatfield, Asparagus plumosus nanus grown in
dwelling house.
May 15. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Genista praecox.
June 19. William Sim, di.splay of Sweet Peas and Hybrid Tea Roses.
July 10. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Lilium regale.

Honorable Mention.

February 6. M. A. Patten Co., Carnation Sunbeam.
" ". N. T. Kidder, seedling Amaryllis.

" 27. E. B. Dane, Cattleya hybrid [C. Schroderae X Thayeriana).
May 15. S. R. Cowey, display of Geraniums and Carnations.
June 12. Jackson Dawson^ Azalea Haz(>l Dawson {Rhododendron ledifo-

lium X R. Kaempferi).
August 7. Chamberlain & Co., di.splay of Gladioli.
« " G. B. Gill, seedling Dahlias.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Phloxes and herbaceous
flowers.
" C. F. Fairbanks, display of Gladioli.
" " " " " seedling Gladiolus No. 163.

« « « « « u u y^^^ g5_

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

September 11. L. C. Parker, seedling Dahlia.

" " Mt. Desert Nurseries, artistic display of hardy flowers.

October 2. Blue Hill Nurseries, Phlox Mrs. James Wheeler.
November 4. Mrs. C. G. Weld, Ipomoea Heavenly Blue.

« « F. E. Palmer, arrangement of window plants.

" " George Detlefsen, new Heliotrope Elsie.

" " " " new Anemone-flowered Chrysanthemumi

Waverly Star.

" " Gen. S. M. Weld, three plants Dracaena indivisa var. Parei

excelsa.

Vote of Thanks.

March 18. Faulkner Farm, display of Cineraria types.
November 4. F. J. Dolansky, Cattleya labiata varieties.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS
FOR THE YEAR 1915.

By Edward B. Wilder, Chairman.

The weather conditions during the year 1915 have been peculiar
and undoubtedly are largely responsible for the partial failure of
some of our fruit crops.

While the fruit trees, especially pears, bloomed profusely in
some sections the crop was the poorest for many years, owing to
weather conditions during the setting of the fruit. The summer
drought followed by excessive rains in the early autumn also had
its effect, for while water was much needed the larger and sudden
precipitation was injurious to the fruit.

Notwithstanding these conditions the displays of fruit have been
very encouraging, the steady improvement in the exhibitions and
constant increase of interest on the part of the public in them,
noted last year, continued to a most gratifying degree.

The finest collection of fruit ever made at a Midwinter Show was
seen February 6-7 when there were fifty-three dishes of apples and
seventeen dishes of pears on the tables, there being seven entries
for a collection of four varieties of winter apples.

A. B. Howard and Son of Belchertown took four out of the five
first prizes at this show, including the first prize for four varieties
of winter apples, and Mrs. R. Goodnough of West Roxbury favored
the Society with a decorative table of fruit and flowers.

The show of fruit at the Spring Exhibition, March 18-21, was a
great improvement over last year's show, nearly as many apples
being displayed as in February, and all excellent specimens though
the lack of space in the hall made the exhibit less effective.

The Strawberry Exhibition, June 19-20, was the poorest the
committee has ever seen in the hall, the late frost blighting many of
the blossoms and the cold season having a disastrous effect upon
the fruit.

175

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Dr. Frederick S. De Lue of Needham, showed a seedling straw-
berry, not yet introduced, called Judith, for which he was awarded
a Silver Medal. Dr. De Lue says, — The Judith strawberry is the
earliest and one of the most productive of seven thousand (7,000)
seedlings started seven years ago. It is deep rooted and hardy,
having stood two winters without mulching, also vigorous after
fruiting season.

The foliage is large and light green and plenty of strong healthy
runners produced. The fruit is large, even to end of fruiting, and
irregularly conical. It is shiny, firm, sweet, and juicy, and of
deep red color all the way through and without core. The seeds
are small and bright yellow. It is a fine shipper and keeps well
on the vines.

Considfering the late season and a severe rain storm just before
picking the fruit, the display of currants, cherries, and gooseberries
at the Sweet Pea Exhibition was very good. Charles S. Smith of
Lincoln was awarded prizes for Downer's Late, Coe's Transparent,
and Hyde's Seedling cherries. George V. Fletcher of Belmont
took first prize for collection of six baskets of currants and Dr. W.
G. Kendall of Atlantic first prize for collection of six baskets of
gooseberries.

There were fourteen plates of early apples at the Gladiolus and
Phlox Exhibition, August 7-8, besides pears, peaches, plums, and
blackberries, a very creditable show considering the wet season
which was undoubtedly accountable for the lack of melons at any
of the shows. We could wish that there might be more interest in
exhibiting indoor grapes and other indoor fruit as liberal prizes are
offered to encourage growers.

At the Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition, September 11-12, the
peaches were very fine, comprising forty-three dishes, with forty-
five dishes of plums beside apples and grapes. A. B. Howard and
Son took first prize for best collection of fall apples, also for col-
lection of plums other than Japanese. H. A. Clark of Belmont took
first prize for best collection of peaches and Myron S. Wheeler of
Berlin first prize for collection of Japanese plums. Edward R.
Farrar of South Lincoln won first prize for collection of native
grapes also four other first prizes for single dishes of named varie-
ties of native grapes. There were three entries for collection of

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS 177

seasonable fruit arranged for effect with foliage, H. A. Clark being
awarded first prize.

The main hall was filled with a fine display of fruit at the show,
October 3-4. Derby Farm, Leominster, was awarded first prize
for collection of sLx varieties of fall apples, first prize for collection
of six varieties of winter apples, also first prizes for dishes of Bald-
wan, Mcintosh, Jonathan, R. I. Greening, and Roxbury Russet
apples, in all a splendid lot of fruit. Elliott and H. Ward Moore
of Worcester won first prize for King, Bellflower, and Fameuse,
while Edward E. Cole of Greenbush again favored us with a beauti-
ful dish of Maiden Blush apples, taking first prize on this variety
and on Golden Russet.

The pear display was very creditable considering the poor crop.
F. W. Dahl of Roxbury took first prize for collection of pears, also
first prize for Anjou, Angouleme, Clairgeau, Lawrence, Superfin,
Urbaniste, and Vicar. Mrs. N. F. Winnele of Belmont took the
first prize for Bq§c and Seckel.

John Bauernfeind of Medford won first prize for collection of
native grap>es, also first prize for Agawam, Brighton, Campbell's
Early, Herbert, and Niagara. Dr. W. G. Kendall carried off first
prize for Green Mountain, Salem, Vergennes, and Charles W. Libby
of Medford the first prize for Delaware, Lindley, and Moore's
Diamond grapes, while Edward R. Farrar of South Lincoln had
the best Concord and Worden. There were also exhibits of
peaches, plums, quinces, and native nuts.

Two persons displayed tables of native and foreign fruit arranged
for effect, the first prize going to Mrs. R. Goodnough. Jennison's
Floral Gardens, Natick, Charles H. Chamberlain, Manager,
exhibited their new Everbearing strawberry. Ideal, which seems to
be very promising.

A special effort was made by all the committees to make the
November Show a Grand Autumn Exhibition in fact as well as in
name, and to this end the fruit committee had transferred some of
its most prominent features from the October Show to this one.
For the largest and best exhibit of apples, not less than ten varieties
and five specimens of each, there were two entries, the first prize
going to Derby Farm and the second to Elliott and H. Ward
Moore. For the best six varieties of winter apples there were three

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

entries, the first prize being won by Derby Farm, the second
by ElHott and H. Ward Moore, and the third by H. C. Fuller of
Leominster.

Two entries were made for the collection of apples arranged for
decorative effect, Derby Farm taking the first prize and E. M.
Bruce of Leominster second prize. The collection of apples in
trays was not as large as we could wish, but there was some ex-
cellent fruit shown, H. C. Fuller taking first, Derby Farm second,
and Parker Bros, of Brookfield third prize.

Mrs. R. Goodnough and F. W. Dahl had tables of native and
foreign fruit, the first prize going to Mrs. Goodnough for the most
beautiful display which attracted much attention. Many single
dishes of apples were also exhibited nearly one hundred in all of
this kind of fruit.

F. W. Dahl had the only collection of pears though there were a
number of single dishes, but the native grapes were certainly very
fine considering the lateness of the season, four entries being made
for collection. John Bauernfeind, Charles W. Libby, and Dr. W.
G. Kendall respectively won first, second, and third prizes for this
class.

L. J. Fosdick of North Carver had a collection of cranberries
and three dishes for the half-peck class, winning first prize in both
entries.

The quality of the fruit shown during the year has been so good,
barring a few exceptions, that your committee feels that the educa-
tional value of the monthly shows have been fully demonstrated and
are convinced the Society can still do excellent work in this direc-
tion.

Edward B. Wilder
William Downs
Harold L. Frost
Ralph W. Rees

Committee

on
Fruits.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 179

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.
1915.

Midwinter Flower Show.

February 6 and 7.

Winter Apples. — Collection of four varieties:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $6; 2d, H. A. Clark, $4; 3d, W. H. Atkins,
$3.
Two dishes, two varieties:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $4; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, .S3; 3d, W. H.
Atkins, $2.
Dish of one variety:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, Baldwin, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, Northern Spy,
$2; 3d, Mrs. E. F. Kendall, Baldwin, $1.
Winter Fears. — Collection of four varieties:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $.5; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $4.
Dish of one variety:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, Bosc, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Bosc, $2; 3d,
Dr. W. G. Kendall, Dana's Hovey, $1.

Gratuities: —

A. B. Howard & Son, Bay State Apples, SI.

Mrs. R. Goodnough, decorative table of fruit and flowers, $8.

Spring Exhibition.

March 18, 19, 20 and 21.

Winter Apples. — Collection of four varieties:

1st, E. M. Bruce, $6; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, S4; 3d, H. A. Clark, .S3.
Two dishes, two varieties:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $4; 2d, E. F. Adams, .S3; 3d, Parker Bros.,
$2.
Dish of one variety :

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, Baldwin, S3; 2d, Alden Derby, Baldwin, $2;
3d, Parker Bros., King, SI.

Gratuity: —
A. B. Howard & Son, Apples, $1 .

180 massachusetts horticultural society

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 19 and 20.

Strawberries. — Six baskets, one quart each, of six varieties:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5.
Two quarts of any variety introduced since 1911 :

1st, Louis Graton, $4.
For the best four quarts of any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Marshall, $8; 2d, Louis Graton, Brandywine, $6.
For the best single plate of any variety, arranged with foliage, twenty-
four specimens:

1st, Samuel McMullen, $3; 2d, John Lingley, $2.
For the best new strawberry, not yet introduced, four quarts:

F. S. De Lue, Judith, Silver Medal.
Two quarts of Abington:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, S3.
Two quarts of Barrymore:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3.
Two quarts of Golden Gate:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Two quarts of Marshall:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Two quarts of any other variety :

1st, W. C. Winter, Gen. Appleton, $2.
Cherries. — Two quarts of any black variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Guigne Noir, $3.
Two quarts of any white or yellow variety :

1st, J. H. Fletcher, Royal Ann, $3; 2d, Michael Cahalan, Gen Wood, $2,

Gratuity: —
Mrs. R. Goodnough, basket of Strawberries, $3.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 10 and 11.

John A. Lowell Fund.

Cherries. — Two quarts of any red variety:

1st, C. S. Smith, Downers- Late, $3; 2d, C. S. Smith, Coe's Trans-
parent, $2; 3d, E. S. Martin, Mercer, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 181

Two quarts of any black variety :

1st, C. S. Smith, Hyde's Seedling, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Black Tar-
tarian, $2.
Two quarts of any white or yellow variety :

1st, J. H. Fletcher, Royal Ann, $3; 2d, Mrs. M. J. Merrill, Royal Ann,

Society's Prizes.

Currants. — Two quarts of Fays:

1st, E. M. Brewer, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, Mrs. Timothy McDer-
mott, $1.
Two quarts of Perfection :

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2.
Two quarts of any other red variety:

1st, T. D. Hatfield, Cherry, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Cherry, $2.
Two quarts of White Grape:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, W. C. Winter, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1.
Collection of six baskets, one quart each, not less than four varieties:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5.
Gooseberries. — Collection of six baskets, one quart each, not less than
three varieties:
1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $5; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $4.
Two quarts of Columbus:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d, W. C. Winter, $1.
Two quarts of Downing:

1st, Oliver Ame.s, $3; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott, $2; 3d, Mrs. A.
A. Warburton, $1.
Two quarts of Industry:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Two quarts of Triumph :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2.
Two quarts of any other variety :

1st, John Bauernfeind, Chatauqua, $3; 2d, Dr. W. G. Kendall, Bates,
$2; 3d, W. C. Winter, Chatauqua, $1.
Collection of Fruit. — Largest and best collection of midsummer
fruits, arranged with their own foliage:
2d, G. V. Fletcher, $6.

Gratuity: —
Mrs. R. Goodnough, basket of fruit, $5.

182 massachusetts horticultural society

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition,

August 7 and 8.

Apples. — Chenango :

2d, W. C. Winter, $2.
Duchess of Oldenburgh:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Red Astrachan:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Michael Cahalan, $1.
Sweet Bough:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2.
Yellow Transparent:

3d, Michael Cahalan, $1.
Williams:

1st, J. H. Fletcher, $3; 2d, Hittinger Fruit Co., $2; 3d, W. C. Winter,
$1.
Any other variety :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3.
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $2; 3d, H. A.
Clark, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, Mrs. N. P. Cutler. Summer Doyenne, $3; 2d, W. C. Winter,
Giffard, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl, Dearborn Seedhng, $1.
Peaches. — Greensboro:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, H. A. Clark, Mayflower, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Mayflower, $2.
Plums. — Japanese:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, W. C. Winter, $2.
Burbank:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, W. C. Winter, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, E. L. Lewis, Red June, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Red June, $2; 3d,
Dr. W. G. Kendall, Shiro, $1.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, C. W. Brown, $2.
Peach Tree in Fruit:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $6.
Plum Tree in Fruit.

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $6.

Gratuities: —
W. C. Jennison Estate, C. H. Chamberlain, manager. Ideal Everbearing
Strawberry, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 183

W. C. Jennison Estate, seedling Blueberries, $2.
C. \V. Brown, Raspberries and Strawberries, $1.
E. S. Martin, basket of fruit, $1.

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.

September 11 and 12.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 1.

Apples. — - For the best collection of six varieties of fall apples, specimens
to be ripe and twelve of each:
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $10; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $8.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 1.

Peaches. — For the largest and best collection of native peaches:
1st, H. A. Clark, $10; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $6.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears.— Bartlett:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher,
$1.
Clapp's Favorite:

1st, A. F. Estabrook, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, A. B. Howard &
. Son, $1.
Any other variety:

1st, W. C. Winter, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1

Society's Prizes.
Apples. — Gravenstcin:

1st, A. W. Fletcher, $3; 2d, C. S. Smith, $2; 3d, M. S. Wheeler, $1.
Maiden Blush:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2; 3d, W. C. Winter. $1.
Porter:

1st, C. S. Smith, $3; 2d, G. W. Page, $2; 3d, George Page^ $1.
Wealthy:

2d, E. E. Cole, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2; 3d, A. W. Fletcher, $1.
Peaches. — Belle of Georgia:
1st, H. A. Clark, $3.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Carman :

1st, A. F. Estabrook, $3.
Champion :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d. H. A. Clark, $2; 3d, G. F. Wheeler, $1.
Elberta :

1st, C. S. Smith, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.
Oldmixon :

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1,
Any other variety :

1st, C. S. Smith, Mountain Rose, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, Heiley, $2; 3d,
G. V. Fletcher, Foster, $1.
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties other than Japanese,
twelve specimens of each:
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $5; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Single plate of any variety other than Japanese :

1st, T. D. Hatfield, Kirk's Seedling, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, Bradshaw,
$2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, $1.
Japanese Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve speci-
mens of each:
1st, M. S. Wheeler, $5.
Single plate of any variety:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Sultan, $3; 2d, E. A. Adams, Chabot, $2; 3d,
W. C. Winter, Hale, $1.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Native Grapes.— Green Mountain, six bunches:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, J. S. Chase, $2; 3d, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $1.
Any other white grape, six bunches:

1st, E. R. Farrar, Niagara, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, Niagara, $2;
3d, W. C. Winter, Lady, $1.
Moore's Early, six bunches:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Any other purple grape, six bunches:

1st, E. R. Farrar, Worden, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, Worden, $2.
Any red grape, six bunches:

1st, John Bauernfeind, Delaware, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, Brighton, $2.
Collection of five varieties, three bunches of each:
1st, E. R. Farrar, $5; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $4.

Society's Prizes.

Collection of Seasonable Fruit, arranged for effect with foliage, to
cover a space not larger than twenty-four sq. ft.:
1st, H. A. Clark, $15; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $12; 3d, M. S. Wheeler, $10.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 185

Gratuities:

W. C. Winter, Erie Blackberries, $1.

Miss Cornelia Warren, Figs, $1.

D. T. Henry, " $1.

Jennison's Floral Gardens, Ideal Everbearing Strawberry, $1.

Mrs. R. Goodnough, basket of fruit, $2.

