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TRANSACTIONS

a$sac|Msetts Jortitultwral ^jjtietg

FOR THE YEAE 1916

PAET I

BOSTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN

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Ulassacbusctts Wlortimltural $0netg,

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OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1916.

President.
RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, Chestntt Hill.

Vi ce-Presidents .

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Bo.ston.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton.

Treasurer.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH. Chelse.^.*

Triutees.

THOMAS ALLEN, Boston.
F. LOTHROP AMES, North Easton.
GEORGE E. BARNARD, Ip.swich.
ERNEST B. DANE, Brooklixe.
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, Danvers.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, Boston.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, Brookline.
STEPHEN M. WELD, Wareham.
WILFRID WHEELER, Concord.
EDWARD B. WILDER. Dorchester.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
EDWARD B. WILDER, Douchester.

Nominating Committee.

ARTHUR F, ESTABROOK, Boston. lilCIIARD HITTINGER, Belmont.
JOHN G. JACK. East Walpole. THOMAS ROLAND. Nahant.

JOHN L. SMITH, Swampscott.

♦ Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

COMMITTEES FOR 1916.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Membership Committee.

THOMAS ALLEN, THOMAS ROLAND;

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL.

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, DUNCAN FINLAYSON;

T. D. HATFIELD, A. H. WINGETT.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

WILLIAM ANDERSON, Chairman.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES, DONALD McKENZIE.

S. J. GODDARD, WILLIAM SIM.

Committee on Fruits.

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman.
WILLIAM DOWNS, RALPH W. REES.

Committee on Vegetables.

JOHN L. SMITH, Chairman.
HENRY M. HOWARD, WILLIAM C. RUST.

Committee on Oardens.

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, Chairman.

DAVID R. CRAIG, JACKSON T. DAWSON,

WILLIAM NICHOLSON, CHARLES SANDER.

Conunittee on Library.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.
ERNEST B. DANE, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, F. C. SEARS,

FRED A. WILSON.

Committee on Children's Gardens.

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman.

DR. HARRIS KENNEDY, MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY,

MISS MARGARET A. RAND, JAMES WHEELER.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1916.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to "William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman
John K. M. L. Farquhar
F. C. Sears
Fred A. Wilson

Committee on
Lectures and
Publications.

CONTENTS.

The Inaugural Meeting

Horticultural Papers

Flowers and Gardens of Japan. By E. H. Wilson

The Missouri Botanical Garden. By Dr. George T
Moore ........

Alfalfa Culture in New England. By Prof. S. C
Damon .......

The Development of Fruits for Special Conditions
By Prof. W. T. Macoun ....

Some History of the Grape in the United States. B3
George C. Husmann .....

17
25
31
39

59

Garden Writings in America. By Leonard Barron 71

Methods Used in the Propagation of Plants. By

Theophilus D. Hatfield 89

Taming the Wild Blueberry. By Frederick V. Coville 103

Economic Botanical Explorations in China. By Frank

N. Meyer 125

Sweet Pea Diseases and their Control. By Prof. J. J.

Taiibenhatis ........ 131

THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 8, 1916.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

1916, PART I.

INAUGURAL MEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year 1916 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 8, at eleven o'clock.

The call for the meeting was read by the Secretary and Mr.
Farquhar, the retiring President, introduced the new President,
Richard M. Saltonstall, who proceeded to give the following inaugu-
ral address:

Inaugural Address of President Saltonstall.
Ladies and Gentlemen,

Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Our Society, incorporated as it was in 1829, is now about to enter
upon the 87th year of its existence.

The traditions of the Society are such that it is a great honor to
serve as the chief executive officer in the conduct of its affairs.
Heretofore I have enjoyed the rather meagre opportunities to be
of service to the Society as a Trustee, and at times as legal advisor,
and I can assure you most sincerely that I appreciate deeply the
responsibility of the office to which you have now elected me, aaid
that I will give my earnest and best efforts to promote and carry
forward the good work of the Societj^ along the lines now so well
established by my predecessors.

7

5 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The work of Mr. Farquhar, my immediate predecessor, who has.
served our Society as President for the past three years, deserves
the highest praise from us all. It is seldom that you find one who
has such an extended scientific knowledge of horticulture in it&
fullest meaning, combined with long business experience and first
class executive ability, and perhaps more important still, an
acquaintance with all the best horticulturists, not only in this
country, but in all quarters of the globe where there are any horti-
cultural interests. Can any one who saw that wonderful field of
Chinese Lilies (Liliwn regale) in bloom last summer at Mr. Farqu-
har's place, fail to recognize his ability to propagate and introduce
to lovers of flowers in this country the many attractive new varie-
ties which have been recently brought to us from China and other
far away parts of the world. Such have been the qualities of your
late President, and I take great pleasure in extending to him the
thanks of our Society and the earnest hope that he will continue
for many years to participate with us in the conduct of its affairs.

Your Trustees have given careful thought at their meetings
during the year to various matters of interest to the Society.

At the Annual Meeting a year ago, Mr. C. H. W. Foster, one of
our well-known members, offered a resolution that the Trustees
consider the expediency of making changes in our building which
might result in a better commercial return from the property.

This property, as it stands on our books today, represents an
investment of something over half a million dollars, $515,000.00,
about $225,000.00 in land and about $290,000.00 in the building.
A committee of your Trustees gave much time to this question of
altering the building, and consulted with three very well-known
architects. All of us must admire the dignified character of the
exterior lines of our building, and to undertake to change these
outside walls without obliterating the attractive architectural
features, is almost an impossibility.

There is undoubtedly a quantity of interior space in the building
which is largely wasted, but to render this space useful either for
commercial use or for the use of our Society would require an
expenditure of not less than $150,000.00, and some of the estimates
ran up to nearly $200,000.00.

Our land is undoubtedly increasing in value as business is moving

INAUGURAL MEETING 9

up Huntington Avenue, and Massachusetts Avenue is fast becoming
an important cross-town thoroughfare. Although the Society
pays no city tax, our property is assessed and our land alone last
year was assessed for $450,000.00.

The Committee and your Trustees unanimously feel that the
wise course to pursue is to expend no further large sum on this
building, but to wait until we can sell our present property without
loss, and then move to some location where we can build anew. We
have so informed Mr. Foster, who also considered the matter
independently and are glad to find that he concurs in this decision.
It is possible that some changes can be made in the walls of the
large Hall which would be helpful in the artistic arrangement of
our Shows.

The outdoor meetings conducted by Professor Jack at the
Arnold Arboretum for the benefit of our members and their friends
have proved to be quite popular. It certainly is a practical and
attractive way of bringing to notice the many new varieties of
flowering shrubs and trees at the Arboretum, and this work will
be continued and extended from year to year if our members show
by their attendance that it is appreciated.

Possibly it may become desirable to establish classes for instruc-
tion in the various branches of gardening, such as preparation of
the soil, planting, propagating of plants by cuttings, pruning of
shrubs and trees, demonstrations in the orchard of best methods
for the care of fruit trees, and field meetings at noteworthy and
successful commercial nurseries.

It is work of this kind along new lines from year to year that
will keep alive the interest in our Society. We must not direct
our efforts too much along beaten tracks, and any suggestion from
members as to work to be undertaken will always be cordially
considered by the Trustees.

The success of this Society in the future depends primarily, you
may say, upon adhering to good business principles in the applica-
tion of our funds, and the first business principle to apply is that
we should live within our income. Our land, building, and contents
are carried on our books at about $575,000.00; we certainly can be
proud of our Library which is one of the very best of its kind in
the world. It has at present about 25,000 volumes. In addition

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

to this property, which yields but a comparatively small income,
we have invested funds amounting to $271,580.14, of which
$61,463.61 are held for special purposes.

From our invested funds we receive an annual income of about
$12,000.00 a year, $2,500.00 of which must be specially applied,
and our income from all other sources which includes membership
fees, use of building for exhibitions and other purposes, state aid,
donations, and Mt. Auburn amounts to something over $9,000.00,
or a total income of about $21,000.00; I regret to say that the
Treasurer's figures when analyzed show that we are living beyond
our income, or in other words, for the last four years have used
part of our capital to pay running expenses.

In order to show more graphically what I mean, let us put the
receipts and expenses for these past four years in parallel columns:

Excess of

Year

Receipts

Expenditures

Expeyiditures

1912

23,049.55

23,795.29

745.74

1913

25,485.00

29,241.25

3,756.25

1914

21,157.42

23,971.87

2,814.45

1915

21,977.93

22,366.27

388.34

Total

$91,669.90

$99,374.68

$7,704.78

We all know that if we live on our capital instead of our income,
we are certain to come to grief, and these figures indicate that in
the last four j^ears instead of adding something to our capital, we
have diminished it by the amount of $7,704.78. If we had not
used up this amount of capital, our annual income, figuring at 5%,
should be about $380.00 more per year than it is at present.

It is too clear for argument that we must rectify this situation
either by increasing our income or decreasing our expenses. I
believe that there is opportunity by united effort to do both. We
should get a better net return from our exhibitions.

In 1912 we received a net return from exhibitions of $3,099.62
" 1913 " " " " " " " " 1,116.42

" 1914 " " " " " " " " 689.25

" 1915 " " " " " " " " 2,097.22

INAUGURAL MEETING 11

These figures show a great variance in results. Why is it? Are
our exhibitions fully advertised? Are they made to satisfy popular
demand? These are questions which can be well considered with a
view to swelling our treasury return from this natural source of
revenue.

The membership of the Society should be larger. We should
attract members from all over the State, and this would afford not
only increased dues but added interest in the work of the Society.
In 1914, the Trustees directed the Treasurer to apply S25.00 of
each Life Membership fee to the Permanent Funds of the Society
which is certainly right. At present we have 773 Life Members
and 161 Annual Members. We should increase our membership
by at least 100 a year. In 1871, this Society had a membership
of 1035.

In 1914 the Trustees also directed the Treasurer to apply one-
half the receipts from Mt. Auburn to the Permanent Funds.
This certainly should be continued for the reason that the lands
from which our Society receives a portion of the sale price are fast
being sold and we should try to establish a fund from which the
Society will get a return after these lands are all sold and revenue
from this source ceases.

It is interesting to note at this time that the enterprise shown
by this Society in purchasing in 1831, two years after its organiza-
tion, the land at Mt. Auburn for the purpose of an experimental
garden and rural cemetery, although it proved to be not practical
from an operating standpoint, did, however, prove to be one of the
most fortunate things our Society ever undertook from a financial
standpoint, we having realized a constant revenue from the sales
of the land since the property was turned over to the Proprietors
of the Cemetery in 1835.

When one comes to consider the expenditures, it is hard to under-
take to say where we can best make a saving. We must practice
general economy hoping that by so doing we will in no way curtail
good results. The annual expenditure for the Library seems to me
small, as compared with other expenditures, and I mention this as
it would not seem to me advisable to attempt to curtail on Library
expense.

I believe we can reduce the amount appropriated for money

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

prizes at the Exhibitions by still further reducing the number of
Large Exhibitions which last year were twelve in number, and
which I submit might well be reduced to eight.

This matter of exhibitions has received much attention of the
Trustees, and we are adopting a new policy for next year and for
several years thereafter. You will remember that at the last
annual meeting, the By Laws were so amended as to allow the
awards and prizes to be fixed in advance for a longer period than
one year; i. e., for not exceeding three years in advance.

The Trustees believe it advisable to have two annual exhibi-
tions — one in the Spring and one in the Fall — on a larger scale
than the other exhibits during the year; to do this, it will be neces-
sary to offer larger prizes calling for exhibits which it may take the
growers a longer period than a year to prepare for. It is expected
that this can be done without increasing the expense to the Society
by securing contributions from members and friends of the Society
for the Special Prizes and from the larger returns which should be
derived from such a Show.

The first large Show is to be held May 10-14, 1916, and I ask
you all to bear this Show in mind, encourage exhibitors to send in
their plants and encourage a large attendance. I am glad to be
able to tell you that the $1525.00 required for the Special Prizes
has all been paid in or subscribed for by members of our Society.

The interest of amateurs as well as that of professional or com-
mercial gardeners must be considered constantly. It is largely
due to the zeal and interest of our amateur members that our
permanent funds have been increased from time to time by hand-
some bequests and donations.

It will add much interest to our Shows if we can encourage a
wider field of exhibitors and will certainly add to the attractiveness
of the Shows. The Trustees are proposing that every two weeks
there shall be smaller shows at which no money prizes be awarded,
but gratuities and certificates, and these shows should certainly
appeal to the amateur growers. For many years during the early
history of this Society, the weekly exhibits were most successful and
apparently money prizes were not awarded. It is along these
lines that we are proposing the fortnightly shows.

I earnestly hope that our Committee on Fruits will do all it can

INAUGURAL MEETING 13

to stimulate the waning interest in pear culture. Much has been
said of late about apples, but I have noticed little, if anything,
about pears. I believe there are only about three or four places
in Boston where one can find for sale a variety of pears. Why is
it so? Over in New York you find good pears in almost all the
fruit stores, and they appear to be much sought after. I truly
believe there is as much, if not more, money in raising good pears
as in apples.

In reading the account of the Shows held during the first fifty
years of our Society life, I was much impressed with the account
of the fruit exhibits and especially of the pears; for example, at
the fair held in 1871, Mr. Marshall P. Wilder was awarded a prize
for 42 new varieties of pears. At our recent shows, I doubt if there
have been 25 different varieties of pears exhibited. In the 1875
show, there were six hundred seventy-nine (679) dishes of pears
and one hundred and seventy (170) of apples.

I look forward to the coming year with bright expectations for
our Society and I ask the cooperation of our various committees
and our active members to help in every way they can to make
our Shows and our efforts in other directions successful in their
results.

At the close of his address the President called for the annual
reports of the officers and chairmen of committees which were given
in the following order:

Report of the Treasurer, Walter Hunnewell.

Report of the Board of Trustees, by the Secretary.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, James
W^heeler, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, T. D. Hatfield,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, Edward B, Wilder, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, Duncan Finlayson,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, John K. M. L. Farquhar,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, Henry S.
Adams, Chairman.

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, Edward
B. Wilder.

Report of the Committee on Lectures, Wilfrid Wheeler, Chair-
man.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

The reports as presented were severally accepted and referred
to the Committee on Publications for record in the Transactions
of the Society.

The matter of securing a larger attendance at the meetings of
the Society was discussed by several members present and it was
voted to request the Trustees to consider the subject and to see
if something could not be done to increase the interest in these
meetings.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary..

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS.

FLOWERS AND GARDENS OF JAPAN.
By Ernest H. Wilson, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, with one hundred stereopticon illustrations,
January 8, 1916.

One may safely assert that no garden large or small in the United
States of America is without its something "japonica." True,
not all the plants bearing that name are strictly native of Japan
for the ignorance of botanists and others has resulted in many plant
names being misnomers, but that is another story.

To the horticulturists of this country Japan is of peculiar interest
for not only has it furnished our gardens and our greenhouses with
a host of invaluable plants but it is the only country of which the
first fruits, horticulturally speaking, came direct to the United
States of America. The gardens of this country secured the plants
of most lands through Europe and not only exotic plants but a
great number of North American native plants also. With Japa-
nese plants the case is different thanks to the enthusiasm of Dr.
G. R. Hall. It is well that garden-lovers of this country should
treasure the name of this gentleman for the plants he introduced —
Lonicera Halliana, Magnolia steUata, Malus Halliana and others —
are indispensables. It was in March, 1862, that Dr. Hall returned
from Japan and handed over his rich collection to Samuel Parsons
at Flushing, Long Island, for propagation and distribution. But
previous to this Francis Parkman of Jamaica Plain, Boston, had
received a consignment of plants from Dr. Hall, through Mr.
Gordon Dexter, and among others was the famous Lilium auratum,
which flowered for the first time in America in July, 1862.

In the early 'sLxties Thomas Hogg visited Japan in the interest
of Samuel Parsons and introduced in 1865 many plants including
Magnolia obovata.

Another American, Mr. W. S. Clark, who went from Amherst
College, Mass., and developed the Agricultural College at Sapporo,
in Hokkaido, in the early 'seventies of the last century, sent in

17

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1876 seeds of many valuable plants such as Magnolia kobus, var.
borealis, Ccrcidiphylhim japonicwn, Syringa japonica, and Adinidia
polygama. In the Arnold Arboretum and elsewhere many fine speci-
mens raised from his seeds are growing today.

A few Japanese plants — Rosa rugosa for example — reached
Europe toward the end of the eighteenth century, but it was not
until after Commodore Perry's Expedition in 1852-'54, and the
signing of the treaty on March 31st, 1854, which resulted in the
opening of Japan to foreign commerce, that the plants of that land
began to find their way freely to the Occident. A Russian expedi-
tion under Admiral Putiatin was in the Far East from 1852-55,
and on January 21st, 1855, a treaty between Japan and Russia
was signed. Shortly afterward treaties between Japan and other
Western countries w^ere signed.

From 1611 the Dutch East India Company had trading rights
in Japan and established a factory on a small island contiguous
to Nagasaki, and we owe our first knowledge of the flora of Japan
to officers of this Company. From 1823 to 1830 Phillip Franz von
Siebold was an officer in the Dutch company and resided in Japan,
and from about 1850 to 1865 he imported plants to a nursery he
established at Leiden in Holland. Among the most important
of his introductions may be mentioned Malus floribunda, M. Si^-
boldii, Wistaria floribunda, var. macrobotrys, and Prunus subhir-
tella, var. pend^da.

A Russian, Carl Maximowicz, who in 1854-1856 made very
extensive collections in the Amur region of eastern Siberia, made a
journey to Japan lasting from 1859 to 1864, which resulted in our
first intimate knowledge of the forest flora of Japan and in the
acquisition of a great many plants valuable to gardens, including
Berberis Thunbergii.
(J^ Three Englishmen — John Gould Veitch from early spring to
autumn of 1860; Robert Fortune from the autumn of 1860 to the
summer of 1861; Charles Maries from 1877 to 1880 — collected
extensively in Japan and each added to gardens treasures beyond
price. During the same period, and in the early 'eighties various
foreign amateurs in Japan sent to their friends in this country
and in Europe such valuable plants as Vitis Coignetiae, Prunus
scrrulata, var. sachalinensis, Rosa multiflora, R. Wichuraiana and
Rose " Crimson Rambler."

FLOWERS AND GARDENS OF JAPAN 19

These historical facts are necessary to show that Japanese plants
were independently introduced to this country and to Europe
during the same period. The pioneer work briefly sketched above
was supplemented in a remarkable manner by Professor Charles S.
Sargent, Director of Arnold Arboretum, who visited Japan in 1892.
His predecessors in Japan had enjoyed a virgin field but as an offset
to this Sargent had the advantage which full knowledge of a sub-
ject gives. He knew not only the Japanese plants already in cul-
tivation in the Occident but was also fully acquainted with the
whole forest flora of Japan, and the result was that a great number
of beautiful and hardy trees and shrubs were added to our gardens.
He introduced among other plants, all the Japanese deciduous Oaks,
certain Hornbeams, Birches, Alders, Picea Glehnii, Abies sachali-
nensis, Mains zumi, M. Tschonoshii, M. Sargentii, Kalopanax rici-
nifolhim, Enkianthus campanidatus, Acer nikoense, A. Miyahei,
Rhododendron Kaempferi, one of the most beautiful of all shrubs
hardy in New England, and many other valuable plants. In fact,
this journey was the most fruitful in results of any undertaken in
Japan.

I have not the time at my disposal to enter further into this
interesting aspect of my subject, but I cannot let pass this oppor-
tunity to put on record the names of those to whom all lovers
of hardy Japanese plants are under lasting obligations.

Japan proper consists of four large and man}^ hundreds of small
islands and the country is much larger than many suppose. Its
total length is about the same as this Atlantic seaboard from Nova
Scotia to the southern end of the Florida Keys. Furthermore,
the range of climate is much the same in both regions. A warm
current sweeps up the east coast of Japan to near Yokohama
where it is deflected out to sea and the result is that northward of
this point the climate rapidly becomes colder. Geologically, Japan
is made up of a broad backbone of volcanic mountains (many of
the peaks of which are still active) narrowly flanked by sedimentary
rocks, and here and there occur massive outcroppings of granite.
There is very little limestone in Japan and this accounts for the
wealth of Ericaceous plants which are a pronounced feature of the
flora and occur in quantity from sea-level to the tops of many of
the highest mountains. The whole face of the country is moun-

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

tainous and the scenery is for the most part pretty and picturesque.
In the central parts of the main island (Hondo) are ranges of high
mountains — volcanic and granitic — and the scenery there is bold
and rugged. The sublime Fuji with its symmetrical cone, snow-
capped for the greater part of the year, is 12,390 feet high and is
the highest mountain in Japan.

Since the country is so broken a very considerable portion of it
is not amenable to agriculture. The steep mountain-slopes are
well covered with trees and shrubs and large areas are extensively
forested. Also, and more especially in the central and northern
parts of Hondo, there is much moorland clothed with coarse grasses
and shrubs in variety. Coniferous, including Taxaceous trees
abound from the extreme south to the extreme north, and, indeed,
Japan with its sixteen genera of these plants is richer than any
other land. From about the latitude of Tokyo southward the
woods and forests contain a high percentage of broad-leaved ever-
green trees and these together with the Conifers give to the country
a very green appearance at all seasons of the year. North of Tokyo
broad-leaved evergreens decrease in number rapidly and from
Nikko northward the forests are very similar in aspect to those of
New England. On the island of Yakushima, which marks the
southern limits not only of Japan but also of its flora. Tree Ferns,
Bananas, and Wild Figs are common constituents of the flora at
sea-level. In the extreme north of Hokkaido and in Japanese
Saghalien on the shores of the Okhotsk Sea, dwarf Pine, Juniper,
Larch, and the Crowberry (Empctnim nigrum) descend to sea-
level. Almost everywhere in Japan dwarf Bamboos form a dense
undergrowth in the forests.

Some writers on the natural history of Japan have stated that
the Straits of Tsugaru which separate northern Hondo and Hok-
kaido form a well-marked phyto-geographical boundary. This,
however, is not true and the difference between the floras of the
two regions is merely one of degree and not of kind. The warm
current previously referred to, exercises a tremendous influence
on the climate and on the vegetation and is responsible for the
great difference between the floras of southern and northern Japan.
Whilst no very hard and fast phyto-geographical line exists it may
be laid down as about Lat. 36° N.

FLOWERS AND GARDENS OF JAPAN 21

The flora of Japan is very rich in ornamental trees and shrubs
and the majority of the deciduous plants and nearly all the Coni-
fers have proved perfectly hardy and amenable to cultivation in
the gardens of New England.

In Japan the Pine, the Bamboo, and the Plum-blossom {Prunus
mume) are emblematic of long life, strength, and happiness, and a
love of flowers is a dominant characteristic of the people. This
love is spontaneous and fundamental and is one of the virtues of
the race which appeals forcibly to the most casual visitor. The
arrangement of flowers for house decoration is one of the three
essential parts of every lady's education, and be it said it is an
accomplishment in which the whole people excel in a manner most
artistic. At no season of the year is any dwelling, be it peasant's
hut or merchant's house, prince's castle or emperor's palace, with-
out its flowers or sprig of fruit or foliage, and the graves of the
departed are decked with floral decorations the year round. The
Chrysanthemum is the chosen crest of the Imperial Household;
three Asarum leaves found the crest of the first Shogun; one of
the highest Imperial Orders is that of the Paulownia. The blossom-
ing of the Cherry is made the occasion for a great national holiday.
In the temple grounds are magnificent trees, and for old trees the
love of the Japanese amounts to a veneration akin to worship.

Here and there throughout the land are places famous for their
Plum trees. Cherry trees. Wistarias, Irises, Peonies, Azaleas, Maples,
Chrysanthemums, Pines, Cryptomerias, and so forth, and in
season people flock from far and near to feast on their beauty.
These different floral seasons are kept as festivals of amity and
rejoicing. Families in all their ramifications from great-grand-
mother to the youngest great-grandchild assemble together for a
right merry time. In and near cities and where the sake-bowl
flows too freely the merriment may be a little boisterous, but it
is always the exuberance of good fellowship. When in Japan I
found peculiar pleasure in the spirit of joyousness so manifest at
these festivals.

With a few exceptions it is on trees and shrubs that the Japanese
lavish their attentions. The Iris, Chrysanthemum, Lotus Lily,
Rhodea japonica, Liriope spicata, and the Morning Glory are the
only herbs that they are really fond of. The Morning Glory

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

(Ipomoea rnbro-caerulea) , an exotic of American origin, is extraor-
dinarily popular and boasts societies whose object is the develop-
ment of this particular flower. The blossoms open at sun-up and
devotees will arise before dawn and walk long distances to gardens
where this plant is grown to watch the flowers expand.

The floral seasons of Japan commence with the Ume or Plum-
blossom (Prunus 7nwne) in January, and close with the Chrysan-
themum in November and December. In March and in April,
according to climate, the Cherry trees blossom and this is the sea-
son par excellence. The Japanese recognize a hundred and more
varieties of Cherries with white, yellow, pure pink to deep rose
blossoms. Some are small shrubs, others large trees with wide-
spreading crowns ; some have pendent, others quite erect, branches,
and all are wondrously beautiful. Cherry trees are wild in the
woods and thickets throughout the length and breadth of Japan
and are everywhere planted in vast numbers, in temple and castle
grounds, in park and garden, in the streets of the cities and along-
side the highways, and by pond and riverside. At Koganei, a vil-
lage some ten miles from Tokyo, there is a three-mile avenue
of Cherry trees planted in 1735, by command of the Shogun
Yoshimune. Many of the trees are from sixty to seventy-five feet
tall, with trunks from ten to twelve feet in girth and crowns from
fifty to sixty feet through, and when in full flower the scene pre-
sented is a never-to-be-forgotten one. No language can exaggerate
the beauty of the Japanese Cherries and they must be seen to be
appreciated in full.

Now, there is no valid reason why here in Boston we should not
have our own Cherry season, for the trees are perfectly hardy and
thrive here. In the Arnold x\rboretum the few large trees we have
are a wealth of flowers each and every season. The Arnold Arbore-
tum as one result of its recent expedition to Japan has now growing
a collection of some seventy odd varieties of these Cherries and these
will be propagated and distributed in due season. Unfortunately,
in the Arboretum itself there is not sufficient spare land available
to do full justice to this collection, but we hope that somewhere a
proper home will be found for it.

The Wistaria, the most gorgeous of all hardy climbers, except
in occasional years of severe winters, blossoms beautifully on house

FLOWERS AND GARDENS OF JAPAN 23

and pergola in and around Boston, but I never knew the full glory
of the Wistaria until I saw it in Japan. There it is not only wild
in profusion but is abundantly planted by the sides of ponds,
ditches, and streams, and it is trained over arbors and trellises.
There are numerous varieties and on one I measured racemes of
flowers sixty-four and a half inches long, and they were not mere
individual examples but there were thousands upon thousands of
them equally long!

About Wistaria time too the Moutan Peonies, the Iris, and the
Azaleas make wonderful displays of color. Japanese Maples with
colored leaves of various shape and form are well known in western
lands but only a few of the varieties thrive with us. Japanese
gardeners who specialize in Maples recognize over three hundred
varieties, and Tokyo boasts its Maple Club, where everything
from the tea-cups and the carved screens to the waiting-maids'
dresses are marked with Maple leaves.

To mention in detail all the favorite garden plants would take
up too much time and space but in addition to those already enum-
erated the following are to be found in gardens from Tokyo south-
ward: Camellias, Bamboos, Hydrangeas, Box (Buxus microphylla),
Black Pine {Pinus Thunhergii), White Pine (P. parviflora), Table
Pine (P. densi flora var. umbraculifera) , Umbrella Pine {Sciadojntys
verticillata) , Arborvitae {Chamaecyparis obtusa), Ginkgo biloba,
Illicium religiosum, Cryptomeria japonica, Cinnamomum Camphora,
Podocarpus macrophylla, Tr achy car pus excelsus, Chhnonanthus
Jragrans, Magnolia denudata, M. liliflora, Pieris japonica, Faisia
japonica, Daphne odor a, Nandina domestica, Pittosporwn tobira,
Ilex Sieboldii, Mains HaUiana, Ternstroemia jajyonica, Enkianthus
japonicus, Cycas revoluta, Chloranthvs brachystachys, Quince
(Cydonia lagenaria), Weeping W^illow {S. babylonica), Tea Plant
{Thea sinensis), and Physalis Franchetii.

"The Japanese are true lovers of scenery; no people have a
keener feeling for a beautiful landscape; to them a moon rising
over Mount Fuji is a poem, and their pilgrimages to see Almonds
in blossom or the glories of the autumn tints are almost proverbial,
and 3^et, strange to say, in their gardens they seem to delight in
setting at defiance every one of those canons which Nature has laid
down so unmistakably for those who will be at the pains to read

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

them. The Japanese garden is a mere toy that might be the
appanage of a doll's house. Everything is in miniature. There
is a dwarf forest of stunted Pines, with a Liliputian waterfall run-
ning into a tiny pond full of giant gold fish — the only big things to
be seen. There is a semblance in earth and stones of the great
Mount Fuji, and in one corner is a temple to Inari Sama, the god
who presides over farming and is waited upon by the foxes. Stone
lanterns jof grotesque shape spring up here and there, and the
paths are made of great flat stepping-stones set well apart so as not
to touch one another; shrubs, Cycads, and dwarf Conifers are
planted, not without quaint skill and prettiness, but there are no
broad effects, no inspiration of Nature. It is all spick and span,
intensely artificial, a miracle of misplaced zeal and wasted labor.
Attached to what were the Daimios' palaces in the old days there
were some fine pleasure grounds, well laid out, rich in trees, and
daintily kept. The gardens of the Mikado, by the shore of the bay
of Yedo, are beautiful. But the average Japanese garden is such
as I have described it, a mere whimsical toy, the relic of an art
imported from China, and stereotyped on the willow pattern plate."
So writes Lord Redesdale in his Bamboo Garden, and a more faith-
ful picture could not be portrayed. Long familiar with these
gardens in China I confess that I did not find them out of place
in Japan. I have from experience become accustomed to re-
gard them as belonging to the natural order of things appertaining
to the Far East. But in the West, and in New England especially,
they have no place. Let us cultivate in our gardens here all the
beautiful plants that are hardy in this climate; let us inculcate that
profound love of Nature so dominant in Japan ; let us in our gardens
take full advantage of natural beauty; let us import no exotic
style of gardening, but strive to develop American gardens in har-
mony with x\merican scenery and climate.

THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
By Dr. George T. Moore, St Louis, Mo.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon ilkistrations, January 29,

1916.

The cultivation of plants for their heaHng qualities by the monks
of the middle ages is generally supposed to have been the fore-
runner of the modern botanical garden, although these mediaeval
gardens doubtless had their origin in others of greater antiquity.
In a recent treatise on embroidery and lace by a Frenchman, the
ingenious theory is advanced that the idea of a botanical garden
originated during the sixteenth century in France, when the demand
for flowers and fruits to serve as patterns for the designing of
brocades caused the horticulturist. Gene Robin, to open a little
garden, with conservatories in which he cultivated strange and
little known varieties. This proved to be such a success that
Henry IV. purchased the establishment and under the name of
"The Garden of the King" it became crown property. In 1626
the learned Guy de Brosse suggested that medical students might
study these plants without interfering with the designers of em-
broidery and tapestry. Hence the first Jardin des Plantes, with
its natural history museum, came into existence. This institu-
tion served so many excellent purposes that other countries rapidly
attempted to duplicate it — the author concluding with the naive
statement, "Who would have thought it possible for embroidery
thus to come to the aid of science?"

Unfortunately for this notion as to the origin of botanical gardens,
the Jardin des Plantes was founded by Louis XIII. in 1610 and
although the aesthetic study of plants and of flowers must un-
doubtedly have appealed to those who visited the garden, just as
it does today, it seems quite certain that such collections of living
plants were primarily brought together because of their real or
supposed medicinal value.

The function of a botanical garden as an aid to scientific teaching:

25

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

and research did not develop much, if at all, prior to the middle of
the seventeenth century, when those at Bologna, Montpellier,
Leiden, Paris, and Upsala became more or less noteworthj^ in this
respect. The taste for ornamental and decorative plants had mean-
while slowly been gaining ground, as well as the desire to cultivate
rare and unusual species. Manj?^ persons of wealth and influence,
during the eighteenth century, became, through the employment
of men skilled in botany and horticulture, generous patrons of
science. The world was searched for new and rare plants which
were brought to Europe for cultivation, and magnificent volumes
describing these collections were published. The older gardens
were essentially private institutions, but later many of the existing
establishments, with an increasing number of new ones, were opened
to the public, either without charge or for a small admission fee.

The modern botanical garden has a number of functions which
did not appear simultaneously', but were a matter of gradual devel-
opment. Beginning with the utilitarian idea, there were added the
aesthetic, the scientific, and the educational, using these words in
the broadest sense. Depending largely upon local conditions,
these functions have been given different degrees of prominence,
some gardens being essentially aesthetic, some mainly scientific, and
others combining in about equal proportions all of the elements
mentioned. Certainly the modern tendency is to make the botani-
cal garden something more than a "museum of living plants"
which, however necessary, is to a large degree uninteresting and
lacking in its appeal to the public.

Most botanical gardens in this country are either connected with
some institution of learning or maintained wholly or in part by the
municipality. In this respect the Missouri Botanical Garden is
unique, since it has no connection whatsoever with the city, paying
taxes on all its revenue-producing property and only indirectly
being associated with Washington University, through the graduate
school of botany.

The garden as it now exists is the development' of the private
garden of Mr. Henry Shaw, who came to this country from England
in 1818 and soon after settled in St. Louis. Acquiring a fortune
within about twenty years, Mr. Shaw devoted the larger part of
the remaining fifty years of his life to the enlargement and manage-

THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 27

ment of this garden, which, although freely opened to the public,
remained his private property until his death. Seeking the advice
of such men as Dr. George Engelmann, Sir William and Sir Joseph
Hooker, and Professor Asa Gray, Mr. Shaw, in a will, remarkable
for its breadth and farsightedness, left to a self-perpetuating board
of trustees the administration of his property and, through a direc-
tor, the management of the garden which he himself designated as
the Missouri Botanical Garden.

It may truly be said that practically all the various aspects of
the work of this garden at the present time, whether they be scien-
tific, educational, or aesthetic, were conceived by Mr. Shaw and
provided for in a very definite manner by his will. As funds have
become available, various aspects of the work have been enlarged
and it is possible that in some respects the development has pro-
ceeded further than Mr. Shaw imagined possible, but the germ of
the idea may be found in his will and had he lived to the present
time it seems more than likely that his own management would
have produced practically the institution as it now exists.

The garden comprises about one hundred and twenty-five acres
in the heart of the city, about sixty acres of which are as yet unim-
proved. It is in no sense a part of the park system, being enclosed
within a stone wall or fence, and pleasure vehicles are not admitted.
In addition to the ordinary landscape treatment of such a garden,
including the usual plantations of trees, hardy shrubs, and flower
beds, there are also special outdoor collections comprising such
features as the so-called "North American tract" in which are
included a systematic arrangement of a considerable number of
plants hardy in the vicinity of St. Louis; a small arboretum;
a medicinal garden; a large Italian garden, laid out on strictly
formal lines; a so-called "Linnean garden," which takes its name
from one of the older greenhouses, called by Mr. Shaw the " Lin-
nean house," and which because it is bounded on three sides by a
wall, is patterned after some of the English gardens; a rose garden;
an economic garden, in which are displayed special collections of
useful plants, such as rice, peanuts, tobacco, sugar cane, cotton,
farm crops of various sorts; examples of vines, hedge plants,
annuals and perennials suitable for growing in the vicinity of St.
Louis; bee plants, herbs, small fruits, and anything which can

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

serve as a demonstration to the public of what may be aceompUshed
in the growing of useful and ornamental plants. Four sample
back yards of varying size and treatment are included, and plans
for the future contemplate the addition of various other features
for which there seems to be a demand.

Within the last three years about 100,000 square feet of display
greenhouses have been added, within which are maintained perma-
nent collections of palms, economic plants, ferns, desert plants,
cycads, orchids, etc. There is a floral display-house, 200 x 50 feet,
where a continuous flower show is maintained from October to
July. This house is admirably adapted for the purpose and proba-
bly nowhere else in the country does the public have an opportunity
for seeing such an exhibition of blooming plants. Next spring
this house is to be devoted to a typical Shakspearean garden with
beds, hedges, trellises, fountains, garden furniture, and plants
mentioned by Shakspeare, and will duplicate as nearly as possible
the Elizabethan garden of three hundred years ago.

In addition to the outdoor and indoor collections of plants, the
garden maintains one of the best botanical libraries and herbariums
in the United States, and these two features serve as most important
adjuncts to the Shaw School of Botany which, with adequate labo-
ratory facilities, devotes its principal endeavor to the training of
graduate students in botany, these students receiving their master's
or doctor's degree from Washington University. This school,
although largely maintained by the funds of the garden, is a depart-
ment of Washington University. A small experimental greenhouse,
just completed near the laboratory, provides the necessary working
space for the graduate students. Under this greenhouse there are
cellars, devoted to the experimental side of mushroom growing,
as well as a large pit in which investigations concerned with the
rotting and destruction of timber are carried on.

The small museum and library building, erected by Mr. Shaw,
is now devoted to a remarkably fine collection of specimens illus-
trating the diseases of wood, and from time to time special exhibi-
tions of special interest are shown here.

In addition to the graduate students, a school for gardeners is
maintained, which, because of the unique opportunities available,
and the special character of the work, is perhaps not to be equaled

THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 29

elsewhere in this country. Young men and women who have
received a high school training or its equivalent are admitted on
examination and devote three years, of twelve months each, to
the practical and theoretical aspects of landscape designing, flori-
culture, horticulture, engineering, etc. The courses include such
subjects as diseases of plants, entomology, soils, mechanical and
freehand drawing, plant breeding, general and systematic botany,
as well as the various more strictly horticultural subjects. The
morning of each day is spent in practical work, both indoors and out,
and by the end of the third year the student has had an opportu-
nity to become personally acquainted with the definite growing
methods and management of such groups of greenhouse plants as
orchids, palms, tropical economic plants, desert plants, etc., as well
as the actual propagation, growing and care of practically every
sort of plant which can be grown out of doors in St. Louis.

While the plan and conduct of such a garden is essentially scien-
tific, differing from most private estates or parks, the public appar-
ently appreciates the efforts being made, since the attendance is
constantly increasing. It has been amply demonstrated that a
garden of this character will furnish recreation and pleasure to
thousands who are not seeking merely for amusement, and every
effort is made to have the collections, in so far as possible, in-
formational if not instructive. Naturally, such a place must be
attractive and the mere accumulation of numbers of botanical
species, crowded together, will not answer the purpose. By main-
taining floral displays of plants which are either little known, or
because of the wealth of bloom and color cannot be seen else-
where, and by showing rare tropical plants which, because of their
fruit or use«in commerce, are known to the average individual,
as well as the commoner things which are frequently read about
but seldom seen, the garden is able to make a definite appeal
to many. Such an institution, with the various enterprises re-
ferred to, is naturally expensive to maintain and it is impossible
to do all in any one department that might be desirable. How-
ever, it is believed that the income will eventually be sufficient to
support the various projects now under way and that ultimately
the Missouri Botanical Garden will become an even greater monu-
ment to the greatest patron of botany and horticulture that this
country has ever known.

ALFALFA CULTURE IN NEW ENGLAND.
By Prof. S. C. Damon, Kingston, R. L

Delivered before the Society, February 5, 1916.'

Alfalfa is the oldest agricultural plant in history, the third in
value in the United States, and almost the latest to invade conserva-
tive New England agriculture.

There is no more interesting, important, and often profitable
part of an up-to-date farmer's business than the trial of new seeds
and plants. Here now, we have this alfalfa plant, a comparatively
new introduction into the L^nited States, making every year a more
persistent claim for our attention and asking for a trial on every
New England farm. But first let us get more acquainted with this
wonderful legume: a perennial in its nature, this "Child of the
Sun," as its name Lucerne implies, this "best of all grasses" as the
name signifies. I referred to alfalfa as being new to this country.
It is comparatively so, but in the history of agriculture, it is the
oldest of all forage plants, for it is mentioned in Roman history
2500 years ago, Avhen its virtues were known and recorded by Pliny,
one of their greatest writers.

Alfalfa was introduced into the United States in 1854, probably
by some gold hunters, who, in their journey to California by the
way of Cape Horn, stopped ^at some port on the South American
Coast, perhaps Chili, where they saw this wonderful plant growing
and it attracted their attention so much that they took some of the
seed with them to California, whence it has spread all over the
West.

The introduction of alfalfa into the eastern part of the United
States was brought about in an entirely different manner. It was
through the foresight of a German, W^endell Grimm, who, coming
to make his home in this new country in Minnesota in 1857, natu-
rally brought with him a little seed of the crop which he prized most
highly in his old home and that is said to be the origin of the
famous Grimm alfalfa.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

To grow alfalfa successfully here in New England, let us first find
out what is adverse to its culture.

First, the Soil. Most of our soils are naturally well drained, so
that there is n't the necessity of tile draining in preparation for
alfalfa that there often is in the Middle West. The first requisite
to successful fields of alfalfa, that the water-table shall not be
within 3 or 4 feet of the surface, is thus met.

How about the soil? Most of the New England soils are of
glacial formation, and while they do possess many qualities favor-
able to alfalfa growing, there is one very essential ingredient in
which they are generally deficient and that is lime. Alfalfa is
above all a lime-loving plant, and so dependent upon lime is it
that there is small chance of establishing a permanent field unless
there is naturally or has been applied sufficient lime to correct the
naturally acid condition of the soil.

This plant belongs to the legumes, a class of plants that have on
their roots when growing in a neutral or alkaline soil, numberless
small nodules that contain the .numerous nitrogen-gathering bac-
teria. These have the power to draw nitrogen from the air and by
symbiotic action benefit the plant during its growing period.
These organisms cannot live in an acid soil. Neither does a crop
of alfalfa thrive unless the roots are well noduled, hence the neces-
sity of frequent and liberal applications of lime. The element,
nitrogen, is the most important to all plants and the most expensive
to purchase, so all that can be drawn from the air should be used.
A ton of alfalfa hay contains 44 lbs. nitrogen, so that a crop of 4
tons per season, not an unusual crop, would contain 176 lbs. nitro-
gen, at 15c lb. equals $26.40, two-thirds of which, according to
Whiting, is taken from the air by the bacteria on the roots. What
a vast gain, when we consider further that about one-third of the
nitrogen in the whole plant is in the roots. The fertilizer value of
the roots and stored fertility, according to Professor Voorhees,
from an acre of alfalfa is $65.00.

The second benefit of lime when applied to our New England
soils is to furnish sufficient calcium for the needs of the plants, for
a ton of alfalfa hay contains 59.86 lbs. of lime or a four-ton crop
would remove 236 lbs. of actual lime per season from the soil.

It has been well settled that alfalfa will not grow upon an acid

ALFALFA CULTURE IN NEW ENGLAND 33

soil. That acidity stands for failure, hence test the soil of a new
field before planting it and make sure that the reaction of the soil
is right at the outset.

The two forms of lime most used in agricultural practice are air-
slaked lime and ground limestone. They are both good undoubt-
edly but those of you who have had the pleasure of hearing the late
Joseph E. Wing give in his inimitable way his reasons for using
carbonate of lime for alfalfa fields are convinced of the desirability
of always using ground limestone. The only way in which we are
likely to fail is in not using enough. The growing of alfalfa resolves
itself, then, into a chemical problem.

Selection and Preparation of Field.

For the first planting of alfalfa on one's farm it is preferable to
select a field of good sandy loam. It might still further be defined
as good corn land soil.

It is best to use a field that has been under cultivation the
previous season in some hoed crop, and is thereby well cleaned of
weeds. In the spring the first operation is to broadcast over the
field a good application of eight cords of stable manure per acre
if available, to be plowed in deeply and thoroughly. The manure
is doubly valuable to use here, not only for the plant food it con-
tains but for its humus and for its physical effect in the soil, making
it more friable and materially increasing its water-holding capa-
city, but perhaps the most valuable benefit is that it carries into
the soil the numerous bacteria that it contains and that are so
helpful in creating a productive soil.

Lime.

The lime necessary should now be applied at the rate of at least
two tons of air-slaked or four tons of ground limestone per acre
and thoroughly harrowed into the soil. The seed bed should be
made firm below and fine and loose on the surface for the following
reasons: a firm, compact soil is very much the best for capillary

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

action in the soil and moisture will rise much more readily to assist
in the germination of the seed. The soil in which the seed is
planted should be made fine by repeated workings so that each
seed may be completely surrounded and enveloped in a coat of
soil grains, thus insuring good germination.

Inoculation.

The question of whether to use air-slaked or pulverized limestone
is not so important as it is to use sufficient lime in either form to
correct the soil acidity because the bacteria that we want to have
grow in the alfalfa soil and that are often found attached to the
small roots thrive only in an acid-free or alkaline soil.

These bacteria have the power to assimilate nitrogen from the
air, a remarkable function but one that works great benefit to the
plant on whose roots the bacteria live. So important is this func-
tion that the plant not only receives sufficient nitrogen to produce
a large growth of green tops but there is stored in the roots from
$25 to S30 worth of nitrogen per season.

To bring this condition about, if alfalfa is to be sown on a field
where it never grew before it would be very much more likely to
succeed if it were inoculated. There are two ways of accomplishing
this, now in common practice. One is to bring soil from a field
where alfalfa is growing successfully and that had nodules on the
roots. Take about 500 pounds per acre to the new field and sow it
broadcast, on a cloudy day preferably, and harrow it well into the
soil. That is all that is necessary. Then Avhen ready sow the seed
as usual.

The other way is to procure from the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, that will send to each applicant enough artificial cultures
of the bacteria to inoculate an acre; or similar cultures may be
bought of the manufacturers. These artificial cultures are used
on the seed by treating it according to directions. Then the seed
is sown in the usual way and the seeding completed. Either of
these methods is usually successful and the one to be used would
usually depend upon whether one could get soil from a nearby
alfalfa field or if that would be too expensive, then use the second
method which should not cost over $2.00 per acre.

alfalfa culture in new england 35

Fertilizing.

In the preparation of the field for seeding, it is not always pos-
sible to use sufficient stable manure and so fertilizer chemicals are
used. It has been found profitable to use a fertilizer containing
available nitrogen at the time of seeding because of the great
benefit to young legumes by having soluble nitrogen present as
demonstrated by the late Professor Hellriegel of Germany. The
alfalfa plant is no exception to this rule, for no matter how sturdy
it may become in its maturity, in its earlier stages it is weak and
tender.

The fertilizer should be further made up of from 300 to 500 lbs.
of acid phosphate or better Thomas basic slag and 200 to 300 lbs.
of potash salt, preferably the sulphate, for according to Doctor
Brooks the yield of hay from sulphate exceeded that from muriate
by 18 per cent. After the field is well established, it is good practice
to annually top dress each spring with 300 to 500 lbs. of acid phos-
phate or basic slag and 200 to 300 lbs. of sulphate of potash.

Seeding.

After the inoculation and fertilizers have been sown and thor-
oughly harrowed into the soil, the seed bed levelled and smooth,
it is ready to sow the seed. There are two times in a season when a
field may be successfully seeded. One is very early in the spring,
say by April 10, and the other is after an early crop of potatoes or
grain, that is, from July 15 to August 15. The thing to be desired
in seeding is to sow at such a time that the crop may make a success-
ful growth ahead of the weeds.

The variety and amount of seed to use per acre is important.
There is no better variety that we know than the Grimm, spoken
of earlier in this talk, although there are numberless varieties
being grown and studied at some of the Experiment "Stations.

Any northern grown seed like that of the Canadian variegated,
Sand Lucern, Baltic, Minnesota or Dakota grown seed ckn be used
with safety and usually found reliable.

A pound of alfalfa seed contains approximately 220,000 seeds,

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

enough to plant 5 seeds per sq. ft. on an acre, but as there is the
difficulty of even distribution and loss from poor seed or the seeds
not being covered, it is best to sow 15 to 20 lbs. per acre. If
drilled in, the 15 lbs. is sufficient; if sown broadcast, sow 20 lbs.
per acre.

In a comparison of 10 and 20 lbs. of seed per acre made at Wis-
consin and reported in Bui. 259, it was found that with 10 lbs. of
seed per acre there was more trouble from weeds and blue grass,
that the alfalfa grew a little taller, while 20 lbs. to the acre gave
hay of a better quality, a thicker stand and a larger jaeld.

Harvesting.

When to cut a field of alfalfa for hay is best determined by an
examination of the plant, both as to blooms and more especially as
to the appearance of the sprouts at the base of the stems. The
crop should be cut before the new shoots are tall enough to be
clipped by the mower, else the next crop will be much injured.
The rule to cut when the field is about one-tenth in bloom is also
sometimes followed but the best authorities on alfalfa growing say
to be guided by the new shoots and always cut when they are well
started.

In this connection, I would call your attention to the record of
yields from two ec^ually good fields of alfalfa at the Rhode Island
Experiment Station. One was cut when the plants had about
reached maturity but neither blossoms nor sprouts were visible.
The other field was cut at the proper time. The total yield from
the three cuttings, the third or last being made at the same date
on both, was in favor of the mature rather than the very early
cuttings: Early 4.24 tons, Mature 4.50 tons.

Curing the Hay.

It is good practice to begin mowing as soon as the dew is off in the
forenoon and then rake into small windrows about four o'clock.
Then either make small haycocks at once or let it lie until the next
day and turn it and then cock it.

ALFALFA CULTURE IN NEAV ENGLAND 37

The theory of curing alfalfa is to save all the leaves on the plant
for 45 per cent of the protein of the hay is contained in the leaves.
This is best done by raking before the leaves dry to a crisp. In
the wilted stage they continue to draw water from the stems and
evaporate it, thus the process of curing goes on in the haycock.
Some have adopted drying racks for curing alfalfa hay. The wilted
alfalfa is piled on these at once from the windrow and with a hay
cap on the top is safe from any storm that may come. A week's
time is usually sufficient to cure the rack of hay thoroughly when
in the middle of a good bright day it is drawn directly from the
stack to the barn. As a safeguard to preserve the stand, it is
not best to cut later than September 5.

Yields per Acre.

The average yield per acre here in New England is about 3.2
tons per season, according to Doctor Brooks, in his cooperative
experiments. It is usual to cut three crops and of course the first
is the heaviest. The amount of the other two depends upon the
amount of rainfall through the growing season. The first crop
usually is above two tons per acre and each of the other two, one
ton each.

As to the risk from storing alfalfa hay too green, I asked Professor
Moore, of Wisconsin, if he ever knew of a case of spontaneous com-
bustion and he answered as follows:

" I do not know of a single case of spontaneous combustion that
has occurred from storing alfalfa in barns."

Value of the Hay.

It might be asked what is the best use of alfalfa hay on the farm.
My answer to that would be that there is not a single farm animal
but will eat it with a relish and thrive upon it. It is the richest of
all forage crops in protein, so it is fed by dairy men who feed scien-
tifically for the largest milk production. It is the best of all hays
for horses that have unusually hard work, and for growing colts it
has no equal. For poultry, you are well aware of the demand for

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ground alfalfa meal and how it is all brought into New England.
I hope to see the day when we shall have alfalfa enough of our own
and mills here in New England to grind it.

For hogs alfalfa is one of the best of feeds. In summer it is
ideal to see the hogs feeding in the growing field and making gains
at the lowest possible cost and then in the winter they are fed the
dry hay in racks much the same as cattle.

For sheep as well as the other stock it is so much better than
timothy that there is no comparison.

Our good old standard, timothy, that New England farmers
have grown for generations is "hard hit" as a dairy feed or for
growing stock when compared with alfalfa. I urge upon you the
benefit to be derived from growing and feeding more of this legume.

Feeding Value.

If a field of alfalfa yields three cuttings per season for four years
it has more than paid for its founding and then when it is plowed
and taken into a cultivated crop we begin to realize as never before
the full value of this wonderful plant. Records show that large
yields have been obtained of corn and potatoes on an alfalfa sod.
How can it be otherwise, with the ground filled with alfalfa roots
to decay and form humus that is rich in nitrogen?

/

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRUITS FOR SPECIAL CON-
DITIONS.

By W. T. Macoun, Ottawa, Canada.

Delivered before the Society, February 12, 1916.

It is only during comparatively recent years that much attention
has been given in America to the relative suitability of the many
kinds and varieties of fruits to different parts of the country.
This is largely due to the fact that it is not so many years ago since
there was comparatively little fruit grown, except that which was
produced in the Eastern States and Eastern Canada where the
differences in climate were not so striking as they are between
the Eastern and Western States, and between the middle West,
and the East and West. When, however, the middle West, and
the West, began to produce such enormous quantities of fruit,
large quantities of which reached the Eastern markets, attention
was called to the fact that some varieties of fruit looked and, some
will say, tasted quite differently from the same varieties grown in
the East.

Certain sorts were found particularly suited to the climatic con-
ditions of the West, while others did not succeed so well. On
investigationp, or when we really came to think seriously about it,
marked differences were found in the relative success obtained with
varieties in different parts of the East, some sorts doing much better
than others in a certain section of the country, while in another
place they did not do so well. Now the adaptation of varieties to
soil and climate is receiving a great deal of attention.

Perhaps another reason why more study had not been given to
the adaptability of varieties until recently is that there are such
great areas in North America where the growing and ripening sea-
son is very favorable to fruit culture and many sorts that will
withstand the winter climates succeed over a wide range, as they
get sufficient heat, sunlight, and moisture for the fruit to develop
well. How different this is to Great Britain and certain parts of

39

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Europe where some kinds and varieties of fruits are grown with
great difficulty and where special methods of culture and training
have to be adopted to get the fruit to' mature, and where adapta-
bility has been a serious question with the people for many years.

Many English gardens are surrounded by high walls not only
for the sake of privacy, but to obtain the climatic conditions which
the owner desires to get. To show how important these walls are
and the exposures necessary for different kinds of fruits, I quote
the following from an English book known as "The Gardener's
Assistant" (Thompson).

"The southern aspect (he writes) being the most important
requires to be taken first into consideration. It may according
to circumstances face either directly south or it may be inclined to
the south-east to face the sun about eleven A. M., or it may incline
to the south-west to face the sun about one P. M. In parts of the
Kingdom where the climate is sufficient to ripen peaches and nec-
tarines perfectly, on a wall facing the sun at eleven A. M., that
aspect should be chosen, as in that case the adjoining walls can
proceed at right angles and aft'ord two good western aspects on
which the sun may commence to shine as early as eleven A. M.,
so that apricots, plums, cherries, and the finest sorts of pears could
be ripened to perfection upon it. But if the heat against an aspect,
thus inclined an hour to the east of the meridian, is not sufficiently
intense to ripen peaches satisfactorily, the aspect must face the
sun at noon and, where the climate is still colder, it will be advisa-
ble to turn the aspect directly to the sun at one P. M. The east-
ern aspect is recommended for summer and early autumn fruits,
for, owing to the ripening period of these being nearly that at
which the hottest weather occurs, an indift'erent aspect will ripen
them tolerably well." This attention to aspects where a greater
or less amount of heat is obtained is based on temperature records
which the author describes in these words. "Moreover, the
average force of the sun's rays in the three hours before twelve
noon is, according to these observations about 44° Fahrenheit and
in the three hours after twelve it is 62° Fahr. From this it is
evident that a wall with a west aspect must be much warmer than
one with an east aspect. The sun shines on a clear day as long on
the one as on the other but not with equal intensity. For three

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 41

hours before noon the sun shines on the east aspect at the same
mean angle as he does on the west aspect for three hours after
noon; but during the latter period his rays have according to the
above observations about 40 per cent greater intensity."

The results which the English gardener obtains with fruits under
what some of us might consider rather trying climatic conditions
is remarkable.

The importance of the local climate in growing fruits successfully
or otherwise was well brought out in an article on " Climatic Adap-
tation of Apple Varieties" by Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Massachusetts
Agricultural Experiment Station at Amherst in the 23rd annual
report of that Station from which the following is a quotation : —

"There is a close relation between the mean summer tempera-
ture and the development of the fruit. For every variety there
can be determined a mean summer temperature at which it reaches
its highest and most satisfactory development. Any departure
from this mean results in greater or less inferiority of the fruit,
the degree of inferiority depending on the amount of the departure
and the variety. A summer mean too low for a variety results in
(1) greater acidity, (2) increased insoluble solids, (3) greater
astringency, (4) less coloration, (5) decreased size, (6) scalding in
storage.

"A summer mean too high for a variety results in (1) uneven
ripening, (2) premature dropping, (3) rotting on the trees, (4) poor
keeping quality, (5) lack of flavor, (6) mealiness, (7) less intense
color, (8) decreased size."

Color in Apples.

The cause of high color in apples is not thoroughly understood,
but it may be said that each variety of apple has a color or a possi-
bility of a color or colors peculiar to itself and it requires the proper
conditions and chemical changes to develop them and make them
apparent to the eye. Certain conditions will intensify the color
of a variety, and others will lessen it. Some of the principal ap-
parent causes of the development of color in fruit may be considered.
It is well known how important a factor sunlight is in the develop-
ment of color in fruit.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Fruit that is hidden by foHage is not as well colored as that ex-
posed to full sunlight, hence the importance of thoroughly pruning
and thinning. During the past few years it has become quite an
amusement to .cover part of an apple early in the season with a
letter or letters or the profile of some person. Underneath these
letters or profile the right color does not develop and when they are
removed the letters stand out in green and yellow in the surround-
ing red, to the wonder of the uninitiated, thus showing that sunlight
is necessary for the development of high color. Heat is also an
impo'rtant factor in determining intensity of color. Each kind of
fruit appears to have its optimum or best mean temperature in the
growing season. In countries or districts with cool summers for
the kind of fruit in ciuestion the fruit is not as a rule highly colored
and where the summer temperature is very high some varieties of
apples are not as well colored as where the summers are a little
cooler. Fruit on young trees growing vigorously and causing the
fruit to grow late is not well colored. This leads to the conclusion
that the degree of maturity of the fruit has much to do with the
color.

In Ontario late keeping varieties have the best color in the
warmer districts where the fruit becomes most mature before
picking. Early varieties or those that mature in summer or early
in the autumn get sufficient heat in most places in Canada where
apples are grown to reach their full development in comparatively
warm weather, hence are highly colored over a much wider area
than are the late winter varieties which, where the season is rela-
tively short and the autumn cool, do not reach their best condition.
In warm, dry seasons fruit matures earlier than in seasons which
are less so, and if well developed the more mature the fruit is before
it is harvested the higher the color will be. The fruit in the dry
districts of British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, California, and
some other States is noted for its high color. There the trees are
irrigated and by stopping irrigation and causing a ripening of the
wood of the tree and a thorough maturing of the fruit the latter
becomes highly colored.

In orchards where the trees are in the sod, winter apples are
usually more highly colored though smaller than in cultivated
orchards, evidently because the trees ripen sooner and the fruit

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 43

matures more quickly than in cultivated grounds. This leads to
the conclusion that moisture must play an important part in the
coloring of fruit, as the relative amount of moisture and heat will
determine to a large extent when the tree stops growing and when
the fruit will mature. British Columbia, Oregon, Washington
and other places where irrigation is practiced afford the best com-
binations of sunlight, heat, dryness, and moisture, hence it is that
some of the most highly colored fruit is produced there. What
part, then, do soils or plant food in soils play in the production of
highly colored fruit? This is a ciuestion in which every fruit
grower is interested. From the foregoing statement it can easily
be seen that warm, well-drained soils are most likely to produce
apples of high color, as on these soils the tree and fruit will mature
earlier than on wetter soils.

Local Climatic Influences.

Some horticulturists have already made lists of apples showing
the number of heat units required during the growing season to
bring the different varieties of apples to their full development;
these lists being based on the heat units during the growing season
where these varieties are succeeding best. These lists are valuable
guides to intending planters. In our experience at Ottawa it has
been found that the maximum temperatures, at least with the grape,
are as important as the mean temperature or the total number of
heat units. Unless certain maximum temperatures are reached
the variety does not ripen. Some grapes will not ripen if there is a
cool September and October, while others will ripen every year.
Those which ripen in the coolest seasons with us are Early Daisy,
Manito, Champion, Jewel, Moyer, Winchell or Green Mountain,
Dracut Amber, and Peabody. As many as 118 varieties of grapes
have ripened with us in a warm season and it is interesting to find
that the relative time of ripening varies according to the season.
In a warm season certain varieties will ripen earlier than others
that will in a cool season mature first. The Vergennes, one of the
latest sorts to ripen in the best grape districts, does not require
high temperatures in which to mature and ripens even in a rela-

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

tively cool season at Ottawa. The Concord, on the other hand,
rarely ripens there.

Sufficient has probably now been said to show the important
relation of the local climate to the kinds and varieties of fruits
which will succeed best and the importance of growing those that
reach their highest development under certain climatic conditions.

Originating Hardy Varieties.

What is being done to obtain other sorts more suited to the many
climates found in North America? I shall in this paper do little
more than describe some of the work which is being carried on in
Canada, as it is with this that I am most familiar, but busy workers
are engaged on problems more or less similar in the various States
in this country.

Although the Mcintosh and Fameuse apples are well-known
fruits and both natives of Canada, the number of varieties of fruits
of Canadian origin grown commercially in Canada is very limited.
Up to the time when the Experimental Farms were established in
1886 there were few persons that were interested in originating new
fruits and even today the number interested is very limited.
Canadians have had to depend for their fruits of all kinds mainly
on other countries, the United States having contributed the largest
number, but even in the United States little systematic effort has
been made to originate fruits until recent years, most of those now
on the market being chance seedlings the merits of which have been
discovered.

Let us now see what has been done and is being done by syste-
matic work in Canada and the United States in the development
of fruits for special conditions, and as I am more familiar with our
own work than any other the results of it will be given in some
detail to show what can be accomplished; and as the largest part
of the work has been with the apple this fruit will be dealt with first.

In Canada there are many climates varying from the extremely
mild one of the West coast and Vancouver Island to the extremely
cold one of the north and central parts where the temperature in
winter frequently falls to between 50° and 60° below zero. There

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 45

are great differences of climate in summer also, it varying from the
extremely dry warm summers of the Okanagan and other Valleys
of British Columbia to the cool, moist, summer climate of Prince
Edward Island where the winters are rather severe and the cool,
moist, summer climate of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia
where the winters are mild. It is our desire to obtain fruits specially
suited to each of the many climates in the Dominion.

As the need for hardy varieties for the prairie provinces was and
still is very great, there being no known apples of good size that
will succeed without protection all over the prairies, an early
attempt was made to obtain some suitable for such conditions.
The Wild Siberian crab apple, Pynis baccata, which is found wild
nearly or quite to the Arctic Circle in Siberia, seed of which was
imported from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Petrograd, Russia, in
1887 was, on being tested, found to be quite hardy on the open
prairies, but the fruit was very small, being only about half an
inch or less in diameter and very astringent. The late Dr. Wm.
Saunders began crossing this crab apple with named varieties of
apples in 1894 the varieties used being such hardy sorts as Tetofsky,
Duchess, Wealthy, Mcintosh, Yellow Transparent, and others.
He obtained about 800 cross-bred trees as a result of this work, and
these began to fruit in 1899. Much the largest proportion of
these bore fruit little if any better than the mother parent, but a
considerable number showed a marked advance in size and quality.
The best were from twelve to fourteen times heavier than the fruit
of Pyrm baccata. The largest fruits, however, were under two
inches in diameter. Those best in ciuality have little or no astrin-
gency and compare well in quality with the well-known crab apples.
They have proven hardier than the latter, however. So hardy are
some of them that in latitude 58° in the Peace River Country, where
the temperature frequently goes down between 50° and 60° Fahr.
below zero, fruit has been gi'own. The fruit of nearly all of these
has the marked crab apple characteristics of long, slender stem,
thin tender skin, and crisp breaking flesh. The names given to
some of these are Charles, Jewel, Silvia, Elsa, and Tony. A large
number of trees of these crab apples were sent out to settlers in
the prairie provinces between 1903 and 1906, and in many reports
recently received the people have expressed their appreciation of
these hardy fruits.

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

None of the varieties from this first crossing were large enough
to compare favorably with good sized apples. The best of these
first crosses were, in 1904, crossed with the apple again. In this
work some of the same parents used in the first crossing, such as
Duchess, Mcintosh, and Yellow Transparent were again used and
over 400 trees were obtained. Of these 24 have borne apples two
inches and more in diameter, some of the largest being 2^ inches.
Most of these second crosses retain the long slender stem, the thin
tender skin and the breaking flesh which are characteristic of Pyrus
baccaia. These are now being tested for hardiness on the prairies,
but it is too soon yet to reach conclusions, but the foundation has
been laid for a new race of apples specially suited to prairie condi-
tions.

Work in developing apples for the Canadian prairies is going on
in another direction. A few of the hardiest Russian apples are
succeeding in favored parts of the prairies, and to obtain, if possible,
other and better varieties which will succeed even under the severest
test, many thousand seedling trees of the hardiest Russian varieties
are set out as yearlings in nursery rows and exposed to the severe
weather. Many of these trees though still young and not yet in
bearing have gone through from two to three winters without
material injury and it is expected that at least a few hardy, good
sorts will be obtained in this way.

There are, however, no perfect varieties of apples available
even for those milder parts of Canada where apples are grown in
large quantities, there being one or more weak points in them all.
An endeavor has, therefore, been made to obtain other and better
apples covering the whole season from early summer to late winter,
and the results so far have been very gratifying, though there is
much yet to be done.

Seed was sown at Ottawa in 1898 of such well-known varieties
as Northern Spy, Mcintosh, Wealthy, Fameuse, American Golden
Russet, Shiawassee, Gano, and others. From the trees grown
from this seed, detailed descriptions have been made of over 1211
varieties which have fruited. Descriptions were made of good,
poor, and indifferent seedlings, the object being to get some data
which would show the proportion of characters of the mother tree
which were reproduced to at least some extent in the seedlings.

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 47

Before beginning this work it was expected that a large proportion
of the seedlings would prove to be crab apples, but quite the con-
trary is the case. Of 1211 seedlings taken as they came only 3.95
per cent are small or crab-like. There are 12.75 per cent which are
below medium in size and are not considered of marketable size,
but the remaining 83.30 per cent bear medium to large fruit. It
has been found that in most varieties many of the characteristics
of the mother parent come out quite strongly.

Out of the 1211 varieties there were 378 which seemed sufficiently
promising for some part of Canada that they were propagated to
save the variety, and out of this number 99 were considered so
promising that they were named.

Let us now analyse the seedlings of a few well-known apples
beginning with the Mcintosh which, though an apple of Canadian
origin, is well known in Massachusetts.

The Mcintosh is a highly colored red apple above medium in
size, briskly subacid and of very good flavor and quality. Its
season at Ottawa is from November to February or March. Of
120 seedlings described 65.83 per cent were highly colored red or
crimson apples; 76.67 per cent were medium to large in size; and
23.33 per cent were below marketable size, being a larger propor-
tion than from most parents; 19.16 per cent were sweet apples;
4.18 per cent mildly subacid; 60.00 per cent subacid; 15.83 per
cent briskly subacid and .83 per cent acid. As regards quality
only 11.66 per cent were medium or inferior in quality; 41.67 per
cent were above medium or pretty good eating apples; and 46.67
per cent were good to very good in quality or really good dessert
apples. The season of 1.67 per cent was August to mid-September;
of 18.33 per cent mid-September to mid-October; of 28.33 per cent
October and November; of 34.17 per cent November to February
or about the same season as Mcintosh; and 17.5 per cent were in
season from December to March or April. Some of these seedlings
have a strong resemblance to Mcintosh in color and flavor, but are
of different season. Three of the best of these are Melba, an
August apple; Joyce, a September apple; and Pedro, an October
apple. Of 120 Mcintosh seedlings, 19 have been named.

The Northern Spy is well known as a well-colored winter apple
of very good quality. Of 136 seedlings which fruited only 12.5

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

per cent were below marketable size. The predominating color
of 72.79 per cent was crimson and red. Of sweet apples there were
6.62 per cent; mildly subacid 5.15 per cent; subacid 60.29 per cent;
briskly subacid 25.00 per cent; and acid 2.94 per cent. There
were 23.53 per cent of medium or inferior quality; 50 per cent
above medium and 26.47 per cent of good to very good quality.
In regard to season, only .74 per cent was in season from mid-
August to September; 14.70 per cent from mid-September to mid-
October; 38.23 per cent October and November; 27.21 per cent
November to February; and 19.12 per cent December to March or
April. Here again we have apples of the Northern Spy flavor in
season from fall to late winter, such as Thurso, an October apple ;
Rocket, a November apple; Donald, a December apple; and Niobe
and Elmer, winter apples; and other good sorts. Of 136 Northern
Spy seedlings 22 have been named.

Just one more example to show the results from a variety of
medium or inferior quality; the Gano, which is very similar to
Ben Davis except that it is more highly colored. There were 83
seedlings of Gano described. Of these 68.67 per cent were medium
or inferior quality; and 31.33 per cent above medium; and not a
single variety of the 83 was good in quality as compared with 46.67
per cent Mcintosh of good quality and 26.47 per cent Northern Spy.
There was a high percentage, however, of late keeping apples,
49.40 per cent, the Gano being a good keeper. These examples of
the seedlings from three mother parents will give a good idea of the
results obtained. With this lot of 1211 seedlings the male parents
were unknown. When the seed was taken it was believed that in
an orchard containing several hundred varieties there would be
many combinations which would not be brought about by hand
pollination and the results have been more satisfactory than was
hoped.

Ever since 1899, hand pollination or artificial cross-breeding has
been carried on and a number of the trees resulting from this have
now fruited and a few good varieties have been obtained, and it has
been shown that certain characters of both the individual parents
can be obtained in the cross and so far the influence of the mother
parent and male parent seem to be about equal if reciprocal crosses
are made. Several hundred trees from this hand pollination have

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 49

yet to fruit. So far the one fact that has come out most promi-
nently is that if one desires to obtain a seecUing of high quality, it
is desirable to use two varieties with high quality. If one is high
quality and the other low the resulting cross will not, as a rule, be
high enough in quality.

I could spend more time in describing the results of our work
with apples, but time will not permit. In the United States there
are a number of workers endeavoring to obtain apples specially
suited to the climatic conditions of ^eir particular parts of the
country. At the Agricultural Station at Geneva, New York, they
are working to obtain winter apples of high quality. In Missouri
combinations between Ben Davis and Jonathan have been ob-
tained and it is hoped some of these will be particularly suited to
the climatic conditions there. In Iowa they are seeking for apples
which will bloom late in the spring and thus escape the spring- frosts
which are often so injurious there. Thus each one is trying to solve
his own problem and develop apples for his special conditions.

It will not be possible to discuss the other fruits in such great
detail as the apple and not so much work has been done in Canada
with other fruits.

Hardy Plums.

The plum offers a fine field for work. In Canada our greatest
effort so far is to obtain hardy varieties which will succeed in places
where few, if any, named ones have done well. Not only is it
necessary to obtain varieties which will be able to withstand the
cold of winter, but in many parts of the country extreme earliness
is necessary to ensure their maturing before the severe frosts of
autumn. At Ottawa the season is long enough to mature most
sorts of plums, but the winters are too severe for the trees. The
trees of some varieties of the European plums are hardy enough
but the fruit buds are destroyed, hence for satisfactory results we
have had to rely on the improved American plums.

The European or Domestica plum may be crossed with some-
thing hardier that will ensure hardy trees knd good crops of fruit,
but seedlings of it do not show sufficient hardiness. If the American
plum could be crossed with the European, no doubt some very

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

desirable plums would be obtained but, so far as we are aware,
this has not been done successfully. The Japanese Plum, Pninvs
triflora, will, however, cross with the American and one of the most
useful plums now growing at Ottawa is the Omaha a hybrid origi-
nated in Nebraska. The flower buds are hardy and the fruit
ripens early and combines the qualities of the Japanese and Ameri-
can. No doubt, there will be many useful plums for the colder
districts originated as a result of crossing these two species. A few
have been originated at Ottawa already.

The Canada plum, Prunus nigra, whfch grows mainly in eastern
Canada and the north-eastern states is a more promising species
to work with than the common species of the Middle West Prunus
aviericana. The latter has, as a rule, a very thick skin while the
former has a thin skin and is better for canning and preserving on
this account than Prumis amcricana, although the latter is, as a
rule, better in quality. The tree of Prumis nigra is much tougher
than P. aviericana and does not break down from snow and ice
in the winter the way P. americana does. Some of the earliest
plums such as Cheney and Aitkin are varieties of the Canada plum.
The fruit of local sorts of Prunus nigra is ripe early in August at
Ottawa and a few growers are finding them very profitable to grow
as they come on the market before the Domestica or European
plums from any part of Canada. The only plums they come in
competition with there being those from California, of which few
are used for canning or preserving. It is believed that there is an
excellent opportunity for improving this native plum and obtaining
better varieties especially suited for the colder parts of Canada and
the United States. The Minnesota Fruit Breeding Station is pay-
ing especial attention to the improvement of American plums as in
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas this type of plum is par-
ticularly valuable.

Some of Luther Burbank's best productions are his plums which,
although they do not seem to have a very wide adaptation, are
particularly suitable for California and some of the other Western
States.

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 51

Hardy Pears.

The pear is a fruit of which there is still an opportunity of devel-
oping varieties for special conditions. At Ottawa the only ones
which have proved hardy and blight resistant are Russian sorts,
such as Kurskaya and Zucherbirn, but they are so inferior in quality
that they cannot be regarded as of much value in themselves, but
these have been crossed with some of the best sorts of pears in
the hope of obtaining good, hardy, blight resistant varieties. The
trees are young yet, but something good is hoped for. New York
State is also experimenting to procure blight resistant varieties,
but the State of Oregon has, no doubt, the largest experiment
under way. There they have got together a very large collection
of varieties of pears and by inoculation with the germs of fire
blight have found a few that are immune. It is hoped that in
crosses of these and the best pears will be obtained varieties espe-
cially suited to those districts where fire blight causes much loss.

Hardy Cherries.

In Oregon, also, attention is being paid to the breeding of cherries,
especially suited to ^Yestern conditions. The Bing, a sweet cherry
which originated there some time ago, is one of the most profitable
cherries for that part of America. At Ottawa seedlings have been
grown of hardy Russian Varieties, but none have proved sufficiently
hardy in flower bud as even the hardiest of the Russian cherries'
only bear a crop occasionally, though the trees are quite hardy.
Some species, however, may be discovered which is extremely
hardy in flower bud which on being crossed with these Russian
sorts will give something of value. A hardy bush cherry procured
from the Arnold x\rboretum some years ago, Prunus tomentosa,
a native of North-eastern Asia is being used as a basis for new
cherries at Ottawa, but has not been successfully crossed with the
sour cherry.

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Hardy Peaches.

Doubtless there are a number of workers in the United States
trying to obtain peaches suitable for special conditions. Better
shipping varieties are needed, peaches that are of high quality.
In Canada the Experimental Station at Vineland is paying especial
attention to the peach and is endeavoring to obtain varieties which
will be better for special purposes than any of those already on the
market.

Hardy Grapes.

There is a vast field for work with the grape. Rogers accom-
plished a great deal with very little labor, but years elapsed before
very much was done by others to supplement it. The late T. V.
Munson of Texas did a great work in combining the qualities of
different species of grapes, and left some very fine varieties as the
results of his labors. Some of- his grapes are specially suited for
Southern conditions, but his Manito, a very early grape, is proving
useful as far North as Ottawa. Grapes above all fruits are much
affected by a few degrees' difference in temperature, by the relative
dryness of the air, and amount of sunshine. There are grapes
which succeed in California which are of no value in the East, and
grapes grown in Massachusetts that are of no value in the colder
parts of Canada. New York State is breeding grapes for the East,
and doubtless other States as well, and we may look to see the
varieties grown at present gradually changed for something better.
Some work is also being done in Canada. Large numbers of seed-
lings of Rogers hybrids are being grown there in the endeavor to
obtain better sorts. The frost grape, Vitis riparia, grows as far
North as Manitoba and offers a hardy parent. Some decided
improvements were made on this years ago in Canada in the varie-
ties Brant and Canada, two sorts which ripen in the coolest seasons
at Ottawa and it is in procuring more and better grapes which will
mature in comparatively cool weather that the opportunity of the
plant breeder lies.

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 53

Hardy Blackberries.

The blackberry is a delicious fruit, but little has so far been done
so far as we are aware in developing varieties for special conditions.
The wild species of this fruit does not extend as far North as those
of the raspberry, currant, gooseberry, and strawberry, and the cul-
tivated blackberries that we have did not come from the most
Northern types with the result that none of these are perfectly
hardy at Ottawa and in many other parts of Canada and the
colder parts of the United States. Quite recently we have collected
wild plants in the neighborhood of Ottawa where the blackberry
is near its Northern limit with the purpose of crossing these with
the hardiest of the named varieties. There should be such fine
varieties as Kitatinny and finer, that would be perfectly hardy as
far North as the wild types extend.

Hardy Raspberries.

The wild red raspberry extends as far North as the Arctic Circle
in Canada and yet little has yet been done to obtain raspberries
as good as Cuthbert which will be quite hardy without protection
everywhere where the wild one succeeds. The Cuthbert has a
very wide adaptation in the more temperate parts of the United
States and Canada, but who will say that better varieties will
not be obtained which will be more adapted to special conditions.
The Brighton and Count are two early raspberries originated at
Ottawa which are among the hardiest tested there and the Herbert
originated as a chance seedling with Mr. R. B. Whyte of Ottawa
is the best main crop variety for that climate. Here again the
local sorts seem more adapted than any others which have been
tried. Prof. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station has
selected the Sunbeam out of a large number of wild seedlings as
being especially suited to prairie conditions, while on the Western
Coast the Loganberry, a hybrid between the raspberry and black-
berry, originating out there, succeeds much better than in the
East.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Hardy Gooseberries.

How little has been done to obtain gooseberries adapted to
special conditions. In most places in America the English goose-
berries mildew badly and it would be a fine thing if there were
varieties originated which would be immune to this disease, no
matter how adverse the conditions were. Such reliable American
varieties, or hybrid gooseberries, as we have were originated some
time ago. The Downing, and a Canadian variety very much like
it, the Pearl, among green gooseberries, and the Josselyn or Red
Jacket another Canadian gooseberry among red skinned varieties,
are among the best for the East, but these do not succeed under
cold prairie conditions, the old Houghton being found much
hardier. In the Western States the Oregon Champion is the
popular sort. Not only must varieties be immune from mildew
but they must be able to withstand the heat of the sun in other
districts and not scald as some gooseberries do today in certain
places.

Hardy Currants.

The red currant is not so important a fruit in the East as it is
on the plains to the West and North where its great hardiness
makes it one of the most valuable fruits. The large fruited varie-
ties of the Fay and Cherry types at present on the market are
much tenderer than the smaller ones of the Red Dutch and Raby
Castle types. The former were evidently derived from stock of the
red currant from near its southern range in Europe and indeed the
Cherry currant probably originated in Italy. It was introduced
thence into France and fruited there in 1843 and was subsequently
brought to America. Fay originated in 1868 with Lincoln Fay,
Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and was introduced about 1883. It is
probably a seedling of the Cherry. These varieties, although among
the largest fruiting sorts, are not quite hardy at Ottawa and the
crop from them is small. Considering the difference in size between
these large fruited currants and the Red Dutch there is giveat
room for the development of larger fruited hardy sorts especially
suited to cold climates. The quality of currants could also be much

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 55

improved if acidity of some sorts were moderated and by obtain-
ing varieties of better flavor. The Moore's Ruby is not so acid
as most varieties nor are some of the white sorts as acid as the red.
There seems to be no good reason why the size of the currant
should not be much increased, but very little work seems to be
being done in breeding better currants, certainly little has been
done in Canada.

Black currants are very popular in some parts of America and
are particularly popular in certain sections of Canada, and at
Ottawa are much more profitable to grow than the red. They are
used for jam and jelly and are said to be very useful in moderating
colds. Comparatively little seems yet to have been done in devel-
oping new varieties of this fruit, although the Boskoop Giant, one
of those most recently introduced, is a long way ahead of the old
Lees Prolific and Black Champion both in size and quality. When
such a marked advance has been made there seems good ground
for believing that further advances are yet to follow. Larger
fruits and larger bunches may be looked for and the flavor which
in the best varieties is very agreeable to many people will, no doubt,
be much more refined. The wild American species of black cur-
rants, Ribes floridum and Rihes hudsonianum, extend into very
cold parts of Canada and hybrids between them and the cultivated
varieties of Ribes nigrum may result in combinations which will be
very desirable. The black currant was a very popular fruit with
the late Dr. \Ym. Saunders at Ottawa and as a result of his labors
we have a number of vej-y hardy and productive black currants
of good quality that are proving very acceptable in the colder parts
of Canada.