October Show.
October 2 and 3.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Apples.— Collection of six varieties of fall apples, ripe, twelve of each:
1st, Derby Farm, $12; 2d, EUiott & H. W. Moore, SIO; 3d, C. S.
Minot, $8.

Samuel Appleion Fund.

Apples.— Baldwin:

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2; 3d, D. R. Craig, $1.
Hubbardston :

1st, Charles Scully, S3; 2d, Elhott & H. W. Moore, $2; 3d, D. R.
Craig, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 2.

Apples. — Gravenstein:

1st, C. S. Smith, $3; 2d, Derby Farm, $2; 3d, Elliott & H. W. Moore,
$1.
King:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, M. J. Cain,
$1.
Mcintosh :

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole,
$1.
For the best six varieties of winter apples, twelve specimens of each:
1st, Derby Farm, $10; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $8; 3d, EUiott & H. Ward
Moore, $6.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Bellfiower:

1st, Elhott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2; 3d, C. S. Smith,
$1.

186

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Fall Pippin:

2d, E. E. Cole, $2.
Fameuse :

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott, $2;
3d, E. E. Cole, fl.
Golden Russet:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3.
Jonathan :

1st, Derby Farm, $3.
Maiden Blush:

1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, T. L. Perkins, $2.
Northern Spy:

2d, E. E. Cole, $2.
Pound Sweet:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Rhode Island Greening:

1st, Derby Farm, $3;
Moore, $1.
Roxbury Russet:

1st, Derby Farm, $3;
McDermott, $1.
Sutton :

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $<
Rowland, $1.
Tolman Sweet:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, %Z.
Winter Banana:

3d, M. J. Cain, $1.
York Imperial:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2.
Any other variety, ripe:

1st, E. R. Farrar, Wealthy, S3; 2d, E. E. Cole, Chenango, $2; 3d,
Elliott & H. W. Moore, Washington Strawberry, $1.
Any other variety, not ripe:

1st, Derby Farm, Blue Pearmain, $3; 2d, Joseph Rowland, N. Y.
Pippin, $2; 3d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, Spitzenburgh, $1.

2d, M. S. Wheeler, I
2d, M. S. Wheeler,

3d, ElUott & H. W.
; 3d, Mrs. Timothy

2d, EUiott & H. W. Moore, $2; 3d, Joseph

John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund.

Pears. — Angouleme:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, $1.
Anjou:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2; 3d, H. A. Lamb, $1.
Bosc:

1st, Mrs. N. F. Winnele, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, M. J.
Cain, $1.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS

187

Clairgeau :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 3d, E. L. Smith, $1.
Lawrence :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2; 3d, Elliott & H. W.
Moore, $1.
Louise Bonne de Jersey:

1st, Charles Scully, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, A. B. Howard &
Son, $1.
Marie Louise:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3.
Onondaga :

1st, H. A. Lamb, $3.
Seckel :

1st, Mrs. N. F. Winnele, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2; 3d, F. W. Dahl,
$1.
Sheldon :

1st, A. F. Estabrook, S3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, Mrs. Elbridge
Torrey, $1.
Superfin :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3.
Urbaniste :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3.
Vicar :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, H. A. Lamb, $2; 3d, A. B. Howard & Son, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, Bartlett, S3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Bartlett,
$2; 3d, A. B. Howard & Son, Boussock, $1.
Collection of pears, not more than twelve plates of twelve specimens each
and not less than six varieties :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $10.

Society's Prizes.

Native Grapes. — Agawam, six bunches:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, E. S. Martin, S2; 3d, E. R. Farrar, SI.
Brighton :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2; 3d, E. S. Martin, $1.
Campbell's Early:

1st, John Bauernfeind, S3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Concord :

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2; 3d, Dr. W. G. Ken-
dall, $1.
Delaware :

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, E. S. Martin, $1.
Eaton :

2d, E. S. Martin, $2.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Green Mountain:

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2.
Herbert:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2.
Lindley :

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, E. S. Martin, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase, $1.
Moore's Diamond:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2; 3d, Dr. W. G. Ken-
dall, $1.
Niagara:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2; 3d, Dr. W. G.
Kendall, SI.
Prentiss:

2d, J. S. Chase, $2.
Salem :

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2.
Vergennes :

1st, Dr. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, E. S. Martin, $2; 3d, J. S. Chase,
$1.
Wilder:

2d, J. S. Chase, $2.
Worden :

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2; 3d, Dr. W. G. Ken-
dall, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, John Bauernfeind, Goff, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, Diana, $2^
3d, J. W. Stone, August Rose, $1.
Collection of hardy native grapes, not less than six varieties of three
bunches each:
1st, John Bauernfeind, $10; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $8; 3d, C. W. Libby,
$1.
Peaches. — Champion:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, A. F. Estabrook, Lord Palmeston, $3; 2d, G. V'. Fletcher, Elberta,
$2; 3d, C. S. Smith, Elberta, $1.
Plums. — Any variety:

1st, Oliver Ames, Satsuma, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Wickson, $2; 3d^
M. J. Cain, Yellow Egg, $1.
Quinces. — Any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Orange, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, Orange, $2.
Native Nuts. — Collection of not less than four varieties, one quart of
each:
1st, M. S. Wheeler, $4; 2d, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $3.
Collection of Native and Foreign Fruits, arranged for effect:
1st, Mrs. R. Goodnough, $15; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $12.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 189

Gratuities:^

G. V. Fletcher, collection of Peaches, $5.
H. A. Clark, " " " $3.

Jennison's Floral Gardens, Ideal Strawberry, $1.

Autumn Exhibition of Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and
Vegetables.

November 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $2; 3d, J. M. Schwartz, $1.
Hubbardston :

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, J. M. Schwartz, $2; 3d, Elliott & H. W.
Moore, $1.

Benjamin V. French Fund No. 1.

t-
Apples. — Rhode Island Greening:

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2; 3d, Elliott & H. W. Moore,
$1.

Society's Prizes.
Apples. — Bellflower:

1st, W. C. Swain, $3; 2d, W. H. Stone, $2; 3d, Elliott & H. W.
Moore, $1.
Mcintosh:

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole,
$1.
Northern Spy:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, M. B. Farrar, $2; 3d, H. C. Fuller, $1.
Palmer Greening:

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, E. F. Adams, $2; 3d, H. C. Fuller, SI.
Pound Sweet :

1st, J. H. Fletcher, $3; 2d, A. H. Prouty, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.
Roxbury Russet:

1st, H. C. Fuller, $3; 2d, Derby Farm, $2; 3d, J. M. Schwartz, $1.
Sutton :

1st, E. M. Bruce, $3; 2d, EUiott & H. W. Moore, $2.
Tolman Sweet:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Tompkins County King:

1st, ElUott & H. W. Moore, S3; 2d, M. J. Cain, $2; 3d, E. E. Cole,
$1.
Winter Banana:

1st, M. J. Cain, $3.
Any other variety :

1st, E. E. Cole, Fall Pippin, $3; 2d, J. M. Schwartz, Porter, $2; 3d,
E. R. Farrar, Canada Red, SI.
For the best six varieties of winter apples, twelve specimens of each:
1st, Derby Farm, $12; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $10; 3d, H. C.
Fuller, $8.
Collection of apples arranged for decorative effect:

1st, Derby Farm, $20; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $15.
For the largest and best exhibit of apples, not less than ten varieties,
five specimens of each:
1st, Derby Farm, $.15; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $12.
For the best exhibit of apples in trays, not less than five trays and one
or more varieties:
1st, H. C. Fuller, $25; 2d, Derby Farm, $15; 3d, Parker Bros., $10.
Crabapples. — Twenty-four specimens, any variety:

1st, J. W. Keeffe, $3; 2d, J. M. Schwartz, $2.
Native Grapes. — Collection of hardy native grapes, not less than three
varieties, three bunches of each :
1st, John Bauernfeind, $10; 2d, C. W. Libby, $8; 3d, Dr. W. G. Ken-
dall, $6.
Quinces. — Any variety, twelve specimens:

2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, J. M. Schwartz, $1.
Cranberries. — Collection of not le^s than three varieties, half-peck of
each:
1st, L. J. Fosdick, $10.
Half-peck of any variety:

1st, L. J. Fosdick, McFarlin, $5.
Collection of Native and Foreign Fruit, arranged for effect:
1st, Mrs. R. Goodnough, $15; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $12.

John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund.

Pears. — Angouleme :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $2.
Anjou:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3;
Dana's Hovey:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3.
Lawrence:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 191

Seckel :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3.
Vicar:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Urbaniste, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, Clairgeau, $2;
3d, F. W. Dahl, Clairgeau, $1.
Collection of six varieties of winter pears, twelve specimens of each:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $10.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Pears. — - Bosc:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1 .
. Sheldon:

2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.

Gratuity: —
E. S. Martin, Satsuma Plums, $1.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES
FOR THE YEAR 1915.

By Duncan Finlayson, Chairman.

The Committee on Vegetables has been greatly pleased and
encouraged the past season by the renewal of interest that has been
shown in the vegetable department by the general public, as well
as by the care shown in the selection and sorting of the various
exhibits, and the skill with which the growers have put their
produce before the public.

The past season was very favorable for the growing of vegetables
owing to the abundance of rain and moisture during the growing
period. Competition has been very close in most cases, showing
that a high standard in vegetable culture is demanded. We note
with pleasure that several new exhibitors have been added to the
already long list of the previous year.

There were eleven exhibitions of vegetables during the year, all
of which were unusually well attended. At the exhibition of
February 6, Frank Wheeler of Concord showed very fine asparagus.
The Spring Exhibition, March 18 to 21, was well attended. Some
fine exhibits of vegetables were shown, especially the mushrooms
from A. W. Crockford of Medford.

May 15, the collection of vegetables from Faulkner Farm was
very remarkable, both for the quality of the vegetables and for
the splendid way in which the exhibit was staged.

June 5 and 6, the cauliflowers from F. W^ Sargent of Wellesley
and the Faulkner Farm of Brookline, were of unusual merit.

June 12 and 13, Norris F. Comley of Lexington exhibited his new
tomato. Buck's Trisco, for which Honorable Mention was awarded.

On June 19 and 20 the displays were both large and of excellent
quality. The peas from W. J. Clemson of Taunton and from
F. W. Sargent of Wellesley were of superior quality. The collec-
tion of vegetables shown by W. J. Clemson was of unusual merit.

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The exhibition of July 10 and 1 1 brought out some keen competi-
tion. The potatoes and tomatoes were of remarkably good quality.

August 7 and 8, all the classes were well competed for. Splendid
corn and onions were shown.

At the exhibition of September 11-12, prizes were offered for a
collection of tomatoes, and for a collection of vegetables of not less
than ten varieties. The first prize for the former was awarded to
F. W. Sargent of Wellesley for splendid specimens, and the first
for the latter to David L. Fiske of Grafton.

October 2-3. This was the main show of vegetables for the
year. Sixty-one classes were competed for and all had the keenest
competition. The quality of the vegetables was unusually fine,
and the collections were very skilfully arranged. The prize of $20
from the Levi Whitcomb Fund for the best seedling potato grown
for at least two years in New England was not awarded. None of
the varieties shown came up to the standard of the older varieties.

The Silver Medals offered for the best new vegetable shown in
1915 and the best improved vegetable shown in 1915 were not
awarded, owing to the inferiority of the specimens shown as com-
pared with the older varieties. Class No. 612, for the best display
of vegetables put up in glass jars, brought out good competition.
The first prize was awarded to Miss Hermine Schulz, 335 Cornell
St., Roslindale. The following is a list of the fifty-one kinds shown :

Dandelion Greens Kohl-Rabi

Spinach " Beans

Milkweed " Carrots

Beet " Turnips '

Sugar Beet " Onions

Borage " Peas

Lettuce Corn

Curled Kale Shelled Beans

Swiss Chard Succotash

Asparagus Squash

Pickled Radishes Swiss Chard Stems

Rhubarb Tomatoes

Watermelon Rind Parsnips

Beets Egg-Plant

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES 195

Cauliflower Pineapples

Sweet Potato Gooseberries

Sauer Kraut Raspberries

Spiced Cabbage Blackberries

Stuffed Peppers Plums

Pickled Beets Apples

Red Cabbage Rum Cherries

Pickled Horse Radish and Beets Pears

" " " " Apples Peaches

Cucumber Relish Lazzarolli Apples

Strawberries Grapes
Cherries

In all she put up 256 pints.

In class No. 702, Collection of vegetables shown by seedsmen,
exempt from Rule 9, the Silver Medal was awarded to the Thomas
J. Grey Company. We believe this. was the largest collection of
vegetables ever gotten together by one exhibitor in this country.
It was beautifully arranged and correctly labeled, and was a very
educational exhibit. There were forty-seven kinds of vegetables
and two hundred and thirty-seven varieties. The following is a
list of the varieties shown:

Artichoke. — Jerusalem, French Globe,

Asparagus. — Forced.

Beans. — Refugee Green, Sure Crop Stringless, French's Horti-
cultural, Burpee's Bush Lima.

Beet. — Detroit Dark Red, Early Crosby, Dewing's Blood
Turnip, Grey's Perfection, Edmands Blood Turnip.

Beet Mangel Wurzel. — Mammoth Long Red, Studstrup,
Yellow Windsor.

Broccoli. — White Cape.

Brussels Sprouts. — Dobbie's Exhibition, Long Island Im-
proved, Aigburth.

Cabbage. — Globe Savoy, Mammoth Red Rock, Red Dutch,
Copenhagen Market, Stone Mason, Chinese, Fottler's Brunswick,
Danish Ballhead, Succession, Hollander.

Carrot. — Long Orange, Guerande, White Belgium, Imp. Short
White, Danvers Hutchin's strain. Scarlet Horn, Chantenay,
Danvers Half Long, Intermediate.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cauliflower. — Early Snowball, Dwarf Erfurt, Veitch's Au-
tumn Giant.

Celeriac. — Turnip Rooted.

Celery. — Paris Golden, New Rose, Giant Pascal, Giant Crim-
son.

Chicory. — Large Rooted.

Corn, Sweet. — Stowell's.

Corn, Field. — Canadian Cap, Learning, Stickney.

Cress. — Water.

Cucumber. — White Wonder, Private Forcing Strain.

Dandelion. — Thick Leaf.

Egg Plant. — Black Beauty, Improved Long Island.

Endive. — Broad Leaved Batavian, Green Curled.

Fennel. — Florence.

Gourds. — Ornamental, 15 varieties.

Herbs. — 10 varieties.

Kale. — Russian, Welsh, German, Dwarf Green, Tall Green,
Purple.

Kohl Rabi. — Purple Vienna, White Vienna.

Leeks. — Dobbie's Champion, Musselburgh, Large Flag, Large
Rouen.

Lettuce.^ — May King, Hittinger's Belmont, Big Boston,
Sutton's Gem Cos, Wonderful.

Melon. — Colorado Preserving, White Citron, Green Citron.

Mushroom. — Pure Culture.

Mustard. — Chinese, White, Fordhook Fancy.

Okra. — Dwarf Green.

Onion. — Giant Gibraltar, Ailsa Craig, Cranston's Excelsior,
Southport Red Globe, Southport White Globe, Danvers True
Type, Danvers Market Garden Strain, Yellow Globe Danvers,
White Wonder, Crimson Globe, White Pickling.

Parsley. — Grey's Perfection, Moss Curled, Double Curled,
Fern Leaved.

Parsnip. — Hollow Crown, Arlington Long White, Early Round,
Student, Long Smooth.

Peas. — Alaska.

Peppers. — Chili, Golden Dawn, Bull Nose, Long Red Cayenne,
Ruby King, Squash, Sweet Mountain, Neapolitan.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES 197

Potatoes. — Early Ohio, Bliss' Triumph, Delaware, New Queen,
Beauty of Hebron, Early Rose, Eureka, Irish Cobbler, Knowles'
Big Cropper, Green Mountain, Carmen ^ 3, Early White Albino,
Norcross, Early Norther, Gold Coin, Uncle Sam, White Rose,
Bovee, Averill's Early Rose.

Potatoes, Sweet. — Long Island Grown, Buzzards Bay Grown,
Graziana's Golden.

Pumpkin. — Large Tours, Mammoth Yellow, Sweet Japanese
Pie, Cheese, Small Sugar.

Radish. — Round Black Spanish, Giant Stuttgart, Early Scarlet
Globe.

Salsify. — Mammoth Sandwich Island, Long White French.

Spinach. — Savoy, New Zealand.

Squash. — Boston Marrow, White Scallop, Summer Crookneck,
Blue Hubbard, Warted Hubbard, Shurtleff's Hybrid, Mammoth
Chili, Italian Marrow, Mammoth Golden, Hubbard, Delicious
True Type, Delicious Improved, English Marrow White Cream,
English Marrow Long Yellow.

Swiss Chard. —

Tomatoes. — Peach Red, Peach Yellow, Fig or Pear Red, Fig
or Pear Yellow, Cherry Red, Cherry Yellow, Plum Red, Plum
Yellow, Currant or Grape, Strawberry, Golden Queen, Crimson
Cushion, Livingston's Beauty, Stirling Castle, Lister's Prolific,
Livingston's Globe, Bonny Best, Ponderosa, June Pink, Comet,
Livingston's Stone, Sunrise, Matchless, Victoria, Best of All,
Crockford's Alaska, Essex Marvel, Champion.

Turnip. — Purple Top Globe, Early Milan, Snowball.

Turnip, Ruta Baga. — Aberdeen, Imp. American, Imperial
Swede, Shamrock.

Albert Watson of Durham, New Hampshire, showed sixty-three
different seedling potatoes. We hope some of them will make a
good showing another year. Dr. F. S. De Lue showed seedling
sweet corn, an improved Golden Bantam, for which Honorable
Mention was awarded. James S. Bache also exhibited new sweet
corn named Golden Eagle; a Vote of Thanks was awarded for
this variety. The Boston Market Gardeners' Association put up
some splendid exhibits of vegetables during the year. Much
credi^ is due this Association for their effort in placing their produce
before the public in an up-to-date style.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

When we consider that Massachusetts stands at the head of all
the states m the Union in the amount of production of vegetables
per acre, also that the best quality of vegetables are grown in
Massachusetts; when the vegetable products of the state equal
more in value than the fruits, plants, and flowers combined, your
committee believes that the Society should do far more than it has
done to encourage the farmer, private and amateur grower to
exhibit at the Society's exhibitions. Your committee believes
that it is a poor policy for the Society to reduce the money appro-
priation for vegetables to a minimum.

A detailed list of awards made during the year is appended to
this report.

Duncan Finlayson
William N. Craig
Richard Hittinger
Henry M. Howard
John L. Smith

Committee

on
Vegetables.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.

1915.

February 6 and 7.

Asparagus. — Forced, twelve stalks:

1st, Frank Wheeler, $3; 2, Frank Wheeler, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, Shaw Estate, $3; 2d, Hittinger Fruit Co., $2; 3d, Mrs. Frederick
Ayer, $1.
M usHROOMS . — Twelve specimens :

1st, A. W. Crockford, S3.
Parsley. — Two quarts:

lat, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3; 2d, William Whitman, $2; 3d, A. W.
Preston, II.
Radishes.— Four bunches:

1st, H. M. Howard, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2; 3d, A. W. Crockford, $1,
Hhubarb. — Twelve stalks:

1st, Frank Wheeler, $3.

4

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 199

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. W. Crockford, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d, Mrs.
Frederick Ayer, $1.

Gratuities:—

F. W. Sargent, collection of vegetables, S2.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables, $25.

Spring Exhibition.
March 18, 19, 20 and 21.

Beans. — String, fifty pods:

1st, Ernest Townsend, $3.
Beets. — New, six specimens:

1st, H. M. Howard, $3.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, Frank Wheeler, $2; 3d, Boston Gardening
Co., $1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, R. B. Home, $3; 2d, Hittinger Fruit Co., $2; 3d, J. W. Skehan,
$1.
Hittinger's:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3; 2d, Wyman Bros., $2; 3d, M. E. Moore,
$1.
Mushrooms.— Twelve specimens:

1st, A. W. Crockford, $3; 3d, B. F. Thomas, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, A. W. Crockford, $2.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks:

1st, Frank Wheeler, $3.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. W. Crockford, $3; 2d, Ernest Townsend, $2.
Collection of P"'orced Vegetables. — Eight varieties:

1st, Ernest Townsend, $12; 2d, H. M. Howard, $8.

Gratuities: —

F. W. Sargent, collection of vegetables, $3.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables in boxes,

.$25.

200. massachusetts horticultural society

May Exhibition.
May 15 and 16.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, Frank Wheeler, $5; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$2.
Beans. — String variety, forced, one quart:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $4; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2.
Beets. — Twelve specimens, open culture:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3.
Lettuce. — Four heads, Tennisball:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, %2.
Any other variety:

1st, M. E. Moore, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1.
Spinach. — Two pecks:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2; 3d, A. W. Pres-
ton, $1.
Collection of Vegetables. — Grown in 1915, six varieties, decorative
arrangement to be considered:
1st, Faulkner Farm, $8; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $5; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $3.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks:

1st, Oliver Ames, $2; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $1; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$1.

Gratuity: —
Faulkner Farm, collection of vegetables, $2.

June Exhibition.
June 5 and 6.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, Frank Wheeler, $5.
Beans.— String variety, forced, one quart:

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 201

Beets. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Wyman Bros., $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d, F. W.
Sargent, $1.
Cabbages.— Four specimens:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $4; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $3.
Carrots. — Four bunches:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, S2.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $4; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $3.
Cucumbers. — - Four:

1st, Hittinger Fruit Co., $3; 2d, M. E. Moore, $2; 3d, Lovell Bros.,
$1.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, Lovell Bros., $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, Lovell Bros., $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son,
$1.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $3; 2d, Faulkner Farm, $2.

Gratuities:—

M. E. Moore, Spinach, $1.
W. Heustis & Son, Turnips, $1.
F. W. Sargent, Onions, $1.
Frank Wheeler, Rhubarb, $1.
Wyman Bros., Endive, $1.

" " Romaine Lettuce, $1.

Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, collection of vegetables, $1.
Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables in boxes,
$30.

Peony Exhibition.

June 12 and 13.

N. F. Comley, new Tomato Buck's Trisco, Honorable Mention.
Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, Joseph Madden, gardener, Mushrooms and
Lettuce, Vote of Thanks.

202 massachusetts horticultural society

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 19 and 20.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Beans. — String:

3d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $1.
Beets. — Twelve, open culture:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, M. E. Moore, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, |2; 3d, M. E. Moore, $1.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $4.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, M. E. Moore, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $4; 2d, Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, $3; 3d, E. L.
Lewis, $2; 4th, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Peas. — Gradus or Thomas Laxton, fifty pods:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, S2; 3d, F. W.
Sargent, %\.
Sutton's Excelsior, fifty pods:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d, F. W. Sargent,
$1.
Any other variety, fifty pods :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Collection of four varieties, fifty pods each:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $4; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $3.
Collection of Vegetables. — Ten varieties, tastefully arranged:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $10; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $8.

Gratuities: —

Frank Wheeler, Asparagus and Rhubarb, $3.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables in boxes,

$15.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.
July 10 and 11.

William J. Walker Fund.

Beans. — String, two quarts:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.

2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $2.

2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, E. L. Lewis,

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 203

Beets. — Twelve:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, W.'Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, W. J. Clemson, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $3.
Cakkots. — Six specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, D. L. Fiske, $1.
Cucumbers. — - Four:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3;
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3;
Peas. — Fifty pods:

1st, D. C. Kerr, $3; 2d, Charles Scully, $2; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $1.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Charles Scully, $2; 3d, Charles Scully, $
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, OUver Ames, $
Collection of Vegetables. — Twelve varieties, tastefully arranged:

1st, W. J. Clemson. $15; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $10.

Gratuities: —

W. Heustis & Son, Squash, $1.
Oliver Ames, Onions, $1.
F. W. Sargent, Bull Nose Peppers, $1.
" " " Collection of Peas, $3.

Mrs. A. A. Warburton, " " " $1.
E. L. Lewis, collection of vegetables, $2.
Hermine A. Schulz, " " " $2.

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.

August 7 and 8.

Beans. — Two quarts, shelled :

1st, D. L. Fiske, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2.
String, four quarts:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $1.
Cucumbers. — White Spine variety:

1st, Hittinger Fruit Co., $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d, Oliver
Ames, $1.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, Mrs. N. P. Cutler, $2.
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens:

3d, F. W. Sargent, $2.

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Egg Plants. — Four specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens, any variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton,
$1.
Squashes. — Marrow, three specimens:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $3.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Crosby:

1st, F. W. Sargent; $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Twelve ears, any other variety:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, S2; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $1.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, $3; 3d, A. W. Preston, $2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Fifteen varieties:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $10.
Eight varieties:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $5; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $4.

Gratuities: — .

Oliver Ames, Cucumbers, $2.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, collection of Tomatoes, $3.

Hittinger Fruit Co., Tomatoes, $1.

W. Heustis & Son, Onions, SI.

F. W. Sargent, Swiss Chard, $1.

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.

September 11 and 12.

Tomatoes.— Collection, distinct varieties, twelve specimens of each
variety :

1st, F. W. Sargent, $6.
Collection of Vegetables. — Not less than ten varieties:

1st, D. L. Fiske, $8.

Gratuities: —

F. W. Sargent, Lettuce, $1.

Mrs. N. P. Cutler, collection of Tomatoes, $1.

W. Heustis & Son, Celery, $1.

D. R. Craig, collection of vegetables, $3.

Mrs. Frederick Ayer, " " " $3.

awards for vegetables 205

October Show.
October 2 and 3.

Theodore Lyman Fund No. 2.

Beans. — Lima, any variety, four quarts:

1st, OUver Ames, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $2; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $1.
Lima, any variety, shelled, one quart (for cottagers only) :

1st, Michael Cahalan, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2; 3d, Mrs. Tim-
othy McDermott, $1.
String, four quarts:

1st, F. W. Sargent, $3; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $2; 3d, A. W. Preston, $1.
Wax, four quarts:

1st, D. R. Craig, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2; 3d, Mrs. Timothy McDer-
mott, $1.
B^ETS. — Any round variety, twelve roots:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, D. R. Craig, $1.
Any round variety, six roots (for cottagers only) :

1st, J. F. Tilton, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2; 3d, Michael Cahalan, SI.
Chard, three plants:

1st, D. R. Craig, S3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1.
Brussels Sprouts. — Four quarts:
1st, E. L. Lewis, S4.

Society's Prizes.

Broccoli or Kale. — Four heads:

1st, F. W. Sargent, S3.
Cabbage. — Any ball head variety, green, four heads:

1st, D. R. Craig, $4; 2d, Frederick Cole, S3; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Any flat head variety, four heads:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, S4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Savoy, four heads:

1st, D. R. Craig, S4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, S3; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $1.
Red, four heads:

1st, D. R. Craig, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, S3; 3d, Frederick Cole, $2.
Any green variety, three heads (for cottagers only) :

1st, J. D. Tilton, S4; 2d, Michael Cahalan, S3; 3d, Michael Cahalan,
S2.
Carrot. — Dan vers, twelve roots:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, D. R. Craig, S3; 3d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $2.
Any red or orange variety longer than Danvers, twelve roots :
1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3.

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cauliflower. — Three heads:

1st, Frederick Col©5-$4; 2d, Charles Jenkins, $3; 3d, E. L. Lewis, $2,
Celery. — Paris Golden or Golden Rose, four heads:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, J. A. Nixon, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
White Plume:

1st, J. A. Nixon, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, A. F. Estabrook, $1.
Any other variety :

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2; 3d, W. Heustis & Son, $1.
Corn, Sweet. — Twelve ears, any variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1.
Cucumbers. — White Spine type, four specimens:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, Boston Gardening Co., $2; 3d, J. W. Stone,
$1.
Egg Plant. — Four specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d, Edward Gowing, $1.
Endive. — Four specimens:

1st, J. A. Nixon, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $1.
Kohl-Rabi. — Six roots:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $2; 3d, Mrs. A. A.
Warburton, $1.
Lettuce. — Cos or Romaine, six specimens:

1st, J. A. Nixon, $3.
Onions. — Ailsa Craig, twelve specimens:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $5; 2d, F. W. Sargent, S3; 3d, W. J. Clemson,
$2.
Dan vers, twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $5; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $3; 3d, W. Heustis &
Son, $2.
Any other white variety, twelve specimens:

1st, Charles Scully, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2; 3d, Michael Cahalan, $1.
Any red variety, twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $5; 2d, Oliver Ames, $3; 3d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Parsnip. — Twelve specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3; 3d, D. R. Craig, $2.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $2.
Potatoes. — Early Rose type, twelve specimens:

1st, Charles Scully, $5; 2d, Oliver Ames, $4; 3d, Michael Cahalan, $3.
Green Mountain type, twelve specimens:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $5; 2d, D. R. Craig, $4; 3d, Michael
Cahalan, $3.
Any other variety, twelve specimens:

1st, Joseph Howland, $5; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $4; 3d, E. E.
Metcalf, $3.
Collection, not less than six varieties:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $10; 2d, Charles Scully, $8; 3d, D. A. Watson, $6.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 207

Pumpkin or Squash. — Heaviest specimen, any variety:
Charles Scully, $5.
Sugar or Winter Luxury, four specimens:

1st, A. A. Scudder, $5; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3; 3d, D. L.
Fiske, $2.
Radishes. — Any variety, twelve specimens:

1st, H. M. Howard, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, J. W. Stone,
$1.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens: '

1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2; 3d, Michael Cahalan, $1.
Squash. — Bay State, thre specimens:
1st, A. F. Estabrook, $3.
Delicious, three specimens:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, .$3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2; 3d, Oliver Ames,
$1.
Essex Hybrid or Warren, three specimens:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2; 3d, D. L. Fiske, $1.
Hubbard or any of its varieties, three specimens:

1st, Frank Wheeler, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, A. F. Esta-
brook, $1.
Any other winter variety, three specimens:

1st, Frederick Cole, .S3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2; 3d, A. F. Esta-
brook, $1.
Tomatoes. — Any forcing variety grown under glass, twelve specimens:
1st, Oliver Ames, S4; 2d, Frank Wheeler, $3; 3d, Frank Wheeler. $2.
Any outdoor scarlet variety, twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott, $2; 3d, Mrs.
Timothy McDermott, $1.
Turnips. — Any early white flat or purple top white flat variety, twelve
specimens:
1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $2.
Any globe variety, twelve specimens:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Rutabaga, any variety, six specimens:

1st, Joseph Howland, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Herbs. — Green fresh, largest and best collection, tastefully arranged:

1st, J. A. Nixon, $5; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $3; 3d, Mrs. F. C.
Upham. $2.
Salad Plants. — Best collection :

1st, J. A. Nixon, $6; 2d, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $4.
Ant Variety of Vegetable not mentioned in this list:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3; 3d, Michael Cahalan,
$2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Twelve kinds, not more than one variety
of a kind, tastefully arranged:
1st. W. J. Clemson, $25; 2d, F. W. Sargent, $15; 3d, D. L. Fiske, $10.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Six kinds, not more than one variety of a kind :

1st, W. J. Clemson, $15; 2d, Oliver Ames, $10; 3d, J. A. Nixon, $8.
Six kinds, distinct species (for cottagers only) :

1st, Mrs. A. A. Warburton, $8; 2d, Michael Cahalan, $6.

Society's Prizes.

Vegetables put up in glass jars. — Best display:

1st, Hermine A. Schulz, $12; 2d, Mrs. G. B. Gill, $10; 3d, Mrs. F. C.
Upham, $8.

Gratuities: —

Albert Watson, collection of Potatoes, $15.

C. F. Rowley, collection of Pumpkins, $3.

Mrs. Lester Leland, collection of Onions, $2.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables in boxes,

$15.
Dr. F. S. DeLue, Improved Golden Bantam Sweet Corn, Honorable

Mention.
J. S. Bache, Golden Eagle Sweet Corn, Vote of Thanks.

Autumn Exhibition of Plants, Flowers, Fruits and
Vegetables.

November 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Collection of Vegetables. — Twelve kinds, not more than one variety
of a kind tastefully arranged:
1st, Oliver Ames, $12; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $10; 3d, F. W. Sargent, $8.
Eight varieties:

1st, ElUott & H. W. Moore, $8; 2d, J. W. Stone, $6; 3d, D. L. Fiske,
$4.
Collection of vegetables exhibited by seedsmen:
1st, T. J. Grey Co., Silver Medal.

Gratuities: —

T. T. Watts, Dioscorea Batatas (Chinese Yam), $2.

Oliver Ames, collection of vegetables, $3.

Mrs. A. A. Warburton, " " " $3.

E. L. Lewis, " " " $3.

Boston Market Gardeners' Association, collection of vegetables, $30.

T. J. Grey Co., collection of vegetables, First Class Certificate of Merit.

C5

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS
FOR THE YEAR 1915.

John K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman.

The recent policy of the Committee on Gardens, adopted the
previous year, for broadening the scope of its activities has been
continued through the present season. Early in the year an
arrangement was made for a series of field meetings in the Arnold
Arboretum to which all members of the Society were invited.
Professor John G. Jack of the Arboretum staff was engaged to
conduct the party, to give information on the various trees and
shrubs as they came into their flowering season, and to answer
questions that might be asked concerning the plants under observa-
tion.

These meetings were held every Thursday afternoon at three
o'clock, beginning April 22 and were continued until June 24.
The meetings proved a successful innovation and afforded an
unusual opportunity for the members of the Society to become
acquainted with the great variety of flowering trees and shrubs
suitable for cultivation in the vicinity of Boston.

An additional meeting was held in the Arboretum on the fore-
noon of October 27, also under the guidance of Professor Jack, for
the purpose of viewing the various fruiting trees and berried shrubs.
This proved hardly less interesting than the earlier visits diu-ing
the flowering season.