I' Hardy Strawberries.

And now we come to the last fruit which will be referred to in
this paper, the strawberry, the most popular fruit of all. Every-
one, we think, will admit after tasting the Marshall and Wm. Belt
strawberries that most of the other varieties of which there are
several hundred are far below the standard of these fine sorts and
the best English varieties. Most of the more productive straw-
berries in America are inferior in quality. They are too acid and

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

are lacking in flavor. The Marshall is a poor plant maker, is not
Tery productive, as a rule, is tender, and the Wm. Belt, at least
with us, is not sufficiently productive. There are, of course, a
few other varieties as good in quality perhaps, as these but they are
lacking in something. In parts of America where the climate is
hot and dry deeper rooted sorts are needed that will withstand
such conditions. In parts where the climate is wet, firm sorts of
good quality are desired that will withstand heavy rains. In places
where there is little snow in winter but great cold, varieties are
needed that will withstand extreme cold. Where the fruiting
season is often dry, moderate plant makers are desirable as most
of the heavy plant makers seem to suffer most in dry weather.

Certain varieties at present on the market are known to succeed
better in some places than others. The Magoon, which is so
popular in the Western States, does not do particularly well in the
East. The Senator Dunlap has, perhaps, as wide an adaptation
as any variety, but it is a heavy plant maker and does best, at
least in Canada, where the season is relatively moist. There are a
number of persons breeding strawberries for special conditions.
Several private individuals have developed some good sorts. The
New York Agricultural Experiment Station has originated some.
Mr. Georgesson of the Alaska Station has for a number of years
been breeding strawberries especially suited for the North-west
Coast by crossing the native species with the cultivated varieties
and some good sorts have been obtained especially suited for the
conditions there. Great development has taken place in the
autumn bearing strawberries largely through the work of one man,
the Progressive variety being a great advance on the Pan American,
for instance. At Ottawa we are crossing the cultivated sorts with
the wild strawberry obtained from different parts of Canada in the
hope of getting varieties especially suited for our conditions.
Seedlings from the cultivated sorts alone have not given us just
what is desired. The ideal variety of strawberry for each particu-
lar soil and climate should be somewhat as follows :

Perfect. Plant hardy, very productive, vigorous, making a
moderate number of runners; must withstand drought well.
Foliage large, abundant, rust resistant. Flowers borne on stiff
stalks of sufficient length to keep the fruit well off the ground.

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY FRUITS 57

pollen abundant. Fruit, large to very large from beginning to end
of picking season; form, roundish conical with a slight but not
prominent neck, regular; calyx or hull small; seeds not prominent;
color of uniform lively, deep glossy red from tip to stem; not show-
ing scald readily; flesh firm, red, juicy with a tender core; subacid,
sprightly, with a pleasant high flavor. Season, very early to very
late or, in other words, all summer.

A berry of the foregoing description is not an impossible one to
realize, and if those having strawberries to introduce would have
the ideal strawberry more in mind, there might not be so many
inferior sorts introduced every year.

I trust that I have been able to show that the development of
fruits for special conditions is important and feasible and that
already varieties are known which succeed better in one district
than in another. I believe that every Experimental Station in the
United States and Canada, and as many private individuals as can
do so, should be endeavoring to originate fruits of all kinds espe-
cially adapted to their own particular needs.

SOME HISTORY OF THE GRAPE IN THE UNITED

STATES.

By George C. Husmann, Washington, D. C.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, February 19,

1916.

Sacred and profane history say the grape has ever accompanied
civilization and was perhaps the very first of fruits cultivated by
man, and has been his best stand-by ever since, improving with
him and yielding finer fruit, better products, and a greater variety
of them as the years pass by.

In this country records show that considerable wine was pro-
duced from native grapes in Florida in 1564. In 1607 Pale had
established a vineyard of three acres at Henrico, North Carolina.
In 1616 Lord Delaware urged the London Company to promote
grape culture in Virginia, resulting in sending in 1619 for such
purpose expert vine dressers and a collection of the best varieties
of French grapes. Acts to promote grape growing were passed
by the Assembly in 1619, 1623, and 1639. Wine was also made
in Virginia in 1647, and in 1651 premiums were offered for its
production.

John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, had
planted a vineyard on Governor's Island, in Boston Harbor before
1630. In 1633 William Penn attempted to establish a vineyard
near Philadelphia. Attention to vine culture was given by English
settlers in Uvedale, niow Delaware, in 1648. In Maryland, Lord
Baltimore is said to have planted 300 acres of land to vines.
Charles II, in 1663, sought to encourage viticulture in Rhode Island
by offering inducements to the colonists to grow grapes and make
wine. In 1664 Col. Richard Nicoll, Governor of New York,
granted to Paul Richard a privilege of making and selling wine free
from all duty, he having been the first to enter upon the cultivation
of the vine on a large scale. In 1710 Alexander Spotswood, Gover-
nor of Virginia, brought over a colony of German grape growers and

59

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

settled them on the Rapidan River. In 1770 an Act to encourage
wine making was passed by the Virginia Assembly in favor of
Andrew Estave.

Failures of early attempts to grow Vinifera in the Carolinas and
Georgia were recorded by Alexander Hewitt in 1779. Much more
data could be cited that during the 200 years in which this country
was being colonized, the immigrants loved the vine and its products
and continued to bring with them material of vines from their
native land and experiments with such, in the hands of experts,,
were made on a large scale, but were failures nevertheless.

Of course no one then knew that the Phylloxera Vestatriz, or
root louse of the vine, a native of this country, was omnipresent
ready to destroy the vine plantings wherever made. It, therefore,
remained for continual failures with Vinifera and a few accidental
successful plantings of native sorts to direct attention to the latter.

A New Era in Grape History.

To Dr. James Meade is accorded the honor of first perceiving
and setting forth in print the fact that American viticulture must
rise from American grapes.

Just when and where the Scuppernong was discovered will never
be known. The name appears to hare been applied to it the be-
ginning of the nineteenth century. It was, no doubt, grown much
before then, and appears to be the first known American native
grape variety. It has steadily increased in popularity, has been
distributed to all parts of the Muscadine territory and today is
the most extensively grown Rotundifolia.

The Alexander which appears to be a Labrusca hybrid, the real
history of which is not known, is one of, if not the first cultivated
American Euvitis variety. The Colony founded by Peter Lequax
in 1793, at Spring Mill, near Philadelphia, and the Swiss Society
founded in Kentucky, in 1790, of which John James Dufour was
leader, members of which Colony in 1801 settled at Vevay, Indiana,
failed in growing Vinifera varieties, but succeeded with the Alex-
ander.

Bland, a Labrusca X Vinifera hybrid, was brought to notice byr

SOME HISTORY OF THE GRAPE IN THE UNITED STATES 61

Col. Bland of Virginia, the latter part of the eighteenth century.
This is mentioned as having well ripened in New Haven, Conn.,
in 1820.

Isabella, a variety of Labrusca extraction, was introduced by
William R. Prince of Long Island, New York. The origin of this
is not definitely known. Prince, after nearly one-half century of
experimentation with Vinifera, devoted the last years of his life
to the growing and disseminating of native varieties.

Flowers, the oldest cultivated black Rotundifolia variety, was
discovered by Popping Billy Flowers in 1819, in Flowers Swamp,
Robeson County, North Carolina.

Mr. John Adlum, of Georgetown, D. C, brought the Catawba,
the origin of which is also not definitely known, into notice in 1823.
He wrote the first volume on American Grapes. In 1823 Adlum
wrote to Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio: "In bringing
this grape into public notice, I have rendered my country greater
service than would have been done had I paid the National debt."

Certain it was that the culture of native grape varieties gave a
new impetus to the industry and such rapid progress made that in
1830 Prince in his treatise on the vine enumerates 88 American
varieties.

Since then such varieties as the Norton in 1835, Delaware in
1850, Concord in 1853, and many others made their appearance.
Grape culture had gradually increased and become general through-
out the land.

Ephraim Wales Bull, of Concord, Massachusetts, is deserving
lasting gratitude for originating the Concord grape, the most
widely known, most generally planted, all purpose American grape
yet introduced. It is included in nearly every collection where
American vines are planted. To illustrate how important it has
become I will state that in the Chautauqua Grape Belt on Lake
Erie, 192,000,000 pounds of grapes were produced in one season,
nine-tenths of which, or 172,800,000 pounds, were Concord. My
Father, in his treatise on grapes in 1865, said, "One-third acre of
Concord planted five years ago has produced me, during that time,
in fruit, wine, layers and plants, the round sum of $10,000.

The Creator has blessed this country most abundantly by giving
it more native species of grapes than all the other countries of the

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

world combined. This has enabled America in her native grapes,
not only to give to the world new fruits, but our native species
being resistant to the Phylloxera Vestatrix, or root louse, of the
vine, also serve as grafting stocks on which to grow the non-
resistant Vinifera varieties and through this has saved from destruc-
tion the vineyards of the world.

Glancing over the long list of names of originators and intro-
ducers of American grapes, more than one hundred prominent
names are found, among these such names as T. V. Munson, E. S.
Rogers, J. H. Ricketts, E. W. Bull, G. W. Campbell, Dr. J. Stay-
man, J. Burr, A. C. Caywood, T. B. Miner, T. Huber, J. Rommell,
N. B. White, D. S. Marvin, C. S. Copeley, Dr. L. C. Chisholm,
J. Moore, W. H. Lightfoot, S. Underbill, and many others.

Reflecting that the many cultivated varieties, adjusted to the
climatic, soil, and other conditions of the old world suited to all
the purposes for which grapes are grown, are varieties of one
species, we can not estimate the tremendous viticultural possi-
bilities of this country which so far as is known has more native
species within her confines than all the rest of the world. Path-
finders in viticulture might be compared to miners in search of
precious metals. The pioneer grape grower usually prospects.
One kind of land after another is tried with one kind of grape after
another, resulting as mining does, in failures, good pickings, and
successes. The object being always kept in mind until the goal is
reached.

While what has been said was occurring in the States east of the
Rocky Mountains, the Mission Fathers brought with them and
successfully grew Vinifera vines in California. They grew grapes
at the Missions for their own use only, the work being principally
done by Indians. They had but one variety, the "Mission,"
which is grown tg some extent in California now. It was intro-
duced in Mexico in 1520, and brought to the California Missions
as follows: San Diego, 1769, San Gabriel, 1771, Los Angeles, 1781",
and Santa Barbara, in 1786. The Mission Vine exhibited at the
Centennial Exposition was planted at Monticido, California, in
1795. It was 18 inches in diameter and in one season produced
over five tons, or 10,000 pounds, of grapes.

From the Missions the pioneer grape growers of California re-
>ceived their inspiration as well as start of cuttings.

SOME HISTORY OF THE GRAPE IN THE UNITED STATES 63

The first direct importations to California of Vinifera from
Europe were by nurserymen in 1853 and 1854. In 1861 A. Har-
assthy was commissioned by Governor Downey to visit Europe in
the interest of the improvement and growth of the grape vine in
Cahfornia. He selected and brought with him cuttings of nearly
all the better European vine varieties.

Some Remarkable Vines.

In American grape history there are three varieties of remarkable
records, each of which has been the most prominent variety of its
kind.

Of Vinifera, the Mission for its wonderful adaptability, and as a
general utility grape, has never been surpassed.

Of American Euvitis, the Concord is the best known, the most
generally planted all purpose grape so far.

Of the Muscadines, the Scuppernong always has, and still is

considered the best and more vines of it have been planted than of

«
all other Muscadines combined.

A Mission vine planted in 1842 by a Spanish woman, ten miles
south of Santa Barbara, near Carpinteria, California, was consid-
ered to be the largest vine in the world. Its spreading branches
supported on sixty posts covered 10,000 square feet of ground;
800 persons could comfortably gather under its shade. The first
election in Santa Barbara County under American rule was held
under it. In one season it produced 12 tons of grapes. The trunk
of the vine measured 9 feet 7 inches in circumference.

In the Santa Barbara Daily News and Independent appeared the
following: "Carpinteria, May 4, 1915. F. S. Barrick moved the
big grape vine from the Peterson Ranch to the Aliso school grounds
yesterday, and it is now ready to be placed in the base of cement
which is yet to be prepared. As soon as the vine has been set in
the cement and properly propped, it will be covered with creosote
which will preserve it for many years. The branches were cut off
at a length of twelve feet from the trunk which will give the visitors
an idea of the immensity of the vine when it was alive. Grape vines
are to be planted underneath the ends of these branches and in time
will cover the old vine and give it the appearance of having life."

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

A wild grape vine about one mile north of Daphne, Alabama, is
called the "General Jackson Vine" because General Andrew Jack-
son twice pitched his tent under it during his campaign against
the Seminole Indians. This vine, in June, 1897, was reported to
have a circumference of 6 feet, 1 inch, at its base, and estimated
to be more than 100 years old.

The "Mother Scuppernong Vine" on Roanoke Island, tradition
relates Amados and Barlow transplanted there from the main-
land on their first voyage in 1584. Doubtless there are native
vines much older. It is difficult to estimate the age of vines be-
cause the yearly growth is not distinctly marked.

In extensive travels among vast numbers of native vines abound-
ing in our forests, I have never seen one that died from the effects
of old age.

As old world history tells us of vines 600 years old, of vineyards
remaining good 300 years, and vines 100 years old being considered
young, it would appear there has not been time to ascertain the
age vines will attain in this country,, had Columbus started such
records when he landed in 1492.

Beginning of a Commercial Industry.

Summing up we find that as a real industry viticulture in this
country began to assert itself about the middle of last century in
all portions of the country where it is an industry now, and as such
is, therefore, as yet in its infancy.

Nevertheless, unfermented juices, choice wines, dry and spark-
ling, are made from American grapes and a large table grape
industry has been developed in the Eastern States, whilst the Pacific
Coast has entered into direct competition with the choicest Euro-
pean wines and other grape products, has captured the raisin
market of this country, and is developing a fine trade for Vinifera
table grapes. The efforts of Adlum, Longworth, and others were
followed by others, especially in New York, Ohio, Missouri, Vir-
ginia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, the Carolinas,
and Michigan. In California where the Mission had so far been
the only variety cultivated the choicest Vinifera varieties for all
purposes are grown.

SOME HISTORY OF THE GRAPE IN THE UNITED STATES 65

In 1850 the country produced almost 250,000 gallons of wine.
In 1860 the product had reached over one and one-half million
gallons and all the States and Territories, except four, were growing
grapes. The Census of 1860 shows California, New York, and
Ohio as the three leading wine producing states. In 1870 Missouri
produced more than any other state excepting California. From
1875 on quite a decline occurred, owing to black rot and other
diseases. With the one exception mentioned, California, New
York, and Ohio have taken the lead in grape growing until the last
census when Michigan surpassed Ohio.

It w^as from 1870 to 1885, when the greatest profits ever made by
grape growers in this country were realized,' that the growers
prided themselves in growing superior grapes of the best varieties;
wine makers tried to surpass each other making the finest wines;
and raisin growers to produce the choicest raisins. Through this
localities became and are still known for their speciality. As for
instance, east of the Rockies the Kenka Lake District for its
sparkling wines; the Chautauqua District for American table
grapes; the American Dry Wine Districts of Missouri, New Jersey,
New York, and Ohio; the Muscadine District of North Carolina;
while west of the Rockies, the Raisin Districts in Fresno, San Diego
and Yolo Counties; Table Grape Districts in Sacramento and
San Joaquin Valley; Dry Wine Districts of Napa, Sonoma, and
Santa Clara Counties; the Sauterne District in Alameda County;
Sweet Wine and Brandy Districts in the San Joaquin Valley; etc.

Ups and Downs.

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century the grape
history of the United States has been a series of ups and downs,
until it appears now to be getting on a more substantial footing.
For instance, in some of the Eastern States grape prices in basket
lots have varied with years from 3 cents to | cent a pound, to bulk
grapes from $30 to $4 per ton. In California bulk grape prices
have varied from $35 to $40 a ton down to $6 and even less, and
hogs were turned into the vineyards to harvest the crop.

Black Rot, anthracnose, insect pests, etc. wrought havoc in the

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Eastern States, against which the vineyardists did not then know
how to cope, while in California Phylloxera and the California vine
and other disease injuries wiped out thousands of acres.

Past experiences have been such that many former enthusiasts
quit grape culture. This is why some sections of the country
formerly important grape sections are not growing so many grapes
now, although there are now new plantings made and decided
interest shown all along the line. While these experiences have
given sorrowful lessons to many, knowledge has also been gained
through them that could not have been obtained in any other way.
After years of successes and reverses, crop shortages and produc-
tions to exceed wants of the markets created, the industry in the
East, as well as in the West, has gradually settled down to a more
solid business basis.

American grape products have taken high honors at all impor-
tant International Expositions, including the one at Paris in 1900;
they are not only rapidly replacing products of like nature formerly
imported from abroad, but our grape products are rapidly finding
their way into all the principal markets of the world.

Viticulturists in the United States have come mostly from two
sources, namely: those born in this country, few of their ante-
cedents having followed viticulture, they therefore having it all
to learn, or, they are viticulturists from other countries, who after
coming here, find it more difficult to wean themselves from set
notions and adapt themselves to new conditions than beginners do
to learn the trade.

Viticulture in the United States may at present be said to consist
of three distinct regions, which segregate themselves by the grape
species grown in them for commercial purposes. These are:

(1) The Vinifera region, in which the Vinifera varieties are
grown for all the various purposes, is located almost entirely west
of the Rocky Mountains, and so much of it in California that it
might almost be said to be a California industry; at least 75 per
cent of the entire grape output of the United States for various
purposes being of Vinifera varieties. Nearly 100 per cent of the
raisins and grape brandies produced in this country come from
California.

(2) The Muscadine region, in which improved varieties of

SOME HISTORY OF THE GRAPE IN THE UNITED STATES 67

Rotundifolia and Munsoniana are grown for commercial purposes.
This region is found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and along
the lower Mississippi Valley, extending from Maryland, south to
Texas on the west, thence north along the Mississippi River, to
Southeast Missouri and Tennessee.

(3) The American Native Grape region in which improved
varieties of American Euvitis are grown for table grape, wine and
unfermented grape juice purposes. This is scattered over the
entire United States east of the Rockies and west of the Alleghany
Mountains, but carried on extensively in the States from the Hud-
son River west and north of the Ohio River and that border on the
Great Lakes and in the more centrally located states of the Missis-
sippi Valley. The great bulk of American champagnes and dry
wines and unfermented grape juices come from this region.

Department Researches.

The United States Department of Agriculture through its Viti-
cultural Investigations, is endeavoring to make itself useful in a
broad way, in assisting in the proper development of the industry
of the entire country.

These researches are demonstrating in the American Euvitis
region that the failures made by the grape growers in the past were
largely due to lack of knowledge, and showing what the causes of
the failures were, that these can now be overcome. The investiga-
tions are assisting in the re-establishing and proper adjusting to
conditions of a once pretty extensive grape industry, that had grad-
ually been declining for years on account of lack of proper cultural,
training, pruning, and spraying methods, prevalence of grape
diseases and insect pests, and lack of knowledge by the growers of
the best means of counteracting and eradicating such evils.

In the Muscadine regions we are determining the best methods
of planting, cultivating, training, pruning, and utilizing the product
of Muscadine grapes, with particular reference to determining the
adaptability of varieties and the discovery, origination, and dis-
semination of new varieties.

An exhaustive research into the self-fertiMty and sterility of the

'^bO MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

species has been made and remarkable successes have accompanied
our breeding investigations, resulting in self-fertile vines, the first
■of their kind so far known, as well as a number of remarkably
promising crosses between Rotundifolia and Vinifera and American
Euvitis. Our pruning and training experiments bid fair to revolu-
tionize the methods heretofore practiced with Muscadines.

In the Vinifera regions, we are making a comprehensive test of
resistant varieties of vines to determine their adaptability to the
different vineyard soils and climatic conditions; we are ascertain-
ing the congeniality of the Vinifera to different resistant stock
varieties; we are determining the varieties best adapted to differ-
ent localities and uses; all classes of grapes are being tested with
reference to their resistance to insects and diseases .which ha^•e
been doing serious injury to the vineyard, and if found necessary
will undertake to originate an entirely new class of grapes better
adapted to Pacific Coast conditions. These researches are well
under way and a number of important determinations have already
been made.

Growth of the Industry.

The recent growth of the industry has been remarkable as is
shown by the following figures :

In 1901, 7,635 car loads; in 1914, 14,273 carloads of table grapes
-were shipped. In 1901, 31,050; in 1914, 49,685 cases of grapes
were canned; in 1901, 74,000,000 pounds; in 1914, 196,000,000
pounds of raisins were cured. In 1901, 1,688,500 gallons; in 1914,
6,765,119 gallons of grape brandy were produced. In 1901,
37,250,000, in 1914, 48,900,000 gallons of wine and unfermented
grape juice were made. In 1900, there were about 275,000
acres; in 1914, 450,000 acres in grapes. In 1900 value of crop
.about $14,090,000; in 1914, $41,500,000. In 1900, 1,300,750,000
pounds, in 1914, 2,750,000,000 pounds of grapes were produced.
This shows that in a little more than a decade the Viticultural
Industry of the United States has more than doubled itself and now
represents an investment of at least $300,000,000, giving employ-
ment to 150,000 persons and yielding an income for grapes and their
products of nearly 850,000,000 per annum.

SOME HISTORY OF THE GRAPE IN THE UNITED STATES 69

The total grapes produced for commercial purposes in 1914, if
figured in carload lots, would mean a train of 137,500 cars. No
other fruit industry in this country can show such a record. This
in spite of all the difficulties encountered certainly pays a tremen-
dous tribute of love for the vine.

Credits.

Of credits that should be placed to American viticulture I would
mention the following. We are rapidly improving on the already
good methods we have of packing, handling, storing and marketing
of table grapes. We are not only producing all the raisins we con-
sume but are becoming exporters of them. We are keeping pace
with improved methods of fermentation, cellar treatment, and excel
in methods of transporting and shipping of wines. The sparkling
wines made in this country from American, as well as Vinifera
grapes, are rapidly replacing those heretofore imported. The un-
fermented grape juice business has rapidly become an important
speciality. We are making and consuming a number of new grape
products.

In machinery for harvesting, handling, working grapes into
products and transporting the same, we lead the world. What a
wonderful change in equipment and great saving of expense in cellar
management have been brought about through the must pump and
what an expense in costly shipping cooperage will be eliminated
by the shipments of wine in bulk or tanks aboard cars or vessels.
We have learned to control our most formidable grape diseases and
insect pests.

American native grape varieties as Phylloxera resistant stocks
have been the means of saving the viticulture of the entire world.
This and much else already accomplished speaks well for an in-
dustry as yet in its infancy.

Our viticultural investigations have about convinced us that we
will soon know how to grow within our confines the forty to forty-
five million pounds of currants we annually import and consume in
this country, and why should we not also grow the two hundred and
fifty to three hundred and fifty thousand barrels of grapes packed
in sawdust, annually imported into this country. It has already

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

been demonstrated that specially prepared sawdust from the
California Redwood makes an excellent substitute for cork-dust.

No other plant yields such an abundant annual crop for as long
a series of years; neither is there a plant that can be successfully
grown under such a variety of conditions at as small expense as the
grape.

Future Possibilities.

If we will avoid errors and overcome obstacles met in the past by
application of information gained by experience and researches
since; if we study grape varieties, soils, climatic and other condi-
tions, and plant vines with specific purposes in view and train,
prune, trellis, fertilize, cultivate and otherwise care for our vines,
so as to bring about best fruiting results ; if instead of worrying the
industry by trying to legislate people to be good, we educate them
to appreciate the real merits and healthgiving and nutritive value
of the grape and its many products; that the juices fermented or
unfermented are natural beverages of intrinsic food value and
promoters of temperance and health when taken in reasonable
quantities; if instead of trying to produce quantity for a few of the
bulk markets, we also work for quality and distribute our products
more generally, so the consumer is not called upon to pay three or
four times as much as the producer gets for it and so instead of as a
luxury, they will be used as food and through this incidentally, but
very directly, offering inducement to viticultural pursuits; if all in-
terested in the industry will have more confidence and seek to help
each other and all do something to develop and increase the sale and
consumption of grapes and their product, remembering that there is
no other fruit so delicious that can be used for so many purposes and
that it always has and ever shall be considered the Creator's choicest
gift in plant life to man ; if we consider that all the cultivated foreign
varieties come from the Vinifera, a single species, which also thrive
in large areas of our domain; that we have more native species
within our confines than all the rest of the world combined and no
reason presents itself why varieties should not be cultivated wher-
ever native vines are found, and some of these are found in nearly all
parts of the country, it looks as though the viticultural possibilities
that lie in store for the United States are almost unlimited.

GARDEN \YRITINGS IN AMERICA.
By Leonard Barron, Garden City, N. Y.

Delivered before the Society, February 26, 1916.

The development of strictly garden writings in America is a very
recent growth, so recent, indeed, that it may be claimed as a feature
of the last twenty-five years. Although gardening books have
been published in America in fairly considerable numbers from the
very beginning of the country, still many of these have been of
European origin. It has been a common practice to import sheets
of English books and to bind them up in this country, with a special
title page and an American publisher's imprint. In other cases,
the plates have been imported and an edition put out over here.
This has led to much confusion in the past and we can lay claim to
have produced only very recently any strictly American writings
on the fine art of garden craft — writings that really reflect the
native spirit. This, however, has been but a natural reflection of
the condition of the art of garden making itself.

The written word is the permanent record of events, and there is
yet much work to be done in the study of our garden writings from
an historical point of view. Those who are concerned with this
phase of the question will find the most comprehensive review to
date in the third volume of the new Standard Cyclopedia of Horti-
culture. That the literature of our American gardening should be
thus flavored with foreign lore up to very recent times is nothing to
be surprised at, since not only were the beginnings of American gar-
den craftmanship based on the practices of England and the conti-
nent, but also the actual materials — the plants — employed were
imported; and indeed an overwhelming proportion of our early
practitioners gathered their experience abroad before coming to
these shores. This City of Boston is inseparably associated with
the beginnings of gardening here in America, of which fact the
organization under whose auspices we are now gathered is in
itself sufficient proof; and today this section of the country still

71

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

stands as perhaps the most advanced center of garden interest in
the United States.

It is not my intention today to call your attention to the best
books, so much as it is to direct it towards a consideration of the
tendencies of contemporary garden writings and publications, in an
effort to measure up our possessions and our needs.

The literature of gardening and horticulture in this country dates
back but a little over a hundred years, for it appears that the first
purely American book written from an American point of view was
Squibb's Gardener's Kalendar for South Carolina and North Carolina,
Charleston, 1799, which ran into several subsequent editions.
This was followed in 1804, in Washington, by The American Gar-
dener, of John Gardiner and David Hepburn. This volume also
had several editions. But prior to this latter there was published
in Boston an edition of Marshall's Introduction to the Knowledge
and Practive of Gardening (1799). The bad example here set of
republishing a foreign work has continued to this day and has, I
believe, had much influence in confusing the home gardener and
hindering real appreciation in garden work. To the professional
gardener or horticulturist, these books are decidedly useful; but
for the amateur gardener, they have been somewhat of a handicap
because he was not in a position to interpret them in the light of
reason. Thus the very effort to promote popular interest in gar-
dens has at times reacted to its disadvantage.

A glance over the bibliography of horticulture in America re-
veals curious and interesting developments; and through it we see
reflected the progress of gardening to the present day marked
revival, — or shall I say evolution? — into a real garden spirit that
we all recognize. The garden proper is an enclosure, an intimate
part of the home surroundings, and with the early settlements
came the old-world desire to develop this appurtenance of the home.
But economic conditions soon made their influence felt and the
garden idea quickly gave way to that of broader, more open cultiva-
tion of crops in fields and orchards. As a consequence, horti-
culture in its broader sense came to be the dominating character.
Attention was concentrated on the utilitarian aspect rather than
upon the aesthetic. Fruit growing overpowered everything else
and, indeed, became so dominant that the word horticulture is

GARDEN WRITINGS IN AMERICA 73

generally accepted as indicating pomology. This tendency began
to manifest itself as early as 1802, when Cobbett's edition of For-
syth's Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees
appeared in New York and Philadelphia, but the first truly Ameri-
can book on fruit growing appeared in 1817 — Coxe's View of the
Cultivation of Fruit Trees. Thatcher's American Orchardist ap-
peared in Boston in 1822. From that time onwards, for fifty years
or so, pomological works appeared in plenty and completely domi-
nated horticultural literature.

Then came the Civil War, and a marked cessation of literary
production in this particular line as in everything else. Since the
collection of American books on horticulture and gardening has
received so little attention in the past, we have very few sources
from which to draw information. The two most excellent collec-
tions are that of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and the
private library of Dr. L. H. Bailey, whose account of these earlier
North American horticultural books is undoubtedly the best
available and whose data I accept:

" In the introduction to the History of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society (1880), it is said that 'Mrs. Martha Logan, in
South Carolina, when seventy years old, wrote a treatise on garden-
ing called the Gardener's Kalendar which was published after her
death in 1779, and as late as 1808 regulated the practice of gardening
in and near Charleston. She was a great florist and uncommonly
fond of a garden.' In the Charleston library there is no separate
book of this kind, but the Gardener's Calendar by Mrs. Logan
appears in succeeding issues of the Carolina and Georgia Almanac,
comprising six pages. The earliest date there available is in the
Almanac for 1798. It has been spoken of as a pamphlet, and it
may have been reprinted separately. The first almanac printed
in South Carolina was Tobler's for 1752. This almanac contains
a * Gardener's Kalendar, done by a Lady of this Province and es-
teemed a very good one.' Perhaps this work was by Mrs. Logan.
There does not appear to be any book by Mrs. Logan in the anti-
quarian libraries or lists, although Evans apparently erroneously
included it in Vol. IV of his American Bibliography as of the date
of 1772. Mrs. St. Julien Ravenel, in Charleston, the Place and the
People (1906), writes that 'Mrs. Logan was the daughter of the

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

gallant Colonel Daniel.' Her Gardener's Chronicle, written whei>
over seventy, was in great demand formerly, but seems to have
utterly perished, the most careful search failing to produce a copy.

The almanacs were important mediums of information in the
early days, and it is probable that some of the first instruction in
gardening was given in them. In Poor Will's Almanack for 1787,
printed in Philadelphia in 1786, there is a Gardener's Kalendar,
or useful memorandums of work necessary to be done, monihly, in
the gardens and orchards of the Middle States. The Southern States
Ephemeris for 1788, printed in Charleston in 1787, contains a 'new
and copious gardener's calendar' for the southern states. In
Isaac Brigg's Georgia and South Carolina Almanac for 1800, printed
in Augusta in 1799, there is a calendar by Robert Squibb. The
agricultural matter in the New England almanacs is well known.

"In 1796 there was printed at Newburyport, Mass., by Blunt
and March, for John Dabney, Salem, A71 Address to Farmers on a
number of interesting subjects. It contains a part or chapter on
the character of a complete farmer; one on the profits of a nursery;
another on the advantages of an orchard.

" Apparently the earliest separate book on a horticultural subject
published in North America (if the Logan is not counted), was
Robert Squibb's The Gardener's Kalendar for South Carolina and
North Carolina, published in Charleston in 1787, and again in 1809,
1827, and 1842. The second work appears to be the American
edition of Marshall's Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of
Gardening, Boston, 1799, already referred to. The second indige-
nous book apparently appeared in 1804, The American Gardener,
by John Gardiner and David Hepburn. It was published at Wash-
ington. This book apparently had an extensive sale. It was
revised by 'a citizen of Virginia' and republished in Georgetown,
D. C, in 1818. A third edition appeared in 1826.

"This book was followed in 1806 by Bernard M'Mahon's excel-
lent and voluminous American Gardener's Calendar in Philadelphia.
This work enjoyed much popularity, and the eleventh edition
appeared as late as 1857. For fifty years it remained the best
American work on general gardening. M'Mahon, remembered in
the Mahonia barberries, was an important personage. He was-
largely responsible for the introduction into cultivation of the
plants collected by Lewis and Clark.

GARDEN WRITINGS IN AMERICA 75

" These early books were calendars, giving advice for the succes-
sive months. They were made on the plan then popular in England,
a plan which has such noteworthy precedent as the excellent
Kalendarium Hortense of John Evelyn, which first appeared in
1664, and went to nine regular editions. Other early books of this
type were An Old Gardener's Practical American Gardener, Balti-
more, 1819 and 1822 and Thorburn's Gentleman's and Gardener's
Kalendar, New York, the third edition of which appeared in 1821."

It is of interest to note the marked importance of the South in
those earlier days. Again this emphasizes and illustrates the
English influence on the beginnings of American gardening, for
the settlements of North Virginia and New England trace their
connecting lines back to one common source. That the ultimate
garden spirit, as we preach it today, should have its greatest
accentuation in and around Boston is not to be remarked as wonder-
ful; it is but the working out of inevitable economic and political
laws. The Dutch settlement of New York, lacking the soul and
spirit of these other garden sections, has failed to leave any impres-
sion of itself on our American gardening today.

It has already been pointed out that the earlier writings, so far
as the records show, were of the general character of calendars.
We might, then, work out a Development Chart of our garden
writings something like this:

f Compendium 1 [ Calendrical

Past \ or \ j Topical

I Didactic J I Text book

, . > / Subjective (one garden)

rresent Expository \ i /-vi • ^- / i • i\

" ' [ Objective (gardens in general;

( Record ] [ Special treatises

Future \ or }• \ Reviews and

I Descriptive J I Imaginative

These classifications are arbitrary and not exact, but they will
serve as a basis for discussion. As a matter of fact, they overlap
largely in all directions.

To proceed with details. All the earlier publications fall into

76 MASSjACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

the first of these divisions, being merely concerned with the prac-
tical work of the moment — what, when, and how to plant or culti-
vate. The highest development of this class is the text book, which
is a present day development and has attained a greater perfection
in America than elsewhere. So fast, indeed, have volumes of this
type succeeded one another within the last few years that they now
form a very considerable group by themselves.

Both the Calendrical and the Topical books are the product of
the practical worker who lays down a rule of practice based on
experience, but one which he does not, because he too frequently
cannot, explain. The text book, equally didactic, is, however,
based on principle and reason; it is obviously a natural develop-
ment of and from the two former types. The period of text book
writings has, I feel, reached its ^nith, but other books of a more
imaginative type have reborn the interest in garden work and are
making it something far ahead of what it was a hundred, fifty, or
even twenty years ago. The appearance of this particular kind of
writing has been marked by the development of a new type of
garden writer — the skilled observer scientifically trained — the
professional teacher or experimentalist. Is, there a danger signal
to be hoisted here? Is there not a possibility of the loss of some-
thing valuable in the very evident tendency of the modern practi-
tioner to refrain from putting his experience and observations into
some permanent form? While we need the teacher, and welcome
him, do we not also need the matured conclusions of the worker
whose experiences are an end to themselves? It was largely by
his contributions that the garden craft of the past was enriched;
it is his writings we need now, and which future students will need
in order to understand and measure up the conditions of today,
just as we ourselves try to reconstruct the past by studying the
writings of the old timers.

The second group, of Expository writings, approaches more
closely to the domain of fine literature, and several volumes of
recent date have successfully reached a large circle of readers. In
this category I submit, as examples, — not necessarily as the best
representatives of this class — The Garden of a Commuter's Wife
(Mrs. M. O. Wright), A Woman's Hardy Garden (Ely), The Well
Considered Garden of Mrs. Francis King, and What England Can
Teach Us About Gardening by Wllhelm Miller.

GARDEN WRITINGS IN AMERICA 77

Here, indeed, is a wide field for development, and one which
perhaps most concerns our present purposes. This type of writing,
in connection with the third group of Record and Description, is
suggestive of the future of our writings.

Would that we had many more of this class of book which reflects
the sheer joy and delight of the living companionship of the growing
plants, the fascination of nursing the tender exotic, the rapt delight
of opening spring and ripening autumn. These books treat not of
gardens as things apart, but as integral elements in the round of our
daih' existence. The appearance of several such within the last
few years is a reflection of rapidly changing conditions of our
environment.

Though to the contemporary teacher and student these writings
have perhaps only a moderate value, yet they are strongly signifi-
cant of the new garden spirit that is enveloping all America. Let
us encourage them by every means in our power for they are
spreading the gospel of popular home gardening, of personal
gardening, like that which is recognized as having existed in Eng-
land for a long time past, so that it has come to be a recognized
habit to compare the garden interests of the two sides of the ocean,
to the disadvantage of our own.

Just as real, permanent progress in our widespread American
horticulture (of the garden) must rest on the development of the
amateur as distinguished from the mere trader, so, too, must we
look to a literature of enthusiasm based on the amateur's keen
interest in others of the same class to develop and at the same time
to reflect the present-day condition. Authoritative gardening
writings come to us from England today even as in the earlier
times. But as yet we send very few thither. Still I have not the
least doubt in the world of our ability to eventually produce our
counterparts of Miss Jekyll, Miss Willmott, Reginald Farrar,
Joseph Jacob, and others too numerous to name, but all of whom
have given the world garden books based on personal experiences
and enthusiasm. Keenly critical, too, they are monuments
marking the progress of our delightful craft. This, of course,
presupposes the existence of competent authors, well informed
amateurs, to make experiments, suffer trials and disappointments,
achieve successes, and then chronicle them.

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

I believe in the future, though conditions of garden lore in Eng-
land and America are not now the same. It may indeed be said
that a knowledge of gardening is a necessary part of a liberal educa-
tion across the sea, whereas with us an intelligent acquaintance
with gardens is indeed quite exceptional. How many American
ladies will naturally invite you to stroll around their gardens to see
the latest novelty in herbaceous plants, or the newest shrub from
China? How many American men will invite you to stroll into
the conservatory or greenhouse after dinner? Until these things
or something like them happen, garden writings of the expository
kind cannot be successfully produced among us because the pub-
lishers cannot afford to produce them for an unresponsive public.

x\s forming the third great class are the writings of Record,
Description and Imagination. Here we look for the highest type
of work, both as regards subject matter and method of presentation,
literary quality, not mere manufacturing perfection (for a worthless
book may easily be launched on its way with all the superlative
trimmings of the publisher's art. Good looking covers do not
necessarily mean worth-while contents). This type of book may
be called the book of the future; yet that it will come is certain.
Indeed, the beginnings may be said to be here. As examples of
recent publications that more or less answer this requirement I
cite Thomas's The Practical Book of Outdoor Rose Growing, The
American Flower Garden (Blanchan), and The Garden Blue Book
of Holland. Books of record carefully written in the light of all
contemporary available knowledge, yet inspirational and practical,
are the ideals that we set before us. That there are differences in
character and calibre, great differences, as between the first and
the last types of book is e\ddent. To exactly grade these differ-
ences is a difficult task and the effort here made is open to criticism.

The transition of garden literature has been from the dogmatic
and empirical through a few topical volumes to the teachers' text
books and manuals of commercial interest, to the finer inspirational
writings that are just looming upon us. First the practical worker,
then the trader, followed by the investigator and teacher and the
enthusiast who gardens for pure joy.

It would seem that much of the ultimate writings of gardens are
to be done by women. Modern women writers who are addicted

GARDEN WRITINGS IN AMERICA \79

to the garden habit are, however, following an ancient precedent,
for have we not seen that the earliest Kahmdar of all, the very
beginning of our subject, was by that "great florist, uncommonly
fond of a garden, Mrs. Logan of Charleston"; and I am glad to
note this present-day tendency for I do sincerely believe that it
will be women of America who will give to American gardening its
real stamp of aesthetic individuality. Women as garden writers
are also making an impression abroad.

A significant factor to be borne in mind is the influence of the
garden clubs, the membership of which is composed almost wholly
of women. These organizations are serious and from their mem-
bership is bound to come a new body of observers and recorders.
I look to a very strong influence from this direction on our garden
writings in the very near future. Indeed, the beginnings are
already with us. Mrs. King, of Michigan, has already published
one book, her writings in the periodical press are familiar, and her
activities in garden propaganda in general are well known. Simi-
larly, we may recall the names of Mrs. E. A. Stokes Peckham of
New York, Mrs. J. M. Patterson of Virginia, Mrs. F. N. Doubleday
(Neltje Blanchan) of New York, and Miss Louise Shelton of New
Jersey, as pioneers in the new amateur garden movement whose
writings of gardening are already bearing an influence.

It has been my privilege to address a considerable number of
these garden clubs, and I am able to bear personal testimony of
the intensity of purpose, and of the frequently well-informed status
of the members. And this group of people is raising up among us a
new class of readers whose requirements must be met adequately
in contemporary garden writings. Here will come the demand for
writings of the third class.

The activity of book productions reflects very exactly the general
conditions of the country. This can be clearly seen in studying
the chronology of our subject. It would almost seem indeed that
garden writings can be charted into a very true curve of the gen-
eral business situation ; for quite apart from the natural growth in
volume as time progresses we can trace very interesting and illumi-
nating fluctuations.

In times of progress and great business activity the presses deliver
a greater number of different works than in the intervening periods

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of depression and stagnation. In the total publication list of ap-
proximately a thousand titles up to the end of last year, we find
that practically one-half have appeared since 1890, or say within a
period of twenty-five years; and that nearly one-half of that
number, or twenty-five per cent of the entire production of Ameri-
can gardening books from the very beginnings of time, is encom-
passed within the last ten or twelve years! Wherefore I prefer to
look into the future of things rather than to do more than call your
attention to the past. And besides it is safer. Who can say what
the future will develop?

A canvas of the publications of the last ten years reveals that
out of about two hundred different titles issued and classified in
the publishers' trade lists, within the class and group headings of
Gardening and Horticulture, forty-seven, or about twenty-five
per cent., are devoted to fruit growing, which evidently still claims
a large share of attention; but various phases of pleasure garden-
ing (apart from landscape work) claim a slightly greater proportion,
being represented by fifty titles. Others are : Landscape, 1 1 ; vege-
tables and truck gardening, 31; literary, 13; children's garden
work, 9.

Books devoted to technical landscape architecture are not con-
sidered in our present review, because although allied to gardening
and having tHeir origin there, still they deal with a subject matter
that is becoming rapidly divergent and tending to form a special
subject by itself.

It will be observed that our writings offer very few treatises
devoted exclusively to one kind of flower or plant, although as
long ago as 1828 the first American book devoted wholly to flowers
appeared, assuming that Roland Green's Treatise on the Cultiva-
tion of Flowers, issued in Boston in that year, was really, as it seems
to be, the earliest. This is a little volume of only sixty pages and
is interesting as being possibly a fair reflection of the plants grown
at that time. Naturally, many subjects that are now almost as
household words among us, do not appear, and quite a number that
do appear there are not very seriously considered today, as myrtle,
camellia, fuchsia, passion flower. It would be well worth the
while of modern-day enthusiasts who clamor for old-fashioned
gardens, to look in the old garden books for the plants that they

■^ GARDEN WRITINGS IN AMERICA 81

must justifiably use. What a lot of modern-day favorites would be
barred! One notable omission alone from this list is sufficiently
suggestive — the phlox. The dahlia was favored with a treatise
all to itself, appearing in Boston in 1S39. Then came Buist's
Rose Manual, appearing in Philadelphia in 1844 and on the same
subject in 1846, Prince's and then Samuel B. Parson's Manuals.
Both these books achieved a considerable degree of popularity.
Rose books have been published occasionally ever since.

Of more recent other writings devoted to other special flowers,
reference may be made to Ward's American CarnationCulture, Gallo-
way's Commercial Violet Culture, Harrison Dick's Siceet Peas for
Profit, and Holmes's Comviercial Rose Culture, all of which it will
be observed are decidedly of a commercial character. Doubleday,
Page & Company's Garden Library contains small volumes on
Roses, Narcissus, and Water Lilies; H. S. Adams has contributed
a little manual on Lilies; and the Rev. C. S. Harrison has given
us small pamphlets on Phlox, Iris, and Peony. But in a general
way we are still dependent upon importations for specimens of this
type of work other than those having a distinctly trade or com-
mercial bearing. The book on the Dahlia just mentioned was fol-
lowed more than fifty years later by a small treatise on the same
subject, by Lawrence K. Peacock, now out of print. The fact
remains that there is no great market yet created in America for
these manuals of special plants. Here again we can only hope for,
and look to, the future.

More important, perhaps, than the separate books, in reflecting
the contemporary spirit in any subject, is its periodical literature,
through which, week by week or month by month, ideas and
thoughts are communicated. Not only are the serial publications
more responsive to the contemporary impulse, but they also reach
a wider audience, and that far more quickly. Whereas a fairly
successful book of a technical or special character will be considered
as doing well if it sells 2500 copies or from that up to 5000, in the
four or five years of its greatest popularity, a well-established and
successful periodical will reach from twice to ten times as many
as that maximum, and do it every week or month as the case may
be.

On the other hand, with few exceptions, the book is a better unit

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

for distribution and for collection. A book has a more permanent
character. People instinctively save books while they destroy
current journals and magazines, and they will pay more money
for books.

The periodical literature of horticulture in North America has
been vastly greater than the literature of bound books in the same
field. There have been started from time to time, approximately
500 journals most, if not all, of which are but memories today.
Associated with this class of publications must be included the
reports and proceedings of various societies and associations, but
in this type of garden writing the spirit which we are specially con-
sidering today has had very little place. The pomological and
other fruit-growing interests have completely swamped the more
intimate associations, the aesthetic side that deals with home
surroundings. The reports of the " flower committee" or the " gar-
den committee" are usually perfunctory documents of little or no
practical value to anybody. With the exception of parts of the pro-
ceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the Horti-
cultural Society of New York, and some local Canadian Societies,
there is very little of permanent garden interest to be found in
these records. Special flower societies devoted to the gladiolus,
the peony, the rose, the sweet pea, the carnation, etc., record from
time to time matters of progress in their particular fields, and more
permanent value has been given to some of these documents,
through the cooperation of certain State Experiment Stations.
Records of the introduction of new varieties may be found here
and in the combined reports of these organizations included in the
proceedings of the Society of American Florists. Here some
attempt is made to keep a record of new plant introductions in
so far as they are brought to the notice of the organization through
registration.

A few of the garden clubs have separate periodical publications
printed for circulation among their members only, and these con-
tain some notes of a critical nature, that bear relationship to the
imaginative and the record type of writings of which we have seen
the beginning in some of the more recent books.

The periodical maj^ be said to blaze the way for the book. It
can feel the way and get a quick response; but more than this, the

i

GARDEN WRITINGS IN AMERICA 83'

periodical is the great engine for opening up and developing new
lines of interest. From a strictly garden viewpoint the periodical
publications of the past can be reviewed very quickly, for all the
earlier journals regarded agriculture as their prime interest and
merely permitted horticulture and gardening to trail along in their
obscure little corners.

There have been only three or four publications with general,
broad garden sympathies. The Floral Magazine began in Phila-
delphia in 1823, and contained colored plates of various ornamental
plants. Report says that it was discontinued because it did not
pay. It was conducted by the Landreths, nurserymen and seeds-
men, as indeed were various subsequent periodicals devoted to
plants, flowers, and gardens, evidently in the nature of altruistic
contributions by commercial establishments made with the idea of
extending and promoting the interests of the business in which
they were directly engaged.

The Horticultural Register, supported by Joseph Breck, began
in 1835 in Boston, as also did Hovey's publication. The American
Gardener's Magazine, which soon becoming The Magazine of Horti-
culture and continuing until 1868, remains as one of the most
interesting publications of the country. Thus to Boston again is
added one more honor. Hovey was a nurseryman.

In 1846 appeared the first number of the next important publica-
tion, Downing's Horticulturist, in every way a splendid publication,
reflecting adequately the best horticultural spirit of its period.
This publication started as a little stream and, appearing in differ-
ent forms in different cities, gradually grew in importance and
received as tributaries numerous other publications. The Horti-
culturist can be traced in direct line of descent, with its- absorptions,
clear down to American Gardening, the publication that ceased to
exist in 1904. It was edited successively by A. J. Downing,
Patrick Barry, A. J. Smith, Peter B. Mead, and G. B. Woodward,
names sufficiently well known in the horticultural and gardening
annals of this country. Naturally, it began with a strong leaning
towards pomology and gradually swung over towards the develop-
ment of private grounds and the embellishment of gardens, con-
siderable attention being paid to ornamental plants, trees, and
shrubs. The Gardener's Monthly began in Philadelphia in 1859

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

and continued till 1887, reflecting from its pages the teachings and
the great appreciation of plants of Thomas Meehan, its editor.
This is straight line of descent of an honest effort of early profes-
sional horticulturists to introduce their wares to the public by a
campaign of impartial education. In 1887, both the HoriiciiUurisi
and Gardener's Monthly were absorbed by the American Garden.

The origin of the American Garden itself was from two independ-
ent sources of which the Ladies' Floral Cabinet, beginning in 1872
and issued from the office of the Horticvlturist, was one. The
basic idea of this periodical was that the cultivation of flowers was
essentially an occupation for women. It was a fairly successful
venture and represented a type of periodical that does not exist
today. It was amateur and parlor gardening in its simplest and
most elemental form. In 1880 the publication changed hands,
and still again in 1882, when Ralph Waggoner assumed possession,
with C. L. Allen as editor-in-chief. In 1887 it was absorbed by
the American Garden, which later absorbed also the Flower Garden,
edited and published by C. L. Allen and subsequently by Beach
Sons & Company and B. K. Bliss.

It will be noted here that the proprietorship and management
of these publications have been entirely in the hands of those
interested commercially in the plant and seed trades.

With Bliss' ownership. Dr. F. M. Hexamer became editor and
under his management the quality of the material published reached
a higher plane, the contents being divided into definite "depart-
ments," as they were called, the whole publication, however, being
a periodical calendar and notes on the introductions of the moment.
In 1890 and for three years later, L. H. Bailey was editor. The
American Garden at this period assumed definite magazine charac-
ter, the subject matter being of the expository character with some
attention to articles of record and description.

In 1892 Popular Gardening was absorbed. This was an olla
podria of anything and everything that related to the growing of
plants, fruits, flowers, and vegetables gathered from anywhere,
but it had struck a really popular note. Its principal thought and
aim was to stimulate the improvement of home grounds. This
publication was itself an absorption af so many other lesser maga-
zines from various parts of the country that it is quite bewildering

GARDEN WRITINGS IN AMERICA 85

even to think of them. The combined American Gardening, as it
was called, however, soon fell into bad ways, and gradually dwindled
till publication was suspended in 1904. Simultaneously with the
decease of American Gardening, The Garden Magazine arose, and I
became associated with it in its second number.

There are essential differences between weekly and monthly
publications and the kind of writings they convey. In the weekly
periodical news, up-to-date comments on events of the moment,
and chronicles of contemporary happenings demand the greater
space. News has no part in a monthly magazine, but instead the
subjective and expository treatment is all important. The news
of what is happening in horticulture is catered to by four trade
papers, with interests restricted essentially to the trade and pro-
fession. These are the American Florist, Florists' Exchange,
Florists' Review, and Horticulture. We should not leave the field
of past periodicals, however, without paying tribute to the notable
effort inspired in this city and which launched the Garden and
Forest, which ran from 1888 to 1897. This publication really set
the highwater mark in quality of contents in its efPort to introduce
horticultural appreciation and the garden spirit to the people of
America. A success in its mission, it was not so commercially.
Why? Becau^ in our complex modern life, writing is a commodity
and has to be put on the market and sold like other commodities;
in other words, it needs a publisher. It does not suffice to simply
issue a sheet from the press.

The periodical is our best measure, then, of the conditions of
the moment. It is made up of all kinds of writings which may
also be analyzed and grouped in the manner already suggested.
To be successful it must primarily satisfy a sufficiently large num-
ber of readers to make it a vehicle of communication between those
who produce and those who consume. There are two factors
which go hand in hand in making the modern periodical — the
editorial or text matter on the one side, and the advertising or
trading matter on the other side, and this inter-relationship is
particularly marked in what are known as class, or trade, journals.
Trade journalism in garden matters has reached its highest devel-
opment in America, and commands the services of a large number
of writers and workers; but the trade journal, the better it serves

8G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

its special purpose as a trade organ, the less it becomes adapted to
the needs of those who are outside the commercial field and who
garden for pleasure. The editorial point of view is restricted.
Money making is the object of the tradesman; but money spending
for the delight of acquiring what it can purchase is far more impor-
tant to the enthusiast — to whom the term amateur is so unfortu-
nately applied. The greater public influence in spreading the
desire for gardening lies outside the field of the trade publications.

Publications of both kinds are essential. The trade cannot exist
without the amateur enthusiast to consume the products; the
amateur cannot indulge his hobby without the trade to supply his
needs. Therefore, I submit that the trade and the professional
man should look with a more kindly eye on the so-called " amateur"
organ. The so-called ideal publication, encompassing all phases
of the craft, trade and amateur together, can probably never exist.
The ideal is false. The true ideal should be to cater neither to the
trade nor to the amateur, but instead, to deal with gardening and
horticulture in their broadest significance, instructing, entertain-
ing, and attracting all interests as individuals, not as organized
groups. This, at all events, is the ideal that I have set before my-
self.

A comparison of the contents of the earlier and present day
periodicals is illuminating, though it practically parallels what has
already been discovered in regard to garden books. I have heard
it held as an indictment against the contents of the periodicals
today that the garden writings now being offered in their columns
are, on the one hand, too amateurish, catering too much to the
uninformed; and at other times, that they are too technical and
erudite, catering too much to the technician.

It all depends on the individual point of view. It is not easy to
satisfy everybody, simultaneously and continuously. The periodi
cal is designed to reach the greatest number of people of all
interests. It is a teacher, an educator, a reporter, an idealist, all
these at one and the same time. The relationship of an editor
to the public is many sided; his constant occupation is finding out
what the public wants and then finding the writers who can supply
it. He is also the buffer absorbing the shocks from both sides. In
reality, in the last analysis, it is the public itself that edits the
periodicals it reads.

GARDEN WRITINGS JN AMERICA 87

A tremendous transformation has overtaken the character of
garden writings in periodicals during the last twenty years, but more
especially within the last decade. We have seen the birth and
growth of a certain group described popularly as the "country
life" class. The individuals to whom this group caters have been
imbued with that now almost universal desire of the American
people to ally themselves with everything that has to do with the
greater outdoors, spreading out from the cities and living more and
more in the country and on the land, not off the land. These
periodicals, indeed, are but an expression of that movement, which
again illustrates that the people are the final editors. Country
living has called for better homes, better houses, better grounds,
better gardens, and this has called for a new kind of garden writing,
which has largely been met. In catering to, and stimulating this
sense of appreciation of the beautiful, the periodicals have assumed
a sumptuousness of presentation and appeal and an appropriate
correlation of methods and ideals.

The periodical writer is not only the reflector of present day con-
ditions but he is also one of the most potent influences in shaping
coming events, and in our gardening papers of wide circulation
today, we discern the all consuming eagerness of the people for
gardens of greater intrinsic interest and greater variety. We
want more writers of ability acquainted with plant materials and
their possible uses, forward looking, who can discern the needs of
the American home and suggest appropriate methods of meeting
them. They must have knowledge and imagination combined.
Where are we to find such?

The nurseryman, wrapped up in the methods and intrinsic
interests of his products, seeing them at very close range, usually
lacks appreciation of the needs of the uninitiated.

The suburban amateur, on the other hand, can hardly formulate
his needs; he is groping in the dark and crying for light, which the
professional should be able to give.

The trained investigator and teacher is usually too much con-
cerned with the data and laboratory methods to be able to tell
convincingly and entertainingly the very things he wishes to im-
part; he cannot see the woods on account of the trees.

The commercial florist has a viewpoint too narrow and different
from those who are developing the great outdoors.

55 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

The private gardener should be the best fitted to teach the larger
pubHc, for he is in a position to appreciate most thoroughly the
needs and the longings of those with whom he is associated.

The skilled amateur has gone through the mill of his own experi-
ences, and the true hobbyist is well fitted to teach and lead those
who are coming behind.

The graduate of training schools and botanic gardens is entering
professional and commercial channels, thus getting practical experi-
ence on a sound basis and can provide much that is required.

The handicap of all these — of everyone, indeed — lies in seeing
his own sphere of interest in too great a proportion.

Garden writing for America is too great a subject, with too many
sides and faces, to be treated from any one standpoint, by any one
individual. Yet I am satisfied that the needs of the case are being
met, and that the future garden writings of America will be inter-
pretive and inspiring on a scale that the immensity of the subject
demands.

The periodicals themselves exhibit the changes from the old
orders and the beginning of the new. Formerly, they were the
personal expressions of one individual; the editor was rather a
preacher advocating his special cause or point of view, and indeed
did most of the important writing. His publication was a personal
expression, subject to all the dangers of narrowness.

Today, the editor writes little, practically nothing of value, but
he offers opportunity for the expression of all phases of thought
and differing viewpoints of all interests. What is wanted, indeed,
are writers to use the opportunities.

METHODS USED IN THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS.
By Theophilus D. Hatfield, Wellesley, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, March 4, 1916.

The profession of gardening is very much Hke the profession
of medicine and the gardener may safely call himself a plant doctor.
He brings plants into the world, takes care of them in sickness and
in health, but, like the Chinese doctor, he is paid for his services
only on condition that he keeps his patients well.

With gardening operations in general and particularly in the
propagation of plants there is much that is experimental. The
old saying is as true as ever "It is easy when you know how."
Intuition, no doubt, plays an important part, practice makes per-
fect, we often guess and guess right, and if we don't succeed w^e
try again.

When a young man it was my duty to wait on the propagator;
help to make cuttings; tie after budding; clay after grafting; and
otherwise fetch and carry. I often wondered how the propagator
had accumulated so much knowledge and figured on the time it
would take me to know so much. As I grew older and began to
study the plants under my care, to get interested in wild plants
and nature in the woods and pastures, "I found many questions
answered and I have found that nearly all the methods used by
man in the propagation of plants exemplified by nature herself.
As Shakspere observes

" 'Tis an art that doth mend nature.
Change it rather, for the art itself
is nature."

The propagation of plants may be divided into the following
classes: from cuttings; by layers; by grafts; by division; and
from seeds and spores.

89

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cuttings.

The first thing necessary is a propagating bed and the means
to care for freshly rooted plants; just as an incubator is needed
to hatch eggs and the conveniences for caring for the chicks when
hatched. If one has a greenhouse it is easily done. Close a part
of a biench with glazed sash or with cotton cloth as many florists
do. Bottom heat will be needed which can be obtained by closing
in the hot water pipes under the bench. About five inches of good
clean gray sand, as a propagating medium, is necessary and head
room above the cuttings. There should be a few degrees more
heat in the bed than in the air; 75° to 78° is about right. If there
is too much bottom heat vents must be provided to allow the sur-
plus heat to escape.

If one does not have a greenhouse, a box with a pane of glass can
be used and set over another box with a lamp underneath, incubator
fashion, this with the means of controlling the temperature will
furnish quite a serviceable bed.

The propagating bed will be mainly for soft wood cuttiilgs taken
into the greenhouse during the winter and spring for winter and
spring grafting, and for the sowing of some seeds.

The idea of closing in the bed overhead is to control the air and
sunlight, as fresh cuttings and grafts lose much by respiration in
the daytime. The bed may be aired at night when there is less
respiration, which helps also to harden the cuttings as they become
rooted; a very important factor.

If the cutting has opposite leaves cut it off at a joint and it will
root there or thereabouts. If the cutting has alternate leaves like
the Heliotrope cut it anywhere, and it will root anywhere along the
stem. Some leaves should be taken off to reduce respiration.
What there is to know is what is the proper condition of the wood
and the conditions under which cuttings will root. This can be
learned only by experience. It is a hard thing to explain as no
two gardeners have the same conditions, nor is their experience
just the same.

It will be safe to make the sand quite firm, the cuttings quite
firm in the bed, and in giving them plenty of water and shade from

THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 91

sunlight for the first few days. As they root less water and less
shade will be required. The best time to root soft wood cuttings
i^% in the spring as the conditions can be more easily controlled.

In this way can be rooted all greenhouse stock such as Helio-
trope, Carnations, Stevia, Salvia, soft wood cuttings of Roses,
Lantanas, Fuchsias, Abutilon, Geraniums, leaf cuttings of Begonias,
growing cuttings of Azaleas, Heaths, Acacias, Cytisus, and some
varieties of i\ntirrhinums and Ageratums.

At this time Lilacs, Deutzias, Spiraeas, Philadelphus, and other
spring-flowering shrubs, when forced under glass, afford means of
propagating these plants from soft cuttings. This fact is often
taken advantage of by nurserymen with rare shrubs, Daphne
cneorum, for one, to force the plants under glass for cuttings, and
root them in the spring. It is often the best way.

In general practice, however, many tree and shrub cuttings are
rooted from half-ripened wood taken from outdoors during the
summer. For these the propagating bed may be used without
bottom heat, though it is sometimes done in a cool greenhouse in
flats, and may be done in a cold frame.

This is a good way to root, in addition to those previously men-
tioned, Evergreen Azaleas, Mburnums, Cotoneasters, Forsythias,
Ligustrums, Catalpas, Lonicera, Symphoricarpos, and some Roses
taken with a heel. All spring-rooted cuttings shoMibe potted at
once. Shrub and tree cuttings, rooted after mi^|immer, are often
left where rooted until spring.

With many of the trees and shrubs there is another chance, and
that is by hard wood cuttings taken after the leaves fall. The
nursery practice is, for such as Lilacs, Deutzias, Spiraeas, and many
others given in the previous lists, to make cuttings in the autumn,
tie them in bundles, and store them in moist soil or sand until
spring. During the winter they will form a callus or root-bearing
surface. They should be planted out in spring and a fair percent-
age of them will root during the summer.

Many trees and shrubs may be propagated from root cuttings,
more than is generally supposed. The practice is to cut up roots
and store them in flats of sandy soil over the winter. This may be
done with the Quince, Ailanthus, Cladrastis, Eleagnus, Fother-
gilla. Elms, Prunus, Wistarias, and some Roses (jR. lucida, R.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

nigosa, R. cinnaniomea, and R. alpina). Some of these root
cuttings, especially the trees, will take two years to make plants.
This is a common practice with the Japanese Anemone and some
greenhouse plants such as Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, and Bouvardia.

Cuttings of evergreen trees and shrubs, mostly coniferous plants,
are put in during the autumn and kept over in a cool greenhouse
or cold frame. The same thing is done with Cotoneasters, Euony-
mus, and Buxus. They scarcely do more than callous during the
winter. A fair percentage may be expected to root during the
following spring and summer, but some Junipers, Torre^^as, and
Taxus may lay over another year. Those that root may be planted
in the spring, but it is customary to keep them in flats until es-
tablished as the roots of some are very brittle, especially the Yews
and Torreyas.

It is best to root all the forms and variations from the type from
cuttings, especially the foliage forms of conifers, as they are surer
of retaining their varietal character than when grafted. Ordi-
narily the juvenile forms of Thuya, Juniper, and Chamaecyparis,
with acicular whorled lea^-es, give way in a few years to the ad-
pressed adult form and sometimes quite extreme forms. If, how-
ever, these juvenile and other forms are rooted from cuttings they
will very likely retain their individuality during the lifetime of the
plant. In this way many peculiar forms of conifers have been
established and are now in cultivation, but if grafted they are
liable to take on the adult form or revert sometime or other, either
wholly or in part. The dimorphic character of many conifers
makes it difficult to fix these variations with any degree of cer-
tainty and they sometimes break away. The Red Cedar, as before
stated, has at first acicular juvenile leaves and later adpressed,
scale-like adult leaves. Now if it is pruned or gets injured the
first new leaves that appear are juvenile and it does not resume the
adult form for two or three years, starting life over again, after a
setback, so to speak.

It takes less time to flower a plant from a cutting or graft than
from a seed and at less stature. This fact is often taken advantage
of to dwarf stock. A cutting of the well-known Poinsettia if taken
in spring and grown will sometimes reach a height of six feet before
flowering, but if a cutting is taken in July it will flower at one-third

THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 93

this height or less. It is a common practice to take cuttings of
flower stems of Crassula coccinea and bloom them when a few inches
high, and the same can be done with Scdum spectabile. The ordi-
nary garden Phlox can be rooted from cuttings and grown as a
pot plant and has considerable decorative value. Chrysanthe-
mums can be bloomed down to a foot high, depending on when the
cuttings are rooted.

Drop a leaf of a Rex Begonia on the sand of the propagating bed
and it will root at almost every leaf fork. This suggestion has
been taken advantage of by growers of the famous Begonia Gloire
de Lorraine and now stock of this is raised almost exclusively in
this way.

By leaf cuttings is often the only way to fix a sport. Sports as
they occur in Chrysanthemums and Carnations mean a change in
the color of the flower, sometimes half and half. Generally the
sporting does not extend to the whole shoot and shoots below a
certain point produce normal flowers, so to fix a sport it must be
done from the shoot that produces it. Sometimes one is limited
to leaf eyes which generally root quite easily and so the sport is
fixed. The plants obtained will produce rootstocks the following
autumn from which can be got a plentiful supply of cuttings.
Rose sports can be treated in the same way, although grafting and
budding may be practised with these.

In fixing Carnation sports it is necessary to go through much the
same experience. A cutting or two may be obtained from the shoot
that produces the sport, but in order to obtain a greater increase
resort must be had to leaf eyes. As, however, all sports are bud
variations still other sports are liable which has been known to
happen.

Propagation of any particular plant means the perpetuation of
that plant in another individual. Every new plant raised in this
way is a part of the original and just as old; it is the same plant.
In connection with this fact it is not unusual when a Carnation
gets ready to sport it sports in several places at the same time. So
well known is this fact by judges that whenever a sport is put before
them for certification the award, if considered, is generally witheld
until it is found if the sport has appeared elsewhere.

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Layering.

Layering is very much nature's way. She does it quite openly.
To get a plant on its own roots is a very good way and in some cases,
if not the only way, it is the best and most practical way. Rhodo-
dendrons cannot very well be rooted from cuttings. I do not say
it is impossible, for what one cannot do another may, but for most
people it is impracticable to root Rhododendrons from cuttings.
They can be layered though it may take two years to do it. Layer-
ing for Rhododendrons is in my opinion best for this country and
in the opinion of one noted grower best for any country.

In foreign countries the most easily workable stock for grafting
Rhododendrons is Ponticum, a plant of uncertain hardiness in
itself here. It is well enough to use it for a stock if grafted low
enough so that the cion gets on its own roots, but uncertain and
short-lived as a stock. The result is when we import Rhododen-
drons unless we get layered plants we get something not dependable.

As a rule plants that will not layer are difficult to root from
cuttings. I have never seen Pines, Hemlocks, or Firs layer natu-
rally, or even artificially, nor have I been able to root them from
cuttings. As I said before nature often shows the way and we
frequently find Hydrangeas, Loniceras, Deutzias, Forsythias,
Viburnums, Currants, Gooseberries, and Grape vines rooting
wherever they happen to strike the ground. With this hint man
goes nature one better by making cuts in the stem, bending the
branch to the soil and covering it with prepared loam.

Formerly Carnations were rooted mostly by layering. We had
not become acquainted with the expeditious methods now in use
in this country where they are rooted by tens of thousands from
cuttings.

Grafting.

Grafting has been said by one notable authority to be a makeshift
at best. I will not venture to disagree Avith that authority. It is
a valuable makeshift nevertheless. In this, as in all other methods
of propagation, nature has shown the way and examples of natural

THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 95

grafting, while not common, are still common enough to have come
within the observation of most gardeners and others interested
in horticulture. With few exceptions plants would prefer to be
on their own roots and they make strenuous efforts to get there if
given a chance.

Nevertheless, grafting is indispensable and few processes have
added more to the material welfare of mankind. We would be
in a poor way for Apples, Plums, Peaches, Pears, and Apricots,
not forgetting Lemons and Oranges, if we had to depend on other
methods.

There are various methods of grafting and budding but both
depend on one thing and that is the union of the cambium layers
of stock and cion. The cambium layer lies between the bark and
the wood. It is here all annual growth is made. It is the center
of the plant's activities, the life center. A tree may be perfectly
hollow and live so long as the cambium: is uninjured.

There is one essential that must never be lost sight of and that
is the stock and cion must be in about the same state of activity,
probably better if the stock is a little ahead of the cion. Even
though they be dormant both should be evenly matched when
working them.

For indoor grafting the roots of the stock must be active, even
though the plant has otherwise made little growth. It is well, too,
that the cions be brought in a little time before being worked so as
to get some life into them.

As to which method is adopted depends on the time of the year,
the kind of plant, the condition of the stock and cion, and the
object in view. Whatever is done it will take time and experience
to succeed. Indoor grafts, excepting conifers, may be waxed over,
tied up in bundles, and packed away in sphagnum moss until
united. Outdoor grafting should be done in springtime well near
the ground level and earthed up. There will be no need to wax
them over. Dormant stock grafted indoors in winter may be
stored in moist soil or sand until the time comes for planting them
out.

Generally one must graft like on like, though there are exceptions,
for we are not limited to the same species or even genus. Some
plants are increased in vigor by the use of a stronger-growing species
or variety for a stock, and the reverse may happen.

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

No better illustration of the effect of stock on cion could be given
than the Rose. Most Roses could be easily got on their own roots
by cuttings or layers. Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses grafted or
budded on the Manetti attain more vigor than when on their own
roots and this is the universal practice now. Roses grafted or
budded on the English Briar, which has a distinct period of winter
rest, do not force as well as when on the Manetti, which grows more
or less all the time. On the contrary Roses on the Briar are better
for outdoor planting.

The Paradise Apple stock is used for dwarfing Apples. For
dwarfing Pears a different genus, Cydonia, is used. Although
the Apple and Pear belong to the same genus they cannot be suc-
cessfully grafted on each other.

The Hawthorn evidently has an unusual affinity with several
members of the pomifera or Apple group. Pears, Cotoneasters,
and Mespilus can be grafted on it, all different genera. From a
shoot near the union between the Hawthorn and the Mespilus
has arisen what is known as a graft hybrid, named Crataego-Mes-
pilus, intermediate in character between both parents. Cytisus
can be grafted on Caragana, Lilacs on Privet, and there are other
anomalous cases. Plums may be grafted on Peaches and Peaches
on Plums. For light soils and in the South Peach stock is preferred.
For heavier soils and in the North Plum stock is preferred. Euro-
pean Peaches and Plums may be grafted on the native Prunus
americana stock.

The cions of dwarf stocks should be kept above ground. When
planted there is a chance that the annual layers of growth may
overlap and eventually reaching the ground and rooting may
put the plant on its own roots and the dwarfing lost. This hap-
pened on an estate not far from Boston where the fillers, dwarfs
or supposed to be, got on their own roots and their value as such
lost. Attaining normal size they crowded the permanent trees and
had to be cut out prematurely.

Grape vines are nearly always raised from cuttings or layers.
The youngest plant being a part of the parent is just as old. It has
been on its own roots all the time. Varieties on their own roots
show no constitutional variation. The Black Hamburg Grape
is the same the world over, now as ever.

THE PROPAGATIOX OF PL.\NTS 97

It is not SO with grafted plants. There are variations even in
the Baldwin Apple. Go to our fruit shows and it will be hard to
find two dishes of Baldwin Apples that look alike. The fact is the
Baldwin Apple has sported and to standardize that or any particular
sport it will have to be fixed and the best way to do that is to get
it on its own roots. Propagators will use the best form or variety
for grafting and still get sports. No reliance can be placed on any
as long as mixed seedling Apple stocks are used. Something has
been done by root grafting to get Apples on their own roots. It
does not appear, however, that this was what the operators had in
view, but rather economy in operation. It is a cheap and easy
way, but there is a very good chance that cions will get on their
own roots when root grafted.

Division.

The division method of propagation should be easily compre-
hended. It is applied mostly to herbaceous or hardy border
plants and some greenhouse plants. It is best done when the plants
are at rest. It is also the general practice with Ferns, excepting
some Tree Ferns, in which case one must depend on spores which
will be described further on.

Seeds.

One does not have to look far for evidence of the seed method
in the propagation of plants. It is to be seen everywhere. To
reproduce itself is the last expiring effort of all plant life when it
comes to this. The annual does it in one year, the biennial in two.
When an old Black Spruce or Pitch Pine is seen loaded with cones
it is getting ready to die. I have known Peach trees make an
unusual floral display, set a big crop of fruit, and die before bringing
it to maturity. It is often stated that Peach trees are short-lived.
The probability is that they had been allowed to carry too much
fruit.

When a cutting, layer, or graft is started the parent is reproduced
but when a seed is started a new individual is created. Seedlings

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

have an individualism not possessed by cuttings or layers. A
counterpart of the parent may be reproduced or something new is
liable to happen. In the one way it is known what to expect, in
the other it is uncertain, and therein lies the fascination of growing
plants from seed. A man with a thousand Carnation seedlings
about to bloom is on tiptoe all the time.

Some of the variations of seedlings in color or form can by selec-
tion and improvement be fixed so that they can be relied upon and
will come true from seed. These are called strains. Among the
strains of flower seeds that come true to color are Cosmos, Antir-
rhinums, China Asters, Balsams, Canterbury Bells, Cyclamen,
Primulas, Gloxinias, Dianthus, Hollyhocks, Petunias, Phlox
Drummondi, Poppies, Salvia, Stocks, Sweet Peas, and many others.

It is not expected, however, that forms or foliage variations can
be fixed in seeds. They generally revert to the type, but there are
cases where forms have become fixed from seed. For example,
Tsuga macrophylla, a form of Tsuga canadensis, holds its form in
seed. So do Wiers Cut-leaved Maple, Purple Beach, Golden
Spiraea, the purple leaved Japanese Maple, and the purple leaved
Barberry. A fair percentage of all these come true. The proba-
bility is that all these were seed variations in the first place rather
than sports.

The subject of the acclimatization of plants from seed is an
interesting one. It is going on all the time by natural as well as
artificial means. What nature has taken ages to do man may do
in a lifetime. The Japanese Clematis was tender when first intro-
duced, but after a generation of seedlings it proved perfectly hardy.
The Irish Yew, an imported plant, is not hardy here, but its seed-
lings are perfectly hardy. They have been left out without any
protection since six inches high.

For seeds sown in springtime underglass, having a short period
of germination it is customary to use seed boxes (12+ 16+ 2).
They are easy to handle and to take care of in the matter of water
and besides do not permit an over abundance of material. Good
light loam is best for most seeds. It should be made firm and
marked out for seeds big enough to see easily. It is hardly neces-
sary to cover the seeds, merely give the box a shake. Very fine
seeds such as Begonia, Gloxinia, and Streptocarpus should, be sown

THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 99

broadcast, first covering the soil with a sprinkling of sphagnum
moss. This makes an excellent germinating medium and should
be tried wherever there is difficulty in germination.

We divide our seeds into batches, one for indoors and one for
outdoors. The indoor batch includes all greenhouse plants such
as Grevillias, Dracaenas, Gloxinias, Begonias, and Primulas.
We also sow some tender annuals indoors such as Asters, Salvias,
Penstemons, Ageratums, Lobelias, Zinnias, and border Antir-
rhinums, and such as we want early, and all fine seeds of hardy
annuals that would be lost if sown in the open.

Hardy annuals and some perennials are sown outdoors in late
April or May such as Agrostemma, Alyssum, Candytuft, Gyp-
sophila elegans, Larkspurs, Four o'clocks, Calliopsis, Indian Pinks,
Lupines, Sweet Sultans, Mignonette, Marigolds, Phlox Drum-
mondi. Poppies, Sunflowers, and Sweet Peas. Biennials and some
plants wanted for spring bedding such as Pansies, Violas, Myosotis,
Foxgloves, Canterbury Bells, and Sweet Williams are sown about
midsummer. Also autumn blooming greenhouse plants such as
Calceolarias, Schizanthus, and Cinerarias.

There is more trouble with seeds sown indoors than out. Abun-
dance of light and air as the seedlings come up will do much to ward
off the various fungoid diseases that attack young plants. The
same soil and conditions with regard to ventilation and shade will
not do for all. Generally as seeds germinate they are to be shifted
to cooler quarters to harden them off. The seedlings must be
pricked off as soon as large enough to handle. W^ith outdoor seeds
all that is necessary is to see that they have plenty of water.

We frequently find seedlings of berried and fruit-bearing plants
growing where the seeds have been dropped by birds. It is, there-
fore, quite natural to consider fruit to be eaten first in the natural
distribution of plants by birds. So if berried seeds are to be sown
as soon as ripe it will be better to wash them out in order to simu-
late this natural process, though sometimes when seeds are strati-
fied, a process described further on, the natural process of decay
does practically the same thing.

We are accustomed to expect seeds to germinate in a month or
two. The majority do but many tree and shrub seeds do not and
some must go through a period of freezing to have them germinate.

100 MASSACHUSETTS BORTICULTITRAL SOCIETY

This is the case with most hard-coated seeds. If one does not
know how long it takes seeds to germinate it is well to hold over the
seed boxes for at least one j^ear. Many seeds lose their vitality if
kept dry for any length of time. If it does not matter when seeds
germinate so long as they do so it is just as well to sow them as
soon as ripe. It may explain some previous failures and it some-
times happens that a year's time is gained.

The Japanese Barberry, if held over and the seeds get dry, they
are likely or the greater part of them, to lay over still another year,
and the same with Rose seeds ; but if sown in the open with merely
a cover of litter added to keep them from being thrown on the
surface by frost, otherwise called "heaving," about all of them will
be up in spring. This is where freezing helps.

When it is known how long it takes for seeds to germinate the
time can be regulated. Some tree and shrub seeds germinate
within a few weeks, sometimes in a few days, after sowing and these
seeds can be held from autumn until spring. Most Pines, Spruces,
Firs, Thuyas, and Chamaecyparis may be sown in spring and
come up soon afterwards. Elms ripen early in the spring and come
up in early summer. Some shrub seeds such as Deutzias, Spiraeas,
Lilacs, Buddleias, and Philadelphus also come up quickly. Bud-
dleia variabilis, known as the Summer Lilac, sown indoors last
March, grew six feet before September, with flower stems four feet
long. This achievement certainly puts this handsome Chinese
sub-shrub in an impressive light.

As a rule berried and nut seeds lay over a year. Some of them
as soon as ripe, and some as in the case of Cotoneaster Dielsiana
and Magnolia stellata, may come up the following spring, or only
a part of them may germinate; or they can be stratified until
spring, one or two years as need be, which means that the seeds
may be laid away in moist earth or sand and sown when it is
expected they will germinate. This is done by nurserymen and
others who value space.

I prefer to sow seeds that lay over as soon as ripe. Some will
come up the first year and first year seedlings are usually the
strongest and are worth taking note of by the plant breeder. Gar-
deners generally are agreed that the first seedlings of florists' flowers
are usually the strongest and also the poorest in floral quality and

THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 101

they always are very careful to save the later and weaker ones.
If they are looking for double flowers or fine colors they are surer
of getting them among these. Among Rhododendrons the first
in a batch to bloom are always the strongest growers and the
poorest in flower.

The list of berried and nut seeds that may be sown in the autumn
or stratified is a large one. I give only a few : of tree seeds, Oaks,
Chestnuts, Walnuts, Beech, some Pines, Yews, Ginkgo, Aesculus,
Acer, Fraxinus, Crataegus, some Pyruses, some Prunuses, Lirioden-
dron, Sassafras, and Junipers. Yews, Junipers, and Crataegus
sometimes lay over three years; of shrub seeds, some Prunuses,
some Pyruses, Cydonia, Lonicera, Rhamnus, some Styrax, Dirca,
Ilex, Ligustrums, Cotoneasters, Fothergilla, Halesia, Hamamelis,
Symphoricarpos, and some Roses if the seeds have become dry.

The seed method is applied to Palms and it is the only practical
way to propagate them. It is a special industry and very few
gardeners raise the Palms they use.

I found Rhododendrons growing wild in mossy places on the
Hunnewell Estate at Wellesley and that was a clue to conditions
under which I could expect to succeed in germinating them. I
naturally thought to simulate these conditions in a cool green-
house, using moss as a germinating medium. They did not do
so well in a cool greenhouse and I later found a warm house better
for the germinating periodt I now raise and transplant Rhodo-
dendrons, Azaleas, Heather, Cornish Heaths, Corsican Heaths,
Irish Heaths, and their allies in the same house with seedling
Orchids.