On the first visit, April 22, thirty-five species and varieties of
plants were noted in flower. Among the more conspicuous were
the numerous varieties of Forsy thias, forming great yellow masses ;
the \arious species of Japanese Cherries with their delicate tints
of pink and white; and particularly the early flowering Rhododen-
dron praecox, a mass of pink bloom, perfectly hardy here, and a
most desirable plant for April flowering. The Cornelian Cherry,

209

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

a tree covered with yellow bloom was also a noteworthy object in
the landscape.

Later in the month the Honeysuckles and Magnolias made a
fine showing as well as several of our native shrubs, such as Benzoin,
Dirca, Shepherdia, and Amelanchier. The Rhododendrons also
were becoming noticeable.

The feature of the Arboretum in late April and early May is the
display of Japanese Cherries. These splendid flowering trees are
well worthy a long pilgrimage to see, especially the Prunus Sar-
gentii, which when in full bloom is without doubt the most beautiful
of cultivated trees.

In May were especially noted the Hawthorns in great variety,
the Azaleas, Barberries, Philadelphus, and the Lilacs, the latter
comprising a collection of more than fifty different varieties.

In June the wild Roses of many species, the Azaleas, Rhodo-
dendrons, the Crab Apples, especially the Bechtel's Crab, the
finest of them all with double flowers, the Viburnums, Cornels,
and Wistarias were conspicuous.

The visit on October 27 was devoted to the fruiting trees and
berried shrubs. Especially noteworthy were the wild Apples,
Pears, Barberries, Hackberry, and Celastrus articulatus in hand-
some fruit. Much interest in and inquiry concerning wild fruits
as a source of food supply for birds was manifested.

The Arboretum is exerting a strong influence throughout the
country in promoting the interest in horticulture and the Garden
Committee in calling attention to this great assemblage of trees
and shrubs is performing a service in harmony with its line of
work.

In addition to the eleven field meetings at the Arnold Arboretum
two other visits to places of noteworthy horticultural interest in
eastern Massachusetts were made which are herewith briefly
reported upon.

The Rose Garden of Miss Sarah B. Fay at Woods Hole.

On June 24 the committee was privileged to inspect the rose
garden of Miss Sarah B. Fay at Woods Hole. Here are grown

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REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS 211

some four hundred varieties of hardy garden roses including practi-
cally every known kind suitable for cultivation in this section of the
country. The success of this rose garden is largely due to Miss
Fay's enthusiasm, supplemented by the cultural skill of Michael
H. Walsh, and the result has been the formation of a collection of
roses celebrated throughout the country.

The garden is of especial interest from the fact that here were
originated some of the most popular varieties of the Rambler class
of Roses, such as Lady Gay, Hiawatha, Debutante, Lucile, Excelsa,
and Wedding Bells, the work of Mr. Walsh, who has charge of the
estate. These have elicited the highest commendation of horti-
culturists both in the United States and in Europe.

As an expression of appreciation of Miss Fay's interest in the
development of rose culture the committee voted to award her
the Society's Gold Medal in recognition of her life-long devotion
to the rose.

In addition to the rose gardens Miss Fay's estate is an example
of successful reforestation on a large scale. In 1851, when the late
Joseph S. Fay took possession of the place, consisting of several
hundred acres of barren hills and pasture land, it was practically
treeless. Through his persistent work in planting the ground is
now covered with a heavy growth of Pines, Spruces, Oaks, and
other trees, showing the possibilities of tree cultivation even in
such exposed and wind-swept situations as the hills of Cape Cod.

George E. Barnard's Estate at Ipswich.

On July 9 the committee visited for the fourth time in recent
years the notable estate of George E. Barnard at Ipswich. Con-
tinued improvement marks the progress of this place and probably
on no other estate in eastern Massachusetts can be seen a larger
variety of herbaceous flowering plants. These were in exception-
ally fine condition on the occasion of the committee's ^^sit. The
rock garden, especially, occupying an adjoining hillside and now
well covered with alpine and other plants, was a feature of more
than usual interest. As Mr. Barnard had already received in
previous years the Society's medals, as well as the award of the

212

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium in 1910 the committee voted
at this visit to award him a Special Diploma in recognition of the
notable development of the Riverbend Estate and especially for
the rock garden and^ borders of herbaceous flowering plants.

John K, M. L. Farquhar
Robert Cameron
David R. Craig
Jackson T. Dawson
William Downs
Arthur H. Fewkes
T. D. Hatfield

Committee

on
Gardens.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S
GARDENS.

By Henry Saxton Adams, Chairman.

The annual exhibition of the products of children's gardens was
held at Horticultural Hall on Saturday and Sunday, August 28
and 29.

The appropriation for prizes was $300.00, of which amount
S200.00 was given by the State for the encouragement of agriculture
among the children. One hundred and fourteen awards were made
aggregating S296.75.

In addition to the scheduled list of prizes many additional awards
were made for meritorious exhibits as far as the funds devoted to
this purpose would permit and it was with regret that the committee
was obliged to pass by others which well deserved some recognition.

A noteworthy feature of the exliibition was the large and inter-
esting displays of preserved fruits and vegetables in glass jars made
by the Brockton High School Canning Club and by Miss Hermine
Schulz of Roslindale. These displays attracted much attention
and numerous inquiries were made of the exhibitors as to the
methods employed in securing such satisfactory results.

Nineteen school gardens in eastern Massachusetts were repre-
sented in the exhibition and the entries for the classes of vegetables,
especially, exceeded all previous record. There were 40 plates of
string beans exhibited, 31 of beets, 25 of corn, 23 of potatoes, 32
of carrots, 31 of tomatoes, and 32 squashes and pumpkins.

On the whole the exhibition was fully up to the standard of
previous years and in quality and quantity of exhibits showed
clearly the continued interest in the children's garden movement
inaugurated by this Society thirty-seven years ago.

A list of the principal awards made is appended to this report.

213

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden:

First. — Copeland School Garden, Brockton $6 00

Second. — Groton School Garden 5 00

Third.— SterUng St. Garden, Roxbury 4 00

Fourth. — Norfolk House Centre Garden, Roxbury 3 00

Fifth.— Greenwood School Gardens, Hyde Park 2 00

• For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden estabhshed
since January 1, 1912:

First. — • Copeland School Garden, Brockton 5 00

Second. — • North Grammar School Garden, Waltham . . . . 4 00

Third.— Belcher School Garden, East Milton 3 00

Fourth.— Brook Road School Garden, Milton 2 00

Fifth. — Greenwood School Gardens, Hyde Park 1 00

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden:

First. — Greenwood School Gardens, Hyde Park 6 00

Second. — Sterling St. Garden, Roxbury 5 00

Third. — Norfolk House Centre Garden, Roxbury 4 00

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden estabhshed since
January 1, 1912:

First. — Copeland School Flower Garden, Huntington District,

Brockton 5 00

Second. — Groton School, Garden 4 00

Third. — Greenwood School Gardens, Hyde Park 3 00

Fourth. — Young People's Garden, Deerfield St., Boston . . . . 2 00

Fifth.— North End Garden, Boston 1 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's home garden :

First. — Hermine Schulz, Roshndale 5 00

Second. — Robert Fisher, Waltham 4 00

Third. — Gust W. Anderson, Brockton 3 00

For the best collection of flowers from a child's home garden :

First. — Gertrude Schulz, Roslindale 5 00

Second. — John Thatcher, BrookUne 4 00

Third. — Florence E. Watson, Dorchester 3 00

For the best vase of flowers in vari ty from a child's home garden, ar-
ranged with any foliage :

First. — Martha A. Townsend, Lynn 3 00

Second. — ^ William C. Albrecht, Roshndale 2 50

Third. — Florence E. Watson, Dorchester 2 00

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS

215

For the best collection of native flowers, berries, leaves, and grasses,
correctly named as far as possible :

First. — Lester D. Watson, Dorchester 5 00

Second. — Albert Davidson, Melrose 4 00

Third.— Catherine Fuller, Waltham 3 00

For the best collection of flowers from a roof garden in the City of
Boston:

First. — South Bay Union Roof Garden 5 00

Second. — - Gertrude Entner 3 00

Henry Saxton Adams
Philip P. Chase
Dr. Harris Kennedy
Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody
Harry S. Rand
Miss Margaret A. Rand
William P. Rich
James Wheeler

Committee

on Children's

Gardens.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LECTURES AND
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1915.

By Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman.

The course of lectures conducted by the Society m 1915 was
attended by about 2000 persons, especial interest being taken in
those lectures which were given on fruit or vegetable growing; in
fact for the past few years the largest attendance at our lectures
has been at those where fruit has been the subject discussed.

In making up the course this year a very strenuous effort was
made to secure speakers of national reputation, with the idea of
cutting down the course to fewer lectures and getting those speak-
ers who might only be secured on payment of a larger fee. Al-
though many persons were written to very little favorable response
was received, and your committee has had to revert to lecturers
secured fairly nearby.

The course as offered this year covers a wide range of subjects
and should attract considerable interest.

Your committee believes that a more concerted advertising
campaign would bring in more people to this course. Posters
should be used in conspicuous places, car dasher signs used as in
our shows, and more newspaper publicity would give the people
interested an idea of what is going on.

Your committee would recommend that the Society purchase a
lantern for use in illustrating lectures. A very good electric lan-
tern may be purchased for about $50.00 and can be operated by
the janitor or his assistant. Such a lantern would nearly save its
cost in one year, as frequently the Society spends $40.00 a year for
such service.

The following programme of lectures for 1916 is submitted:

January 8. Flowers and Gardens of Japan. Illustrated. By
E. H. Wilson, Jamaica Plain.

217

218

MASSA.CHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

January 15. Vegetables for Home and Exhibition. By Edwin
Jenkins, Lenox.

January 22. Annual Meeting, Mass. Fruit Growers' Association,
January 21 and 22. Addresses on Fruit Growing,
forenoon and afternoon.

January 29. The Missouri Botanical Garden. Illustrated. By
Dr. George T. Moore, St. Louis, Mo.

February 5. Alfalfa Culture in New England. By Prof. S. C.
Damon, Kingston, R. I.

February 12. The Development of Fruits for Special Conditions.
By Prof. W. T. Macoun, Ottawa, Canada.

February 19. Some History of the Grape in the United States,
Illustrated. By George C. Husmann, Washing-
ton, D. C.

February 26. Garden Writings in America. By Leonard Barron,
Garden City, N. Y.

March 4. Practical Demonstration of the Methods Used in the
Propagation of Plants. By Theophilus D. Hat-
field, Wellesley.

March 11. Taming the Wild Blueberry. Illustrated. By Fred-
erick V. Coville, Washington, D. C.

March 25. Sweet Pea Diseases and their Control. Illustrated.
By Prof. J. J. Taubenhaus, Newark, Del. The
John Lewis Russell Lecture.

Wilfrid Wheeler
George B. Dorr
F. C. Sears
Fred A. Wilson

Committee

on
Lectures.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1915.

By Edward B. Wilder, Delegate.

The Board has continued its usual departments of work during
the past year. These include inspection of nurseries and imports
of nursery stock, inspection of apiaries, the work on the protection
of birds by the State Ornithologist, the enforcement of the oleo-
margarine and butter laws by the Dairy Bureau, the supervision
of the Farmers' Institute Work, and the publication of bulletins
and circulars on agricultural subjects.

One notable piece of agricultural legislation was passed in 1915,
namely, the apple grading law, and the enforcement of this has
been placed under the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. This
law does not go into effect until July 1, 1916, and in order to edu-
cate growers up to its provisions the Board held a series of demon-
strations throughout the state in October, and brought Mr. W. H.
Woodworth, of Nova Scotia, down to Massachusetts to take charge
of these meetings.

Meetings.

The annual meeting of the Board was held in January, 1915, and
at that time the regular routine reports were read and the policy
of the department outlined for the coming year.

The summer field meeting was held at Pines Stock Farm, Leo-
minster, the summer residence of Mr. L. L. Richardson, president
of the Worcester North Society. Mr. Richardson is making a spe-
cialty of breeding coach and trotting horses, and so the question
of horse raising was made a special feature of the day. Professor
J. A. McLean of the Agricultural College spoke on raising farm
horses, and Mr. Richardson exhibited some of his prize winners.

219

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

There was also a demonstration on beekeeping, a talk on the use
of concrete, and a demonstration of farm tractors.

The Public Winter Meeting was held at Horticultural Hall,
Boston, on January 4, 5, and 6, 1916, in cooperation with this
Society, the Massachusetts Dairymen's Association, Massachu-
setts Milk Inspector's Association and the New England Alfalfa
Growers' Association. A strong list of speakers was presented,
including Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, who spoke twice, once on "Health
on the Farm" and once on "Milk Inspection from the Producer's
Standpoint"; Dr. Charles E. North, of New York, on "The
Grading and Laboratory Testing of Milk as a Substitute for Dairy
Inspection"; Mrs. Sarah T. Rorer on Domestic Science; Junius S.
Gates, of the United States Department of Agriculture, on " Farm
Management " ; H. R. Lewis, of New Jersey, on " Poultry and Egg
Production" ; and Myron T. Herrick, of Cleveland, Ohio, on " Rural
Credits."

In connection with this meeting there was a good exhibition of
both corn and apples and an exhibit of boys' and girls' home and
school garden club work. The State Ornithologist also made a
ver;y interesting exhibit of means of attracting birds and the Massa-
chusetts Dairymen's Association held its annual milk show.

Contests.

At the summer field meeting at Leominster a horse-judging
contest was htld, at which prizes were awarded as follows: —

Class 1. — For practical farmers: First, R. E. Monk, Pratts
Junction, $12; Second, J. A. Williams, Northbridge, $8; third,
H. G. Worth, Nantucket, $4.

Class 2. — For boys eighteen years of age or under; First, Leo
Donnelly, North Leominster, $10; second, A. H. Harris, North
Leominster, $5; third, Gordon Nightingale, Petersham, $3.

In the spring the Board conducted a tent caterpillar contest for
school children, in which cups were offered to the towns whose
school children should collect the largest number of egg clusters.
This contest was very successful, and a total of 2,303,331 egg
clusters were collected. The first prize in the class for towns of

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 221

over 5,000 inhabitants was won by the town of Northbridge, for
276,801 clusters; second, by the town of Abington, for 212,191;
first prize in the class for towns under 5,000, by the town of Sutton,
for 197,932 clusters; second, by the town of Medfield, with 122,563.

The New England Fruit Show, which has now become a biennial
event in Boston, was held at the Mechanics Building from October
23 to 30, and the Board took care of the Massachusetts prize
winners, as well as offering a sweepstakes prize for the Massachu-
setts fruit grower who should win the largest number of prizes.
This was in the form of a silver pitcher, and was won by Mr. J. T.
Geer of Three Rivers.

The appropriation for the encouragement of orcharding was used
this year as prize money in a contest for apple, pear, and peach
orchards. This was in charge of the committee on orcharding and
fruit growing of the Board. Mr. F. Howard Brown, the secretary
of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association, was the judge of
this contest, the results of which were as follows:

Class 1. Peaches.

Section 1. — For the best yield of marketable fruit from an acre
of bearing peach orchard : First, R. Bemis Smith, North Andover,
$25.

Section 2. — For the largest crop of marketable peaches from a
single peach tree: First, J. Corey & Son, Truro, $10; second, R.
Bemis Smith, North Andover, $5.

Class 2. Pears.

Section 2. — For the best crop from a single tree; First, W. A.
Root, Easthampton, $10.

Class 3. Apples.

Section 1 . — For the best orchard of 1 acre of standard apple
trees; trees not less than three nor more than five years old: First,
John W. Howes, Ashfield, $25; second, G. Warner, Littleton, $15;

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

third, Ralph Barnes, Marlborough, $10. (Honorable mention
and gratuity, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $5).

Section 2. — For the best orchard of not less than 3 acres; trees
not less than three nor more than five years old: First, H. A.
Dunbar, Richmond, $25; second, H. L. Frost, Littleton, $15;
third, Penney Brothers, Saugus, $10. (Honorable mention and
gratuities, C. A. Wilson, Medway, $5; A. A. Marshall, Fitchburg,
$5).

Section 3. — For the best apple orchard in bearing, size of orchard
not specified; trees not to exceed fifteen years planted: First
A. A. Marshall, Fitchburg, $25 ; second, Patten Brothers, Sterling,
$15; third, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $10.

Section 4. — For best old apple orchard renovated: First, W. A.
Root, Easthampton, $25; second, Naquag Farm, Rutland, $15;
thii-d, Minna B. and Mabel F. Noyes, Methuen, $10.

Section 5. — For best yield of marketable apples from a single
tree not older than fifteen years : First, A. A. Marshall, Fitchburg,
$10; second, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $5.

Section 6. — For best yield of marketable apples from a single
tree older than fifteen years: First, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst,
$10; second, W. A. Root, Easthampton, $5.

In the class for best yield from a single tree under fifteen years
of age, Mr. A. A. Marshall of Fitchburg won first with a tree which
produced 21 boxes of apples in 1915. This tree, a Mcintosh, set
in 1904, has in the past five years 70 boxes of apples to its credit.
As these have probably not sold for an average of less than $2.50 a
box, this one tree must be credited with a production of $175 for
five years. The Marshall orchard also won the prize for the best
orchard of bearing trees not to exceed fifteen years planted. In
this class the health, vigor, and appearance of the trees were taken
into consideration, and also a sworn statement of the yield. This
orchard yielded about 2,010 boxes, and the estimated receipts were
about $6,000.