I use seed boxes, 12 + 16+2, and fill them nearly full with
coarsely sifted peat with a little sand mixed in. It is then pressed
firmly and about one-sixteenth of an inch of sphagnum moss is
sifted on. The boxes are then wet and the seeds scattered without
covering.

I have lately extended this plan of seed sowing to all fine seed
with excellent results. x\ll gardeners know what "mifty" things
Calceolarias are to handle, but sown on sphagnum moss they
give no trouble.

The soil is kept quite mbist until the seedlings are up, four to
six weeks, and then fairly moist. When large enough to handl

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

they are moved into boxes of the same material and set about one
inch apart and kept in the same house until July. After that they
go into a cooler house and are well aired and slightly shaded until
the middle of September. Then they are exposed to harden until
frosty weather and after that housed in frost-proof quarters
for the winter, although a little frost would do them no harm.

Gardeners are often asked a question like this, " I have a Begonia.
How often shall I water it?" Frankly, that question without the
plant at hand is impossible to answer. I usually say "When the
plant is dry" which to the inquirer is no answer at all. To most
people it would mean when the plant is dust dry and sometimes
that would be all right for a Geranium, a Tuberous Rooted Begonia,
or a Gloxinia going to rest.

To know when seed boxes want water is just as hard to tell.
There is a good deal of intuition in this as in much other garden
work. It is not always necessary to look at the surface of the
soil; it is one indication, but may be a false one. If one has
cared for a lot of seed boxes from the beginning and knows the
condition it might be said consistency of the soil, the kind of atmos-
phere, bright or shaded, will indicate to him how often seeds want
water, independent of surface conditions. Sometimes a finger
pressed into the soil or the weight of the box will indicate that.

Small seeds, as has been shown, are barely covered and some-
times not at all. In such cases the surface must be kept moist.
To let it dry for a day or bright sunshine strike it for an hour
would be fatal for the seedlings.

Spores.

The spore method belongs to Ferns. Their reproductive
method is entirely different from that of flowering plants. Spores
are found generally on the back of the leaves, sometimes on special
leaves or fronds as they are called. Falling on the ground or any
suitably moist place they form a kidney-shaped patch of green
like a small leaf from which is developed a new plant.

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY.i
By Frederick V. Coville, Washington, D. C.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, March 11,

1916.

[The substance of this lecture is contained in Bulletin No. 334, United
States Department of Agriculture, entitled Directions for Blueberry Cul-
ture, 1916. By Frederick V. Coville, Botanist. It is here reprinted by
permission with change of paging and omission of plates.]

Special Requirements.

Success in blueberry culture rests especially on the recognition of
two peculiarities in the nutrition of these plants: (1) Their require-
ment of an acid soil; (2) their possession of a root fungus that
appears to have the beneficial function of supplying them with
nitrogen.^

If blueberries are planted in a soil with an alkaline or neutral
reaction, such as the ordinary rich garden or fertile field, it is use-
less to expect their successful growth. In such a situation they
become feeble and finally die. Blueberries require an acid soil,
and they thrive best in that particular type of acid soil which con-
sists of a mixture of sand and peat.

Good aeration of the soil is another essential. It is commonly
but erroneously supposed that the swamp blueberry {Vaccinium
corymhosum), the species chiefly desirable for cultivation, grows
best in a permanently wet soil. It is to be observed, however, that
the wild plants of the swamps occupy situations which, though

1 Revised by the author from the original paper of 1913, entitled "Directions for Blue-
berry Culture," which was published, without illustrations, as pages 3 to 11 of Circular
122, Bureau of Plant Industry, and was also separately printed.

2 For a full discussion of the principles of blueberry culture, including the soil require-
ments and peculisu-ities of nutrition of the blueberry plant and the details of the growing
of seedlings, consult "Experiments in Blueberry Culture," Bulletin 193, Bureau of Plant
Industry, 1910, or the corrected reprint of 1911. Although the edition of this bulletin
was long since exhausted at the Department of Agriculture, copies may be obtained from
the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, for 25 cents each.

103

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

perhaps submerged in winter and spring, are exposed to the air
during the root-forming period of summer and autumn or, when
growing in permanently submerged places, they build up a hum-
mock or a cushion of moss which rises above the summer water
level and within which the feeding roots of the bush are closely
interlaced. In actual culture, moreover, it has been found that
the swamp blueberry does not thrive in a permanently wet or
soggy soil.

Although some species of Vaccinium, such as the common low-
bush blueberry of the northeastern United States, ['. ancjustifolium
(called V. i)cnnsyhanicum by some authors), grow and fruit abun-
dantly in sandy uplands that are subject to drought, the swamp
blueberry grows best in soils naturally or artificially supplied with
adequate moisture.

These, then, are the three fundamental requirements of successful
blueberry culture: (1) An acid soil, especially one composed of peat
and sand; (2) good drainage and thorough aeration of the surface
soil; and (3) permanent but moderate soil moisture. Under such
conditions the beneficial root fungus which is believed to be essen-
tial to the nutrition of the plant need give the cultivator no con-
cern, for even if the necessary fungus were wholly lacking in the
soil of the new plantation each healthy bush set out in it would
bring its own supply of soil-inoculation material.

Next in importance to soil conditions is a convenient location
with reference to a good market. The berries should reach their
destination without delay, preferably early in the morning following
the day of picking. To secure the best prices they should also
reach the market about the beginning of the main wild-blueberry
season. A situation to the south of the great areas of wild blue-
berries in northern New England, Canada, and northern Michigan
is therefore desirable. One of the most promising districts for
blueberry culture is the cranberry region of New Jersey, for there
an ideal soil occurs in conjunction with an early maturing season
and excellent shipping facilities to the markets of Philadelphia,
New York," and Boston.

Situations liable to late spring freezes, such as the bottoms of
valleys, should be avoided, for while the blueberry plant itself is
seldom injured by freezing, its crop of fruit is often destroyed in
this wav.

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 105

In seasons in which the wild crop of upland blueberries has been
destroyed by late spring freezes, it has been observed that in or
around bodies of water, such as cranberry reservoirs or cranberry
bogs temporarily flooded to prevent frost or insect injury, the wild
bushes often produce normal crops of blueberries. It may be found
that provisions for flooding blueberry plantations will save a crop
often enough to warrant the installation of flooding equipment. In
locating a blueberry plantation, therefore, it would be well to choose
a situation that could be flooded, if flooding proved later to be
commercially advantageous.

Importance of Superior Varieties.

In the southern United States and in the Middle West blueberries
are not ordinarily distinguished from huckleberries, but in New
England the distinction is very clearly drawn. The name huckle-
berry is there restricted to plants of the genus Gaylussacia, the
berries of which contain 10 large seeds with bony coverings like
minute peach pits, which crackle between the teeth. The name
blueberry is applied in New England to the various species of the
genus Vaccinium, in which the seeds, though numerous, are so
small that they are not noticeable when the berries are eaten. It
is probable that the comparatively low estimation in which this
fruit is held in the South is largely due to the lack of a distinctive
popular name and the consequent confusion of the delicious small-
seeded southern Vacciniums with the coarse large-seeded Gay-
lussacias. It is the culture of the small-seeded blueberries only,
as distinguished from the large-seeded huckleberries, that is here
advocated.

From the market standpoint, the features of superiority in a blue-
berry are sweetness and excellence of flavor; large size; light-blue
color, due to the presence of a dense bloom over the dark-purple or
almost black skin; " dryness," or freedom from superficial moisture,
especially the fermenting juice of broken berries; and plumpness,
that is, freedom from the withered or wrinkled appearance that the
berries begin to acquire several days after picking. Large berries
cost less to pick than small ones and bring a higher price. A berry

10(5 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

eleven-sixteenths of an inch in diameter has already been produced
under field culture, and others of still larger size are to be expected.
Although blueberry plantations may be formed by the transplant-
ing of unselected wild bushes or by the growing of chance seedlings,
neither of these courses is advocated, because neither would result in
the production of fruit of an especially superior quality. Seedling
plants, even from the largest berried wild parents, produce small
berries as often as large ones. Until nurserymen are prepared to
furnish plants asexually propagated from superior stocks, the culti-
vator should begin by the transplanting of the best wild bushes,
selected when in fruit for the size, color, flavor, and earliness of the
berry and the vigor and productiveness of the bush. These he should
propagate by layering and by cuttings until his plantation is com-
pleted. Through a combination of these methods, a valuable old
plant can be multiplied by several hundred at one propagation, the
fruit of the progeny retaining all the characteristics of the parent.

Propagation.

"While grafting and especially budding are useful in experimental
work, neither method is suitable for commercial plantations, because
blueberry bushes are continually sending up new and undesirable
shoots from the stock. The best season for budding for experimental
purposes is from the middle of July to the end of August. The ordi-
nary method of shield budding, with dry and unwaxed raffia wrap-
ping, has proved the most successful of all the methods tried. The
best wood on which to bud is the lower portion of vigorous basal
■ shoots of the season, especially those from plants that were cut to
the stump in the preceding winter. On such shoots the bark can
be lifted with ease much later in the season than on older stems.
Special care must be taken that the raffia wrapping does not become
wet and fermentation ensue between the raw surfaces of bud and
stock, in the first three weeks. By that time, in normal cases, the
bud wood has united with the stock, and if the budded stem has in-
creased in diameter sufficiently to cause pronounced choking by the
raffia the wrapping should be removed. If choking does not occur
the wrapping may be allowed to remain until spring, when the stem

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 107

is cut ofP above the still dormant bud. In greenhouse experiments,
a growth of over 8 feet has been secured from an inserted bud in its
first growing season, all other growth from the stock having been
promptly rubbed off as soon as it started.

)
Stumping.

The easiest way to propagate the swamp blueberry is by a special
process of layering named "stumping." The directions are as
follows :

1. In late fall, winter, or spring, preferably in early spring before the
buds have begun to push, cut off at the surface of the ground either the
whole of the plant or as many of the stems as it is desired to devote to this
method of propagation. The stems that are cut off are discarded, or they
may be used for cuttings, as described under "Tubering" or "Winter
cuttings."

2. Cover the stumps to the depth of 2 to 3 inches with a mixture of
clean sand and sifted peat, 2 to 4 parts of sand to 1 of peat, by bulk. A
rough box or frame may be built on the ground to keep the sand bed in
place.

3. Care must be taken that the sand bed be not allowed to become dry
except at the surface during the summer.

4. The new growth from the stumps, which without the sand would
consist of stems merely, is transformed in working its way through the
sand bed into scaly, erect, or nearly erect rootstocks which, on reaching
the surface of the sand, continue their development into leafy shoots.
Although roots are formed only sparingly on the covered bases of stems,
they develop abundantly during spring and early summer on these arti-
ficially produced rootstocks, and by the end of autumn all the shoots should
be well rooted at the base. Thej' should remain in place in the sand bed
till late winter or early spring, undisturbed and exposed to outdoor freezing
temperatures; but the sand should be mulched with leaves, preferably
those of red oaks.

5. Early in the following spring, before the buds have begun to push,
open the bed and sever each rooted shoot carefully from the stump. Dis-
card the upper portion of the shoot, niaking the cut at such a point as to
leave on the basal portion about three buds above the former level of the
sand bed. If the cut at the basal end of the rooted shoot is not smooth or
the wood is cracked, recut the surface with a sharp thin-bladed knife. The
discarded upper portion of the shoot may be used for winter cuttings, as
described on pages 112 to 115.

6. Set the rooted shoots in a coldframe or a cool greenhouse in clean

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

earthenware pots of suitable size, ordinarily 3-inch pots, in a soil mixture
consisting of two parts, by bulk, of rotted upland peat and one part of
sand.

7. Cover the frame with muslin or other white shade suspended above
the glass, giving the plants plenty of light but no direct sunlight, and for
the first two or three months keep the temperature at not to exceed 65° F. if
practicable. When subjected to high temperatures the newly cut shoots
are liable to die and rot from the base upward. The outer surface of the
pots should never be allowed to become dry. The desired condition may be
assured by bedding, or "plunging," the pots in moist sand up to the rim.

8. Watering should be as infrequent as practicable, only sufficient to
keep the soil moist liut well aerated.

9. The frame should receive ventilation, but not enough to cause the
new twigs to droop. These are most susceptible to overventilation and to
overheating when they have nearly completed their growth.

10. After the new twigs have stopped growing and their wood becomes
hard new root growth takes place. Then secondary root growth follows,
either from the apex of the new twigs or from another bud lower down on the
old wood of the original rooted shoot. Until this secondary twig growth
takes place the life of the plant is not assured.

11. Those plants that make sufficient growth to require repotting during
the first summer should be set in clean pots of 2 inches larger diameter in a
standard blueberry-soil mixture.

Soil mixture for Blueberries.

A very successful potting mixture or nursery-bed mixture for
blueberry plants consists of one part of clean or washed sand, nine
parts of rotted upland peat, either chopped or rubbed through a
sieve, and three parts of clean, broken crocks, that is, pieces of ordi-
nary unglazed, porous, earthenware flower pots. No loam, and espe-
cially no lime, should be used. Manure is not necessary, and in the
present state of our knowledge may be regarded as dangerous,
although in small quantities it serves to stimulate the plants, at least
temporarily. The danger from manure apparently lies in its tend-
ency to injure the beneficial root fungus of the blueberry plant.

The use of broken crocks in the potting mixture is based on the
fact th9,t the rootlets seek them and form around them the same kind
of mats that they form at the wall of the pot, thus increasing the
effective root surface and the vigor of growth. If crocks are not
available, the soil mixture should consist of 2 to 4 parts of peat to
1 part of sand.

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 109

The peat most successfully used for potting blueberry plants is an
upland peat procured in kalmia, or laurel, thickets. In a sandy soil
in which the leaves of these bushes and of the oak trees with which
they usually grow have accumulated and rotted for many years,
untouched by fire, a mass of rich leaf peat is formed, interlaced by
the superficial rootlets of the oak and laurel into tough mats or turfs,
commonly 2 to 4 inches in thickness. These turfs, ripped from the
ground and rotted from two to six months in a moist but well-
aerated stack, make an ideal blueberry peat. A good substitute is
found in similar turfs formed in sandy oak woods having an under-
brush of ericaceous plants other than laurel. The turfs of low-
bush blueberries serve the same purpose admirably. Oak leaves
raked, stacked, and rotted for about 18 months without lime or
manure are also good. The leaves of some trees, such as maples,
rot so rapidly that within a year they may have passed from the
acid condition necessary for the formation of good peat to the
alkaline stage of decomposition, which is fatal to blueberry plants.
Even oak leaves rotted for several years become alkaline if they are
protected from the addition of new leaves bearing fresh charges of
acidity.^ The much decomposed peat in the submerged lower layers
of deep bogs, such as is used for fuel in Europe, is not suitable for
blueberry-soil mixtures.

TUBERING.

By ordinary methods, cuttings of the swamp blueberry have been
rooted only in occasional instances. Successful special methods,
however, have now been devised for these plants. Wild stocks of
the swamp blueberry vary greatly in their response to propagation
by a particular method, and it is likely to prove true that one
variety of cultivated blueberry can best be propagated by one of
the methods here described, others by another. The most novel
of the methods devised, but the one easiest of operation, is that of
tuljcring. This method involves the same principle as that em-

' For a fuller discussion of the conditions under which leaves decompose into leaf peat
as distinguished from leaf mold, and the fundamentally dififerent effect of the two on the
growth of plants, consult "The Formation of Leaf mold," Smithsonian Report for 1913,
pp. 333 to 343 (also separately printed).

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ployed in stumping, namely, the forcing of new shoots in such a
manner that their basal portions are morphologically scaly root-
stocks, with a strong rooting tendency. The directions for tubering
as applied to the swamp blueberry are as follows:

1. Make stem cuttings from outdoor plants between midwinter and
early spring, before the buds have begun to make their spring growth, and
preferably on a warm day when the twigs are not frozen. A still better
plan is to make the cuttings in autumn after the leaves have fallen, and
store them for about two months in moist sphagnum moss on ice at a
temperature just alcove freezing.

2. Ihe cuttings are to be made from vigorous plants grown in well-
lighted situations and with stems therefore well stored with starch. Use
unbranched portions of the old and hardened branches and stems, about a
quarter of an inch to an inch, or even more, in diameter. From 3 to 4
inches is a suitable and convenient length. Make the cuts with pruning
shears or a fine-toothed saw and remove the bruised wood at the cut ends
with a sharp knife. Be careful not to injure the bark or split or strain the
wood.

3. Lay the cuttings horizontallj' in a shallow box or other cutting bed
of pure clean sand and cover them to the depth of about half an inch.
Moisten the sand well with rain water, bog water, or other pure water (free
from lime) from a sprinkling pot, and see that the sand is closely and firmly
packed about the cuttings. Cover the box or cutting bed with a pane or
panes of glass, the top of the box being fiat, so that the glass fits it rather
snugly. The box should be so prepared that any surplus water in the
sand will drain away beneath through holes in the bottom covered with
clean broken crocks and sphagnum moss.

4. Keep the box at a temperature of 55° to 65° F., or as near those
limit* as practicable. A temperature of 70° or over is likely to ruin the
cuttings.

5. In order to avoid excessive temperatures, do not allow direct sunlight
upon the glass, either keeping the box by north light or keeping it shaded,
as by a white cloth or paper cover suspended several inches above the glass,
or in a shaded greenhouse. '

6. Keep the air inside the box saturated with moisture. This condi-
tion will be evidenced by the condensation of the moisture on the under
side of the glass during the cooler part of the day or whenever a cold
wind blows against the glass.

7. Watering should he as infrequent as practicable, only sufficient to
keep the sand moist but well aerated and the atmosphere in the box satu-
rated. If the glass fits tightly, a second watering may not be needed for
several weeks.

8. Within a few weeks new growth will begin to appear above the sand.
When the shoots have reached a length proportionate to their vigor, com-

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 111

monly 1 to 3 inches, their further growth is self-terminated by the death
of the tip. After the leaves have reached their full size and acquired the
dark-green color of maturity the time has come for the development of
roots.

9. When the first shoot has reached this rooting stage a half-inch layer
of finely sifted rotted peat, 2 parts, and clean sand, 1 part, should be placed
on the surface of the cutting bed and moistened well with water. A time-
saving and perhaps desirable modification of this treatment is to use this
mixture of peat and sand as the original covering of the cuttings, described
in paragraph 3.

10. The new growth, which if it had originated above the sand would
be like an ordinary shoot, was transformed in working its way through the
sand and became a scaly, erect rootstock, which on reaching the surface
of the sand continued its development into a leafy shoot. During the
spring and early summer, roots form in abundance on the lower or rootstock
portion of these shoots.

11. After a shoot is well rooted it commonly, though not invariably
makes secondary twig growth the same season, usually from a bud in the
axil of the uppermost leaf. If the rooting of the shoot has not already been
ascertained by direct examination, the making of such secondary growth
is good evidence that rooting has actually taken place.

12. When a shoot is well rooted, with roots 1 to 2 inches in length, it is
ready to be potted. If the shoot has not already disconnected itself
from the dead cutting, it should be carefully severed with a sharp knife.
In the process of tubering, the behavior of the cuttings is essentially identi-
cal with that of real tubers, like those of the potato. The original cutting
dies, but the sprouts that arose from it root at the base and form inde-
pendent plants.

13. The rooted shoots should be potted in clean 2-inch earthenware pots
in the standard blueberry-soil mixture already described.

14. The pots should be bedded in moist sand up to the rim in a glass-
covered frame or box, well lighted but protected from direct sunUght,
and slightly ventilated but with a saturated or nearly saturated atmosphere.

15. In order to secure rapid growth, the rooted plants should be gradu-
ally accustomed to a well-ventilated atmosphere and then to half sunlight,
this adjustment extending over a period of about three to four weeks.

16. If preferred, the rooted shoots may remain in the original cutting
bed until tJae following spring, the cutting bed being exposed during the
winter to freezing temperatures, but mulched with oak leaves, and the
plants may then be transferred, with their whole root mat intact, to a
peat and sand nursery bed at a spacing of about a foot each way.

Where propagating is to be done on a sufficiently large scale, out-
door coldframes may be used instead of cutting boxes. Miss
Elizabeth C. White, of New Lisbon, N. J., who has brought to-

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

gether the best existing collection of selected wild-blueberry stocks,
has been propagating them with much success in muslin-shaded
coldframes by the method of tubering, and she has much simplified
the handling of the cuttings, both before and after rooting. The
cuttings are made in the late fall, packed in boxes in loose, moist,
clean sphagnum moss, and stored during the winter in a cool cran-
berry house at a temperature of about 40° F. As soon as the frost
is out of the ground beds of clean sand are laid down in the cold-
frames and the cuttings are pressed into the sand until the upper
side is level with the surface. The whole is then covered with an
inch layer of sifted peat (about 2 parts) and sand (1 part). The
frames are completely shaded by muslin on a framework about 7
feet above the ground, and ventilation is not begun until most of
the shoots are rooted, about midsummer. The shades and sash
are removed in early October, and in late autumn, after most of
their leaves have fallen, the rooted plants are taken out of the
frames, so that these can be made ready for a new lot of cuttings
very early the next spring. The stronger of the rooted plants
taken out of the frames are set at once in their permanent places in
the field plantation. Those less strongly rooted are placed in
nursery beds at a spacing of about 10 inches each way, where they
remain during the winter and the following growing season.

Winter Cuttings.

The rooting of leafy cuttings of the blueberry in summer is very
difficult, because in a temperature above 70° F. the cuttings blacken
and die. With the aid of a shaded greenhouse, winter cuttings can
be started early enough to make roots before warm weather comes
on. Similar results can be secured in coldframes so located, shel-
tered, and manipulated as to prolong their low temperature as late
as possible into the season.

The essentials of a successful coldframe for blueberry propaga-
tion are: (1) That it be located on the cool, shaded, north side
of a building or in some other situation where it will not receive
reflected heat from neighboring structures. (2) The frame must
receive an abundance of light but no direct sunlight, a condition

/

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 113

best secured in the case of isolated frames by the use of clean white
muslin shades. Frames on the north side of a building will also
require shade in early morning and late afternoon from March to
September. On sunless days all shades should be removed, so that
the cuttings will receive as much light as possible. (3) There
should be ample space for the circulation of cool air between the
frames and the shade. A shade at the height of about 7 feet from
the ground not only allows such circulation but makes it easy to
work among the frames. (4) The frames should be kept closed
until the cuttings are rooted. This closing not only keeps the air
saturated with moisture and prevents the drying of the cuttings,
but it also tends to maintain a cool ground temperature within the
frame.

When frames are thus located, constructed, and managed, the
maximum temperature on sunny days within the frames is often
10 degrees lower than the shade temperature outside, and the
period of safety for cuttings that are not yet rooted is greatly pro-
longed. Low temperatures can be maintained in such coldframes
much later in the season than in a greenhouse of the ordinary con-
struction, even though the greenhouse is well shaded and well
ventilated.

The use of a greenhouse in which to start the cuttings, followed by
the transfer of the cutting boxes to coldframes at the beginning of
warm weather, permits an even more prolonged protection of the
cuttings than can be secured in either greenhouse or coldframe alone
and increases the percentage of rooted plants.

The directions for rooting winter cuttings of the blueberry by the
use of a coldframe are as follows :

1. Make the cuttings in late winter before the buds have begun to
swell. If more convenient, they may be made in late autumn, after the
leaves have fallen, laid rather loosely in clean moist sphagnum in a covered
but ventilated box or other package, and stored until early spring on ice
at a temperature just above freezing or in commercial cold storage at a
temperature of about 3.5° F., if such storage is available.

2. Make the cuttings from wood of the preceding summer's growth,
rejecting such portions as bear the large fat flowering buds. The cuttings
are to be made from well-matured unbranched twigs or shoots grown in
well-lighted situations, and therefore well stored with starch. Excellent
wood for cuttings is afforded by the long stout shoots that grow the first

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

summer from a blueberry plant that has been pruned to the stump. In the
swamp blueberry these have few or no flowering buds and often are 3 to 5
feet in height and a quarter of an inch or more in diameter at the base.

3. About 4 to 5 inches is a suitable length for finished cuttings. A
sharp thin-bladed knife should be used. In the finished cutting the upper
end of the diagonal cut at the base of the cutting should come just below
a sound bud, and the cut at the upper end of the cutting should be about
an eighth of an inch above a sound bud. If the cuts are first made with
pruning shears, Remove with the knife the bruised wood at the cut ends.
The diagonal knife cuts should be as short as is practicable without bruis-
ing the bark or splitting or straining the wood. Cuttings that have been
kept in cold storage should be recut at both ends, so as to present clean
surfaces that show no discoloration. In order to avoid infection of the cut-
tings, the knife must be kept clean. This may be done conveniently by
dipping the blade in alcohol and wiping it on a clean towel. The cuttings
must not be allowed to become dry. This is easily prevented by laying
them in the fold of a clean moist towel.

4. The coldframe may be of the usual form, the top about 1 foot above
the surface of the cutting bed at the front and 2 feet at the back, and tightly
constructed of material not less than an inch in thickness, with closely
fitting sash of the ordinary kind. The cutting bed, 4 inches in depth,
should be laid down over a groundwork of gravel or other material that
will provide good drainage. On this groundwork place about 1 inch of
clean chopped sphagnum moss and over the moss about 3 inches of pure
clean sand. Moisten the sand with clean rain water or other pure water
|free from lime) from a sprinkhng pot.

5. After making deep slits at suitable intervals in the sand with some
•tlean implement, set the cuttings in the slits at a spacing of about 2 to 3
inches each way according to size, the base of the cutting being in the sand
.a little above the sphagnum, and see that the sand is so closely and firmly
packed about the base of the cutting that the cut surface is in contact with
the sand, but be careful not to injure the delicate raw tissue at the base of
the cutting by pushing forcibly into the sand. Smooth the surface of the
bed by a final watering. Cover the frame closely with the sash, so that
the air within will be moist.

6. Do not allow the temperature inside the frame to go above 65° F.
Prolonged temperatures above 70° are likely to ruin the cuttings. Do not,
on the other hand, allow the cutting bed or the cuttings to freeze.

7. Shade the frame with white muslin at a height of 2 to 7 feet above
the frame, so as to keep the sunlight off the glass and at the same time to per-
mit a sweep of air between the glass and the shade. The shade should be
so arranged as to be removable on cloudy days or at any time when the
frame is shaded by other objects.

8. Keep the air inside the box saturated or nearly saturated with mois-
ture. This condition will be shown by the condensation of the moisture
on the under side of the glass at night or at other cool portions of the day.

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 115

9. Watering should be as infrequent as practicable, only sufficient to
keep the sand moist but well aerated and the atmosphere in the box sat-
urated. If the sash fits tightly, the period between necessary waterings
may extend over several weeks.

10. After the cuttings have callused at the base, the new twigs have
pushed from the upper buds and their growth has been terminated by the
browning of the tips, and the new leaves have reached their full size and
acquired the dark-green color of maturity, when the formation ef roots is
about to begin, the surface of the bed is to be mulched with about half an
inch of a mixture of sifted peat, 2 parts, and clean sand, 1 part, carefully
watered after application, so that some of the acid water from the peat will
be carried down into the sand bed about the base of the cuttings.

11. When all or most of the cuttings in the frame have begun to root,
ventilation of the frame should be begun. The best superficial evidence
that a cutting has rooted is the development of secondary twig growth,
either from the apex of one of the first set of new twigs or from another bud
lower down on the old wood of the cutting. If secondary growth does not
take place, the development of a plump but dormant bud at the apex of
one of the leafy twigs is also good evidence that the cutting has begun to
root. Cuttings that are healthy but not yet rooted at the time ventilation
begins usually die from excessive transpiration.

12. Ventilation should be only slight at first and should be increased
very gradually, the transition to full ventilation extending over a period
of several weeks. If any of the sensitive secondary growth begins to wilt,
reduce the ventilation immediately until the wilting ceases. Be especially
careful not to give too much ventilation on windy days.

13. All cuttings that are dying should be removed from the bed at once.
Those injured by too high temperature usually turn brown at the base first,
the dead area progressing upward until the new growth collapses. Those
otherwise sound but suffering from excessive ventilation before they are
rooted usually indicate their bad condition by the marginal yellowing of
their leaves before they drop and the stems become withered.

14. The plants are best left in the open coldframe all winter, mulched
with leaves, preferably oak leaves, and in the early spring, before the buds
have begun to push, they should be very carefully lifted and moved, with
the whole root mat and adhering soil intact, to a peat and sand nursery
bed at a spacing of about a foot each way.

Root Cuttings.

The early experiments with root cuttings gave such a small per-
centage of rooted plants that further experiments in the greenhouse
were abandoned. At Whitesbog, N. J., however, in order that the

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

roots as well as the tops of selected wild plants might be utilized,
cuttings of the roots were made about 3 to 4 inches long and of all
sizes down to a little less than an eighth of an inch in diameter.
These were given the same treatment as tubered cuttings in cold-
frames. A high percentage of rooted plants resulted. This may
prove to be one of the most satisfactory methods of propagating
plants that have large root systems.

Treatment of Young Plants.

When blueberry plants, either large or small, are grown in porous
pots, the surface of the pot should never be allowed to become dry,
for the rootlets which grow through the soil to the wall of the pot
for air are extremely fine and easily killed by drying, to the great
injury of the plant. This danger may be eliminated by bedding the
pots to the rim in a well-drained bed of sand or by setting the pot
in another pot of 2 to 4 inches greater diameter, with a packing of
moist sphagnum moss between and broken crocks at the bottom.

A burning of the young leaves and growing tips of twigs is often
produced by the hot sun from the middle of June to the middle of
September. Plants in pots or nursery beds are easily protected
from such injury and forced to their maximum growth by a half-
shade covering of slats, the slats and the spaces between being of
the same width. On cloudy days the shade should be removed.
It should not be used in the fall or spring.

During the winter the rooted cuttings, or 1 -year-old plants,
should be kept outdoors, exposed to freezing temperatures, their
soil mulched with leaves, preferably oak leaves. When kept in a
warm greenhouse during the winter they make no growth before
spring. Even then their growth is abnormal, often feeble, or
sometimes deferred for a whole year.

Field Planting.

Plants from cuttings or rooted shoots are ready for permanent

field planting when they are 1 or 2 years old and 6 to 18 inches high.

It is a curious fact that these plants send out no new roots in

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 117

spring until they are in full leaf, when their flowering is nearly or
quite finished and their principal twig growth has ceased. It is im-
portant, therefore, in taking up either a wild or a cultivated plant
from the open ground that as much as possible of the old root mat
be carefully lifted with the plant, for upon this the plants depend
for moisture until their new rootlets are formed.

In the case of mature wild bushes with very large root systems,
when it is practicable to secure but a fraction of the root mat, say
a disk only 3 or 4 feet in diameter, it is the best procedure to cut all
the stems at the time of transplanting to stumps 1 to 2 inches high.
The bush will then produce a new and symmetrical top of a size
suited to the capacity of the roots. The wood that is removed
may be used for cuttings if the plant is sufficiently valuable.

The stems that make up a bush usually develop fibrous roots on
their basal portions beneath the surface of the soil and above the
root crown, at which the several stems unite. Such plants can be
divided into several when taken up for transplanting. As many as
30 plants, each cut to a stump and with its own small but sufficient
portion of the root mat, have been secured in this way from a large
wild plant. By utilizing the various methods of propagation de-
scribed in this publication as many as 600 cuttings of roots, stems,
and twigs have been made from a single very large wild bush.

In resetting plants from which the tops have been removed, the
stumps should be made to project about an inch above the surface of
the ground. New shoots are formed in spring from such exposed
stumps much earlier than from stumps covered with soil and not
receiving the warmth of the sun's direct rays. If the plant when
reset is made to occupy a moderate depression in the ground, the old
stump and the bases of the new stems can afterward be covered
with soil and a new root system will finally develop from the new
wood.

When blueberry plants are set out in early spring, before the buds
have begun to push, they usually make excellent growth, and for
all plants that are pruned to the stump early spring is the best
season for transplanting.

Conditions with unpruned plants, however, are different. Since
blueberry plants make no new root growth until late spring, it often
happens that a period of hot days intervenes between planting and

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

rooting, and many plants are injured by an excessive loss of water
before they have had time to make connection with the water
supply of the surrounding soil through the development of new
roots. The danger of such injury is greatest in the case of plants
transplanted from pots. The old root ball sends up most of its
water to the leaves, and in consequence, being at first, as a rule,
in imperfect capillary contact with the new outside soil, the root
ball commonly contracts slightly. The contraction is often suf-
ficient to put the roots at the surface of the root ball perma-
nently out of contact with the surrounding soil, and the plant may
continue to suffer severely from drought, although the soil outside
the root ball contains plenty of moisture.

An early autumn field planting has furnished a remarkably suc-
cessful means of avoiding this trouble with potted plants. At this
season the excessive heat of summer is over, the plants are in full
and vigorous leaf, and, being taken from pots, carry their whole
root system with them. The formation of new roots begins at once
and proceeds with great activity until the leaves are shed, at the
approach of winter. In the spring, when new leaf growth begins,
the plants are already well rooted in the soil. They pass through
the early hot period without injury and develop remarkable size
and vigor by autumn.

In preparing for a field plantation one precaution of special im-
portance must not be overlooked. For the production of a crop of
fruit under field conditions, insects are required to carry pollen
from one flower to another. The honeybee works little on blue-
berry flowers. Her tongue is so short that she can not easily reach
the nectar. The flowers are pollinated chiefly by bumblebees,
whose tongues are long, and by some of the solitary wild bees that
are small enough to crawl through the narrow opening of the corolla.
When blueberry flowers are pollinated with pollen from their own
bush the berries are fewer, smaller, and later in maturing than when
the pollen comes from another bush. Some bushes are almost
completely sterile to th^ir own pollen. The pollen of a plant
grown from a cutting is likewise unsatisfactory for the pollination
of the parent plant or of other plants grown from cuttings of it.
It is important, therefore, that a plantation should not be made
up wholly from cuttings from one bush. Two stocks should be

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 119

used, a row of plants from one stock being followed by a row from
the other.

In the permanent field plantation the bushes should be set 8 feet
apart each way. When they reach mature size they will nearh^ or
quite cover the intervening spaces.

When blueberry culture is to be tried in a sandy or gravelly soil
deficient in peat or peatlike matter, the plants should be set in
separate holes or trenches about 12 inches deep in a mixture of two
to four parts of peat or half -rotted oak leaves to one part of clean
sand. The excavations should be wide enough to provide ample
space for new growth of the roots, not less than a foot each way
from the old root ball. In small plantings, if the materials for the
mixture are easily available in quantity, an 8-inch bed of it may be
laid down over the whole surface of the ground, and if a planting
is to be tried on a soil wholly unsuited to the blueberry, the area
may first be covered with a 6-inch layer of sand, the bed of peat
and sand mixture being then laid down on top of the sand layer.
Wherever used, the peat and sand mixture should be thoroughly
manipulated, so as to give it a uniform texture before the plants are
set out in it, for in a soil in which layers of peat alternate with layers
of sand the capillary connection of the two is usually imperfect,
and a plant rooted in the peat may suffer severely from drought,
Sblthough the neighboring sand still has water to spare. For a
similar reason it is important that when the plant is first set out,
the peat and sand mixture shall be very tightly pressed and packed
about all sides of the old root ball.

To secure full vigor of growth the ground between the bushes
must be kept free from all other vegetation. On rocky uplands or
in situations deficient in peat a continuous mulch of oak leaves,
when it is practicable to secure them, will help toward this end, as
well as keep the soil in the necessary acid condition. It is more
economical, however, to choose such a location for the plantation
as will permit the use of horse-drawn machinery and will make
mulching unnecessary.

The most favorable location for blueberry culture is a moist area
with a peat covering and sand subsoil, the peat preferably of such a
thickness that deep plowing will turn up some of the underlying;
sand.

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The land should be so ditched that the water level can be kept at
least a foot below the surface of the ground during the growing
season.

The ground should be plowed to the depth of about 8 inches and
repeatedly harrowed or otherwise tilled during the season preceding
the planting, in order to kill the wild vegetation. The best time
for such plowing is late spring, after the principal vegetation has
used up its winter store of starch in completing its early growth and
before the leaves have matured and the roots have begun the new
storage of starch with which they can send up new sprouts.

The tillage of the plantation after the young bushes have been
set out should be sufficiently thorough to keep down all competing
vegetation. This is best done by horse cultivation, with careful
hand hoeing and hand weeding close about the plants. As the
bushes grow older and their roots extend into the spaces between
the rows, they develop root mats close beneath the surface of the
soil. The tillage over these root mats should be very shallow, not
more than 2 or 3 inches. This is probably best accomplished by
the use of a small, light spring-tooth cultivator with the teeth set
closer together than usual.

In case of drought, the drainage ditches may be used to bring
in water for subirrigation. But unless the surface of the ground is
very level, subirrigation is likely to result in the injury of plants in
the lower spots by excess of water. In uneven areas, therefore,
surface irrigation, if accompanied by good drainage, is preferable
to subirrigation and should be used if practicable.

Fertilizer experiments have shown that lime is positively injuri-
ous to blueberry plants and that stable manure, while producing a
temporary stimulation of vegetative growth, is likely to cause
serious injury later. For those desiring to experiment with ferti-
lizers the following acid mixture is recommended, applied at the rate
of 1,000 pounds per acre, or one-fifth of a pound per square yard:

Pounds.
Acid phosphate (high grade, about 16 per cent available phos-
phoric acid) 600

Sulphate of potash (50 per cent potash) 200

Sulphate of ammonia (20 per cent nitrogen) 200

(Muriate of potash may be substituted for sulphate of
potash.)

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 121

This and similar acid mixtures have been used with success on
bhieberry plants in both pot and field experiments, with no evidence
thus far of cumulative injurious effects. However, as no fertilizer
is required to make the swamp blueberry fruit abundantly and
continuously in suitable peat and sand soils properly handled,
the use of fertilizers in commercial plantations is not at present
advocated.

The swamp blueberry does not require a yearly pruning. When
one of the stems of a bush becomes unproductive from injury or old
age it should, of course, be cut out. If a large part of a bush needs
removal it is better to cut all the stems to the ground and let the
plant send up new shoots, all of the same age, to form a wholly new
and symmetrical top.

I Yield and Profits.

By proper manipulation in the greenhouse, seedling blueberry
plants can often be made to ripen a few berries in less than a year,
but they do not come into commercial bearing in field plantations
until they are 3 to 4 years old, when the plants are 1 to 3 feet high.
They then increase slowly to full size and full bearing. Wild
bushes of the swamp blueberry live to great age, often 50 to 100
years, still bearing heavily, and they often attain a height of 6 to 8
feet when growing in full sunlight; still more when shaded. Indi-
vidual stems may remain productive for 10 to 25 years. When
dead they are replaced by new and vigorous shoots from the root.

The field plantings resulting from the recent experiments in blue-
berry culture are too young to show the mature yield. Fortunately
however, there is, near Elkhart, Ind., a small blueberry planting of
mature age. The returns from this plantation set forward our
knowledge of yields by at least a decade. The plantation is about
2^ acres in extent. It was started in 1889 in a natural blueberry
bog, which was first drained and then set with unselected wild-blue-
berry bushes. The plantation was profitable from the first, but
exact records of yield and receipts are available only for the years
1910 to 1915, when the plantation was 21 to 26 years old. The
dataare shown in Table I.

122

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Table I. — Yield and receipts from a plantation of blueberries near Elkhart,
Ind., 1910 to 1915, inclusive.

Year.

Yield
per acre.

Price (ap-
proximate

average
per quart) .

Receipts
per acre.

Profits
per acre.

1910 (a year of "almost total failure"

because of late spring freezes)

1911

Quarts.

419

2,266

2,379

1,770

1,397
2,214

Cents.
17i
121
121
15i

141
14i

$71.87
292.44
305.75
267.64

201.94
321.00

$10
139

1912

147

1913

139

1914 (a year of severe midsummer
drought)

92

1915

170

Average for the 6 years

1,741

141

243.44

116

The annual expenses for weeding, cultivation, and irrigation were
about $20 per acre. The cost of picking was 5 cents a quart. The
general cost of maintenance of the equipment was about $2 per acre
per year, the crates and boxes being used repeatedly. The compu-
tation includes an estimated annual charge of $12 per acre for
interest, $2 for taxes, and $4 for depreciation or sinking fund.

It must be borne in mind that these figures are based on the yields
from wild bushes transplanted without selection as to individual
productiveness or the size of the berries. With bushes propagated
from selected varieties, the yield should be greater and the berries
much larger, this greater size probably effecting a reduction in the
cost of picking and certainly an increase in the selling price.

Only a beginning has been made in the improvement of the blue-
berry. In a series of experiments involving the selection of superior
wild strains, the growing of hybrids, and the forcing of choice
varieties to quick fruiting by budding them on strong seedling
stocks, berries seven-eighths of an inch in diameter have already
been produced in the greenhouse. The yield and profits from such
bushes in field plantations are not yet known.

TAMING THE WILD BLUEBERRY 123

Conclusion.

The introduction of the blueberry into agriculture has a much
more profound significance than the mere addition of one more
agricultural industry to those already in existence. Blueberries
thrive best in soils so acid as to be considered worthless for ordinary
agricultural purposes. Blueberry culture, therefore, not only
promises to add to the general welfare through the utilization of
land almost valueless otherwise, but it offers a profitable industry
to individual land-owners in districts in which general agricultural
conditions are especially hard and unpromising, and it suggests
the possibility of the further utilization of such lands by means of
other crops adapted to acid conditions.^

1 For a discussion of the principles of acid-soil agriculture in districts in which the cost
of lime is prohibitory, consult "The Agricultural Utilization of Acid Lands by Meacfs of
Acid-Tolerant Crops," United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 6, 1913.

ECONOMIC BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN CHINA.
By Frank N. Meyer, Washington, D. C.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations,
March 25, 1916.

Many of our most valued plants are really immigrants. I will
enumerate only a few. For instance, wheat has come from Pales-
tine and Syria; barley also; oats from Europe; corn (maize) from
Central America; rice from India; apples from Europe and Central
Asia; pears from Southwestern Europe; peaches from China;
cherries from Asia Minor; vinifera grapes from Central Asia;
oranges from Southern China; olives from regions around the
Mediterranean; walnuts from China, Persia, and the Caucasus;
hazelnuts from Southern and Western Europe; the so-called Irish
potato came from the islands off the coast of Chili, South America;
sweet potatoes from South America; peanuts and tobacco also;
cucumbers and eggplant from India; and watermelons and sor-
ghum from Africa. Our ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbs have
been collected from the four quarters of the compass.

In introducing new plants, man has found out that the closer
the climate a plant originally comes from resembles the one it is
brought into, the better it will thrive. Now, certain regions on this
globe resemble at large climatically and topographically the
LTnited States very much indeed, and of all countries China re-
sembles North America very closely. And not only that climate
and general appearances are much alike, but the Floras of both
countries have much in common. A person having been suddenly
transferred from some part of the South Eastern United States, or
vice versa, would scarcely know at times where he really was.

The United States Department of Agriculture knew many of
these facts, and a good many more, and as it is pretty nearly im-
possible to get enough data and material through correspondence,
it was decided to make a thorough exploration in China along
agricultural and horticultural lines, and I was selected to do this

125

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

interesting task. I made three separate trips into China and ad-
joining countries. These trips have covered a period of almost
nine years.

China can be divided roughly into two zones, that is, the northern
parts, which are semi-arid with cold, dry winters, while the central
and southern sections are humid and have mild winters. My work
has been primarily in Northern China because we have a special
need in this country for real hardy plant material. In North China
one finds rugged mountains with bits of forests still left, while the
plains are cultivated to an extent that cannot be realized by those
who have never seen the country.

The Chinese peasants have no regard for the wild vegetation,
and they cut down and grub out every wild woody plant in their
perpetual search for fuel. One therefore finds it exceedingly hard
to discover anything of importance near centers of population, and
a man is obliged to go into the real interior, often many weeks'
march away from any large center. This necessitates, of course,
being burdened with large quantities of equipment, required to
camp out, and this is one of the banes connected with exploration
work in the interior of China.

'' Every traveler carries with him bedding, washbasins, candles,
soap, cooking utensils, supplies of all kinds, and what not else.
And the filth in the country inns is sometimes beyond description.

However, one often is rewarded for all the difficulties experienced,
for there are glorious blue mountains in China and lovely valleys
and ravines, and when one does strike a monastery or a temple in
som€ secluded mountain nook, where the original wild vegetation
lias been preserved by the priests, one feels fully compensated for
the trials gone through.

The Western world does not quite realize how much we are
indebted to the priests of the various sects of Buddhism and Taoism
in China for having protected the wild plant growth around the
temples. If it were not for them many a species or variety of
plant which now adorns our gardens and parks would have been
exterminated. And these priests not only protect and save the
wild vegetation around their places of abode, but they also plant
rare specimens in their gardens and courtyards. Around Peking
one finds certain trees, such as Catalpa hungei, Pinus hungeana,

ECONOMIC BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN CHINA 127

Aesculus chinensis, Xanthoceras sorbifolia, only planted in temple
compounds; they do not occur wild any longer within the vicinity
of that city, though apparently they formerly did so.

In speaking about these fine trees found in temple courts, there
is one that impresses more than any other, and that is the white
barked pine, Pinus hungeana. For serene impressiveness there is
nothing to equal it. We have here the strange case of nature
having invented the white-washing process of the trunk and
branches so as to save the tree from being hurt by the strong sun
in winter as well as in summer. The moment a branch dies it
becomes black, and the contrast between dead and alive wood is
really remarkable to behold. \Yhile Dr. Augustine Henry and
Mr. E. H. Wilson found this pine wild only in Northwest Hupeh,
I found it in the mountains of Southeast Shansi, in Central Shansi,
and in South Kansu, and apparently it occurs in Honan also.

Among conifers that resist drouth, alkali, and extremes of temper-
atures to a fair degree. North China has given us Thuja orientalis,
Juniperns chinensis, Pinus sinensis, and Pinus hungeana. China
is remarkably rich in ornamental shrubs, and it is especially due
to the very great successes of the well-known botanical collector,
Mr. E. H. Wilson, of the Arnold Arboretum, that the Western world
now has her gardens enriched by a few hundred of new species.

Of the numerous flowering shrubs that exist in China, I intro-
duced Viburnum fragrans into the United States by sending scions
from plants near Peking, but if it had not been for the expert plant
propagator, Mr. Jackson T. Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum, who
saved this material, we would not have this interesting shrub now.

Another interesting plant we introduced is the Rosa xanthina, a
hardy, yellow bush-rose, occurring in its semi-double form, culti-
vated in gardens in Peking and Tientsin, but the single form I
found wild in dry mountain gullies in the provinces of Shansi and
Shantung. As a factor in hybridization experiments, it is of unu-
sual value, and entirely new strains of hardy yellow roses may
possibly originate from it.

One of the most remarkable discoveries I made was only a few
months ago when I found a real hickory in China. Prof. C. S.
Sargent, the eminent director of your beautiful Arnold Arboretum,
has named it as Carya cathayensis, and paid me the compliment of

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

pronouncing it " the most interesting botanical discovery made in a
generation."

It is strange to see how the Chinese gardeners with their primi-
tive methods have learned how to master the propagation of certain
plants. One finds, for instance, that in north China chrysanthe-
mums are grafted upon a biennial Artemisia, which is very resistant
to drouth, alkali and rough handling. In Central China again,
where there is no alkali, a perennial wormwood is used for the same
purpose, Artemisia vulgaris, var. indica.

In the provinces of Honan and Chihli, Syringa meyeri is grafted
on Ligustriim quihoui, while around Shanghai, Syringa ohiata is
put high up on Ligustrum lucidum so as to make standard specimens
of them.

The tea olive, Osmanthus fragrans, which grows on its own roots
in central China, is grafted on the Chinese fringe tree, Chionanthus
retvsa, in the province of Shantung, while in the other northern
provinces one finds it grafted on Ligustrum quihoui.

In Peking and Tientsin, Prunus triloba, Prunus tomcntosa, flow-
ering apricots and flowering peaches are all grafted on the remark-
able drouth and alkali resistant Amygdalys davidiana, and since
this stock is a very early one, the Chinese use it extensively in
forcing.

The tree peonj', Paconia suffruticosa, is generally grafted on the
roots of a very hardy herbaceous peony, Paeonia albifiora. Various
species of rare junipers are put on oriental arbor vitae stock. Thuja
orientalis. The ordinary pear from north China thrives to per-
fection on a very drouth resistant stock, which bears fruits not
larger than the size of peas, Pyrus bdulacfolia. Persimmons,
Diospyros kaki, are grafted in north China on the " Ghoorma,"
Biospyros lotus, while in central China wild forms of kakis are
employed.

In Soochow I have seen a yellow-berried ivy, Hcdcra himalaica,
grafted high up on the stem of an Aralia, and a large flowering snow-
ball, Viburnum macroccphalum, put on the stem of another species
of Viburnum, while in Shansi standard tea roses are grafted on
strong stems of Rosa xanthina, which is very resistant to alkali
and dry heat.

The Chinese in north China have greenhouses, but instead of

ECONOMIC BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN CHINA 129

having glass root's, they have a mud roof, which only sHghtly slopes,
and to admit light, they have a vertical front, always on the South,
composed of stems of the great sorghum plant, Andropogon vulgare,
which are covered over with strong transparent paper. Not
having any stoves, hot water, or steam apparatus, the heating is
done by means of flues and still with all these primitive arrange-
ments they are able to force various plants into bloom, such as
magnolias, M. conspicua; lilacs, Syringa meycri; peonies, Paeonia
suffndicosa; snowballs. Viburnum fragrans; flowering plums,
Prunus triloba; flowering peaches and others, and they grow even
cucumbers in these greenhouses, of which the young fruits are sold
at high prices in winter and early spring.

As garden and park architects the Chinese are wonderfully clever,
much more so than the world knows. Japan has been given all of
the credit for beauty and daintiness of her gardens and parks,
but in my opinion, a well-laid-out Chinese park is fully as inter-
esting, and possesses even stronger outlines. Take, for instance,
the park of the summer palace near Peking, there are very few parks
in the world that can match it in striking beauty. We, here in
America, certainly ought to have a real Chinese park in one of our
progressive cities. Why could not Boston take the initiative?

Our Government is engaged upon the introduction of many
important Chinese fruits, and I can only give you a rough outline
of this work. There are in China hundreds of varieties of persim-
mons, and not only are they eaten fresh, but some varieties are dried
like figs and resemble the last in looks and taste very much. They
even make a liquor from some of them, also vinegar and even a
special kind of sugar. Then there is the jujube, Zizyphus jujuba,
a fruit very much like a Persian date, of which there also are a few
hundred varieties in existence. This fruit tree is especially fit for
regions with long hot summers, and a limited rainfall, such condi-
tions prevailing in Texas, California, and other southwestern states.

The Chinese have found out that by "ringing" certain varieties
every year by running a saw through the bark all around the main
trunk, they can make them bear much heavier than by leaving
them alone. It is curious to find out that the peasants in Zante,
Gi'eece, have this very same practice of ringing their currant vines
every spring for the very same reason. One naturally asks oneself

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

how is it that two peoples so wide apart have adopted the same
practice, but on different crops.

Another fruit of promise for extreme southern Florida and per-
haps southern California, is the Litchi, which is well known to
the American public in the dry state. It is a delicious fruit when
fresh, and in China it is as popular as strawberries are with us.

The Chinese have also developed out of one of their haws,
Crataegus pinnatifida, some varieties that bear large fruits which
are fine for preserves. One really is surprised to notice how little
interest the Americans have taken in the hundreds of species of
haws which are indigenous here, and some of which produce excel-
lent fruits. If some of you care to pay a visit to the wonderfully
beautiful Arnold Arboretum at the time the haws are ripening,
you will be amazed at the great number of promising forms, which
are all native to the United States.

As the closing subject I want to draw your attention to the bam-
boos; no plant is higher estimated in China than bamboo, and the
number of uses it is put to is legion. There is a saying in China
that one can use bamboo in as many ways as there are days in the
year. There are three distinct uses for bamboos, however; the
first is to employ it as timber, and special kinds are grown for this
purpose; the second is as a vegetable for its edible sprouts, and the
third is for ornamental purposes. There are already some beautiful
and large bamboo groves on private estates in this country, one
near Savannah, Georgia, one at Abbeville, Louisiana, and one near
Bakersfield, California, and a century from now perhaps bamboo
will have become as common a sight in our southern states as it
is in China and Japan.

SWEET PEA DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL.
By J. J. Taubenhaus, Ph.D., College Station, Texas.

Presented for Publication, March 25, 1916.

The John Lewis Russell Lecture.

Many of us still remember the day when the hollyhock was
a favorite flower, both in England and in this country. The holly-
hock, however, has had its day. Accustomed, as we were, to
giving it the place of honor in our gardens, it is now neglected and
is hardly being considered as an ornamental flower. This change
of attitude was painfully and not willingly adopted by growers.
Numerous diseases especially the rust {Puccinia malvaceaerum
Mont.) have practically made it impossible to grow this once orna-
mental plant. The sweet pea is now undergoing similar critical
conditions. Numerous diseases are threatening its existence as a
cut flower of economic importance. In England, growers are
very much discouraged because of these diseases. In the United
States, where this flower is gaining in popularity, conditions are
not different.

There are few florists today who do not attempt to grow sweet
peas. The majority start with enthusiasm and hope of success.
However, many meet with reverses and give up in despair. On an
average, all growers start right as far as cultural requirements are
concerned. Why is it that so many fail? Failures with sweet
peas are not mere accidents. They are due in most part to specific
diseases caused by definite parasites. These diseases either so
weaken the plants as to render them unfit for production or else
kill them outright. Ninety percent of failure with greenhouse
sweet peas, especially, may be directly accounted to sick soils,
i. e. to parasitic fungi present there which make plant growth im-
possible.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Diseases of Indoor Sweet Peas.

The following are some of the more important diseases which
attack greenhouse sweet peas.

Root rot, Corticum ragum B. and C.

This trouble is of considerable importance to greenhouse men.
The disease may destroy the entire stand, or cause it to be uneven,
thus necessitating several resowings. Severely infected plants
have practically no root system. In less infected plants only one
or two rootlets may be destroyed. The fungus produces a brown-
ing effect of the root before total destruction sets in. In very early
stages of infection the seedlings are seen to have a wilted appear-
ance; as the disease progresses the infected seedlings fall over and
collapse. The fungus is not confined to the roots alone. It is
often seen to work its way up the stem and produce a constricted
area marking it off from the healthy part. The fungus being a
soil organism is usually introduced with manure, infection taking
place at any part of the roots or stems. In the latter case reddish
sunken spots are observed at the base. Root rot is primarily a
seedling disease, although older plants, too, may be affected. Such
plants linger for some time and are valueless. Corticum vagum is a
soil fungus which attacks a number of other greenhouse as well as
outdoor plants. In this case, the organism either produces a
damping off among young seedlings, or deep cambium lesions on the
stem. With sweet peas the injury is the same. Root rot is intro-
duced in the greenhouse with infected soil or manure. Over water-
ing and a sour condition of the soil favors the disease.

FusARiUM Wilt, Fusarium latkyri Taul).

This disease is of much greater importance to greenhouse men
than root rot. The writer has known of instances where the dis-
ease has ruined the entire crop of indoor sw^et peas. After several
resowings, the owners gave up in despair the attempt to grow it
further. Florists should do everything to prevent its introduction

SWEET PEA DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL 133

in the house. In places where this disease has made its appearance
the growing of greenhouse sweet peas had to be abandoned within
less than two years. The disease produces a sudden flagging of the
leaves which is accompanied by a wilting and collapse of the
seedlings. Usually, upon sowing the seed, a fair percentage germi-
nate and reach the height of about eight to ten inches, when they
are attacked by the fungus. If the collapsed seedlings are allowed
to remain on the ground, the dead stems will soon be covered with
the sickle-shaped spores of the Fusarium fungus. Eventually the
dead tissue rots, attracting small fruit flies which now begin to dis-
tribute the spores to different places in the same house. The
trouble usually manifests itself in widely separated spots on the
bench. These spots, however, quickly spread, involving the entire
bed, which may suddenly assume a wilted appearance. Here and
there, however, and in the same bench, a few plants remain alive
and keep on growing in spite of the disease.

Stem or Collar rot, Sclerotinia libertiana Fckl.

This is usually a seedling disease, although it may attack plants
of all ages. Like the Rhizoctonia rot it attacks many different
kinds of seedlings. The trouble is most severe in houses poorly
ventilated and in beds over-watered or lacking proper drainage;
and in damp places out-of-doors. The disease spreads very quickly
and is soon fatal. iVffected plants first show a wilting of the tip
and flagging of the leaves, and then the seedlings fall over and col-
lapse. The cause of this disease is a fungus (Sclerotinia libertiana
Fckl.), which also causes a drop disease of lettuce and of other
plants. The fungus does not seem to attack the roots, but pene-
trates the collar of the stem and completely invades the vessels,
thus clogging the upward flow of the water from the roots to the
stem. Freshl}^ collapsed plants usually have a water-soaked
appearance, and are later overrun by a white weft, which is merely
the mycelium of the fungus; this is followed by sclerotia (resting
bodies), which are found scattered here and there on or within the
affected stems. The fungus is a soil organism which occasionally
causes trouble in clover fields. It is introduced with animal

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Thielavia root ROT, Thielavid hasicola Zopf .

Chittenden ^ and Massee ^ have suspected the fungus Thielavia
basicola to be the cause of " Streak." This latter disease, Manns
and Taubenhaus ^ have shown to be of bacterial origin, and related
to a bacterial disease of the clovers. Plants severely infected with
Thielavia have practically little or no root system, since the latter
is destroyed by the fungus as rapidly as the roots appear. What-
ever root system be present is of a stubby nature, charred in appear-
ance. The fungus sometimes works up on the stem to a distance
of 2 to 3 inches above ground, but never to the extent of invading
the entire stem. It is probably due to this blackened appearance
of the roots and of the stem nearest the ground that some workers
have mistaken this disease for the well-known "Streak" disease.
Chittenden, in his report to the National Sweet Pea Society of
England, gives an accurate description of the "Streak," so that
there caji be no doubt but that he had the disease well in mind,
that is, he described it as a stem disease. The Thielavia disease,
as already mentioned, is not a stem but a root disease.

Chittenden seemed to have been unable to infect healthy sweet
pea seedlings with the fungus Thielavia basicola under normal
conditions of growth. It was only when his plants were subjected
to over-watering that the fungus became an active parasite. In
our inoculation experiments, healthy sweet pea seedlings have been
readily infected by placing the Thielavia fungus on the roots of
plants growing in sterile soil. In two to three weeks the roots
were thoroughly diseased. Over-watering was not found necessary
to bring about infection, although such treatment as well as injury
to the roots favors the fungus in its activity.

The fungus Thielavia basicola is a very common source of seed-
bed trouble in tobacco and trucking districts in the United States.
Plants infected with Thielavia basicola do not quickly die; they

1 Chittenden, F. J. Diseases of the sweet pea. Sweet Pea Annual: 14-24, 1912.
England.

» Massee, George. A disease of sweet peas, asters and other plants — Thielavia basicola
Zopf. Roy. Bot. Garden. Kew. Bui.: 44-52, 1912.

' Manns, T. F. and Taubenhaus, J. J. Streak, a bacterial disease of the sweet pea and
clovers. Card. Chron. (London): 215-2t6, 1913.

SWEET PEA DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL 135

may linger for a long time, or indeed sometimes throughout the
entire growing season. However, such infected plants remain
very dwarfed, and are practically useless for flower production.

Root Knot or Nematode, Heterodera radicicola (Greef) Muller.

The disease is characterized by swellings on the roots. These
are either small swellings formed singly, in pairs, or in strings, thus
giving the affected root a beaded condition, or the swellings may be
very large so as to be mistaken for root nodules. However, these
galls cannot be mistaken for the normal root nodules, because the
latter are lobed and are attached at one end, whereas the root gall
produces a swelling of the entire surface of the part affected.
Infected plants usually linger for a long time, but they can be
distinguished by a thin growth and yellow, sickly looking leaves
and stems. The disease is introduced with infected manure or
with compost.

Mosaic.

Of all the greenhouse diseases, none challenges so much the skill
and attention of the grower as this trouble. The great difficulty
with mosaic is that we do not yet know the cause, although every
indication points to its being a disease which is being induced by a
specific parasite. Serious as this disease is, it may be kept in
check, provided, of course, the grower recognizes certain funda-
mental facts. Mosaic is carried from diseased into healthy plants
by the bites of insects. Aphids, especially, are great carriers of
mosaic. Ordinarily winter-flowering sweet peas are not sown
directly in the benches in the house. The seeds, as a rule, are at
first sown in pots which are kept in a cold frame outdoors. The
seedlings, as they grow up, are open to the attacks of the green
aphid and several other insects which carry the germ from neigh-
boring older sweet pea plants. As the young seedlings are taken
into the house to be planted permanently on the benches the disease
too is introduced with them. Moreover, as is usually the case,
some of the aphids are also brought in. These soon begin to
reproduce and to establish themselves well in the greenhouse. In

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

the meantime, too, the transplanted seedlings are now beginning to
show definite symptoms of mosaic, and the trouble is now spread
about by the new broods of these plant lice. It becomes therefore
obvious that if instead of allowing the potted plants to remain
outdoors until they are ready to be taken indoors, they be kept
from the very beginning inside in a protected cold house, they will
remain free and non-infected. In bringing in clean plants there
will be no mosaic to bother us. This is indeed very simple and is
the only way as far as is known to control mosaic on indoor sweet
peas.

Mosaic is readily distinguished by a yellow mottling on the
leaves, presenting in some instances, a beautiful mosaic structure,
hence the name of the disease. This, however, is not the only
symptom. Diseased plants exhibit a curling of the leaves, re-
sembling the curling induced by the green aphids, but in this case,
the plant lice do not curl the sweet pea leaves. Mosaic makes its
appearance when the seedlings are from three to four weeks old.
Often the trouble is so bad and the curling so pronounced that the
plants thus affected cannot make any headway but remain dwarfed
and wrinkled and twisted. Occasionally, however, diseased plants
grow with the disease keeping pace. In this case, too, the affected
host is useless, as far as commercial purposes are concerned, since
the blossoms, too, are twisted and they are borne on short crooked
peduncles.

Powdery Mildew, Micros phera aim (Wallr.) Salm.

The sweet pea mildew was first described by Massee ^ as being
prevalent in England. Erysiphc poJygoni was attributed as the
cause, both of sweet pea mildew and that of the edible garden pea.
In this country, the disease is very prevalent on greenhouse sweet
peas, and outdoors during wet seasons. Ordinarily, however, in
small garden lots, and especially where the plants do not receive
anj^ water, the disease is practically unimportant since the attack
is usually very mild during the active season, but becomes some-

1 Massee, G. Fungoid diseases of the sweet pea. Sweet Pea Annual: 20-21, 190G,
England.

SWEET PEA DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL 137

what more abundant when the plants have passed all usefulness.
The writer had the opportunity of collecting specimens at random
from six large houses, and from three acres of outdoor sweet peas in
Massachusetts and from a similar three acre plantation in Penn-
sylvania. So far, the writer has only met with the conidial or
oidium stage. On our own sweet pea field, we have carefully
watched for a perithecial stage but without success. Late in the
fall, badly infected leaves have been collected and put away to
winter over, but that material has failed to develop perithecia.

Recently Blodgett ^ claimed to have found the perfect stage of
this mildew, which he referred to the species Microsphera aim
(Wallr.) Salm. .

Physiological Troubles.

These troubles are usually induced by improper conditions of
the soil. Root burn, for instance, may be induced by the excessive
use of wood ashes applied with the manure. It is not uncommon
for growers to use wood ashes at the rate of 1500 lbs. to 4500
square feet of bed space. This would be equivalent to nearly
seven and one-half tons per acre. Under such conditions the roots
actually burn up because of the strong alkalinity of the soil. More-
over hard-wood ashes contain about 30% caustic lime and from 5
to 12% potash. Both of these elements in excess in soil render it
too alkaline for plant growth. To remedy this trouble, use acid
phosphate followed by a good drenching of water. This will help
to neutralize the alkalinity and restore the balanced food ration.

Bud drop. As the name implies the young flower buds at a
very early age turn yellow and drop off. This drop should not be
confused with the drop produced by the anthracnose disease.
In the latter case, the flower develops into a normal spike but it is
attacked soon by the fungus Glomcrella rufomaculans which girdles
it at a point of attachment between the flower and the peduncle.
Here the flower often drops off, leaving behind the beheaded
peduncle. In the latter case, however, the minute young flower
bud never develops, instead it turns yellow and drops off. There

1 Blodgett, F. M. Sweet pea Powdery mildew. Phytopath. 5: 237, 1915.

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

seems no doubt that the drop is a physiological disease and is
induced by an unbalanced condition of food elements in the soil.
This may occur in a soil that has been excessively fed or in a soil
that is lacking in plant food.

Bud drop may be readily remedied by the application to the
soil of small quantities of muriate of potash and acid phosphate.

Outdoor diseases of sweet peas.

All the diseases considered under the heading of indoor diseases
are not confined to greenhouse sweet peas alone. Outdoor plants,
too, are susceptible to the same troubles. Thielavia root rot and
the mosaic are both equally serious on outdoor sweet peas, as they
are on indoor plants. It is not therefore necessary to repeat what
was already stated before.

Beside the diseases already mentioned under greenhouse troubles,
there are three other important drawbacks to outdoor sweet peas.
These are: the Green Aphis, Anthracnose, and Streak.

The Sweet Pea x\phis, Macrosiphum pisi Kalt.

Of all the insect pests not one rivals, perhaps, in economic im-
portance the green aphis. This pest also attacks the garden pea,
the red and crimson clovers, as well as vetches. The lice are often
seen in clusters attacking practically all parts of the plant except
the roots. They derive their food by sucking the plant juices.
The pest is very prolific. It is estimated that each individual aphis,
if allowed full sway, would be the progenitor of 423,912 aphids in
one season. Fortunately, weather conditions as well as natural
enemies help to keep it in check. Cool wet seasons are not very
favorable to this pest.

Lady beetles are our greatest friends, as they feed on these plant
lice. Unfortunately, many florists and gardeners have not as yet
learned this fact. Believing the lady beetles to be their enemy,
some florists do everything possible to destroy them. The writer
knows of a breeder of sweet peas, who as he said "experimented
for ten years to find out means of eradicating the lady beetles."

SWEET PEA DISEASES AND THEIK CONTROL 139

Of still greater importance in the control of the sweet pea aphis
is a little fly scientifically known as Aphidius testaceipes. The
adult female of this fly possesses a long sharp-pointed ovipositor
which is used to pierce the body wall of the louse and of depositing
its eggs within the aphis. The egg upon hatching in the body of
its host, gives birth to a small legless larva which begins at once to
feed upon the interior organs of the louse, the latter of which soon
dies and remains attached to the part of the plant upon which it
was feeding. After a time, the larva pupates and then cuts out a
circular hole on the top of the mummied body of the aphis, emerg-
ing as a winged fly. The two sexes mate, and the female is again
ready to deposit her eggs in the bodies of other living lice.

Besides the lady beetles and Aphidius flies, there is also a fungus,
Empusa aphidis, which parasitizes the sweet pea louse. It may
be possible to cultivate the fungus and use it to inoculate broadcast
the aphids.

The sweet pea aphis is not only a pest by itself in that it sucks
the plant juices, but it also acts as a carrier and transmitter of the
pathogen which causes mosaic. The sweet pea aphis is not only
an outdoor pest but it often causes great damage to greenhouse peas.
If we are to succeed at all in controlling many of the diseases
previously mentioned, it is essential that we keep in check the
sweet pea aphis.

Anthracnose, Glomerella rufomaculans (B.) V. Sch. and Sp.

The symptoms of a disease known as Anthracnose are diverse.
Sometimes it is manifested in a wilting or dying of the tips, which
become whitish and brittle and readily break ofl^. At other times
the dying works downwards and involves the entire branch. Fre-
quently also, such infected leaves become brittle and soon drop.
Examination of an infected leaf with a hand lens shows that it is
peppered with minute salmon-colored pustules. At the time of
blossoming the fungus makes its attack on the peduncle at the point
of union with the buds, in this case, producing bud-drop, the bud
hangs wiltingly from the peduncle, or the fungus attacks both the
flower bud and the peduncle, in which case both dry up but do not

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

fall off. The most easily distinguishable symptoms of this disease
are on the seed pods. Infected pods lose their green color, become
shriveled, and are soon covered with salmon-colored patches which
cannot fail to attract attention. The cause of the anthracnose
is the fungus Glomcnila rufomaculans. This fungus causes also
the bitter rot of apple and the ripe rot of grapes. Cross inocula-
tions have definitely proven that the fungus can go back and forth
from the apple to the sweet pea and vice versa. x\nthracnose
begins its destructive work early, even in the seedling stage, this
sometimes being the case in greenhouse conditions. In field con-
ditions the disease starts about July 1, when the plants are in their
bloom and in the prime of beauty. This is also the time when the
bitter rot disease of the apple makes its appearance in the orchard.
The fungus is carried over winter on cankered limbs and mummied
fruits of diseased pods and seeds of the sweet pea and also in the
soil. Anthracnose is a field disease which thrives in practically
every season. It is favored as much by wet summers as by hot
dry months with abundance of dew at night.

Streak, Bacillus lathy ri Manns and Taub.

The cause of streak is an organism scientifically known as Bacillus
lathy ri Manns and Taub. Next to anthracnose, streak is a very
serious disease, which cannot be taken too lightly. Until recently
it was thought that streak was confined to outdoor sweet peas.
Recently, however, the writer has found this to be a serious disease
of the greenhouse peas.

The disease was first observed, according to a letter from Mr.
T. A. Weston, of Orpington, England, by H. J. R. Digges, of
Dublin, in 1904 or 1905. In the fall of 1906 Mr. Weston states he
had a note of the disease in the Gardener's Chronicle, describing it
as a "new disease under the title of 'Streak.'" In 1908 George
Massee, in a letter to a correspondent who had sent in diseased
specimens, replied, " the disease is of a physiological nature."

So far as we have been able to obtain literature, it appears that
only since the summer of 1908 has any definite work been done
upon the disease. Chittenden, in England during 1908, 1909,

SWEET PEA DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL 141

1910, carried out inoculation work with the supposed parasite, viz.,
Thiclavia basicola, obtaining during the first two seasons negative
results. In this work Chittenden gives a good description of the
disease. He found in 1910 that by excessive watering he was able
to get infections from Thielavia, but he does not indicate they were
the typical "streak." He writes in conclusion, "To sum up, as
far as our experiments go, the ' streak ' disease is brought about by
the attack of the fungus Thielavia basicola on plants that have re-
ceived some check at the root."

Symptoms of the Disease. Like the Bacteriosis of beans, streak
makes its appearance in the season of heavy dew. On the sweet
pea the disease usually appears just as the plants begin to blossom ;
it is manifested by light reddish-brown to dark brown spots and
streaks (the older almost purple) along the stems, having their
origin usually near the ground, indicating distribution by spattering
rain and infection through the stomata. The disease becomes
quickly distributed over the more mature stems until the cambium
and deeper tissues are destroyed in continuous areas, when the
plant prematurely dies. Occasionally petioles and leaves show
infection; the latter show the usual water-soaked spots common to
the bacterial leaf blight of beans.

The disease is not a vascular infection; it confines its attack to
the mesophyll, the cambium and deeper parenchymous tissues.
The lesions on the stems gradually enlarge and deepen till they
come together.

The disease is severe on Soy beans, in which the lower lesions
girdle the stem and penetrate so deeply that the plants blow over,
as is occasionally to be met with in the "black leg" of potatoes
(a bacterial disease).

In young clover in August and September it is particularly in-
jurious, vying with Bains' Anthracnose (Colletotrichum trifolii
Bain) and the clover root borer in its activity. In clover of all
ages, probably the most severe attack takes place in the petiole at
its union with the stem; in which case the entire leaf dies and the
lesion extends down into the stem. The blackening of the stems
and the spotting and water-soaking of areas on the leaves are
common with the clovers.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Seeds as Carriers of Disease.

Investigations by the writer have definitely proved that anthrac-
nose, Glomerella rufomaculans, may be directly carried with the
seed. It is also very probable that " streak" too is transmitted in a
similar way. Seeds are also carriers of spores of numerous saphro-
phytic fungi, which are unable to produce disease on living plants,
but capable of rotting the seed when they lay too long in moist soil
while germinating. To overcome this difficulty, the seed should
be soaked in a solution of 5 parts of formaldehyde in 95 of water,
from two to five minutes. This treatment will also kill spores of
anthracnose which may adhere to the surface of the seed coat.
The treatment will not reach the interior of infected seed. These
should be carefully picked out and burned.

In storehouses, sweet pea seeds are often ruined by a little insect
known as the "drug-store beetle." This pest, however, may be
easily kept in check by fumigation with bisulphide of carbon, used
at the rate of one pound of the chemical to each 1,000 cubic feet
of space.

Methods of Control.

Steam sterilization in the greenhouse is the best means of making
a soil safe for sweet peas. Much has already been said and written
on how to steam sterilize a soil and the advantages derived from it.
Prospective growers will do well to install a heating plant with
facilities to generate steam. The establishment of such a plant
will more than pay for itself as it will put on a sound basis the safe
and profitable growing of all greenhouse crops.

Where steam facilities are lacking, the formaldehyde treatment
is the next best means of soil sterilization. Dissolve one pint of
pure formaldehyde (sold as 40% pure in all drug stores) in 20
gallons of water. With a watering can apply one 'gallon of the
solution to every square foot of bed space. This soil treatment is
usually done a week to ten days before planting.

To control mildew, spray with a solution of potassium sulphide,
also known as liver of sulphur, one ounce in three gallons of water.

SWEET PEA DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL 143

Some growers merely coat the pipes with a paste made of flowers
of sulphur wliich seems equally efTective in controlling mildew.
Where fumigation is done it should be attended to carefully. Cool
nights or early in the morning is the time. to fumigate.

There is, as yet, no remedy known to control the "streak"
disease, nor was there sufficient work done with fungicides to prove
that anthracnose might be controlled by spraying. Bordeaux
mixture may be valualjle if the spraying is started early, when the
seedlings are from two to three weeks old. If the disease has been
allowed to gain a foothold, spraying will then be of little value.

Since "streak" is also a disease which attacks clovers as well as
many other legumes, it is essential to keep these hosts away from
our sweet pea plantations.

More Knowledge Necessary.

The subject of the diseases of the sweet pea has only been touched
upon by the writer. The investigations on sweet pea diseases,
carried on by the writer, were largely made possible through the
support of some private sweet pea enthusiasts, the late Mr. W. A.
Burpee being one of them. More investigations are necessary in
order to fully work out practical and efficient means of control.
Both the American Sweet Pea Society, as well as the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society can do much towards this end. A
fellowship might be established in some reputable college, or some
state aid may be evoked to carry further the investigations of this
important subject.

TRANSACTIONS

lliassacljusdts Jor tkultoral ^0cktg

FOE THE YEAE 1916

PAET II

BOSTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

1916.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Commvmications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Wilfrid Wheeler

Chairman
John K. M. L. Farquhar
Prof. F. C. Sears
Fred A. Wilson

Committee

on

Lectures and

Publications.

146

CONTENTS

Annual Reports for the Year 1916

Report of the Board of Trustees . . . . . 151

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions . 157

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers . . 159

Report of the Committee on Fruits .... 189

Report of the Committee on Vegetables .... 203
Report of the Committee on Gardens . . . .211

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens . . 213

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications 217
Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul-

ture

Report of the Secretary and Librarian .

Report of the Treasurer ....
The Annual Meeting, November 18, 1916

Necrology, 1916

Officers, Committees, and Members, 1916

219
225
227
235
239
247"

147

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1916.

149

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

1916, PART 11.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
FOR THE YEAR 1916.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society presents herewith to the members a summary of the busi-
ness transacted at its meetings during the year 1916.

January 8. Walter Hunnewell was elected Treasurer of the
Society for the year 1916, William P. Rich was elected Secretary,
Librarian, and Superintendent of the Building, and James Wheeler
Superintendent of Exhibitions for the year.

It was voted to appropriate for the library $400.00 in addition
to the income of the French and Farlow Funds and the unexpended
balance of the library appropriation of the previous year, and
$400.00 for the Committee on Gardens.

The office of Vice-President being vacant, on account of the
election of Mr. Saltonstall as President, Nathaniel T. Kidder was
elected to fill that position for the remainder of the year.

A communication from Charles F. Fairbanks was presented
suggesting the holding of a joint exhibition with the American
Gladiolus Society in August next. It was voted to refer the matter
to the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions and the sum of $400.00
for prizes was authorized, the amount to be included in the regular
appropriation for the year.

151

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Mr. Wheeler called attention to the convention of the American
Pomological Society in 1917 and suggested that an invitation be
extended to that Society to hold its meeting in connection with the
fall fruit show of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. It was
voted that such an invitation be extended.

February 5. The special committee on rental of the halls of
the Society's Building reported that no change of rates was ad-
visable. In regard to granting the use of the halls to allied organi-
zations and others at a reduced charge the committee recommended
that in such cases the application be referred for approval to a
member of the committee and the Superintendent of the Building.
The report of the committee was accepted and its recommendations
adopted.

A communication from Mr. George Robert White was presented
in which he desired to increase the amount of the George Robert
White Medal of Honor Fund by $1500.00 in order to provide for
any future possible falling off of income, increase in cost, renewal
of dies, etc. On motion of Mr. Saltonstall it was voted to accept
the gift of Mr. White of the additional sum of $1500.00 and that
the Society hold the same in trust as stated in the original deed of
trust under date of December 10, 1910.

The matter of the appropriation for prizes and gratuities for the
year 1917 was presented and on motion of Mr. Farquhar it was
voted that a sum not exceeding $6000.00, in addition to the income
of the special prize funds of the Society, be appropriated for prizes
and gratuities for the year 1917.

June 16. A communication from Messrs. Zandbergen Bros,
of Holland was presented offering a prize at the Spring Exhibition
of 1917 of twenty dollars for the best collection of bulbs grown by
a private gardener. It was voted to accept the offer subject to the
usual rules governing such prizes.

An appropriation not exceeding $500.00, to include the income
of the John Lewis Russell Fund, was voted for the winter course
of lectures in January, February, and March, 1917.

Mr. Allen sent a report in writing concerning the change of color
of the brick walls of the large exhibition hall in which he stated

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 153

that the work had been successfully carried out and was very
generally approved. On motion of Mr. Estabrook it was voted
that the thanks of the Society be extended to Mr. Allen for the
successful decoration of the hall.

The proposed outdoor exhibition in June was considered and
Prof. Sargent suggested that the matter be referred to the Advisory
Committee with power. On motion of Mr. Estabrook it was voted
that such an exhibition be held in some suitable place in Boston
provided a sufficient guarantee fund be secured to protect the
Society from possible loss. It was further voted, on motion of
General Weld, that all details connected with the proposed out-
door exhibition in June, 1917, including the selection of a proper
site, the securing of a sufficient guarantee fund, and all other mat-
ters incident thereto be referred to the Advisory Committee with
full authority.

It was voted, on motion of Prof. Sargent, that the Committee
on Fruits, in conjunction with the Committee on Prizes and Exhi-
bitions, be requested to take up and consider the advisability of
holding a special fruit show in the fall of 1917, to prepare a suitable
schedule, and submit it to the Board at its next meeting.

October 16. President Saltonstall called attention to the matter
of the large amount of insurance carried on the Society's Building
and suggested that in view of its solid and fireproof construction
the amount of insurance might well be reduced. He presented
several reports from experts in this line favoring such reduction.

After a general discussion of the subject it was finally voted,
that the full amount of insurance be carried for the next term.

Regarding the insurance on the library it was voted that it be
insured for such a sum as the Library Committee thinks wise.

The following motion was adopted:

Voted : — That the bequest of Miss Helen Collamore to the
Society of $5000.00 and accumulated interest amounting to S50.00
— total $5050.00 — be accepted and that the Treasurer be asked
to hold the same as part of the permanent funds of the Society,
the income thereof to be used from year to year as the Trustees
may determine.

Appropriations were voted as follow:

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For the Children's Garden Exhibition, $350.00 to include the
State appropriation of $200.00, and Mr. Wilder and the Secretary
were appointed a committee to secure additional prizes for this
exhibition.

For the Committee on Gardens a sum not exceeding $200.00.

Mr. Wilder called attention to the reduction in the amount of
prizes offered for fruits during the last few years. He said that the
fruit interest was an important department of the Society's work
and should receive suitable encouragement. On motion of Mr.
Wheeler it was voted to recommend to the Advisory Committee
that the sum of $1400.00 be appropriated for fruits in the Schedule
of the ensuing year.

The special committee on nominations for the various commit-
tees of the Society for the year 1917 submitted the following list
which was adopted:

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Nominations for 1917 Committees.

Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, Arthur F. Estabrook,

Stephen M. Weld.
Membership: — Thomas Allen, George E. Barnard, Richard M.

Saltonstall.
Prizes and Exliibitions : — James Wheeler, Chairman, John K. M.

L. Farquhar, Duncan Finlayson, Thomas Roland.
Plants and Flowers : — William Anderson, Chairman, Arthur H.

Fewkes, S. J. Goddard, Arthur E. Griffin, Donald

McKenzie.
Fruits: — Edward B. Wilder, Chairman, Wm. N. Craig, Isaac H.

Locke, James Methven.
Vegetables: — John L. Smith, Chairman, Edward Parker, Wm.

C. Rust.
Gardens: ^ — Richard M. Saltonstall, Chairman, John S. Ames,

David R. Craig, William Nicholson, Charles Sander,

Charles H. Tenney.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 155

Library: — Charles S. Sargent, Chairman, Ernest B. Dane,

Nathaniel T. Kidder.
Lectures and Publications : — Fred A. Wilson, Chairman, Leonard

Barron, Nathaniel T. Kidder.
Children's Gardens : — Henry S. Adams, Chairman, Dr. Harris

Kennedy, Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody, Miss Margaret

A. Rand, James Wheeler.

December 4. It was voted to invite the American Sweet Pea
Society to hold its annual meeting and exhibition in Horticultural
Hall, Boston, on July 7, 1917, in conjunction with the Sweet Pea
Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society; and it
was further ^'oted to extend an invitation to the American Carna-
tion Society to hold its annual convention and exhibition in the
halls of the Society in January, 1918.

A communication from Mr. E. K. Butler was presented offering
forty dollars in prizes for exhibits of roses at the Rose Exhibition
of the Society in June, 1917. It was voted to accept with thanks
the offer of Mr. Butler and to incorporate the prizes in the Schedule
of the year.

It was voted also to accept the offer of Mr. Wm. B. H. Dowse
of a silver vase to be awarded to the exhibitor making the best
showing of vegetables at the exhibitions of the Society during the
year 1917.

The Committee on the Library reported through its Chairman,
Prof. Sargent, on the subject of safeguarding the library and
particularly the accession books and catalogues. The commit-
tee suggested the installation of several metal doors and window
shutters. The matter was referred to the Advisory Committee
with authority to take such action as may be deemed necessary.
In the meantime the Secretary was authorized to hire a suitable
box in the vaults of the Massachusetts Trust Company.

The special committee on the award of the George Robert White
Medal of Honor for the year 1916 reported the name of William
Robinson of England in recognition of his distinguished services
in the advancement of the interest in horticulture. On motion of
Prof. Sargent it was voted unanimously to award the medal to
Mr. Robinson.

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Mr. Allen reported further progress in the details of the outdoor
exhibition of June next. He showed plans of the general arrange-
ment of the various exhibits which were approved by the Board.

In this connection it was voted, on motion of Mr. Estabrook,
to authorize the Treasurer to advance from time to time from the
funds of the Society such amounts of money as may be required
in the installation of this exhibition with the understanding that
the Society shall be reimbursed for such expenditure from the re-
ceipts of the exhibition or from the subscribers to the guarantee
fund.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1916.

By James Wheeler, Chairman.

The Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions has held numerous
meetings during the year preparing the Schedule of prizes for the
year 1917 and arranging the exhibitions of 1916.

The free exhibitions of the year have been good and well attended
but the pay shows do not have the support that the Society merits.
The large private estates do not make special efforts to bring in
large specimens of plants nor to exhibit new and rare varieties as
they formerly did.

The commercial growers have come forward and supported the
Society generously, and while they cannot give the time to grow
special large plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables they bring in
the best they have and assist greatly in making the exhibitions of
today.

The receipts of the pay shows may have been as good as the shows
merit.

By direction of the Advisory Committee we have arranged a
large Spring Exhibition in March, 1917, and a Special Fruit Show
in October, omitting some of the smaller exhibitions and the usual
Autumn Show.

The committee earnestly requests a larger cooperation of the
owners of large estates and their gardeners in taking greater interest
in the exhibitions of the Society.

The Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year 1917 has
been approved by the Board of Trustees and published.

It is earnestly hoped that all the members of the Society will
cooperate in making the coming year a notable one in the history
of the Society.

James Wheeler
John K. M. L. Farquhar
Duncan Finlayson
T. D. Hatfield
A. H. Wingett

157

Committee,
on Prizes
and Exhibitions.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1916.

By William Anderson, Chairman.

The Spring Exhibition, which opened on March 17th and con-
tinued for three days, was equal in quantity and quahty of plants
and flowers shown to any held in recent years.

Noteworthy among the exhibits we would first mention the spa-
cious garden arranged by R. and J. Farquhar and Co. which occu-
pied one end of the main exhibition hall. Excellent taste was
shown in placing the masses of Rhododendron Mrs. Wagner,
R. Kaempferi, and while Lilacs. There were also many excellent
plants of Wistaria, Laburnum, and the new Chinese Lilium regale.
The bulb flower exhibit from Weld Garden, Duncan Finlayson,
superintendent, was notable for its quantity, great variety, and
tasteful arrangement. Equally noteworthy were the fine Narcissi
and Tulips shown by A. W. Preston, J. L. Smith, gardener, in
different classes.

W. W. Edgar Co. exhibited a fine specimen of Acacia hetero-
phylla; this firm was first with a group of foliage and flowering
plants. Fine Cyclamen, Cineraries, Lilies, and Primulas were
shown. Eric H. Wetterlow, gardener to Mrs. Lester Leland,
was awarded the special prize offered for the best ten Cyclamen.
E. B. Dane was first in cut orchids; the same exhibitor was awarded
a First Class Certificate for a plant of Sophro-Cattleya Thwaitcsii;
also a fine plant of Odontioda Bradshawiae bearing a spike of sixty-
five blooms was awarded a Silver Medal.

Walter Hunnewell, T. D. Hatfield, gardener, exhibited a nice
lot of Dendrobium nohile and its varieties for which he was awarded
a Cultural Certificate. Thomas Watt exhibited fine blooms of
Moutan Peonies. Honorable Mention was awarded to S. J.
Goddard for Carnation Doris, to W. R. Nicholson for seedling
Carnation, and to F. Dorner and Son for a vase of seedling Carna-

159

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

tions. F. Lemon of Richmond, Indiana, was awarded a Certificate
of Merit for Primula malacoides rosea, a dwarf free flowering form
v,^of Primula malacoides. Mrs. C. G. Weld, W. C. Rust, gardener,
exhibited a nice group of orchids notable among which were some
well-flowered plants of Dendrobiwn Wardianum; the same exhi-
bitor was awarded a Certificate of Merit for Antirrhinum Weld
Pink. W'illiam Sim exhibited Sweet Peas of excellent quality.

May Exhibition, May 10-14.

The May Exhibition, which opened May 10, did not come up
to expectations, due principally to the backward season which
ruled out some of the most important exhibits. In many of the
classes there were no entries at all and in many others no competi-
tion.

Among the best exhibits was the very interesting and valuable
collection of Conifers shown by the Blue Hill Nurseries, South
Braintree, Mass. This collection included varieties of Abies,
Pines, Piceas, Thuyas, and Taxus; all. known to be hardy in Massa-
chusetts. A Silver Medal was awarded. > Duncan Finlayson
exhibited a remarkable and valuable collection of dwarfed Japanese
plants for which he obtained first prize and a Silver Medal. F. R.
Pierson and Co. of Tarrytown, N. Y., showed a most tastefully
arranged group of roses covering one hundred square feet.

Another exhibit that showed fine taste and ability in arrange-
ment was that of Penn the Florist. His exhibit was made up of
floral baskets and vases in which Iris hispanica, Antirrhinums,
Marguerites, and orchids were most effectively arranged. A. M.
Davenport was first and the W. W. Edgar Co. of Waverley second
for a group of flowering and foliage plants. F. J. Dolansky of
Lynn was the only exhibitor in the class calling for a group of
orchids covering two hundred square feet.

Thomas Roland exhibited a group of Bougainvillea Sanderiana
for which he was awarded a Silver Medal. Other excellent plant
exhibits were the Calceolaria Stewartii shown by Winthrop Ames,
and Pelargoniums by Mrs. C. G. Weld. Walter Hunnewell was

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 161

the principal exhibitor of Hybrid Rhododendrons. He also ex-
hibited a group of Rhododendron sinense, a pale yellow variety
raised from seeds collected in China for which he was awarded a
Silver Medal.

Charles Sander, gardener at Holm Lea, was awarded a Gold
Medal for a fine display of seedling Azaleas, twenty-five varieties,
the result of crosses between A. Hinodigiri, Garnot, and Roman taie.
The same exhibitor also had on exhibition a seedling Rhododendron,
the result of a cross between R. Smirnowi and a garden variety.
In vases of fifty roses, Hadley, Mrs. Bayard Thayer, and Mrs.
Aaron Ward were the winners in their respective colors.

In the Rose classes for private gardeners W. C. Rust exhibited
splendid vases of Hoosier Beauty, Mrs. Charles Russell, and Lady
Hillingdon. The Albert Roper Estate was awarded a Silver Medal
for a fine cerise pink Carnation, Albert Roper. S. J. Goddard
exhibited Carnation Doris and was awarded a Certificate of Merit.
A. W. Preston, J. L. Smith, gardener, exhibited a plant of Brasso-
Cattleya Maroniae {Cattleya gigas X Brasso-Cattleya Digbyana) for
which he was awarded a Silver Medal. F. W. Fletcher & Co.
exhibited a light blue Delphinium, Clivedon Beauty, and received
Honorable Mention.

Exhibition, May 27.

Miss Grace Sturtevant, Wellesley Farms, exliibited a collection
of Iris, the best of which were : Regeliocyclus, a dwarf and interest-
ing variety, Mrs. Alan Grey, and Trojana, and a vase of Sappho
seedlings. The collection was awarded Honorable Mention.
Mr. Bayard Thayer, William Anderson, superintendent, was
awarded a Silver Medal for Lilium Willmottiae, a new lily from China
and shown for the first time. This lily grows from three to four
feet in height with wiry stems clothed with narrow, oblong leaves ;
the flowers are apricot-yellow spotted with brown, three inches or
more across and strongly recurved. It is perfectly hardy and
flowers outside in late June and early July. Oliver Ames, Edward
Parker, gardener, exhibited a nice lot of Darwin Tulips for which
he was awarded Honorable Mention.

162 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY

Exhibition, June 10.

June 10th was the date of the Peony Show, but on account of
the lateness of the season the show was postponed one week.
However, on the 10th Miss Grace Sturtevant exhibited twenty-one
seedhng Irises, all of the Germanica and Pallida type. The awards
were as follow:

Iris Merlin (Oriflamme X Iris King) awarded a Certificate of
Merit; standards light bronze-purple; falls deep reddish purple,
large and broad; growth vigorous, about three feet.

Iris Mme. Cheri (Caterina X Mrs. G. Darwin) awarded Certifi-
cate of Merit; standards rosy bronze; falls blue, tinted bronze;
growth vigorous, about three feet.

Iris Niverna (Cypriana X Mrs. G. Darwin) awarded Honorable
Mention; standards, bronze, tinted with purple; falls light blue,
throat veined with yellow.

Iris Empire (Monsignor X Aurea) awarded Honorable Mention;
standards yellow, tinged with bronze; falls bronze-yellow, tinged
with purple.

Iris Hope (parentage not given) awarded Honorable Mention;
standards light rosy lavender; falls lavender, with deeper lavender
veins.

Peony Exhibition, June 17 and 18.

This usually fine show, after having been postponed one week on
account of the backward season, still came a week too early for
Peonies in the vicinity of Boston. The result was that few local
Peonies were shown. However, fine displays of Iris, Hemerocallis,
Oriental Poppies, and other herbaceous flowers helped to make a
nice exhibition.

G. H. Peterson of Fair Lawn, New Jersey, was first in most of
the Peony classes. Other prize winners were Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
A. H. Fewkes, S. G. Harris, G. N. Smith, and Mrs. C. S. Minot.
The Wellesley Nurseries had a fine collection, not for competition.
There were no first-class single varieties shown. The following is a

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 163

list of the best double varieties shown: Felix Crousse, Mme. de
Galhau, Triomphe de I'Exposition de Lille, Baroness Schroeder,
Reine Hortense, Jeanne d'Arc, Eugene Verdier, Corate de Gonia,
Mme. Emile Galle, Avalanche, Mme. Jules Dessert, Sarah Bern-
hardt, Stephania, Alfred de Musset, Pink Beauty, and Asa Gray.

Miss Grace Sturtevant had a notable exhibit of seedling Iris of
the Germanica type. Thirty varieties were shown. The following
is a description of the best varieties and the awards made:

Iris Avalon (Queen of May X Caterina) awarded Silver Medal;
self colored lilac blooms of fine substance; falls flare and standards
overlap; beard, silvery white; stems, strong, about four feet in
height.

Iris Stanley H. White (Hector X Caterina) awarded Certificate
of Merit; flower is rich yellow except for the fine yellow lines in the
falls, the top has a rounded effect due to the ruffled standards
overlapping.

Iris Ann Leslie (Dr. Bernice seedling) awarded Honorable
Mention; a strong growing variety with flowers of a very unusual
color, falls velvety carmine, standards white, tinted rose towards
the top, stems three feet in height.

E. B. Dane had a nice exhibit of orchid blooms including the
following: Vanda suavis, Dendrobium davatum, Odontioda Charles-
worthii, Sobralia xantholeuca, Cypripedium Maudiae, Cypripedium
Lawrenceanum Hycanum, Miltonia vexiUaria, Cattlcya gigas, and
a fine variety of Oncidium crispum. J. T. Butterworth also ex-
hibited cut blooms of Dendrobium Jamesianum, Odontoglossum
crispum, and Miltonias.

R. and J. Farquhar and Co. received a Silver Medal for an
extensive display of herbaceous plants and shrubs. The Blue
Hill Nurseries exhibited a collection of nine varieties of Hemerocallis
the finest of which was the pure bright orange Dr. Regal. The
Mount Desert Nurseries of Bar Harbor had a novel and artistic
display of Eremurus, Iris, Dicentra, Solomon's Seal, Lilacs, Hemero-
callis, and other hardy flowers; each variety arranged by itself
in a branching bamboo stand.

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition, July 1 and 2.

On account of the lateness of the season this show had to be
postponed one week and even then it did not seem to suit the local
growers. However, the hall was well filled.

Conspicuous among the Rose exhibits was the fine table of
Climbing Roses shown by A. J. Fish of New Bedford; the most
striking varieties being Silver Moon, Dr. Van Fleet, Climbing
American Beauty, and Baroness Ittersum. A Silver Medal was
awarded this exhibit.

In the competitive classes the leading prize winners were Thomas
N. Cook, Robert Seaver, A. W. Preston, W. C. Winter, and George
E. Barnard. In the Hybrid Perpetual classes the old varieties
held their own. The Hybrid Tea Roses shown attracted much
attention, a few of the finest were Duke of Westminster, Mme.
Melane Soupert, Mme. Caroline Testout, Mabel Drew, The Lyon,
J. B. Clark, Mme. Paul Eulor, Dean Hole, Otto von Bismarck.

There were good Peony collections from T. C. Thurlow's Sons
Co. and A. H. Fewkes. R. and J. Farquhar and Co. and The Blue
Hill Nurseries had fine displays of herbaceous flowers well arranged.
E. B. Dane and J. T. Butterworth exhibited nice tables of cut
orchids. Duncan Finlayson was awarded a Certificate of Merit
for a plant of the pure white Coelogyne Mooreana.

Sweet Pea Exhibition, July 8 and 9.

The Sweet Pea Show was a good one, the exhibits being of high
quality, and the large hall was well filled. The dates seemed a
little too early for growers in the vicinity of Boston, however, so
the principal prize winners were from Lenox. Edwin Jenkins and
S. W. Carlquist had very fine exhibits. The following is a list of
the best varieties in their respective colors:

Constance Hinton, White; Sunproof Crimson, Crimson; Mrs.
Dameron, Yellow; Rosabelle, Carmine; Blue Monarch, Blue;
Lady Evelyn Eyre, Blush; Hercules, Deep Pink; Mrs. H. Dickson,

KEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 165

Cream Pink; Mary Unwin, Orange; Orchid, Lavender; Royal
Purple, Purple; John Ridd, Maroon; Jean Ireland, Picotee Edged;
Jessie Cuthbertson, Striped Red.

S. W. Carlquist was awarded a Silver Medal for a display of
Sweet Peas which included many of the newest varieties. Wild
flowers were an interesting feature of the show, Albert Davidson
of Melrose taking first with 114 varieties. Mrs. Homer Gage of
Shrewsbury was the only exhibitor of Japanese Iris and A. W.
Preston put up a nice exhibit of Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses.

Speclvl Exhibition, July 15.

Dr. and Mrs. Homer Gage of Shrewsbury and Dr. and Mrs.
Harris Kennedy of Milton exhibited Japanese Iris. The Homer
Gage collection contained thirty varieties and was awarded a Silver
Medal. The Eastern Nurseries had on exhibition 14 varieties of
hardy Spiraea. R. and J. Farquhar and Co. put up a large group
of Lilium regale for which they were awarded Honorable Mention.

Gladiolus Exhibition.

The Gladiolus Exhibition opened on August 11 and continued
for three days. The American Gladiolus Society also held its
annual exhibition under the auspices of this Society on the same
date. It was decidedly the largest and best exhibition of Gladiolus
ever seen in Boston. There were many new varieties and some of
these were remarkable for their color, size, and texture. The
Primulinus hybrids were noteworthy for their wonderful color and
gracefulness and were undoubtedly the most admired flowers on
exhibition. The principal exhibitors were C. F. Fairbanks of
Milton, L. Merton Gage, and Thomas Coggar; also T. A. Have-
meyer and John Lewis Childs of New York. Among the many
fine varieties on exhibition were Julie M. Fairbanks, Muriel, Daisy
Rand, Goliath, Schwaben, Miss Cavell," Mrs. Watt, White Ivory,
Evelyn Kirtland, Mme. Mounet-Sully, Mrs. F. Pendleton. In
the non-competitive displays C. F. Fairbanks was awarded a Gold

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Medal for a large and artistic group, also for his work in the ad-
vancement and culture of the Gladiolus. S. E. Spencer of the
Brooklands Gardens also had a large group of splendid flowers.

In other classes the Blue Hill Nurseries took first for best col-
lection of herbaceous Phlox and Weld Garden was first with fine
Tuberous Begonias.

On August 26, L. Merton Gage of Natick, Mass., was awarded
a Silver Medal for Gladiolus Mrs. Dr. Norton, a very beautiful
seedling of the Gandavensis type. The flowers were very large,
well set on a tall spike, white in color, suffused at the edges with
soft pink, the three lower petals blotched with sulphur yellow.

Dahlia Exhibition, September 9 and 10.

On account of the lateness of the season the show was not as
extensive as usual, but the quality of the flowers shown was extra
good. The outstanding feature of the show was the three large
vases of the new rose pink Peony-flowered Dahlia, Mrs. Frederick
Grinnell, exhibited by John P. Rooney of New Bedford, Mass.,
which was awarded a Silver Medal. E. W. Bennett received a
Certificate of Merit for Dahlia Meritorious, a very large flower
of the Decorative type. Fottler, Fiske and Rawson Co. was
awarded a Silver Medal for an extensive and well-arranged display
of Dahlias and Gladioli.

Others who had fine Dahlia displays were Mrs. L. A. Towle,
George L. Stillman, J. K. Alexander, and W. D. Hathaway. For
the largest and best collection of all classes J. K. Alexander was
first. W. N. Craig was first for 30 vases of herbaceous flowers
and there were also extensive collections of wild flowers.

The Autumn Exhibition.

The Autumn Exhibition which opened on November 1 was good,
although there was a lack of competition in many of the classes.
There were no orchids entered for competition except in the class
for a single specimen. With the exception of the large plant of

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 167

Garza exhibited by Galen L. Stone the trained Chrysanthemum
plants were very ordinary. The plant groups were good, especially
that of 150 square feet limited to private gardeners in which Wil-
liam Thatcher, gardener to Mrs. John L. Gardner, displayed
excellent taste in a gracefully arranged group in which Chrysan-
themums, Liliums, and Nerine Fothergillii predominated. A. M.
Davenport was first with a group of flowering and foliage plants,
covering 300 square feet, in which Begonia Mrs. Heal and Chrysan-
themums were effectively arranged. Close massing of the plants
in the larger groups was the rule and this did not add to their
effectiveness.

Begonias were largely shown and were of good quality, far sur-
passing the Chrysanthemums in attractiveness. E. H. Wetterlow,
gardener to Mrs. Lester Leland, was first with six specimens of
Gloire de Lorraine. For six plants of any other color E. S. Webster
was first with six magnificent plants of Begonia Optima, one of
which was also awarded a Silver Medal. Mrs. C. G. Weld, William
C. Rust, gardener, was awarded a Silver Medal for a collection of
winter 'flowering Begonias which included the following: Optima,
Apricot, Elaitor, W'inter Cheer, and Mrs. Heal. Thomas Roland
exhibited a splendid lot of highly colored Crotons and plants of
early flowering Camellias.

Caplan the Florist was the only exhibitor in the class for a display
showing the various ways' flowers can be used for home decoration.
His display consisted of neatly arranged baskets and vases of cut
flowers.

The cut flowers of Chrysanthemums were very fine. The
principal exhibitors and prize winners were Galen L. Stone, W. H.
Wellington, James Nicol, W. W. Edgar Co., Mrs. Lester Leland,
and R. E. Traiser.

Splendid Carnations were exhibited by A. A. Pembroke, J. W.
Minott, and Charles S. Strout. The best varieties of these were
Rosette, Pocahontas, Champion, Pink Delight, Mrs. C. W. Ward,
and Matchless. A. A. Pembroke was awarded Honorable Mention
for a sport of Benora, a good variety, a shade darker than Benora.
Charles S. Strout of Biddeford^ Maine, received Honorable Men-
tion for seedling crimson Carnation No. 9.

Chas. E. Holbrow was awarded Honorable Mention for a Rose

168

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

seedling, a cross between Christie Miller and Richmond. A. W.
Preston was awarded a First Class Certificate for Cattleya Fabia
alba and a Silver Medal for Cattleya Lord Rothschild alba. The
Waban Rose Conservatories sent in splendid vases of Mrs. Charles
Russell and Hadley Roses.

November 25, Henry Stewart of Waltham was awarded a Silver
Medal for superior cultivation of Oncidium varicosum Rogersii, a
plant which carried over 300 flowers.

William Anderson
Arthur H. Fewkes
s. j. goddard
Donald McKenzie
William Sim

Committee

on

Plants and Flowers.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 169

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND

FLOWERS.

1916.

Spring Exhibition.

March 17, 18, and 19.

Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 2.

Acacia. — One specimen plant:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $10.
Cinerarias. — Grandiflora type, six plants:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $12; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, S6.
One specimen plant:

Mrs. C. G. Weld, $4.
Stellata type, six plants:

1st, Weld Garden, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
One specimen plant:

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.
Cyclamens. — Eight plants:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $25; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12.
Six plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15; 2d, E. B. Dane, $8.
Cytistjs. — Six plants:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $15.
Ericas. — Six plants, in not less than three varieties :

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $15.
Freesias. — Six pots:

2d, Weld Garden, $4.
Hard-wooded Greenhouse Plants, other than Acacias and Ericas.
Six specimen plants:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $15; 2d, Weld Garden, $8.
Hyacinths. — Six pans not exceeding ten in. :

1st, Weld Garden, $10.
One pan not exceeding 10 inches.

1st, A. W. Preston, $4; 2d, A. W. Preston, $2.
LiLiUMS. — Twelve pots, one or more varieties:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $15.
Lily of the Valley.— Six pots, not over eight in. :

1st, A. W. Preston, $6; 2d, Oliver Ames, $4.

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETV

Narcissi. — Large Trumpet, twelve pots:

1st, A. W. Preston, $15; 2d, Weld Garden, $8.
Large Trumpet, four pots:

1st, Weld Garden, $6.
Short Trumpet, twelve pots:

1st, A. W. Preston, $10; 2d, Weld Garden, $5.
Orchids. — Group of plants arranged for effect with ferns or other foliage
plants, to cover not less than 50 sq. ft. :
1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $30.

Society's Prizes.

Palms. — Six plants in pots :

1st, Weld Garden, $20.
ScHizANTHUS. — Six plants:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $12; 2d, Weld Garden, $6.
Tulips. — Six pans not over ten in. :

1st, A. W. Preston, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Three pans, White:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Three pans. Red:

1st, Weld Garden, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
Three pans. Pink:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, La Reve, $6; 2d, Weld Garden, Pink Beauty,
$3.
Three pans. Yellow:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Canary Bird, $6; 2d, A. W. Preston, Golden
King, $3.
Three pans, any other color:

1st, Weld Garden, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3.
General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — To be arranged with
foliage plants:
1st, Weld Garden, $40; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $20.
Artistic display of Foliage and Flowering Plants. — Not exceeding
250 sq.ft.:
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $50; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $25.
Forced Hardy Shrubs. — ■ To cover not more than 150 sq. ft.:
1st, Weld Garden, $25.

Amateur Classes.

Hyacinths. — Six plants, in one or more pots:

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $3.
Narcissi. — Twelve plants in one or more pots:

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, Glory of Leiden, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, Sir
Watkin, $3.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 171

Collection of Forced Bulbs. — To cover not more than 12 sq. ft. :
1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $10; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $8.

Tulips. — Twelve plants in one or more pots:

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, Goldfinch, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, Prince of
Austria, $3.

Special Prizes offered by the Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston.

Cyclamens. — Ten plants:
E. H. Wetterlow, $50.

Special Prizes offered by Charles F. Fairbanks.

Primulas. — Malacoides, eight plants:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $15; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $10.
Obconica, eight plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.
Tulips. — Darwin. Best display in pots: 1st, Weld Garden, $30.

John Allen French Fund.

Carnations. — -Fifty blooms. White:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, $8; 2d, Strouts, $4.
Fiftv blooms. Red:

1st, Strouts, Pocahontas, $8; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Beacon, $4.
Fifty blooms. Pink:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Pink Sensation, $8; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Pink
Sensation, $4.
Fifty blooms. Yellow:

1st, Mrs. E. K. Farr, Yellow Prince, $8; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Yellow
Prince, $4.
Fifty blooms, Variegated :

1st, S. J. Goddard, Benora, $8; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, Benora, $4.
Orchids. — Cut flowers, arranged for effect, to cover 24 sq. ft. :

1st, E. B. Dane, $20.
Roses. — Twenty-five blooms, Red:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Hadley, $12; 2d, Thomas Roland,
Richmond, $6.
Twenty-five blooms. Pink:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Killarney Queen, $12; 2d, Waban
Rose Conservatories, Killarney Brilhant, $6.
Twenty-five blooms, any other color:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Mrs. Bayard Thayer, $12.
Sweet Peas. — Twenty-five blooms. White:
1st, William Sim, White Orchid, $4. •

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twenty-five blooms, Scarlet:

1st, William Sim, Zvolanek's Red, $4; 2d, William Sim, Zvolanek's
Scarlet, $2.
Twenty-five blooms. Pink:

1st, William Sim, Mrs. Skach, $4; 2d, William Sim, Christmas Pink, $2.
Twenty-five blooms. Lavender:

1st, William Sim, Baur's Lavender, $4.
Twenty-five blooms, any other color :

1st, Wilham Sim, Venus, $4; 2d, William Sim, Orange Orchid, $2.
Violets. — One hundred blooms, Single:

1st, Edward Bingham, Princess of Wales, $4; 2d, Esty Bros., Princess
of Wales, $2.
One hundred blooms. Double :

1st, Edward Bingham, Lady Hume Campbell, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames,
Lady Hume Campbell, $2.

Gratuities:

W. T. Walke, group of flowering and foliage plants, $20.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Cyclamens, $5.

E. B. Dane, " " " $4.

Weld Garden, " " « $4.

W. T. Walke, specimen Hydrangeas, $10.

Thomas Roland, display of Erica melanthera, $10.

Miss Cornelia Warren, specimen Dendrobium nobile, $2. '

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Calanthe Wilham Murray, $3.

Boston Cut Flower Co., table decorations and display of plants, $12.

Houghton, Gorney Co., artistic display of cut flowers and plants, $10.

William Sim, collection of Sweet Peas, $5.

T. T. Watt, Tree Peonies, $1.

Osgood Bros., display of Pansy flowers, $2.

Mrs. C. G. Weld, vase of Leptosyne maritima, $1.

P. E. Richwagen, 3 vases seedling Antirrhinums, $5.

Mrs. E. K. Farr, vase of Carnation Harry Fenn, $2.

Caplan the Florist, table decoration and display of cut flowers, $8.

H. R. Comley, table decoration and display of Roses and Carnations, $8.

May Exhibition.
May 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14.

Antirrhinums. — Eight plants:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $12.
Azalea indica. — Group to cover not more than 200 sq. ft.

1st, A. M. Davenport, $100.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 173

Four plants:

1st, A. M. Davenport, $50; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $25.
Calceolarias. — Large-flowering varieties, eight plants:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15; 2d, E. A. Clark, $8.
Stewartii, six plants:

1st, Winthrop Ames, $15; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $8.
Campanula Medium. — Eight plants:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $15.
Ericas. — Six plants:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $15.
Tree Fern. — One specimen :

1st, Weld Garden, $10; 2d, A. M. Davenport, $5.
Fuchsias.— Four plants:

1st, S. J. Goddard, $12.
Heliotrope. — Standard, six plants:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $15; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $8.
Hydrangeas. — Group to cover not less than 150 sq. ft. :
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $75; 2d, E. A. Clark, $40.
Four plants, not less than two varieties:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $25; 2d, W. T. Walke, $12.
Marguerites. — Six plants:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $20; 2d, F. W. Fletcher & Co., $10.
Orchids. — Group arranged for effect, covering 100 sq. ft. :
1st, F. J. Dolansky, $200 and Gold Medal.
Six plants, six varieties:
1st, J. T. Butterworth, $20.
Palms. — Two Arecas:

1st, Weld Garden, $15.
Two Kentias:

1st, Weld Garden, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8.
Two Phoenix Roebellini:

1st, Weld Garden, $15; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8.
Two specimens, any other variety :
1st, Weld Garden, $15.
Pelargoniums. — Show, twelve plants, not less than six varieties:
1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $25.
Six plants, not less than three varieties:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $10; 2d, Miss Corneha Warren, $5.
One specimen plant:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $5; 2d, Miss Corneha Warren, $3.
Zonale, one specimen plant :
1st, S. J. Goddard, $5.
Rhododendrons. — Group, not exceeding 300 sq. ft. :
1st, Walter Hunnewell, $100.
Group, not exceeding 300 sq. ft., varieties which have grown in Massa-
chusetts without protection for at least five years :
1st, Walter Hunnewell, $100.

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

One specimen plant:
Walter Hunnewell, $15.
Roses. — Group, to cover not more than 200 sq. ft. :
1st, Thomas Roland, $100.
Hybrid Perpetual, six plants, not less than three varieties:

1st, Miss Corneha Warren, $10.
Hybrid Perpetual, one specimen plant :

Miss Cornelia Warren, $5.
Rambler, four varieties:

1st, Thomas Roland, $50.
Rambler, one specimen plant:
Thomas Roland, $10.
ScHiz ANTHTjs . — Six plants : |

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $12; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6.
Streptocarpus. — Twelve plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $5.
Verbenas. — Eight plants in pots:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $10.
Artistic Display of Foliage and Flowering Plants. — To cover not
less than 200 sq. ft.:
1st, A. M. Davenport, $100; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $50.
Stove or Greenhouse Foliage Plants. — Six:

1st, N. T. Kidder, $40.
Flowering Plant. — One specimen:

1st, N. T. Kidder, standard Fuchsia, $10; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Anthur-
ium, $5.
Display of Dwarf Japanese Plants:

1st, Weld Garden, $75.
Miniature Japanese Garden:

1st, Kameyama&Serada, $30; 2d, Penn the Florist, $20.
Antirrhinums. — Six vases, twenty-five spikes each, not less than three
varieties:
Lst, Faulkner Farm, $20; 2d, S. J. Goddard, $10.
One vase, one or more varieties :

1st, P. E. Richwagen, $5; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $3.
Spanish Iris. — Six vases, twenty-five blooms each, not less than three
varieties :
1st, Esty Bros., $10.
Marguerites.^ One hundred blooms. Yellow:

1st, James Wheeler, $8.
Narcissi. — Ten vases, ten varieties, ten blooms each:

1st, Mrs. C. S. Minot, $10; 2d, Faulkner Farm, $5.
Pansies.^ Display:

1st, William Sim, $10; 2d, C. T. Beasley & Co., $5.
Roses. — - Display, covering not more than 100 sq. ft. :
1st, F. R. Pierson Co., $100.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 175

Hybrid Teas, fifty blooms, White:

1st, F. R. Pierson Co., $25; 2d, McAlpine Bros., $15.
Fifty blooms, Red:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Hadley, $25; 2d, McAlpine Bros.
Crimson Queen, $15.
Fifty blooms. Pink:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Mrs. Bayard Thayer, $25; 2d, F. R.
Pierson Co., Ophelia, $15.
Fifty blooms. Yellow:

1st, F. R. Pierson Co., Mrs. Aaron Ward, $25; 2d, F. R. Pierson Co.,
Sunburst, $15.
Twelve blooms, Red (for private gardeners only) :

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $6.
Twelve blooms. Pink (for private gardeners only) :

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, Mrs. Charles Russell, $6; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld,
Mrs Moorfield Stprey, $4.
Twelve blooms. Yellow (for private gardeners only) :
1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, Lady Hillingdon, $6.
Sweet Peas. — Display to cover not more than 50 sq. ft. :

1st, Faulkner Farm, $35.
Tulips. — Twelve vases, twelve varieties, ten blooms each :
1st, Faulkner Farm, $8.
Six vases, six varieties, ten blooms each :

1st, Weld Garden, $5.
Display of Darwin Tulips, not less than 50 sq. ft. :
1st, Weld Garden, $25.

Grahdties:

Mrs. C. G. Weld, group of Schizanthus, $5.

" " '" " hangingbasket of Fuchsias, $5.
Winthrop Ames, group of Calceolaria Stewartii, $15.
T. T. Watt, standard Hydrangea, $5.
E. B. Dane, Hydrangea otaksa, $8.
Faulkner Farm, " " $3.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Hydrangeas, $2.
E. A. Clark, Astilbe, $5.

Julius Roehrs Co., collection of rare Orchids, $25.
Miss Cornelia Warren, two Orchids, $3.

Blue Hill Nurseries, collection of hardy evergreens, $50 and Silver Medal.
Thomas Roland, Bougainvillea Sanderiana, $25 and Silver Medal.
Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Clarkia Salmon Queen, Hydrangea, and Stocks, $3.
Esty Bros., Ixias and Ranunculus, $2.
E. B. Dane, vase of Eschscholtzia, $1.
John Marshall, vase of Hunnemannia, $3. ,,

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

H. R. Comley, display of plants and flowers, $6.

S. J. Goddard, standard Geranium J. J. Harrison, $5.

Kameyama & Serada, Lllmm longiflorum, $2.

E. B. Dane, display of flowering and foliage plants, $50.

N. T. Eddder, foliage and flowering plants, $10.

Miss Cornelia Warren, group of flowering plants, $§.

T. T. Watt, flowering plants, $3.

May 27.
Gratuity:

Oliver Ames, display of Darwin and Cottage Tulips, $8 and Honorable
Mention.

Peony Exhibition.

June 17 and 18.

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, No. 3.

Rhododendrons. — Largest and best collection, not less than fifteen, dis-
tinct varieties, six trusses each, from plants that have grown in the
open in Massachusetts for at least three years:
1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $20.
Twelve distinct varieties, one truss each:

1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $6; 2d, W. C. Winter, $4.
Six distinct varieties, one truss each:
1st, Weld Garden, $3.

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Gekman Irises. — Twenty-four vases of three trusses each, of not less
than twelve varieties:
1st, E. M. Dunphe, $5; 2d, H. F. Chase, $3.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Twenty-five distinct species and va-
rieties, not less than ten genera:
1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $10.
Twenty distinct species and varieties, not less than eight genera (for
private growers only) :
1st, Weld Garden, $8.

Society's Prizes.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of twenty named varieties, double,
one flower of each:
1st, G. H. Peterson, $12; 2d, A. H. Fewkes, $8.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 177

Collection of ten named varieties, double, three flowers of each :

1st, G. H. Peterson, $12; 2d, Mrs. C. S. Minot, $8.
Specimen bloom, double:

1st, G. N. Smith, $2; 2d, A. H. Fewkes, $1.
Collection of twelve named varieties, single, one bloom of each:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Collection of six named double varieties, White, one flower of each:

1st, G. H. Peterson, $4; 2d, Mrs. C. S. Minot, $2.
Collection of six named double varieties, Rose Pink:

1st, G. H. Peterson, $4; 2d, Mrs C. S. Minot, $2.
Collection of six named double varieties, Salmon Pink:

1st, G. H. Peterson, S4; 2d, S. G. Harris, $2.
Collection of six named double varieties. Red or Crimson:

1st, G. H. Peterson, $4; 2d, S. G. Harris, $2.
Collection of twelve named double varieties, one flower of each (for
non-commercial growers only) :

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $8.
Collection of twelve blooms. Pink (for private gardeners only) :

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4.

Gratuities:

A. H. Fewkes, vase of Peony Mme. Calot, $3.

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Paeonia magnifica, $5.

Wellesley Nurseries, collection of Peonies and Irises, $10.

J. K. Alexander, collection of Irises, $5.

Blue Hill Nurseries, collection of Day Lilies and Irises, $10.

E. B. Dane, display of cut Orchid blooms, $25 and Honorable Mention.

J. T. Butterworth, Orchids in bloom, $7.

Mount Desert Nurseries, artistically arranged group of hardy flowers, $20

and Honorable Mention.
Miss Cornelia Warren, collection of hardy flowers, $3.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

July 1 and 2.

John Allen French Fund.

Hardy Roses. — Collection, named, not less than twenty varieties, filling
fifty vases, one rose in each vase :
1st, T. N. Cook, $20; 2d, W. C. Winter, $15.

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

John C. Chaffin Fund.

Roses. — Best three blooms of any White Hybrid Perpetual Rose (for
amateurs only):

1st, David Tyndall, $4; 2d, Robert Seaver, $2.
Best three blooms, Pink (for amateurs only) :

1st, David Tyndall, $4; 2d, E. K. Butler, $2.
Best three blooms. Red (for amateurs only) :

1st, David Tyndall, $4; 2d, David Tyndall, $2.
Basket of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, artistically arranged :

1st, Robert Seaver, $4; 2d, Robert Seaver, $2.
Twenty-four named varieties, one of each :

1st, T. N. Cook, $10.
Twelve named varieties, one of each:

1st, A. W. Preston, $5; 2d, J. B. Wills, H.
Six named varieties, one of each :

1st, Robert Seaver, $4; 2d, A. W. Preston, $2.

John A. Loivell Fund.

Hybrid Tea Roses. — Collection of twelve varieties, one bloom of each:
1st, A. W. Preston, $10; 2d, E. K. Butler, $6.
Best three blooms of a Hybrid Tea variety introduced since 1913;

A. W. Preston, Crissie McKellar, $5.
Six blooms, any White variety:

1st, T. N. Cook, Killarney, $4; 2d, G. E. Barnard, Kaiserin Augusta
Victoria, $2.
Six blooms, any Yellow variety:

1st, A. W. Preston, Mme. Melanie Soupert, $4; 2d, G. E. Barnard,
Mrs. Aaron Ward, $2.
Six blooms, any Pink variety:

1st, A. W. Preston, Duke of Westminster, $4; 2d, A. W. Preston, $2.
Six blooms, any Red variety:

1st, A. W. Preston, George Dickson, $4; 2d, T. N. Cook, George
Dickson, $2.
Basket, artistically arranged:
1st, Mrs. Albert Geiger, Jr., $5.
Sweet Williams. — Display, eighteen vases of three trusses each, not less
than six varieties:
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $4.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Twenty-five vases, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera (for private growers only) :
1st, Weld Garden, $10.
Campanula Medium.— Collection, filling twelve vases, one color in a vase:
1st, Weld Garden, $8; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $6.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 179

Gratuitues:

T. N. Cook, collection of Roses, $8.

Mrs. C. G. Weld, display of hardy Roses, $5.

Miss CorneKa Warren, " " " " " $3.

Eastern Nurseries, collection of climbing Roses, $2.

J. T. Butterworth, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, $2.

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Peonies, $20.

A. H. Fewkes, collection of Peonies, $3.

Miss Cornelia Warren, Carnqmnula persicifolia, $3.

Weld Garden, Digitalis in variety, $5.

Miss Cornelia Warren, Gloxinias, $2.

F. W. Fletcher Co., Delphinium CUvedon Beauty, $2.

E. B. Dane, collection of Orchid blooms, $20.

J. T. Butterworth, Orchid plant in bloom, $6.

Miss Cornelia Warren, display of Oncidiums, $8.

Eastern Nurseries, collection of herbaceous flowers, $3.

Mrs. E. S. Martin, vase of cut flowers, $1.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 8 and 9.

John Allen French Fund.

Sweet Peas. — Twenty-five sprays, any White variety:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Constance Hinton, $4; 2d, Edwin Jenkins,
Edna May Improved, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Crimson or Scarlet :

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Sunproof Crimson, $4; 2d, Mrs. Robert Winthrop,
Scarlet Emperor, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Carmine:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Rosabelle, $4; 2d, Edwin Jenkins, George
Herbert, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Yellow:

1st, A. N. Cooley, Mrs. Dameron, $4; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, Mrs.
Dameron, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Blue :

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Blue Monarch, $4; 2d, Edwin Jenkins,
Blue Monarch, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Blush:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Lady Evelyn Eyre, $4; 2d, Stuart Dun-
can, Agricola, $2.

180 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twenty-five sprays, any Deep Pink:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Hercules, $4; 2d, Edwin Jenkins, Hercules,
$2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Cream Pink:

1st, Stuart Duncan, Mrs. Hugh Dickson, $4; 2d, Stuart Duncan,
Miriam Beaver, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Orange:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Mary Unwin, $4; 2d, A. N. Cooley, Mary
Unwin, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Lavender:

1st, Stuart Duncan, Orchid, $4; 2d, Edwin Jenkins, Don Alvar, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Purple :

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Royal Purple, $4; 2d, Stuart Duncan,
Royal Purple, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Maroon:

1st, Stuart Duncan, John Ridd, $4; 2d, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, King
Manoel, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Picotee edged:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Jean Ireland, $4; 2d, A. N. Cooley, Deb-
bie's Blue Picotee, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Striped or Flaked Red or Rose:

1st, Edwin Jenkins, Jessie Cuthbertson, $4; 2d, Mrs. Robert Winthrop,
Jessie Cuthbertson, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Striped or Flaked Blue or Purple :

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Bertha Usher, $4; 2d, A. N. Cooley,
Bertha Usher, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Bicolor, other than Picotee-edged :

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Mrs. Cuthbertson, $4; 2d, A. N. Cooley,
Mrs. Cuthbertson, $2.
Ikis Kaempferi. — Collection of not less than six varieties, filling twenty-
five vases:
1st, A. J. Jenkins, $8.

Society's Prizes.
(For amateurs only.)

Sweet Peas. — Best vase. White, twelve sprays to a vase :

1st, Thomas Burrows, Edna May, $3; 2d, Thomas Brook, Constance
Hinton, $2.
Best vase. Pink :

1st, Thomas Brook, Hercules, $3; 2d, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, Miriam
Beaver, $2.
Best vase. Dark Pink:

1st, Margaret J. Miller, George Herbert, $3; 2d, Willo Blossom, George
Herbert, S2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 181

Best vase, Lavender:

1st, Thomas Brook, R. F. Felton, $3; 2d, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, Florence
Nightingale, $2.
Best vase, Salmon:

1st, Margaret J. Miller, Barbara, $3; 2d, Miss R. V. Cook, Sahnon
Pink, $2.
Best vase. Crimson:

1st, Thomas Brook, Sunproof Crimson, $3 ; 2d, Miss R. V. Cook, $2.
Best Vase, Primrose:

1st, Thomas Brook, Bobbie's Cream, $3; 2d, Thomas Burrows, Flora-
dale Fairy, $2.
Best vase. Scarlet:

1st, Thomas Brook, The President, $3; 2d, Margaret J. Miller, Fiery
Cross, $2.
Best vase, any other color:

1st, Thomas Burrows, King Manoel, $3; 2d, Thomas Brook, Royal
Purple, $2.
Wild Flowers. — Collection, named, one or more bottles of each kind:
1st, Albert Davidson, $5; 2d, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $4.

Gratuities:

Albert Jenkins, display of Sweet Peas, 115.

Mrs. W. G. Weld, " " " " $10.

Thomas Burrows, " " " " $2.

Margaret J. Miller, " " " " S2.

G.E.Barnard, " " " " $2.

Miss R. V. Cook, basket of Sweet Peas, f 1.

A. W. Preston, display of Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses, $7.

OUver Ames, vase of Trachelium caeruleum, $1.

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of hardy herbaceous flowers, $15.

July 15.

Hollyhocks. — Twenty-four blooms, not less than four varieties:
1st, W. G. Kendall, $4.
Twelve spikes:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $4.

Gratuity:
Eastern Nurseries, display of hardy herbaceous flowers, $6.

182 massachusetts hokticultural society

Gladiolus Exhibition.
. August 11, 12, and 13.

Begonias, Tuberous Rooted. — Six plants:

1st, Weld Garden, $6.
Perennial Phloxes. — Twelve named varieties:

1st, Blue Hill Nurseries, $5; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $4.
Gladioli. — Vase of twenty-five spikes. White, one variety:

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, Europa, $10; 2d, J. Thoman & Sons Co., Roches-
ter White, $5.
Vase of twenty-five spikes. Red :

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, Red Emperor, $10; 2d, T. A. Havemeyer, Liebes-
feuer, $5.
Vase of twenty-five spikes, Crimson:

1st, J. L. Childs, Rich Red, $10; 2d, C. W. Brown & Son, $5.
Vase of twenty-five spikes. Pink:

1st, T. A. Havemeyer, Panama, $10; 2d, C. F. Fairbanks, Panama, $5.
Vase of twenty-five spikes, Yellow:

1st, J. L. Childs, Sulphur King, $10
Vase of twenty-five spikes, any other

1st, T. A. Havemeyer, Muriel, $10
nell, $5.
Vase of twenty-five spikes, any Lemoinei hybrid:

1st, T. A. Havemeyer, $10; 2d, J. L. Childs, Baron Hulot, $5.
Vase of twenty-five spikes, any Primulinus hybrid:

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, $10; 2d, C. W. Brown & Son, $5.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one spike of each:

1st, J. L. Childs, $50; 2d, C. F. Fairbanks, $25.
Collection of fifty named varieties, one spike of each:

1st, T. A. Havemeyer, $20; 2d, J. L. Childs, $10.
Vase of six spikes, White, one variety:

1st, T. A. Havemeyer, Europa, $4; 2d, Jelle Roos, $2.
Vase of six spikes, Red:

1st, T. A. Havemeyer, Red Emperor, $4; 2d, John Zeestraten, Electra,
$2.
Vase of six spikes, Crimson :

1st, J. L. Childs, George Paul, $4; 2d, Jelle Roos, Czar Peter, $2.
Vase of six spikes. Pink:

1st, John Zeestraten, Panama, $4; 2d, H. E. Meader, Myrtle, $2.
Vase of six spikes, Yellow :

1st, E. M. Smith, Schwaben, $4; 2d, C. F. Fairbanks, Schwaben, $2.

2d, S. E. Spencer, Schwaben, $5.
color:
2d, C. F. Fairbanks, Mary Fen-

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 183

Vase of six spikes, any other color:

1st, T. A. Havemeyer, Loveliness, $4; 2d, C. F. Fairbanks, Julie
Fairbanks, $2.
Vase of six spikes, any Lemoinei hybrid :

1st, H. E. Meader, Hehotrope, $4; 2d, T. A. Havemayer, Duval, $2.
Vase of six spikes any Primulinus hybrid;

1st, C. W. Brown & Son, $4; 2d, J. L. Childs, $2.
Vase of three spikes, White:

1st, Thomas Coggar, Europa, $2; 2d, Madison Cooper, Mrs. L. M.
Gage, $1.
Vase of three spikes. Red:

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, $2; 2d, E. M. Smith, $1.
Vase of three spikes, Crimson :

1st, E. M. Smith, Red AmaryUis, $2; 2d, Jelle Roos, Rajah, $1.
Vase of three spikes. Yellow:

1st, Madison Cooper, Yellow Bird, $2; 2d, E. M. Smith, Niagara, $1.
Vase of three spikes, any other color:

1st, J. L. Childs, $2; 2d, E. M. Smith, Myrtle, $1.
Twelve vases, twelve named varieties, one spike of each :

1st, Iristhorpe Farm, $6; 2d, H. E. Meader, $3.
One vase, ten spikes, one variety (for amateurs only) :

1st, Madison Cooper, Loveliness, $5; 2d, L. M. Fuller, Halley, $3.
Twenty-five spikes artistically arranged;

1st, J. Thoman & Sons, Rochester White, $10; 2d, E. N. Fisher, $5.

Charles F. Fairbanks Special Prizes.

Best Seedling Gladiolus, one spike:

1st, J. L. Childs, Seedhng no. 3, S25; 2d, T. A. Havemeyer, Yellow
SeedUng, $10.

Gratuities:

Brookland Gardens, display of Gladioli, $15.

Thomas Coggar, " " " $10.

L. M. Gage, « « " $10.

C. W. Brown, « " " $5.

R. W. Swett, " " " $5.

J. K. Alexander, " " « $4.

Blue HUl Nurseries, display of hardy herbaceous flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of hardy flowers, $2.

184 massachusetts. horticultural society

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.

September 9 and 10.

Dahlias. — Show and Fancy, twelve blooms, named varieties:
1st, W. D. Hathaway, $3; 2d, G. L. Stillman, $2.
Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $3; 2d, G. L. Stillman, $2.
Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties:
1st, W. F. Hall, $3; 2d, A. W. Hayden, $2.
Peony-flowered, 12 blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $3; 2d, G. L. Stillman, $2.
Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, F. P. Webber, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each:
1st, J. K. Alexander, $8.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distinct species and
varieties, not less than ten genera (for private gardeners only) :
1st, Faulkner Farm, $10.
Wild Flowers. — Collection, correctly named as far as possible, one bottle
of each kind :
1st, L. D. Watson, $5; 2d, K. R. Craig, $4; 3d, Albert Davidson, $3;
4th, Mary M. Wheeler, $2.

Gratuities:

Mrs. L. A. Towle, display of Dahhas, $2.

G. L. StUlman, « « " $2.

J. K. Alexander, display of Gladioli, $8.

Wrentham Dahlia Gardens, " " " $2.

Blue Hill Nurseries, display of herbaceous perennials, $5.

Autumn Exhibition of Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and
Vegetables.

November 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Foliage and Flowering Plants. — Best arranged group covering 300
sq. ft.:
1st, A. M. Davenport, $100; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $50.
Best arranged group covering 150 sq. ft. (for private gardeners only);
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $50.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 185

Orchid. — Best specimen:

1st, A. W. Preston, $8; 2d, N. T. Kidder, $6.
Orange Plants. — Six:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $10.
Chrysanthemums.— Group to cover 200 sq. ft. :

1st, A. M. Davenport, $100; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $50.
Six trained specimen plants, any color or class :

1st, J. S. Bailey, $50.
One trained specimen plant. White :

1st, G. L. Stone, Garza, $15; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, Garza, $10.
One trained specimen plant, Bronze:

1st, W. H. Wellington, Hortus Tolosanus, $15; 2d, W. H. Wellington,
Mrs. William Duckham, $10.
Display, arranged with foliage plants, to cover not less than 100 sq. ft.
(for commercial growers only):
1st, W. H. Elliott, $50; 2d, Kameyama & Serada, $25.
Palms. — Two Kentias:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12.
Begonias. — Gloire de Lorraine or any of its varieties, six plants:
1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $25; 2d, G. L. Stone, $12.
Any other winter-flowering variety, six plants:

1st, E. S. Webster, Optima, $10.
Best Chrysanthemum plant on exhibition:
G. L. Stone, Garza, $20.

Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund.

Chrysanthemums. — For the best vase of blooms of the Mrs. Jerome Jones
or the Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones:
1st, James Nicol, $30.
For the best new seedling Chrysanthemum originated by any grower:
Nathan Smith & Sons, Miss Anola Wright, $15.

Society's Prizes.

Twenty-five blooms, twenty-five distinct named varieties:

1st, G. L. Stone, $30; 2d, W. H. Wellington, $15.
Twelve blooms, Japanese, named, in vases:

1st, G. L. Stone, $10; 2d, W. H. Wellington, $5.
Twelve blooms, Japanese Incurved:

1st, G. L. Stone, $10.
Twelve blooms, Reflexed :

1st, G. L. Stone, $10.
Twelve vases. Pompon, distinct varieties, six sprays in a vase:

1st, C. H. Totty, $5; 2d, E. K. Butler, $3.

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Vase of ten blooms on long stems, Pink, named : 1st, Mrs. Lester Leland,

$12; 2d, R. E. Traiser, $8.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, Red:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $12.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems. White :

1st, James Nicol, $12; 2d, R. E. Traiser, $8.
Vase of ten blooms on long stems, Yellow :

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $12; 2d, R. E. Traiser, $8.
Vase of twenty-five blooms, one or more varieties:

Mrs. Alice Sias, $25.
Collection of sprays of single Chrysanthemums filling twenty-five vases:

1st, C. H. Totty, $15; 2d, Scott Bros., $10.
Most artistic vase of Chrysanthemums with any foliage :

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., Robert HalUday, $30; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co.,
Chieftain, $15.
For the best display showing the various ways flowers can be used for
home decoration:

Caplan the Florist, $50.
Carnations. — Six vases, fifty blooms each:

1st, Strouts, $30; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, $15.
One hundred blooms, mixed varieties:

1st, J. W. Minot, $15; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, $8.
Twenty-five blooms, mixed varieties (for private gardeners only):

1st, W. H. WelUngton, $5; 2d, Mrs. Alice Sias, $3.

Gratuities:

Kamayama & Serada, group of fiowering and foliage plants, $25.

Thomas Roland, « " " " " " $20.

Miss Cornelia Warren, flowering and foliage plants, $6.

G. L. Stone, trained Chrysanthemum, $5.

Mrs. C. G. Weld, " " " $5.

A. N. Pierson, collection of cut Chrysanthemums, $10.

C. H. Totty, collection of cut Chrysanthemums, $5.

Mrs. C. G. Weld, display of winter-flowering Begonias, $15 and Silver

Medal.
Mrs. J. M. Sears, collection of winter-flowering Begonias, $6.
Waban Rose Conservatories, Roses Mrs. Charles Russell and Hadley,

$10.
Blue Hill Nurseries, seedling Evergreens, $5 and Honorable Mention.

Additional Awards.

Gold Medal.

March 17. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Spring Flower Garden.
May 10. Charles Sander, group of Azaleas.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 187

August 11. C. F. Fairbanks, for advancement in the cultivation and
exhibition of the Gladiolus.

Silver Medal.

March 17. E. B. Dane, Odontioda Bradshawiae {Odontoglossum crispum X

Cochlioda Noetzliana) .
May 10. A. W. Preston, Brasso-Cattleya Maroniae {Cattleya gigas X
Brasso-Catlleya Digbyana).
" " Albert Roper Estate, Carnation Albert Roper.
" " James Wheeler, superior cultivation of Marguerite Etoile d'Or.
" " Weld Garden, group of Japanese dwarf plants.
" " Fenn the Florist, arrangement of flowers for home use.
" " Walter Hunnewell, Rhododendron sinense.
May 27. Bayard Thayer, Liliurn Willniottiae.
June 17. Miss Grace Sturtevant, Iris Avalon.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of hardy herbaceous flowers and
shrubs.
July 1. A. J. Fish, collection of climbing hardy Roses.
July 8. S. W. Carlquist, collection of Sweet Peas.
July 15. Iristhorpe Farm, display of Iris Kaempferi.
August 26. L. M. Gage, Gladiolus gandavensis Mrs. Dr. Norton.
September 9. J. P. Rooney, Peony-flowered Dahlia Mrs. Frederick Grin-
nell.
" " Fottler, Fiske, Rawson Co., display of Gladioli and Dahlias.

November 1. A. W. Preston, Cattleya Lord Rothschild alba.
" " E. S. Webster, Begonia Optima.

" " E. H. Wetterlow, Begonia Mrs. Peterson.

" 25. Henry Stewart, superior cultivation of Oncidmm varicosum

Roger sii.

First Class Certificate of Merit.

March 17. Mrs. C. G. Weld, vase of Antirrhinum W^eld Pink.

" " Walter Hunnewell, superior cultivation of Dendrobiums.
" " T. H. Lemon Co., Primula malacoides rosea.
May 10. S. J. Goddard, Carnation Doris.

June 10. Miss Grace Sturtevant, Iris Merlin (Oriflamme X Iris King).
" " " " " " Mme. Cheri (Caterina X Mrs. G.

Darwin) .
June 17. " « " " Stanley H. White (Hector X Cate-

rina) .
July 1 . Weld Garden, Coelogyne Mooreana.
September 9. E. W. Bennett, Decorative Dahlia Meritorious.
November 1. A. W. Preston, Cattleya Fabia alba.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cultural Certificate.

March 17. Donald McKenzie, Sophro-Cattleya Thwaitesii.
May 10. C. S. Sargent, Cytopodium punctatum.

Honorable Mention.

March 17. A. N. Pierson, vase of Rose Lady Alice Stanley.
" « " « « " " " Red Radiance.

" " W. R. Nicholson, seedling Carnation, No. 51.
" " F. Dorner & Sons Co., vase of seedling Carnations.
" " S. J. Goddard, vase of Carnation Doris.
" " A. W. Preston, Cineraria (stellata X Salem Prize).
May 10. Peirce Bros., new Rose Tip Top.

" " E. H. Wetterlow, new Geranium Mrs. Lester Leland.
" " Walter Hunnewell, seedling Orchid: Laelio-Cattleya Waban.
" " F. W. Fletcher & Co., Delphinium CUvedon Beauty.
" " C. S. Sargent, group of Rehmannia angulata Pink Perfection.
" " " " " seedling Rhododendron {R. Smirnowii X garden
variety) .
May 27. Miss Grace Sturtevant, display of Hybrid Irises.
June 10. " " " Iris Empire (Monsignor X Aurea).

« " " " " " Niverna (Cypriana X Mrs. G.

Darwin).
« « « " " « Hope.

June 17. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., collection of Fuchsias.

" " Miss Grace Sturtevant, Iris Ann Leslie (Dr. Bernice seedling).
" " Blue Hill Nurseries, vase of Thalidrum ajuilegifolium purpureum.
July 1. H. F. Chase, seedling Peony Miriam.

" " T. N. Cook, new seedling Rambler Rose, No. 1.
July 15. Eastern Nurseries, display of hardy Spiraeas.

" " Dr. and Mrs. Harris Kennedy, display of Japanese Iris.
" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Lilium regale.
August 11. J. L. Childs, Gladiolus Evelyn Kirtland.
" " C. W. Brown, vase of Gladiolus Evahne.
October 7. Mount Desert Nurseries, display of hardy Asters and other
herbaceous flowers.
« « r^ rp_ Watt, vase of Quisqualis parviflora.
November 7. Mrs. J. M. Sears, Begonia Sylvia.
" " Mrs. C. G. Weld, Begonia Apricot.

" " C. H. Totty, new Geranium Wm. H. Waite.

" " C. E. Holbrow, seedhng Rose (Christie Miller X Richmond).
" " Strouts, Carnation, No. 9.

" " " seedling white Carnation.

" "A. A. Pembroke, Carnation, sport of Benora.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS
FOR THE YEAR 1916.

By Edward B. Wilder, Chairman.

The peculiar atmospheric conditions had a very serious effect
upon the fruit crop during the year. The heavy rains of the Spring
and continued moisture prevented the fohage from thoroughly
drying off and rendered spraying far less effective than usual.

The sooty fungus on the apples, a result of these conditions, has
been very bad, much worse than for years. The lateness of the
season caused the postponement of the Rose and Strawberry
Exhibition to July 1st and the extension of the Fruit Schedule in
the Sweet Pea Exhibition to July 15th.

Nevertheless, we had a good display of fruit at the Strawberry
Exhibition consisting of seventy-five dishes of strawberries and
twelve of cherries. The new arrangement of the berries on plates
with their own foliage has been a great success and should be
continued and improved.

It was encouraging to see more entries in the classes for foreign
grapes, exhibits being made at the Gladiolus, Dahlia and Fruit,
and Grand Autumn Exhibitions.

The October Show was very good when we consider the fact that
many of the chief features had been transferred this year to the
November Exhibition. Apples, pears, grapes, and other fruit
occupied a large part of the main hall and the increase in the display
of pears, and the fine collections of grapes were very encouraging.

The display of fruit at the Grand Autumn Exhibition, November
1-5, was by far the finest of the year and was without doubt the
chief feature of the exhibition and the most attractive exhibit in
recent years.

The tables of apples "arranged for decorative effect" in the small
hall were greatly appreciated by the public, as were the very fine
groups and single dishes of apples.

189

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

In the main hall were tables of pears, grapes, and quinces, and
large collections of apples in the lecture hall. A noteworthy-
feature of this exhibition was the display of the "Peasgood's
Nonesuch" apple by Mrs. Harry F. Fay of Lexington, Mass.
This is an apple of English origin and averaged more than a pound
apiece. They were grown on dwarf stock and the crop this year
on one tree was 110 apples. There is no record of any previous
exhibition of this variety of apple.

The good work done by this and other Societies in raisiiig the
requirements has largely eliminated the San Jose scale and dis-
couraged the display of fruit with other blemishes.

We feel that this Society is falling behind and losing ground in
its present narrow views for the fruit schedule and exhibitions.

The elimination of the third prize discourages the amateur and
other exhibitors from doing their best, for if they go to the expense
and labor of preparing an exhibit, be it a dish of twelve specimens
or a collection and are just a little behind second prize, their labor
and expense is in vain.

We have had exhibitors who come here, took third prize, received
instruction and education, and went home encouraged to raise
such fine fruit that they could take first prize with credit.

We also feel that the schedule of prizes should be arranged to
give the fruits and vegetables a just and honest share of the prize
money and not have their departments constantly reduced in
favor of another.

All these and other things are against the broad policy established
bj^ the foimders of this grand old Society and are estranging not
only exhibitors but stanch members, whom we cannot afford to
lose if we desire to continue the beneficent work done in the years
gone by.

Edward B. Wilder 1 Committee
William Downs V on
Ralph W. Rees ) Fruits.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 191

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

1916.

Spring Exhibition.

MaKCH 17, 18, AND 19.

Winter Apples. — Collection of not less than four varieties:

1st, D. R. Craig, $6.
Plate of one variety:

2d, Baker Farm, Northern Spy, $2.
Pears. — Plate of any variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Anjou, $3.

May Exhibition.

May 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14.
Gratuity:

N. T. Kidder, Roxbury Russet Apples, SI.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

July 1 and 2.

Strawberries. — For the best collection of ten plates of 48 berries each,
not less than six varieties:
1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $25.
Six plates of 24 berries each, six varieties :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $4.
Two plates of 24 berries each, of any variety introduced since 1912:

1st, Louis Graton, St. Martin, $4.
For the best two plates of 48 berries each, of any variety:

1st, Louis Graton, St. Martin, .$8; 2d, E. M. Brewer, Brewer, $6.
For the best three plates of 24 berries each, three varieties, arranged
with their own foliage :
1st, Louis Graton, $5; 2d, W. C. Winter, $4.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For the best single plate of any variety, 24 berries, arranged with their
own foliage:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Marshall, $3; 2d, Louis Graton, St. Martin, $2.
Two plates of Barrymore: 24 berries each:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Two plates of Black Beauty:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Two plates of Chesapeake:

1st, Louis Graton, $3. '
Two plates of Golden Gate:

1st, W. C. Cooper, $3.
Two plates of Marshall:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Two plates of Minute Man:

1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3.
Two plates of Senator Dunlap :

2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Two plates of any other variety :

1st, Louis Graton, Brandy wine, $3.
Cherries. — Two plates, 24 specimens each, of any Red variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Early Sweet, $3.
Two plates of any Black variety :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Guigne Noire, $3.
Two plates of any White or Yellow variety :

1st, J. H. Fletcher, Royal Ann, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, White Heart, $2.
Best fruited branch of Cherries:

1st, F. W. Dahl, White Heart, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Early Sweet, $2.

Gratuity:
Wilfrid Wheeler, collection of Strawberries, $2.

' Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 8 and 9.

Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 1.

Cherries. — Any Red variety, 96 specimens:

1st, E. B. Wilder, Downer, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Early Sweet, $2.
Any White or Yellow variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, White Heart, $3; 2d, Mrs. M. J. Merrill, Royal Ann,
$2.
Any Black variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Black Tartarian, $3.

AWARDS FOR FRtTITS 193

Gratuities:

John Bauernfeind, collection of Gooseberries, $2.

Oliver Ames, Gooseberries, $1.

Samuel McMuUen, " $1. /

Oliver Ames, collection of Currants, $3.

July 15.
Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 1.

Raspberries. — Cuthbert, 96 berries:
1st, Hillcrest Farm, $3.
Any other Red variety :

1st, Hillcrest Farm, June Bearer, $3.
Any White variety:

1st, E. B. Wilder, Souchette Blanc, $3.

Society's Prizes.

Currants. — Fay's, 48 bunches:

1st, E. M. Brewer, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Perfection :

1st, Oliver Ames, $3.
Wilder:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3.
Any other Red variety:

1st, OUver Ames, Cherry, $3.
White Grape:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Any other White variety:

1st, W. C. Winter, White Dutch, $3.
Gooseberries. — Columbus, 48 berries:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, W. C. Winter, $2.
Downing :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2.
Industry:

1st, W. G. KendaU, $3.
Triumph:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Bates, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, Chautauqua, $2.
Collection of six plates, 48 berries each :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $5; 2d, W. C. Winter, $4.

Gratuities:

Louis Graton, St. Martin Strawberry, $2.
Hillcrest Farm, Raspberries, $1.

194 massachusetts horticultural society

Gladiolus Exhibition.
. August 11, 12, and 13.

Samuel Applelon Fund. ■

Apples. — Best collection of Summer Apples:
2d, M. S. Wheeler, $8.
Best four varieties of Summer Apples :

1st, H. A. Clark, $8; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $6.
Best single plate of Summer Apples :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Sweet Bough, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Red Astra-
chan, .12.

Society's Prizes.

Pears. — Clapp's Favorite:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, .|3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, .$2.
Any other variety:

1st, W. C. Winter, Giffard, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Dearborn Seedling, $2.
Peaches.^ — • Greensboro:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Any other variety :

1st, H. A. Clark, Mayflower, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Triumph, $2.
Six specimens, one variety:

1st, Weld Garden, Princess of Wales, $5; 2d, H. A. Clark, Mayflower,
$4.
Nectarines. — Six specimens, one variety:

1st, Weld Garden, Pineapple, $5.
Plums, Japanese. — Any variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Red June, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Red June, $2.
Blackberries. — Any variety, 48 berries:

1st, W- C. Winter, Erie, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Wilson, Jr., $2.
Blueberries. — 100 berries.

1st, C. H. Chamberlain, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2.

John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund.

Hothouse Fruits.

Grapes. — Black Hamburgh, two bunches:
1st, Weld Garden, $6.
Muscat of Alexandria:
1st, Weld Garden, $6.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 195

Any other variety:

1st, Weld Garden, Madresfield Court Muscat, $6.

Gratuities:

Jennison's Floral Gardens, collection of seedling Blueberries, $2.
Hillcrest Farm, Japanese Wineberry, $1.

Jennison's Floral Gardens, Ideal Everbearing Strawberry, $1.
J. W. Brown & Son, collection of berries, $1.

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.
September 9 and 10.
John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund.

Foreign Grapes. — ■ Collection of not less than four varieties, two bunches
each:
1st, Mrs. J. C. Whitin, $25.
Two bunches. Black:

1st, Mrs. J. C. Whitin, Black Alicante, $6.
Two bunches. White:

1st, Mrs. J. C. Whitin, Mrs. Pearson, $6.

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Apples. — For the best collection of six varieties of Fall Apples:
1st, M. S. Wheeler, $10; 2d, Parker Bros., $8.

Benjamin V. French Fund, No. 1.

Peaches. — For the largest and best collection of native Peaches:
1st, H. A. Clark, $10; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $6.

Marshall P. Wilder Fxmd.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Clapp's Favorite:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Dearborn Seedling, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, Bonne
d'Ezee, $2.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Best collection of Fall Apples:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $15; 2d, Parker Bros., $10.
Best plate of Fall Apples:

1st, H. A. Clark, Gravenstein, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Red Astrachan,
$2.
Melons. — Mrs. H. H. Rogers, three specimens:

1st, A. W. Preston, $3.
Peaches. — Belle of Georgia:
1st, H. A. Clark, $3;
Carman:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3;
Champion :

2d, F. H. Evans, $2.
2d, F. H. Evans, $2.
2d, Louis Graton, $2.

1st, H. A. Clark,
Any other variety:

1st, H. A. Clark, Crosby, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, Mountain Rose, $2.
Plttmr. — Collection of not less than four varieties, other than Japanese :
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $5.
Single plate of any variety other than Japanese:

1st, F. W. Dahl, Bradshaw, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Gueii, $2.
Japanese Plums. — Single plate of any variety:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Chabot, $3; 2d, Parker Bros., Abundance, $2.

John A. Lowell Fund.

Native Grapes. — Any White grape, six bunches:

1st, John Bauernfeind, Niagara, $3.
Any Purple Grape, six bunches:

1st, John Bauernfeind, Worden, $3.
Any Red Grape, six bunches:

1st, John Bauernfeind, Delaware, $3.
Collection of five varieties, three bunches of each:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $5; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $4.

Society's Prizes.

Collection of seasonable fruit, arranged for effect with foliage, to
cover a space not larger than 24 sq. ft. :
1st, H. A. Clark, $15; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $12.

Gratuities:

Mrs. R. Goodnough, basket of Pears, $1.

Jennison's Floral Gardens, Ideal Everbearing Strawberry, Vote of
Thanks.

awards for fruits 197

October Fruit and Vegetable Exhibition.

October 7 and 8.

Apples. — Collection of not less than six varieties of Fall Apples, ripe,
twelve of each:

1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $12; 2d, Parker Bros., $10.
Belle flower:

1st, C. S. Smith, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2.
Fall Pippin:

2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $2.
Fameuse:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, EUiott & H. W. Moore, $2.
Gravenstein:

1st, C. S. Smith, $3; 2d, A. W. Fletcher, $2.
King:

1st, A. W.Fletcher, $3; 2d, M. J. Cain, $2.
Maiden Blush:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $3; 2d, T. L. Perkins, $2.
Mcintosh:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott, $2.
Palmer Greening:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3.
Pound Sweet:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, C. T. Billings, $2.
Rhode Island Greening:

1st, D. R. Craig, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $2.
Twenty Ounce :

1st, H. A. Clark, $3.
Any other variety, ripe:

1st, C. S. Smith, Porter, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, Wealthy, $2.

John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund,

Pears. — Angouleme:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $2.
Anjou:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2.
Belle Lucrative:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2.
Bosc:

1st, W. G. Kendall, S3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Clairgeau :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cornice :

2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $2.
Dana Hovey:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Hardy :

Isti F. W. bahl, $3.
Louise Bonne de Jersey:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
Marie Louise:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3.
Onondaga :

1st, H. A. Lamb, $3.
Seckel:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, $2.
Sheldon :

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
Superfin :

1st, H. A. Clark, $3.
Urbaniste :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, E. B. Wilder, Harris, $3; 2d, M. J. Cain, Souvenir du Congres, $2.
Collection of pears, not more than twelve plates of twelve specimens each,
and not less than six varieties:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $10; 2d, E. B. Wilder, $8.

Society's Prizes.
Native Grapes. — Agawam:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3
Brighton :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3
Campbell's Early:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3
Concord :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3
Delaware :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3
Herbert:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3
Isabella:

1st, C. W. Libby, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Lindley :

1st, Samuel McMullen, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby,

2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
2d, E. A. Adams, $2.
2d, E. A. Adams, $2.
2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
2, C. W. Libby, $2.

2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
2d, E. S. Martin, $2.
2d, A. E. Adams, $2.
2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 199

Moore's Diamond:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2.
Niagara:

1st, John Bauernfeind, 13; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott, $2.
Prentiss :

1st, E. S. Martin, $3.
Salem :

1st, John Bauernfeind, i,
Vergennes :

1st, John Bauernfeind, :
Wilder:

1st, John Bauernfeind, :
Worden;

1st, John Bauernfeind,
Any other variety:

1st, C. W. Libby, McPike, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, Diana, $2.
Collection of hardy native grapes, not less than six varieties of three
bunches each:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $10; 2d, C. W. Libby, $8.
Peaches. — Champion:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, $3.
Any other variety :

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Elberta, .13; 2d, H. A. Clark, Elberta, $2.
Plums.^ Any variety:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Gueii, .|3.
Quinces. — • Any variety:

1st, G. V. Fletcher, Orange, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, Orange, $2.
Best fruited branch of Baldwin Apples, not over 4 ft. long:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $5; 2d, D. R. Craig, 13.
Best fruited branch of any other variety :

1st, D. R. Craig, Hubbardston, $5; 2d, Parker Bros., Ben Davis, $3.
Best fruited branch of Pear:

1st, D. R. Craig, $5; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, Dana Hovey, $3.

G)-atuiHes:

G. V. Fletcher, collection of Peaches $3.
M. S. Wheeler, 2 twigs of Plums, $1.
Faulkner Farm, Hyslop Crabapples, $1.
T. T. Watt, Papaw, $1.
" " " Chinese Yam, $1.
Mrs. Ivan Panin, English Walnuts, $1.

200 massachusetts horticultural society

Autumn Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables.
November 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, g. A. Schwartz, S2.
Hubbardston:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, J. M. Schwartz, $2.

Benjamin V. French Fund, No. 1.

Apples. — R. I. Greening:

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, D. R. Craig, $2.

Benjamin H. Pierce Fund.

For new seedling apple of merit:

M. J. Cain, seedling of Gravenstein, $10.

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Bellflower:

1st, C. S. Smith, $3; 2d, W. H. Stone, $2.
Delicious :

1st, Derby Farm, $3.
Mcintosh:

1st, Derby Farm, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Northern Spy:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2.
Palmer Greening:

1st, H. C. Fuller Estate, $3; 2d, E. F. Adams, $2.
Pound Sweet:

1st, G V. Fletcher, $3; 2d, A. H. Prouty, $2.
Roxbury Russet:

1st, M S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, H. C. Fuller Estate, $2.
Sutton :

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $3; 2d, G, V. Fletcher, $2.
Tolman Sweet:

1st, E. R. Farrar, $3; 2d, W. H. Atkins, $2.
Tompkins County King:

1st, M. J. Cain, $3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 201

Winter Banana:

1st, E. F. Adams, $3; 2d, E. C. Witt, $2.
York Imperial:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $3; 2d, M. J. Cain, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, Derby Farm, Pearmain, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, Bailey's
Sweet, $2.
For the best collection of winter apples, not less than six varieties, twelve
specimens of each :
1st, Derby Farm, $12; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $10.
Collection of apples arranged for decorative effect:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $20; 2d, E. M. Bruce, $15.
For the largest and best exhibit of apples, not less than ten varieties,
five specimens of each :
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $15; 2d, Derby Farm, $12.
For the best exhibit of apples in trays, not less than five trays and one
or more varieties :
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $25; 2d, Derby Farm, $15.
Crabapples. — Twenty-four specimens, any variety:

1st, E. & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, Faulkner Farm, $2.
Quinces. — Any variety, twelve specimens:

1st, D. M. Rogers, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Cranberries. — Collection of not less than three varieties, half-peck of
each :
L. J. Fosdick, $10.
Half-peck of any variety :
L. J. Fosdick, McFarlin, $5.
Collection of native and foreign fruit, arranged for effect:

1st, Mrs. R. Goodnough, $15; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $12.
Native Nuts. — Collection of not less than four varieties, one quart of
each:
1st, Mrs. F. Schultz, $4; 2d, Sarah A. Wheeler, $3.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Native Grapes. — Collection of hardy native grapes, not less than three
varieties, three bunches of each :
1st, John Bauernfeind, $10; 2d, C. W. Libby, $8.

John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund.

Pears. — Angouleme:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
Anjou:

1st, M. J. Cain, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
Bosc:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Dana Hovey:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Langlier:

1st, E. B. Wilder, $3.
Lawrence :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, Derby Farm, $2.
Sheldon:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Vicar:

1st, E. B. Wilder, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
Winter Nelis:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, W. G Kendall, Seckel, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, Clairgeau, $'.
Collection of six varieties of winter pears, twelve specimens of each:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $10; 2d, N. T. Kidder, $8.

Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 2.

Plums. — Any variety:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Prune, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, $1.

Gratuities:

Derby Farm, apples arranged for decorative effect, $10.

M. S. Wheeler, collection of winter apples, $6.

Parker Bros., " " " " $5.

C. A. Stone, Black Alicante Grape, $4.

W. G. Kendall, collection of grapes, $4.

W. C. Winter, collection of hothouse grapes, $3.

J. S. Bailey, hothouse grapes, $3.

J. A. Mason, Superb Everbearing Strawberry, Vote of Thanks.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES
FOR THE YEAR 1916.

By John L. Smith, Chairman.

The Committee on Vegetables is pleased to report that on the
whole the year has been a very gratifying one. CUmatic conditions
during the early part of the season to be sure were unsettled, but, .
nevertheless, the exhibits indicated that these had been largely
overcome by the exhibitors.

The Silver Medal for the best new vegetable introduced in 1916
was awarded to Dr. Frederick S. DeLue for a new yellow sweet
corn named "Early Golden Giant." Dr. DeLue's record of it is as
follows: Hybrid corn obtained by crossing Golden Bantam with
HowUng Mob eleven years ago and with continuous selecting since
then, resulting in uniformity of color, sweetness, size and greater
proportion of grain to the cob.

The exhibit of the T. J. Grey Company of Boston was one of the
best we thought ever exhibited in the hall. It consisted of 44
different kinds and 196 varieties.

At times, your Committee was impressed with the feeling that
there was a lack of interest on the part of manj^ members of the
Society in the exhibitions that are held. In this connection, it is
well to bear in mind that the future success of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society depends upon something else besides finan-
cial support. While liberal donations should be appreciated and
strong financial support is necessary for the success of a Society
like ours, nevertheless, we should bear in mind that enthusiastic
interest on the part of members is likewise essential.

Your Committee feels, too, that something should be done to
stimulate interest on the part of less wealthy persons. The primary
purpose of our Society is to encourage an interest in horticulture,
feeling that in so doing, we are not only benefiting ourselves but
the community as well. Your Committee has not given sufficient

203

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

thought to this situation to make any mature recommendation,
but we feel that more liberality upon the part of judges, and an
increase in the number of prizes, would result in the stimulation of
interest among persons who now manifest no concern in the work
that we are promoting. If our Society is to be an exclusive one,
the number of our exhibits will become less each year, and we are
afraid that these will be confined to the more expensive classes of
vegetation. This is a condition that should be anticipated, and
we feel that if persons of limited financial resources become in-
terested in work of this nature, our exhibits will be more varied,
and the acquisition of this new element will add strength to our
organization. Bear in mind that this is merely a suggestion, made
without giving the situation much thought.