Wright A. Root of Easthampton also had a very creditable
showing in this class, with a total yield of 313 bushels from 120
young trees.

In the class for renovated apple orchards, Mr. Root of East-
hampton made a remarkable record with 970 bushels of apples

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 223

from 66 trees which ranged in age from twenty-five to seventy-five
years. The total receipts from this orchard were $1,270.

W. H. Atkins of South Amherst made a good record in selling
$48.86 worth of apples from a single Mcintosh tree set in 1890.

This is the second contest of this sort that has been conducted
by the Board of Agriculture, the first one having occurred in 1911.
From the report of the judge this year, it is very evident that
orchardists throughout the State are taking much better care of
their trees, and that four years has seen a great improvement in
orchard methods. Undoubtedly the New England Fruit Shows,
of which four have now been held, and such contests as the one
just ended, have helped by encouraging orchardists and teaching
them better methods not only of culture but of sorting and packing
their fruit.

Publications.

Several notable publications have been issued during the past
year. Mr. Edward Howe Forbush, the State Ornithologist, has
written a treatise on "Rats and Rat Riddance" which covers
experiments carried on during a number of years. Two bulletins
were prepared specially for the Panama-Pacific Exposition, one on
"Opportunities for Fruit Growing in Massachusetts" and another
on "Opportunities for Poultry Culture."

Six thousand copies of "Agricultm-e of Massachusetts" for 1914
were printed and the demand has been such that the supply is now
practically exliausted.

The following is a list of the publications issued in 1915:

Name of Publication. Number.

Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1914, 6,000

Bulletin No. 3,i Grasses and Forage Crops, 2,500

Bulletin No. 4,^ Small Fruits and Berries, 5,000

List of Available Publications, 5,000

Circular No. 9,' What it costs to produce MiUc in New England, 5,000

Circular No. 17,' Poultry Feeds 3,500

Circular No. 31,' Farmer's Interest in Game Protection, 2,000

' Second edition revised.
' Third edition revised.

224

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Circular No.

32/

Circular No.

33,1

Circular No.

34,1

Circular No.

35,1

Circular No.

36,1

Circular No.

37,1

Circular No.

38,1

Circular No.

39,1

Circular No.

40,1

Circular No.

41,1

Circular No.

42,1

Circular No.

43,1

Circular No.

44,1

Circular No.

45,

Circular No.

46,

Circular No.

47,

Circular No.

48,

Circular No.

50,

Circular No.

51,

Circular No.

52,

2,1 Beef Production 5,000
5,1 Profitable Poultry Production, 7,000
1,1 Household Accounting, 6,000
),i AKalfa, 5,500
3,1 Economical Milk Production 5,500
r,i Truck Farming, 4,500
?,i Encouragement of Clean Milk, 5,000
),i Farm Accounting, 6,000
),i Co-operation in Fruit Growing, 6,000
1,1 Cranberry Growing, 3,000
2,1 Home Vegetable Garden, 7,500
5,1 Sanitary Water Supplies, 4,000
1,1 Sewage Disposal, 4,500
), The StarUng 2,500
), The Tent Caterpillar, 2,000
1, Bird Houses, 3,500
5, English Sparrow, 2,500
), Apple-packing Law, 3,000
L, Tobacco Growing, 6,000
I, Onion Growing, 6,000
Economic Biology Bulletin No. 1, " Rats & Rat Riddance," 8,000
Nature Leaflet No. 7,^ Potato Scab, 1,500
Nature Leaflet No. 8 (reprint), 1,500
Nature Leaflet No. 9 (reprint), 2,000
Nature Leaflet No. 18 (reprint), 1,500
Nature Leaflet No. 29 (reprint), 2,000
Nature Leaflet No. 30 (reprint), 2,000
Nature Leaflet No. 31 (reprint), 2,000
Nature Leaflet No. 32 (reprint), 2,000
Nature Leaflet No. 45 (reprint), 1,500
Apiary Inspection Bulletin No. 5,' Some Essentials of Beekeeping, 1,500
Thirteenth Annual Report, State Nursery Inspector 450
Fifth Annual Report of State Inspector of Apiaries (Apiary Inspec-
tion Bulletin No. 9), 1,600
Seventh Annual Report of State Ornithologist, 2,000
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of Dairy Bureau, 700
First Annual Report of Boys' and Girls' Club Work, 5,000
Directory of Agricultural Organizations, 200
Report of Encouragement of Dairying Contests, 1,000
Manual of Dairy L«,ws, 1,000
Institute questionnaire. Orcharding, 10,000
Institute questionnaire, Farm Garden, 10,000

' Separate from Sixty-second annual report.
2 Formerly potato and apple scab.
'^ Second edition revised.

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 225

Institute questionnaire, Poultry, 10,000

Institute questionnaire, Strawberries, 5,000

Institute questionnaire, Crops and Marketing, 5,000

Institute questionnaire, Raspberries and Blackberries, 5,000

Institute questionnaire. Currants and Gooseberries, 5,000

Institute questionnaire. Soils, 5,000

Institute questionnaire, Dairying. 5,000

List of Institute speakers, 400

'^

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
THE YEAR 1915.

There has been no marked event to record in the history of the
Society during the year just passed, but it may be said that the
activities of its various Hues of work have been well sustained and
consequently a healthy condition prevails.

Twelve exhibitioris have been held during the year which have
been fully up to the Society's high standard of excellence and the
public interest in them shows no abatement, in fact the attendance
has noticeably increased.

The annual Spring Show in March was the most successful in
recent years and called forth enthusiastic expressions of delight
from the visitors. It emphasizes the fact that this month, as past
experience has amply shown, is the one in which there is the great-
est interest on the part of the public in a flower show. After the
long, cold winter the signs of a returning springtime are hailed with
pleasure and the people are hungry for the feast of plants and flow-
ers spread before them.

The Dutch Garden of the Farquhars and the exhibition of roses
by the American Rose Society were the leading features of the
Spring Exhibition and its success was due in great measure to these
exhibits.

The Peony Show in June was of more than the usual interest on
account of the Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the xVmerican
Peony Society which was held in connection with it.

A new award has been prepared this year called the Certificate
of Honorable Mention. It is designed to recognize special exhibits
not entered in competition for the Schedule Prizes. This award
fills a long felt want for some suitable recognition of deserving
exhibits and takes rank next below that of the First Class Certifi-
cate.

Several amendments to the By-laws of the Society have been
adopted during the year. The intent of them is to allow the

227

228 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY

Trustees to make appropriations for prizes several years in ad-
vance in order that intending exhibitors may have more time to
prepare special exhibits and to grow the plants called for in the
Schedule.

The publications of the year and the dates of issue have been as
follow :

January 12. Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year
1915, 61 pp.

. April 6. Transactions, 1914, Part II, pp. 181-323 and Plates
1-10.

August 6. Transactions, 1915, Part I, pp. 1-112 and Plates
1 and 2.

September 15. Preliminary Schedule of Prizes for March and
May, 1916, exhibitions, 8 pp.

The Library.

The preparation of the copy for the new catalogue of the library
has progressed steadily throughout the year and it is hoped in the
next annual report of the Librarian to announce its publication.

In addition to the usual accessions through the Society's appro-
priation and the income of the French and Farlow Fluids acceptable
gifts of books have been made by Messrs. Arthur F. Estabrook,
Thomas N. Cook, Edward E. Norton, and Horace E. Ware.

Many additions have been made to the collection of horticultural
trade catalogues during the year and the number of them now
amounts to 9206. Mr. E. O. Orpet presented a collection of 56
orchid catalogues and Mr. William C. Lane, Librarian of the Har-
vard College Library, sent a large number of miscellaneous trade
catalogues, a goodly proportion of which were desirable additions
to the collection.

William P. Rich,

Secretary and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1915.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current with.

Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer, December 31, 1915.

Dr.

Paid for Library from Appropriation $244 21

" " " " J. D. W. French Fund . . 162 35

" " " " J. S. Farlow Fund ... 96 56

" " Heating 988 18

" Lighting 1,149 96

" " Labor 2,080 80

" " Stationery and Printing 1,493 59

" " Postage 228 00.

" " Insurance 317 57

" " Incidentals 1,888 72

" Repairs 513 67

" " Committee on Lectures and Publications . 239 65 i

" Salaries of Officers 4,301 66

" " " Committee on Plants and Flowers 398 87

" " " " " Fruits .... 170 20

" " Vegetables ... 192 00

" " Committee on Prizes & Exhibitions ... 253 15

" " Expenses Committee on Gardens ... 45 00

" " Medals 102 38

" Prizes for Plants and Flowers .... 4,584 00

" " Prizes for Fruits 1,276 00

" " Prizes for Vegetables 1,247 00

" Prizes for Children's Gardens .... 296 75

" " H. A. Gane Fund 30 00

" John C. Chaffin Fund 26 00

" John Lewis Russell Fund 40 00

Balance December 31, 1915, Treasurer and Bursar . 8,072 41

$30,438 68
229

230

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cr.

Balance December 31, 1914 $4,423 76

Received Rents 4,014 99

« Exhibitions 3,322.15

« less expenses 1,224.93 2,097 22.

" Membership Fees (457. Income a/c, 375.

Perm. Fund) 832 00

" State Bounty 1,000 00

" Sundry Donations 151 00

" Mount Auburn Cemetery (1991.99 Income

a/c, 1991.99 Perm. Fund) 3,983 98 12,079 19

" Interest on securities from the following
funds :

S. Appleton 40 00

J. A. LoweU . . . ; ' 40 00

T. Lyman 440 00

J. Bradlee 40 00

B. V. French 20 00

H. H. Hunnewell 160 00

W. J. Walker 94 16

L. Whitcomb ' 20 00

B. B. Davis 20 00

M. P. Wilder 40 00

J. L. Russell 40 00

F. B. Hayes 400 00

H. A. Gane 40 00

J. S. Farlow 100 00

J. D. W. French 200 00

B. H. Pierce 32 00

J. C. Chaffin 40 00

B. V. French, No. 2 120 00

G. R. White 240 00

J. S. Farlow, Newton 116 00

J. A. French 200 00

Interest and dividends on securities

other than those for the above funds .

Library Catalogue

2,442 16

9,823 57
1,670 00

$30,438 68

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 231

Assets.

Real Estate $518,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 10,796 96

Library 45,110 47

Plates and History 235 50

$2,000 Kansas City, Clinton, and Springfield

Bonds 1,980 00

10,000 Lake Shore and Mich. So. Bonds . . 10,415 25

21,000 City of Newton Bonds 24,228 75

50,000 Atch. Topeka and S. F. Bonds . . . 44,693 25

50,000 Chicago Burl, and Quincy Bonds . . 50,012 50

10,000 Chicago and West Mich. Bonds . . . 9,987 50

25,000 K. C. F. S. and Memphis Bonds . . 27,523 75

50,000 C. B. and Q. Illinois Bonds .... 51,625 00

8,000 Boston and Maine Bonds 8,710 00

4,000 Am. Tel. & Tel. 4 % Bonds, 1936 . . . 4,110 00

4,000 United Fruit 5 % Notes, 1918 .... 3,840 00

4,000 Interboro 5 % Bonds, 1966 3,920 00

12,000 Pacific Telephone Bonds 11,670 00

260 shares General Electric Stock .... 12,909 90

Hayes and Loring, Trustees 2,308 66

Cash in hands of Treasurer and Bursar . . 8,072 41

$850,714 53

Liabilities.

Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks:

S. Appleton Fund $1,000 00

J. A. Lowell " 1,000 00

T. Lyman « 11,000 00

J. Bradlee " 1,000 00

B. V. French, No. 1 « 500 00

H. H Hunnewell « 4,000 00

W. J Walker « 2,354 43

L. Whitcomb " 500 00

B. 3. Davis " 500 00

M. P. Wilder " 1,000 00

J. L. RusseU « 1,000 00

F. B. Hayes " 10,000 00

H. A. Gane " 1,189 00

J. S. Farlow " 2,503 44

J. D. W. French " 5,148 51

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

B. H. Pierce « $800 00

J. C. Chaffin « 1,259 89

B. V. French, No. 2 " 3,000 00

J. A. French " 5,000 00

G. R. White " 6,103 08

J. S. Farlow, Newton « 2,900 42

Library Catalogue " 1,670 00 $63,428 77

Surplus 787,285 76

$850,714 53

Walter Hunnewell.

Treasurer.

Membership of Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

December 31, 1915.

Life Members, December 31, 1914 775

Added in 1915 15

Changed from Annual 1

791

Deceased 18 773

Annual Members, December 31, 1914 162

Added in 1915 6

168

Deceased 4

Changed to Life .1

Resigned 2 7 161

Membership, December 31, 1915 934

Income from Membership.

15 New Life members at $30 $450 00

6 New Annual Members at $10 60 00

1 changed to Life .- • • 20 00

Assessments for 1915 302 00

$832 00

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 233

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

40 State Street, Boston,
March 4, 1916.

To the Finance Committee of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Gentlemen:

As requested by you I have made a thorough audit of the books and
general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety for the year which ended with the thirty-first day of December, 1915,
and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

— Report.

I have proved the correctness of the ledger, journal, and cash books and
the small books tributary to the cash books, and saw that all balances were
properly carried forward. I examined all vouchers and checks repre-
senting the disbursements during the year and found the amount of cash
required by the cash book upon the first day of January, 1916, to have
been on hand, and also examined the securities of the Society, finding
them in aU details in accordance with the requirements of the records.
I traced all postings from the journal and cash books into the ledger
and certify that the balance sheet taken from it as of the 31st of December,
1915, is a correct abstract and that the Treasurer's statement of the assets
and liabilities of the Society upon said date is true to the best of my knowl-
edge and beUef. \

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the account-
ing affairs of the Society is being intelligently and faithfully performed
and that the books and papers of the Society are in commendable condi-
tion.

Yours very respectfully,

Andrew Stewart,
Certified Public Accountant.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 13, 1915.

235

N

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1915.

The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the year 1915 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Satur-
day, November 13, at twelve o'clock, noon, with President Far-
quhar in the chair.

The Secretary announced that the meeting was called in accord-
ance with the requirements of the By-laws of the Society for the
purpose of electing a President, a Vice-President, four Trustees,
and a Nominating Committee for the ensuing year and also for the
approval of certain duly proposed amendments to the By-laws of
the Society and for the transaction of such other business as might
be legally presented.

The President appointed E. B. Wilder, J. A. Crosby, and W. P.
Rich a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and
report the number, and declared the polls open, to remain open
until three o'clock.

The record of the preceding meeting of the Society was read by
the Secretary and duly approved.

President Farquhar stated that in compliance with the provi-
sions of Section IX. of the By-laws the Board of Trustees had made
an appropriation of $6000.00, in addition to the income of the
special prize funds of the Society, for prizes and gratuities for the
year 1916 and $350.00 for prizes for children's gardens, and also
that the unexpended balance of the appropriation for the year 1915
was to be added to that of the ensuing year.

No other business being presented the President declared an
intermission until three o'clock and appointed Mr. Wilder as
Chairman pro tern.

At three o'clock Chairman Wilder declared the polls closed and
the ballot committee proceeded to assort and count the ballots
with the following result:

Whole number of ballots cast, 21.

For President, Richard M. Saltonstall had 21.

237

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For Vice President, Walter Hunnewell had 21.

For Trustees, George E. Barnard, 21; William C. Endieott, 21;
Arthur F. Estabrook, 21; John K. M. L.'Farquhar, 19.

For Nominating Committee, Arthur F. Estabrook, 21; Richard
Hittinger, 20; John G. Jack, 20; Thomas Roland, 20; John L.
Smith, 20.

The amendments to the By-laws received the following votes :

No. 1, Yes, 19, No, 0; No. 2, Yes, 19, No, 0; No. 3, Yes, 18, No, 1.

Chairman Wilder declared the following named persons to be the
duly elected officers of the Society for the year 1916:

President Richard M. Saltonstall

Vice President Walter Hunnewell

(for two years)
Trustees George E. Barnard

(for three years) William C. Endicott

Arthur F. Estabrook
John K. M. L. Farquhar

Nominating Committee Arthur F. Estabrook

Richard Hittinger
John G. Jack
, Thomas Roland

John L. Smith

He also declared that the several amendments to the By-laws
had received the necessary two-thirds vote and were duly approved.
The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

NECROLOGY, 1915.

239

NECROLOGY, 1915.

Edward Kendall, formerly of Cambridge, Massachusetts, died
in Holden January 6, 1915, in his 94th year. For more than fifty
years Mr. Kendall was engaged in the manufacture of steam boilers
in Cambridge and was also actively interested in the religious and
civic affairs of his city and state. He had been a member of the
Society since 1868.

Oliver IL\zard Perry of Lowell, Massachusetts, a member of
the Society since 1904, died in Boston January 11, 1915, at the
age of 63. Mr. Perry was born in Lawrence June 15, 1851, and
was engaged for many years in the management of woolen mills in
Lowell. He was a grandson of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry
of the War of 1812.