It has been suggested that in the year 1918 the production of
vegetables be emphasized. Your Committee is fully in accord with
this, and feels that it is not too early to plan for this event. It will
require extensive preparations, and intelligent and enthusiastic
cooperation on the part of the members, and from the past history
of this Society, a very satisfactory year in this respect can safely
be predicted.

John L. Smith 1 Committee

Henry M. Howard V on
Wm. C. Rust j Vegetables.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 205

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.

1916.
W'lliam J. Walker Fund.

Beans. — String, fifty pods:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Black Valentine, $4.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, J. W. Stone, Long Green, $4; 2d, J. W. Stone, White Spine, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, M. E. Moore, Hittinger, $4; 2d, Hittinger Fruit Co., May King,
$2.
Mushrooms. — Twelve specimens:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, H. M. Howard, Scarlet Globe, $4; 2d J. W. Stone, Scarlet Globe,
$2.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks:

1st, D. R. Craig, $4. x

Gratuity:
W. J. Clemson, New Zealand Spinach, $1.

May Exhibition.
May 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14.

Benjamin V. French Fund, No. 2.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each:

1st, Oliver Ames, $4.
Beans. — String variety, forced, one quart:

1st, N. T. Kidder, $4; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, J. W. Stone, $4; 2d, M. E. Moore, $2.
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball:

1st, M. E. Moore, $4; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, Faulkner Farm, Big Boston, 14; 2d, Oliver Ames, Big Boston, $2.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, J. W. Stone, Scarlet Globe, $4; 2d, OUver Ames, Crimson Globe, $2.

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2.
Spinach. — Two pecks:

1st, Charles Esty, Round Thick Leaf, $4.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, J. W. Stone, Comet, $4; 2d, N. T. Kidder, Winter Beauty, $2.

Gratuities:

N. T. Kidder, Cauliflower, $2.
W.J. Clemson, " $1.

" " " collection of vegetables, $10.

May 27.
Gratuity:
Oliver Ames, collection of vegetables, $5.

June 17 and 18.

Gratuity:
Oliver Ames, collection of vegetables, $10.

Rose and Strawberry Exhibition.

July 1 and 2.

Beans. — String:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Black Valentine, $4.
Beets.— TwelvQ, open culture:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Crosby's Egyptian, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Crosby's
Egyptian, $3.
Cabbages. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Copenhagen, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, Early
Market, $3.
Cauliflower. — ■ Four specimens:

1st, D. L. Fiske, White Queen, $6; 2d, Miss Elizabeth Thatcher,
Snowball, $3.
Cucumbers. — Four specimens:

1st, J. W. Stone, White Spine, $4; 2d, Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, Tele-
graph, $3.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $3.
Peas. — Gradus or Thomas Laxton:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, Mrs. S. F. Gill, $3.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 207

Sutton's Excelsior:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2, Mrs. S. F. Gill, $3.
Any other variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Little Marvel, |4; 2d, Mrs. S. F. Gill, Laxtonian, $3.
Collection of four varieties, fifty pods each :

1st, Mrs. S. F. Gill, $5.
Collection of Vegetables. — Ten varieties, tastefully arranged:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $15.

Gratuities:

Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, Mushrooms, $1.

E. L. Lewis, Carrots, $1.

W. Heustis & Son, collection of vegetables, $5.

July 15.

Gratuity: '

Oliver Ames, Lister's Prolific Tomato, $1.

Gladiolus Exhibition.
August 11, 12, and 13.

Beans. — String, four quarts:

1st, Oliver Ames, $4; 2d, Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, $2.
Shelled, not Lima, two quarts:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4.
Cucumbers. — White Spine variety, four specimens:

1st, J. W. fetone, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2.
Egg Plant. — Four specimens:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $4.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, OUver Ames, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens, any variety:

1st, D. L. Fiske, .$4; 2d, OHver Ames, $2.
Sweet Corn. — ■ Twelve ears, Crosby:

1st, J. W. Stone, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $2.
Twelve ears, any other variety :

1st, E. L. Lewis, Pocahontas, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Quincy Market,
Collection of Vegetables. — Fifteen varieties:

1st, W. J. Clemson, 120; 2d, A. J. Jenkins, $15.
Eight varieties:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $10; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $5.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

September 9 and 10.

T. T. Watt, display of Tomatoes, Honorable Mention.

W. Heustis & Son, Celery, Vote of Thanks.

Louis Graton, Irish Cobbler Potatoes, Vote of Thanks.

October Fruit and Vegetable Exhibition,
October 7 and 8.

Beans. — Lima, any variety, four quarts, pods:

1st, Oliver Ames, Burpee's Bush, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Burpee's Bush,
$2.
Lima, any variety, shelled, one quart:

1st, M. Cahalan, S4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2.
String, four quarts:

1st, Oliver Ames, Valentine, $4; 2d, Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, Far-
quhar's Plentiful, $2.
Wax, four quarts:

1st, D. R. Craig, Golden Wax, $4; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Golden Wax, $2.
Cauliflower. — Three heads:

1st, Frederic Cole, Snowball, $4; 2d, E. & H. W. Moore, Snowball, $3.
Chard. — Three plants:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Lucullus, S3; 2d, Oliver Ames, LucuUus, $2.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, any variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Stowell's Evergreen, $3; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDer-
mott, $2.
Cucumbers. — White Spine type, four specimens:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3; 2d, Mrs. Timothy McDermott, $2.
Egg Plants. — Four specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, Black Beauty, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, New York
Improved, $2.
Lettuce. — Cos or Romaine, six heads:

1st, D. R. Craig, $3; 2d, James Donald, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Big Boston, $3; 2d, Hillcrest Farm, Big Boston, $2.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Chinese Giant, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, Chinese Giant,
$2.
Tomatoes. — Open culture, scarlet, twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, Chalk's Jewell, $3; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Stone, $2.
Culinary Herbs.— Green, fresh, largest and best collection:
1st, J. A. Nixon, $5; 2d, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $3.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 209

Gratuities:

R. E. Walsh, specimen Pumpkin, $5.
E. B. Dane. Ailsa Craig Onions, $3.
W. Heustis & Son, Celery, $3.
Faulkner Farm, Mushrooms, $3.
Miss Elizabeth Thatcher, Mushrooms, $1.
R. E. Walsh, collection of vegetables, $3.

Dr. F. S. DeLue,. new variety of Sweet Corn: Golden Giant, Silver
Medal.

Autumn Exhibition of Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and
Vegetables.

November 1, 2, 3.. 4, and 5.

Beets. — Any round variety, twelve:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $3; 2d, C. F. Jenkins, $2.
Any round variety, six (For cottagers only) :

1st, Michael Cahalan, Edmands, $4; 2d, Michael Cahalan, Early
Model, $3.
Chard, three plants:

1st, Faulkner Farm, |4; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $3.
Brussels Sprouts. — Four quarts:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, $3. /

Cabbages. — Any ball-head variety, green, four specimens :
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, $3.
Savoy, four heads :

1st, E. & H. W. Moore, $4; 2d, OHver Ames, $3.
Any green variety (For cottagers only):
1st, J. D. Tilton, $4;*2d, J. D. Tilton, S3.
Carrots. — Any variety, twelve specimens: /

1st, E. & H. W. Moore, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, $3.
Cauliflowers. — Three heads:

1st. Frederic Cole, $4; 2d, C. F. Jenkins, $3,
Celery. — Any variety, four heads:

1st, Michael Cahalan, Paris Golden, $5; 2d, E. Jenkins, Paris Golden,
$3.
Cucumbers. — White Spine type, four:

1st, J. W. Stone, $3.
Egg Plants. — Four specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, $3.
Lettuce. — Cos or Romaine, six specimens:

1st, D. R. Craig, $3; 2d, James Donald, $2.

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Mushrooms. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. W. Crockford, $3; 2d, E. B. Dane, $2.
Onions. — Any variety, twelve:

1st, E. B. Dane, Ailsa Craig, $5; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, Ailsa Craig, $3.
Parsnips. — Twelve :

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $4; 2d, D. R. Craig, $3.
Peppers. — Twelve:

1st, E. L. Lewis, Chinese Giant, $4; 2d, E. L. Lewis, Squash, $3.
Pumpkin ok Squash. — Heaviest specimen:

J. A. Thayer, $5.
Sugar or Winter Luxury, four:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $5; 2d, E. & H. W. Moore, $3.
Collection, two specimens of each variety:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $10; 2d, Oliver Ames, $5.
Tomatoes. — Any indoor scarlet variety, twelve:

1st, A. W. Crockford, $3; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2.
Turnips. — Collection, six specimens, not less than three varieties:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, $5; 2d, J. A. Thayer, $3.
Salad Plants. — Best collection:

1st, D. P. Craig, $6; 2d, J. A. Nixon, S4.
Collection of Vegetables. — Fifteen varieties, not more than one variety
of a kind:

1st, E. Jenkins, $75; 2d, Oliver Ames, $50.
Eight varieties, not more than one variety of a kind:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $30; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $15.
Six kinds, distinct species (For cottagers only) :

1st, Michael Cahalan, $12; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $6.

Levi Whitcomb Fund,

Potato. — Best seedling variety, not in commerce, grown for at least two
years in New England, twenty-four specimens:
E. & H. W. Moore, Dibble's Russet, $20.

Society's Prizes.

For the best display of vegetables put up in glass jars:
1st, Hermine Schulz, $12.

Gratuities:

Faulkner Farm, decoration of kale and parsley, $5.
T. J. Grey Co., display of vegetables, $100.
E. L. Lewis, " " " $3.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS
FOR THE YEAR 1916.

By the Secretary.

Two visits only have been made by the Committee on Gardens
during the year 1916. The curtailment of the Schedule of Prizes
may have been the cause for the diminvition of interest in this
department of the Society's work. This committee was established
early in the Society's history and has exerted a widespread and
important influence in promoting the objects for which it was
established. A revival of interest is expected during the coming
year when the Schedule is to be rearranged and some of the old-
time features which have proved so successful in the past are
restored.

E. K. Butler's Estate at Jamaica Plain.

On June 5 the committee was invited to visit the estate of Mr.
E. K. Butler at Jamaica Plain. This is a suburban estate of one
and one-half acres liberally and tastefully planted with a great
variety of ornamental trees and shrubs. Many fine specimens of
coniferous and deciduous trees are included in the grounds or around
the borders and on the day of the visit the rhododendrons and
azaleas were in brilliant bloom.

A feature of the estate and one in which Mr. Butler is especially
interested is liis rose garden which, while not in flower at the time
of the visit, gave evidence of what it would develop a few weeks
later. The collection of other flowering plants as also the vegetable
garden showed an economic utilization of the grounds.

The estate was awarded the Special Prize of $50.00 for an estate
in Massachusetts of not more than three acres nor less than one acre
that shows the best arrangement in planting and that is kept in
the best order.

211

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Walter Hunnewell's Estate at Wellesley.

On July 7 the committee had the privilege of inspecting the
Hunnewell estate at Wellesley. Frequently described in detail
in the annals of the committee during the past 60 years it is hardly
necessary to repeat in this report what has been already written
concerning this notable estate, one of the best known private places
in the country.

It is now in the fullness of its greatest beauty and the magnificent
specimens of trees and shrubs, many of them of rare varieties,
make this estate of more than ordinary interest. Owing to the
favorable season the foliage never looked better and the whole
place showed the result of continued care and improvement. The
Society's Gold Medal was awarded Mr. Hunnewell in recognition
of his interest in maintaining the high standard of excellence of
his estate.

R. M. Saltonstall,
Chairman
David R. Craig
Jackson T. Dawson
William Nicholson
Charles Sander

Committee

on
Gardens.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S
GARDENS.

By Henry Saxton Adams, Chairman.

The annual exhibition of the products of children's gardens was
held at Horticultural Hall on Saturday' and Sunday, September 2nd
and 3rd. The appropriations for prizes were the same as the previ-
ous year, namely, $300.00, of which amount $200.00 was given by
the State for the encouragement of agriculture among the children.

It has been interesting to watch the growth and development of
the interest of children in gardening as shown in our exhibitions.
The 1916 exhibition was the most successful ever held by the
Society. Not only were there more exhibits but the quality has
steadily improved until it now requires expert judging to properly
award the prizes and your committee feels embarrassed at times
in attempting it.

Most of our exliibits come from three types of gardens — city,
suburban, and country. We have those who grow flowers and
vegetables under the most trying conditions in the heart of the
city and it is always surprising to see what success they have.
These little gardeners we feel are deserving of great credit and
encouragement. The other two classes represent products brought
from suburban or country gardens, grown under favorable condi-
tions and in many cases expert advice, and resulting in exhibits
which have been grown and selected to compete with the best
flowers and vegetables to be found in any show in the country.
Truly our exhibitions are well worth continuing and are bringing
forth wonderful results.

In comparing this exhibition with previous ones it is interesting to
note that in 1912 there were 108 prizes as against 210 in 1916;
the growth being so great as to make it difficult for your committee
to make the awards in the limited time at its disposal. A word of
appreciation should here be given to Mr. James Wheeler whose

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

work in arranging the exliibits is not easy and for his patience with
the children and with the garden directors who swarm the exhibi-
tion hall all wanting his attention at the same time.

The exhibits from school gardens were excellent and an improve-
ment in both quality and arrangement over other years was noted.
The flowers from both school and home gardens were universally
good and some large collections were shown. Perhaps the two
classes of exhibits which attracted the most attention were the
canned vegetables and the exhibits of wild flowers, berries, leaves,
and grasses. One entry of canned vegetables by an individual
exhibitor contained 28 bottles with 27 varieties, both growing and
preserving the work of Miss Hermine Schulz of Roslindale. The
Huntington School District, Brockton, sent in 134 bottles from 16
exhibitors of which one collection contained 28 jars. The Brockton
High School Canning Club also presented a very creditable col-
lection of 70 bottles. It was interesting to note the general interest
taken in the collections of wild flowers of which we had 4 entries,
the largest containing 172 vases.

The vegetables as before noted were better in every way than at
any previous exhibit. In some of the classes we had large numbers
of entries; of Beets there were 52 single entries, of String Beans 48,
of Carrots 32, of Tomatoes 34, and so on with a total number of
more than 250 single Entries among the various varieties of vegeta-
bles for which prizes were offered.

Our appropriation was used up and many worthy exhibits could
not be given awards. We look upon the exhibition of 1916 as
most satisfactory proof of the value of this work with the children
and believe that the members of the Society should be proud of the
work we are doing. We ask for larger funds and encouragement
from the Society and hope the members will make an effort to
attend the exhibition in 1917 which bids fair to be even better than
that of 1916.

A list of the important awards follows:

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden:

First.— Waltham North Grammar School $6 00

Second. — Belcher School Garden, East Milton 5 00

Third.— Mrs. G. H. Blood School Garden, Groton 4 00

Fourth. — Huntington School, Brockton 3 00

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S GARDENS 215

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden established
since January 1, 1913:

First. — Copeland School, Brockton 5 00

Second. — Mclvinley School, Brockton 4 00

Third. — Edward Everett School, Dorchester .... ^ ... 3 00

Fourth. — Broadway and Lee St. Garden, Cambridge 2 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden within five
miles of the State House:

First. — Young Peoples Garden, Deerfield St., Boston 5 00

Second. — Norfolk House Center Garden, Roxbury 4 00

Third.— SterUng St. Garden, Boston 3 00

Fourth. — Roxbury Charitable Society 2 00

Fifth.— John Winthrop School, Dorchester 1 00

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden :

First. — Waltham North Grammar School 6 00

Second. — Belcher School, East Milton 5 00

Third. — Girls Industrial School, Dorchester 4 00

Fourth.— Winthrop School, Brockton 3 00

Fifth. — Little House Garden, South Boston 2 00

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden estabUshed since
January 1, 1913:

First.— Belcher School, East Milton 5 00

Second. — Copeland School, Brockton 4 00

Third.— Groton School, Groton 3 00

Fourth. — Edward Everett School, Dorchester 2 00

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden within five miles
of the State House:

First. — Young Peoples Garden, Boston 5 00

Second. — Norfolk House Center Garden, Roxbury 4 00

Third. — - Roxbury Charitable Society 3 00

Fourth. — Broadway and Lee St. Garden, Cambridge ..... 2 00

Fifth. — John Winthrop School, Dorchester ........ 1 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's home garden:

First. — Hermine A. Schulz, RosUndale 5 00

Second. — James Spadea, Brockton 4 00

Third.— Wilson Metcalf, Brockton 3 00

Fourth.— Harold Turner, North Readmg 2 00

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For the best collection of flowers from a child's home garden:

First.— Margaret Thatcher, Brookline S5 00

Second. — Gertrude Schulz, Roslindale 4 00

Third.— Ruth F. Merrill, Dorchester 3 00

Fourth.— Wilfrid Tuttle, ArUngton 2 00

Fifth.— John Craton, Maiden 1 00

For the best collection of flowers from a child's home garden within five
miles of the State House:

First.— Gertrude Entner, 112 Myrtle St., Boston 3 00

Second. — Kenneth R. Craig, BrookUne 2 00

Third. — Frederick Hoch, Roxbury 1 00

Fourth. — Minnie Webb, Roxbury 1 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's garden put up in
glass jars by the exhibitor:

First. — Hermine A. Schulz, Roslindale 3 00

Second. — Gust W. Anderson, Brockton 2 00

Third.— Frank Reilly, Brockton . 1 00

Henry Saxton Adams
Dr. Harris Kennedy
Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody
Miss Margaret A. Rand
Jame§ Wheeler

Committee

on Children's

Gardens.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LECTURES AND
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1916.

By Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman.

It is becoming increasingly difficult each year to find suitable
lecturers to fill the course as offered by the Society, and while the
interest in all subjects relating to horticulture still continues, the
large number of lectures and demonstrations given by local and
other organizations interested in horticulture serves to draw many
from our lectures.

The question of shortening the course has been discussed by
your committee with the idea of securing persons from a distance
who might have a message to bring us. Our efforts along this line
have so far failed, possibly because of distance, possibly because
we are unable to offer large enough financial inducement. Your
Chairman feels, however, that these lectures should not be given
up, as they constitute one of the direct activities of the Society,
and are as important to the society as are the exhibitions.

Many organizations are adopting the policy of having their
lecture course go on with their exhibitions and this is proving very
successful. Lectures relating to the plants, fruit, flowers, or vege-
tables exhibited are given and the public have the added inducement
to come, in that they see the exhibit and learn about the process
of growing the particular thing exhibited. This plan could be
carried out, provided an upstairs lecture hall could be equipped
in the building.

The course of 1916 consisted of eleven lectures, and an attendance
of about two thousand was recorded. Lectures on fruit subjects
seem still to draw the largest attendance, with gardens and plant
exploring, close seconds.

The course as offered for 1917 is quite varied and some very
interesting speakers have been secured. Your Chairman would
like to suggest that in advertising the lectures this year that street

218

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

car dasher signs be used, as at the exhibitions, making it a promi-
nent feature that the lectures are free.

The lectures of the year have all been published in the annual
Transactions of the Society and thereby reach an additional circu-
lation.

Wilfrid Wheeler
John K. M. L. Farquhar
F. C. Sears
Fred A. Wilson

Committee.

on
Lectures.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1916.

By Edward B. Wilder, Delegate.

As delegate from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society to
the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture I have the honor
to submit the following report of the activities of the Board for
the year of 1916.

The work of the Board has been increased the past year by the
apple grading law, which became effective as a compulsory measure
July 1, and the necessity for determining the distribution and
prevalence of the white pine blister rust. The work of acquainting
growers with the provisions of the apple grading law and regula-
tions, begun in 1915, was continued in 1916, and demonstrations
were given by inspectors in twenty-nine towns and cities and by
farm bureaus and the Massachusetts Agricultural College packing
school. Six deputy field inspectors and a chief deputy were
appointed and regular inspection work was begun in September.
To November 30 there were made 1,415 inspections of fruit pro-
duced or owned by 396 growers and packers.

Of the violations discovered, practically all were cases of incor-
rect marking. Some of the fruit growers seemed to have the
impression that the provisions of the law were unduly strict and
were afraid to attempt to grade under it. For this reason more
apples were shipped to the Boston market in bushel boxes than
ever before, and many growers marked their entire crop ungraded.
Closer study will show that this law in its essentials is simple and
it is believed that from now on a much larger proportion of fruit
will be graded and packed as Massachusetts Standard A.

For the suppression of the white pine blister rust the legislature
appropriated $10,000 and the Governor and Council $3,000 with
provision for $2,000 more if needed. Altogether nearly $14,000
was expended by the Board for this purpose.

219

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The thirty-eighth consecutive year of institute work has been
completed with 161 institutes held. Poultry raising was the most
popular subject; fruit topics stood second; while calls for lectures
on vegetable growing, dairying, farm management, marketing,
and forage crops, and on economic subjects, were frequent.

Bounties paid the thirty-four agricultural and horticultural
societies applying aggregated $29,480.08. The appropriation of
$2,000 for bounties to poultry associations was apportioned among
14 of the 17 applying, each association receiving about two-thirds
of what it had expended in "State first premiums."

Boys' and girls' agricultural clubs were conducted under the
following titles: — "Home and School Garden Club," "Market-
garden Club," "Potato Club," "Pig Club," "Home Economic^
Clab," "Canning and Marketing Club," "Poultry Club," and
"Calf Club." At the National Dairy Show held at Springfield in
October there was assembled the greatest exhibit ever held of gar-
den products, live stock, canned goods, and clothing, wholly the
product of boys and girls under nineteen years of age. Judging
and athletic contests were also held.

The public winter meeting of the Board at Horticultural Hall,
Boston, in January, brought out a splendid corn and apple show,
as well as an exhibit of boys' and girls' club work. There were also
exhibits from the Dairy Bureau, the State Ornithologist, and a
milk, cream and butter show conducted by the Massachusetts
Dairymen's Association. The exhibition as a whole was far and
away the best the Board has so far held in connection with its
public winter meeting, and interest was evinced by the large
attendance all three days of the exhibition.

A special prize of $25 was offered through the Board by a friend
for the best acre of potatoes in the town of Phillipston, and certain
other similar prizes were offered in the same way. Some of i:he
money offered at the dairy show at Amherst was provided by the
Board, and a very good show resulted. The Board, as last year,
offered prizes for a beekeeper's exhibit at the Worcester and
Greenfield fairs; and under the direction of Dr. B. N. Gates a very
attractive exhibit was gotten together.

The orcharding contest was also conducted as in 1915 by the
committee on orcharding and fruit growing, and judged by F.
Howard Brown with the following results : —

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 221

Class 1. Peaches.
No entries.

Class 2. Pears.

Section 1 . — For best orchard of not less than 1 acre : First, Fred Steele,
Stoneham, $25; no second prize; third, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $10.

Section 2. — For the best crop from a single tree: First, W. A. Root,
Easthampton, $10; second, J. Corey & Son, Truro, $5.

Class 3. Apples.

Section 1. — For the best orchard of 1 acre of standard apple trees;
trees must have been planted in fall of 1911, spring or fall of 1912 or 1913,
or spring of 1914: First, J. H. Hardy, Jr., Littleton, $25; second, R. L.
Everit, Barre, $15; third, Patten Brothers, Sterhng, $10. (Honorable
mention and gratuities of $5 each, John Chandler, Sterhng Junction;
J. T. Geer, Three Rivers; W. D. Gleason, Sterhng Junction; C. A. Wilson,
Medway.)

Section 2. — For the best orchard of not less than 3 acres; trees must
have been planted in fall of 1911, spring or fall of 1912 or 1913, or spring
of 1914: First, O. C. Searle & Son, Easthampton, $25; second, John
Chandler, Sterhng, $15; third, tie between A. S. Geer, Three Rivers, $5,
and J. M. Burt, East Longmeadow, $5. (Honorable mention and gratu-
ity, H. A. Dunbar, Richmond, $5.)

Section 3. — For the best apple orchard in bearing, size of orchard not
specified; no trees planted earlier than the fall of 1901 to be eligible: First,
Edward F. Belches, Framingham, $25; second, W. H. Atkins, South
Amherst, $15; third, Cyrus D. Ordway, West Newbury, $10.

Section 4- — For best old apple orchard renovated: First, O. C. Searle
& Son, Southampton, $25; second, Wright A. Root, Easthampton, $15;
third, Sumner L. Howe, Marlborough, $10. (Honorable mention and
gratuity of $5 each to Naquag Farm, Rutland; Ralph F. Barnes, Marl-
borough; the Misses Noyes, Methuen.)

Section 5. — For the best yield of marketable apples from a single tree
planted in fall of 1901 or later: First, W. A. Root, Easthampton, $10;
second, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $5.

Section 6. — For best y ield of marketable apples from a single tree
planted in spring of 1901 or earher: First, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst,
$10; second, O. C. Searle & Son, Southampton, $5.

In the class for renovated orchards Mr. O. C. Searle of South-
hampton had a good record with a yield of 1,200 bushels. In the
class for best yield from single pear tree, W. A. Root of Easthamp-
ton won with a Clapp's Favorite tree yielding 20 bushels.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY '

In the class for best yield of apples from an old tree W. H.
Atkins of South Amherst carried off first prize, with a yield of 45|
bushels.

In this connection an extract from the report of the judge may
be of interest.

We found different troubles more prominent in different sections as was
to be expected, red-humped caterpillar being much more plenty in the cen-
tral and western sections, while, of course, the gypsy moths were plenty
in the eastern section, on account of the bad weather during spray time.
The results of spraying, so far as gypsy moths were concerned, were largely
nuUified. . . .

In spite of the shortage of labor this year on all the farms we have never
seen finer orchards nor some in better condition.

The contests for the encouragement of dairying were continued
as in the three years preceding, the Legislature having renewed
the appropriation for a similar period. Cash prizes aggregating
$2,700 were offered. There were 653 entries and 578 contestants.
Cash prizes were also offered to local inspectors of milk and to
cooperative creameries.

The small amount allowed by the Legislature for the inspection
of apiaries made it difficult to properly cover the State. With the
development of large orchards and plantations of small fruits,
and the growth of the cucumber industry, more bees are needed
and greater protection should be afforded. A disease known as
bee paralysis made its appearance. little is known as to its origin
and control but it is said that this disease killed over 80 per cent
of the bees in England.

Nursery inspection followed along much the same lines as
formerly, although the work was increased to cover the gypsy and
brown-tail moth inspection in the smaller nurseries which were
not covered by the government inspectors. The increase in the
number of nurseries and a larger planting have made more demands
upon the inspection force.

The work of the Dairy Bureau was broadened by legislative
authority so as to include encouragement of the dairy industry.
It has had charge of the clean milk contest, and has held exhibits
and issued pamphlets. Fewer prosecutions than usual have been
made although the same strict watch has been kept for violations
of the dairy laws.

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 223

Interest in bird life is increasing year by year, and the character
of the work done by the State Ornithologist is being more and more
appreciated. The Ornithologist has continued his observations of
birds as protectors of crops and of their distribution and habits,
and has written several bulletins and circulars.

The Board held its Summer Field Meeting at Great Barrington
in June and its annual meeting at Boston in December. Six new
members were seated, and two members automatically dropped
because their respective societies held no fair. The Massachu-
setts Federation of County Leagues and Farm Bureaus was repre-
sented by a delegate for the first time. At the close of the year
there are 41 members of the Board of whom 32 represent as many
agricultural and horticultural societies.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
THE YEAR 1916.

The Secretary and Librarian presents herewith his fifteenth
annual report covering the eighty-sixth year of the Society's
history.

The ten exhibitions of the prgducts of the garden, farm, and
orchard held during the year have been, on the whole, creditable
to the Society and the public interest in them has been well sus-
tained.

Extensive preparations were made for the Spring Flower Show
of March 17-19, but the exhibits were somewhat lessened by the
unfavorable weather conditions prevailing that week around
Boston, the temperature ranging from 10 to 15° above zero.

The season during the first half of the year was cold and back-
ward necessitating the postponement for a week of the scheduled
dates of the Peony and the Rose and Strawberry Exhibitions, the
latter occurring July 1 which appears to be the latest date on record
for this exhibition.

The Sweet Pea and Gladiolus Exhibitions though held on the
scheduled dates were a week too early for growers in the vicinity
of Boston, but owing to large entries from other parts of the coun-
try these proved to be very satisfactory, especially the Gladiolus
Exhibition which was made of more than the usual interest by the
exhibits of the American Gladiolus Society which held its Seventh
Annual Exhibition in connection with the Society's show. An
immense collection of this popular flower was staged practically
filling the three halls of the building.

The Exhibition of the Products of Children's Gardens held
September 2-3 was the largest and best ever held. The interest and
enthusiasm of the young gardeners seem to be increasing every year
and promise well for the future development of gardening. The
committee having this department in charge should receive the
Society's most liberal encouragement for it is doing a practical work
in advancing the interest in horticulture among the young people.

225

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The Autumn Exhibition of Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and Vege-
tables held November 1-5, while somewhat below the average in
floral displays, was noteworthy for the fruit and vegetable exhibits,
which were of unusual excellence and in their artistic arrangement
were equal to anything ever before shown in the halls.

The other details of the year's activities will be fully set forth
in the reports of the various committees and it would be only a
repetition to dwell further upon them in this report.

The publications of the Society for the year have been as follow :

February 24. Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year
1916, 56 pp.

May 4. Transactions, 1915, Part II, pp. 114-267, and Plates
1-4.

May 16. Preliminary Schedule of Exhibition of March, 1917,

8 pp.*

August 23. Transactions, 1916, Part 1, pp. 1-143.

The Library.

The usual flow of horticultural and agricultural accessions has
continued through the year, although the receipt of some foreign
periodicals has been interrupted on account of the European war.
The library seems to be more and more appreciated as is evident
from the use made of it by specialists from various sections of the
country who find it necessary to consult it in investigating subjects
of horticultural interest.

The collection of nurserymen's and seedsmen's trade catalogues
has been increased by 534 during the year making the total number
of these 9740. This collection is proving of much historical value,
especially in determining the origin and date of introduction of
many of our popular garden plants, fruits, and vegetables.

And lastly, and perhaps most important, the librarian is pleased
to state that the new catalogue is now being printed and a con-
siderable portion of it is already in type.

William P. Rich,

Secretary and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1916.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current with
Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer, December 31, 1916.

Dr.

Paid for Library from Appropriation $272 25

" J. D. W. French Fund . . 105 54

" J. S. Farlow Fund ... 62 64

" Heating 1,105 61

" Lighting 841 20

" Labor ■ . . . 2,257 73

" Stationery and Printing 1,362 93

" Postage 198 00

" Insurance 335 85

" Incidentals 1,130 31

" Repairs 607 80

" Committee on Lectures and Publications . 463 00

" Salaries of Officers 4,439 92

Committee on Plants and ^lowers 316 00
" Fruits .... 141 66
" Vegetables ... 136 00
« ' " " Prizes & Exhibi-
tions .... 271 20

" Medals 439 63

" Prizes for Plants and Flowers 5,580 00

" Prizes for Fruits 1,203 00

" Prizes for Vegetables 873 00

" Prizes for Children's Gardens 393 01

" H. A. Gane Fund 45 00

" John C. Chaffin Fund 49 00

" John Lewis Russell Fund 20 00

" G. R. White Medal of Honor Fund ... 229 63

Balance December 31, 1916, Treasurer and Bursar . 17,032 10

$39,912 01

227

228

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cr.

Balance December 31, 1915 $8,072 41

Received Rents 4,150 98

« Exhibitions 5,547 25

« less expenses 1,638 11 3,909 14

" Membership Fees (389. Income a/c, 275.

Perm. Fund) 664 00

" State Bounty 1,000 00

" Sundry Donations 188 61

^ Mount Auburn Cemetery (1340.22 Income

a/c, 1340.22 Perm. Fund) 2,680 44 12,593 17

" Interest on securities from the following

funds:

S. Appleton 40 00

J. A. Lowell 40 00

T. Lyman 440 00

J Bradlee 40 00

B. V. French, No. 1 20 00

H. H. Hunnewell 160 00

W. J. Walker 94 16

L. Whitcomb 20 00

B. B. Davis 20 00

M. P. Wilder 40 00

J. L. Russell 40 00

F. B. Hayes 400 00

H. A. Gane . » . 40 00

J. S. Farlow 100 00

J. D. W. French 200 00

B. H. Pierce ' 32 00

J. C. Chaffin 40 00

B. V. French, No. 2 120 00

G. R. White 300 00

J. S. Farlow, Newton 116 00

J. A. French 200 00

Interest and dividends on securities

other than those for the above funds
George Robert White Medal of Honor . .

Special Fruit Show, 1917

Bequest of Miss Helen CoUamore . . .

2,502 16

10,144 27

1,500 00

100 00

5,000 00

),912 01

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

229

Assets.

Real Estate $518,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 13,796 96

Library 45,110 47

Plates and History 235 50

$2,000 Kansas City, Clinton, and Springfield

Bonds 1,980 00

10,000 Lake Shore and Mich. So. Bonds . . . 10,415 25

21,000 City of Newton Bonds 24,228 75

50,000 Atch. Topeka and S. F. Bonds .... 44,693 25

50,000 Chicago Burl, and Quincy Bonds . . . 50,012 50

10,000 Chicago and West Mich. Bonds . . . 9,987 50

25,000 K. C. F. S. and Memphis Bonds . . . 27,523 75

50,000 C. B. and Q. IlUnois Bonds 51,625 00

8,000 Boston and Maine Bonds 8,710 00

4,000 Am. Tel. &-Tel. 4% Bonds, 1936 . . . 4,110 00

4,000 United Fruit 5 % Notes, 1918 .... 3,840 00

4,000 Interboro 5 % Bonds, 1966 3,920 00

12,000 Pacific Telephone Bonds 11,670 00

260 shares General Electric Stock 12,909 90

Hayes and Loring, Trustees 2,308 66

Cash in hands of Treasurer and Bursar . . . 17,032 10

$859,674 22

Liabilities.

Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks:

S. Appleton Fund $1,000 00

J, A. Lowell

T. Lyman

J. Bradlee

B. V. French, No. 1

H. H. Hunnewell

W. J. Walker

L. Whitcomb

B. B. Davis

M. P. Wilder

J. L. Russell

F. B. Hayes

H. A. Gane

J. S. Farlow

J. D. W. French

B. H. Pierce

1,000 00

11,000 00

1,000 00

500 00
4,000 00
2,354 43

500 00

500 00
1,000 00
1,020 00
10,000 00
1,184 00
2,540 80
5,242 97

800 00

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

J. C. Chaffin Fund $1,250 89

B. V. French, No. 2 " 3,000 00

J. A. French " 5,000 00

G. R. White " 7,673 45

J. S. Farlow, Newton " 2,900 42

Library Catalogue " 1,670 00

Special Fruit Show 1917 100 00

Unrestricted Funds 5,000 00 $70,236 96

Surplus 789,437 26

$859,674 22

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

Membership of Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

December 31, 1916.

Life Members, December 31, 1915 773

Added in 1916 9

Changed from Annual 2

784

Deceased 24 760

Annual Members, December 31, 1915 168

Added in 1916 . ■ 8

176

Deceased 1

Changed to Life 2

Resigned 2 11 165

Dropped for non payment of dues 6

Membership, December 31, 1916 925

Income from Membership.

9 New Life members at $30 $270 GO

8 New Annual Members at $10 80 00'

2 changed to Life 40 00

Assessments for 1916 274 00

$664 00

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 231

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

40 State Street, Boston,
March 30, 1917.
To the Finance Committee of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Gentlemen:

As requested by you I have made a thorough audit of the books and
general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety for the year which ended with the thirty-first day of December, 1916,
and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

Report.

I have proved the correctness of the ledger, journal, and cash books and
the small books tributary to the cash books, and saw that all balances were
properly carried forward. I examined all vouchers and checks repre-
senting the disbursements during the year and found the amount of cash
required by the cash book upon the first day of January, 1917, to have
been on hand, and also examined the securities of the Society, finding
them in all details in accordance with the requirements of the records.
I traced all postings from the journal and cash books into the ledger and
certify that the balance sheet taken from it as of the 31st day of December,
1916, is a correct abstract and that the Treasurer's statement of the assets
and liabihties of the Society upon said date is true to the best of my knowl-
edge and belief.

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the account-
ing affairs of the Society is being intelligently and faithfully performed
and that the books and papers of the Society are in commendable condi-
tion.

Yours very respectfully,

Andrew Stewart,
Certified Public Accountant.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 18, 1916.

233

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1916.

The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the year 19lB was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Satur-
day, November 18, at twelve o'clock, noon, with Vice President,
Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The Secretary announced that the meeting was called in accord-
ance with the requirements of the By-laws of the Society for the
purpose of electing a President, a Vice President, four Trustees,
and' a Nominating Committee for the ensuing year, and for the
transaction of such other business as might be legally presented.

The President appointed E. B. Wilder, J. A. Crosby, and W. P.
Rich a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and
report the number, and declared the polls open, to remain open
until three o'clock.

The record of the preceding meeting of the Society was read by
the Secretary and duly approved.

Vice President Kidder stated that in compliance with the provi-
sions of Section IX. of the By-laws the Board of Trustees had made
an appropriation of $6000.00, in addition to the income of the
special prize funds of the Society, for prizes and gratuities for the
year 1917 and $350.00 for prizes for children's gardens.

Messrs. Ufford, Barber, Butler, and Farquhar made suggestions
for increasing the interest in these meetings as well as in the Society
generally which were referred to the Board of Trustees for report
next year. Mr. Farquhar also called attention to the proposed
Concours of Roses to be held in Paris in 1917 and 1918, notwith-
standing the conditions prevailing in France at the present time.
It is desired by the management of the Concours to have five
plants of each variety of roses to be grown there for examination
until the end of October, 1918. It was voted to refer the matter
to the Board of Trustees for such action as it may desire to take
with the recommendation that Mr. Farquhar be made chairman
of the committee.

235

236

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

On motion of Mr. Wilder, seconded by Mr. David R. Craig,
the following vote was adopted:

That the matter of prizes and exhibitions be taken up at the
Inaugural Meeting for discussion and action.

At three o'clock Vice President Kidder declared the polls closed
and Chairman Wilder of the ballot committee reported the result
of the voting as follows:

Whole number of ballots cast 25.

For President, Richard M. Saltonstall received 23.

For Vice President, Nathaniel T. Kidder received 25.

For Trustees, Ernest B. Dane, 24; Andrew W. Preston, 23;
Edwin S. Webster, 23; Stephen M. Weld, 22.

For Nominating Committee, William Downs received 24; John
K. M. L. Farquhar, 24; Nathaniel T. Kidder, 24; Marcellus A.
Patten, 23; William Sim, 25.

Vice President Kidder declared the following named persons to
be the duly elected officers of the Society for the year 1917:

President
Vice President

(for two years)
Trustees

(for three years)

Nominating Committee

The meeting was then dissolved.

Richard M. Saltonstall
Nathaniel T. Kidder

Ernest B. Dane
Andrew W. Preston
Edwin S. Webster
Stephen M. Weld
William Downs
John K. M. L. Farquhar
Nathaniel T. Kidder
Marcellus A. Patten
William Sim

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

NECROLOGY, 1916.

237

NECROLOGY, 1916.

William Henry Bowker of Boston, a member of the Society
since 1878, died January 4, 1916, at the age of 65. Mr. Bowker
was well known among the agricultural interests of New England
and was a recognized authority on the subject of fertilizers.

Everett W. Raddin of Cliftondale, Massachusetts, died at
Danvers, January 7, 1916, in his 64th year. Mr. Raddin was
much interested in the objects of the Society of which he became a
member in 1891.

Edgar Howard Doane of Wenham, Massachusetts, a member of
the Society since 1902, died January 17, 1916, at an advanced age.
He was a great lover of flowers and had a natural aptitude and long
experience in cultivating them successfully.

Edward Sturgis Grew of Boston, a member of the Society since
1899, died at West Manchester, January 20, 1916, at the age of 73.
Mr. Grew in addition to his many business interests in Boston was
also actively interested in philanthropic work in his native city
and especially in the objects for the advancement of which this
Society was established.

Doctor William Palmer' Bolles of Roxbury, Massachusetts,
a graduate of the Harvard Medical School of the Class of 1871,
died at Santa Barbara, California, March 18, 1916. Doctor
Bolles, besides his professional work was much interested in natural
history studies. He became a member of the Society in 1875.

John Hopewell of Newton, Massachusetts, died in Washington,
D. C, March 28, 1916, in his 71st year. He was admitted a mem-
ber of the Society in 1913.

239

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Miss Cora Huidekoper Clarke who died in Boston, April 2,
1916, was the daughter of the late Rev. James Freeman Clarke.
Miss Clarke was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, February 9,
1851. She was well known in Boston scientific circles for her
interest in natural history studies and in horticulture. She had
been a member of the Society since 1871.

Mrs. Henry S. Russell of Milton, Massachusetts, died April
2, 1916. She became a member of the Society in 1914.

Charles W. Ross of Newton, Massachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1879, died at his home in that city April 11, 1916,
at the age of 67. Mr. Ross, for twenty-five years, was the street
Commissioner of Newton.

Albert H. Roffe of Newton, Massachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1903, died June 3, 1916.

William G. Peck of Arlington, Massachusetts, died in that town
June 16, 1916, at the age of 75 years. He had been a member of
the Society since 1871.

N. Allen Lindsey of Marblehead, Massachusetts, died in that
town July 1, 1916. He joined the Society in 1904.

George Edward Morris of Waltham, Massachusetts, a member
of the Society since 1912, died in that city July 5, 1916, at the age
of 63 years. Mr. Morris was interested in natural history re-
searches, especially in mycology, in 'which he was an authority,
and he made a large collection of drawings of fungi and native
plants.

Eben Dyer Jordan, one of the best known merchants of Boston,
died at his summer home in West Manchester, Massachusetts,
August 1, 1916, in his 59th year. He was a man of a wide range of
interests in business, music, art, and horticulture. He became a
member of the Society in 1899.

NECROLOGY, 1916 241

Jackson Thornton Dawson of Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts,
died at his home there August 3, 1916, in the 75th year of his age.
He became a member of the Society in 1872 and throughout the
remainder of his Hfe was actively interested in its work. He
served as a member of several committees and contributed valuable
papers on horticultural subjects which have been published in the
Transactions of the Society. In recognition of his ability as a
plantsman he was awarded in 1910 the George Robert White Medal
of Honor for eminent service in horticulture.

The following tribute to his memory by Mr. Augustus P. Calder
of Brookline was presented at the October, 1916, meeting of the
Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston and is here printed by
request. It gives an insight into the character of the man and the
regard in which he was held by his associates.

In Memory of Jackson Thornton Dawson.

During the last summer vacation of our club the unbidden
messenger came among us. Again we are called upon to mourn
the loss of a dearly beloved member, Jackson Thornton Dawson.

He had been lying upon a bed of sickness but a few days, when,
on August 3d last, in the ever changing twilight of a delightful
summer afternoon, when all the things of earth, the fields, the
woods, the trees, the shrubs and flowers, those heavenly creations
that he loved so well, that had been his beloved companions in life,
through which in Nature he looked up to Nature's God, were
radiant and beautiful, clothed as they were in the royal vestments
of Heaven's own exquisite encompassings, he gently fell asleep
and his helpful, loving hands were folded forever. Earth that had
nourished him and claimed his growth to be restored to earth again
and his spirit returned unto God who gave it.

In writing of Jackson Dawson your committee has been con-
fronted by the fact that the plainest and most truthful statements
concerning his character and worth would seem to those who did
not know him like fulsome flattery. While we would not in these
memorial lines transcend the limits of sobriety of thought and
expression it yet is difficult to avoid the language of eulogy in
voicing truthfully the plain facts of a life that has so commanded
the admiration of us all.

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Simple justice alone to his memory, justice to the noble profes-
sion of which he was so bright and conspicuous an ornament,
requires that we bear witness to that which we have seen and heard,
as his life has been openly lived before our eyes and against which
no dissenting voice is raised.

Mr. Dawson was born in East Riding, Yorkshire, England, in
1841. He came with his mother to this country as a child ejght
years of age. He started in gardening in the nurseries of his
uncle at Andover, Massachusetts. After a few years he went to
the Hoveys in Cambridge whose nurseries were then the only great
establishment of the kind in the country.

His enlistment in the Civil War interrupted his horticultural
studies until his discharge in 1864, after which he again resumed
work at Hoveys where he gained much valuable experience which
fitted him for higher duties and greater responsibilities. The
opportunity soon presented itself and Mr. Dawson accepted a
position under Francis Parkman of the School of Horticulture at
the Bussey Institution in Jamaica Plain and soon afterward became
identified with Professor Charles S. Sargent in the planting and
development of the Arnold Arboretum. Many of the trees which
are growing there today on its broad acres were reared by him from
the seeds and there are oaks which now rise fifty feet high from
the acorns he planted.

Mr. Dawson was regarded by horticulturists as one of the world's
greatest gardeners and in 1910 was awarded a Medal of Honor by
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, of which he was a mem-
ber, for having contributed more than any one else to the advance-
ment of horticulture during that year. He was also a member of
the Society of American Florists and the Gardeners' and Florists'
Club of Boston of which he was president in 1893 and at the time
of his death an honorary member.

On December 1st, 1866, Mr. Dawson married Mary McKenna
who passed on several years ago. Eight children were born of
this union, six of whom survive him. Mr. Dawson was a bright
and shining light in the firmament of the horticultural world. In
his home life he exemplified the virtues which adorn the faithful
loving husband, the affectionate father, and the patriotic citizen.
He radiated the brightness of a cheerful disposition and his genial

NECROLOGY, 1916 243

manner and openhearted way endeared him to all who were privi-
leged to be associated with him. " None knew him but to love him,
none named him but to praise."

Fellow members of the Gardeners' and Florists' Club as we face
and draw nigh to the summer twilight of our lives, as we brush the
dead leaves from our homeward path with the consciousness that
the trees from which they fell are still living and will once again
bear leaves, so let us think now, not of Jackson Dawson dead but
of Jackson Dawson alive with all the fine qualities of his character
going on and on into life beautiful and into life eternal.

George Augustus Gardner, an old-time merchant of Boston,
died at his home in that city August 6, 1916. He had been con-
nected with the Society since 1895.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Professor of Horticulture
and Forestry in the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, died
September 15, 1916. In recognition of his work in horticulture
he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Society in 1889.

William J. Hoyt of Manchester, New Hampshire, a member of
the Society since 1905, died at his home in that city, September 26,
1916, in his 70th year.

George Cartwright of Roxbury, Massachusetts, died Novem-
ber 2, 1916, at the age of 72. Mr. Cartwright was engaged in the
nursery business in Dedham for many years and was well known
among the commercial growers of Boston and vicinity. He
became a member of the Society in 1885.

Charles Abner Campbell of Ipswich, Massachusetts, a member
of the Society since 1908, died November 18, 1916, in his 79th year.

In the later years of his life Mr. Campbell was greatly interested
in agricultural and horticultural matters. He was a frequent
exhibitor of the products of his farm at Ipswich at the exhibitions
of the Society.

Livingston Gushing of Weston, Massachusetts, died in New
Haven, Connecticut, November 25, 1916, at the age of 61 years.
He was admitted a member of the Society in 1895.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Bayard Thayer of Boston, a member of the Society since 1900,
died at his residence in Lancaster, Massachusetts, November 29,
1916, at the age of 54. Mr. Thayer was a patron of horticulture
and on his estate at Lancaster developed an extensive collection
of trees, shrubs, and flowering plants, specimens of which were
frequently exhibited at the exhibitions of the Society.

William Crawford Barry of Rochester, New York, president
of the Ellwanger & Barry Co. of that city, died December 12, 1916,
in his 69th year. Mr. Barry was one of the most .widely known
horticulturists in the country and for many years was president of
the Western New York Horticultural Society. He became a
member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1893.

Mrs. John L. Bremer of Boston, a member of the Society since
1899, died December 12, 1916.

Jerome Jones of Brookline, Massachusetts, prominent in the
business activities of Boston, died December 13, 1916, at the age
of 79. Mr. Jones became a member of the Society in 1896.

Edward Spaulding of Weston, Massachusetts, a member of the
Society since 1864, died December 13, 1916, in his 83d year.

Herbert Jaques of Boston died December 21, 1916, at the age
of 59. He was admitted to membership in the Society in 1910.

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1916.

245

Jassacljusrfts portiatltural Snmtg.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1916.

President.
RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, of Boston.

* Vice-Presidents.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.

Treasurer.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston.
F. LOTHROP AMES, of North Easton.
GEORGE E. BARNARD, of Ipswich.
ERNEST B. DANE, of Brookline.
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, of Boston.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham.
WILFRID WHEELER, of Concord.
EDWARD B. WILDER, of Dorchester.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
EDWARD B. WILDER.

Nominating Committee.

ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK RICHARD HITTINGER

JOHN G. JACK THOMAS ROLAND

JOHN L. SMITH

* Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

COMMITTEES FOR 1916.

Finance Committee.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Membership Conmiittee.

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL.
THOMAS ALLEN, THOMAS ROLAND.

Committee on Library.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.
ERNEST B. DANE, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

WILFRID WHEELER, Chairman.

JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, F. C. SEARS.

FRED A. WILSON.

Committee on Prizes and Eshibitions.

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, DUNCAN FINLAYSON,

T. D. HATFIELD, A. H. WINGETT.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

WILLIAM ANDERSON, Chairman.
ARTHUR H. FEWKES, S. J. GODDARD, DONALD McKENZIE,

WILLIAM SIM.

Committee on Fruits.

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman.
WILLIAM DOWNS, RALPH W. REES-

Committee on Vegetables.

JOHN L. SMITH, Chairman.
HENRY M. HOWARD, WILLIAM C. RUST.

Committee on Gardens.

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, Chairman.
DAVID R. CRAIG, JACKSON T. DAWSON.

WILLIAM NICHOLSON, CHARLES SANDER.

Committee on Children's Gardens.

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman.
DR. HARRIS KENNEDY, MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY.

MISS MARGARET A. RAND, JAMES WHEELER.

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1916.

Revised to December 31, 1916.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

- r

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

1900 Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C.

1900 Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of

France, Paris.
1897 Hon. James Wilson, Ex-Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

1901 George E!rancis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y.

1889 Dr. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.

1898 John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.

1875 Professor William J. Beal, Amherst, Mass.

1911 W. J. Bean, Royal Gardens, Kew, England.

1911 John Dunbar, Park Department, Rochester, N. Y.

1887 Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., "Witcombe,"
Gloucester, England.

1875 Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society,
Roswell, N. M.

1887 H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

249

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1889 William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

1893 B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Ontario.

1900 Dr. Beverly T. Galloway, Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C.

1877 George Lincoln Goodale, M. D., Cambridge, Mass.

1895 Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist at the New Jersey Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

1914 C. S. Harrison, York, Nebraska.

1911 Professor U. P. Hedrick, New York Agricultural Experiment
Station, Geneva, N. Y.

1907 Augustine Henry, F. L. S., M. R. I. A., Professor of Forestry,
Royal College of Science, Dublin, Ireland.

1897 J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.
1906 Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

1911 £mile Lemoine, Nancy, France.
1875 T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
1911 J. EwiNG Mears, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

1911 WiLHELM Miller, Superintendent of Horticulture, University of

Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

1898 Sir Frederick W. Moore, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
1887 Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D.Sc, M. A., F. L. S.
1898 Peter N^vik, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticultural Society,

Christiania, Norway.

1912 C. Harman Payne, London, England.

1906 §iB David Prain, C. I. E., C. M. G., F. R. S., Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

1894 CavaliJire Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.

1906 Dr. Henry L. Ridley, C. M. G., F. R. S., Kew, England.

1898 BEN.JAMIN Lincoln Robinson, Ph.D., Curator of the Gray Her-

barium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
1875 William Robinson, London, England.

1899 William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery

Cincinnati, O.
1875 Robert W. Starr, Wolfville, N. S.

1893 Professor William Trelease, University of Illinois, Urbana,

Illinois.
1882 H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
1905 Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
1905 Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.
1912 Professor Hugo de Vries, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

Holland.

1894 William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Eng-

land.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS 251

1906 Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.
1911 E. H. Wilson, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

1901 Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horti-
cultural Society, Berlin, Prussia.

252

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

LIFE MEMBERS.

1899 Adams, Mrs. Charles Francis,

South Lincoln.
1907 Adams, George E., Kingston,

R.I.

1897 Adams, Henry Saxton, Jamaica

Plain.

1899 Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yar-
mouth Port.

1894 Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

1916 Allen, Edward Ellis, Water-
town. >

1905 Allen, Mrs. Sarah R., Wikning-
ton.

1898 Allen, Thomas, Boston.

1899 Ames,F.Lothrop, North Easton.
1914 Ames, Mrs. F. L., North

Easton.
1899 Ames, John S., North Easton.
1894 Ames, Oakes, North Easton.

1899 Ames, Oliver, North Easton.

1900 Ames, Mrs. Oliver, Sr., North

Easton.
1867 Amory, Frederic, Boston.

1899 Anderson, Larz, Brookline.
1911 Anderson, William, South Lan-
caster.

1864 Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
1871 Appleton, Hon. Francis H.,

Boston.
1914 Appleton, Francis R., New

York, N. Y.

1913 Appleton, Henry Saltonstall,

Boston.

1914 Apthorp, Mrs. Harrison O.,

Milton.

1900 Arnold, Mrs. George Francis,

Brookline.

1894 Ash, John, Pomfret Centre,
Conn.

1890 Atkins, Edwin F., Behnont.
1914 Ayer, Mrs. Frederick, Boston.
1899 Ayer, James B., Boston.

1912 Bache, James S., Sharon, Conn.
1905 Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
1914 Bacon, Miss E. S., Jamaica

Plain.
1905 Badger, Walter I., Cambridge.
1894 Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
1902 Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
1902 Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
1901 Baker, James E., South Lincoln.
1904 Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
1909 Baldwin, Frank F., Hopkinton.
1888 Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

1904 Barker, George, Swampscott.

1905 Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

1866 Barnes, Walter S., Brookline.

1904 Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

1867 Barney, Levi C, Boston.
1897 Barry, John Marshall, Boston.
1901 Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

1914 Bartol, Dr. John W., Boston.

1915 Bartsch, Hermann H.,Waverley.
1901 Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich.
1915 Bauernfeind, John, Medford.
1899 Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.
1914 Beal, Mrs. Boylston, Boston.

1905 Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

1891 Becker, Frederick C, Cam-

bridge.

1876 Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Ded-
ham.

1894 Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS

253

1890 Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

1905 Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

1914 Bemis, Mrs. Frank B., Beverly.

1899 Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

1914 Bigelow, Charles, Brookline.

1899 Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

1899 Bigelow, Dr. WilUam Sturgis,
Boston.

1899 Black, George N., Manchester.

1885 Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brook-
line.

1914 Blake, Benjamin S., Auburn-
dale.

1897 Blake, Edward D., Boston.

1908 Blood, Eldredge H., Swamp-
scott.

1905 Boardman, Miss Eliza D.,
Boston.

1899 Boardman, T. Dennie, Man-

chester.

1914 Boit, Miss Elizabeth E., Wake-
field.

1894 Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

1914 Bowditch, Alfred, Jamaica
Plain.

1887 Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

1897 Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

1883 Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

1894 Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Fram-
ingham.

1877 Bowditch,William E., Roxbury.

1913 Brackett, C. Henry B., Boston.
1912 Bradley, Charles H., Boston.

1914 Brandegee, Mrs. Edward D.,

Brookline.

1900 Breck, Joseph Francis, Waban.
1914 Breck, Luther Adams, Newton.
1871 Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton,

Vt.

1914 Brewer, Edward M., Milton.

1914 Brewer, Joseph, Milton.

1905 Brewster, William, Cambridge.

1910 Briggs, Mrs. George R., Ply-
mouth.

1897 Briggs, Wilham S., Lincoln.

1873 Brigham, William T., Hono-
lulu, Hawaii.

1909 Brooke, Edmund G., Jr., Provi-
dence, R. I.

1914 Brooks, Miss Fanny, Readville.

1914 Brooks, Henry G., Milton.
1899 Brooks, Peter C, Boston.
1899 Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

1912 Brooks, Walter D., Milton.
1909 BrowTi, Mrs. John Carter, Prov-
idence, R. L

1907 Brush, Charles N., BrookUne.

1915 Buckminster, W. B., Maiden.
1906 Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper

Falls.
1914 BuUard, Alfred M., MUton.
1897 Burlen, WilUam H., East Hol-

hston.

1895 Burnett, Harry, Southborough.
1911 Burnett, John T., Southbor-
ough.

1914 Burnett, Robert M., South-
borough.

1914 Burnham, Miss Helen C, Bos-
ton.

1909 Burr, I. Tucker, Milton.

1906 Burrage, Albert C, Boston.
1868 Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

1907 Butterworth, George William,

South Framingham.
1906 Butterworth, J. Thomas, South

Framingham.
1905 Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

1902 Cabot, George E., Boston.
1914 Cabot, Henry B., Brookline.
1870 Calder, Augustus P., Brookline.

1896 Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.

1913 Campbell, Chester I., WoUas-

ton.

1891 Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.

1905 Carr, Samuel, Boston.

1893 Carter, Charles N., Needham.

1899 Casas, W. B. de las, Maiden.

1911 Case, Miss Marian Roby, Wes-
ton.

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1873 Chamberlain, Chauncy W.,

Waban.
1909 Chamberlain, Montague, Gro-

ton.
1903 Chapman, John L., Prides

Crossing.
1878 Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.

1909 Chase, Philip Putnam, Milton.

1895 Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeth S.,

Wellesley.

1894 Christie, William, Everett.
1876 Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
1871 Clapp, William C, Dorchester.

1896 Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.
1896 Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfret

Centre, Conn.
1907 Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.
1890 Clark, J. Warren, Millis.

1910 Clark, Winslow, Milton.

1899 Clarke, Eliot C, Boston.
1914 Clifford, Charles P., Milton.

1895 Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.
1894 Cobb, John C, Milton.

1914 Cochrane, Alexander, Boston.

1906 Codman, Miss Catherine A.,
Westwood.

1871 Codman, James M., Brookline.

1914 Codman, James M., Jr., Brook-
line.

1901 Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston.
1903 Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., New-
ton Highlands.

1900 Cole, Edward E., Boston.
1882 Collins, Frank S., North

Eastham.
1914 ColUns, WilUam J., BrookUne.

1902 Comley, Norris F., Lexington.
1899 Converse, Col. H. E., Marion.

1913 Cook, Thomas N., Watertown.

1914 Coolidge, Charles A., Boston.
1902 Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.
1899 Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

1899 Coohdge, Mrs. J. Randolph,

Chestnut Hill.
1914 Cotting, Charles E., Boston.

1914 Cotting, Mrs. Charles E., Bos-

ton.
1892 Cottle, Henry C, Boston.
1914 Councilman, Dr. W. T., Boston.

1913 Cox, Simon F., Mattapan.
1892 Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

1914 Crafts, Miss Elizabeth S., Bos-

ton.
1910 Craig, David R., Boston.
1901 Craig, William Nicol, Brookline.
1899 Crane, Zenas, Dalton.
1891 Crawford, Dx. Sarah M., Rox-

bury.

1891 Crocker, Miss Sarah H., Boston.
1914 Crompton, Miss Isabel M.,

Worcester.
1887 Crosby, George E., West Med-

ford.
1914 Crosby, Mrs. S. V. R., Boston.

1901 Cross, Alfred Richard, North

Cohasset.

1909 Cumner, Mrs. Nellie B., Brook-
line.

1856 Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica
Plain.

1899 Curtis, Charles P., Boston.

1906 Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.

1903 Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Re-
vere.

1897 Damon, Frederick W., Arling-
ton.
1908 Dane, Ernest B., Brookline.

1908 Dane, Mrs. Ernest B., Brook-

line.
1899 Daniels, Dr. Edwin A.. Boston.

1909 Danielson, Mrs. J. DeForest,

Boston.

1892 Davenport, Albert M., Water-

town.

1902 Davis, Arthur E., Dover.
1902 Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Dover.

1913 Davis, Bancroft Chandler, Wes-

ton.
1916 Davis, Miss Helen I., Wellesley.

1914 Davis, Livingston, Milton.

LIFE MEMBERS

255

1909 Dawson, Henry Sargent, Ja-

maica Plain.
1905 Day, Henry B., West Newton.
1873 Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
1904 Dexter, Gordon, Beverly Farms.
1904 Dexter, Philip, Beverly.
1866 Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
1896 Donald, William, Cold Spring

Harbor, N. Y.
1900 Donaldson, James, Roxbury.
1907 Doten, Scott T., Lincoln.

1914 Douglass, Alfred, Brookline.

1910 Downs, William, Chestnut Hill.
1893 Dowse, William B. H., West

Newton.
1899 Draper, George A., Hopedale.

1896 Dreer, William F., Philadelphia,

Pa.

1897 Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut

Hill.

1899 Duncan, James L., New York,

N. Y.
1902 Duncan, John W., Spokane,

Wash.
1896 Dunlap,James H. , Nashua, NH.

1915 Dunn, Stephen Troyte, F. L. S.,

F. R. G. S., Kew, England.
1915 Dupee, William Arthur, Milton.
1909 Dupuy, Louis, Whitestone,

L. I., N. Y.
1852 Durfee, George B., Fall River.
1880 Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.

1900 Dwight, Theodore F., Kendal

Green.

1902 Dyer, Herbert H., Arhngton.
1912 Eaton, Harris D., Southbor-

ough.

1911 Edgar, Mrs. Rose H., Waverley.

1912 Edgar, WilUam Percival, Ja-

maica Plain.
1895 Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

1887 Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.

1888 Elliott, Wilham H., Brighton.

1903 Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.
1907 Emerson, Nathaniel W., M.D.,

Boston.

1894 Endicott, WilUam, Boston.

1899 Endicott, William C, Danvers.

1915 Ernst, Mrs. Harold C, Ja-
maica Plain.

1897 Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.

1905 Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F.,
Boston.

1907 Eustis, Miss Elizabeth M.,
Brookline.

1907 Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe,

Brookline.

1914 Evans, Mrs. Robert D., Boston.

1915 Fairbanks, Charles F., Milton.

1881 Fairchild, Charles, New York,

N. Y.
1877 Falconer, William,Pittsburg,Pa.
1884 Farlow, Lewis H., Boston.
1896 Farnsworth, Mrs. William. Ded-

ham.

1890 Farquhar, James F. M., Roslin-

dale.

1891 Farquhar, John K. M. L.,

Roxbury.

1915 Farquhar, Mrs. John K. M. L.,
Roxbury.

1884 Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-
bridge.

1873 Faxon, John, Quincy.

1899 Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.

1915 Fay, Mrs. Harry F., Lexington.

1908 Fay, Wilton B., West Medford.
1914 Fearing, George R., Jr., Boston.
1899 Fessenden, George B., Allston.
1883 Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton

Highlands.
1904 Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica
Plain.

1892 Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica

Plain
1901 Fisher, Peter, Ellis.
1910 Flanagan, Joseph F., Newton,

1882 Fletcher, George V., Belmont.

1883 Fletcher J. Henry, Belmont.
1914 Forbes, Alexander, M.D., Mil-
ton.

256

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1909 Forbes, CharlesStewart, Boston.
1909 Forbes, Mrs.J.Malcolm,Milton.
1914 Forbes, W. Cameron, West-
wood.

1909 Forbes, Mrs.WilliamH.,Maton.
1914 Foster, Alfred D., Milton.

1899 Foster, Charles H. W., Need-

ham.
1885 Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.

1881 Fowle, George W., Jamaica

Plain.

1914 Fraser, Charles E. K., South
Natick.

1911 Freeman, Mrs. James G., Bos-
ton.

1910 French, Mrs. Albert M., Read-

ing.

1892 French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.

1893 French, W. Clifford, BrookHne.

1882 Frohock, Roscoe R., Boston.

1903 Frost, Harold L., Arlington.

1900 Frost, Irving B., Belmont.
1899 Frothingham, Mrs. Louis A.,

Boston.

1910 Galloupe, Frederic R., Lexing-
ton.

1914 Gannett, Samuel, Milton.

1914 Gardiner, Robert H., Gardiner,
Maine.

1901 Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P.,

Hamilton.

1895 Gardner, George P., Boston.

1899 Gardner, John L., Boston.

1899 Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brook-
line.

1899 Gardner, William Amory, Gro-
ton.

1910 Garland, Mrs. Marie T., Buz-

zards Bay.

1904 Garratt, Allan V., Holliston.
1899 Gaston, William A., Boston.

1911 Gavin, Frank D., Manchester.

1910 Geiger,- Albert, Jr., Brookline.

1911 Gill, Miss Adeline Bradbury,

Medford.

1911 Gill, Miss Eliza M., Medford.
1865 Gill, Mrs. E. M.. Medford.
1887 Gill, George B., Medford.
1870 Gilson, F. Howard, Wellesley

Hills.
1907 Goddard, Samuel J., Framing-
ham.

1904 Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.
1885 Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

1899 Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston
1914 Greene, Edwin Farnham, Bos-
ton.

1905 Greenough, Mrs. Charles P.,

Brookline.

1912 Greenough, Mrs. David S.,

Jamaica Plain.
1914 Grew, Mrs. Edward S., Boston.
1914 Grew, Edward W., Boston.

1897 Hale, James O., Byfield.

1873 Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

1912 Hall, Mrs. George G., Boston
1899 Hall, Jackson E., Cambridge.
1897 Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.
1910 Halloran, Edward J., Roxbury.

1913 Handler, Max Paul, South

Natick.

1914 Harding, Charles L., Dedham.
1863 Harding, George W., Arlington.
1869 Harding, Louis B., Chestnut

Hill.

1871 Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

1905 Hardy, Miss Susan White,
Boston.

1889 Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

1887 Harris, Thaddeus William, A.
M., Littleton, N. H.

1910 Harris, Prof. William Fenwick,
Cambridge.

1909 Hart, Francis R., Milton.

1899 Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worces-
ter.

1914 Hartt, Arthur W., Brookline.

1895 Harwood, George Fred, Newton .

1884 Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

LIFE MEMBERS

257

1906 Hauthaw ay, Edwin D., Sharon.

1914 Havemeyer, Theodore A., New
York, N. Y.

1891 Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rock-
land, Me.

1899 Hayward, George P., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Haywood, H. T., Franklin.

1905 Head, Thomas W., Lake Forest,
111.

1913 Heeremans, F., Lenox.
1903 Hellier, Charles E., Boston.
1888 Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.
1899 Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus,

Canton.

1914 Hemenway, Augustus, Jr., Bos-

ton.
1884 Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

1899 Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge.

1901 HeurUn, Julius, South Brain tree.

1894 Hewett, Miss Mary Crane,

Cambridge.

1900 Higginson, Francis L., Boston.

1902 Higginson, Mrs. Henry L.,

Boston.
1866 Hilbourn, A. J. Boston.
1886 Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

1911 Hittinger, Richard, Belmont.

1895 Hoitt, Hon. Charles W.,

Nashua, N. H.

1905 Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.

1914 Hollingsworth, Valentine, Bos-
ton.

1899 Hollingsworth, Z. T., Boston.
1881 Hollis, George W., Allston.
1891 Holmes, Edward J., Boston.
1876 Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cam-
bridge.

1900 Holt, WiUiam W., Norway,

Maine.

1899 Hood, The Hon. Mrs. Ellen,
Sheen, Surrey, Eng.

1914 Hornblower, Henry, Boston.

1888 Horsford, Miss Kate, Cam-
bridge.

1912 Horton, Arthur E., Lexington.

1902 Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.

1907 Houghton, Clement S., Chest-
nut Hill.

1910 Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G.,
Boston.

1872 Hovey, Charles H., South
Pasadena, Cal.

1884 Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

1904 Howard, Henry M., West New-
ton.

1896 Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.

1915 Howes, Mrs. Ernest, Boston.
1896 Hubbard, Charles Wells, Wes-
ton.

1865 Hubbard, James C, Everett.

1913 Huebner, H., Groton.

1875 Humphrey, George W., Ded-
ham.

1912 Hunnewell, F. W., 2d., -Welles-
ley.

1893 Hunnewell, Henry Sargent,
Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Mrs. Henry S.,
Wellesley.

1882 Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Walter, Jr., Welles-
ley.

1892 Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

1866 Hunt, Franklin, Charlestown,

N. H.
1880 Hunt, William H., Concord.
1904 Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis,

Concord.

1893 Jack, John George, East Wal-

pole.
1886 Jackson, Charles L., Boston.

1914 Jackson, Mrs. James, Jr., West-

wood.
1884 Jackson, Robert T., Peter-
borough, N. H.

1916 Jahn, Paul H., East Bridge-

water.

1916 Jahn, William O., East Bridge-
water.

1902 James, EUerton, Milton.

258

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1902 James, Mrs. EUerton, Milton.
1899 James, George Abbot, Nahant.

1913 Jeffries, John Temple L., Cam-

bridge.

1899 Jeffries, William A., Boston.
1865 Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.
1905 Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.

1914 Johnson, Edward C, Boston.

1885 Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
1907 Jones, Mrs. Clarence W.,

Brookline.
1897 Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.

1900 Jordan, Henry G., Hingham

Centre.

1897 Kellen, William V., Marion.

1886 Kelly, George B., Jamaica

Plain.

1848 Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.

1891 Kendall, Dr. Walter G., At-
lantic.

1868 Kennedy, George G., M. D.,
Milton.

1909 Kennedy, Harris, M. D., Mil-

ton.

1905 Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer,

Boston.

1891 Keyes, John M., Concord.

1889 Kidder, Charles A., South-
borough.

1910 Kidder, Mrs. Henry P., Boston.
1880 Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
1899 Kimball, David P., Boston.

1903 Kimball, Richard D., Waban.
1899 King, D. Webster, Boston.
1865 Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield.
1899 Kinney, H. R., Worcester.

1906 Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P.,

Worcester.

1904 Kirkland, Archie Howard,

Reading.

1899 Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.
1913 Lancaster, Dr. Walter B.,

Brookline.
1899 Lanier, Charles, Lenox.

1895 Lawrence, Amos A., New York,
N. Y.

1873 Lawrence, John, Groton.

1899 Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William,
Boston.

1895 Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Lee, George C, West wood.

1914 Lee, Mrs. George C, Westwood.

1880 Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., New-
ton Centre.

1902 Leighton, George B., Monad-

nock, N. H.

1914 Leland, Lester, Boston.

1914 Leland, Mrs. Lester, Boston.

1871 Lemme, Frederick, Charles-
town.

1903 Libby, Charles W., Medford.
1899 Little, John Mason, Swamp-

scott.
1899 Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.
1891 Lodge, Richard W., Redlands,

Cal.

1897 Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford.
1899 Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.
1905 Loring, David, Boston.

1914 Loring, Miss Katharine P.,
Prides Crossing.

1914 Loring, Miss Louisa P., Prides
Crossing.

1899 Loring, Mrs. WiUiam Caleb,
Beverly.

1899 Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Bos-
ton.

1902 Lowell, Miss Amy, BrookUne.

1903 Lowell, James A., Chestnut

Hill.

1903 Lowell, John, Newton.

1904 Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.
1899 Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
1895 Lunt, William W., Hingham.
1914 Lyman, C. Frederic, Boston.
1895 Lyman, George H., Wareham,

1898 Mabbett, George, Plymouth.
1912 MaKay, Alexander, Jamaica

Plain.

LIFE MEMBERS

259

1911 McKenzie, Donald, Chestunt

Hill.
1868 Mahoney, John, Boston.
1892 Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport,

Me.
1884 Manda, W. A., South Orange,

N.J.
1906 Mandell, Mrs. Wilham D.,

Boston.
1873 Mann, James F., Ipswich.

1887 Manning, J. Woodward, Read-

ing.
1884 Manning, Warren H., Brook-

Une.
1909 Marlborough, Jaijies, Topsfield.

1913 Marshall, A. A., Fitchburg.
1876 Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.

1898 Marston, Howard, Brookline.

1899 Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.
1896 Mason,Col. P'rederick,Taunton.

1914 Mathews, Miss Elizabeth Ash-

by, Newton Center.

1901 Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
1906 Maxwell, George H., Newton.

1902 Melvin, George, South Fram-

ingham.

1905 Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.

1881 Merriam, Herbert, Weston.

1884 Metivier, James, Waltham.

1914 Meyer, George von L., Hamil-
ton.

1914 Mifflin, George H., Boston.

1914 Miller, Peter M., Mattapan.

1888 Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Wash-

ington, D. C.

1915 Minot, Mrs. Charles S., Read-

ville.
1908 Minot, Laurence, Boston.
1892 Monteith, David, Hyde Park,

Vt.
1896 Montgomery, Alexander, Na-

tick.
1902 Montgomery, Alexander, Jr.,

Natick.
1896 Moore, George D., Arlington.
1881 Moore, John H., Concord.

1897 Morgan, George H., New York,
N. Y.

1914 Morgan, Mrs. J. P., New York,
N. Y.

1913 Morison, Robert S., Cam-
bridge.

1899 Morse, John T., Boston.

1909 Morse, John Torrey, 3d., Bos-

ton.

1910 Morse, Lewis Kennedy, Box-

ford.

1913 Morse, Robert C, Milton.

1900 Morse, Robert M., Jamaica

Plain.

1914 Morss, Charles A., Chestnut

Hill.

1914 Morss, Mrs. Charles A., Chest-
nut Hill.

1902 Morton, James H., Huntington,
N. Y.

1896 Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.

1909 Moseley, Charles W., New-
buryport.

1896 Moseley, Frederick Strong,

Newbury port.

1914 Munroe, Howard M., Lexing-
ton.

1900 Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

1897 Mutch, John, Waban.

1899 Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.

1914 Newbold, Frederic R., New
York, N. Y.

1874 Newman, John R., Winchester.

1874 Newton, Rev. William W.,
Pittsfield.

1914 Nicholson, William R., Fram-
ingham.

1906 Nickerson, William E., Cam-
bridge.

1914 Norman, Mrs. Louisa P., New-
port, R. I.

1881 Norton, Charles W., Allston.

1891 Norton, Edward E., Boston.

1912 O'Conner, John, Brookline.

260

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1898 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr.,

Brookline.
1892 Olmsted, John C, Brookline.

1898 Orpet, Edward O., Lake Forest,

111.

1909 Page, George, Newton High-
lands.

1909 Page, George William, South
Lincoln.

1900 Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cam-
bridge.

1884 Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.

1914 Paine, Robert Treat, 2d, Bos-

ton.

1908 Parker, Augustine H., Dover.

1913 Parker, Edgar, North Easton.
1911 Parker, Edward, North Easton.

1915 Parker, Miss Eleanor S., Bed-

ford.
1891 Parkman, Henry, Boston.

1899 Parsons, John E., Lenox.

1914 Patten, Miss Jane B., South

Natick.
1897 Patten, Marcellus A., Tewks-
bury.

1909 Peabody, Francis, Milton.
1909 Peabody, Mrs. Francis, Milton.
1905 Peabody, Frank E., Boston.
1899 Peabody, George A., Dan vers.
1881 Peabody, John E., Salem.
1907 Peirce, E. Allan, Waltham.

1916 Peirce, Edward R., Wellesley

Farms.

1914 Peirson, Charles Lawrence,

Boston.

1915 Penn, Henry, Brookhne.

1899 Pentecost, Mrs. Ernest Harvey,

Topsfield.
1873 Perry, George W., Maiden.

1899 Pfaff, Col. Charles, South

Framingham.

1900 PhiUips, John C, North Bev-

erly.
1899 Philhps, Mrs. John C, North
Beverly.

1899 Phillips, William, North Beverly.
1895 Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

1902 Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston.

1881 Pierce, Dean, Brookline.

1892 Pierce, George Francis, Ne-

ponset.
1905 Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.
1905 Pierson, Frank R., Tarrytown,

N. Y.
1914 Pingree, David, Salem.

1900 Pond, Preston, Winchester.
1892 Porter, James C, WoUaston.
1884 Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
1868 Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
1914 Pratt, .Waldo E., Wellesley

Hills.

1 898 Pray, James Sturgis , Cambridge .

1899 Prendergast, James M., Boston.
1858 Prescott, Eben C, New York,

N. Y.
1914 Preston, Andrew W., Swamp-
scott.

1903 Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-

dence, R. I.

1911 Priest, Lyman F., Gleason-

dale.

1912 Proctor, Henry H., Boston.

1901 Proctor, Thomas E., Boston.

1899 Putnam, George, Manchester.

1900 Putnam, George J., Brookline.

1886 Quimby, Hosea M.,M. D., Wor-
cester.

1889 Rand, Harry S., North Cam-

bridge.

1908 Rand, Miss Margaret A., Cam-
bridge.

1903 Rawson, Herbert W., Arling-
ton.

1882 Ray, James F., Franklin.

1890 Raymond, Walter, Pasadena,

Cal.

1891 Read, Charles A., Manchester.

1902 Reardon, Edmund, Cambridge-

port.

LIFE MEMBERS

261

1892 Reardon, John B., Boston.
1912 Reiff, WilUam, Forest HiUs.
1905 Remick, Frank W., West New-
ton.
1889 Rice, George C., Worcester.
1887 Rich, Wilham P., Chelsea.
1876 Richards, John J., Brookhne.

1899 Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W.,

Charles River Village.
1912 Richardson, H. H., Brookline.

1900 Richardson, Dr. WiUiam L.,

Boston.

1905 Riggs, William Allan, Auburn-
dale.

1886 Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

1892 Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham

Centre.
1903 Robb, Russell, Concord.
1909 Roberts, Miss Anna B., Boston.

1909 Robinson, Alfred E., Lexing-

ton.

1871 Robinson, John, Salem.

1900 Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.

1903 Roffe, Albert H., Newton Cen-
tre.

1911 Rogers, Dexter M., Allston.
1914 Rogers, Dudley P., Danvers.

1899 Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Pea-

body.

1900 Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

1910 Ross, Harold S., Hingham.
1895 Rothwell, James E., Brookline.

1899 Roy, David Frank, Marion.
1881 Ruddick, William H., M. D.,

South Boston.
1875 Russell, George, Woburn.

1900 Russell, James S., Milton.

1914 Russell, Mrs. Robert S., Boston.

1893 SaUsbury, William C. G., Brook-

line.

1915 Saltonstall, Mrs. Caroline S.,

Milton.

1912 Saltonstall, John L., Beverly.
1912 Saltonstall, Mrs. John L., Bev-
erly.

1899 Saltonstall, Richard M., Chest-

nut Hill.

1898 Sanger, Mrs. George P., Bos-

ton.

1900 Sargent, Andrew Robeson,

Brookline.
1870 Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

1899 Sargent, Mrs. Charles S.,

Brookline.

1902 Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,

Brookline.
1899 Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wel-

lesley.
1896 Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

1864 Scott, Charles, Newton.
1895 Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.
1899 Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.
1914 Sears, Horace S., Weston.
1899 Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery,

Boston.

1898 Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Dr. Frederick C,

Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Mrs. Frederick C,
Boston.,

1899 Shaw, Francis, Way land.
1914 Shaw, Henry S., Milton.
1899 Shaw,Mrs.Robert G.,Wellesley.

1901 Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain.
1906 Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

1865 Shorey, John L., Lynn.

1892 Shuman, Hon. A., Boston.
1901 Shurtleff, Josiah B., Revere.

1893 Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,

N. Y.
1899 Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

1903 Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk,

N. Y.

1888 Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

1872 Smith, Edward N., San Fran-
cisco, Cal.

1911 Smith, John L., Swampscott.

1888 Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.

1874 Snow, Eugene A., Cambridge.

1899 Sohier, Col. William D., Bev-
erly.

262

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1908 Spaulding, John T., Prides

Crossing.
1908 Spaulding, William S., Prides

Crossing.
1897 Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

1884 Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.
1893 Stearns, Frank W., Newton.
1896 Stedman, Henry R., M. D.,

Brookline.
1914 Stevens, Mrs. Nathaniel, North
Andover.

1885 Stewart, William J., Winchester.

1901 Stone,, Charles A., Newton.
1889 Stone, Charles W., Boston.
1910 Stone, Mrs. Francis H., South

Dartmouth.

1914 Stone, Galen L., Brookline.

1896 Stone, Prof. George E., Am-
herst.

1849 Stone, George F., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Stone, J. Winthrop, Watertown.

1914 Stone, Nathaniel H., Milton.

1905 Storrow, James J., Boston.

1905 Stratton, Charles E., Boston.

1906 Strout, Charles S., Biddeford,

Me.
1914 Sturgis, Miss Evelyn R., Man-
chester.

1902 Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Bos-

ton.

1916 Sturtevant, Miss Grace, Wel-
lesley Farms.

1910 Sullivan, Martin, Jamaica
Plain.

1912 Swan, Charles H., Jamaica
Plain.

1891 Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.

1916 Swett, Raymond W., Saxon-
ville.

1904 Sylvester, Edmund Q., Han-
over.

1899 Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

1900 Taylor, Mrs. Thomas, Jr.,

Columbia, S. C.

1913 Tedcastle, Mrs. Arthur W.,

Hyde Park.
1896 Tenney, Charles H., Methuen.

1912 Thatcher, Arthur E., Bar Har-

bor, Me.

1898 Thatcher, William, BrookUne.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Alice R., Boston.

1900 Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South

Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R.,
South Lancaster.

1903 Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

1899 Thayer, John E., South Lan-
caster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. John E., South
Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lan-
caster.

1899 Thiemann, Hermann, Owosso,,
Mich.

1899 Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

1910 Thurlow, George C, West
Newbury.

1913 Thurlow, Winthrop H., West

Newbury.

1874 Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Bos-
ton.

1896 Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

1899 Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lex-
ington.

1901 Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cam-

bridge.

1914 Towle, L. D., Newton.

1893 Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove,

L. L, N. Y.
1910 Turner, Chester Bidwell,

Stoughton.
1914 Tyler, Charles H., Boston.

1910 Underwood, Henry O., Belmont.
1901 Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

1873 Vander-Woerd, Charles, Wal-
tham.

1899 Vaughan, William Warren, Bos-
ton.

LIFE MEMBERS

263

1884 Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somer- i 1899

ville.

1914
1916 Wagstaff, Archibald, Wellesley

ffiUs. 1912
1909 Wainwright, Arthur, Milton.

1849 Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge. 1882
1876 Walcott, Henry P., M. D.,

Cambridge. 1887

1895 Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica 1889
■ Plain. 1897

1914 Walker, WUUam B., Man- 1865
chaster.

1896 Walsh, Michael H., Woods 1901

Hole.

1901 Waltham, Gteorge C, Dorches- 1865

ter. 1899

1907 Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield. 1909

1902 Warburton, Chatterton, Fall 1905

River. 1894

1912 Wardwell, Mrs. T. Otis, Haver-
hill. 1894

1894 Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston. 1899

1909 Warren, Bentley W., Boston. 1915

1889 Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica 1899

Plain. 1863

1884 Watson, Thomas A., East 1889
Braintree.

1914 Watte'rs, W. F., Boston. 1881

1905 Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut

Hill. 1899

1914 Webster, Mrs. Edwin S., Chest-
nut Hill. 1905

1905 Webster, Frank G., Boston.

1907 Webster, George H., Haver- 1899

hill. 1905

1896 Webster, Hollis, Cambridge.

1905 Webster, Laurence J., Holder- 1905
ness, N. H.

1909 Weeks, Andrew Gray, Marion. 1871

1901 Welch, David, Dorchester. 1911

1902 Welch, Edward J., Dorchester. 1915
1914 Weld, Mrs. Charles G., Brook- 1914

fine. 1881
1884 Weld, Christopher Minot,Read-

ville. 1905

Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Ware-
ham.

Weld, Mrs. Stephen M., Ware-
ham.

Wellington, Mrs. Arthur W.,
Boston.

West, Mrs. Maria L., Nepon-
set.

Wheeler, Frank, Concord.

Wheeler, James, Natick.

Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.

Whitcomb, Wilham B., Med-
ford.

White, Mrs. Charles T., Bos-
ton.

White, Francis A., Brookhne.

White, George R., Boston.

White, Harry K., Milton.

Whitman, William, Brookline.

Whitney, Arthur E., Winches-
ter.

Whitney, Ellerton P., Milton

Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.

Wigglesworth, Frank, Milton.

Wigglesworth, George, Milton.

Wilbur, George B., Boston.

Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., West
Roxbury.

Wilder, Edward Baker, Dor-
chester.

Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin,
Roxbury.

Williams, George Percy, Bos-
ton.

Williams, John Davis, Boston.

WilUams, Mrs. J. Bertram,
Cambridge.

Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brook-
hne.

Williams, Philander, Taunton.

Williams, Ralph B., Dover.

Wilson, E. H., Jamaica Plain.

Wilson, Fred A., Nahant.

Wilson, WilUam Power, Bos-
ton.

Winsor, Robert, Weston.

264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTCULTURAL SOCIETY

1906 Winter, Herman L., Portland,

Me.
1914 Winthrop, Greenville L., Lenox.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert, New

York, N. Y.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert C, Jr.,

Boston.
1870 Wood, William K., Franklin.

1905 Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude,
North Cambridge.

1905 Woodbury, John, Canton.

1906 Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bay-

ard, Worcester.
1900 Wyman, Windsor H., North
Abington.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

265

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

1913 Adams, Charles F., Jamaica

Plain.
1896 Anderson, George M., Milton.

1912 Babcock, Miss Mabel Keyes,

WeUesley Hills.

1911 Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.

1915 Baker, Mrs. G. B., Chestnut

Hill.
1865 Barker, John G., South Bend,

Ind.
1898 Barr, John, South Natick.

1916 Barron, Leonard, Garden City,

N. Y.
1893 Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

1901 Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hing-

ham.

1913 Bradley, Miss Juha H., Rox-

bury.
1873 Breck, Charles H., Newton.

1902 Breed, Edward W., CUnton.

1908 Briggs, Frank P., Ayer.

1909 Brigham, Mrs. CUfford, Milton.

1914 Brown, F. Howard, Marlboro.
1916 Brown, Mrs. G. Winthrop,

Chestnut Hill.
1908 Butler, E. K., Jamiaca Plain.

1914 Campbell, Ernest W., WoUas-
ton.

1910 Camus, Emil, Boston.

1904 Chandler, Mired D., Brookhne.
1910 Churchill, Charles E., Rockland.
1916 Clark, Schuyler S., Brookhne.

1912 Clarke, Mrs. Herbert L., Read-

ing.

1914 Colt, James D., Chestnut Hill.
1907 Colt, Mrs. James D., Chestnut

HiU.

1915 Copson, William A., Roslindale.
1914 Crocker, Mrs. George Glover,

Boston.

1914 Crocker, Joseph Ballard, Chat-
ham.

1914 Crompton, Miss Mary A.,
Worcester.

1881 Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.

1875 Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

1914 Gushing, Mrs. Harvey, Brook-
hne.

1912 Cutler, Mrs. N. P., Ne^\i;on.

1906 Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd,
Roxbury.

1910 Dahl, Frederick WilUam, Rox-

bury.

1889 Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.

1914 Deland, Mrs. Margaret, Boston.

1911 Dolansky, Frank J., Lynn.
1897 Dorr, George B., Boston.

1903 Evans, Frank H., Maiden.

1902 Farlow, Mrs. WilUam G., Cam-

bridge.

1901 Fiske, Harry E., Wollaston.

1894 Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brook-
hne.

1903 Freeman, Miss Harriet E.,

Boston.
1905 Fuld, Maurice, New York, N.Y

266

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1912 Gage, L. Merton, Groton.
1912 Goodwin, Mi:s. Daniel, East

Greenwich, R. I.
1900 Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.
1897 Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

1907 Hall, Harry F., Moorestown,

N.J.

1908 Hamilton, Mrs. George Lang-

ford, Magnolia.

1910 Handley, A. H., Newton.

1912 Hardy, John H., Jr., Little-
ton.

1894 Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.

1910 Hayward, Mrs. W. E., Ipswich.

1891 Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.

1916 Hibbard, Miss Ann, West Rox-
bury.

1914 Higginson, Mrs. Alexander H.,
Manchester.

1902 Hildreth, Miss Ella F., West-
ford.

1902 Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.

1884 Hill, J. Willard, Behnont.

1912 HoUingsworth, Mrs. Sumner,

Boston.

1913 Holmes, Eber, Montrose.
1913 Houghton, Mrs. Clement S.,

Chestnut Hill.
1900 Howden, Thomas, Prides Cross-
ing.

1902 Hubbard, Allen, Newton Centre.
1893 Hubbard, F. Tracy, Boston.

1913 Jenkins, Edwin, Lenox.

1916 Jenks, Albert R., Springfield.

1903 Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

1898 Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.
1898 Kennard, Frederic H., Newton

Centre.
1912 Kirkegaard, John, Bedford.

1889 Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Rox-
bury.

1900 Lawson, Joshua, Marshfield.
1914 Leach, C. Arthur, South Hamil-
ton.

1914 Leary, Dr. Timothy, Jamaica

Plain.
1904 Leuthy, A., Roslindale.

1902 Lewis, E. L., Taunton.

1896 Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Med-

ford.
1914 Longyear, Mrs. Mary Beecher,

Brookline.

1901 Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Boston.
1896 Loring, William C, Beverly.

1903 Lumsden, David, Ithaca, N. Y.

1912 McCarthy, Nicholas F., South

Boston.
1914 McGregor, Alexander, Maiden.

1904 MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.
1890 Manning, A. Chandler, Wil-
mington.

1914 Morse, Frank E., Auburndale.

1913 Murray, Peter, Manomet.

1916 NehrUng, Prof. Arno H., Craw-
fords viUe, Ind.

1895 Nicholson, WiUiam, Framing-
ham.

1904 Nicol, James, Quincy.

1903 Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.

1913 O'Brien, Mrs. Edward F.,

Brookline.

1915 Parker, A. S., Stoneham.

1914 Parker, Miss Charlotte E.,

Ipswich.
1906 Parker, Ehab, Roxbury.
1892 Parker, Walter S., Reading.
1909 Parker, W. Prentiss, Roxbury.
1908 Peabody, Mrs. W. Rodman,

Readville.
1914 Pembroke, A. A., Beverly.
1898 Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.
1902 Pritchard, John, Bedford Hills,

N. Y.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

267

1912 Proctor, Dr. Francis I., Welles-

ley.
1883 Purdie, George A., Wellesley
Hills.

1913 Putnam, Frank P., North

Tewksbury.

1906 Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
1897 Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
1912 Reed, H. B., South Weymouth.

1914 Rees, Ralph W., Amherst.
1893 Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
1888 Rich, Wilham E. C, Ocean

Park, Maine
1900 Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.
1893 Robmson, Walter A., ArUng-

ton

1915 Rosenthal, Wolf, Boston.
1892 Ross, Henry Wilson, Newton-

ville.
1903 Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

1909 Russell, Charles F., Weston.

1910 Rust, William C, Brookhne.

1907 Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
1897 Sander, Charles J., Brookline.
1875 Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
1896 Searles, E. F., Methuen.

1910 Sears, Prof. F. C, Amherst.

1907 Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.

1886 Sharpies, Stephen P., Cam-
bridge.

1907 Sim, WiUiam, Chftondale.

1915 Slamin, John, Wellesley.

1910 Smith, D. Roy, Boston.

1914 Smith, George N., Wellesley
HUls.

1914 Spaulding, Mrs. Samuel S.,
Springfield Center, N. Y.

1914 Sprague, George H., Ipswich.

1914 Stevenson, Robert H., Read-
viUe.

1914 Storey, Mrs. Richard C, Bos-
ton.

1914 Sturgis, Miss Lucy Codman,
Boston.

1904 Symmes, Samuel S., Winches-

ter.

1869 Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.

1914 Thayer, John E., Jr., Lancaster.
1909 Tracy, B. Hammond, Wenham.

1913 Tuckerman, Bayard, Ipswich,
1907 Turner, Everett P., Arlington.
1892 Tyndale, Theodore H., Boston.

1911 Ufford, Charles A., Dorchester.

1881 Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

1915 Wadsworth, Ralph E., North-

boro.
1902 Ware, Horace E., Milton.

1914 Washburn, Paul, Boston.
1914 Waterer, Anthony, 3d, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

1914 Waterer, Hosea, Philadelphia.

Pa.
1889 Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

1915 Wetterlow, Eric H., Manches-

ter.
1909 Wheeler, George F., Concord.
1897 Wheeler, Henry A., Newton-

ville.

1905 White, Miss Margaret, Cam-

bridge.

1901 Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dor-
chester.

1897 Wilkie, Edward A., Newton-
vUle.

1913 Wilhams, Mrs. Emile F., Cam-
bridge.

1889 Winter, William C, Mansfield.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1916

PART I

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN

TRANSACTIONS ^°"-

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1916

PART II

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN

TRANSACTIONS

a$sac|usdts JorMtwral ^odti^

FOR THE YEAE 1917

PAET I

BOSTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN

assarljxisrfts ^orlimltitral Snmtg.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1917.

President.
RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, or Boston.

Vice-Presidents .

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.

Treasurer.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston.
F. LOTHROP AMES, of North Easton.
GEORGE E. BARNARD, of Ipswich.
ERNEST B. DANE, op Brookline.
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, of Boston.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston.
ANDREW W. PRESTON, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.
EDWIN S. WEBSTER, of Boston.
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
EDWARD B. WILDER, Dorchester.

Nominating Conunittee.

WILLIAM DOWNS, Chestnut Hill. JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Boston.

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton. MARCELLUSA. PATTEN, Tewksbury.

WILLIAM SIM, Cliftondale.

* Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

COMMITTEES FOR 1917.

Finance Conunittee.

"WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD.

Membership Conunittee.

THOMAS ALLEN, GEORGE E. BARNARD,

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL.

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions.

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman.
JOHN K: M. L. FARQUHAR, DUNCAN FINLAYSON,

T. D. HATFIELD, THOMAS ROLAND.

Committee on Plants and Flowers.

WILLIAM ANDERSON, Chairman.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES, ARTHUR E. GRIFFIN,

S. J. GODDARD, DONALD McKENZIE.

Committee on Fnilts.

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman.
WILLIAM N. CRAIG, ISAAC H. LOCKE.

JAMES METHVEN.

Committee on Vegetables.

JOHN L. SMITH, Chairman.
EDWARD PARKER, WILLIAM C. RUST.

Committee on Qardens.

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, Chairman.
JOHN S. AMES, DAVID R. CRAIG,

WILLIAM NICHOLSON, CHARLES SANDER,

CHARLES H. TENNEY.

• Committee on Library.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman.
ERNEST B. DANE, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

Committee on Lectures and Publications.

FRED A. WILSON, Chairman.
LEONARD BARRON, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

Committee on Children's Oardens.

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman.

DR. HARRIS KENNEDY, MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY,

MISS MARGARET A. RAND, JAMES WHEELER.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1917.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Fred A. Wilson, Chairman \ Committee on
Leonard Barron V Lectures and

Nathaniel T. Kidder j Publications.

CONTENTS.

The Inaugural Meeting . . ^ . . . . 7

Horticultural Papers

Seed Sowing Suggestions. By William N. Craig . . 15

The Formation and Characteristics of Massachusetts
Peat Lands and Some of their Uses. By Dr.
Alfred P. Dacknowski 29

Herbaceous Perennials we should grow. By Prof. Arno

H. Nehrling 47

Recent Troubles with our Forest Trees. By Frank W.

Rane ......... 57

Honey-bees in relation to Horticulture. By Dr. Burton

N. Gates 71

Strawberry Culture. By 0. M. Taylor ... 89

Cranberry Culture. By Marcus L. Urann . . . 103

THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 13, 1917.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

1917, PART I.

INAUGURAL MEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year 1917 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 13, at twelve o'clock, with President Salton-
stall in the Chair.

The call for the meeting was read by the Secretary and the
record of the previous meeting was read and approved. The
President then proceeded to deliver his Inaugural Address.

Inaugural Address of President Saltonstall.
Ladies and Gentlemen,

Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society:

I ha\'e derived very great pleasure from my work for the Society
during the past year. The year has been one of progress although
nothing of special importance has occurred. There are, however,
some matters worthy of note: —

There have been ten exhibitions during the year, and something
over $8,000 awarded in prizes. The large May Show was well
arranged and created much favorable comment. Almost $1600.00
was contributed by members for special prizes at this show which
indicates an active desire on the part of our members to cooperate.

The Fall Show is also worthy of special mention; favorable
comment should be made of the fruits and vegetables which cer-
tainly rivalled in interest the exhibition of plants and flowers.

The semi-monthly exhibitions during the year have not been a

7

5 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

success, but it is believed advisable to have monthly exhibitions
during the flowering seasons for their educational features.

Our receipts from exhibitions during the year increased from
$2,097.22 to $3,909.14. This opens up good hopes for the coming
year. The expenditures of the Society for the four years prior to
1916 showed excess expenditures of about $7,700 which is a very
serious matter. This year our receipts exceed expenditures by
about $1,060 and this small surplus should be applied against losses
of previous years or held as a reserve against insurance, large
premiums falling due this year.

In this connection it is pleasing to note that during the year the
Society received a bequest under the will of Miss Helen Collamore,
daughter of John Collamore, a former well-known resident of
Boston, of five thousand dollars ($5,000) which by vote of the
Trustees has been added to the permanent fund of the Society.

Our Library is one of the finest in the country, containing over
twenty thousand (20,000) volumes, all well catalogued. Its
usefulness will be greatly extended by printing the catalogue, the
estimated expense of which is approximately four thousand dollars
($4,000) of which amount fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500) has al-
ready been subscribed by members. This subscription by members
is another instance of their warm support.

The lectures of the year maintained a high standard for interest
and usefulness as is shown by the following program :

Ernest H. Wilson Flowers and Gardens of Japan.
Dr. George T. Moore The Missouri Botanical Garden.
Prof. S. C. Damon Alfalfa Culture in New England.
W. T. Macoun The Development of Fruits for Special

Conditions.
George C. Husmann Some History of the Grape in the United

States.
Leonard Barron Garden Writings in America.

T. D. Hatfield Methods used in the Propagation of

Plants.
Frederick V. Coville Taming the Wild Blueberry.
Frank N. Meyer Economic Botanical Explorations in China.

J. J. Taubenhaus Sweet Pea Diseases and their Control.

INAUGURAL MEETING 9

The lectures are certainly to be continued for another year.

The award of the George Robert White Medal of Honor: A
continuing vote of thanks from the members of the Society is
due to Mr. White for his gift to the Society of seven thousand five
hundred dollars ($7,500) which enables the annual award of the
substantial gold medal to the one who has done most for advance-
ment of the interest in horticulture in recent years. This year
the medal was awarded to W^illiam Robinson of Sussex, England,
who has stimulated so much interest by his writings on horticul-
tural subjects.

Now let us turn our thoughts to the coming year. It should be
the aim of the Society, first, to stimulate a broader interest in
horticulture in all its branches, flowers, fruits, and vegetables. One
of the means for best accomplishing this result is to increase our
membership. We have now 760 life members and 165 annual
members; a total of 925. In 1915 we had 934 members. In 1871
we had over 1,000 members. We have really gone back a bit dur-
ing the year. Let us increase the membership at least 100 dur-
ing this year.

Exhibitions: A year ago the Trustees conceived the plan of
having one or two special shows during the year. It was the show
in May, last year, the object of which was to attract exhibits from
a wider field, to stimulate the growing of new varieties, to eliminate
as far as possible repetition from year to year of the same class of
exhibits, and to effect this result, it is proposed to have the special
shows come at different times of the year.

The special exhibitions this year are to be the March Show, the
Outdoor June Show, and the October Fruit Show. March Show:
Something over $4,000 in prizes have been provided for this Show,
this being a favorable season for indoor products. June Outdoor
Show: The Society has held out-of-door shows three times during
its existence, — the first in 1852, Public Gardens ; the second in
1855, Boston Common; the third in 1873, on Boston Common
under the supervision of Mr. HoUis Hunnewell and Prof. Charles
S. Sargent. Mr. Hunnewell guaranteed the Society against loss
from this show, but instead of resulting in a loss, the Society made a
handsome return. Prof. Sargent and Mr. Walter Hunnewell may
be called the sponsors for the coming show in June. The grounds

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of the Arioch Wentworth Institute on Huntington Avenue, contain-
iilg about 3 acres, will be graded and enclosed, and an artificial pond
will be constructed. Five separate tents will be provided for the
different exhibits and there will be another tent for a general exhibit.
Professor Sargent will exhibit azaleas, Mr. Thomas Roland will
exhibit roses, Mr. Farquhar will exhibit a rock garden, Messrs.
Dane, Cooley, and others will exhibit orchids. 250 rhododendrons
are already on way from England from Mr. Waterer, and rhodo-
dendrons will also be exhibited by Mr. Hunnewell. There will be
no money prizes except such Special Prizes as may be offered by
members or friends of the Society. The general plan follows that
adopted in the London Shows.

No expense of any kind will fall upon the Society. An admission
fee will be charged and it is hoped- in this way to cover expenses ;
the loss, if any, is to be borne by various subscribers, a dozen or more
having already signed a promise to this effect. We expect that the
show will excel anything of the kind ever given in this country,
and every member should interest himself in its success. Mr.
Thomas Allen is in general charge, and any member may secure
space by applying to him. Any member who may expect to have
anything to show should give early notice as the space is fast being
allotted.

The Fall Fruit Show in conjunction with the biennial meetings
of the Pomological Society and the New England Fruit Show will be
held some time in October. The Society has appropriated $2,000
for prizes and expenses incident to this show of which $1,000 is to be
raised by subscriptions from members and friends of the Society.

This general statement of our purposes for the year we hope
indicates to our members that the Trustees are working hard to
advance the work in which our Society is engaged. Please remem-
ber that it is always easy to criticise and find fault. Take hold
and do constructive work, and do not stand, on the side lines ready
to criticise what others are earnestly trying to accomplish.

For a busy lawyer who is very much of an amateur in the science
of horticulture, it is not easy at times to give the time and thought
required to assist in carrying along these various undertakings.
Any effort, to accomplish good results, requir^gs time, thought and
energy from those in charge. I pledge myself to give freely of

INAUGURAL MEETING 11

these during this year, certainly the last year of my presidency,
but I must have your cooperation and support to accomplish suc-
cessful results.

At the conclusion of his address the President called for the
reports of officers and chairmen of committees which were presented
in the following order :

Report of the Treasurer, Walter Hunnewell.

Report of the Board of Trustees, by the Secretary.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, James
Wheeler, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, William Ander-
son, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, Edward B. Wilder, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, John L. Smith, Chair-
man.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, Richard M. Saltonstall,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, , Henry S.
Adams, Chairman.

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, Edward
B. Wilder.

Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, Wilfrid
Wheeler, Chairman.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

The various reports were separately accepted with thanks and
referred to the Committee on Publications for record in the Trans-
actions of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS.

SEED SOWING SUGGESTIONS.
By William N. Craig, Brookline, Mass.

r

Delivered before the Society, January 20, 1917.

Of the various methods of propagation in common usage, which
include layering, grafting, budding, leaf cuttings, shoot cuttings,
roots, and seed), the last named is many times more important
horticulturally as well as agriculturally than all others combined.
There may be less skill necessary in the production of plants from
seeds than other methods named, which are in many cases neces-
sary for the keeping of true stocks, and in some instances seed
propagation would be undesirable, but broadly speaking both
horticulture and agriculture depend overwhelmingly for their
existence on seeds. This be it noted is Nature's plan in forest and
field the world over, in tropical, temperate, and arctic climes. It
is far the most natural method whereby the majority of plants
reproduce themselves, not always absolutely true t6 type, as this
depends on insect agencies and foreign pollen which affect their
fertilization. If, however, all plants naturally reproduced them-
selves true from seeds the wonderful variations we have in plants,
flowers, and other forms of plant life could not have been obtained
b^' cross breeding, and artificial fertilization and improvements
made would necessarily have been very much slower. A seed
is lx)tanically a ripened ovule; it contains what is called an embryo
or miniature plant, with leaves, a bud, and a descending axis;
it is in brief a little dormant plant. What are in a broad sense
termed seeds are in many cases fruits; some of these contain more
than one seed or growing points, as in the case of such plants as
beets, mangel wurzel, seakale, and lettuce. Nuts in variety,
acorns etc. are really fruits; so are some of the cereals, and seeds
of raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and other fruits. Many
winged seeds flying from such trees as elms, maples, and lindens are
fruits containing a single seed. The wind carries many of these
long distances, and thus disseminates them more Avidely ; birds and

15

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

animals assist in the wider distribution of nuts, acorns, and numer-
ous seeds.

It would be easily possible to speak for an entire afternoon on the
fascinating subjects of seed distribution throughout the world;
sources of seed supplies, and quantities and values of seeds pro-
duced; but it is my purpose rather to discuss the somewhat more
limited, but more practical side of seed sowing itself. This may
seem to many to be a very simple task, but owing to the fact that
many seeds require quite long periods for germination, that many
are almost infinitesimal in size and need very careful sowing, and
that there are peculiarities in not a few varieties which demand
special treatment for them, the field of seed sowing is less narrow
than many might imagine.

The great European war has seriously impaired the supply of
many seeds on which America has in the past depended; particu-
larly is this the case with flower seeds, but vegetables are likewise
affected. Blockades prevent more than a fractional part of our
average annual importations from arriving, embargoes by certain
of the belligerent nations prevent the exportations of certain varie-
ties, and as America is as yet unprepared to produce seeds of as
pure cjuality and moderate cost as many of those received from
Europe, there are likely to be acute shortages in certain varieties
this season, while the seeds will probably be less pure in quality
and there will be more errors in nomenclature. Purchasers of
seeds should remember these things, place their seed orders early
and be patient pending deliveries.

We now produce in America an immense quantity of both flower
and vegetable seeds, and could no doubt profitably raise many more,
but not all that we need. The countries of the world will continue
to be more or less inter-dependent on each other for seeds as for
many other necessary commodities. Certain favorable soil and
climatic conditions are necessary for the successful production of
all seeds, and even we with our big country and ;tnuch diversified
climate cannot secure all of these vital requirements.

The annual wastage in purchased seeds is tremendous ; particu-
larly is this the case with the large and increasing army of amateur
cultivators, who derive much pleasure while making their seed
selections during the winter months from the numerous attractive
catalogues and who invariably start their gardening with consider-

SEED SOWING SUGGESTIONS 17

able enthusiasm, which latter quality, alas, in too many eases
becomes evanescent before the crops come to maturity. Much
seed is annually lost by improper conditions of the soil at sowing
time, by seeding far too thickly, and not infrequently sowing in
drills in which chemical fertilizers have been scattered and not
properly incorporated with the soil. Seedsmen are annually
blamed for many " crop failures " which are traceable to seed sowing
in drills too heavily fertilized, in which the chemicals have not been
properly mixed with mother earth.

Points of merit to be considered about good farm and garden seeds
are: that they are able to produce vigorous or normal plants, that
they are true to strain or name, and carry no impurities or adul-
terations. In the case of grass seeds adulterations are still too
abundant, but conditions, thanks to government inspections, are
steadily improving. Whether seeds have virility depends in great
measure on the condition of the plants producing them, also on their
age and the way they have been grown and stored.

Certain seeds like melons, beets, carrots, rape, squash, turnip,
and cabbage have good germinating qualities for five or six years, in
fact, 10-year-old seeds of some of these will grow, and I have in mind
a case which came under my own personal notice 35 years ago, when
I had occasion to sow seeds of a one-time favorite melon named
Munro's Little Heath in a hot-bed; the seeds had been kept for
over 18 years yet they germinated well and the melons fruited
satisfactorily. On the other hand sweet corn, millet, parsnip,
wheat, onion, soy beans, peas, and oats have lost their power of
germination in large measure in two or three years.

Much of the success or failure in seed sowing depends on the
proper preparation of the beds for all outdoor crops; a really
vigorous start is a long step towards a good crop. The correct
preparation of the soil has for its main object a good seed bed, the
increasing of root pasturage, and the amelioration of the soil
chemical!}' and physically. If seeds germinate freely it should be
in close contact with a thoroughly pulverized and later firmly
settled soil. Both hand and horse tools are available in plenty
for pulverizing the soil. The drier it is at seeding time, the more
necessary it is to firm well by rolling or some other method, in
order to secure a good germination.

There is an immense variety of seeds with widely varying needs.

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

I will speak briefly on the requirements of the A'arious classes into
which these are divided. There is an old axiom which says that in
order to have seeds germinate well they should be covered with
twice their own diameter of soil. This is hardly correct. It is
true that the majority of seeds might germinate well if treated thus,
but in the case of outdoor crops much depends on the time of year
seeds are sown. For instance — taking vegetables first — garden
peas when sown very early should not be covered more than 2-2|
inches, successional sowings should go an inch deeper, and late
sowings, made from May 20 to June 15, from 4| to 5 inches deep.
"When the soil is very dry it materially hastens germination to run a
watering can along the drills and dampen the seeds well; this is
preferable to soaking the seeds over night. The latter plan, good
in many ways, has some drawbacks. There is always danger of
soaking rains rendering the soil unfit for seed sowing at the time
the peas should go in. A point worth remembering about peas
is, that they are the most nutritious of any vegetables; they extract
a great deal of nourishment from the soil and for that reason they
should, if possible, be given a piece of ground well manured for some
crop like celery the year previously. If the fertilizing element is
placed too near the seeds the plants do not root freely, hence the
desirability of keeping it some distance away, incorporating it well
with the soil, and thus make the roots more active. Peas are the
most important pecuniarily of all garden vegetables, seed sales of
them exceed that of the three next most important vegetables com-
bined.

Root crops such as carrots, beets, parsnips, salsify, turnips, and
scorzonera should be sown on land on which no fresh manure hfts
been used, if clean roots are desired ; ground well manured the pre-
vious year will suit them to a nicety. Carrots and turnips are
easily sown too thickly; this entails a lot of additional work at
thinning time. For the later sowings be sure to firm the soil well
if the ground is very dry. It is not unusual in a dry season for seeds
of root crops to lie dormant for a number of weeks. If seeds of the
various root crops are covered an average of one inch it will be found
about right.

Hot-beds or cold frames are invaluable for starting many vege-
table and flower seeds in; even a very small garden should contaih

SEED SOWING SUGGESTIONS 19

one. It is best to excavate it to a depth of 12-18 inches, place
warm manure mixed with leaves in this, watering it if at all dry, and
then thoroughly tramping it; over this place 4 inches of soil consist-
ing preferably of loam and very old, well-rotted and pulverized
manure, use some leaf mold if soil is at all heavy, screen at least the
upper half of the soil, draw shallow drills and in them sow seeds,
very lightly cover, of early cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, tomato,
egg plant, celery, and pepper. It is well to remember that seeds
sown in cold frames, or in flats or pans in a greenhouse, need much
lighter covering than the same varieties of seeds sown outdoors.

Do not sow vegetables or flower seeds broadcast in the frames, nor
outdoors; if in drills it is possible to cultivate between them, also
weed and thin them ; for seeds of slow germination broadcasting
is permissible but it is a slovenly system for outdoor crops which
make quick growth and will yield at best but half a crop. It is a
system which can safely be commended to the lazy man who would
be satisfied with a fraction of a crop.

If birds or rodents trouble peas, beans, squash, sweet corn, and
other crops, roll the seeds in a mixture of coal tar and lime before
sowing, one taste usually suffices for either feathered or furry foes.
The coating of tar and lime will not affect the germinating qualities
of the seeds treated. Mice are sometimes very troublesome where
lettuce, tomato, endive, and other small vegetable seeds are started
under glass; traps and cats are useful, but a little white arsenic
mixed in toasted cornflakes which have been slightly moistened
acts even more effectively.

Success with onions is more certain if the same ground is used for
them each year, and if it is thoroughly firmed before drills are drawn
at all. In choosing a seed bed for cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels
sprouts, and savoys be sure to select one which is free from club
root, or better not sow at all ; this disease annually destroys many
of the Brassicas and its presence shows an over acid condition of the
soil, which a liberal dressing of lime in the fall will help to remedy.
Always sow seeds of this class of vegetables thinly in the drills; if
not you must thin while small or plants will be pure weaklings.
Remember that leafy crops such as spinach, Swiss chard, lettuce,
endive, and rhubarb should have a soil rich in nitrogen, the best
form of which is good barnyard manure and that fruiting varieties

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

such as tomatoes, egg plants, and peppers like considerable potash
in the soil. If you like sweet corn sow an early batch an inch deep
about April 20, later sowings two inches deep, and as late as Jul}^ 4
for an average season. No garden can be called complete without
its patch of herbs; sow any of these from May 1 to 15; cover such
fine seeds as thyme and sweet marjoram very sparingly; summer
savory, dill, fennel, sweet basil, lavender, borage, and other sorts
can be covered one inch.

I have only touched on some vegetables but must now turn to
flowers; these on the whole need much more careful covering than
vegetables. Of the better known and hardier annuals, quite a
number are better started in a hot-bed or greenhouse; this includes
such popular subjects as asters, stocks, salpiglossis, salvias, zinnias,
marigolds, nemesias, verbenas, petunias, vincas, lobelias, phlox
drummondi, snapdragons, and balsams. The majority of these
may also be started outdoors but it is much more satisfactory to
start under glass. Petunias and lobelias have very small seeds and
should be sown in pans which should be well drained, some moss
placed over the drainage, a little coarse soil over this, and the
balance should consist of equal parts loam and leaf mold with a good
dash of sand through it; this should be passed through a fine
screen, then pressed firmly in the pans with a piece of board,
watered with a watering pot with a fine rose, dusted with sand, and
the fine seeds scattered over this. Take a pinch of seed between the
forefinger and thumb and distribute it as evenly as possible over the
surface and do not cover the seed at all. To prevent seed washing
to the side of the pans cut a piece of tissue paper and lay over the
surface of the pans and water over this ; it helps to prevent drying
of the soil and stops seed washing; it decays and allows seedlings
to push through it readil}^ This plan is not necessary where
experts are sowing and caring for seeds but it will prove useful to
amateurs sowing such small seeds as petunias, lobelias, begonias,
gloxinias, mimulus, etc.

Such well known annuals as bachelor's buttons, mignonette,
candytuft, lupines, poppies, sweet alyssum, and godetias can be
sown as soon as frost has left the ground and it has dried sufficiently
to be workable. Sweet peas cannot be sown too early after frost
has gone; the roots will go well down into the cool, moist earth

SEED SOWING SUGGESTIONS 21

before the growths appear; cover two inches deep but never hill
up, as too many catalogues and magazine writers recommend, or
you will regret it.

Sow that splendid annual hunnemannia or Mexican poppy
about ISIay 10, which is also a safe date to sow salpiglossis, one of
our most beautiful annuals, and others which are more or less
tender. Such annuals as scabious, brachycomes, gypsophila,
sweet sultan, clarkia, portulacas, calendulas, coreopsis, statices,
chrysanthemums, larkspurs, dianthus, sunflowers, gaillardias,
schizanthus, nemophila, love-in-a-mist, eschscholtzias, and cosmos
may be safely sown any time after April 15 in this latitude if the
ground has become dry; if not it is safer to wait a couple of weeks.
Such subjects as gypsophila elegans, larkspurs, shirley poppies,
clarkias, schizanthus, candytuft, and sweet alyssum should be
sown two or three times to secure a succession of bloom, making
the last sowing as near June 1 as possible.

Hardy herbaceous perennials are wonderfully popular now. I
well remember the fight waged by Mr. William Robinson through
the columns of the English "Garden" to secure them suitable
recognition in the early '80's of the last century. A great propor-
tion of these hardy plants are easily and inexpensively raised from
seed. Taking first those usually treated as biennials, but some of
which are perennial, we have pansies, bedding violas, double
daisies, rockets, forget-me-nots, Canterbury bells, foxgloves,
hollyhocks, and honesty; of these, pansies, violas, forget-me-nots
and daisies should be sown in a cold frame, or in a shaded position
outdoors from July 25 to August 1. Foxgloves and Canterbury
bells need sowing in May, and hollyhocks in early July. For
anyone unable to succeed with the perennial hollyhocks I would
commend the annual type; these sown in April will flower well the
same season, and rarely are affected by rust.

Amongst the varieties of hardy perennials which come with ease
from seeds are: delphiniums, aquilegias, campanulas, centaureas,
shasta daisies, poppies, thalictrums, lupines, galegas, hibiscus,
pentstemons, doronicums, eryngiums, asters, and kniphofias; any
of these will start readily in cold frames in light soil in April and
May or August, or if strong plants are wanted in the fall, sowing
can be clone in flats or pans in a greenhouse in January or February.

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Some perennials of slower germination are anemones, aeonitums,
dictamnus, trollius, some eupatoriums, some primulas and liliums,
which latter are bulbous but are popular subjects in the hardy
flower border. The varieties of slow germination are better sown
in the fall when the seed is ripe and fresh; it will do no harm to
allow the soil to freeze over winter, but the flats or seed beds
should be mulched with dry leaves, tight sashes being placed over
these.

Rock or alpine plants have become immensely popular the last
two or three years and deservedly so; this is one of the most
fascinating types of gardening, and a large proportion of the plants
adaptable for rock gardens can be raised from seed, while many
germinate very readily. Others are quite slow, occasionally
requiring one or even two years to start. Some of those which
appear quickly above ground are alyssums, aubrietias, arabis,
campanulas, dianthus, arenarias, violas, many sedums, many
primulas, potentillas, tunicas, geums, leontopodiums, androsaces,
myosotis, cheiranthus, linarias, veronicas, and geraniums. Seed
of rock plants can be sown in flats, or pans in a greenhouse, or in
very shallow drills 6 inches apart in cold frames. I like to bake
the soil for covering the seeds; this kills out all weed seeds and
fungoid growths; it should be sifted over them through a fine
screen. Seedlings if pricked out into other cold frames when of
sufficient size and kept well watered can in the majority of cases
be safely planted out in September, and if lightly mulched will
winter perfectly, and bloom much better than the same stock
planted out the following spring.

Coming to seeds of tender greenhouse plants, such varieties as
gloxinias, tuberous begonias, gesnerias, tydaeas, and others with
very fine seeds should be sown in pans of prepared compost as
recommended for petunias and other garden annuals. The greatest
care is necessary in sowing each of these; pans must be watered
before and not immediately after seed is sown, sheets of glass should
cover all pans, and paper or cloth be placed over this to exclude
sunlight and prevent drying out; gradually remove the coverings
as germination starts. Calceolarias have fine seeds and a fine
dusting of sand is all the covering they need ; over cinerarias should
be placed a little fine earth; the same is true of primulas. Cycla-

SEED SOAVING SUGGESTIONS 23

mens like a very light covering of fine sandy soil. The proper time
to sow gloxinias, begonias, and gesnerias is January; primulas
sinensis, obconica, and kewensis should be started in January or
February, but the beautiful and decorative P. malacoides not until
July; calceolarias and cinerarias can also be started in July and
cyclamens in August. Schizanthus, nemesias, calendulas, mignon-
ette, statices and other annuals for flowering under glass should be
sown in August and September, and snapdragons for early winter
flowering not later than May 15. All greenhouse seeds sown in
winter need a warm, moist house in which to germinate.

Seeds of such palms as cocos, phoenix, kentia, and latania if
fresh usually germinate readily if sown in pans and plunged in a
brisk bottom heat in a warm house. Anthuriums want similar
treatment, but like to be sown in a mixture of chopped fern root
and sphagnum moss. Seeds of crotons, dracaenas, marantas, and
various tropical plants all need a brisk moist heat. Cannas have
very hard seeds and start better if some of the shell is cut with a
sharp knife, taking care not to cut the growing point; seeds should
be soaked in tepid water for 24 hours before sowing; moonflowers
need similar treatment. Sweet peas, especially light shelled
varieties, if trimmed with a knife also start better and this plan is
suggested for the more valuable varieties to be started under glass.
Cobaea scandens, a popular climber, germinates better if the seeds
are stood edgewise in the pots or pans.

Orchid seeds require radically different treatment from those of
all other plants. Seed pods of cattleyas usually ripen about a year
after fertilization; a pod will contain anywhere from 200,000 to
500,000 seeds which are remarkably fine and light. All orchid seeds
germinate best if sown in spring; they are less certain if started in
summer or winter. I have had the best success with cattleyas,
laelio-cattleyas, and other bi-generic hybrids, also cypripediums,
by sowing the seeds on coarse bath towel or burlap stretched inside
a glass case, the same being damped before seeds are sown, or in
filling 4 inch pots with chopped fern fibre and over the tops laying
pieces of bath towel and tucking them closely down the inside edges
of the pots with a pointed stick, having the surface raised and well
rounded. Seed can be sown at the rate of 20,000 or more per
square inch ; sometimes none will germinate, the seed being barren.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

at other times one or two may start, but sometimes the surfaces
will be covered with tiny seedlings; these not infrequently start
from the sides of the pots. Sometimes seedlings will appear within
a month, at other times not for six or more months ; great care is
necessary in spraying, ventilating and shading the cases, and insect
pests and fungoid growths must be fought. Under the most favor-
able conditions seedlings may flower in three to five years, but many
of the best crosses require double that length of time. The orchid
seedling raiser must be a pure specialist; he needs lots of patience
and must never be of a nervous temperament.

Aquatic plants such as Nymphaeas and Nelumbiums germinate
well if seeds are sown in small pots singly and submerged in tanks
or trays of warm water in a warm house ; if started in earl}' spring
the majority will attain sufficient size to flower the first season.

Ferns are raised from spores which when ripe should be cut off,
placed in small bags, kept for a few days and then sown in square
pans of a compost consisting of equal parts loam and peat with a
good dash of sand mixed with it, and sterilized in advance; pans
must be watered before spores are sown and pans must be kept in a
close moist case to ensure good germination.

The propagation of trees and shrubs from seeds would use up an
entire afternoon in itself if gone into at all thoroughly; I can only
refer to a few of each. The propagation of both trees and shrubs is
left almost entirely' in the hands of nurserymen, with the exception
of a limited number of private estates and such institutions as the
Arnold Arboretum. There is no good reason why many more small
growers should not do a little of this propagating as many varieties
come very easily from seed; in many cases starting almost as
quickly as our common annuals.

The various pines, spruces, firs, and thujas can be sown in early
May in open frames in well pulverized soil which should be levelled
and then well watered; sow the seed broadcast rather than in
drills as the plants must remain at least one year in the seed beds ;
after seeding, sift a light covering of fine loam over the beds, cover
this with a mulch of leaves slightly decayed. A safe plan is to
enclose the ground or grounds with fine mesh wire netting to prevent
birds or animals entering and scratching, and later cover the top
with burlap. In about 30 days seedlings (under normal conditions)

SEED SOWING SUGGESTIONS 25

of pines and spruces will be germinated sufficiently so that the mold
can be removed. Seeds of evergreens are light. A pound of white
pine will average 15,000 to 20,000 seeds and one of red pine 28,000 to
30,000, and if the seed is fresh the larger proportion should grow.
In small batches evergreen tree seeds can be sown in pans or shallow
flats in an ordinary greenhouse. All evergreens do not start so
readily as those named however, and in the cases of most of the
junipers and yews, germination is slow, seeds frequently not starting
until the second year. As between sowing seeds of the slow germi-
nating ones in fall or spring the former season is best if a greenhouse
is at command, the seeds being then fresher.

Rhododendrons, kalmias, andromedas, callunas, ericas, and
azaleas start best in pans of sandy peat, over which a thin layer of
fine dry sphagnum moss is screened; the seed can be sown over
this, and water then applied through a fine rose; seed will germinate
much better sown on moss than direct on the soil ; a temperature of
55° will suit those seeds in the early stages of growth.

Nuts of various kinds, also acorns, are better sown soon after
harvesting and exposed to frost which loosens the shells and makes
germination more easy. If not sown in late fall, it is better to carry
them over winter in moist sand. Fruits of many plants including
cotoneasters, hawthorns, hollies, loniceras, pyrus, and other fruiting
varieties, should be stratified in dry sand if not sown in late fall
outdoors or in the greenhouse; if outdoors they must be mulched.
Freezing undoubtedly advances the time of germination of many
seeds, but seed beds and pans will in many cases require to be kept
a second season, as a large number will not start the first year.
The longer seeds of this kind are kept in a dry state, the slower they
will be in starting.

On the other hand many deciduous shrubs like buddleias, lilacs,
deutzias, spiraeas, and viburnums come very readily from seeds.
Shallow flats or pans containing sandy loam seem adaptable to
about all tree and shrub seeds except the members of the ericaceae
family which prefer a peaty soil. Elms, maples, and lindens all
come easily from seeds which can be sown either in fall or spring.
There are some slow and fussy subjects amongst trees and shrubs
just as there are amongst other plants. It would take too long
to mention each specifically; as a general rule trees and shrubs are

26 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

not much more difficult to raise from seeds than are annuals and
perennials. Clematis paniculata is better sown as soon as ripe,
the seeds will then appear in abundance the following summer; if
not sown until spring a large proportion will not appear until the
second season.

Lawn seeding is too often improperly done; it should be preceded,
in the case of new lawns by very careful preparation of the soil,
frequent raking being necessary to make a perfect seed bed. The
seed being very light, a calm day should be selected for seeding.
A common mistake made is in sowing too thickly. Heavily seeded
lawns may look well at first and give a good immediate effect, but
the individual plants being so terribly crowded lack vigor, and it is
not by any means unusual during spells of hot, moist, and dark
weather to find rot setting in, this will not occur when seed is sown
more thinly. As a general rule 40-50 pounds of lawn seed should
suffice for an acre, but as quality is very variable this may some-
times prove insufficient. The best all-around grass for our New
England lawns is Kentucky blue grass, to which should be added
some red top and Rhode Island bent, and where clover is liked
add a little white clover. The best time to do seeding is from mid-
August to mid-September; the next best period is from April 10
to May 15. To seed a lawn properly seed should be sown both
lengthwise and crosswise; there are then unlikely to be any bare
patches. A thorough raking and rolling must follow seedings and
this rolling can advantageously be done several times through the
season. In seeding bare patches on well established lawns, first
scratch the spaces to be seeded and next mix some fine loam with
grass seed and scatter over said bare spots. This is better than
scattering the seed over the vacant patches and giving these a
scratch with an iron rake. For permanent pastures August is
far the best month to do seeding; spring seeding is usually more or
less of a failure.

A point worth emphasizing is that seedlings of many garden
plants possess much greater vigor and are more disease proof than
the same varieties raised from cuttings. Hollyhocks and verbenas
were some years ago decimated by disease and their very extinction
even was threatened owing to their persistent propagation from
cuttings over a long term of years. Since seedlings were raised

SEED SOWING SUGGESTIONS 27

(

nearly all this debility has passed; the same is true of cinerarias.
Of late years antirrhinums have advanced tremendously in popu-
larity both as an indoor and outdoor plant. Under glass it has been
clearly proven that seedlings are more vigorous, more floriferous,
and vastly more disease resistant than plants raised from cuttings.
Amongst vegetables there is simply no comparison in the vigor of
tomatoes and cucumbers propagated from cuttings as compared
with seedlings. Cuttings we know will always be necessary to
secure fixed types of many plants, but seeds are and will be the
principal means whereby plants of the majority of garden plants are
to be propagated and perpetuated.

I must admit that I have omitted mention of a whole host of
plants which can be raised from seeds, but this lecture has its
limitations and I would not like to try the patience of my audience
too much. To those about to purchase seeds I would say secure
the best, as they prove to be the cheapest in the end. Do not
trust too much to free seeds from Washington; a large percentage
of these are old and inferior varieties. Free seed distribution would
be a decided benefit if small sample packets of new, choice, and
really desirable varieties were sent out to be tested, but as at present
carried out, free seed distribution has little to recommend it, apart
from benefits which may accrue to certain congressmen and their
constituents, and the practice has for years been condemned by
practically all horticultural and agricultural periodicals and bodies
in iVmerica.

For past improvements in garden plants we owe debts of gratitude
to many untiring specialists, and their continued efforts will still
further benefit us. Finality is unattainable in the plant world and
this adds a wondrous charm to horticulture. Novelties we are
getting year by year are ever welcome and should always be given
a fair trial. Do not condemn novelties after one season's test;
frequently a second year may greatly improve them. We must
continue to depend for our supplies on tried and tested varieties
which experience has taught us will succeed best in our special
soils and gardens. By growing good varieties, growing them as well
as we can, and adding novelties as they appear, we will have not
only good produce in abundance but our gardens will year by year
furnish new points to attract and enthuse us.

THE FORMATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MASSA-
CHUSETTS PEAT LANDS AND SOME OF THEIR

USES.

By Dr. Alfred P. Dachnowski, Washington, D. C.

Delivered before the Society, January 27, 1917.
Illustrated by means of lantern slides and samples of peat material.

Reference to any good topographic map of Massachusetts will
show a surprisingly large number of unimproved peat lands favor-
ably located to various important market centers and to the chief
lines of transportation radiating from Boston. In no state of the
Union is the development of peat land resources for their food yield-
ing value of greater importance than in Massachusetts, where agri-
culture in the last 5 years has seen a great change and in the further
growth of which are interested the commercial and industrial pros-
perity of over 4,000,000 people.

The passage of legislation by the State Board of Health for the
drainage of some of these peat lands and the establishment of a
provision to extend the activities of the drainage engineers to aid
in the preparation of peat lands for agricultural and other purposes
constitutes a notable recognition of agriculture in a new direction.
Not only does this imply the harmonious working together for ends
of a common good, but more primarily the realization that the great
peat land areas can be made a valuable resource to the state only
through well planned measures controlled by State Departments
working in cooperation.

Today the great increase in population demands the use of peat
lands for the growth of crops and for various industrial purposes.
But the very factors, however, which have brought about this great
accumulation of vegetable material, and which constitutes a gain in
land as against the loss upon mineral upland by erosion and leach-
ing, may also introduce with them certain possible sources of failure.
The great profits obtainable from the cultivation of truck crops may

29

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

lead to the use of certain kinds of peat land at the expense of other
types of farming which would be less liable to failure or to dangerous
limitations. The desire for rapid returns may not in a few instances
encourage the landholder to ignore the wise rule of crop adaptation
through crop rotation with suitable varieties; he may fail to heed
the decreases in yield which follow a lack of knowledge of the
different peat materials and their characteristics, especially the
changes in conditions, such as the water table whose influence
requires close and continuous study.

It would be well,, therefore, to consider what is the position of
Massachusetts in this matter of peat land utilization and what work
should be done towards obtaining a fair degree of success in local
areas with peat lands differing in material and in field conditions.

Several important elements enter into the problem under con-
sideration, which for convenience are named (1) the influence of
vegetation; (2) the influence of climate; and (3) the geological
and topographic factors.

I. The influence of vegetation.

The native vegetation which covers the peat lands of today
presents to the careful observer unmistakable features in regard
to the predominating plant associations forming peat materials and
the diversity of habitats which they reflect. Their various growth
forms are correlated in the main with variations in the ground
water table and they represent distinct effects in the method of
building up strata of peat. Changes in the character of the indige-
nous vegetation of peat lands are as a general rule very slow under
ordinary circumstances. This fact is so striking that the appear-
ance of certain bog plants should serve the intelligent farmer not
only as an index to environmental conditions and their products
but also as a guide in the selection of his farm practice.

It is well known, however, that commonly the variations in peat
materials over the surface area, and the nature of the sub-surface
materials are rarely if ever examined in any detail, and are often
entirely omitted from observation. Whether or not peat materials
consist of layers of vegetable debris easily penetrated by roots of
crop plants, by water and air so that the}^ will weather, shrink and
yet drain readily, or whether root penetration is limited b^^ beds of
material unlike in composition and degree of disintegration, such

MASSACHUSETTS PEAT LANDS 31

as layers of plastic peat derived from aquatic plants or formed under
periods of flooded and high water conditions; layers of granular
material resulting from woody shrubs during periods of excessive
drought conditions or following drainage changes; whether dis-
tinctions in the materials arise on account of strata of windfallen
timber or of drifted impurities, such as ashes, silt, clay, or marl, the
amounts of which depend on the currents of streams and rivers, their
flooding power, etc.; whether plant growth and crop yield are
influenced by a hardpan of fine-grained organic material or by one
arising from compounds with lime or with iron; whether the contact
layers of peaty material with a bottom of sand, gravel, clay, diato-
maceous earth, or marl are continuous or not, and whether the
mineral soils below, or those along the margins of the peat land,
indicate predominantly solution and bleaching action or a deposi-
tion and "staining" process with mottled coloring, — ^ all these
points are of the greatest practical import. Marked physical
dift'erences arise from the several materials which undergo disinte-
gration, in the relative abundance of that indefinite, fine-grained
debris which plays the role in distinctions between heavy and light
peat lands and which gives a certain degree of adhesive plasticity,
but under some conditions render the surface peat soil almost
impervious to water, probably due to the absorption of air.

The physical nature of the different peat and muck lands of the
state and their respective substrata materials are doubtless of the
widest practical importance, since it is in general more difficult
to change the nature of the vegetable mass than to remedy the
chemical deficiencies. Aside from the modifying influences of field
conditions this is probably one reason why a chemical analysis of an
organic soil is generally of little value in establishing relations to
crop productivity. It is necessary, therefore, at least in somewhat
more detail than undertaken hitherto, to understand the differences
in the respective groups of peat lands, the phases of their materials
and the field conditions under which they were formed. A profit-
able use of them can be made with related cultural methods and a
choice of suitable crops. How important a detailed investigation
may become to Massachusetts and for that matter to any other
state, in view of the existing great geographical differences in
climate, geology, and vegetational influences affecting the character

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of peat lands and their agricultural and industrial possibilities, is
readily apparent.

The role of vegetation in the conversion into peat lands of water
basins or of wet depressions on uplands, along rivers, or at the coast
has long been recognized, but the sequence of plant associations
forming peat, the possible retrogressions, the origin and the condi-
tions giving rise especially to ericaceous heath-bogs, and lastly the
manner in which peat accumulation takes place are still problems
at present under much discussion by investigators.

The general conclusions formed from one point of view lead,
briefly stated, to the following: In common with other glaciated
regions the origin of the modern era of plant life in Massachusetts
dates back to the period when the continental glaciers receded
toward the North pole and vegetation from the south and west once
more migrated northward in the wake of the retreating ice sheet.
During the time that has elapsed since the recession of the ice front,
variously estimated at from 30,000 years for southern states to
20,000 years or less for northern states, many plant societies have
doubtless occupied this region, which at the present time are char-
acteristic of regions farther north. Thus the first vegetation to
seize upon the areas which became exposed gradually may have
been quite similar to the tundra of the far north, extensive,
compact mats of herbaceous plants, and woody, prostrate forms,
shrubby in appearance and chiefly of the ericaceous family. Fol-
lowing the tundra there developed slowly, it is presumed, a type of
bog shrub stage and later one of temporary climax vegetation simi-
lar to the spruce and fir forests, which still comprise an important
element on the peat lands of northern Massachusetts. Last of all
followed in their northward march components from the southern
coastal district, and from the plateau regions the deciduous and
hardwood trees and their dependents, which at the present time
predominate on the peat lands of such states as Ohio and Indiana.

Deciduous trees and some of the plants associated with them
have now, that is within very recent geological time, regained only
a position of their original home; they have commenced to invade
this region and are establishing themselves in the more favorable
sites, thus giving rise to a mixture of coniferous and deciduous
forest type of peat lands, transforming them into a new and differ-

MASSACHUSETTS PEAT LANDS 33

ent habitat. But the conquest of some of the former lakes, ponds,
and inundated depressions along rivers and the coast is still going
on and many of the isolated plant associations still survive as the
remnants of a more northern type of plant succession. Coastal
cedar swamps and river marshes are quite suggestive of this fact,
for the cranberry sphagnum type of bog meadow described else-
where as one of the members in the classification of peat lands (Ohio
Geological Survey, Bull. 16, 1912), is of frequent occurrence as the
ground mat where boreal, certain austral, and even several maritime
plants may find conditions for growth and establishment. There
is abundant evidence tending to show that southern plants seem to
be gaining the ascendancy and that wherever suitable changes in
drainage and weathering ensue, spruce, fir, tamarack, pine^ and
cedar become replaced largely if not entirely. Red maple, elm,
ash, and others are contributing more and more to the increasing
complexity of peat materials.

Very much of what we wish to know about the composition of
peat materials, its variations and the effects of these upon crops
depends, therefore, on the detailed study of profile sections of a peat
basin; they recapitulate, so to speak, the history of its formation.
There is a growing recognition of the injustice and the unbusiness-
like character of treating all kinds of essentially different peat
materials as being equal in quality and cropping value. It requires
no argument to show that peat materials are of different composi-
tion and have different agricultural and industrial possibilities, but
it demands considerable information and investigation to establish
these differences scientifically and to show in what manner their
agricultural and economic value is not the same. The physical
constitution varies greatly according to locality and topographic
features and even in the same field; a recognition of the controlling
or modifying factors would emphasize to those using peat land the
inherent limitations of the materials. This point is brought out
clearly from any series of peat samples obtained in a profile sound-
ing operation.

The lowest layer is frequently a plastic amorphous peat derived
in the main from aquatic forms of plant and animal life (diatoms
etc.), and from disintegrating floating organic debris of the marginal
vegetation. When the accumulation of this material has reached

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

somewhere a height near the surface water the growth of marginal
amphibious plants and following th'em a floating mat of herbaceous
plants is made possible. Gradually this gives rise to a more or less
continuous upper stratum of fibrous, felty or matted peat, later
covering nearly the entire surface of the basin. The plants of
the same association remain together and they become buried at
about the same time, as a layer essentially intact. Another change
in texture, structure, and composition of materials takes place when
after sufficient settling and firmness, the accumulation of peat con-
tinues above the water table by the growth of ericaceous and other
plants, commonly known as bog xerophytes. This type of peat
material contains, as a layer, woody and leafy components unlike
in their resistance to disintegration and dominant among which are
certain waxy and resinous bodies. As the conditions which favor
more effective weathering, and the action of bacteria and fungi
improve in duration as well, they begin to support the growth of
coniferous trees, or of a mixed forest, and later a deciduous meso-
phytic forest vegetation.

The organic debris is then chiefly formed from leaf fall and con-
tains considerable amounts of soluble mineral matter brought to the
surface by the activity of the roots of trees. Moreover the trees
and shrubs contribute by their weight to a further sinking of the
underlying fibrous mat; and by their shade the displacement of
any surface herbaceous and ericaceous meadow-forms soon follows.
Thus a more woody layer of peat makes its appearance, partly from
windfallen timber, which takes on a granular texture as periods of
drought and changes in the level of the ground water table permit
the disintegrating and weathering processes to reach greater depths.
Bearing in mind the great variety of topographic and other field
conditions, which bring about fluctuations in the vegetation cover,
or in drifted and in windfallen material, it is easily seen that many
changes in peat layers and in their intergradations exist, so that it
is not always possible to assign a given peat land and the series of
its layers to any definite category of causal factors. Hence a
careful study of the conditions which exist or may ensue as a result,
for example of the depth, the number or character of drains, is one
of greater importance than appears at first sight.

The main points, however, bearing on crop p^oducti^'ity of peat
lands are the following:

MASSACHUSETTS PEAT LANDS ■ 35

(1) The composition of the horizontal and of the vertical strata
of peat materials ;

(2) the degree of disintegration, which is (likewise) dependent
on (a) the character of plant associations that contributed to the
deposit originally as well as at the present moment, and (b) the
duration and eflfectiveness of drainage, the weathering processes
and bacterio-fungal agencies under the existing field conditions;

(3) the shrinkage of the peat materials in relation to the water
table to be established by drainage measures;

(4) the permeability of the materials for water, air, and roots of
crop plants;

(o) the water content of the surface layer of peat soils when under
certain crops.

II. The influence of climate.

Varied questions are raised by a consideration of the climatic
factor combined with others due to the change in field conditions,
in peat materials which partly accompany the sequence of peat
forming vegetation, in the injfluence of weathering or leaching proc-
esses, or in the distribution of rainfall and variations in ground
water table affecting peat lands.

The annual rainfall in the New England states ranges from 40
to 50 inches, the greater amount of which is precipitated during
winter and in the cooler months of spring and autumn. This
condition does not compensate for the loss by evaporation during
the drier summer season and hence a more or less variable water
level exists upon some peat lands lacking barriers than would be
possible if the greater precipitation occurred within the warmer
season of the year. On the other hand a relatively high and perma-
nent stand of water prevails upon peat lands with natural ridges
or with low gradient and where dams have been built or ditches
have been neglected. The special climatic conditions under which
Massachusetts peat lands have been forming render those with
fluctuating changes in the water table and those with subterranean
springs in need of more detailed study.

There impresses itself upon the observer a condition in the soil
of certain uplands adjoining peat basins, the character of which
deserves much thorough investigation. It is strikingly unlike
anything observed in regional peat lands of a more continental

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

climate. A typical section taken under a forest cover or one of
heath shrubs shows beneath the peaty humus a layer of leached-out,
whitish gray sand of varying thickness and underlying it a charac-
teristic yellow to rusty brownish iron-stained sand becoming lighter
in color and fading into gray as the depth increases. Where the
humus blanket has been denuded for one cause or another these
bleached sands support a correlated heath vegetation resembling
that of certain peat land areas. The soils appear to be unsuitable
for ordinary farming practices.

Not infrequently the proportion of ferruginous constituents is
found to be much more considerable along the margins of water-
logged peat lands, while in other cases a bed of bog iron may occur
at no great depth below the surface peaty debris. In the central
portions of the peat land the iron salts in a precipitated form are as
a rule not present. Before deciding on a drainage or utilization
project it is important, therefore, to ascertain the location, area
and thickness of the ferruginous layers and to determine the
chemical nature of the constituents. In origin and formation they
are post-glacial, i. e., a relatively recent contamination, and it is
of the highest importance that their further development either as
black sand, bog iron, or iron pan, should be checked by suitable
remedial measures.

It is well known that under water-logged conditions, disintegrat-
ing organic matter and carbonated waters have a marked dis-
solving power upon minerals of rocks and soils and hence are very
potent factors in leaching processes. Leached soils are compara-
tively poor in mineral plant constituents, especially in lime,
potash, and iron salts; leached peat lands are usually acid in reac-
tion, and require therefore fertilizers and the operations of liming
or marling to produce the agriculturally desirable qualities of a
fertile peat land. The humid climate of the New England states
is very favorable to leaching processes and especially so in the
presence of organic matter over porous sandy sub-soils. It appears
that with the gradual increase in the mass of peat materials, ac-
cumulating since the glacial period on uplands and in lowland areas,
widespread changes have been brought about from disintegrating
peat by the waters which contained organic colloidal complexes in
suspension and moved upward, downward or laterally, according

MASSACHUSETTS PE.\T LANDS 37

to circumstances through adjoining sandy areas. It is well known
that much of the dissolved constituents from the upper soil layer
is carried down by the seasonal rainfall and is commonly redeposited
some distance below the surface soil, forming the " pan." The upper
sand layers are then white or grey in color and very silicious, and
where a surface layer of peat or humus is absent, the vegetation
becomes more and more open, and dwarfed and heath-like. The
land approaches the character of a "barren," since only plants
with a shallow root system and with a low requirement of nutrition
and growth appear to be able to thrive and mature.

With free drainage at deep levels, pan formation is rarely found.
Investigations of European writers have shown how far-reaching
is the influence of washing-out or leaching-out of the soluble con-
stituents of the soil in climates of abundant seasonal rainfall.
They have pointed out the desirability of avoiding fallows as much
as possible, and of keeping the soil well occupied by crops, particu-
larly hay and pasture grasses, certain staple crops, and root crops.

In the cases where seepage and ground water are not carried
away by free drainage, the leached materials tend to accumulate
in the soil and to cement the sandy substrata. During the drier
season of the year the downward movement of water ceases; the
groundwaters from the lower layers begin to move upward, and
the soluble materials have then an upward tendency.

Periods of drought, strong winds, and consequent evaporation
favor absorption and the deposition and concentration of iron and
other salts in solution. The loss of any excess of carbonic acid
from the underground waters, the presence of alkaline earth, or a
substratum richer in soluble salts; the increased oxidation in the
stratum on being exposed to the atmosphere, and the destruction
of the colloidal humus complexes, which is parti}' accomplished
by the action of bacteria, — any one or all of these factors may
liberate the iron, alumina, magnesia, and others. These may
form under certain conditions either nodules or concretions in the
soil, or in some cases a continuous layer of considerable thickness.
The solid aggregations vary widely in composition, in amount of
fine-grained organic matter and in degree of cementation. Hence
much importance should be attached to the character and color of
peaty waters, the amount of suspended material which they con-

38 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

tain, to the direction of their transport and movement as percolating
ground waters, and to the place of ulterior evaporation of these
waters, e. i, the precipitation of their salts. It is needless to add
that to the form of the surface drainage and the underdrainage
system and to the effects of irrigation channels on the horizontal,
vertical or lateral movement of such ground waters on peat land
the greatest of care should be given.

Observations on peat lands with a water level 30 to 40 inches
below the surface and which are not exposed to floods show that
evapoi'ation is relatively active during the summer season. This
renders the surface soil when under cultivation liable to saline
incrustations due to salt constituents of various kinds in solution
drawn from the deeper beds. The action is strongly marked in
ditches on peat lands with a water table fluctuating during the
seasons for plant growth.

In deep and broad peat basins the imbibition and transport of
soil waters is on the whole horizontal and dependent for its position
upon those strata of peat materials whose composition and proper-
ties favor a lateral movement. This is readily observed in open
ditches with peaty strata which permit underground water drainage
along the cleavage lines and (upon estuarine peat land) which
contain beds of diatomaceous earth or heavy layers of ash owing
to severe and extensive clearing fires. The ash is chalk-like in
color at the inner portions of the peat basin due to the removal of
iron compounds to which the yellow and red ash at the marginal
areas normally owes its color.

In shallow peat lands and those of small size and depth the
transport of ground waters appears to be vertical and lateral.
During floods, however, the abundance of water reduces the move-
ment of the saline constituents and from the appearance of the
characteristically bleached sands underlying the peat lands it may
be concluded that the transport is then lateral and downward
where under-drainage is free.

We are lacking data showing the increase in evaporation and
vertical salt deposition due to specific crops, such as corn, potato,
certain truck crops, and grasses for hay or pasture, but there is
little doubt that onion would show an excess.

Fogs and other forms of humidity should be closely observed

MASSACHUSETTS PEAT L.\NDS 39

since it may be regarded as probable that a considerably larger
number of days with a water vapor blanket reducing low tempera-
ture in the critical frosty days of the growing period may result
from the enhanced evaporation conditions consequent to the
increase in cultivation. This may make the relative humidity
conditions and therefore the duration of the growing period for
crops more advantageous in certain localities with peat lands of
greater depth of materials. But this question and others connected
more chiefly with physiological effects of field conditions on crop
plants demand a more thorough study than has been at present
accorded to peat investigations.

III. The geological and topographic factors. '

Owing to the solvent action of disintegrating masses of vegetable
material a consideration of the underlying rocks and soils has
therefore great importance practically as well as theoretically,
because they are in many respects the causes of the more primary
differences between marly alkaline to neutral peat lands and ferru-
ginous and acid peat lands ; they determine also in a great measure
the degree of disintegration, leaching, and weathering of peat, and
they condition the particular drainage measure, the choice of the
crop system, and the cultural methods best suited to their respec-
tive peat materials.

According to the relief of the land Massachusetts may be divided
into a number of physiographic provinces, each marked by its own
characteristic topography and geologic belts.

In the western section of the state are the series of mountainous
ridges of rugged topography, the rocks of which consist of strongly
folded and faulted quartzites, limestones, slates, schists, etc.,
mostly of Paleozoic age. Of primary consideration is the fact that
in the Berkshire Valley the peat lands of morainal lacustrine and
of valley topography are generally underlaid by marl and similar
calcareous substances.

The Connecticut Valley is marked in general by the presence of
soft reddish Triassic sandstones and shales, with an occasional
trap ridge. East of it in the highlands occurs a belt of folded
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and further eastward, grad-
ually sloping toward the coast, is a broad crystalline belt consisting
largely of metamorphic and igneous rocks, such as granites, mi-

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

caceous gneisses and others, both basic and acid, but including
many altered sedimentary beds. In the vicinity of Boston and
southward there are considerable areas of carboniferous sandstones,
conglomerates, and slates.

The mantle of drift or till left by the glaciers masks and obscures
the pre-glacial peneplain. The most characteristic forms of the
glacial soils are the rounded hills of unmodified material known as
drumlins, which show a tendency to linear grouping. The peat
lands in their depressions are conditioned in the main by springs;
but unlike those located along fault lines and issuing from rock
crevices, the springs are intermittent and show their connection
with the seasonal rainfall.

Another form of glacial drift are the plains of stratified sand
which appear to be chiefly deltas and outwash aprons formed by
streams during the successive stages of lowering of ancient glacial
lakes. These sand plains may be regarded as the natural reservoirs
of characteristically soft water, with a uniformly shallow water
table. Peat lands occupying depressions in the stratified drift are
well exemplified by the "Great Cedar Swamps," so abundant in
the southeastern portion of the state. The great extent and the
continuity of these sand plains has been one of the chief causes
in the obstruction of former drainage channels and in the formation
of those lake and river peat lands which today constitute the main
peat resource of the state.

The till of the upland adjoining peat land is arenaceous, porous
in texture, and supplemented with occasional interbedded and
superficial layers of washed material. It readily absorbs the
greater portion of the rainfall and is quite susceptible to the " pod-
soling" process mentioned above. Differences in this feature may
be accounted for in part by the variations in the surface organic
materials, in the texture and character of sub-surface mineral soils,
and in the season's rainfall from year to year.

The till underlying the peat lands is prevailingly well compacted
and probably is the principal source of supply as well as the factor
determining the nature of the ground waters.

Beds of clay underneath peat lands are not numerous; they are
found deposited at relatively low levels of elevation, and to some
extent under the salt marshes and in the fresh water peat lands
near the coast.

MASSACHUSETTS PEAT LANDS 41

The rock formations and soils in the respective water sheds of
the state and at the head of the main rivers arising there, are
probably of no less importance in supplying the dominant mineral
constituents of springs and groundwaters than the soils underlying
the peat lands in the coastal plain section. The variations in
organic materials of estuarine peat lands and the amounts of their
inorganic impurities depend undoubtedly much upon the individual
streams, their varying currents, flooding power, and the specific
nature of the organic and mineral constituents carried in suspension.
Consequently analytical work would naturally be of deep interest
to those favoring the chemical side of the question in its relation
to problems of fertilizer requirement in the improvement of peat
lands.

However, it is still an open question whether the conditions are
ripe for the closer chemical investigation which many soil students
desire, except in those more extreme and primary distinctions
between calcareous and ferruginous peat lands. Whether the
chemical method would yield the results in any way as definitely
correlated with the tilling qualities of pea^ lands and their
agricultural or industrial value, as for example, ecological or bac-
teriological investigations, is a problem which warrants further
investigation.

The main questions from the geological standpoint, which seem
to require careful consideration are

(1) the character and the condition of the underlying rocks and
mineral soils;

(2) the variations in and the nature of the ground waters at the
various levels of the peat mass;

(3) the direction and the distribution of the salts during trans-
port, especially along the lines of cleavage in the stratal ground
water drainage, and their place of deposition.

IV. Some of the uses of Massachusetts •peat lands.

There is today generally a greater interest in and a better appre-
ciation of the advantages which peat land has over soils of other
kinds in regard to cost of labor, ease of tillage, range, yield, and
market of crops. Some of the factors for which the farmer is
personally responsible and on which the permanent improvement
of these soils largely depends, have been described elsewhere

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

(Journ. Amer. Peat Soc. 9, 10-21, 1915). There is need of empha-
sizing in this connection that much consideration should be given
to the dangers from over-drainage and improper cultural methods.

As to fertilizer, either potash, principally the basic form, or
manure should be used to begin the improvement of peat lands,
but liming may or may not be advisable. The acidity of certain
peat materials does not necessarily decrease their productivity.
The only correct means, however, of determining the fertilizer
reciuirements on peat land of specifically different peat materials
consists in making actual growing tests and studying the reactions
and the yields obtained. The use of manure is to be highly recom-
mended, especially upon the heavy, compact phases of peat, which
should receive the coarser manures. The value of fibrous peat
material as a stable litter or bedding in stock and in dairy farming
can hardly be over-estimated. Peat materials are known to
absorb not only large quantities of water or of solutes but gaseous
products as well. Owing to their great absorptive power peat
materials are used as a deodorizer and as an efficient absorbent for
gaseous ammonia formed from the decay of manure, which would
otherwise escape into the air and be lost.

There is little doubt that the agricultural development of suitably
prepared peat lands in Massachusetts would prove to be profitable.
The cultivation of grasses and certain clovers for hay and pasture
for a few years will probably be the safest operation. The pasture
problem has been in the main neglected and hence it seems that it
should be relatively advantageous to double the product. More-
over, the decrease in the number of head of livestock has been very
great in all countries of late and a strong demand for both animals
and their food is making itself felt.

But the peat lands of Massachusetts may well be utilized for
other types of farming. Every effort should be made to eliminate
this waste of peat land resources and to increase the food products
of the state. Corn, preferably for silage purposes, potato, oats,
rye, and clovers with grasses may be grown; they should be ro-
tated every few years. Root crops to supplement pasture and used
as succulent feed for stock in fall and winter on the farm would
not only improve the plowed layer, but probably give fairly high
yields. They should follow cereals such as rye, oats, millet, and

MASSACHUSETTS PEAT LANDS 43

others. This Hst is not a large one, but that is mainly due to the
fact that carefully conducted field trials to serve as practical
demonstrations are quite essential in a state with peat lands differ-
ing in field conditions. Detailed investigations on crops with
qualities of resistance, of rapidity in growth and maturity, capacity
to yield suitable variations and related to specific peat materials
and field conditions are still lacking from which to obtain reliable
information. No less important is the greater utilization of
peat lands for certain ornamental trees and shrubs and for much
of the nursery stock and also for many bulb plants which are now
imported from other countries with the dangers of disease infection.
The peat lands of Massachusetts certainly compare favorably
with those which have been so successfully utilized in Sweden,
Holland, Germany, and other countries of northern Europe.

The use of peat materials for industrial purposes is constantly
increasing; their place and role as stock food ingredient; their
value as fertilizer dilutent or filler both with and without previous
treatment or mixture with inorganic salts; their effectiveness as
a carrier of bacterial inoculations; as fiber for surgical dressings,
for special grades of paper, for carpets or for packing material ; their
value as granular, compressed or powdered peat; in the manu-
facture of producer gas and heating devices; the use of sapropel
and cricoid materials for the distillation of tar and related products,
for purposes of extraction of crude oil, ammonium sulfate, paraffin,
wax or fuel gases; their effectiveness for hygienic and sanitary pur-
poses such as peat baths and mud baths ; for these and other uses
peat materials are assuming considerable prominence commer-
cially (see Bull. 16: Chapter IV, Ohio Geological Survey, 1912). It
involves a knowledge of the peat materials and the removal and de-
struction of specifically suitable beds or strata, and therefore should
be resorted to only in exceptional cases after detailed technical
information has been secured. Of fundamental significance is the
method of collecting the materials; this should not be done withojit
reference to the fact that the layers of peat materials in a deposit
are different in origin, composition, and properties, and in not a
few instances may be entirely unsuitable for the specific uses
referred to above. The economic utilization of peat materials, by
far much more so than their agricultural usage, must base itself

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

upon a knowledge of the different kinds of peat materials and the
factors in the field which conditioned their accumulation and
character; hence their technical use should be treated as a rather
highly specialized form of business, if the best financial results
are to be obtained.

Considerable attention has been drawn of late to statements
that an important and valuable effect of peat is in its value as a
plant food, — i. e., in the presence of certain "accessory" organic
food substances derived from bacterized peat material; very small
amounts of it are thought to be sufficient to satisfy the needs of
growing plants. This subject has been under investigation in
Germany and in England. The action of these compounds, as yet
undetermined chemically, is reported to have been variable. This
no doubt may be due to the difference in character and in the
conditions of the peat materials used in relation to the efficiesncy
and the duration of action of beneficial micro-organisms. To
bacteriologists the action of bacteria and fungi in converting
certain organic and inorganic substances into a soluble form and to
bind free atmospheric nitrogen is not a new problem. It is rather
in the technical handicap of using peat materials as carriers which
are free from objectionable qualities and in the development of
satisfactory methods to maintain an active state of condition in
the organisms yielding the requisite products.

If Massachusetts continues to forge to the front as she has done
in her cranberry industry it will be through a recognition of the
differences existing in field conditions of peat lands and in peat
materials affected by them. This work may take much effort,
but it can be accomplished through the state agencies now at work.

Conclusion.

The reconnaisance work on Massachusetts peat lands leads to
the following general conclusions:

1. The inequality in the character of peat lands encountered
and in the strata of their materials may render a more detailed
study one of considerable advantage in their agricultural or in-
dustrial utilization and requirements.

MASSACHUSETTS PEAT LANDS 45

2. It would be of special advantage should specific peat mate-
rials and field conditions be kept under observation where under-
drainage is intended and where changes are being made in the
groundwater table, so that the agricultural development may
correspond with the existing field conditions and with the ensuing
changes in the character of the peat materials.

3. Information concerning the seasonal variations in the'
water table, the nature of the salt constituents, and the circum-
stances in the field conditions which lead to the augmentation or
diminution of soluble constituents is of prime importance, the
effect of any accumulation of iron compounds especially requiring
attention in certain cases.

4. The relation of cropping system to the several kinds of peat
lands if ignored would be to the disadvantage of the real agricul-
tural value of certain peat lands. Field trials are the more correct
means under the existing conditions on the peat lands to determine
the choice of crop varieties, seeding mixtures, etc., and the cultural
practices to be followed.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS WE SHOULD GROW.
By Prof. Arno H. Nehrling, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations,
February 3, 1917.

I am happy to have an opportunity to address you on the sub-
ject of "Perennials we should grow" because it is a group of plants
in which I am especially interested. For the last three years I
have been' devoting a great deal of time to the study of perennials
and I do not think I have ever worked with a more interesting
group of plants, and I wish to say at the outset, that herbaceous
perennials unquestionably deserve the popularity which they are
enjoying at the present time.

When we think of an ideal perennial garden we usually include
the spring-flowering bulbs. Can you imagine our gardens without
the dainty Snowdrop {Galantkus nivalis), followed by clumps of
Crocus {Crocus versicolor), and the Showy Squill (Scilla sibirica)
which open their flowers even before the snow has entirely dis-
appeared? After these have passed away come constant changes
in a well arranged perennial border every week. In fact, every
day will bring forth something new to interest and delight the eye
of the flower lover. Only severe freezing weather will put an end
to such persistent late-blooming sorts as hardy Chrysanthemums,
Japanese Anemones, New England Asters, Gaillardias, Aconitums,
etc.

It is not my purpose today to treat the subject in a general way,
because so much has been said and written of late concerning the
management, planting, and care of herbaceous borders. I will be
more specific and deal only with the perennials we should grow in
our gardens. Before I take up the actual materials, however, let
us trace briefly the evolution of gardening in this country from the
time the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the bleak, barren shores of New

47

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

England, bringing with them a few seeds of garden pinks, and other
old-fashioned garden flowers, to the present day.

When we study the history of gardening in America we find that
many changes have been brought about from time to time, es-
pecially in the types of plants used in beds and borders for orna-
mental purposes. These changes might be termed fashions in
plants. The most important change occurred with the introduc-
tion of the so-called bedding plants at the time of the Centennial
Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. These showy plants appealed
strongly to the public and from that time on the so-called old
fashioned flowers which our grandmothers had been growing with
good results for years and years, came into disfavor with the
gardener, especially the home gardener. Even twenty years ago
there were few borders outside of those planted by professional
gardeners on private estates and in public parks.

With the adoption of the naturalistic style of landscape gardening
a decided change occurred not only in the type of materials used,
but also in the manner of planting, and the last ten years has seen
a growing interest in the so-called old-fashioned hardy plants
which are technically known as hardy herbaceous perennials, and
never have they been so highly esteemed as they are at the present
time. Everyone who is fortunate enough to have even a small
garden should devote at least part of it to hardy plants.

The reasons for this popularity are obvious. First of all, they
are plants that live from year to year. Although the tops die off
at the end of the growing season, new growths come from parts
underground the following season. This of course gives the garden
a feeling of permanency and by selecting the proper varieties the
disappearing flowers will be continuously replaced by new ones.
The colors of the varieties must be carefully studied as the color
scheme is one of the primary features of the garden. The season
of flowering must also be studied in order that the plants may be
arranged so as to avoid clashes in color and so as to have an equality
of flowers over the entire season. Even though the border is
planned with utmost care, it is not always possible to have the
entire border a mass of color throughout the season, and as already
stated, in planning the perennial border a few clumps of spring-
flowering bulbs such as Snowdrops, Scillas, etc., and masses of

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS WE SHOULD GROW 49

annuals should be added. Annuals have a particular charm be-
cause quick results may be obtained with them, and although they
are secondary in a border, they are nevertheless of vital importance
in making a successful garden.

Another reason for the popularity of perennials at the present
time is because of the fact that great improvements have been
brought about by our nurserymen and plant hybridizers. We
have much finer and many more varieties for planting than had
our predecessors. It is only when a comparison is made between
Delphinium, Paeony, Phlox, Asters, etc. of today with those in
general cultivation ten or fifteen years ago that one realizes the
extraordinary improvements that have been made.