James C. Melvin of West Newton, Massachusetts, died in
Boston January 19, 1915, in his 67th year. Mr. Melvin was well
known in the market district of Boston as the manager of the
Quincy Market Cold Storage Company and was also interested in
many of the charitable institutions and business enterprises of the
city and vicinity. He enlisted in the Civil War with his three
brother^ and was the only one of them to return alive. He became
interested in the Society in 1885.

Miss Maria E. Carter of Woburn, Massachusetts, died in that
town January 21, 1915, in her 70th year. Miss Carter was much
interested in natural history studies and for a number of years was
a frequent exhibitor of native plants at the exhibitions of the So-
ciety of which she had been a member since 1867.

Charles Wallingford Parker of Boston died January 24,
1915, at the age of 83. Mr. Parker was born in Framingham,
Massachusetts, June 27, 1831. At the age of 19 he entered the

241

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

clothing business in Worcester as a clerk, and in 1852 removed to
Boston with the firm of which he soon became a partner under the
widely known name .of Macullar, Williams & Parker.

He was a man of many interests in life outside of his business
connections and a memorial of him in relation to his services to
this Society will be found on page 121 of this publication. He
became a member of the Society in 1891.

William H. Forbes of Winchester, Massachusetts, and a
member of the Society since 1885, died in that town February 3,
1915, in the 79th year of his age. Mr. Forbes was born in England
and came to this country at an early age entering the business of a
lithographer as an apprentice. Throughout the rest of his life he
devoted himself to that occupation developing an extensive business
with a large manufacturing plant at Revere.

Charles Edwin Bessey, Ph.D., a Corresponding Member of
the Society since 1889, died in Lincoln, Nebraska, February 25,
1915. Dr. Bessey was Professor of Botany in the University of
Nebraska and was a frequent contributor to botanical literature.

Joseph Huntington White of Brookline, Massachusetts, died
at his home in that town March 10, 1915, in the 92d year of his
age. In former years he was a frequent exhibitor at the Society's
exhibitions of the products of his fine estate at Brookline. He
became a member of the Society in 1888.

Charles Merriam of Weston, Massachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1907, died at his home in that town March 28, 1915,
in his 44th year.

Miss Helen Collamore of Boston died April 17, 1915, in her
80th year. Miss Collamore vWas practically interested in many of
the philanthropic and educational institutions of Boston which
received material aid through her generosity. She had been a
member of the Society since 1887.

CoL. Gustavus B. Brackett, a Corresponding Member of the
Society since 1900, died in Washington, D. C, August 3, 1915.
He was born in Unity, Maine, March 24, 1827.

NECROLOGY, 1915 243

Col. Brackett was a well-known horticulturist and a leading
authority on all matters relating to fruits. For the past 18 years
he had been Chief of the Division of Pomologj^ of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Patrick Norton, well Icnown to the older horticulturists of
Boston, died at his home in Dorchester September 9, 1915, at the
age of 76 years. For a quarter of a century Mr. Norton was
actively interested in the affairs of the Society serving as a member
or chairman of various committees. He was chairman of the old
Committee of iVrrangements during the years 1890 and 1891, and
of the Committee on Gardens from 1898 to 1903. He was also a
member of the Committee on Plants and Flowers from 1877 to 1884.

Mr. Norton was one of the most companionable and courteous
of men and his memory is held in high esteem by all who were
privileged with his acquaintance. He had been a member of the
Society since 1869.

George W. Jameson of East Lexington, Massachusetts, was
born in Windsor, Maine, September 25, 1833, and died in Waltham,
Massachusetts, September 13, 1915. He became a member of the
Society in 1869 and was for many years a constant exhibitor of
fruits, especially, from his orchard and farm at Lexington.

Alexander S. Porter, a member of the Society since 1899, died
in Boston October 1, 1915, in his 70th year. For many years he
was engaged in the real estate business in this city.

Francis Charles Foster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, a
member of the Society since 1883, died in that city October 24,
1915, at the age of 86.

Arthur Theodore Lyman of Waltham, Massachusetts, died
in that city October 24, 1915, at the age of 83 years. Mr. Lyman
in addition to his large business interests was much devoted to the
objects of the Society and took pride in the development and
planting of his large estate in Waltham. He was elected to mem-
bership in the Society in 1914.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Augustus Elwin Scott of Lexington, Massachusetts, a member
of the Society since 1871, died at his home in that town November
19, 1915, at the age of 77. Mr. Scott was practically interested in
horticultural and botanical matters as well as in the political
affairs of his town and state. He was a member of the Massachu-
setts House of Representatives in 1879 and 1880 and a State
Senator in 1885.

W. Atlee Burpee, the noted horticulturist and seedsman of
Philadelphia, died in Doylestown, Philadelphia, November 26,
1915, at the age of 57. Mr. Burpee started in the seed business in
Philadelphia in 1876 which soon developed into one of the largest
and best known establishments in the country.

He also carried on extensive gardens in several other states for
the purpose of testing new introductions and the propagation of
plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables. He was elected to member-
ship in the Society in 1911.

John L. Bird of Dorchester, Massachusetts, died November 30,
1915, in his 81st year. Mr. Bird was engaged in the drug business
in Boston for over half a century. He was much devoted to fruit
culture and for many years was a constant exhibitor of fruits from
his gardens in Dorchester at the exhibitions of the Society of which
he became a member in 1867.
}

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1915.

245

ImBKcl^uBttts j0rtxtultural Snrietg,

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1915.

President.
JOHN K. M. L. PARQUHAR, of Boston.

Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNNEWELL. op Boston.
RICHARD M. SALTON.STALL, of Boston.

Treasurer.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH, op Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston.
F. LOTHROP AMES, of North Easton.
ERNEST B. DANE, of Brookline.
WILLIAM DOWNS, of Chestnut Hill.
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT. op Boston.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham.
WILFRID WHEELER, op Concord.
EDWARD B. WILDER, of Dorchester.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
EDWARD B. wilder.

Nominating Conunittee.

DAVID R. CRAIG RICHARD HITTINGER

HENRY M. HOWARD GEORGE PAGE

JOHN L. SMITH

* Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COMMITTEES FOR 1915.

Finance Conunittee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR P. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Membership Conunittee.

JOHN K. M. L. PARQUHAR,
WALTER HUNNEWELL, RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL.

Committee on Library.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.
ERNEST B. DANE, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

WILPRID WHEELER, Chairman.

GEORGE B. DORR, P. C. SEARS.

PRED A. WILSON.

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman.
DUNCAN PINLAYSON, PETER PISHER, S. J. GODDARD.

T. D. HATFIELD, EDWIN JENKINS,

DR. W. G. KENDALL, EDWARD B. WILDER.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

T. D. HATPIELD, Chairman.

ARTHUR H. PEWKES, DONALD McKENZIE.

JAMES MARLBOROUGH, WILLIAM NICHOLSON,

WILLIAM SIM.

Committee on Fruits.

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman.

WILLIAM DOWNS, HAROLD L. FROST.

RALPH W. REES.

Committee on Vegetables.

DUNCAN PINLAYSON, Chairman.

WILLIAM N. CRAIG, RICHARD HITTINGER,

HENRY M. HOWARD, JOHN L. SMITH.

Committee on Oardens.

JOHN K. M. L. PARQUHAR, Chairman.

KOBERT CAMERON, DAVID R. CRAIG, JACKSON T. DAWSON,

ARTHUR H. PEWKES. T. D. HATPIELD, WILLIAM DOWNS.

Committee on Children's Gardens.

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman.
PHILIP P. CHASE, DR. HARRIS KENNEDY,

MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY, HARRY S. RAND,

MISS MARGARET A. RAND, WM. P. RICH, JAMES WHEELER.

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1915.

Revised to December 31, 1915.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
Jollowing lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

1900 Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C.

1900 Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of

France, Paris.
1897 Hon. James Wilson, Ex-Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

1901 George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y.

1889 Dr. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.

1898 John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.

1875 Professor William J. Beal, Amherst, Mass.

1911 W. J. Bean, Royal Gardens, Kew, England.

1911 John Dunbar, Park Department, Rochester, N. Y.

1887 Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., "Witcombe,"
Gloucester, England.

1875 Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society,
Roswell, N. M.

1887 H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

249

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1889 William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany,
Harvard University, Cambridge.

1893 B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Ontario.

1900 Dr. Beverly T. Galloway, Director College of Agriculture, Cornell

University, Ithaca, N. Y.
1877 George Lincoln Good ale, M. D., Cambridge, Mass.
1895 Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick,

N.J.
1914 C. S. Harrison, York, Nebraska.
1911 Professor U. P. Hedrick, New York Agricultural Experiment

Station, Geneva, N. Y.
1907 Augustine Henry, F. L. S., M. R. I. A., Professor of Forestry,

Royal College of Science, Dublin, Ireland.

1897 J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.
1906 Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

1889 Professor William R. Lazenby, Department of Horticulture and
Forestry; Secretary College of Agriculture and Domestic Science,
Ohio State University, Columbus, O.

1911 Emile Lemoine, Nancy, France.

1875 T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

1911 J. EwiNG Mears, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

1911 Wilhelm Miller, Superintendent of Horticulture, University of

Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

1898 Sir Frederick W. Moore, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
1887 Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D.Sc, M. A., F. L. S.
1898 Peter N0vik, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticultural Society,

Christiania, Norway.

1912 C. Harman Payne, London, England.

1906 Sir David Prain, C. I. E., C. M. G., F. R. S., Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kevv, England.

1894 CavaliJire Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.
1906 Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Kew, England.

1898 Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph.D., Curator of the Gray Her-

barium of Harvard University, Cambridge.
1875 William Robinson, Editor of Gardening Illustrated, London.

1899 William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery

Cincinnati, O.
1875 Robert W. Starr, Wolfville, N. S.
1893 Professor William Trelease, University of Illinois, Urbana,

Illinois.
1882 H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
1905 Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
1905 Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS 251

1912 Professor Hugo de Vries, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
. Holland.

1894 William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Eng-
land.

1906 Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.

1911 E. H. Wilson, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

1901 Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horti-
cultural Society, Berlin, Prussia.

252

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

LIFE MEMBERS.

1899 Adams, Mrs. Charles Francis,

South Lincoln.
1907 Adams, George E., Kingston,

R. I.

1897 Adams, Henry Saxton, Jamaica

Plain.

1899 Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yar-
mouth Port.

1894 Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

1898 Allen, Thomas, Boston.

1899 Ames,F.Lothrop, North Easton.
1914 Ames, Mrs. F. L., North

Easton.
1899 Ames, John S., North Easton.
1899 Ames, Miss Mary S., North

Easton.
1894 Ames, Oakes, North Easton.

1899 Ames, Oliver, North Easton.

1900 Ames, Mrs. Oliver, Sr., North

Easton.
1867 Amory, Frederic, Boston.

1899 Anderson, Larz, Brookline.
1911 Anderson, William, South Lan-
caster.

1864 Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
1871 Appleton, Hon. Francis H.,

Boston.
1914 Appleton, Francis R., New

York, N. Y.

1913 Appleton, Henry Saltonstall,

Boston.

1914 Apthorp, Mrs. Harrison O.,

Milton.

1900 Arnold, Mrs. George Francis,

Brookline.
1894 Ash, John, Pomfrot Centre,
Conn.

1890 Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.
1914 Ayer, Mrs. Frederick, Boston.
1899 Ayer, James B., Boston.

1912 Bache, James S., Sharon, Conn.
1905 Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
1914 Bacon, Miss E. S., Jamaica

Plain.
1905 Badger, Walter I., Cambridge.
1894 Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
1902 Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
1902 Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
1901 Baker, James E., South Lincoln.
1904 Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
1909 Baldwin, Frank F., Hopkinton.
1888 Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

1904 Barker, George, Swampscott.

1905 Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

1866 Barnes, Walter S., Boston.

1904 Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

1867 Barney, Levi C, Boston.
1897 Barry, John Marshall, Boston.

1893 Barry, William C, Rochester,

N. Y.
1901 Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

1914 Bartol, Dr. John W., Boston.

1915 Bartsch, Hermann H., Waverly.
1901 Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich.
1915 Bauernfeind, John, Medford.
1899 Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.
1914 Beal, Mrs. Boylston, Boston.

1905 Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

1891 Becker, Frederick C, Cam-

bridge.
1876 Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Ded-
ham.

1894 Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS

253

1890 Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

1905 Beinis, Frank B., Beverly.

1914 Bemis, Mrs. Frank B., Beverly.

1899 Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

1914 Bigelow, Charles, Brookline.

1899 Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

1899 Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis,
Boston.

1899 Black, George N., Manchester.

1885 Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brook-
line.

1914 Blake, Benjamin S., Auburn-
dale.

1897 Blake, Edward D., Boston.

1908 Blood, Eldredge H., Cambridge.

1905 Boardman, Miss Eliza D.,
Boston.

1899 Boardman, T. Dennic, Man-

chester.

1914 Boit, Miss Elizabeth E., Wake-
field.

1875 Bolles, William P., M. D.,
Roxbury.

1894 Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

1914 Bowditch, Alfred, Jamaica
Plain.

1887 Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

1897 Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

1883 Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

1894 Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Fram-
ingham.

1877 Bowditch.William E., Roxbury.

1878 Bowker, William H., Boston.

1913 Brackett, C. Henry B., Boston.
1912 Bradley, Charles H., Boston.

1914 Brandegee, Mrs. Edward D.,

Brookline.

1900 Breck, Joseph Francis, Waban.
1914 Breck, Luther Adams, Newton.
1899 Bremer, Mrs. John L., Man-
chester.

1871 Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton,Vt.
1914 Brewer, Edward M., Milton.
1914 Brewer, Joseph, Milton.
1905 Brewster, William, Cambridge.

1910 Briggs, Mrs. George R., Ply-

mouth.

1897 Briggs, Wilham S., Lincoln.

1873 Brigham, William T., Hono-
lulu, Hawaii.

1909 Brooke, Edmund G., Jr., Provi-
dence, R. I.

1914 Brooks, Miss Fanny, Readville.

1914 Brooks, Henry G., Milton.
1899 Brooks, Peter C, Boston.
1899 Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

1912 Brooks, Walter D., Milton.
1909 Brown, Mrs. John Carter, Prov-
idence, R. I.

1899 Brown, Samuel N., Boston.
1907 Brush, Charles N., Brookhne.

1915 Buckminster, W. B., Maiden.
1906 Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper

Falls.
1914 Bullard, Alfred M., Milton.
1897 Burlen, Wilham H., East Hol-

liston.

1895 Burnett, Harry, Southborough.

1911 Burnett, John T., Southbor-

ough.

1914 Burnett, Robert M., South-
borough.

1914 Burnham, Miss Helen C, Bos-
ton.

1909 Burr, I. Tucker, Milton.

1906 Burrage, Albert C, Boston.
1868 Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

1907 Butterworth, George William,

South Framingham.
1906 Butterworth, J. Thomas, South

Framingham.
1905 Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

1902 Cabot, George E., Boston.
1914 Cabot, Henry B., Brookhne.
1870 Calder, Augustus P., Brookline.

1896 Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.

1908 Campbell, Charles A., Ipswich.

1913 Campbell,Chester L.Wollaston.
1891 Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.
1905 Carr, Samuel, Boston.

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

1893 Carter, Charles N., Needham.
1885 Cartwright, George, Dedham.
1899 Casas, W. B. de las, Maiden.
1911 Case, Miss Marian Roby, Wes-
ton.

1873 Chamberlain, Chauncy W.,

Waban.
1909 Chamberlain, Montague, Gro-

ton.
1903 Chapman, John L., Prides

Crossing.
1878 Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.

1909 Chase, Philip Putnam, Milton.

1895 Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeth S.,

Wellesley.

1894 Christie, William, Everett.
1876 Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
1871 Clapp, William C, Dorchester.

1896 Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.
1896 Clark, Miss Eleanor J.. Pomfret

Centre, Conn.
1907 Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.
1890 Clark, J. Warren, Millis.

1910 Clark, Winslow, Milton.

1871 Clarke, Miss Cora H., Boston.

1899 Clarke, Eliot C, Boston.
1914 Clifford, Charles P., Milton.

1895 Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.
1894 Cobb, John C, Milton.

1914 Cochrane, Alexander, Boston.

1906 Codman, Miss Catherine A.,
Westwood.

1871 Codman, James M., Brookline.

1914 Codman, James M., Jr., Brook-
line.

1901 Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston.
1903 Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., New-
ton Highlands.

1900 Cole, Edward E., Boston.
1882 Collins, Frank S., North

Eastham.

1902 Comley, Norris F., Lexington.
1899 Converse, Col. H. E., Marion.

1913 Cook, Thomas N., Watertown,

1914 Coolidge, Charles A., Boston.
1902 Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.

1899 Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

1899 Coohdge, Mrs. J. Randolph,
Chestnut Hill.

1914 Cotting, Charles E., Boston.

1914 Cotting, Mrs. Charles E., Bos-
ton.

1892 Cottle, Henry C, Boston.

1914 Councilman, Dr. W. T., Boston,

1913 Cox, Simon F., Mattapan.
1892 Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

1914 Crafts, Miss Elizabeth S., Bos-

ton.
1910 Craig, David R., Boston.
1901 Craig, William Nicol,Brookline.
1899 Crane, Zenas, Dalton.
1891 Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Rox-

bury.

1891 Crocker, Miss Sarah H., Boston.
1914 Crompton, Miss Isabel M.,

Worcester.

1887 Crosby, George E., West Med-
ford.

1914 Crosby, Mrs. S. V. R., Boston.

1901 Cross, Alfred Richard, Nantas-
ket.

1909 Cumner, Mrs. Nellie B., Brook-
line.

1856 Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica
Plain.

1899 Curtis, Charles P., Boston.

1895 Cushing, Liviiigston, Weston.

1906 Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.

1903 Cutler, Judge Samuel R.', Re-
vere.

1897 Damon, Frederick W., Arhng-

ton.
1908 Dane, Ernest B., Brookline.

1908 Dane, Mrs. Ernest B., Brook-

hne.
1899 Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston.

1909 Danielson, Mrs. J. DeForest,

Boston.

1892 Davenport, Albert M., Water-

town.

LIFE MEMBERS

255

1902

Davis, Arthur E., Dover.

1912

1902

Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Dover.

1913

Davis, Bancroft Chandler, Wes-

1911

ton.

1912

1914

Davis, Livingston, Milton.

1909

Dawson, Henry Sargent, Ja-

1895

maica Plain.

1887

1872

Dawson, Jackson T., Jamaica

1888

Plain.

1903

1905
1873

Day, Henry B., West Newton.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.

1907

1904

Dexter, Gordon, Beverly Farms.

1894

1904

Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

1899

1866
1902

Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
Doane, Edgar Howard, Wen-

1915

ham.

1897

1896

Donald, William, Cold Spring
Harbor, N. Y.

1905

1900

Donaldson, James, Roxbury.

1907

1907

Dotcn, Scott T., Jamaica

Plain.

1907

1914

Douglass, .\lfred, Brooklinc.

1910

Downs, William, Chestnut Hill.

1914

1893

Dowse, William B. H., West

Newton.

1915

1899

Draper, George A., Hopedale.

1881

1896

Dreer, William F., Philadeli:)hia,

Pa.

1877

1897

Dumarostj, Herbert, Chestnut

Hill.

1884

1899

Duncan, James L., New York,

1896

N. Y.

1902

Duncan, John W., Spokane,
Wash.

1890

1896

Dunlap, James H., Nashua,
N. H.

1891

1915

Dunn, Stephen Troyte, F. L. S.,
F. R. G. S., Kew, England.

1915

1915

Dupee, William Arthur, Milton.

1884

1909

Dupuy, Louis, Whitestone,

L. I., N. Y.

1873

1852

Durfee, George B., Fall River.

1899

1880

Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.

1915

1900

Dwight, Theodore F., Kendal

1908

Green.

1914

1902

Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington.

1899

Eaton, Harris D., Southbor-
ough.

Edgar, Mrs. Rose H., Waverley.

Edgar, William Percival, Ja-
maica Plain.

Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.

Elliott, Wilham H., Brighton.

Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.

Emerson, Nathaniel W., M.D.,
Boston.

Endicott, William, Boston.

Endicott, Wilham C, Danvers.

Ernst, Mrs. Harold C, Ja-
maica Plain.

Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.

Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F.,
Boston.

Eustis, Mi.ss Elizabeth M.,
Brookline.

Eustis, Mi.ss Mary St. Barbe,
Brookline.

Evans, Mrs. Robert D., Boston.

Fairbanks, Charles F., Milton.
Fairchild, Charles, New York,

N. Y.
Falconer, William, Pittsburg,

Pa.
Farlow, Lewis H., Boston.
Farnsworth, Mrs. William. Ded-

ham.
Farquhar, James F. M., Roslin-

dale.
Farquhar, .John K. M. L.,

Roxbury.
Faniuhar, Mrs. John K. M. L.,

Roxbury.
Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-
bridge.
P'axon, John, Quincy.
Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.
Fay, Mrs. Harry F., Lexington.
Fay, Wilton B., West Medford.
Fearing, George R., Jr., Boston.
Fessenden, George B., .Vllston.

256

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1883 Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton

Highlands.
1904 Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica

Plain.
1892 Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica

Plain
1901 Fisher, Peter, Ellis.

1910 Flanagan, Joseph F., Newton.

1882 Fletcher, George V., Belmont.

1883 Fletcher J. Henry, Belmont.
1914 Forbes, Alexander, M.D., Mil-
ton.

1909 Forbes, Charles Stewart,Boston.
1909 Forbes, Mrs.J.Malcolm,Milton.
1914 Forbes, W. Cameron, West-
wood.

1909 Forbes, Mrs.William H., Milton.
1914 Foster, Alfred D., Milton.

1899 Foster, Charles H. W., Need-

ham.
1885 Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.

1881 Fowle, George W., Jamaica

Plain.
1914 Fraser, Charles E. K., South
Natick.

1911 Freeman, Mrs. James G., Bos-

ton.

1910 French, Mrs. Albert M., Read-

ing.

1892 French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.

1893 French, W. Clifford, BrookUne.

1882 Frohock, Roscoe R., Boston.
1903 Frost, Harold L., Arlington.

1900 Frost, Irving B., Belmont.

1910 Galloupe, Frederic R., Lexing-
ton.

1914 Gannett, Samuel, Milton.

1914 Gardiner, Robert H., Gardiner,
Maine.

1901 Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P.,

Hamilton.
1895 Gardner, George A., Boston.
1895 Gardner, George P., Boston.
1899 Gardner, John L., Boston.
1899 Gardner, Mrs. John L., JBrook-

line.

1899 Gardner, William Amory, Gro-
ton.

1910 Garland, Mrs. Marie T., Buz-

zards Bay.
1904 Garratt, Allan V., HoUiston.
1899 Gaston, William A., Boston.

1911 Gavin, Frank D., Manchester,

1910 Geiger, Albert, Jr., Brookline.

1911 Gill, Miss Adehne Bradbury^

Medford.

1911 Gill, Miss Eliza M., Medford.
1865 Gill, Mrs. E. M.. Medford.
1887 Gill, George B., Medford.

1870 Gilson, F. Howard, Wellesley

Hills.
1907 Goddard, Samuel J., Framing-
ham.

1904 Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.
1885 Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

1899 Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston
1914 Greene, Edwin Farnham, Bos-
ton.

1905 Greenough, Mrs. Charles P.,

Brookline.

1912 Greenough, Mrs. David S.,

Jamaica Plain.
1899 Grew, Edward S., Boston.
1914 Grew, Mrs. Edward S., Boston.
1914 Grew, Edward W., Boston.

1897 Hale, James O., Byfield.

1873 Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

1912 Hall, Mrs. George G., Boston.
1899 Hall, Jackson E., Foxboro.
1897 Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.
1910 Halloran, Edward J., Roxbury.

1913 Handler, Max Paul, South

Natick.

1914 Harding, Charles L., Dedham.
1863 Harding, George W., Arhngton.
1869 Harding, Louis B., Chestnut

Hill.

1871 Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.
1905 Hardy, Miss Susan White,

Boston.
1889 Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

LIFE MEMBEKS

257

1887 Harris, Thaddeus William, A.

M., Littleton, X. H.

1910 Harris, Prof. William Fenwick,

Cambridge.

1909 Hart, Francis R., Milton.

1899 Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worces-
ter.

1914 Hartt, Arthur W., Brookline.

1895 Harwood, George Fred, Newton.

1884 Hastings, Levi W., Brookline,

1906 Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon.

1914 Havemoyer, Theodore A., New
York, N. Y.

189l'Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rock-
, land. Me.

1899 Hayward, George P., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Haywood, H. T., Franklin.

1905 Head, Thomas W., Lake Forest,
111.

1913 Heeremans, F., Lenox.
1903 Hellier, Charles E., Boston.

1888 Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.
1899 Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus,

Canton.

1914 Hemenway, Augustus, Jr., Bos-

ton.
1884 Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

1899 Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge.

1901 Heurlin, Julius, South Brain-

tree.

1894 Hewett, Miss Mary Crane,

Cambridge.

1900 Higginson, Francis L., Boston.

1902 Higginson, Mrs. Henry L.,

Boston.
1866 Hilbourn, A. J. Boston.
1886 Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

1911 Hittinger, Richard, Belmont.

1895 Hoitt, Hon. Charles W.,

Nashua, N. H.

1905 Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.

1914 Hollingsworth, Valentine, Bos-
ton.

1899 Hollingsworth, Z. T., Boston.

1881 Hollis, George W., Allston.

1891 Holmes, Edward J., Boston.
1876 Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cam-
bridge.

1900 Holt, WilUam W., Norway,

Maine.
1899 Hood, The Hon. Mrs. Ellen,

Sheen, Surrey, Eng.
1899 Hooper, WUliam, Manchester.

1913 Hopewell, John, Newton.

1914 Hornblower, Henry, Boston.
1888 Horsford, Miss Kate, Cam-
bridge.

1912 Horton, Arthur E., Lexington.
1902 Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.
1907 Houghton, Clement S,., Chest-
nut Hill.

1910 Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G.,

Boston.
1872 Hovey, Charles H.. South

Pasadena, Cal.
1884 Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

1904 Howard, Henry M., West New-

ton.
1896 Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.

1915 Howes, Mrs. Ernest, Boston.

1905 Hoyt, William J., Manchester,

N. H.
1896 Hubbard, Charles Wells, Wes-
ton.

1865 Hubbard, James C, Everett.

1913 Huebner, H., Groton.

1875 Humphrey, George W., Ded-
ham.

1912 Hunnewell, F. W., 2d., Welles-
ley.

1893 Hunnewell, Henry Sargent,
Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Mrs. Henry S.,
Wellesley.

1882 Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Walter, Jr., Welles-
ley.

1892 Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

1866 Hunt, Franklin, Charlestown,

N. H.
1880 Hunt, William H., Concord.

258

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1904 Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis,

Concord.

1893 Jack, John George, East Wal-
pole.

1886 Jackson, Charles L., Boston.

1914 Jackson, Mrs. James, Jr., West-
wood.

1884 Jackson, Robert T., Cambridge.

1902 James, Ellerton, Milton.

. 1902 James, Mrs. Ellerton, Milton.
1899 James, George Abbot, Nahant.
1910 Jaques, Herbert, Chestnut HiU.

1913 Jeffries, John Temple L., Cam-

bridge.
1899 Jeffries, WiUiam A., Boston.
1865 Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.

1905 Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.

1914 Johnson, Edward C, Boston.

1885 Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
1907 Jones, Mrs. Clarence W.,

Brookhne.

1896 Jones, Jerome, Brookline.

1897 Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.

1899 Jordan, Eben D., Boston.

1900 Jordan, Henry G., Hingham

Centre.

1897 Kellen, William V., Marion.

1886 Kelly, George B., Jamaica

Plain.

1848 Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.

1891 Kendall, Dr. Walter G., At-
lantic.

1868 Kennedy, George G., M. D.,
Milton.

1909 Kennedy, Harris, M. D., Mil-

ton.

1905 Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer,
Boston.

1S91 Keyes, John M., Concord.

1889 Kidder, Charles A., South-
borough.

1910 Kidder, Mrs. Henry P., Boston.
1880 Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
1899 Kimball, David P., Boston.

1903 Kimball, Richard D., Waban.

1899 King, D. Webster, Boston.
1865 Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield.
1899 Kinney, H. R., Worcester.
1906 Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P.,

Worcester.
1904 Kirkland, Archie Howard,

Reading.

1899 Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

1913 Lancaster, Dr. Walter B.,

Brookline.
1899 Lanier, Charles, Lenox.
1895 Lawrence, Amos A., New York,

N. Y.
1873 Lawrence, John, Groton.
1899 Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William,

Boston.
1895 Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Lee, George C, Westwood.
1914 Lee, Mrs. George C, Westwood.
1880 Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., New-
ton Centre.

1902 Leighton, George B., Monad-

nock, N. H.

1914 Leland, Lester, Boston.

1914 Leland, Mrs. Lester, Boston.

1871 Lemme, Frederick, Charles-
town.

1903 Libby, Charles W., Medford.

1904 Lindsey, N. Allen, Marblehead.
1899 Little, John Mason, Swamp-

scott.
1899 Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.
1891 Lodge, Richard W., Redlands,

Cal.
1897 Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford.
1899 Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.

1905 Loring, David, Boston.

1914 Loring, Miss Katharine P.,
Prides Crossing.

1914 Loring, Miss Louisa P., Prides
Crossing.

1899 Loring, Mrs. William Caleb,
Beverly.

1899 Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Bos-
ton.

1902 Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookline.

LIFE MEMBERS

259

1903 Lowell, James A., Chestnut
Hill.

1903 Lowell, John, Newton.

1904 Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.
1899 Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
1895 Lunt, William W., Hingham.
1914 Lyman, C. Frederic, Boston.

1895 Lyman, George H., Wareham.

1898 Mabbett, George, Plymouth.

1912 McKay, Alexander, Jamaica

Plain.
1911 McKenzie, Donald, Chestnut

Hill.
1868 Mahoncy, John, Boston.
1892 Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport,

Me.
1884 Manda, W. A., South Orange,

N.J.
1906 Mandell, Mrs. William D.,

Boston.
1873 Mann, James F., Ipswich.

1887 Manning, J. Woodward, Read-

ing.

1884 Manning, Warren H., Brook-
line.

1909 Marlborough, James, Topsfield.

1913 Marshall, A. A., Fitchburg.
1876 Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.

1898 Mar.ston, Howard, Brookhne.

1899 Mason, Mi.ss Ellen F., Boston.

1896 Mason,Col. Frederick,Taunton.

1914 Mathe\vs, Miss Elizabeth Ash-

by, Newton Center.

1901 Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
1906 Maxwell, George H., Newton.

1902 Melvin, George, South Fram-

ingham.

1905 Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.
1881 Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
1884 Metivier, James, Waltham.
1914 Meyer, George von L., Hamil-
ton .

1914 Mifflin, George H., Boston.
1914 Miller, Peter M., Mattapan.

1888 Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Wash-

ington, D. C.

1915 Minot, Mrs. Charles S., Read-
ville .

1908 Miont, Laurence, Boston.
1892 Monteith, David, Hyde Park,

Vt.
1896 Montgomery, Alexander, Na-

tick.
1902 Montgomery, Alexander, Jr.,

Natick.

1896 Moore, George D., Arlington,
1881 Moore, John H., Concord.

1897 Morgan, George H., New York,.

N. Y.

1914 Morgan, Mrs. J. P., New York,
N. Y.

1913 Morison, Robert S., Cam-
bridge.

1912 Morris, George E., Waltham.

1899 Morse, John T., Boston.

1909 Morse, John Torrey, 3d., Bos-

ton.

1910 Morse, LewisKennedy, Boxford.

1913 Morse, Robert C, Milton.

1900 Morse, Robert M., Jamaica

Plain.

1914 Morss, Charles A., Chestnut

Hill.

1914 Morss, Mrs. Charles A., Chest-
nut Hill.

1902 Morton, James H., Huntington,
N. Y.

1896 Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.

1909 Moseley, Charles W., New-
buryport.

1896 Moseley, Frederick Strong,

Newburyport.

1914 Munroe, Howard M., Lexing-
ton.

1900 Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

1897 Mutch, John. Waban.

1899 Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.
1914 Newbold, Frederic R., New

York, N. Y.
1874 Newman, John R., Winchester.
1874 Newton, Rev. William W.,

Pittsfield.

260

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1914 Nicholson, William R., Fram-
ingham.

1906 Nickerson, William E., Cam-

bridge.

1914 Norman, Mrs. Louisa P., New-
port, R. I.

1881 Norton, Charles W., AUston.

1891 Norton, Edward E., Boston.

1912 O'Conner, John, Brookline.
1898 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr.,

Brookline.

1892 Olmsted, John C, BrookUne.

1898 Orpet, Edward O., Lake Forest,

111.

1909 Page, George, Newton High-
lands.

1909 Page, George WiUiam, East
Billerica.

1900 Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cam-
bridge.

1884 Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.

1914 Paine, Robert Treat, 2d, Bos-

ton.

1908 Parker, Augustine H., Dover.

1913 Parker, Edgar, North Easton.
1911 Parker, Edward, North Easton.

1915 Parker, Miss Eleanor S., Bed-

ford.
1891 Parkman, Henry, Boston.

1899 Parsons, John E., Lenox.

1914 Patten, Miss Jane B., South

Natick.
1897 Patten, Marcellus A., Tewks-
bury.

1909 Peabody, Francis, Milton.
1909 Peabody, Mrs. Francis, Milton.
1905 Peabody, Frank E., Boston.
1899 Peabody, George A., Dan vers.
1881 Peabody, John E., Salem.
1871 Peck, WUham G., ArUngton.

1907 Peirce, E. Allan, Waltham.

1914 Peirson, Charles Lawrence,

Boston.

1915 Penn, Henry, Brookline.

1899 Pentecost, Mrs. Ernest Harvey,

Topsfield.
1873 Perry, George W., Maiden.

1899 Pfaff, Col. Charles, South

Framingham.

1900 Phillips, John C, North Bev-

erlJ^
1899 Phillips, Mrs. John C, North
Beverly.

1899 Phillips, William, North Beverly.
1895 Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

1902 Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston.
1881 Pierce, Dean, BrookUne.