Summing up the reasons for the increasing interest that has
been taken in the cultivation of hardy herbaceous perennials the
past few years, we must not overlook the fact that they are planted
for effects to cover a period of years. Then too, there is no group
of plants more adaptable to varied conditions of soil and location.
While the majority of species prefer a good deep soil and an open
position, there are a number which succeed under partially shaded
conditions, and soil heavy and light, or moist and dry. iVlthough
they thrive best in the flower garden proper, there are a few which
will grow better planted in the rockery, shrubbery border, or the
wild garden. I might add at this point that men who are familiar
with the construction of gardens have made the statement that the
year 1916 went down in the history of gardening as the year of the
the true beginning of rock gardening in this country. The inter-
est in this type of gardening was stimulated to some extent by the
fine displays of rock garden plants at the exhibitions throughout
the land the past season.

Professional gardeners and amateurs have long ago come to the
conclusion that the perennial border has passed the experimental
stage and is now an important feature in every modern flower
garden. From a well-planned garden or border is derived a feeling
of quiet and rest that no amount of showy bedding plants such as
red Geraniums, yellow Coleus, or Scarlet Sage can give us. By
making the proper selection, any garden can be made attractive
from early spring until fall.

Coming to the species and varieties we should grow, we now

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

have a splendid list from which to make selections. Many of our
progressive firms have gone into the culture of perennials on a
large scale. TJie Palisades Nurseries, Sparkill, N. Y., list over a
thousand species and varieties. Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia,
H. & J. Farquhar, Boston, Bertram Farr, Wyomissing, Pa., A. N.
Pierson, Cromwell, Conn., Knight & Struck, New York City, and
many other progressive florists and seedsmen offer large collections.
However, the number of species and varieties does not compare
with the number grown on the other side of the water where this
group of plants has always received a great deal of attention.
Mr. M. Free, the superintendent of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
in an article in the Florists' Exchange, March 26th, 1916, makes
the following statement with reference to the number of species in
•cultivation in this country, compared to the number used in England.

" It must be generally admitted that our perennial borders, with
some few exceptions, are characterized by a great lack of variety
in the plant material used. Especially is this noticeable when
comparisons are made with the hardy flower borders of several
European countries where the culture of herbaceous plants in
borders and rock gardens has assumed enormous proportions. In
the Royal Gardens, Kew, over 8000 species and varieties of her-
baceous plants are grown, and it is no uncommon thing to see
catalogs published by nurserymen containing over 2000 varieties.
While not advocating for an instant the growing of plants simply
for the sake of having a large collection, it must be conceded that
when a nurseryman catalogs 2000 hardy plants, there must be a
number of really meritorious subjects which are not grown in our
borders, and which are not to be found in the lists published by the
majority of American firms dealing in hardy plants.

" The demand for, and importance of, hardy perennials is in-
creasing by leaps and bounds. People are getting tired of the
monotony and expense of formal bedding and demand a return to
the old-fashioned perennial border which, when properly con-
structed, provides plants in bloom, of some kind or other, from
April to November. It is up to the nurserymen therefore, to see
that this demand is supplied. The man who is able to do this is
the one likeliest to reap the largest profits. We will have to break
away from the stereotyped list of plants that everyone who grows

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS WE SHOULD GROW 51

herbaceous plants already has in his possession and launch out in
introducing new plants. Novelties are a necessity, not only from
the interest they generate, but from the point of view of the matter
of hard cash involved."

The English firms who specialize in hardy plants realize the
important psychological fact that people are always seeking some-
thing new, and strenuous efforts are constantly being made to
add new plants to their collections. The majority of the new sorts
are obtained by cross-breeding standard varieties. Others obtain
their novelties by sending expeditions for the purpose of collecting
new plants in their native habitats.

Our own Mr. Wilson has brought to this country a large collec-
tion of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, among the latter
being Liliums, Buddlcia variabilis, Aconitum Wilsoni, Anemone
hupehensis, Artemisia lactiflora, etc.

Even though our brothers across the water are offering a larger
number of species in their catalogs, we have at the present time a
vast amount of material to choose from. The range of color in
these plants covers a wide range of tones. Mrs. Francis King in
her work on "The Weil-Considered Garden" says, "Never before
were seen pinks of such richness, such deep velvet-like violets,
delicate buffs and salmons, actual blues, vivid orange tones, and
pale beautiful lavenders." Through the magic of the hybridizers
we are today without excuse for ugliness in the garden.

The question of color, if good effects are to be obtained, is an
important one, and should be considered seriously when materials
are being selected. The average descriptive seed or bulb list is
not always as accurate as it might be. We have as yet no color
standard for garden flowers. Mrs. Sedgwick in "The Garden
Month by Month," provides a chart which is of great value in the
selection of plants for a perennial garden. It is rather difficult to
make definite recommendations regarding color selection because
of the likes and dislikes of the individual. Most of us have preju-
dices against a certain color and disregard it completely when
selecting material. This same color, when judiciously used with
correlated tones, may have been transmuted into a perfect picture.
The successful gardener must also be somewhat of an artist and
have a keen eye for color effect, whether the scheme is one of
contrasts or a gradual verging from one shade to another.

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

On some of our larger estates entire gardens or portions of a
garden are devoted to plants of one color, such as blue, red, or white.
The blue garden has been especially popular of late.

Again, coming back to the actual problem of the herbaceous
perennials we should grow, let me say that in a list of 100 of the
best sorts, few people agree as to which actually are the best sub-
jects for a particular purpose. The personal element will again be
an important factor in making a choice.

My recommendations will be based on tests which have been
made the past three seasons in the perennial garden at the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College. Our collection, although far from
being complete, contains at the present time over 500 different
species and varieties. They are planted in beds 12 X 50 feet
separated by grass walks, one row of a variety with six plants
in a row. This garden has not been planted from the standpoint
of artistic effects, but principally for study, all plants being pro-
vided with zinc labels.

I will not weary you with a list of all the meritorious hardy
plants, but select only those which are the most useful among those
we should grow. The writer has endeavored to put aside his own
likes and dislikes, and included only the more satisfactory forms.
There are many more sorts with strong claims of inclusion, but as
our time is limited, the exclusion of many good things is inevitable.

The plants I will mention have been placed in their approximate
order of flowering and there will of course be cases of overlapping
throughout the season. In the period allotted to me, it will of
course be impossible for me to mention the specific use of each form,
however my slides will, I hope, illustrate these points to some extent.

I might classify the plants I will mention and state definitely
for what position in the garden they are most satisfactory; however,
since this is impossible in a short period, I have arranged the plants
as to the season of flowering, height, and color of the flowers.

A collection could be selected to good advantage from the follow-
ing list:

April-Mat

Name

Color

Heigh

Arabis albida

White

6-8"

Alyssum saxatile compactum

Yellow

9-18"

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS WE SHOULD GROW

53

Name

Color

Heigh

Phlox subulata

Pink

6"

Anemone Pulsatilla

Light blue

9"

Veronica gentianoides

Blue

1-2'

May-

-June

Doronicum platagineum excelsum

YeUow

U-2'

Aquilegia caerulea

Light blue and white

U-2'

" glandulosa

Blue and white

1'

" chrysantha

Yellow

2-3'

" canadensis

Scarlet and yellow

ir

Dicentra spectabilis

Rose

2'

Iris germanica vars.

Various

2-3'

Dianthus deltoides

Deep pink

9"

PjTethrum hybridum

Various

U-2'

Lychnis viscaria splendens

Pink

1-ir

Veronica amethystina

Deep blue

1-ir

Aster alpinus

Purple

9"

June-July

Papaver orientale

Scarlet

2-3'

Paeonia

Various

3'

Lupinus polyphyllus Moerheimi

Pink

3'

Dianthus plumarius "Her Majesty'

White

1'

Hemerocallis flava

Yellow

3'

Polemonium Richardsoni

Blue

1 1'
I2

Helenium Hoopesii

Yellow

3'

Delphinium hybridum

Blue

4-5'

" belladonna

Pale blue

4-5'

Hemerocallis Dumortieri

Yellow

1 1'
I2

Baptisia australis

Dark blue

3'

Pentstemon laevigatus digitalis

Lilac white

2^-3'

Dictamnus albus

White

2-3'

Aconitum Napellus

Deep blue

2h'

Anthemis tinctoria Kelwayi

Yellow

3'

Anchusa itahca Dropmore

Blue

4-5'

" Opal

Light blue

4'

Campanula persicifolia

Blue

2-4'

Coreopsis lanceolata -

Yellow

2-2 i'

Campanula carpatica

Blue

9"

Oenothera missouriensis

Yellow

1'

" fruticosa

Deep yellow

2-3'

Heuchera sanguinea

Red

l-U'

Veronica incana

Blue

1-U'

54

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Name
Iris laevigata (Kaempferi)
Spiraea Aruncus
Silene orientalis
Polemonium caeruleum

Color
Various
White
Pink
Blue

Height

2-3'

3'

2-3'

July-August

Hemerocallis aurantiaca major Orange 3'

Delphinium grandiflorum Blue 2^'

Armeria maritima splendens Rose 1'

Campanula latifoha macrantha Purple 3'

C. glomerata dahurica Purple 2'

Gypsophila paniculata White ■ 2^'

Aster amellus bessarabicus Blue 2'

Heliopsis laevis Pitcheriana Yellow 3'

Lilium tigrinum splendens Orange 4'

Lysimachia clethroides White 2^'

Pentstemon barbatus Torreyi Orange scarlet 4'

Geum chiloense "Mrs. Bradshaw " Crimson 1|'

Gaillardia aristata Yellow and red 2'

Monarda didyma Bright red 3'

Physostegia virginiana Rose purple 3-4'

Platycodon grandiflora Mariesii Blue 1|'

Potentilla hybrida "Miss Willmott" Cerise 1|'

Asclepias tuberosa Orange 2^'

Stokesia cyanea Blue 1'

Centaurea montana Purple 1|'

Saponaria officinalis . Pink 1-1 2

Lythrum salicaria roseum superbum Pink 4-6'

Astilbe Davidii Deep pink 2'

Buddleia variabilis magnifica Lilac 3-5'

Lepachys pinnata Yellow 3-4'
Phlox glaberrima suffruticosa, var. Miss

Lingard White 2-3'

Sidalcea Candida White 2-3'

Centaurea macrocephala Yellow 3'

Galegia bicolor Hartlandi Pale lavender 3'

August-September

Phlox paniculata vars. Various

Scabiosa caucasica Pale blue

Sedum spectabile roseum Rose

Chrysanthemum maximum King Edw.VII White

Rudbeckia speciosa Orange yellow

2-3'

li'

li'

i-2
1*'

2'

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS WE SHOULD GROW

55

Name Color Height

Funkia subcorda^a grandiflora White 1|'

Rudbeckia sub-tomentosa Yellow 4'

Veronica longifolia sub-sessilis Deep blue 2?'

Helenium autumnale superbum Yellow 4-5'

Helenium "Riverton Gem" Dark red 3'

Echinacea purpurea Reddish purple 3-4'

Liatris pycnostachya Purple 3-4'

Rudbeckia laciniata fl. pi. Yellow 5-7'

Hibiscus moscheutos varieties Various 4-6'

Achillea ptarmica "Perry's White" White li'

Aconitum autumnale Blue 3'

Helianthus multiflorus fl. pi. Yellow 4'

Lobelia cardinaUs Red . 2^-3'

" syphititica Blue 3-3'

September-October

Solidago rigida Yellow

Salvia azurea grandiflora Pale blue

Aconitum Fischeri Blue

Aster novae-angliae rosea Rose

Boltonia latisquama White

Aster novae-belgii "Perry's Pink" Deep pink

Aster tataricus Purple

Anemone japonica White

Aster turbinellus Light blue

3i'

3-4'

2-3'

5-6'

4^5'

3-31'

5-6'

2-3'

3'

RECENT TROUBLES WITH OUR FOREST TREES.
By Frank W. Rane, State Forester of Massachusetts.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations,
February 10, 1917.

The John Lewis Russell Lecture.

We are inclined to think that originally, before our forefathers
discovered these shores, America was a country largely covered
with magnificent forests which had stood unmolested for centuries
upon centuries and were absolutely free from all sorts of depreda-
tions particularly insects and diseases. These conditions appar-
ently prevailed also throughout our pioneer days in every section
of the country, and it is only within recent years that our real
forest and tree troubles have come upon us.

As long as the normal conditions prevailed the balance of nature
was preserved and there was little trouble, but with so-called
development through the agency of man, complicated conditions
have arisen. We have not only been cleaning up forests and utiliz-
ing the land for agriculture, which is a legitimate undertaking,
but we have been recklessly allowing indifference as to future
conditions until today we are beginning to reap the results. In the
struggle for existence of all kinds of vegetation, particularly forest
trees which are trying to exist in every condition possible excepting
their normal environment, is it any wonder that they have become
susceptible to all kinds of troubles?

Forest fires alone have been allowed to run rampant over our
slashings and forest tracts, laying waste great expanses of territory
and destroying the leaf mould and reservoirs of plant food which,
had they been preserved, might have given growth to sufficient
forests in the future to supply a growing nation with all the forest
products it could possibly use. With the changing environment of

57

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

forests and trees, likewise has come the unbalanced conditions of
animal, bird, fish, and insect life, as well as the more favorable
conditions for the development of various possible plant diseases.

It is evident to the student of plant life that the above named
conditions are sufficient to lead us to expect in time troubles for our
forest trees, but when to this condition we add the innumerable
diseases of plants and insects that have been imported from foreign
countries, the whole situation becomes indeed complicated. It
naturally follows that in the older sections of the nation like New
England in particular, we are among the first to be affected. Here
conditions have apparently reached the climax. Realizing that
our future depends upon a better and more constructive agriculture
and forestry our people in Massachusetts at least are awaking to a
realization of the conditions which confront them.

We have been steadily but surely perfecting a state forest policy
for the past ten years and while the results are not as apparent to
the casual observer as we wish they were, nevertheless, like the boy
who was flying his kite above the clouds, although he could not see
it, he knew it was there-by its pull, so in the forestry work the pull
is there in Massachusetts and now and then we have the pleasure^
of seeing results. Every ten years we predict will revolutionize our
former conditions. What Germany has accomplished in centuries
from a wise forest policy we should be able to accomplish in Massa-
chusetts in a far less time. May we not all have an active part in
such a laudable undertaking?

In forest troubles we include a very large number of depredations,
the more important of which are damage to forests from fire,
disease, insects, wind, and animals.

In a comparatively new country like ours where practically no
attention was given to future conditions, and where due considera-
tion of them is gained only by severe experience, we awaken to find
many disastrous things have been done which now must be rectified.
The problems now are many and complicated, and they could have
been avoided with comparatively little effort, if we had had our
present knowledge.

In forest troubles coming from insects and diseases we are finding,
as was the case in the fruit-growing industry, our greater troubles
come from introduced or so-called foreign insects and diseases

RECENT TROUBLES WITH OUR FOREST TREES 59

brought to us usually on imported stock. Steps have been taken
to regulate future importation through careful inspections and
powers of restriction, but this is of little use in overcoming and
neutralizing the depredations of those already established. It is
these insects and diseases that are causing us a great amount of
trouble. To cope with these unwelcome guests has proven in many
cases extremely troublesome and expensive.

The writer has had much experience with forest depredations
and the results secured through a careful study of utilization as a
practical aid in the solution of a few of our forest troubles in Massa-
chusetts seem very encouraging. This probably explains why the
secretary of this society has asked the -vvTiter to discuss at this
time recent troubles with our forest trees. I shall take up first
the latest developments in the work of suppression of the gypsy
and brown-tail moths in Massachusetts, and, second, the present
status of the chestnut blight and the blister rust diseases of more
recent years, and allude more briefly to other troubles.

In order to succeed in aiding the woodland owner in our state in
his fight against the invasion of his forest growth by pests, a very
careful and complete survey of the whole question of markets,
materials, labor costs, cost of teaming, transportation charges,
milling expenses, supervision, etc., was made in order to utilize all
dormant capital in forests where possible, which otherwise would be
almost a total loss. This study has proved worth the effort as not
only have we been able to make the sale of forest products self-
supporting, but in many cases a substantial net revenue has been
secured.

For a number of years the gypsy and brown-tail moth work was
confined largely to shade-trees and orchards, and the work of com-
bating and suppressing these insects was directed towards over-
coming the great loss following their ravages measured largeh^ in
aesthetic values.

As was inevitable, although the very best brains of the nation,
assisted by experts from abroad, were focused upon the suppression
of these insects, the spread continued throughout the forests of the
eastern part of the state. As these insects became intrenched in
our woodlands, which are composed of a great variety ranging from
valueless scrub and brush growth to superior stands, the same

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

methods practiced upon preservation of trees in cities and towns
were prohibitive on account of the great expense entailed. It was
found that to spray an acre of woodland of average conditions,
with arsenate of lead for example, would cost forty dollars, while
the assessed value of the whole property might not average that
amount.

Anticipating these conditions the Massachusetts State Forester
set at work to meet the situation, and in a year's time evolved a
spraying machine that revolutionized all previous methods. This
machine was constructed of parts made of bronze metal instead of
cast iron and perfected in such a way as to obtain efficiency in
spraying and at the same reduce the expense of operation. The
result of this improvement in our spraying equipment was to lower
the comparative cost of woodland spraying from forty to six dollars
per acre. In accomplishing this result the Forester desires to
acknowledge the assistance of L. H. Worthley and Melvin Guptill.
The former was an assistant in the department, in charge of moth
work, and the latter was responsible for executing the engineering
work. This powerful machine, making possible the spraying of
tall trees without climbing, is economical of team and manual labor.
No patents were ever applied for, and the results were given to the
world. This machine has been in common use in Massachusetts
and elsewhere, and aside from the natural improvements suggested
from experience, and minor inventions each year, is the same'
machine.

Other methods of moth suppression besides spraying have been
used, such as introducing parasites, creosoting egg masses, etc., all
of which are of value when used intelligently, but spraying is com-
monly resorted to when immediate results are desired. During
the past season the contract for arsenate of lead by the State For-
ester was for seven hundred tons, and it is believed that drue thou-
sand tons may have been used in Massachusetts.

As soon as the moths began to make inroads upon the forests we
were confronted not only with improving and perfecting our spray-
ing methods, but other economic methods suggested themselves.
It was found to be a poor policy to spray good, bad, and indifferent
trees alike. It naturally followed, therefore, that the undesirable
ones were taken out, thus enabling the remaining trees to be sprayed

RECENT TROUBLES WITH OUR FOREST TREES 61

more economically. Herein lies a point to be emphasized, namely,
forest utilization in connection with depredations. The chief
purpose of the forester is to bring order and system out of chaos
and meanwhile to determine ways and means of reducing our
methods to scientific and economic practice. Upon studying the
moth situation from the broad standpoint of future results when
applied to forest conditions, the correct method of procedure was
self-evident. As already indicated, it was an advantage to thin
the forests for better spraying, and this practice naturally fell to
the trained forester.

As soon as- modern forestry practices were applied and sylvicul-
tural studies made, better results followed. It was soon demon-
strated that certain trees were the natural food of the moth, while
others were to a greater or lesser extent immune from their attack
and particularly so when in so-called clear stands or in mixtures
with other species equally undesirable as moth food.

Taking advantage of these fundamentals and encouraged by
actual results from the field experience, the so-called forestry
methods of moth control have rapidly come to the front. During
the past few years the State Forester has executed some large forest
operations which have not only proven satisfactory in handling the
moths, but from the economic standpoint have aided in establish-
ing better forestry practices. The result of moth infestation in
woodlands was to throw upon the market an oversupply of dead and
dying forest products.

The forests of Eastern Massachusetts are the remains of a
culled-out and cut-over country which has restocked itself witljout
regulation or control. All sorts of forest types, species, mixtures,
ages, and conditions are found. When the moths invade these
woodlands they reacHly find enough of such species as they prefer
to live upon until they are fairly grown and then, if compelled to
do so, they finish their feeding period on whatever remains for
them to devour.

Taking advantage of this fact we have inaugurated the practice
of taking out those species upon which the insects thrive best,
their so-called natural food trees, with the result that the condi-
tions are unhealthy for their propagation. The evergreens, the
white pine in particular, one of our most valued species, we find is

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

practically immune from the gypsy moth when grown in clear
stands, for the reason that the very young caterpillars are unable
to eat its needles. Hence if there are no deciduous trees present
upon which they may feed during earlier stages of existence the
pine is unmolested. Had this fact alone been known earlier in
the moth suppressive work, great areas of white pine could have
been saved. Our present treatment, therefore, with white pine
stands is simply to thin out the growth upon which the gypsy moth
naturally feeds, such as oak and gray birch, and the stand is there-
after self-protecting.

To work out a policy whereby all of the various conditions and
methods could be made to harmonize and still accomplish results
has been no small undertaking. The earlier moth work entailed
great expense and this in itself rendered it unpopular. The con-
stant aim at present is to conduct the work along self-supporting
lines as far as possible. In forestry methods of moth control,
estimates of costs are made and the forest products practically
sold before the operation is begun. The State Forester and his
assistants supervise the work, let contracts for the milling, chopping,
hauling, etc., but the owner advances the funds for the undertaking.

During the past three years approximately forty-five thousand
cords of wood and between seven and eight million feet of lumber
have been operated under this plan. Every time an operation of
this sort is properly done it is not only an example of good moth
suppressive work, but a beginning of better forestry practice; the
territory for future infestation is lessened by just that much, and,
best of all, it is self-supporting. Anyone can spend money in this
work, but it takes men with experience and ability to break even,
or, still better, return a profit to the owner.

To find a market, or utilization alone, has been a perplexing
problem. It has been necessary to actually create a market for
our products. The wood-using industries had well established
sources of supply and many ingenious plans were attempted before
the trade could be interested. Three years ago, under very un-
favorable markets, the work was made a success, and since the
European War, of course, the only difficulty to surmount is that of
getting efficient labor. The demand for forest products is far
beyond our ability to supply.

RECENT TROUBLES WITH OUR FOREST TREES 63

Word has been sent out recently from the Massachusetts State
Forester to all farmers and woodland owners through his local town
officials and by means of the press, emphasizing the fact that this
year ofPers exceptional opportunities for doing splendid con-
structive forestry work. The price of coal is very high and should
present conditions continue even more direful need for fuel may
exist another season. At any rate everything is favorable for the
better solving of our moth troubles and establishing permanent
forestry conditions.

This whole subject is discussed more fully in the publications of
the Massachusetts State Forester which are available to those
interested. I trust I have pointed out that utilization, particu-
larly in our fight in the moth control work in Massachusetts, has
been a very practical method of attack. This work will necessarily
need to be continued for years. If the gypsy and brown-tail
moths have done nothing else they have driven us to a stern realiza-
tion that we need to practice more and better methods of forestry
management if we are to get best results.

Chestnut Blight.

The disease known as the Chestnut Blight has swept over the
northeastern part of the United States and apparently stands
ready to annihilate the chestnut tree in this section. It is common
to Massachusetts generally, although in some sections of the state,
conditions are worse than in others. As the disease is communi-
cable from tree to tree, and is very virulent, the outcome is entirely
problematic.

As is the case with moth work, Massachusetts is giving all
possible aid to chestnut tree- owners in utilization of their products
and at the same time is determining upon some forestry policy for
the cut-over land. Where the chestnut is in mixture of pine, the
pine is retained with the idea of supplanting the chestnut growth
with this species. Chestnut poles, ties, and saw timber are all in
demand at good prices; hence conditions are very favorable for
owners to realize on this crop.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

y

White Pine Blister Rust.

This disease has been introduced into this country on nursery
stock of either the white pine or other five-leaved pines, or on the
currants and gooseberries, the plants belonging to the genus Ribes.
Unlike the chestnut bark disease it does not spread from pine to
pine, but must alternate from pine to Ribes to complete its life
cycle.

The disease is common in Europe and was found in New York
State on imported stock several years ago. At that time, upon the
invitation of Mr. J. S. Whipple, then Forest, Fish, and Game
Commissioner of New York, a conference of officials from various
states and the government met at Albany and later in New York
City, where the whole matter was fully discussed. The result of
these meetings was to cease importing foreign white pine stock,
rigidly inspect all future imports, grow our own stock in this coun-
try, and practice a close inspection of all foreign stock already
planted here with a view to destroying it should the disease appear.

Recognizing the importance of making an inspection of the
foreign stock already planted in Massachusetts, the State Forester
had an official representative of the Bureau of Plant Industry of
the United States Department of Agriculture visit our plantations
and advise us regarding them in 1911.

Last year the disease was found on two of our large private
estates, one in the eastern or North Shore section, and the other
in the western or popular Berkshire country. Upon finding these
outbreaks interest was aroused in determining more fully the
conditions generally. It was found that the currants proved a good
index for determining the presence of the disease, and an inspection
over a considerable portion of the state showed it to be generally
infested. Believing it of sufficient importance to make even further
investigation desirable in order to determine more fully to just what
extent the disease may be found and to eradicate its evils, the state
appropriated ten thousand dollars for use the past season. The
United States Congress also appropriated fifty thousand dollars
for similar use throughout the nation.

Scouting investigations have continued throughout the year

RECENT TROUBLES WITH OUR FOREST TREES 65

and practically the whole State of Massachusetts has been covered.
It is understood that the disease is found very generally distributed
over the state, being, however, more commonly found in some sec-
tions than in others.

White pines are far less affected than are currants, but here and
there the pines are found to be infected with the disease. In no
case, as far as the writer is aware, is there an infection of sufficient
magnitude to destroy a stand of white pine of any appreciable size.
Here and there, where the disease has been present for a period of
years, a few fairly good-sized trees ranging up to twelve inches in
diameter contained more or less blister rust cankers on their
branches and some upon the upper main trunk. In most cases
here, however, the trees themselves were growing in abnormal
conditions and were equally unhealthy from an unfavorable envi-
ronment and were afflicted with all the other diseases and insect
enemies common to their kind.

In plantations of imported stock the disease is likely to be found,
and in our younger plantations, if the disease is present, it is in all
likelihood accounted for in this way. Plantations of native stock
are practically free from the disease. There is a possible danger,
however, from these native plantations having been filled in with
foreign stock, which might account for some infestations.

Our Massachusetts plantations of foreign stock have been gone
over each year and the infected trees have been pulled and burned.
This practice, now running over a period of six years, has resulted
in less and less infected trees each year, and at no time has the
percentage of trees affected been as large as one per cent.

With our present knowledge of the subject, what remains for us
to do in the future? The writer is willing to state that it is his
belief that more harm than good has been done by the unnecessary
agitation in the publicity campaign so systematically carried on at
great expense, exciting people over a subject about which enough
is not yet known even by experts themselves. It is a very easy
matter to tear down, but quite another to build up and accomplish
something. For the past ten years we have been working hard in
Massachusetts to encourage better forestry practices and reforest-
ation, particularly with white pine, has just made a good start.
Our people are interested and enthusiastically cooperating. We

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

have millions of trees in our nurseries ready to go out, and all at
once under the guise of public-spirited cooperation, and before there
has been sufficient evidence, a campaign is set in motion to discour-
age and thwart all our laudable reforestation endeavors.

Realizing that the blister rust disease needs attention, and believ-
ing that our forests could be properly safeguarded by those who are
made responsible for so doing, last year the following recommenda-
tion was made in the State Forester's annual report, and it is
believed it will bear repeating now as follows : —

"The White Pine Blister Rust," one of the diseases of the white
pine, should be given due consideration at the hands of our vari-
ous state officials, particularly the pathologist of the Agricultural
Experiment Station and the State Nursery Inspector, in deter-
mining our conditions as regards this disease. Some definite
policy of holding the disease in check, or exterminating it if possible,
should be adopted. It is believed that while this disease may
become very destructive to our white pines, nevertheless the danger
is not sufficient to discourage prospective planters of the white
pine. It is not our purpose to minimize the importance of this
disease, nor do we intend to lessen our endeavor to combat it.
We do, however, believe it is a good policy not to over-exaggerate
the danger and thus necessarily deter the constructive work of
reforestation, until there is more convincing proof than is to be
had at present that the disease is likely to become a great menace
to white pine. It is to be hoped that the average Massachusetts
citizen will continue planting white pine as enthusiastically as ever,
leaving the problem of its protection from diseases and insects to
be looked after by technically-trained officials."

We certainly have not sufficient knowledge at the present time
to determine how serious a situation confronts us in this disease.
Investigation and experience will have to serve as a guide to future
operations. From a more or less careful study of conditions my
personal recommendations for handling this disease for the coming
year would be as follows : —

1. Empower a state department with authority to regulate and
control any and all diseased white pines and Ribes (currants and
gooseberries), declaring them a public nuisance and to be dealt
with in a similar manner to that in which gypsy moths are now
controlled.

RECENT TROUBLES WITH OUR FOREST TREES 67

2. Make a sufficient appropriation for carrying the work on as
the exigencies of the occasion demand from year to year.

Results are what are desired, and the sooner this disease is con-
trolled the better. Meanwhile optimism rather than pessimism
will the better aid in solving our forestry problems. Where there
is a will there is a way, and Massachusetts does not concede for
one minute that we are going to lose our white pines, from any
diagnosis that her State Forester at least can make thus far.

White Pine Aphid or Mealy-bug.

This insect is quite common throughout Massachusetts on the
white pine. It is easily recognized as it is covered with a white
cottony substance very similar to other species which most every-
one has seen upon greenhouse or house plants at some time or other.
This insect occurs on the smooth bark of young trees or on the
new growth of older trees where it lives by sucking the sap. The
real damage to the tree comes when these insects are very numer-
ous. Like all aphids they multiply very rapidly under favorable
conditions. White pine trees are occasionally found that are
badly infested. In recent years these insects have gotten into
forest nursery stock to more or less of an extent, and it is very
desirable that infested stock be treated before planting. These
insects while they are found upon perfectly healthy stock neverthe-
less are far more prevalent upon trees that are more or less ab-
normal from one cause or another. Trees that are weakened by
overcrowding or stunted by lack of sunlight, etc. are usually in-
fested with Chermes or the white pine aphid or mealy-bug.

During the season of 1914 this insect became quite prevalent
in Massachusetts on white pine and did a great amount of damage,
but the two past seasons apparently have not been so favorable
for its development. That this insect is well worthy of attention
is true particularly in keeping it out of young pine plantations by
insisting upon clean stock. It has natural enemies and it can be
controlled by spraying, but a little foresight and better forestry
methods of culture will go a long way towards overcoming its
depredations.

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The Forest Tent Caterpillar.

This insect is closely related in its habits to the ordinary orchard
or apple tent caterpillar which is known to everybody. It, how-
ever, does not build a large tent and further it has as its name
implies a greater variety of foods and prefers the forests for its
ranging grounds. It eats oaks, maples, ash and other deciduous
trees as well as the leaves of fruit and shade trees. These insects
strip whole areas of hardwood forests occasionally in like manner
as the gypsy moth. They have been quite prevalent in localities
in recent years in this state. They are native insects, and their
natural enemies have a tendency to keep them in check. Spraying
-as for gypsy moths is effective.

The White Pine Weevil.

This is the insect that is responsible for destroying the leader
in young white pine trees. It is very destructive causing the young
pines that come up in the open pastures to become very limby
and hence make poor merchantable lumber when mature. In
young plantations they are often very destructive. The past
season was one of the worst we have experienced for this insect.

The adult insect is similar to the plum curculio in appearance
only much larger. It lays its eggs in the terminal shoot. These
eggs hatch and live as larvae or grubs in this shoot until they are
fully grown and have done all of their eating. They then change
to the beetle form and deposit eggs for future generations. This
main shoot should be cut or broken out while the grubs are working
therein and burned, thereby destroying future generations. This
insect is native but with our decreasing natural stands of white
pine they become more concentrated upon our remaining area.
Our plantations of young white pine should be gone over each year
while the leaders are easily gotten at. Pruning and thinning with
an idea of forest improvement of course will aid in overcoming the
work of this insect.

RECENT TROUBLES WITH OUR FOREST TREES 69

V
Pine Tree Blight.

This disease of the white pine which was very prevalent through-
out the season of 1907 has made its appearance again during the
past year in many sections of Massachusetts. Its chief charac-
teristic is that the tips of the needles turn brown and die. Some
trees show the malady more than others, depending upon just how
far down the needles from the tip the so-called "blight" has spread.

It is believed there is little that can be done for the trees thus
affected as it is evidently climatic conditions in all probability
that are the cause of the trouble. The percentage of trees perma-
nently affected or that die from this trouble are very small indeed.
The greatest concern that this disease has caused the past year is
that it is mistaken for the white pine blister rust. Almost invari-
ably people believe this trouble to be the blister rust.

Pathologists have thus far never agreed just as to the cause of
this malady. When it occurred in 1907 our pine owners were
equally scared as to the future of white pine as at the present time,
many going so far as to sell their pine stands at a sacrifice. The
rainy season of the past year seemed to render conditions favorable
for its development while in 1907 the season was dry; hence either
extreme seems to favor it. It evidently is a physiological condition
rather than a disease. The Massachusetts State Forester's report
for 1907 gives quite a full report of this pine tree blight.

Conclusion.

There are numerous other more or less minor troubles affecting
our forest trees, but I have covered the more important ones.
From time to time undoubtedly there will come into prominence
pests that heretofore have been relatively unimportant, but our
main concern should be to perfect our forest practices and be
prepared to cope with any and all forest troubles in a comprehen-
sive and economic manner.

HONEY-BEES IN RELATION TO HORTICULTURE.

By Dr. Burton N. Gates, Amherst, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations,
February 24, 1917.

Honey-bees in all ages have been of service to man; first as a
source of food; later in his gradually acquired arts; and but
recently subjugated to his scientific and technical needs. The
keeping of bees is old; but the utilization of bees is older, in fact,
older without doubt, than man's first utilization of the dog, the
first domesticated animal. Hence, man's interest in bees and
perhaps the keeping of them, is the oldest art under the sun. What
is there more ancient unless it be man himself? Thus through a
succession of ages are transmitted with increasing serviceableness,
the inestimable honey-bee. To the ancients they were a source
of food; more recently they were found to supply wax; but a half
century ago commercial beekeeping came into being; and only
today are we beginning to appreciate their greatest benefit, their
invaluable service in the setting of our crops of seeds, fruit, and
vegetables. Thus to the labors of the honey-bees, who work the
world over, unnoticed and often unappreciated, may be credited
millions and billions of dollars of service; yet to the unthinking
mind a bee is merely a sharp sting, something to be avoided,
shunned, or at the best, merely to gladden the taste with a drop of
honey.

There are two kinds of bees, solitary and colonial (social). Soli-
tary bees live isolated and singly, seldom becoming numerous.
Among the colonial bees are the bumblebee and honey-bee. While
the honey-bee may be classed as wild when colonies escape from
apiaries, wild bees may be considered to include particularly all
bees, solitary and colonial, other than the honey-bee.

When we speak of bees, the majority think of keeping bees for
honey production, or sometimes one of the many other specialized

71

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

pursuits of the beekeeper. We might dwell upon this phase of the
subject with due profit to the person who could undertake beekeep-
ing, yet, even greater profits are in store for the person who can
wisely use bees in his horticultural pursuits. Bees yield the bee-
keepers of the United States from twenty to twenty-five million
dollars annually; but their profits to the seed grower, vegetable,
fruit, and nut grower defy calculation. With unquestioned cer-
tainty, while usually well repaid for his labor and investment, the
beekeeper secures only the minor income offered by bees. Honey-
bees are of greater value to agriculture generally than to apiculture
in particular; it is to their pollination services as pollen bearers,
that mankind is indebted over and above their recognized value in
honey and wax production. Honey-bees, therefore, should find
unrestricted favor among all who grow seed, fruit, and vegetable
crops.

Pollination.

The story of pollination, the act, its purpose, and result should
be common knowledge to everyone. Pollination is affected differ-
ently in different flowers; its effects differ only accidentally. It is
an act of sex, the enabling of offspring through the seed only being
possible in most cases among higher plants, through a union of a
male (pollen grain) and female (egg Or ova) cell.^ Some plants
demand a cross in this act of pollination; others suffice with self
or close pollination. Science and experimentation of late teach
that cross-pollination results, in most of our fruits, in something
better and even more salable, even in those apples for instance,
which will set fruit with their own pollen and are self -fertile. These
diversities and intricacies are apart from our present purpose and,
in a measure, are in the field of botany, where voluminous informa-
tion on the many phases of pollination are available. For us it is
more a question of practical necessities and results than the opera-
tions of the plant machinery.

' What is believed to be the first announcement in recognition of sex in plants was made
in 1682, by Nehemiah Grew, famous botanist, who explained that pollen must reach the
stigma or summit of the pistil in order to insure a fruit. For the existence of the plant it
thus became a question of cross pollination, in order to afford strength, vigor, and adapta-
bility to its environment.

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 73

It will suffice to say that pollination is a recognized necessity;
that among our economic plants the transferring agents of pollen
are insects, and chief among these usually are honey-bees; that few,
if any, of our important vine, bush or tree fruits, are wind polli-
nated ; that cross-pollination is accepted as the rule rather than the
exception; that cross-pollination results in better size, shape,
quality (keeping and eating), color, firmness, flavor, texture and
the like, as well as frequently in better production and prolificness.

It should be borne in mind, however, that the fruiting of the
tree, as for instance, the apple tree, depends not only upon the
insect pollination, but also on its cultural care. For instance,
a crop of fruit will depend upon the vitality of the tree. In a year
following a heavy crop, the pollen borne in the blossoms is less virile
according to the statement made to the writer by Prof. J. W.
Crow, of the Ontario Agricultural College. The same is true of
diseased trees. "Microscopically," Professor Crow says, "the
pollen can be detected as weak."

During this conversation Professor Crow alluded to other factors
in pollination. "The best conditions," he says, "for the pollina-
tion of fruit trees, is just succeeding a shower." This has been
determined experimentally. Moreover, the pollen supply is
directly proportional to the set of fruit.

The act of pollination by honey-bees is usually in response to
an effort to secure nectar or pollen for food. Hence the close
relation of fruit and vegetable growing with beekeeping. Were it
not for the flowers there would be no bees ^; safely, too, it is
assured without the bees there would be a shortage of fruits.

The Need of Honey-bees in the Setting of Crops.

It is recorded that in a Massachusetts town, some years ago,
bees were banished by law, and as a result there was little fruit in

1 It has been determined by evolutionary thinkers that flowers owe their form and color
to insects, which have been the selective agency in blossom shape, and markings. Had
there been no bees and similar insects, there would be no elaborate and many hued flowers;
had there been no flowers, there would be no bees and similar insects, as we know them.
There has been this dual biogenic interdependency for centuries, eras and ages, which today
precludes separability of many plants and their insect pollinators.

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

that town, especially in its center. On the outskirts of the town
fruits matured more plentifully, suggesting that the bees from the
woods were able to work the suburbs but not the center of the
community.

Today it could hardly be presumed that a community would
banish honey-bees. It is becoming, too, generally recognized the
important part which they play in securing our crops. Yet, to a
large extent, the growers of crops are securing their insect and bee
service without regard to controlling or reserving their services.
They are still doing to a certain extent what the people of that early
Massachusetts town did when they benefited from the services of
bees of the woods beyond the limits of that town. Today many
large orchards, market gardens, and seed growing areas, while
they are having success, are without the producer's knowledge,
depending on honey-bees which may be wild in the woods or located
in adjacent apiaries. There is, however, considerable risk in this
because seasons fail, climatic conditions are undependable, and
more especially, the prevalence of insect and bee life in any given
area may vary with these and from year to year.

It is a well-known fact that the prevalence of all wild life, be it
plant or animal, is subject to fluctuations, due to favorable or
unfavorable environmental conditions. In a given locality under
favorable conditions, its numbers may rise or under unfavorable
conditions, its prevalence may be less. Take, for example, a pest
of mosquitoes or houseflies. In a given community these may be
prevalent one year due to conditions favorable to their propagation,
while unfavorable conditions will depress their prevalence during
successive years. So with wild fowl and fish, weeds, and in fact
all forms of life uncontrolled by man. This is in accordance with
the unrefutable, biological law. Honey-bees and wild bees are in
no way an exception. Even honey-bees under man's control are
subject to these environmental effects. When favored their num-
bers rise to the crest of prosperity and prevalence. If un-
favorable circumstances set in, for instance, the entrance of a bee
disease, their numbers are reduced; hard winters may also depre-
ciate them so that in the early season when their services may be
most needed as pollen bearers their prevalence is at a low ebb.

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 75

Bees for the Horticulturist.

When the horticulturist or market gardener reaUzes that he is
depending upon the services of the fluctuating wild bees or even
colonies poorly maintained in his neighborhood, he asks what can
be done to overcome this unreliability and assure himself that he
is to receive maximum services when the pollination of his crops
most need them. The answer and recommendation is an easy one.
For the protection of his crops he has but to establish an apiary
in proportion to the size of his orchard or garden, which will main-
tain a high frequency of honey-bees as pollinators and eliminate
dependency upon wild honey-bees or honey-bees from neighboring
apiaries, or more especially the services of wild insect life o^■e^
which he may have no control and which may fail him at a crucial
moment. There is little danger of over-pollinating the orchard or
fields in insect life when pollination service is desired. It is far
better to flood the orchard with bees during the blooming period
than to have a scarcity. Furthermore, the cost of small apiaries
for orchard and market garden purposes is infinitesimal as com-
pared with the possible benefits and returns.

The common experience of orchardists during the fruit bloom
period further intensifies the necessity for their control of the
pollinating agencies. How common it is in May to have inclement
weather conditions which do not favor the free flight of insects and
particularly of honey-bees. ^Yhile wild bees and wild insects are
sometimes numerous in the vicinity of orchards in bloom, weather
conditions may entirely prohibit their activities as pollen bearers
or more particularly, should these insects, especially the honey-bees,
need to fly a mile or more in order to reach the orchard, the pollina-
tion of that orchard may be entirely abandoned, due to the pro-
hibition of the weather, hence, for certainty honey-bees should
have easy access to an orchard. Numerous observations are on
record wherein orchards were successfully fertilized when the
honey-bees had less than one-fourth mile to fly, while more distant
orchards bore no crops. Thus the apiary in or adjacent to an
orchard will safeguard failure.

Particular results as observed by orchardists and beekeepers

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

are numerous and a limited number of those most significant and
reliable are related elsewhere.

Among the climatic agencies which affect the orchard, it is
generally agreed among fruit growers that prevalence of inclement
weather, rain and the usually accompanying wind during the
blooming period, causes the loss of more fruit than perhaps ill
weather at any other season. The damage is manifold; pollen is
washed from the anthers, stigma secretion washed away or diluted
so that pollen may fail to germinate; chilled air reduces the vitality
of the pollen, while an excess of moisture may swell and burst the
grains.

There is an accompanying factor which may serve to counteract,
in part at least, unfortunate weather conditions. The Kansas
Agricultural Experiment Station is responsible for the statement
" that an insufficient supply of bees will hinder the setting of fruit
and while other insects may take part in carrying the pollen, the
fruit raisers must rely chiefly on honey-bees." Apropos of this
delayed bloom, in " Bienen-Varter " are given the results of experi-
ments in which netting was put over the branches of trees at the
time of their blooming. On the covered limbs the blossoming
period was prolonged as if the flowers were waiting for the bees to
pollinate them. The time of prolongation of the bloom on these
covered limbs in comparison with uncovered blossoms, is as follows :
Apple trees, 1 to 3 days.
Pear trees, 4 to 5 days.
Plum trees, 4 to 7 days.
Incidentally it was reported that the fruit failed to set on the
covered branches.

A notable example of the effect of unfavorable climatic conditions
during the blooming period of the apple orchard is reported by F. A.
Merritt of Andrew, Iowa; "Our apple orchard is situated in such
a way that it is exposed to both the north and south winds. About
four years ago when the trees on the south row (Transcendents,
they throw out a heavy growth of foliage at the same time it blooms)
began to open their bloom, a heavy wind prevailed for about five
days. I noticed during this period that the bees could not touch
the bloom on the south side of the trees, but worked merrily on the
more sheltered limbs of the north side. What was the result?

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 77

Those lixnbs on the north side were well loaded with fruit while
on the south side there were almost none to be seen."

Fruits and Vegetables Pollinated by Bees.

Among the many cultivated plants in northern latitudes which
are pollinated by honey-bees are the apple, pear, plum, quince,
cherry, peach (to some extent), mulberry, peas, beans, currants,
grapes, squashes, melons, cucumbers, and the cranberry. In the
beekeeping literature, as well as in the publications of horticultur-
ists, are many instances of the value of bees in setting these various
fruits and vegetables. It will only be possible to select significant
illustrations.

The Apple. It was reported to the writer in 1916, as observed
by a fruit grower, that merely the top branches of his apple trees
bore, while the lower ones, which had bloomed equally well, did
not fruit. The only possible explanation which has been arrived
at is that the top branches were in the path of bees which polli-
nated the top bloom but failed to reach the lower.

Perhaps the most significant report of the effect of the introduc-
tion of honey-bees to the apple orchard is this specific instance of a
practical^ orchardist, Mr. Ralph C. Waring, of Colville, Wash.
Two orchards of about equal acreage in a western "pocket" in the
foothills of an admirable fruit land, well drained and protected from
frost, were owned respectively b}^ two men. One grower secured
large crops, while his neighbor secured none, although his fruit
trees were of the same age and blossomed heavily each spring.
The owner, in despair of financial ruin, called upon the State Experi-
ment Station for assistance. A specialist, who was a pomologist
and entomologist, investigated the two entirely comparable
orchards, and was about to leave without solving the problem when
the question of bees arose. Upon inquiry it was asserted that no
bees had been maintained for either orchard. Again going over
the ground more carefully, the specialist found in a neglected
corner of the fruiting orchard, a fallen log partially sunken in the
damp land. This sheltered a very large colony of bees; to its
services is attributed the success of the orchard. The following

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

year bees were provided in the orchard which had previously failed
to fruit, resulting in a crop on which the owner netted $3,000.

Pears. The authority which is usually quoted for the pollina-
tion of pears is Norman B. Waite, in his publication of the United
States Department of Agriculture, entitled "The Pollination of
Pear Flowers." He says, "The common honey-bee is the most
regular important and abundant visitor and probably does more
good than any other species." According to Professor Waite,
moreover, "pears require cross pollination, being partially or
wholly incapable of setting fruit when limited to their own pollen.
Some varieties are capable of self-fertilization. Varieties that are
absolutely self-sterile may be perfectly cross-fertile." These are
but a few of the thirteen or more conclusions which are drawn
regarding the cross-pollination of pears. A thirteen per cent set
of pear bloom is considered an average fruit catch, while a five to
six per cent catch gives a heavy apple crop (ten to fifteen per cent
is rare).

Plums and Prunes. A. H. Hendrickson ^ has been investigating
prune and plum pollination during the past several -.years. Obser-
vation in 1915 was made of 50,000 plum and prune blossoms, and
in 1916, 87,000. These observations have enabled him to draw the
conclusion "that all varieties of the Japanese group of plums
(Prunus triflora) are self-sterile with the possible exception of
Climax. Varieties of this group seem to cross-^Uinate readily.
Of the European varieties of plums (Prunus domestica) Tragedy
and Clyman show distinct evidence of self -sterility."

Of the prune, the French and Sugar prunes seem to be self -sterile
to some extent. Robe de Sergeant and Imperial prunes are dis-
tinctly self-sterile. They, however, seem to cross-pollinate satis-
factorily.

These observations were the result of a noticeable lack in the
setting of certain orchards. The normal set of French prunes was
about 4% as compared with 19% which was covered with a mos-
quito net tent under which bees were confined. Thus it has been
concluded that the " French prune at least may be aided in setting
a satisfactory crop by the presence of a large number of bees in the

' University of California Bulletin, 274, "The Common Honey-bee as an Agent in Prune
Pollination."

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 79

orchard during the blossoming period." Further, "Without the
aid of bees or other insects, the set of fruit on the French prune is
often Hght." Moreover, "the Imperial does not seem able to set
fruit unless pollinated by insects with pollen from the trees."

As a result of these observations, the author has stated that some
growers will maintain their own apiaries, others will hire bees, while
still others will give apiary rights in their orchards. The investi-
gations and experiments are to be continued.^

Cherry. Observations were also made on cherries during 1916,
showing that the "leading commercial varieties grow in the State
[of California] including Napoleon (Royal Ann), Lambert, Bing,
Black Tartarian, and Black Republican are self-sterile. There is
also distinct evidence of intersterility between several varieties,
for example, Bing and Napoleon. The work has not yet gone far
enough to determine the best pollinizers for cherries in this State."

It has also been reported elsewhere that the owner of a large
cherry orchard in California did not harvest any crop for eight
successive years. In desperation he was about to dig up his trees
when he was advised to introduce bees, with the result that he
afterwards sold his cherry crop in the Chicago and New York City
markets for $4,000. It is also reported by another Californian
that one hundred colonies are necessary for one hundred and forty
acres of cherry trees.

For Massachusetts conditions, everyone who has any familiarity
with the pollination of cherry trees, recognizes at once the tre-
mendous activities which bees make in our cherry trees while in
bloom. The writer on one occasion observed that only that
portion of a cherry tree which was sheltered from the west winds
by a house, was satisfactorily pollinated and set fruit. There can
be little doubt of the importance of honey-bees in cherry pollination.

Peach. Professor J. W. Crow, of the Ontario Agricultural
College, in remarks made in January, 1913, says "that some
varieties of peaches are as dependent on bees as are apples."
The writer's observation, however, is that bees are less active in
blooming peach orchards than they are in many other fruit orchards.
This may not be due to the lack of nectar in the peach bloom, but

' Journal of Heredity, Volume VII, December, 1916, page 545.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

perhaps to an excess of nectar elsewhere, which fact would only
emphasize the necessity for additional bees if their service is ex-
pected in setting peaches.

In the orchard house of Stephen Morris, Philadelphia, where
peaches are grown by the bushel in fifteen-inch pots under glass,
the grower attributes much of his success to the effectual pollina-
tion of the blossoms by bees. It is his custom to place a colony in
the house as soon as the buds appear. The bees remain until the
petals fall.

Raspberry. It is only necessary to ask any good beekeeper in a
raspberry growing district whether the bees visit raspberry bloom;
he will tell you that some of the finest honey on the market is
raspberry honey. All forms of raspberry, wild and cultivated,
are most frequently attended by honey-bees.

Blackberry. While there is this peculiar affinity of the raspberry
for bees, the blackberry, at least certain species, are less frequently
visited. Some forms of wild blackberry are visited by bees more
readily than apparently are cultivated varieties.

Strawberry. There seems to be a considerable diversity of opin-
ion in regard to the importance of bees in strawberry culture.
Professor J. W. Crow of the Ontario Agricultural College, in
January, 1913, said "Strawberries are five to ten per cent wind
pollinated. A strawberry as soon as pollinated drops its petals,
otherwise it remains for a longer time receptive to pollen." In
1916 Mr. E. G. Carr of New Jersey assured the writer that "bees
worked strawberry beds freely in New Jersey." The writer has
also seen bees active on strawberry plots in Maryland. These
same plots at certain times and under given bircumstances, appar-
ently are unvisited by honey-bees. There^ is doubtless a chance
for further observation along the line of the effect of climatic
conditions perhaps on the nectar flow on strawberries. There is
always to be regarded, too, the counter attraction of other nectar
sources when strawberries are in bloom.

Cranberry. Recent investigations have shown that honey-bees
are of prime importance in setting cranberries. The owners of
cranberry bogs in Massachusetts, realizing this, are maintaining
their own apiaries, or hiring colonies for service on their bogs.
It is estimated that it is desirable to have one colony for every two

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 81

acres. The results of experiments with bees in cranberry culture
have been reported by Dr. H. J. Frankhn, of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College Experimental Bog in Wareham. It is not
maintained, however, that the honey-bee is the only bee of service
in the cranberry bog, for the solitary bees are also found.

Almonds. During 1916^ "Observations on almonds by Tufts
show that there is a distinct pollination problem with this fruit.
Thirteen varieties, including practically all grow^n on a commercial
scale in California, proved to be wholly self-sterile under conditions
existing at the University Farm. . . .Of still greater importance is
the fact that two leading varieties were found to be intersterile as
well as self -sterile."

It is well known to beekeepers that bees work almond trees.
Some of the large and successful apiaries of California are located
in almond orchards.

Vegetables. /Thief among the vegetables which depend upon the
honey-bee to a considerable extent for pollination are all the cucur-
bitaceous varieties, as field squash, cucumbers, melons, pumpkins,
and the like. x\n observation has been made by Mr. Gregory of
Massachusetts, who asserts that honey-bees are highly important
in the setting of squashes, and claims also that the honey from
squash is inferior.

It has been repeatedly observed that honey-bees are utilized in
field cucumber growing, especially where a large number of small
pickling cucumbers are produced. In Massachusetts, too, one
noted melon grower hires bees for the sole purpose of setting his
melon crop. This producer has told the writer that to his utiliza-
tion of bees he attributes in a large measure his success with musk-
melons and cantaloupes, which he sends to the finest hotels in the
country.

The growing of cucumbers under glass, while a special industry,
is merely the adaptation of the utilization of honey-bees. Annually
several thousand colonies, perhaps three thousand, are used in the
cucumber greenhouses in Massachusetts alone. Hand pollination
is impossible and long ago dispensed with. One grower alone uses
upwards of eighty colonies a year.

1 Journal of Heredity, Vol. VII, No. 12, December, 1916, "Pollination Studies on Cali-
fornia Fruits," page 545.

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Bees to some extent have also been used in the setting of toma-
toes in greenhouses, and by some it has been thought that a better
crop of tomatoes is secured thereby.

Securing and Maintaining Bees.

Honey-bees are available for horticultural purposes in several
ways. In some instances, a small number of colonies are hired
for a period of a few weeks during the blossoming time of some
particular crop. In other instances, fruit growers induce beekeep-
ers to establish an apiary in their orchard, by granting them privi-
leges and accommodations. For instance, in California, orchard-
ists not infrequently furnish sites for apiaries and offer other induce-
ments to locate there, as perhaps the orchardist will furnish the
stands for the bee hives. This is typical of the cooperation of fruit
growers and beekeepers throughout the Sacramento Valley. In
Wisconsin, too, it has been stated that all large orchardists now
have their apiaries in or near by. Many of the more thoughtful
growers, however, believe it advisable to maintain their own bees.
This can be done in one of several ways; given the time and the
aptitude, the orchardist or some one hired for the purpose, may be
the beekeeper; otherwise a circuit beekeeper may be employed.
This practice is growing in favor among those owning moderate
sized orchards, as well among the greenhouse cucumber growers
and cranberry growers. The custom is to hire a practical apiarist
to come periodically and care for the bees. Thus if this practical
apiarist has similar engagements throughout a given district, the
expense to each orchardist or cranberry grower is slight. Moreover,
this cooperative plan assures the maximum efficiency of his colo-
nies without burdening him with additional detail.

In securing bees for horticultural purposes one of the first requis-
ites is healthy stock. Those who maintain bees for greenhouse
purposes, will find it advantageous to own their own colonies rather
than to purchase annually.

Purchasing the Stock. If bees are purchased it is advisable to
secure healthy stock. Bees are subject to at least two prevalent
diseases, known respectively as American foulbrood and European

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 83

foulbrood, to which colonies unattended may succumb rapidly.
The inexperienced, therefore, should secure information and
ascertain that the bees have been inspected for disease. Should
disease set in a considerable loss of both bees and possibly to the
orchard or market garden might result in a short time. Informa-
tion concerning these diseases may usually be had through ex-
periment stations, agricultural colleges, the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, or in many states, through the Inspector of Apiaries.

Usually it is desirable to secure bees in hives which have remov-
able frames. The ten-frame Langstroth hive is considered stand-
ard. By such an equipment uniformity with stock acquired later
on or supplies procured is more readily assured. The bee for
general purposes is the Italian bee.

Since the subject of this paper precludes an exhaustive discussion
of the manipulation of bees, details concerning this may be had
upon request of the author. There are, however, numerous books,
bulletins and other sources of information available through the
public libraries.

Alleged Injury to Fruit by Honey-bees.

It is occasionally alleged that bees damage the orchard in one
of several ways. In one instance the writer was complained to
by a farmer that the bees from his neighbor were "sucking the
sweetness out of the flowers. They are there in thousands and are
making the petals drop. I will be ruined by fall if something is not
done." How little he realized, however, the good services which the
bees were performing.

Sometimes it is concluded too hastily when bees are seen upon
fallen and partially decayed fruit or possibly on overripe peaches
which are still on the tree, that the bees have cut holes in this fruit.
It is thought that the honey-bee is the cause of the injury. On the
other hand, if the honey-bee's activity could have been traced, it
would have been found that something other than the bee had
first pierced the skin of the fruit. Investigations show that wasps
or birds do this or that a fungus may disintegrate the skin. In
some such break in the skin the honey-bee can work, but not until

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

the skin has been broken by some other means than that which the
honey-bee possesses can she gain access to juices, even to so tender
skinned fruit as grapes or plums. It has been proven by experi-
ments that the honey-Tjee is physically incapable of puncturing a
sound fruit.

In some instances redress for alleged damage to ripe fruit by
honey-bees has been referred to the courts. One of the most cele-
brated cases of this kind was that of Utter vs. Utter, having taken
place at Amity, N. Y. This case resulted in the unanimous deci-
sion of the jury to the effect that bees do not puncture sound fruit.

Experimental tests of the ability of bees to puncture fruit have
been made at the Ottawa Experiment Station in Ontario, Canada.
Ripe strawberries were first tried and then raspberries. These
were suspended within the hives as w^ell as in other places of easy
access to bees. The fruits were exposed in at least three different
ways. First, the whole fruit; second, whole fruit which had been
dipped in honey; and third, similar fruit but with a slight pinhole
puncture in each. A second series of experiments was made
similarly with peaches, pears, plums, and grapes. "The bees
began to work at once both upon the dipped and punctured fruit.
The former was cleaned thoroughly of hone}^ during the first night ;
upon the punctured fruit the bees clustered thickly, sucking the
juice through the punctures as long as they could obtain any liquid.
At the end of six days all the fruit was carefully examined. The
sound fruit was still uninjured in any way. The dipped fruit was
in like condition, quite sound, but every vestige of honey had dis-
appeared. The punctured fruit was badly mutilated and worthless;
beneath each puncture was a cavity, and in many instances decay
had set in. The experiment was continued during the following
week, the undipped fruit being left in the brood-chamber; the
dipped fruit was given a new coating of honey and replaced in the
super, and a fresh supply of punctured fruit was substituted for
that which had been destroyed.

" After the third week the bees that belonged to the two hives,
which had been deprived of all their honey, appeared to be very
sluggish, and there were many dead bees about the hives; the
weather being damp and cool was very much against those colo-
nies. These colonies had lived for the first three weeks on the punc-
tured fruit and on the honey off of the fruit which had been dipped ;

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 85

as there were at that season few plants in flower from which they
could gather nectar, these bees had died of starvation, notwith-
standing the proximity of the ripe juicy fruit. The supply of food
which they were so urgently in need of was only separated from
them by the skin of the fruit, which, however, this evidence proves,
they could not puncture, as they did not do so."

Alleged Injury to Pear Orchards by Blight.

Some years ago, opinion among fruit growers that bees were
agents for transporting the spores of pear blight and thus the agent
of dissemination of this dread plant disease, became prevalent.
Various experiments were carried on in order to prove the assertion.
In 1901 considerable trouble arose in Kings County, California,
between the pear growers and beekeepers. The situation became
tense. Further investigations were made. Bees were temporarily
removed from pear orchards, but this precaution was found not to
prevent the spread of pear blight. It was therefore assumed that
there were sufficient bees, wild honey-bees and other insects, in-
cluding ants, which were going from tree to tree by thousands,
and hence were also agents in the transportation of pear blight.
These were conditions over which man had no control. Hence,
the honey-bees were allowed to be returned, it having been con-
cluded that these should render invaluable service in the cross-
pollination of the bloom. Recently investigations, notably those
of Dr. J. H. Merrill, have fortunately for the beekeeper's interest,
vindicated the honey-bee. In fact, it is improbable that the honey-
bee has any part in fire-blight dissemination. By inoculation
experiments and extended observation, aphids or plant lice which
infest fruit trees, are found to be an active means of transmission.
In conclusion of his latest observations. Dr. Merrill says,^

"1. The Wight developed only in the tender succulent growth
on the twigs.

"2. By hatching from eggs laid in blight cankers, the aphids
come in contact with the fire-blight organism.

' Dr. J. H. Merrill, 1917, "Further Data on the Relation Between Aphids and Fire Blight
(Bacillus amylovorus Bur. Trev.) Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 10, No. 1, pages
45-46.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

"3. Aphids can and do inoculate trees with the bacteria of
fire-blight.

"4. The amount of fire-blight infection in an orchard may be
materially decreased by destroying all of the aphids which may
appear there."

Injury to Cultivated Flowers.

Occasionally a beekeeper says that bees are injuring cultivated
flowers, grown perhaps professionally by the floriculturists. The
bees can hardly with justice be blamed. They are responding
merely to their natural inclinations, namely to secure pollen or
nectar. Having visited a flower and perhaps pollinated it, the
flower at once responds according to its natural inclination, with
the results that it drops its petals. In this way bees may cause
flowers to pass more quickly than might be desired. It is pursuant
to the law which was observed in the prolonged blooming period
of apple orchards due to lack of pollination and which is mentioned
above. If flowers are grown under glass and bees tend to mature
them too rapidly, the floriculturist may exclude the bees by screen-
ing his greenhouse windows. Snapdragons are an example of a
flower which quickly responds to pollination and drops its lower
blooms, thus giving a ragged or unsightly stalk. A floriculturist
on one occasion called the writer's attention to a considerable
quantity of snapdragon which had been injured, from the market
standpoint, by having been visited and pollinated by bees. How-
ever, on the whole this type of injury by bees can hardly be credited
as being usual or severe.

Spraying vs. Beekeeping.

Of late there has been considerable discussion among the fruit
growers and others who practice spraying and the beekeepers.
Beekeepers have claimed severe losses due to injudicious and
improper spraying. It is a pleasure to say the beekeepers are not
narrow enough to presume that spraying should be stopped and
yet, there is justification for their presumption that spraying should
be done properly and in such a way as not to injure or destroy their

HONEY-BEES IN HORTICULTURE 87

bees. On the whole good spraying practices will in no way con-
flict with the beekeeper's interests. Occasionally there may be
some slight damage, but wholesale destruction has usually been
traced to improper spraying practices. Generally speaking, it
will suffice to say that a tree, or bloom of any kind, does not need
to be sprayed until the petals have fallen. At this time bees are
not inclined to visit the flowers, hence there can be little danger of
injuring the apiary. The problem as a whole, however, is an
intricate one, and where questions arise as to the time and advisa-
bility of spraying, they should be referred to an authority for dis-
cussion or settlement.

Experiments have been and are being made on the use of re-
pellents to bees in spray mixtures. Beekeepers hope, and doubtless
fruit growers and those who use spray poisons will be glad to
cooperate, that the time is not far distant when the bees can be
repelled so that by no accident will they come in contact with a
poisonous spray. As yet, no definite instructions can be given
for the use of repellents to bees in spray mixtures.

As a preliminary observation, the writer ^ on July 7, 1916,
applied lime-sulphur spray to a European linden which was in full
bloom. One-half only of the tree was sprayed with a solution of
1-25, the strength usually employed in spraying operations. The
spraying was done between 9: 30 and 10 o'clock in the morning of
a bright calm day. The following observations were obtained:

Results of Lime Sulphur as a Repellent.

In the sprayed half of the tree : —
^ 15 honey-bees.

Some wild bees, j

1 milkweed butterfly.

Flies of various types numerous.
In the unsprayed half of the tree : —

53 honey-bees.

Wild bees.

Flies numerous.

4 Bombus.

1 Gates, Burton N., Seventh Annual Report of the State Inspector of Apiaries for the
Year 1916, Mass. State Board of Agriculture. Apiary Series Bulletin No. 11, pj). 16-19.

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Apparently, however, after the first day, there was an increased
number of bees in the sprayed portion of the tree, and a decrease
in numbers in the unsprayed portion, which suggests the loss of
repellent powers in the sprayed portion and a decrease in the
general activity of the bees working linden ; hence the observations
may be questioned. On the third or fourth day, scarcely a bee
could be seen in any part of the tree. Thus with limited trials,
no definite conclusions could be reached.

A report of Forest Commissioner Wm. W. Colton, of Newton,
along these lines, is that a material similar to sulpho-naphthol,
"Milkol" may serve as a repellent. His observation is the result
of having used "Milkol" in municipal spraying, during the season
of 1916.^

Summary.

Bees and beekeeping are inestimably important to the horti-
culturist. He may fertilize and cultivate the soil, prune, thin, and
spray his trees, in a word, he may do ajl those things which modern
practice advocates, yet without his pollinating agents, chief among
which are the honey-bees, to transfer the pollen from the stamen
to the pistil of the bloom, his crops may fail. Honey-bees in an
orchard are an item of assurance or insurance and protection.
Usually the expenditure is so slight that it does not warrant com-
parison with the possible and probable returns.

STRAWBERRY CULTURE.
By O. M. Taylor, Geneva, N. Y

Delivered before the Society, March 3, 1917.

Of all the small fruits which occupy the time and attention of both
New York and Massachusetts growers, the strawberry is outrivalled
by neither blackberries, raspberries, currants, nor gooseberries,
its acreage for Massachusetts more than doubling the combined
area of all these fruits, according to the figures of the last GoAcrn-
ment census. This position of deserved popularity is held not
through any manipulation of real estate brokers or of stock markets
or from glowing descriptions of printer's ink and artist's brush,
but because the fruit has won its high standing on its own merits.

It is true that the strawberry is the first of the small fruits to
tempt the eye and the appetite in early summer and doubtless this
fact adds to the zest with which the fruit is greeted at that time;
but few indeed are the people who are not delighted both outwardly
and inwardly by the handsome appearance, delicate aroma, and
pleasing flavor of this class of fruit. Home-grown fruits begin to
ripen about the middle of June or slightly earlier and for about three
weeks there is no time when the table should not be supplied in
abundance with the choicest berries and if one chooses to gather
fruit in July, August, September, and October, and occasionally
in November, it may be done by giving attention to some of the
fajl-bearing kinds; and we are then in position to echo the state-
ment of Brj^ant as to the

"Fruits that shall swell in sunny June
And redden in the August noon."

A discussion of the culture of the strawberry leads into too many
paths and byways to make it at all possible for a full consideration
of the subject at this time, and in the attempt to touch upon some
of the most important factors of its successful culture it will be
necessary to ignore completely many points and to touch others

89

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

very lightly, while more attention must be given to some of those
subjects which are the determinants of success or failure, any one
of which, if lacking, may spell disaster to the strawberry grower.

It is taken for granted that the greatest interest centers around
the growing of the strawberry for commercial purposes and not
for home use although the latter field is far too much neglected,
the requirements of which are somewhat different from the com-
mercial end of the business. Fpr instance, in the home the ques-
tion of quality stands first, and heavy yield is not so essential, but
for commercial work, no matter what happens, the variety must be
sufficiently firm to ship well and the plants must be good yielders.

Detailed statements of actual operations are not in order at this
time. They vary with the locality and the particular environment^
and are as diverse as are the number of men growing the fruit.
But there are certain essential factors of strawberry growing which
are unchangeable wherever strawberries are grown and which will
apply in Massachusetts just as they equally apply in New York or
any other state. Any variety of strawberry to do well must be
adapted to its environment and must find its local surroundings
congenial or it will fail in part or altogether and become a profitless
instead of a profitable kind.

Soil and climate with its twin subjects of temperature and rain-
fall spell success or failure with the strawberry. Fortunately,
temperature feels more kindly disposed toward the strawberry than
is the case with the raspberry and blackberry and it is seldom we
hear of winter injury to this fruit, especially if the ground has its
normal covering of winter's snow and if the plants have had their
blanket of some mulch material. The fruit itself is occasionally
injured by the intense heat of the sun, especially during showery
weather, but the plants as a whole may be considered hardy.

Rainfall, however, is a more trying problem. The strawberry,
of all small fruits has its root system nearest the surface, has the'
smallest capacity of soil space for root run and consequently is
more quickly affected by varying conditions of moisture. This is
especially true at fruiting time, during which a few days of severe
drought may reduce the yield fifty per cent. There must be
present, therefore, if the strawberry is to succeed, a proper amount
of moisture whether it is supplied naturally or artificially.

STRAWBERRY CULTURE

91

The soil is the next important determinant. There is no question
but that many varieties' are partial as to soils. Just^ what the
determining soil character is, cannot always be ascertained. We
know that some varieties prefer a heavy clay soil, while other
kinds are only at home in a light soil type, and doubtless many a
variety would become surprisingly profitable could its soil prefer-
ence be known. In a general way, however, most varieties are at
their best in a wide range of soils, with the; preference toward a
well-drained, loamy soil, not too heavy, containing an abundance
of available plant food and humus. Levels or slopes and direction
of exposure are usually of minor importance.

Climate and soil being well disposed, there yet remain several
factors of location which at once become great assets or heavy
handicaps. These are distance of market, road conditions, char-
acter of market, facilities having to do with transportation, whether
by rail or water, the availability of plenty of cheap and reasonably
efficient labor. The ideal market is a good local one, but at the
same time with opportunity to shift quickly to a more distant
market whenever desirable and it is also a great asset not to have
that market under the control of distant growers who through
more favorable conditions are able to capture and often flood it
just as the local fruit reaches maturity.

There is great agreement as to the value of stable manure for the
strawberry. Discord and harsh sounds greet the ear, however,
when an attempt is made to line up the best fertilizers for this fruit.
No sooner has one grower solved the problem to his personal satis-
faction than his neighbor goes him one better by securing a much
heavier yield and a more handsome product with a formula quite
different. Another grower trys to copy the method of his successful
neighbor only to meet with failure. Growers should experiment
by using various amounts and kinds of the fertilizers rich in the
chief elements of plant food, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphoric
acid, until by trial they have worked out the preparations which
give them the best results under their own farm and soil conditions.

A discussion of varieties and how to select them is reserved for a
later paragraph. Some attention, however, should be given to the
kind of plants to set. Are all equally good? Can we secure an
advantage at the start by good judgment in the selection of the

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

stock for the new plantations? From where and what plants shall
we select? Shall we turn to the much advertised " Pedigreed "
or "Improved Strains" or can we by selection build up a class of
plants superior to the ordinary run? Time forbids a detailed dis-
cussion of these questions. Briefly stated, strong, vigorous, stocky,
apparently healthy plants, with a good root system will start into
new growth more quickly than weaklings, and stock should be
taken from vigorous, beds which have not become exhausted by a
yield of fruit, selecting the larger, more mature, and older runner
plants in preference to those developing late in the season, found
along the outer border of the strawberry row. Experience has
alread^^ taught growers to look with suspicion at the well-written,
glowing accounts of the great value of "Pedigreed" stock or "Im-
proved Strains" which are usually quoted at a high price. Many
times such plants are no better than those close at hand of the type
just described as a desirable stock. Would that we were certain
by careful, continued selection to build up improved strains.
Apparently a correct and plausible theory, and one which naturally
commends itself to all who are desirous of raising the standard of
excellence, yet no indisputable proof has been brought forward that
such is the general result, while strange to say some of the most
painstaking and careful experiments carried on continuously for a
dozen years or more have left the experimenter in the dark as to
the correctness of this whole theory and this statement holds true
with tree fruits as well as with the strawberry. All efforts, however,
to improve the plants should be encouraged, for the best are none
too good.

Sex of Varieties. Some attention must be given to sex. The
grower should know whether his varieties are perfect or imperfect,
flowering or staminate or pistillate as they are sometimes called.
The present tendency is toward the perfect-flowering kinds although
some excellent varieties like the Sample and the Columbia are
among the imperfect-flowering kinds, and where such kinds are
grown provision must be made through the selection of other
varieties to provide for the cross pollination of the blossoms. The
fertilization of all strawberry blossoms is made possible mostly
through the work of insects as they journey from flower to flower.
As a rule more efficient pollination may be expected if more than

STRAWBERRY CULTURE 93

one variety is grown in the same field, and there is no danger of
any change in color, shape, or flavor through the influence of the
pollen of different varieties. Weather conditions, rains, cold,
heavy winds, frosts, lack of insects, or the particular variety, all
have a bearing on the completeness or incompleteness of the
fertilization of the blossoms and upon the increase or decrease of
"nubbins." Contrary to the opinion of some growers, there is
iio correllation between sex and yield.

Preparation of soil. "Well begun is half done" in preparing
the soil to receive the strawberry plants and seldom if ever is its
preparation overdone. If the soil be foul it may be necessary to
begin a year before setting the plants by the use of cultivated
crops. The applications of manure to the soil, time and depth of
plowing, particular methods of bringing the soil be^ into the best
possible condition for the plants are as diverse and various as
are the men growing the crop. There is no one method best
adapted to all conditions and soils. Emphasis, however, should be
laid on the importance of a well-prepared, thoroughly worked
soil which has been put into good tilth, so that the plants will
"take hold" as quickly as possible after setting.

Preparation of plants for setting. No elaborate system of prepa-
ration is necessary. The plants should of course not be permitted
to wilt and dry out during the interval between digging and plant-
ing; dead runners should be removed, as well as some of the older
leaves and the roots "shortened in" about one-third their length.

Setting the plants. There is no uniformity among growers as to
distance between rows and plants, the exact time or method of
setting, or the system used. Plants should not be crowded.
Distance depends partly on the habit of the variety and partly
on the system of growing, whether it be the matted row, the hill,
or a modified form of either. The matted row system which is in
most common use calls for a width of about four feet between rows,
and from eighteen to twenty-four inches between plants, while the
hill system requires less space each way. Both methods have
their advantages and disadvantages. All are agreed as to the
desirability of setting at the proper depth, neither too shallow nor
too deep, the crown of the plant being on a level with the surface
of the ground, and in New York spring setting is the rule.

94 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Treatment the first summer. Cultivation should begin as soon as
the plants are set, and should be repeated whenever necessary to
maintain a good physical soil condition about the young plants,
and is dependent largely on type of soil and condition of rainfall.
Usually the entire land is given over to the strawberry crop but
under favorable conditions inter-crops or companion crops of low
and quick growing vegetables are used but this is not a common
practice. Spring set plants should not bear fruit the first year,
the blossom clusters being removed, so that the plants themselves
may develop more rapidly. The first runners should be encouraged
to root as soon as ready. The cultivator must be narrowed as
the runners occupy the ground. It is doubtful if the practice of
sowing a cover-crop among the plants in the fall should be encour-
aged, as the disadvantages more than offset the advantages gained.

Winter treatvient. Strawberry plants are perfectly hardy yet
some winter protection should be provided. The frozen ground
should be covered lightly with some material of a strawy nature,
not for the purpose of keeping the plants warm but to lessen the
damage to the plants from the repeated freezing and thawing of
the ground. This is but one of a half dozen benefits to be secured
by the use of a winter mulch. Materials used are dependent on
what may be available, anything that will accomplish the results
desired, and which will in no way injure the plants.

Treatment the fruiting season. The strawberry bed usually
requires but little attention the following spring. As warm
weather approaches the winter mulch may require stirring to keep
the plants from becoming smothered and when too thick the
surplus is placed between the rows. Occasionally if land is foul
it may be necessary to remove the mulch and cultivate between
the rows after which the mulch is replaced, and the largest weeds
cut out or pulled after rains. It is doubtful if the possible benefit
of smudging as a protection against late frosts at blossoming time
will warrant much expense in the purchase of any of the various
smudging devices now on the market. The certainty of any
benefit is far too uncertain.

Renewal of beds. Generally but one crop of fruit, yet in many
cases two and occasionally three crops are removed before the
strawberry bed is discarded. It depends largely on the condition

STRAWBERRY CULTURE 95

of the bed. No ironclad rule can be laid down, either as to how
many crops shall be harvested or the particular method to follow
in the renovation of the old bed. Usually by some method the
matted row is narrowed down, the ground which has become hard
and compact by the pickers is broken up and thoroughly worked,
the remaining plants put in the very best possible condition to
start new growth, stable manure or fertilizer added if available.
There is no uniform practice as to mowing and burning over the
old bed, some successful growers never omitting the operation,
while other equally as successful growers never practice the method.
It has some advantages and also some disadvantages.

Irrigation of strmcberrics. The importance of an adequate
supply of moisture has already been referred to. All strawberry
growers are familiar with the disastrous effects of periods of drought
and it would seem at first sight as highly desirable to install some
system whereby one would not be at the mercy of the elements as
far as they relate to the water supply. Were it possible to control
or regulate natural rainfall or to prognosticate the future weather
conditions with accuracy, a regular, never failing, always available
artificial water supply might become a valuable asset to the straw-
berry grower, but unfortunately, in New York State at least, we
not only have no control ovev nature'^ operations but also are
exceedingly poor guessers when it comes to foretelling the weather;
and the experience of many a grower who has installed some plant,
as the "Skinner" system for instance, has found that the systems
rust out far quicker than they wear out and that in a series of years
there has been but little if anj^ financial return at all adequate to
the amount of investment involved. There are, of course, excep-
tions to this experience. It would seem, however, judging by past
experience, to be highly desirable to more full}- make use of the
means already at hand of conserving and utilizing the moisture
supply normally available through more intensive methods of
cultivation, and of previous soil preparation, especially by increas-
ing its capacity to hold and retain moisture.

Pests and their control. Some benign influence must brood over
the strawberry, shielding and protecting against many of the
troubles that fruits are heir to, for it may truthfully be said that
items for spray machinery and for spray materials are conspicuous

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

by their absence from the expense account of the strawberry grower.
But very few if any strawberry growers ever spray. This does
not mean that this fruit is immune from attacks of insects or
fungi, but it emphasizes the truth of the statement just made as
to comparative freedom from such troubles. The rotation is so
short — the shortest of all the small fruits — that the pests are
scarcely able to obtain a foothold. White grubs are occasionally
troublesome, being the larvae from the "June bugs," and are most
abundant in grass lands, which should be avoided as far as possible,
although fall plowing may destroy some of the insects. Leaf rollers
are sometimes in evidence, small, brownish caterpillars which roll
or fold over a portion of the leaf, feeding within the protecting fold.
Arsenate of lead, applied before the insect is protected or burning
the beds after fruiting and if necessary, a later arsenical spray will
destroy many of the insects in cases of severe infestations. The
strawberry weevil occasionally puts in an appearance. Unfortu-
nately, the egg which hatches into a whitish grub is laid in the
flower bud where the grub feeds on the pollen. No satisfactory
remedy can be given. Burning over the beds, clean culture, and a
quick rotation furnish some relief.

Among diseases, leaf spot is the most serious trouble, but is
dependent on certain weather conditions. Good air and soil-
drainage with selection of somewhat resistant varieties aid in
reducing the amount of injury. In severe cases, spraying with
bordeaux mixture (3-3-50) as growth begins and again just before
blossoming time will be found beneficial. Arsenate of lead may be
combined for insect troubles. A quick rotation already referred to,
tends to keep down both insects and disease.

Picking and marketing. Well begun is half done; yet the straw-
berry grower is scarcely more than half done when the fruit reaches
maturity. There yet remains the task of picking, packing, ship-
ping, and marketing the fruit, during which time the grower is
largely at the mercy of weather conditions entirely beyond control.
Here again, details vary to suit the locality or the whim or notion
of the grower and are almost as various as the number of growers;
but all are agreed on the importance of having the fruit arrive at
its destination in good condition, free from bruises, well colored,
fairly uniform in size of berry, packed neatly in clean, attractive-

STRAWBERRY CULTURE 97

looking baskets. The acme of success can never be reached when
berries of all sizes and colors, with and without hulls, overripe and
underripe are placed in the same box.

Yields, costs, and profits. Would that it were possible to make
accurate statements in regard to productiveness, the many items
of expense connected with growing the crop and in addition to
these, all the items connected with harvesting and marketing the
crop, including the all-important item of selling price, so that
profits, alwa3^s alluring yet by far too elusive, might be determined,
or as sometimes occurs, the amount of loss determined. Were
all factors constant, the results would be a question of mathematics,
but unfortunately some items vary from year to year, others are
never alike on any two farms, while still other factors are entirely
beyond the control of the grower, making hasty determinations of
probable yields, costs, and profits largely guesses and at this time
we leave all such calculations to others.