1892 Pierce, George Francis, Ne-

ponset.
1905 Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.
1905 Pierson, Frank R., Tarrytown,

N. Y.
1914 Pingree, David, Salem.

1900 Pond, Preston, Winchester.
1892 Porter, James C, WoUaston.
1884 Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
1868 Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
1914 Pratt, Waldo E., Wellesley

Hills.

1898 Pray, James Sturgis,Cambridge.
1858 Prescott, Eben C, New York,

N. Y.
1914 Preston, Andrew W., Swamp-
scott. '

1903 Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-

dence, R. I.

1911 Priest, Lyman F., Gleason-

dale.

1912 Proctor, Henry H., Boston.

1901 Proctor, Thomas E., Boston.

1899 Putnam, George, Manchester.

1900 Putnam, George J., JSrookline.

1886 Quimby, Hosea M.,M. D., Wor-
cester.

1891 Raddin, Everett W., North
Cambridge.

1889 Rand, Harry S., North Cam-
bridge.

LIFE MEMBERS

261

1908 Rand, Mis? Margaret A., Cam-
bridge.

1903 Rawson, Herbert W., Arling-
ton.

1882 Ray, James F., Franklin.

1890 Raymond, Walter, Pasadena,

Cal.

1891 Read, Charles A., Manchester.

1902 Reardon, Edmund, Cambridge-

port.

1892 Reardon, John B., Boston.
1912 Reiff, WiUiam, Forest Hills.
1905 Remick, Frank W., West New-
ton.

1889 Rice, George C, Worcester.
1887 Rich, William P., Chelsea.
1876 Richards, John J., Brookline.

1899 Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W.,

Charles River Village.
1912 Richardson, H. H., Brookline.

1900 Richardson, Dr. William L.,

Boston.

1905 Riggs, William Allan, Auburn-
dale.

1886 Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

1892 Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham
Centre.

1903 Robb, Russell, Concord.
1909 Roberts, Mi?s Anna B., Boston.

1909 Robinson, Alfred E., Lexington.
1871 Robhison, John, Salem.

1900 Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.
1903 Roffe, Albert H., Newton Cen-
tre.
1911 Rogers, Dexter M., Allston.
1914 Rogers, Dudley P., Danvers.

1899 Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Pea-

body.

1900 Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

1910 Ross, Harold S., Hingham.
1895 Rothwell, James E., Brookline.
1899 Roy, David Frank, Marion.
1881 Ruddick, WiUiam H., M. D.,

South Boston.
1875 Russell, George, Woburn.
1914 Russell, Mrs. Henry S., Boston.

1900 Russell, James S., Milton.

1914 Russell, Mrs. Robert S., Boston.

1893 Salisbury, William C. G., Brook-
Une.

1915 Saltonstall, Mrs. Caroline S.,

Milton.
1912 Saltonstall, John L., Beverly. •
1912 Saltonstall, Mrs. John L., Bev-
erly.

1899 Saltonstall, Richard M., Chest-

nut Hill.

1898 Sanger, Mrs. George P., Bos-

ton.

1900 Sargent, Andrew Robeson,

Brookline.
1870 Sargent, Charles S., Brookhne.

1899 Sargent, Mrs. Charles S.,

Brookline.
1902 Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,

Brookline.
1899 Sargent, IVIrs. Francis W., Wel-

lesle^^
1896 Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

1864 Scott, Charles, Newton.
1895 Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.
1899 Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.
1914 Sears, Horace S., Weston.
1899 Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery,

Boston.

1898 Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Dr. Frederick C,

Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Mrs. Frederick C,
Boston.

1899 Shaw, Francis, Wayland.
1914 Shaw, Henry S., Milton.
1899 Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., Welles-
ley.

1901 Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain.
1906 Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

1865 Shorey, John L., Lynn.

1892 Shuman, Hon. A., Boston.
1901 Shurtleff, Josiah B., Jr., Revere.

1893 Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,

N. Y.

262

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1899 Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

1903 Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk,
N. Y.

1888 Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

1872 Smith, Edward N., San Fran-
cisco, Cal.

1911 Smith, John L., Swampscott.

1888 Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.
1874 Snow, Eugene A., Cambridge.
1899 Sohier, Col. William D., Bev-
erly.

1864 Spaulding, Edward, Weston.
1908 Spaulding, John T., Prides

Crossing.
1908 Spaulding, William S., Prides

Crossing.
1897 Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

1884 Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.
1893 Stearns, Frank W., Newton.
1896 Stedman, Henry R., M. D.,

Brookline.
1914 Stevens, Mrs. Nathaniel, North
Andover.

1885 Stewart, William J., Winchester.

1901 Stone, Charles A., Newton.

1889 Stone, Charles W., Boston.
1910 Stone, Mrs. Francis H., South

Dartmouth.

1914 Stone, Galen L., Brookhne.

1896 Stone, Prof. George E., Am-
herst.

1849 Stone, George F., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Stone, J. Winthrop, Watertown.

1914 Stone, Nathaniel H., Milton.

1905 Storrow, James J., Boston.

1905 Stratton, Charles E., Boston.

1906 Strout, Charles S., Biddeford,

Me.
1914 Sturgis, Miss Evelyn R., Man-
chester.

1902 Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Bos-

ton.
1910 Sullivan, Martin, Jamaica
Plain.

1912 Swan, Charles H., Jamaica

Plain.

1891 Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.
1904 Sylvester, Edmund Q., Han-
over.

1899 Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

1900 Taylor, Mrs. Thomas, Jr.,

Colimabia, S. C.
1913 Tedcastle, Mrs. Arthur W.,

Hyde Park.
1896 Tenney, Charles H., Methuen.

1912 Thatcher, Arthur E., Bar Har-

bor, Me.

1898 Thatcher, WiUiam, Brookhne,

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Alice R., Boston.

1900 Thayer, Bayard, South Lan-

caster.

1900 Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South

Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R.,
South Lancaster.

1903 Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

1899 Thayer, John E., South Lan-
caster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. John E., South
Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lan-
caster.

1899 Thiemann, Hermann, Owosso,
Mich.

1899 Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

1910 Thurlow, George C, West
Newbury.

1913 Thurlow, Winthrop H., West

Newbury.

1874 Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Bos-
ton.

1896 Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

1864 Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.

1899 Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lex-
ington.

1901 Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cam-

bridge.

1914 Towle, L. D., Newton.

1893 Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove,,

L. I., N. Y.
1910 Turner, Chester Bidwell,

Stoughton.

\

LIFE MEMBERS

263

1914 Tyler, Charles H., Boston.

1910 Underwood, Henry O., Belmont.
1901 Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

1873 Vander-Woerd, Charles, Wal-
tham.

1899 Vaughan, William ^^'arren, Bos-
ton.

1884 Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somer-
ville.

1909 Wamwright, Arthur, Milton^.
1849 Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
1876 Walcott, Henry P., M. D.,
Cambridge.

1895 Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica

Plain.
1914 Walker, William B., Man-
chester.

1896 Walsh, Michael H., Woods

Hole.

1901 Waltham, George C, Dorches-

ter.
1907 Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield.

1902 Warburton, Chatterton, Fall

River.

1912 Wardwell, Mrs. T. Otis, Haver-
hill.

1894 Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston.

1909 Warren, Bentley W., Boston.

1889 Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica
Plain.

1884 Watson, Thomas A., East
Braintree.

1914 Watters, W. F., Boston.

1905 Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Webster, Mrs. Edwin S., Chest-
nut Hill.

1905 Webster, Frank G., Boston.

1907 Webster, George H., Haverhill.

1896 Webster, Hollis, Cambridge.

1905 Webster, Laurence J., Holder-
ness, N. H.

1909 Weeks, Andrew Gray, Marion.

1901 Welch, David, Dorchester.

1902 Welch, Edward J., Dorchester.
1914 Weld, Mrs. Charles G., Brook-
line.

1884 Weld, Christopher Minot, Read-
ville.

1899 Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Ware-
ham.

1914 Weld, Mrs. Stephen M., Ware-

ham.

1912 Wellington, Mrs. Arthur W.,
Boston.

1882 West, Mrs. Maria L., Nepon-
set.

1887 Wheeler, Frank, Concord.

1889 Wheeler, James, Xatick.

1897 Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.

1865 Whitcomb, Wilham B., Med-
ford.

1901 White, Mrs. Charles T., Bos-
ton.

1865 White, Francis A., BrookUne.

1899 White, George R., Boston.

1909 White, Harry K., Milton.

1905 Whitman, William, Brookline.

1894 Whitney, Arthur E., Winches-
ter.

1894 Whitney, EUerton P., Milton.

1899 Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.

1915 Wigglesworth, Frank, Milton.
1899 Wigglesworth, George, Milton.
1863 Wilbur, George B., Boston.
1889 WUde, Mrs. Albion D., West

Roxbury.

1881 Wilder, Edward Baker, Dor-
chester.

1899 WiUiams, Miss Adelia Coffin,
Roxbury.

1905 Williams, George Percy, Bos-
ton.

1899 Williams, John Davis, Boston.

1905 Williams, Mrs. J. Bertram,
Cambridge.

1905 Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brook-
line.

1871 Williams, Philander, Taunton.

264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTCULTURAL SOCIETY

1911 WUUams, Ralph B., Dover.
1915 Wilson, E. H., Jamaica Plain.
1914 Wilson, Fred A., Nahant.
1881 Wilson, William Power, Boston.

1905 Winsor, Robert, Weston.

1906 Winter, Herman L., Portland,

Me.
1914 Winthrop, Greenville L., Lenox.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert, New

York, N. Y.

1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert C, Jr.,

Boston.
1870 Wood, William K., Franklin.
1905 Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude,

North Cambridge.

1905 Woodbury, John, Canton.

1906 Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bay-

ard, Worcester.
1900 Wyman, Windsor H., North
Abington.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

265

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

1913 Adams, Charles F., Jamaica
Plain.

1905 Allen, Mrs. Sarah R., Wilming-
ton.

1896 Anderson, George M., Milton.

1912 Babcock, Miss Mabel Keyes,

Wellesley Hills.

1911 Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.
1915 Baker, Mrs. G. B., Chestnut

Hill.

1865 Barker, John G., South Bend,
Ind.

1898 Barr, John, South Natick.

1893 Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

1904 Borst, Theodore F., South
Framingham.

1901 Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hing-

ham.

1913 Bradley, Miss Julia H., Rox-

bury.
1873 Breck, Charles H., Newton.

1902 Breed, Edward W., CUnton.

1908 Briggs, Frank P., Aj^er.

1909 Brigham, Mrs. Clifford, Milton.

1914 Brown, F. Howard, Marlboro.
1908 Butler, E. K., Jamiaca Plain.

1914 Campbell, Ernest ^^'., WoUas-
ton.

1910 Camus, Emil, Boston.

1904 Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline.
1910 Churchill, Charles E., Rockland.

1912 Clarke, Mrs. Herbert L., Read-

ing.
1014 Collins, WiUiam J., Brookline.

1914 Colt, James D., Chestnut Hill.
1907 Colt, Mrs. James D., Chestnut

Hill.

1915 Copson, William A., Roslindale.
1914 Crocker, Mrs. George Glover,

Boston.

1914 Crocker, Joseph Ballard, Chat-
ham.

1914 Crompton, Miss Mary A.,
Worcester.

1881 Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.

1875 Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

1914 Cushing, Mrs. Harvey, Brook-
line.

1912 Cutler, Mrs. N. P., Newton.

1906 Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd,
Roxbury.

1910 Dahl, Frederick WiUiam, Rox-

bury.

1889 Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.

1914 Deland, Mrs. Margaret, Boston.

1911 Dolansky, Frank J., Lynn.
1897 Dorr, George B., Boston.

1903 Evans, Frank H., Maiden.

1902 Farlow, Mrs. William G., Cam-

bridge.

1901 Fiske, Harry E., Wollaston.

1894 Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brook-
line.

1903 P'reeman, Miss Harriet E.,

Boston.
1905 Fuld, Maurice, New York, N.Y.

266

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1912 Gage, L. Merton, Groton.
1902 Garthly, James, Fairhaven.
1912 Goodwin, Mrs. Daniel, East

Greenwich, R. I.
1900 Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.

1897 Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

1907 Hall, Harry F., Moorestown,

N. J.

1908 Hamilton, Mrs. George Lang-

ford, Magnolia.

1910 Handley, A. H., Newton.

1912 Hardy, John H., Jr., Little-
ton.

1894 Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.

1910 Hayward, Mrs. W. E., Ipswich.

1891 Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.

1914 Higginson, Mrs. Alexander H.,
Manchester.

1902 Hildreth, Miss Ella F., West-
ford.

1902 Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.

1884 Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.

1912 HoUingsworth, Mrs. Sumner,

Boston.

1913 Holmes, Eber, Montrose.
1913 Houghton, Mrs. Clement S.,

Chestnut Hill.
1900 Howden, Thomas, Prides Cross-
ing.

1902 Hubbard, Allen, Newton Centre.
1893 Hubbard, F. Tracy, Boston.

1913 Jenkins, Edwin, Lenox.

1903 Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

1898 Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.
1898 Kennard, Frederic H., Newton

Centre.
1912 Kirkegaard, John, Bedford.

1889 Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Rox-

bury.
1900 Lawson, Joshua, Marshfield.

1914 Leach, C. Arthur, South Hamil-
ton.

1914 Leary, Dr. Timothy, Jamaica
Plain.

1904 Leuthy, A., Roslindale.

1902 Lewis, E. L., Taunton.

1896 Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Med-

ford.
1914 Longyear, Mrs. Mary Beecher,

Brookline.

1901 Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Boston.
1896 Loring, William C, Beverly.

1903 Lumsden, David, Ithaca, N. Y.

1912 McCarthy, Nicholas F., South

Boston.
1914 McGregor, Alexander, Maiden.

1904 MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.
1890 Manning, A. Chandler, Wil-
mington.

1914 Morse, Frank E., Auburndale.

1913 Murray, Peter, Manomet.

1895 Nicholson, William, Framing-
ham.
1904 Nicol, James, Quincy.
1903 Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.

1913 O'Brien, Mrs. Edward F.,

Brookline.

1915 Parker, A. S., Stoneham.

1914 Parker, Miss Charlotte E.,

Ipswich.
1906 Parker, Eliab, Roxbury.
1892 Parker, Walter S., Reading.
1909 Parker, W. Prentiss, Roxbury.
1908 Peabody, Mrs. W. Rodman,

Readville.
1914 Pembroke, A. A., Beverly.
1898 Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookhne. '

1902 Pritchard, John, Bedford Hills,

N. Y.
1912 Proctor, Dr. Francis I., Welles-
ley.

ANNUAL MEMBEKS

267

1883 Purdie, George A., Wellesley
HUls.

1913 Putnam, Frank P., North

Tewksbury.

1906 Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
1897 Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
1912 Reed, H. B., South Weymouth.

1914 Rees, Ralph W., Amherst.
1893 Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
1888 Rich, WiUiam E. C, Ocean

Park, Maine
1900 Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.
1893 Robinson, Walter A., ArUng-

ton

1915 Rosenthal, WoK, Boston.
1879 Ross, Charles W., Newton ville.
1892 Ross, Henry Wilson, Newton-

ville.
1903 Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

1909 Russell, Charles F., Weston.

1910 Rust, William C, BrookUne.

1907 Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
1897 Sander, Charles J., BrookUne.
1875 Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
1896 Searles, E. F., Methuen.

1910 Sears, Prof. F. C, Amherst.

1907 Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.

1886 Sharpies, Stephen P., Cam-
bridge.

1907 Sim, William, CUftondale.

1915 Slam in, John, Wellesley.

1910 Smith, D. Roy, Boston.

1914 Smith, George N., Wellesley
HUls.

1914 Spaulding, Mrs. Samuel S.,
Springfield Center, N. Y.

1914 Sprague, George H., Ipswich.

1914 Stevenson, Robert H., Read-
ville.

1914 Storey, Mrs. Richard C, Bos-
ton.

1914 Sturgis, Miss Lucy Codman,
Boston.

1904 SjTnmes, Samuel S., Winches-

ter.

1869 Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.

1914 Thayer, John E., Jr., Lancaster.
1909 Tracy, B. Hammond, Wenham.

1913 Tuckerman, Bayard, New York

N. Y.
1907 Turner, Everett P., Arlington.

1892 TjTidale, Theodore H., Boston.

1911 Ufford, Charles A., Dorchester.
1911 Unverhau, Heinrich, Marble-
head.

1881 Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

1915 Wadsworth, Ralph E., North-

boro.

1902 Ware, Horace E., Milton.

1914 Washburn, Paul, Boston.
1914 Waterer, Anthony, 3d, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

1914 Waterer, Hosea, Philadelphia.

Pa.

1903 Waugh, Prof. F. A., Amherst.
1889 Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

1893 Westwood, Thomas H., Ja-

maica Plain.

1915 Wetterlow, Eric H., Manches-

ter.
1909 WTieeler, George F., Concord.
1897 \Mieeler, Henry A., Newton-

ville.
1907 Whipple, Frank L., Lynn.

1905 White, Miss Margaret, Cam-

bridge.

1901 Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dor-
chester.

1897 Wilkie, Edward A., Newton-
ville.

1913 Williams, Mrs. Emile F., Cam-
bridge.

1889 Winter, William C, Mansfield.

1913 Wood, Mrs. Charles, Now Bod-
ford.