We are, however, concerned with averages, which will appear low
to many of the more successful growers, but they represent the
concensus of opinion among conservative observers. 3000 quarts
per acre is considered an average yield, while the average cost of
growing a 32-quart crate of berries and placing it on the market is
in the neighborhood of $1.00 per crate, placing a fair profit at about
$1.00 per crate, the amount of yield largely determining the amount
of the profit.

What to plant. We come now to our last subject, by no means
least in importance, always one of the most perplexing and baflfling
of solution. With the best of climatic and soil conditions present,
with clear-cut ideas as to the best cultural methods to follow, and
with the knowledge that the best of markets is at our door, the
selection of undesirable varieties may from the very start spell
ultimate disaster and make all the difference between a profitable
or a profitless business. Were there but few varieties available for
selection and were the behavior of these varieties uniformly the
same in different localities, and under various environments and
in different soil types, this question would be simplified; but the
fact is altogether too apparent that varieties are amazingly unstable
in their behavior and the most profitable variety in one location
may prove worthless or of only mediocre value elsewhere.

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Of all the small fruits, the strawberry lends itself most readily
to the rapid increase of varieties and catalogs are overburdened
with long lists of kinds described and often illustrated in such glow-
ing words and colors that the novice in despair would fain swallow
the whole list, did space permit. The multiplicity of varieties is
apparent on every hand. Fletcher, in his recent work on " North
American Varieties of Strawberries" lists nearly 1900 variety names
and some of our largest small-fruit nurserymen in their 1916
catalogs offer to supply growers with their choice from over 80
different kinds.

Manifestly, it is impossible for growers to test all varieties claim-
ing attention. What then, are the guideposts to indicate the" route
to travel in making an intelligent selection? First, the purpose in
view must be clear cut; whether for home or for commercial use;
for canning factory or for local or more remote markets; the
requirements of each market must be understood and the varieties
selected should most nearly fit such requirements. Second, we
must have, in the determination of varieties to grow, some knowl-
edge of the comparative habits of both plant and fruit and should
keep in mind some idea of the qualifications which go to make up an
ideal variety. To be sure, no variety is perfect and the kinds grown
are characterized by imperfections as well as by perfections.
Doubtless no two growers would fully agree on all the qualifications
which must be considered in the ideal strawberry because of differ-
ent points of view and because of personal notions and tastes.
Most of us, however, can fully agree on the most important factors
which must be present in considering the ideal variety.

Plants of the ideal variety must of course be true to name. All
are agreed on this, yet many a plant has fallen from grace on this
one point alone. They should be possessed of reasonable health,
vigor, and sturdiness, with no hint of weakness or lack of vitality,
should multiply to such an extent as to fill all the space allotted,
leaving no bare spots, yet should not encroach one upon another
so as to become too crowded, and should mature their fruit at the
time desired and in abundance. The flowers should preferably be
perfect, although we have some excellent imperfect-flowering kinds,
should not open too early in exposed localities, and should be well
supplied with an abundance of pollen so that under favorable

\

STRAWBERRY CULTURE

99

conditions pollination carried on mostly by insects may proceed
rapidly. Fruit stems should not be too short, and should be
sufficiently stocky to aid somewhat in keeping the berries off the
ground. The calyx should not be over large or of an unattractive
color. The berries should be of good size, which is retained fairly
well throughout the season, the shape pleasing in its beauty of
form, and the color should tempt the eye at first sight, neither too
light nor too dark but distinctly lively, bright, and clear, not green-
tipped at the apex. The berries should be sufficiently firm for the
purpose grown and should not reach the table in a mussy condition.
Most important of all, the flesh characters should combine a com-
mingling of pleasant aroma, delightful richness of agreeable flavor,
abundant juice, and an entire lack of toughness, astringency, or
insipidness. Such a combination of qualities forming just the
right mixture of sweetness and acidity, should certainly tempt the
appetite of the most fastidious palate.

As already has been suggested, tastes differ; some want an acid
berry; others a sweet, mild berry; the point of view lacks uni-
formity and we all have our pet notions as to what constitutes
perfection; yet it seems certain that most strawberry growers can
fully agree on the importance and desirability of all these qualities
just enumerated and the different varieties vary so widely in flavor
and quality that even the most fastidious may find a variety suited
to their particular taste.

The question of what to plant has not been fully answered.
One solution to the question is by a careful study of the varieties
in the immediate locality, selecting only such kinds that have by
past experience proved their value and adaptation in that neigh-
borhood. A second method is by trial of a few plants before
planting largely to any little known variety. The test plat should
be a regular feature of the strawberry grower and the newer and
more promising kinds should be tested and their local value deter-
mined before planting commercially.

Brief mention has been made -of a class of varieties that would
extend the strawberry season through the fall months. Such
kinds are designated as "Fall-bearing" varieties, and have created
considerable discussion during recent years. It is true that a
selection from the score or more of such kinds will make this fruit

100

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

available throughout August, September, and October, and there
will be little trouble in supplying our tables at that time. If,
however, it is proposed to set such plants extensively for commercial
purposes, the writer suggests that moderation be exercised in the
first plantings and that the acreage be enlarged only as the success
of the previous plantings warrant.

Thus far, no varieties have been listed, and it is with hesitation
that any names are given because of the fact that the most valuable
kinds in one place may be worthless in some other locality. There
are, however, a number of varieties which have made good in one
part or another of -New York State, although this fact has no
bearing on their behavior in the Bay State. Many of them are
old varieties with an established reputation, while others are
among the more recent kinds; the following list is therefore only
suggestive :

Amanda Excelsior Mascot

Barrymore Gandy Michel

Bederwood Glen Mary Ozark

Belt Golden Gate Prolific

Brandywine Good Luck Rough Rider

Chesapeake Indiana Sample

Columbia Monroe Stevens

Dunlap Marshall Williams.

Americus

Fall-bearing Kinds.
Francis Progressive

Superb.

In conclusion. This discussion, incomplete yet already too long,
must be brought to a close. An effort has been made to set forth
some of the essentials of strawberry growing, the observance or
non-observance of which make or mar the final results. A success-
ful grower cannot run his business by rule of thumb. Ways and
means will vary from year to year to meet new conditions of climate,
of season, and of markets. Strawberry growing is intensive
farming; halfway measures cannot bring the results desired. The
fruit itself as a basis of work is of highest rank, and recalls the old

\

STRAWBERRY CULTURE 101

saying, "Doubtless God could have made a better berry, but
doubtless he never did," and with the many varieties at our disposal,
and with a better knowledge of their adaptabilities, intelligent
effort cannot fail to supply our tables with fruit most acceptable
to both sight and taste.

V

CRANBERRY CULTURE.
By Marcus L. Urann, Boston.

Abstract of lecture delivered before the Society, with stereopticon
illustrations, March 10, 1917.

AYithin a very few months the people of the United States will
be considering, as never before, their food supplies. Not only in
terms of great producers of grain and large special crops, but the
question of food will be brought down more directly to the individ-
ual and he will be endeavoring to solve the problem of how he can
himself produce some of his foods by utilizing his back yard or
other small areas of land which will be open to his cultivation.
One of the first questions confronting him is the selection of his
crops. It is a rule that we should raise what we can cheaper than
we can buy and buy from others what they can produce cheaper
than ourselves. Now I presume we all want cranberries.

First, because of their food value, composed as they are of ele-
ments which our body needs and which will be of increasing value
the plainer our general diet may become. For instance, tough
and other poor quality of meats are rendered tender and more
palatable cooked or eaten with cranberries. Then, too, they are
an economical food there being no waste in cores or skins and
very little labor rec^uired in preparation. We want them, too,
because of their medicinal value. We are informed that cran-
berries contain predigested acids easily assimilated, acting directly
on the red corpuscles in the blood.

Therefore desiring cranberries, the next question is whether or
not we should produce or purchase them, this to be determined by
the conditions under which they can successfully be grown.

The common swamp cranberry, known to botanists by the name
of " Vaccinium macrocarjion," is found native in almost every state
in the Union and in parts of Canada. All economic plants show a
preference for certain soil and climatic conditions and none is more

103

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

exacting in this regard than the cranberry, easily and successfully
grown on congenial soils, it is a failure under adverse conditions.
The successful cultivation has been practically limited to Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, about two-thirds of the total
crop coming from Massachusetts and these grown almost exclu-
sively on Cape Cod, where the economic conditions seem to be
peculiarly adapted to this particular fruit.

History. The first attempts at cultivation of cranberries in
this country were made on Cape Cod about the year 1816. The
general cultivation, however, does not date back further than the
year 1850. The development since that time has been rapid until
today there are in Massachusetts some 12,000 acres.

Necessary conditions. In locating a cranberry bog the first
question, of course, is the soil, which should be of a peaty or alluvial
nature, the decomposition of which has not reached a stage which
will prevent the water percolating freely through it. The next
requisite is drainage, which should be ample to allow the surface
of the water to be kept at least two feet below the surface of the
bog under any and all conditions. There must be an abundant
water supply with the necessary reservoir privileges, providing
protection from frost and insects. This water is used also in the
proper development of the fruit itself. There must be an ample
supply of sand easily accessible. The bog should be so located
as to have a circulation of air and to be out of natural frost veins.
After selecting a swamp with these necessary conditions the first
step in preparation is:

Clearing. Some of the swamps on Cape Cod are covered with
what is called brown brush, a swamp bush growing from two to
six feet high. Many of the swamps, however, are covered with a
heavy growth of pine, maple, and cedar trees, all of which must
be removed, both the trees and the stumps to at least six inches
below the finished grade of the bog. These trees are used for
wood or lumber. After which we come to the second step.

Turfing. Which is removing all surface vegetation, cutting the
turf into squares and turning upside down. It sounds very easy,
but no part of bog building requires more skill and judgment, for
in this turf are the seeds, roots, and plants, which, if not properly
handled, will spring up for many years afterwards entailing a heavy
expense, as well as cause damage to the young bog.

CRANBERRY CULTURE 105

Ditching. After turfing, the drainage ditches are excavated, the
size and number of which depend upon the area to be drained, the
number of springs, and density of soil. They usually consist of a
large ditch through the middle of the swamp and lateral ditches
running at right angles from this to the upland; these latter are
generally about two feet wide and deep. A ditch must entirely
surround the bog at the point where the peaty soil of the swamp
meets the sandy soil of the upland. This is to carry off the surface
water and is a protection from insects crawling on to the bog from
the upland. These ditches not only drain the swamp, permitting
air circulation and chemical changes, which will furnish food supply
to the plants, but also are necessary in case of flowage.

Dikes. The next step is to divide the entire swamp into sections
according to its topography. It is advisable to have a swamp
divided into sections of comparatively a few acres. This is accom-
plished by a system of dikes located according to the natural con-
ditions of the bog. They are usually constructed by laying up
two parallel walls of turf the desired distance apart, this turf
having been cut from the surface of the swamp and then filling in
between the two walls with sand from the upland. In locating
these dikes it is necessary to have the area to be flowed by a given
dike as nearly level as possible.

Grading. Each area separated by a dike is then graded, for which
a special tool much like'a hoe but heavier and sharp is used. The
high places are cut down and the low places filled in, thus permitting
flooding with a minimum supply of water in the shortest time, as
well as an even development of the fruit.

Sanding. We must then cover the graded area with clean sand
free from clay, loam, or seeds to a depth of from four to six inches
according to the nature of the soil. This, as all other work on a
cranberry bog, must be done by hand. The usual practice is with
wheelbarrows over moveable planks. Care must be taken not to
tread this sand into the peat and also to spread it to a uniform depth.

Planting. Seeds are used for originating new varieties. Mead-
ows are established by planting cuttings from ten to fifteen inches
long laid flat on the ground from ten to twenty inches apart each
way. Then with a dibble placed in the middle of the cutting force
the plant doubling upon itself through the sand into the peat.

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The vines will then show above the sand one or two inches. The
cuttings are obtained from vigorous plants by mowing a portion of a
producing bog. A fully developed plant is about six inches high,
the vines running along on the ground very similar to strawberries.

Time to plant. The best results have been obtained by planting
during the months of April and May. The plants will then get a
good start before the dry weather of the summer and the fourth year
afterwards the first real crop may be expected. After this we gen-
erally expect a crop of fifty barrels per acre.

Cultivating. During the four years after the bog is built a large
amount of work is involved to keep the area weeded and free from
grass or other foreign growth. It is also necessary to clean out the
ditches by the third year any way, as their banks have not been
fully vined over and consequently the wash and caving will often
fill them.

After the vines have completely covered the bog there is little
trouble from weeds or other foreign growth.

Pruning. Each year, after harvesting, the bog is pruned with a
razor-toothed rake removing all loose runners and leaving the vines
in condition to produce uprights upon which the fruit grows.

Resanding. About every other year it is desirable to spread upon
the surface of the bog a thin layer of sand. This also must be done
by hand, unless as some growers and under certain conditions,
may make the application on the ice in the winter.

Management. The cranberry industry is one of the most highly
developed fruit specialties in the country. To be successful it
requires years of experience and study and the demands in this
respect are increasing every year.

Harvesting. Formerly cranberries were harvested by hand.
Since the industry has expanded however, certain devices have
been invented, only a few of which have stood the test of time and
experience.

The month of September is really the harvesting month. It may
begin in August and some times extends into October. The fruit
as harvested is placed in ventilated boxes usually containing one
bushel, in which they are carried to the packing house and there
allowed to remain until properly cooled, after which they are put
through certain machines for removing leaves, vines, soft and

CRANBERRY CULTURE 107

injured fruit. From these machines they pass to belts or tables,
to be picked over by hand. From here they pass into barrels
containing one hundred pounds.

During this same time the berries are graded according to size,
color, quality, etc.

Marketing. While there are still some independent growers who
sell their own berries depending on locating their own markets,
or through commission men, the larger part of the berries are sold
through a cooperative association of the growers. The different
grades of berries are given brands, which brand name indicates
certain specifications in size, color, quality, and variety. This
cooperative organization does the work at actual cost to the grower,
maintaining offices and in all ways carries on the business as usually
followed by cooperative associations. It has proven very successful
and a great benefit to the business.

Formerly there was little care on the part of the consumers as to
the kind of berries received, all cranberries being alike to them.
In recent years, however, the markets are growing more and more
particular demanding car loads of an even grade, quality, and pack
of fruit.

Insect enemies. There are three classes of insects, those that
"attack the fruit, the vine, and the root, to combat which the main
reliance is upon water. A bog that has no water must depend
upon spraying wdth poisons.

In conclusion let me express the hope that the time is not far
distant when Massachusetts will appreciate more than she does now,
the importance of this highly specialized industry within her bor-
ders. The next ten years should reach a crop of five hundred
thousand barrels a year and an average selling price of six dollars
per barrel should mean three million dollars annually and nearly
all of it is money coming into the State, for this is the one big crop
in Massachusetts which is exported. A cheap and healthful food,
which should be used more liberally in every family because of its
food and medicinal value, its economy and the many uses to which
it can be put, for there are few foods which lend themselves to so
universal a use in cooking as cranberries.

TRANSACTIONS

assat|usdts Jortialtoral ^ackt^

FOE THE YEAR 1917

PART II

BOSTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDKED AND EIGHTEEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

1917.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Fred A. Wilson

Chairman
Leonard Barron
Nathn'l T. Kidder

Committee

on

Lectures and

Publications.

no

CONTENTS

Annual Reports for the Year 1917

Report of the Board of Trustees ....
Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions
Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
Report of the Committee on Fruits

Report of
Report of
Report of
Report of
Report of
Report of

the Committee on Vegetables

the Committee on Gardens .

the Committee on Children's Gardens

the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture 171

the Secretary and Librarian . . . .173

115

119
121
143
157
165
167

the Treasurer
The Annual Meeting, November 17, 1917
Necrology, 1917 ....

Officers, Committees, and Members, 191'

177
185
189
193

111

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1917.

113

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

1917, PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
FOR THE YEAR 1917.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society presents herewith to the members a summary of the busi-
ness transacted at its meetings during the year 1917.

January 8. Walter Hunnewell was appointed Treasurer of the
Society and William P. Rich Secretary, Librarian, and Superin-
tendent of the Building for the current year. James Wheeler was
appointed Superintendent of Exhibitions for the year with a salary
of $300.00.

Appropriations were voted as follow:

For the library $400.00, in addition to the income of the French
and Farlow Funds, and the imexpended balance of the appropria-
tion for the previous year. For lectures for the year 1918, $500.00,
to include the income of the John Lewis Russell Fund.

It was voted to refer the matter of appropriations for prizes and
gratuities for the year 1918 to the Advisory Committee with
power.

The President spoke of the desirability of increasing the member-
ship of the Society and it was voted to refer the matter to the
Advisory Committee for such action as it may deem best.

Mr. Farquhar suggested the importance of announcing the

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

exhibitions of the Society a year or two in advance and said that
the matter might safely be referred to the Advisory Committee
to prepare the schedule of exhibitions accordingly. On motion
of Mr. Farquhar it was voted to refer the preparation of the schedule
to the Advisory Committee.

Mr. Allen reported briefly on the preparations for the outdoor
exhibition of June next. He stated that contracts had been given
out for construction purposes and the necessary tents engaged.
Also that the John Waterer Sons Co. of London had offered to
send 250 tubs of rhododendrons for this exhibition. It was voted
that the custom duties on this importation be paid by the Society.

October 11. A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Allen for
his services on the occasion of the June Outdoor Flower Show.

A communication from William Robinson of Sussex, England,
was read, expressing his thanks for the award of the George Robert
White Medal of Honor for the year 1916.

A communication from the American Peony Society was pre-
sented, offering a Silver Medal for the largest and best collection
of peonies at the Peony Exhibition of 1918. It was voted to
accept the offer with thanks and to refer it to the Committee on
Prizes and Exhibitions to be listed in the 1918 Schedule.

A letter from the Secretary of the American Dahlia Society
was read, in reference to the schedule of prizes to be offered at the
joint exhibition of September, 1918. It was voted, on motion of
Mr. Roland, that each society publish its own schedule but the
schedule of the visiting society must conform in its rules and
regulations to those of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

A notice from the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture
was read, stating that incorporated agricultural societies were
allowed to distribute $400.00 of the state bounty of $1000.00 in
premiums to children and youths under eighteen years of age for
horticultural and agricultural exhibits.

It was voted that an appropriation not exceeding $400.00 be
made for the 1918 exhibition of the products of children's gardens.

The special committee appointed by the President to present
a list of the various committees of the Society for the ensuing year
reported as follows:

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Committees for 1918.

117

Finance:— Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, Arthur F. Estabrook,

Stephen M. Weld.
Membership:— Thomas Allen, George E. Barnard, Charles W.

Moseley, Thomas Roland, Richard M. Saltonstall.
Prizes and Exhibitions :— James Wheeler, Chairman, Robert

Cameron, William N. Craig, Duncan Finlayson, T. D.

Hatfield.
Plants and Flowers :— William Anderson, Chairman, Arthur H.

Fewkes, S. J. Goddard, Donald McKenzie, William

Sim.
Fruits:— Edward B. Wilder, Chairman, William N. Craig, Isaac

H. Locke, James Methven.
Vegetables:— John L. Smith, Chairman, Edward Parker, William

C. Rust.
Gardens:— R. M. Saltonstall, Chairman, John S. Ames, David

R. Craig, William Nicholson, Charles Sander, Charles

H. Tenney.
Library:- C. S. Sargent, Chairman, E. B. Dane, N. T. Kidder.
Lectures and Publications :— F. A. Wilson, Chairman, Thomas

Allen, J. K. M. L. Farquhar.
Children's Gardens :— Henry S. Adams, Chairman, Dr. Harris

Kennedy, Mrs W. Rodman Peabody, Miss Margaret

A. Rand, James Wheeler.
It was voted that the Kst as presented by the committee be
accepted as the committees of the Society for the ensuing year.

William P. Rich,

Secretary,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1917.

By James Wheeler, Chairman.

The exhibitions of the year 1917 have been very satisfactory,
the quaUty excellent, the competition good, and the public interest
well sustained.

The Spring Flower Show in March will go on record as the best
ever held by the Society. Every available space was filled and the
quality of the exhibits was above the standard. It was very
gratifying to the officers of the Society to have the hearty cooper-
ation of the owners of large private estates, the commercial growers,
and the retail florists. The fruit and vegetable growers also put
forth special effort to make their exhibits as attractive as possible.
The public appreciated this excellent show and the attendance was
larger than at any previous exhibition.

Your committee prepared the 1918 Schedule with prizes amount-
ing to $8500.00, introducing many new features. While we wish
to keep up the high standard of excellence of standard varieties,
we desire to stimulate more interest in new fruits, vegetables,
plants, and flowers.

Owing to the reduction of income and increased expenses the
Advisory Committee recommended the cutting down of exhibitions
and prizes. After carefully considering the situation we agreed
that there was a call for every member of the Society to cooperate
with our Government and to do our duty as a Society. The
Committee, therefore, decided to have the exhibitions for the year
1918 as originally planned but to eliminate all money prizes, and
further, to charge an admission fee to all the exhibitions beginning
with the Spring Show, the net receipts to be given to the Red
Cross or other war relief work.

We trust this action will meet with the hearty approval of the

119

120

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

members and that every one will make a special effort to make the
exhibitions of 1918 the best in the history of the Society.

James Wheeler

John K. M. L. Farquhar

Duncan Finlayson

T. D. Hatfield

Thomas Roland

Committee

on Prizes

and Exhibitions.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1917.

By William Anderson, Chairman.

On January 13, S. J. Goddard was awarded a Silver Medal for
Carnation Doris. A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded
to F. Dorner & Sons Co. for Laddie, a large flesh-pink, superior
to existing varieties of that color. The same firm also exhibited
Rosalie, a fine dark-pink of perfect form for which a Certificate of
Merit was awarded. Fine spikes of Calanthe were exhibited by
Duncan Finlayson.

February 3. Well grown Begonia Gloire de Lorraine and
Primula sinensis were on exhibition, also a sport from Lorraine,
large flower, light-pink color, tinged with salmon. A Silver Medal
was awarded to George Melvin for a remarkably well-flowered
plant of Dendrobium nobile virginals.

February 10, A. W. Preston, J. L. Smith, gardener, exhibited a
very large flowered Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya, Seaforth Highlander,
which received a Silver Medal.

The Spring Flower Show which opened on March 1st was one
of the most successful ever held in Boston. In addition to the
high quality of the exhibits, it was exceptional in its artistic arrange-
ment. In the plant exhibits the outstanding features were the
fine group of Acacias from Thomas Roland and the groups of
Orchids from F. J. Dolansky, Julius Roehrs Co., and E. B. Dane.
Many valuable and rare hybrids were included in the two latter
groups while that of Mr. Dolansky was a massive group of especially
well-flowered plants. The bulb displays were extensive and of
high quality; especially fine were the new varieties of Darwin
Tulips and Narcissus in the exhibits from the Weld garden and A.
W. Preston. The Flemish garden arranged by R. and J. Farquhar
& Co. which contained masses of bulbs, flowering shrubs, Jasminum
primulinum and tall Cedars, all tastefully and effectively placed,

\

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

made an interesting and attractive feature of the show. This
exhibit was awarded a Gold Medal.

The group of flowering and foliage plants, and of forced shrubs,
Azaleas, Ericas, Clyclamen, Schizanthus, and Cinerarias, were
notable features of the show and were of high quality. A Silver
Medal was awarded to William Sim for collection of Auriculas,
also a Silver Medal for hybrid Polyanthas. Thomas Roland
received a Silver Medal for superior culture of Ericas and a similar
award went to F. Dorner & Sons Co., for Carnation Laddie.

Awards of Honorable Mention were made to Charles Holbrow
for his new seedling Rose, Christy Miller X President Taft; and to
Charles S. Strout for seedling Carnation Snow White. Certificate
of Merit was awarded to T. D. Hatfield for Rhododendron lutescens,
a small-flowered yellow Rhododendron from Western China and
to A. N. Pierson for Climbing Rose, Elizabeth Zeigler. A. N.
Pierson was first for new foliage plant with Adiantum gloriosum
Lemkesii, an improved gloriosum. Splendid vases of Richmond,
Ophelia, Hadley, and Mrs. Bayard Thayer Roses were exhibited
in the competitive classes. The winning varieties of Carnations
were Pink Sensation, Pocahontas, Matchless, Benora, Doris, and
Bella Washburn. The retail florists' displays were extensive and
special prizes were awarded to Penn the Florist, H. R. Comley,
Houghton Gorney Co., and the Boston Cut Flower Company.

Iris Show, May 26. On account of the backward season, very
few flowers were staged at this exhibition. Miss Grace Sturtevant
of Wellesley had a display of dwarf Iris and spring flowers; A. W.
Preston, Narcissus; and Victor Heurlin, display of Narcissus and
Tulips.

On June 19 members of the committee visited the Glen Road
Iris gardens, Wellesley Farms, and made the following awards :

Iris Shekinah, (O X Celeste) X Self, a soft pale lemon yellow,
deepening to the center, beard orange, the first yeUow of Pallida
type and height 3 feet. Silver Medal.

Iris Empire, (Monsignor X Aurea) Empire Yellow, 27 inches,
with the excellent growth and shape of Monsignor, Certificate of
Merit.

Iris Rosette, (Pallida X (Pallida, X Jeanne d'Arc) reddish
violet with a strong tendency for both standards and falls to lie
upon the horizontal, 3 feet. Certificate of Merit.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 123

Iris True Charm (Oriflamme X Count de St. Clair) purest white
with deHcate fringe of blue-lavender, Style arms lavender, 3 feet,
Certificate of Merit.

Iris Reverie, (Ann Leslie X Self) standards pale lilac, falls solid
auricula-purple, 30 inches. Honorable Mention.

Iris Rose Madder, (Hector X Shelford Chieftain) Standards
argyle-purple, falls velvety dahlia-purple, a 40 inch flexuous
stem. Honorable Mention.

Iris Tangiers, (Oriflamme X Maori King) standards, light
cinnamon-drab, falls black pansy-violet, 3 feet. Honorable Men-
tion.

The Rose and Peony Show was postponed from June 23 to June
29. Peonies predominated and were of good quality. T. C.
Thurlow's Sons of West Newbury had the largest exhibit which
included 2000 blooms representing over 85 varieties including a
few seedlings which had never been exhibited before. A Silver
Medal was awarded this display. A similar award was given the
Wellesley Nurseries for a collection of herbaceous Peonies.

E. J. Shaylor had on exhibition a very fine collection of Peony
seedlings for which the following awards were made:

Wilton Lockwood, very large bloom of the semi-rose type,
with very broad guard petals. The center petals are loosely
arranged and intermixed with golden stamens. The center is
prominently marked with a number of unusually broad carpeloides
tipped with dark carmine-crimson. The general color of the flower
is delicate rose with lighter tips to the petals. Awarded Certificate
of Merit.

Frances Shaylor, large bloom of the semi-rose type with large
guard petals and broad center petals. Those of the extreme center
are surrounded with a row of golden stamens. Color a beautiful
cream-white. Awarded Certificate of Merit.

Secretary Fewkes, a very large bloom of the rose type, with
shell-like guard petals and collar of white staminodes. Center
petals of equal length with the guard petals, making a very full,
loosely arranged bloom. Color bluish-white. Awarded Certificate
of Merit.

William F. Turner, large bloom of semi-rose type. Guards and
center petals of same length with golden stamens in center. Color
very deep, glowing crimson. Awarded Certificate of Merit.

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Jessie Shaylor, semi-double type of bloom, with broad guard
petals and loosely arranged center petals of same length, intermixed
with golden stamens and occasional flecks of crimson on the car-
peloides. Color white with tinge of salmon. Awarded Certifi-
cate of Merit.

No. 65, very large bloom of the bomb type, with broad reflexing
guard petals, full to the center and making a very deep flower.
The guard petals are hydrangea-pink, surrounded with a collar
of blush-white and tipped with a crown of same color as the guard
petals. Awarded Certificate of Merit.

Shaylor's Dream, semi-double type, nearly single. Guard petals
long and eventually reflexing, pure white with large bunch of yellow
stamens in center. Awarded Honorable Mention.

Alma, Japanese tj^pe, guard petals large with a prominent center
of long staminodes with hooked ends, light yellow in color with
golden tips. Well developed blooms show a prominent crown
of pure white carpeloides with green blotches. Awarded Honorable
Mention.

No. 35, semi-rose type bloom, with broad shell-like guard petals,
with collar of broad and crimped petaloides, growing narrower
toward the center which is composed of yellow stamens intermixed
with a few very small petals. Color is pure satiny-white with a
slight ivory tone. Awarded Honorable Mention.

A Certificate of Merit was awarded T. N. Cook for Climbing
Rose, Bonnie Prince. In the competitive Rose classes the following
varieties were the winners : Hybrid Perpetuals, Frau Karl Druschki,
Ulrich Brunner, Captain Haj^ward, Margaret Dickson, Julius
Margotten, White Baroness, John Hooper, Jean Liabaud, Duke
of Edinburgh, Baroness Rothschild, Mrs. John Laing, Clio. Hj'brid
Tea Roses, Richmond, Lyons, Mrs. Charles Russell, Caroline
Testout, Lady Ashtown, Countess Folkstone, Beaute de Lyon,
William Shean, Mrs. Aaron Ward, Mary Countess of Ilchester,
George Dickson, General McArthur, iVugustus Hartman, Ophelia,
Carola. i

On July 7-8 the Sweet Pea Show was held in conjunction with
the Sweet Pea Society of America. While the competition was
not so strong as in former years the quality ruled high. Some
fine new sorts were exhibited the best of which were the following:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 125

Surprise, salmon, Edward Gondy, pink, Miriam Beaver, scarlet,
Baltons Victory, lavender, Hope, vermilion pink, Hercules, cerise.
Among the miscellaneous exhibits were fine collections of Iris
Kaempferi from Iristhorpe Farm and wild flowers from Albert
Davidson. F. W. Fletcher was awarded a Silver Medal for a
fine collection of • hybrid Delphiniums. The varieties Lassell
Blue and a Belladonna hybrid were awarded Certificates of Merit.

July 21, the Bayard Thayer Estate at Lancaster exhibited
Lilium Thayerae one of E. H. Wilson's new lilies from China.
This was the first time this lily had been exhibited in this country.
It is perfectly hardy, the flowers are recurved, of a rich orange
color, and the petals are covered with small black spots, the stem
strong and wiry, the best spike shown carrying 21 flowers and buds.
It was awarded a Silver Medal.

The Gladiolus Show which opened on August 11, was not as
large nor was the quality of the blooms as good as in former years,
due no doubt to the excessively hot dry weather previous to the
exhibition. Some of the winning varieties were Frau Elise Bergen,
Loveliness, Goliath, Joe Colman, Myrtle, Charlemagne, Moonlight,
Austrasia, Sphinx, Queen Wilhelmina, Elizabeth Kurtz, and Murillo.
There was a good display of Phlox, some of the best of which were
Maid Marion, Stella's Choice, Argon, La Feu de Mond, Paul
Carpentier, Cameron, Africa, Elizabeth Campbell, Marquis de
St. Paul. Special awards were Silver Medal to C. F. Fairbanks
for Gladiolus primulinus hybrids; Silver Medal to the Boston Cut
Flower Co., for an artistic arrangement of cut Gladioli in baskets
and vases; Certificate of Merit to A. E. Kunderd for seedling
Gladiolus Lily White.

Dahlia Show Sept. 8-9. The Dahlias exhibited at this show
were of fine quality, although less numerous than usual. J. K.
Alexander made an extensive exhibit of cut blooms, embracing
all classes. The Boston Cut Flower Co. was awarded a Silver
Medal for an artistic display of Dahhas and other flowers. Thomas
Cogger received a First Class Certificate of Merit for Gladiolus
Mrs. Keur, a very large flower, color deep pink. Old Town
Nurseries exhibited a collection of seedling Gladioli which was
awarded Honorable Mention. J. K. Alexander had a splendid dis-
play of his Colossal Dahlias. The Colossal type includes all the

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

giant-flowering Dahlias, interniefliate between the broad, flat-
petaled Decorative Dahha and the common quilled Show Dahlia.

December 22. John L. Smith, gardener for A. W. Preston, was
awarded a Gold Medal for Brasso-Cattleya, A. W. Preston (C.
Enid X Brassavola Digbyana).

The pedigree of this orchid is as follows:

Cattleya Mossiae X C. gigas=Cattleya Enid.

Cattleya Enid X Brassavola Digbyana = Cattleya A. W. Preston.

The plants carried one flower and two buds. The flower is
eight inches across and the labellum is four inches deep. Color
rosy-lavender, throat purple \eined, and shaded with yellow;
staminode, cream white.

William Anderson
Arthur H. Fewkes

Committee

S. J. GoDDARD \ on

Donald McKenzie I Plants and Flowers.
Arthur E. Griffin

MASS. HORT. SOC.,1917

PLATE 1

Brasso-Cattleya a. W. Preston

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 127

PRIZES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

1917.

.January 13.
John A. Lowell Fund.

Antirrhinums. — One vase of t,\velve spikes:

Mrs. C. G. Weld, Weld Pink, $3.
Carnation. — Any new variety of merit:

S. J. Goddard, Doris, Silver Medal.
Orchids. — Calanthes, twelve spikes:

Weld Garden, $.5.

February 3.
John Allen French Fund.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine. — Six plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, 110.
Primula sinensis. — Six plants:

1st, Mrs. .1. L. Gardner, %<q; 2d, A. M. Davenport, S3-.

Spring Exhibition.

March 21, 22, 23, 24, and 2-5.

Acacias. — Group of plants in bloom not exceeding 200 sq. ft.:
1st, Thomas Roland, $100.
Three plants:

1st, Thomas Roland, .$25.
One plant :

Thomas Roland, .$10.
Amaryllis. — Twelve plants:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $20.
AsTiLBES.— Collection not exceeding 100 sq. ft., not less than six varieties:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $50.
Azaleas. — Indica, group not exceeding 200 sq. ft.:

1st, A. M. Davenport, $100; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., .$50.
Three plants:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $20.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Chionodoxa. — Six 6 in. pans:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Clivias (Imantophyllum). — Four plants:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $12.
Cinerarias. — Grandiflora type, six plants:

1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $15; 2d, E. A. Clark, $10.
Six plants:

Mrs. J. M. Sears, $5.
Stellata tjrpe, six plants:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15; 2d, Mrs. Robert Saltonstall, $10.
One plant:

Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Cyclamens. — Eight plants:

1st, Mrs. Lester Leland, $25; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15.
Eight plants, in not exceecUng 7 in. pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $20; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $10.
Cytisus. — Four plants:

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $15.
One plant:

Miss Cornelia Warren, $5.
Ericas. — Six plants:

2d, Miss Corneha Warren, $10.
Freesias. — Six pots:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Galanthus (Snow Drops). — Six pots:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Grape Hyacinths. — 'Six pots:

1st, A. W. Preston, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Hyacinths. — Twelve pots, three bulbs of one variety in each:
1st, Weld Garden, $20; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.
Six pots:

1st, Weld Garden, $10.
One pot, six bulbs of one distinct variety. Dark Blue or Purple:

1st, Weld Garden, Iving of the Blues, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
Kng of the Blues, $3.
One pot. Light Blue:

1st, Weld Garden, Queen of the Blues, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner,
Enchantress, $3.
One pot, Dark Pink or Red:

1st, Weld Garden, La Victoire, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, La Vic-
toire, $3.
One pot. Light Pink:

, 1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Jacques, $5; 2d, Weld Garden, Gigantea, $3.
One pot, YeUow:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, City of Haarlem, $5; 2d, Weld Garden, City
of Haarlem, $3.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 129

One pot, White:

1st, Weld Garden, La Grandesse, $5; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, La Gran-
desse, $3.
Hydrangeas. — Group to cover not exceeding 150 sq. ft.:
1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $75; 2d, A. M. Davenport, $40.
Two plants, two varieties:

1st, A. M. Davenport, $15.
One plant:

A. M. Davenport, $10.
Jonquils. — Six pots:

1st, A. W. Preston, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
Lilacs. — Six plants:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $15; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $8.
Lilies. — Group covering 50 sq. ft.:

1st, W. W. Edgar Co., $50.
Lily of the Valley.—^ Six pots:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $6; 2d, A. W. Preston, $4.
Marguerites. — Four plants:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $12; 2d, Faulkner Farm, $6.
One plant:

Mrs. C. G. Weld, $5.
Narcissi. — Large Trumpet, ten pots:

1st, Weld Garden, $20; 2d, A. W. Preston, $10.
Five pots:

1st, A. W. Preston, $10; 2d, Weld Garden, $5.
Short Trumpet, ten pots:

1st, A. W. Preston, $15; 2d, Weld Garden, $10.
Five pots:

1st, A. W. Preston, $8; 2d, A. W. Preston, $4.
One pot, any Double variety:

1st, Weld Garden, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, $3.
Orchids. — Group of plants arranged for effect:

1st, F. J. Dolansky, $300 and Gold Medal; 2d, Julius Roehrs Co., $200
and Silver Medal.
Group arranged for effect (Commercial growers excluded) :

1st, E. B. Dane, $100 and Gold Medal; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $65 and
Silver Medal.
Six plants, six varieties:

1st, J. T. Butterworth, $25.
One plant:

Miss Cornelia Warren, $10.
Palms. — Two Kentias:

1st, Weld Garden, $15.

Two Phoenix Roebellini:

1st, Weld Garden, $15.

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Primulas. — Acaulis, six plants:

1st, William Sim, $6.
Malacoides, eight plants:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $10; 2d, A. E. Parsons, $5.
Obconica, eight plants:

1st, William Whitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $5.
Polyantha Hybrids, si.x plants:

1st, William Sim, $6; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $4.
Roses. — Rambler, one plant, Pink (Commercial growers excluded):

1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, Tausendschon, $10.
ScHiZANTHUs. — Six plants:

1st, E. S. Webster, $15; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $10.
One plant :

Faulkner Farm, $5.
SciLLA CAMPANULATA. — Four pans:

1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5. ,

Tulips. — Single Early, twelve pans, twelve distinct varieties:

1st, A. W. Preston, $20; 2d, Weld Garden, $10.
Six pans, one distinct variety in each :

1st, A. W. Preston, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5.
One pan, Bicolor:

1st, A. W. Preston, Cerise Gris-de-lin, $5.
One pan, Pink:

1st, A. W. Preston, Flamingo, $5; 2d, Weld Garden, Pink Beauty, $3.
One pan. Pink and White:

1st, A. W. Preston, Queen of the Netherlands, $5.
One pan, Red:

1st, A. W. Preston, Brilliant Star, $5; 2d, A. W. Prestpn, La Grandeur,
$3.
One pan, Red and Yellow:

1st, A. W. Preston, Keizerkroon, $5.
One pan. White:

1st, A. W. Preston, White Hawk, $5; 2d, Weld Garden, Joost Van
Vondel, $3.
One pan. Yellow:

1st, A. W. Preston, Rising Sun, $5.
Double, six pans, six distinct varieties:

1st, Weld Garden, $10; 2d, A. W. Preston, $5.
One pan. Pink:

1st, Weld Garden, Murillo, $5; 2d, A. W. Preston, La Grandesse, $3.
One pan. Red:

1st, A. W. Preston, Vuurbaak, $5.
One pan. Yellow:

1st, A. W. Preston, Lady Godiva, $5.
Darwin, twelve pans, one variety in each:

1st, Weld Garden, $20.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 131

Hyacinths. — Six plants in one or more pots (For amateurs only) :

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, Queen of the Pinks, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand,
Queen of the Blues, $3.
Nakcissi. — Twelve plants in one or more pots (For amateurs only):

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, King Alfred, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, Glory of
Leiden, 13.
Tulips. — Twelve plants in one or more pots (For amateurs only) :

1st, Miss M. A. Rand, Vermilion Brilliant, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand,
White Joost Van Vondel, $3.
Collection of Forced Bulbs. — To cover not more than 12 sq. ft. (For
amateurs only) :
1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $1C; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $8.
Artistic Display of Foliage and Flowering Plants. — To cover not
exceeding 200 sq. ft.:
1st, A. M. Davenport, $100; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $65.
General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants.— Arranged for effect
with foliage plants:
1st, Weld Garden, $75; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $40.
Collection of Forced Shrubs. — To cover 150 sq. ft.:

1st,' A. M. Davenport, $60, 2d, Faulkner Farm, $30.
Hard-wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Group not exceeding 100 sq. ft.:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $50; 2d, Miss Cornelia Warren, $25.
Any other Plant in Flower, not mentioned in this list:

E. S. Webster, Gloriosa Rothschildiana, $8.
Any New or Rare Plant in Flower:

A. W. Preston, Laelio-Cattleya L. C. Black, $8.
Any New or Rare Foliage Plant:

Cromwell Gardens, Adianlmn gloriosum Lemkesii, $8.

Special Prizes Offered by Messrs. Zandbergen Bros., Valkenburg, Holland.

Collection of Bulbs. — (For private gardeners only) :
Weld Garden, $20.

Societi/s Prizes.

Antirrhinums. — One vase, twenty-five spikes, one or more varieties:
1st, W. R. Nicholson, Phelps White, "$8; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, mixed
varieties, $4.
Camellias. — Collection of twelve blooms:

1st, Mrs, J. M. Sears, $5; 2d, A. Mathews, $3.
Carnations. — Vase of one hundred cut blooms of one variety, with foliage:
1st, A. A. Pembroke, Pink Sensation, .§15; 2d, Littlefield & Wyman,
Abington, $10.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Fifty blooms, any named Crimson variety:

1st, J. W. Minott Co., Pocahontas, $8.
Fifty blooms. Dark Pink:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Rosette, $8; 2d, Littlefield & Wyman, Miss
. Theo, $4.
Fifty blooms. Light Pink:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Pink Sensation, $8; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, Pink
Delight, $4.
Fifty blooms. Scarlet:

1st, Littlefield & Wyman, Belle Washburn, $8; 2d, A. A. Pembroke,
Champion, $4.
Fifty blooms. Variegated:

1st, James Wheeler, Benora, $8; 2d, A. A. Pembroke, Benora, $4.
Fifty blooms, White :

1st, Strouts, Matchless, $8; 2d, Betty K. Farr, Matchless, $4.
Fifty blooms. Yellow:

1st, Betty K. Farr, Yellow Prince, $8.
Twenty-five blooms, any undisseminated variety:

1st, A. A. Pembroke, Seedling No. 10, $8; 2d, W. D. Howard, Bernice,
$4.
Twenty-five blooms. Pink (for private gardeners only) :

1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $5.
Twenty-five blooms, Scarlet (for private gardeners only) :

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, Beacon, $5; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $3.
Twenty-five blooms. Variegated (for private gardeners only):

1st, W. H. Wellington, $5; 2d, N. S. Seavey, $3.
Twenty-five blooms. White (for private gardeners only) :

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, Matchless, $5; 2d, W. H. Wellington, White
Wonder, $3.
Fifty blooms, mixed varieties (for private gardeners only) :
1st, A. W. Preston, $8; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $4.
Freesias. — One hundred sprays:

1st, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $6; 2d, A. E. Parsons, $3.
Gardenias. — Twelve blooms:

1st, E. B. Dane, $5; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $3.
Marguerites. — One hundred blooms. Yellow:

1st, James Wheeler, $8.
Mignonette. — Twelve spikes:

1st, W. R. Nicholson, $5; 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $3.
Orchids. — Collection of blooms, arranged for effect, with any foliage:

1st, F. J. Dolansky, $40; 2d, E. B. Dane, $20.
Pansies. — One hundred blooms:
1st, Osgood Bros., $5.
Display of Pansies:
1st, Osgood Bros., $10.
Roses. — Tea or Hybrid Tea, twenty-five blooms. Dark Pink:
1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Lady Alice Stanley, $20.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 133

Twenty-five blooms, Light Pink:

1st, A. N. Pierson Inc. Ophelia, $20; 2d, Waban Rose Conservatories^
Ophelia, $10.
Twenty-five blooms, Red:

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Hadley, $20; 2d, Thomas Roland,
Richmond, $10.
Twenty-five, anj^ other color :

1st, Waban Rose Conservatories, Mrs. Bayard Thayer, $20.
Sweet Peas. — Twenty-five blooms, Lavender:
1st, Burtt the Florist, Mrs. M. Spanolin, $5.
Twenty-five blooms, Light Pink:

1st, Thomas Roland, Mrs. A. A. Skach, $5; 2d, Axel Magnuson^
Yarrawa, $3.
Twenty-five blooms. Pink:

1st, Thomas Roland, Christmas Pink Orchid, $5; 2d, Burtt the Florist,
Yarrawa, $3.
Twenty-five blooms, White:

1st, Thomas Roland, $5.
Twenty-five blooms, any other color:

1st, Burtt the Florist, Concord Winsome, $5.
Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms of any single variety:

1st, Edward Bingham, Princess of Wales, $5; 2d, William Sim,.
Princess of Wales, $3.
Cut Flowers. — Artistic arrangement:

Boston Cut Flower Co., $50; Penn the Florist, $50; Henry R. Comley,
$50; Houghton & Gorney Co., $35; Caplan the Florist, $35; Iris-
thorpe Farm, $10.

Rose, Peony, and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 30 and July 1.

John C. Chaffin Fund.

Roses. — Best three blooms of White Hybrid Perpetual Roses (for ama-
teurs only).
1st, Mrs. B. D. Harris, Frau Karl Dnischki, $4; 2d, A. L. Stephen,
Frau Karl Druschki, $2.
Best three blooms of Pink Hybrid Perpetual Roses (for amateurs only) :
1st, Mrs. B. D. Harris, Mrs. John Laing, $4; 2d, David Tyndall, $2.
Best three blooms of Red Hybrid Perpetual Roses (for amateurs only) t
1st, Mrs. B. D. Harris, Ulrich Brunner, $4; 2d, J. B. Wills, Capt.
Hay ward, $2.
Twenty-four named varieties, one bloom of each:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $10; 2d, T. N. Cook, $8.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twelve named varieties, one bloom of each :

1st, W. J. Clemson, $5.
Six named varieties, one bloom of each :

1st, J. B. Wills, $4; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2.
Six vases, six blooms each, stems not less than one foot in length:

1st, W. J. Clemson, $10; 2d, T. N. Cook, $5.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Hybrid Tea Roses. — Collection of twenty-five varieties, one bloom each:
1st, T. N. Cook, $15; 2d, J. B. Wills, $10.
Collection of twelve varieties, one bloom each:

1st, J. B. Wills, $10; 2d, T. N. Cook, $6.
Best three blooms of a Hybrid Tea introduced since 1914:

T. N. Cook, $5.
Six blooms, any White variety:

1st, William Gray, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, $4; 2d, T. N. Cook,
White lOlarney, $2.
Six blooms, any Yellow varietj':

1st, William Gray, Mrs. Aaron Ward, $4; 2d, T. N. Cook, Mrs.
Wemyss Quinn, $2.
Six blooms, any Pink variety :

1st, J. B. Wills, Lady Ashtown, $4; 2d, William Gray, Mme, Segond-
Weber, $2.
Six blooms, any Red variety :

1st, J. B. Wills, $3; 2d, David Tyndall, $2.

Special Prizes Offered by E. K. Butler.

Hybrid Tea Rose. — Best individual bloom of a Hybrid Tea Rose in the
exhibition :
J. B. Wills, Florence Pemberton, $10.

John Allen French Fund.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of twelve named varieties, double,
one bloom of each:
1st, A. H. Fewkes, $6; 2d, Mrs. C. S. Minot, $3.
Six blooms Pink, six varieties, one bloom each:

1st, A. H. Fewkes, $4; 2d, Mrs. C. S. Minot, $2.
Six blooms White;

1st, A. H. Fewkes,. $4; 2d, R. C. Morse, $2.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 135

Sweet Williams. — Display, eighteen vases of three trusses each, not less
than six varieties:
1st, Miss Cornelia Warren, $6; 2d, W. C. Winter, $4.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Twenty-five vases, distinct species and
varieties :
1st, Faulkner Farm, $10.
Perennial Larkspurs. — Twelve vases, three spikes each:
1st, F. W. Fletcher, Fletcher Hylirids, $6.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 7 and 8.

Sweet Peas. — Twenty-five sprays, any White variety:

1st, Mrs. Robert W^inthrop, Constance Hinton, $4; 2d, A. N. Cooley,
Edna May Improved, $2. ^

Twenty-five sprays, Crimson or Scarlet:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, King Edward Spencer, $4; 2d, A. N.
Cooley, Charity, $2.
Twenty-five spraj^s, Yellow:

1st, A. N. Cooley, Mrs. H. J. Damerum, $4; 2d, Mrs. Robert Win-
throp, Mrs. H. J. Damerum, $2.
Twenty-five sprays. Blue:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Blue Monarch, $4; 2d, A. N. Cooley,
Blue Monarch, $2.
Twenty-five sprays. Blush :

1st, A. N. Cooley, Lady Evelyn Eyre, $4; 2d, Mrs. Robert Winthrop,
Lady Evelyn Eyre, $2.
Twenty-five sprays. Deep Pink :

1st, A. N. Cooley, Hercules, $4; ^d, Edwin Jenkins, Hercules, S2.
Twenty-five sprays. Cream Pink:

1st, A. N. Cooley, Jean Ireland, $4; 2d, Iristhorpe Farm, Mrs. Bread-
more, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Orange:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, May Unwin, $4; 2d, A. N. Cooley, May
Unwin, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Lavender:

1st, Mrs. Robert Winthrop, Orchid Spencer, $4; 2d, Edwin Jenkins,
King Mauve, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, any Purple:

1st, A. N. Cooley, Royal Purple, $4; 2d, Mrs. French Vanderbilt,
Royal Purple, $2.
Twenty-five sprays, anj' Maroon:

1st, A. N. Cooley, King Manoel, $4; 2d, Iristhorpe Farm, King
Manoel, $2.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twenty-five sprays, any Striped of Flaked Red or Rose :
1st, A. N. Cooley, Jessie Cuthbertson, $4.
Iris Kaempferi. — Collection, not less than six varieties, filling twenty-five
vases :
1st, Iristhorpe Farm, $8.

For Amateurs Only.

Sweet Peas. — Best vase. White, twelve sprays:

1st, W. G. Taylor, Constance Hinton, $2; 2d, Thomas Brook, Con-
stance Hinton, $1.
Best vase Pink:

1st, W. G. Taylor, Hercules, $2; 2d, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, Elfrida Pear-
son, $1.
Best vase Dark Pink:

1st, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, Margaret Atlee, $2; 2d, Thomas Brook,
Hercules, $1.
Best vase I^avender:

1st, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, Florence Nightingale, $2; 2d, Margaret J.
Miller, Florence Nightingale, $1.
Best vase Salmon:

1st, W. G. Taylor, Barbara, $2; 2d, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, Robert Syden-
ham, $1.
Best vase Crimson :

1st, Thomas Burrows, Sunproof Crimson, $2; 2d, Margaret J. Miller,
King Edward, $1.
Best vase Primrose:

1st, Thomas Burrows, Primrose Spencer, $2; 2d, Mrs. P. G. Forbes,
Dobbie's Cream, $1.
Best vase Scarlet:

1st, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, Scarlet Emperor, $2; 2d, Margaret J. Miller,
Fiery Cross, $1.
Best vase, any other color:

1st, Thomas Burrows, Royal Purple, $2; 2d, W. G. Taylor, Cherub,
$1.
Wild Flowers. — Collection, named, one bottle of each kind:
1st, Albert Davidson, $5; 2d, Mrs. F. C. Upham, $4.

July 21.

HoLLYHO CKS. — Twenty-four blooms, not less than four varieties:
1st, Mrs. C. Winter, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Twelve spikes:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.

awards for plants and flowers 137

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.

August 11 and 12.

Annuals. — General display, named, thirty species, filling one hundred
bottles :
1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10.
■Gladioli. — Twelve named varieties, one spike each:
1st, C. F. Fairbanks, $5; 2d, Jelle Roos, $3.
Vase of six spikes. Crimson, one variety:

1st, H. E. Header, Black Beauty, $4; 2d, Jelle Roos, GoHath, $2.
Vase of six spikes. Pink :

1st, H. E. Meader, Myrtle, $4, 2d, S. E. Spencer, Mrs. Frank Pendle-
ton, $2.
Vase of six spikes, Red:

1st, Jelle Roos, Aleida, $4; 2d, H. E. Meader, Jessie, $2.
Vase of six spikes, White :

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, Jessie Palmer, $4; 2d, Jelle Roos, Chicago Wliite,
$2. .
Vase of six spikes. Yellow :

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, Ida, $4; 2d, Jelle Roos, Annie Wigman, $2.
Vase of six spikes, any other color:

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, Loveliness, $4; 2d, Jelle Roos, Herada, $2.
Vase of six spikes, any Primulinus Hybrid:

1st, Julia M. Fairbanks, $4; 2d, C. W. Brown, $2.
One vase, ten spikes, ten varieties (for amateurs only) :
1st, Mrs. P. G. Forbes, $5.

Special Prizes Offered by C. F. Fairbanks.

Best seedUng Gladiolus, one spike:

1st, Miss Fanny Foster, $25; 2d, Miss Fanny Foster, $10.
Collection of fifty named varieties, one spike of each :

1st, C. F. Fairbanks, $20; 2d, JeUe Roos, $10.
Most artistic display, covering 200 sq. ft.:

2d, C. W. Brown & Son, $20.
Most artistically arranged basket:

Boston Cut Flower Co., $10.

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Perennial Phloxes. — Twelve named varieties, one truss of each:
1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $5.

138 MASSACHITSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Twelve trusses, named varieties (commercial growers excluded):

1st, Oliver Ames, $8.
Six trusses, one variety:

T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., Maid Marion, $5.

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.

September 8 and 9.

Dahlias. — Show and Fancy, twelve blooms, named varieties:
1st, J. K. Alexander, $3; 2d, Forbes & Keith, $2.
Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathawaj^ $2.
Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, W. D. Hathaway, $3; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $2.
Peony-flowered, twelve blooms, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2.
Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2.
Single, twelve vases of three blooms each:

1st, J. K. Alexander, $3.
Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each:
1st, J. K. Alexander, $8; 2d, Forbes & Keith, $6.
Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — Thirty bottles, distintit species and vari-
eties, not less than ten genera (commercial growers excluded) :
* 1st, Faulkner Farm, $10.
Wild Plants. — Collection in flower or fruit, one bottle of each kind:
1st, Mrs. F. C. Upham, .$5.

Gold Medal.

March 21. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Flemish Garden.

" " Julius Roehrs Co., Collection of Choice and Rare Orchids.
June 2. James Wheeler, for installing June Outdoor Exhibition.

" " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Rock Garden.

" " Thomas Roland, Rose Garden.

" " Charles Sander, Collection of Azaleas and Wisterias.

" " John Waterer Sons & Crisp, Ltd., Collection of Rhododendrons,

" " Mrs. Samuel C. Lawrence, Rhododendrons.

" " T. D. Hatfield, Exhibit of Rhododendrons.

" " Julius Heurlin, Exhibit of Evergreen Trees.

. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 139

June 2. A. N. Cooley, Exhibit of Orchids.

" " E. B. Dane, ~

" " Juhus Roehrs Co., "

" " F. J. Dolansky,
December 22. A. W. Preston, Brasso-Cattleya A. W. Preston.

Silver Medal.

February 3. George Melvin, Superior Cultivation of Dendrobium iiobile
virginale.
" 10. A. W. Preston, Brasso-Laeho-Cattleya Seaforth Highlander.
March 21. William Sim, Garden Arrangement of Auriculas.
" " Thomas Roland, Superior Cultivation of Ericas.
" " F. Dorner & Sons Co., Carnation Laddie.
" " WiUiam Sim, Display of Polyantha Hybrids.
June 2. Mrs. C. G. Weld, Flowering Plants.
" Faulkner Farm,
" E. S. Webster,

" William Sim, Display of Pansies.
" Mt. Desert Nurseries, Collection of Astilbes.
" J. T. Butterworth, Collection of Orchids.
19. Miss Grace Sturtevant, Iris Shekinah.

30. T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., Collection of Herbaceous Peonies.
Wellesley Nurseries.
July 7. F. W. Fletcher, Collection of Seedling Delphiniums.

" 21. Mrs. Bayard Thayer, Lilium Thayerae.
August 11. C. F. Fairbanks, Display of Gladiolus Primulinus Hybrids.
" " Boston Cut Flower Co., Artistic Arrangement of cufe Gladioli
in baskets and vases.
September 8. Boston Cut Flower Co., Artistic Display, showing the vari-
ous ways Dahlias and other flowers may be used for home
decoration.

First Class Certificate of Merit.

January 13. F. Dorner & Sons Co., Carnation Rosalie.
" ' " " " " " " « Laddie.

March 21. A. N. Pierson Inc., New Hardy Climbing Rose Elizabeth
Ziegler.
" " Walter Hunnewell, Rhododendron iutescens.
" " William Sim, Improved Blue Primrose.
June 2. P. L. Carbone, E.xhibit of Garden Accessories.
" " J. Whittier, Exhibit of Garden Furniture.
" " Henry Penn, Exhibit of Garden Ornaments.

140

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

June 19. Miss Grace Sturtevant, Iris Empire.

« « " " " " Rosette.

« " " " " " True Charm.

" 30. T. N. Cook, Climbing Rose Bonnie Prince.

" " E. J. Shaylor, Seedling Peony Wilton Lockwood.

" « " " " « " Wm. F. Turner.

" " " " " " " Frances Shaylor.

« « " ■ " « " " No. 65.

" " " " '' " " Jessie Shaylor.

" " " " " " " Secretary Fewkes.

July 7. F. W. Fletcher, Delphinium Belladonna Hybrid Sir Kenneth.

« " « « « " " " Lasell Blue.

August 11. A. E. Kunderd, SeedUng White GlacUolus Lily white.

" 25. R. W. Swett, SeedUng Gladiolus Beacon.
September 8. Thomas Cogger, Gladiolus Mrs. Keur.

Cultural Certificate.
June 30. William Gray, Hybrid Tea Roses.

Honorable Mention.

February 3. Thomas Roland, Begonia, sport from Gloire de Lorraine.

" " A. E. Parsons, New Seedling Primula malacoides.
March 21. Mrs. J. M. Sears, Seedling Amaryllis.

" " C. E. Holbrow, New Seedling Rose (Christie Miller X Presi-
dent Taft).
" " N. T. Kidder, Isoloma Van Houttei.
" " A. W. Preston, Tulip President WUson.
" " Lowthorpe School of Horticulture, Collection of Geraniums in

bloom, new and standard varieties.
" " Walter Hunnewell, Group of Acacia Drummondii.
" " Mrs. L. A. Breck, Dutch Garden.
" " Strouts, Seedling White Carnation Snow White.
" " S. J. Goddard, Crimson Seedling Carnation No. 10.
June 2. E. A. Clark, Flowering Plants.
" " W. W. Edgar Co., "

" " R. M. Saltonstall, Display of Petunia Bar Harbor Beauty.
" " S. M. Weld, Conifers and Flowering Plants.
" " Mrs. J. E. Thayer, Display of Enghsh Ivy in pots.
" " Miss Cornelia Warren, Orchids and Calceolarias. ,

" 19. Miss Grace Sturtevant, Iris Reverie.
" " " " « " Rose Madder.

" " " " " " Tangiers.

AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 141

June 30. E. J. Shaylor, Seedling Peony No. 35.

" " " " " " " Shaylor's Dream.

" " " " " " " Alma, Japanese-flowered. ,

July 7. Mrs Lester Leland, New Achimenes Supreme.

" 21. J. H. Stalford, Seedling Antirrhinums.
August 11. Miss Fanny Foster, Seedling Gladioli.

" G. N. Smith, Seedling Phlox Wellesley.
September 8. G. B. Gill, Seedling Decorative DahUa Fitzhugh.

" " Old Town Nurseries, Collection of Seedling Gladioli.

" " Fottler, Fiske, Rawson Co., Display of Gladioli and Dahlia

Flowers.
" " J. K. Alexander, Collection of Colossal Dahhas.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS
FOR THE YEAR 1917.

By Edward B. Wilder, Chairman.

The year has seemed to be out of season or we 'might say erratic
from the standpoint of the fruit grower.

The Spring was very late, the Summer comparatively cool,
and the usual heat for the first ten to fifteen days of September,
so much needed for maturing the crops, was lacking.

The scheduled exhibitions of fruit have, however, been held,
though sometimes the dates have been changed or the shows
extended because of the conditions already referred to.

The Rose, Peony, and Strawberry Exhibition was postponed
from June 23-24 to June 30- July 1 and entries not made on the
latter dates were admitted at a Special Show, July 7-8. Consider-
ing the season there was a good display of berries, the arrangement
of the fruit with its own foliage on the plates of the Society, still
growing in favor with the people.

The Silver Medal for the best new strawberry of merit not yet
introduced was awarded to Dr. Frederick S. De Lue of Needham
for a seedling named Venia. Dr. De Lue says "this strawberry
is medium early, very prolific, having a long season, and holding
its size to the last."

The lateness of the season caused the postponement of the
fruit exhibit at the Sweet Pea Exhibition from July 7-8 to July 21.
The lack of peaches at the Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition, September
8-9, was very noticeable, entries being made in only two classes.

The event of the year was the Special Exhibition of Fruits,
October 31-November 4, in conjunction with the Biennial Exhibi-
tions of the American Pomological Society and the New England
Fruit Show.

All the halls were used for exhibition purposes, the lectures and
discussions being held in the hall in the basement. Eminent po-

14.3

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

mologists and fruit growers from Canada and many States in the
Union took part in these meetings, vital subjects being discussed.

The exhibits under the schedule of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society were held in the lecture hall and small hall. The
plate exhibits of apples were very good showing a wonderful
improvement since the meeting with the American Pomological
Society in 1903. Special interest was manifest in the collections
of New England grown apples arranged for decorative effect with
foliage, covering a space not to exceed 48 square feet.

In this class A. B. Howard & Son of Belchertown won first, Derby
Farm, Leominster, second, and Wright A. Root, Easthampton,
third prize.

There were two entries for the artistic display of New England
grown fruits to cover 100 square feet. A. B. Howard & Son was
awarded first prize for a beautiful and truly artistic display of
fruit, embracing 15 varieties of apples, 10 of pears, 10 of pliHns,
3 of quinces, and 1 of peaches, all the fruit being of excellent
quality. Wright A. Root took second prize with a hut decorated
with apple boughs.

A new and interesting feature of the show was the class for the
best 100 apples, there being 17 entries, all of which were good.
For the best 100 Baldwin apples Thomas K. Winsor of Greenville,
R. I., took first and Derby Farm second prize. For the best 100
Mcintosh apples Derby Farm took first and C. C. Pettigrew, Mt.
Vernon N. H., second prize. For the best 100 apples of any othqr
variety Frank F. Brown of North Scituate, R. I., took first prize
with 100 Northern Spy and Thomas K. Winsor second prize with
100 R. I. Greening. The collections of ten, five, and three varieties
of apples were well represented, the whole display of apples in the
exhibition being remarkably free from San Jose scale.

Considering the season of the year the exhibit of hardy grapes
was remarkably fine. The first prize for best collection of ten
varieties of grapes went to John Bauernfeind of Medford, second
to Dr. W. G. Kendall of Atlantic. The new class for 25 bunches
of hardy grapes brought out some excellent entries. Mrs. M. J.
Merrill of Medford was awarded first prize for 25 bunches of
Concord grapes, Dr. Kendall first prize for 25 bunches of Niagara,
and John Bauernfeind second prize for 25 bunches of Delaware in
the class for any other ^•ariety of grapes.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS > 145

Honorable Mention was given Dr. Kendall for two bunches of
Black Hamburg grapes, outdoor culture, the first ever shown
here. This opens a new field of investigation in growing hothouse
grapes in the open air. Mrs. John C. Whitin of Whitinsville (Wm.
McAllister, gardener) displayed a collection of beautiful hothouse
grapes and Mrs. J. M. Sears of Southboro (J. S. Doig, gardener)
two bunches of Black Hamburg.

Pears were well represented, all classes being filled, the new class
for the best 50 pears receiving marked attention. Dr. Kendall
won the first prize for best 50 Bosc pears, Warren Heustis and Son,
Belmont, first prize for best 50 Dana's Hovey pears, and F. W.
Dahl of Roxbury first prize for any other ^■ariety, 50 Lawrence.

Among the exhibits of the American Pomological Society in
the main hall were large collections of seedling apples from the
Central Experimental Farm of Ottawa, Canada, under the charge
of Professor William T. Macoun, also tables of apples from Virginia
and North Carolina which attracted much attention on account of
their size, color, and quality. A table of persimmons from North
Carolina, consisting of many new varieties created great interest.
This fruit, somewhat new to us for table use, is becoming popular
in the market.

The great size of the pecan nuts from Georgia attracted much
attention. These nuts have shells so thin that a lady can crack
them with her gloved hand and they contain a wonderful amount
of meat.

Great interest was manifest in the exhibits of the New England
Fruit Show, representing all the New England States, and com-
prising hundreds of boxes and barrels of the finest apples equaling
in size, color, and quality any fruit grown in this country. Consid-
ering the abnormal season the Fruit Committee feels that the
exhibits of fruit have been good.

Edward B. Wilder
William N. Craig
Isaac H. Locke
James Methven

Committee

on

Fruits.

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

i

PRIZES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

1917.

.Ianuary 13.

Theodore. Lyman Fund, No. 1.

Apples. — One plate of Winter Apples:
A. B. Howard & Son, $4.

Pears. — One plate of Winter Pears:
F. W. Dahl, $4.

Spring Exhibition.

March 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25.

Benjamin V. French Fund, No. 2.

Winter Apples. — Collection of not less than four varieties:
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $6; 2d, F. L. Chamberlain, $4.
Two plates:

1st, F. L. Chamberlain, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $3,
Plate of one variety :

1st, F. L. Chamberlain, $3; 2d, F. L. Chamberlain, $2.
Pears. — Plate of any variety:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.

Rose, Peony, and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 30 and July 1.

Benjamin V. French Fund, No. 2.

Strawberries. — For the best collection of ten plates of 48 berries each,
not less than six varieties:
1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $15.
Two plates, 24 berries each, of any variety introduced since 1912:

1st, F. S. DeLue, Judith, $4.
Best two plates, 48 berries each, of any variety:
1st, F. S. DeLue, $8.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS

147

Best single plate of any variety, 24 berries:

1st, F. S. DeLue, $3; 2d, James Donald, $2.
Best new strawberry of merit not j'et introduced, 48 berries:

F. S. DeLue, Venia, Silver Medal.
Two plates Abington, 24 berries each:

1st, WUfrid Wheeler, $3.
Two plates Barrymore:

1st, H. L. Crane, $3.
Two plates Golden Gate:

1st, W. C. Cooper, $3.
Two plates Marshall:

1st, Louis Graton, $3; 2d, W. C. Cooper, $2.
Two plates any other variety :

1st, W. C. Cooper, Warren, $3; 2d, H. L. Crane, Howards, $2.
For the best new strawberry of recent introduction not previously exhib-
ited before this Society, two plates, 24 berries each:

1st, Louis Graton, Edmund Wilson, $8.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

July 7 and 8.

Strawberries. — Best three plates, 24 berries each, of any variety:
1st, G. V. Fletcher, $5; 2d, W. C. Cooper, $4.
Two plates William Belt:
1st, W. C. Cooper, $3.
Cherries. — Two plates, 24 specimens each, of any Red variety:
1st, E. B. Wilder, Downer, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Early Red, $2.
Two plates, 24 specimens each, of any White or Yellow variety:

1st, F. W. Dahl, White Heart, $3.
Best fruited branch of Cherries :

1st, F. W. Dahl, White Heart, S3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Early Red, $2.

July 21. v

Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 1.

Raspberries. — Cuthbert, 96 berries:
1st, W. C. Cooper, $3.
Herbert :

1st, W. C. Cooper, $3.
Any White variety:
1st, E. B. Wilder, $3.
Cherries. — Any Red variety, 96 specimens:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $3; 2d, Sumner Smith, $2.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Any White or Yellow variety, 96 specimens:
1st, Mrs. M. J. Merrill 13; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.
. Any Black varietj', 90 specimens:

1st, Faulkner Farm, $3; 2d, Sumner Smith, $2.

Society's Prizes.

Currants. — Faj-'s, 4S bunches:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3, 2d, E. M. Brewer, $2.
Perfection :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3: 2d, Mrs. C. G. Weld, $2.
Wilder:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3.
Any other Red variety:

1st, E. M. Brewer, Cherry, $3.
White Grape:

1st, W. C. Winter, $3.
Any other White variety:

1st, John Bauernfeind, White Imperial, $3; 2d, W. C. Winter, White
Dutch, $2.
Gooseberries. — Columbus, 48 berries:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, .12.
Downin*!;, 48 berries:

1st. W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $2.
Industry, 48 berries:

1st, W. G. Kendall, -1^3; 2d, Samuel McMullen, $2.
Triumph, 48 berries:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $3.
Any other variety, 48 berries:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Chautauqua, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, Bates, $2.
Collection of six plates, 48 berries each, not less than three varieties:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $5; 2d, W. C. Winter, $4.

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.
August 11 and 12.

Benjamin V. French Fund, No. 1.

Apples. — Best collection of Summer Apples :
2d, M. S. Wheeler, $8.
Best plate of Summer Apples:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Red Astrachan, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, Sweet
Bough, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 149

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Blackberries. — Any variety, 48 berries:

1st, W. C. Winter, Erie, $3; 2d, Mrs. Henry Lyman, Agawam,
Blueberries. — One hundred berries:

1st, Jennison's Floral Gardens, $3; 2d, Mrs. Henry Lyman, $i

Society's Prizes.

Peaches. — • Six specimens:

1st, W. C. Winter, Fitzgerald, $5.

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.

September 8 .\nd 9.

Apples. — Best collection of Fall Apples (commercial growers excluded) :
1st, M. 8. Wheeler, $10; 2d, Faulkner Farm, $5.
Best plate of Fall Apples:

1st, M. S. Wheeler, Red Astrachan, $3; 2d, H. A. Clark, Wealthy, $2.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Native Grapes. — Three bunches, any variety:

1st, E. R. Farrar, Moore's Early, $3; 2d, M. B. Farrar, Moore's Early.
$2.
Collection of five varieties, three bunches of each:
1st, E. R. Farrar, $5; 2d, John Bauernfeind, $4.

Society's Prizes. '
Peaches. — Carman:

1st, H. A. Clark, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Champion :

1st, M. B. Farrar, $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Bartlett:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $3, 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Clapp's Favorite:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $2.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Any other variety:

1st, E. B. Wilder, Brandywine, $3; 2d, John Bauernfeind, Flemish
Beauty, $2.

Society's Prizes.

Plums. — Single plate of any variety other than Japanese:

1st, F. W. Dahl,'$3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2.
Japanese Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve speci-
mens of each :
1st, M. S. Wheeler, $5.
Single plate of any variety :

1st, Mrs. R. Goodnough, Abundance, $3; 2d, M. S. Wheeler, Hale, $2.
Melons. — Scarlet Flesh, three specimens:

1st, Robert Dunn, Honeydrop, $3; 2d, James Donald, Sutton's Scar-
let, $2.

Special Exhibition of Fruits.
October 31, November 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 2.*

Apples. — Alexander, twelve specimens:

1st, C. C. Pettigrew, $4.
Baldwin :

1st, E. N. Sawyer, $4; 2d, D. R. Miller, $2.
Ben Davis;

1st, The Chase Orchards, $4; 2d, A. H. Prouty, $2.
Black Gilliflower:

1st, F. L. Chamberlain, $4; 2d, W.-A. Root, $2.
Blue Pearmain:

1st, Derby Farm, $4; 2d, The Chase Orchards, $2.
Delicious:

1st, C. L. Witherell, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Esopus Spitzenburg:

1st, The Orchards, $4; 2d, C. L. Witherell, $2.
Falla water :

1st, A. P. Smith, $4.
Fall Pippin:

1st, J. T. Geer, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Fameuse :

1st, C. C. Pettigrew, $4; 2d, E. H. West, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 151

Garden Royal:

2d, I. M. Blood, $2. ^

Golden Russet:

1st, A. P. Smith, $4; 2d, The Chase Orchards, $2.
Gravenstein :

1st, Drew's Fruit Farm, $4; 2d, T. K. Winsor, $2.
Grimes Golden:

1st, The Orchards, $4.
Hubbardston :

1st, W. H. Atkins, $4; 2d, C. C. Pettigrew, $2.
Jacob's Sweet:
^ 1st, Parker Bros., $4.
Jonathan :

1st, Derby Farm, $4; 2d, The Orchards, $2.
King:

1st, E. N. Sawyer, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Mcintosh :

1st, M. S. Wheeler, 14; 2d, E. N. Sawyer, $2.
Maiden's Blush:

1st, J. T. Geer, $4.
Mother:

1st, A. P. Smith, $4.
Newtown :

1st, Hillcrest Farm, $4.
Northern Spy:

1st, W. H. Conant, $4; 2d, The Orchards, $2.
Oldenburg:

1st, A. L. Fish, $4; 2d, The Orchards, S2.
Opalescent:

1st, G. V. Mead, $4; 2d, The Orchards, $2.
Palmer Greening:

1st, E. F. Adams, $4; 2d, F. L. Chamberlain, $2.
Peck Pleasant:

1st, T. K. Winsor, $4; 2d, Parker Bros., $2.
Pewaukee :

1st, W. A. Root, $4; 2d, C. C. Pettigrew, $2.
Porter:

1st, J. M. Schwartz, $4; 2d, W. A. Root, $2.
Pound Sweet:

1st, A. H. Prouty, $4.
Red Canada:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $4; 2d, Parker Bros., $2.
Red Russet:

1st, J. M. Schwartz, $4; 2d, A. L. Fish, S2.
Rhode Island Greening:

1st, W. A. Root, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Roxbury Russet:

1st, Augustus Hemenway, $4; 2d, W. H. Atkins, $2.
St. Lawrence:

1st, F. L. Chamberlain, $4; 2d, M. J. Cain, i!;2.
Salome :

1st, J. T. Geer, $4; 2d, J. H. Prouty, $2.
Seek No Further:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $4; 2d, The Chase Orchards, $2
Stark:

1st, E. N. Sawyer, $4; 2d, A. L. Fish, $2.
Sutton :

1st, E. N. Sawyer, $4; 2d, I. M. Blood, $2.
Swaar :

1st, Parker Bros., $4.
Tolman Sweet:

1st, C. C. Pettigrew, $4; 2d, T. J. Geer, $2.
Twenty Ounce:

1st, C. C. Pettigrew, .f4; 2d, H. A. Clark, $2.
Yellow Bellflower:

1st, R. H. Gardiner, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Yellow Transparent :

1st, E. H. West, $4; 2d, A. L. Fish, $2.
VVagener :

1st, Drew's Fruit Farm, $4; 2d, The Orchards, $2.
Walbridge :

1st, W. H. Atkins, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Wealthy:

1st, E. N. Sawyer, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Winter Banana:

1st, E. N. Sawyer, $4; 2d, C. L. Witherell, $2.
Wolf River:

1st, C. C. Pettigrew, $4; 2d, A. H. Prouty, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, Hillcrest Farm, Stayman, $4; 2d, The Chase Orchards, King
Pippin, $2.
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, twenty-four specimens:

1st, M. J. Cain, $4; 2d, W. A. Root, $2.
Transcendent :

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $4.
Any other variety :

1st, J. T. Geer, Marengo, $4.

John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund.

Pears. — Angouleme, twelve specimens:

1st, Mrs. Elbridge Torrey, $4; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 153

Anjou:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4.
Bosc :

1st, W. G. Kendall, $4; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, $2.
Clairgeau :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Dana Hovey:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
La^vrence :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4; 2d, Edward Mayhofer, $2.
Louise Bonne de Jersey:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Seckel :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4; 2d, I. M. Blood, $2.
Winter Nelis:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.
Any other variety :

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, Clapp's Favorite, $4; 2d, F. W. Dahl, Super-
fin, $2.

Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 2.

Grapes. — Agawam six Inmches:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, E. F. Williams, $2.
Brighton :

1st, C. W. Libby, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Concord :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Delaware :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Herbert :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2.
Moore's Diamond:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $4; 2d, C. W. Libby, $2.
Niagara:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Salem :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Wilder: '

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, E. A. Adams, $2.
Worden :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $4; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2.
Any other variety:

1st, W. G. Kendall, Vergennes, $4; 2d, John Bauernfeind, Diana, $2.
■Quinces. — Any variety, twelve specimens:

1st, I. H. Locke, $4; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $2.

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cranberries. — Collection of not less than four varieties, half-peck of each:
1st, A. D. Makepeace, $12.
Half -peck of any variety :

1st, A. D. Makepeace, Batchelder, $4; 2d, A. D. Makepeace, Centen-
nial, $2.

John S. Farloiv Newton Horticultural Society Fund.

Foreign Grapes. — Collection of four varieties, 2 bunches of each:
1st, Mrs. J. C. Whitin, $25; 2d, W. C. Winter, $15.
Any Black variety, two bunches:
1st, Mrs. J. M. Sears, $6.

Theodore Lyman Fund, No. 2.

Apples.-^ For the best collection of New England grown apples, arranged
for decorative effect :
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $30; 2d, Derby Farm, $20; 3d, W. A. Root,
$10.
For the best one hundred Baldwin Apples:

1st, T. K. Winsor, $20; 2d, Derby Farm, $10.
For the best one hundred Mcintosh Apples:

1st, Derby Farm, $20; 2d, C. C Pettigrew, $10.
For the l)est one hundred of any other variety of Apples:

1st, F. F. Brown, Northern Spy, $20; 2d, T. K. Winsor, Rhode Island
Greening, $10.

Additional Prizes.

For Artistic Display of New England Grown Fruit. — To cover
100 sq.ft.:
1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $75; 2d, W. A. Root, $35.
Apples. — For collection of ten named varieties, one plate of twelve speci-
mens of each variety:
1st, The Orchards, $20; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $10.
For collection of five varieties:

1st, J. M. Schwartz, $10; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $5.
For collection of three varieties :

1st, W. A. Root, $6; 2d, A. P. Smith, $3.
Hardy Grapes. — Twenty-five bunches Concord:
1st, Mrs. M. J. Merrill, $15.
Twenty-five bunches of Green Mountain:

2d, M. E. Smith, $8.
Twenty-five bunches of any other variety :

1st, W. G. Kendall, Niagara, $15; 2d, John Bauernfeind, Delaware, $8.

AWARDS FOR FRUITS 155

Ten varieties, three bunches each :

1st, John Bauernfeind, $20; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $5.
Five varieties, three bunches each:

1st, C. W. Libby, $10.
Three varieties, three bunches each:

1st, John Bauernfeind, $6; 2d, C. W. Libby, $3.
Pears. — Fifty specimens:

1st, W. G. Kendall, $15; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $8.
Dana Hovey:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $15; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $8.
Any other variety :

1st, F. W. Dahl, Lawrence, $15; 2d, Wilfrid Wheeler, Seckel, $8.
Ten varieties, one plate of 10 specimens each:

1st, A. B. Howard & Son, $20; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $10.
Five varieties, one plate of twelve specimens each:

1st, F. W. Dahl, $10; 2d, A. B. Howard & Son, $5.
Three varieties, one plate of twelve specimens each :

1st, F. W. Dahl, $6; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $3.
For the largest specimen Apple :

A. B. Howard & Son, Scarlet Beauty, $10.
For the largest specimen Pear:

F. W. Dahl, Clairgeau, $10.
For the largest bunch of Hardy Grapes:

John Bauernfeind, Niagara, $10.
Preserved Fruits. — For the largest collection put up in glass:

1st, Hermine A. Schulz, $25; 2d, Mrs. A.-E. Titchener, $12; 3d,
Melita Crawley, $6.

Honorable Mention.
October 31. W. G. Kendall, Black Hamburg Grapes, outdoor culture.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES
FOR THE YEAR 1917.

By John L. Smith, Chairman.

The year 1917 in some respects has not been a successful one;
the shortage of labor, due to conditions arising from the war, is
largely responsible for this. The vegetables exhibited during the
year were of the same high quality as in former years. No new
vegetable was exhibited during the year 1917.

Our vegetable shows during the year, oh the whole, were con-
sidered far behind other years. The gratifying feature of the year
has been the revival of interest on the part of the people in general
in agricultural matters. The people have manifested the desire
to acquire knowledge concerning agriculture and to apply the same
in the cultivation of any land owned or hired by them. This
interest should be kept alive and everything should be done to
assist those who desire to become interested in the cultivation of the
soil.

The year that has just closed has been a remarkable one in many
respects. It has witnessed the entry of our country into the great
World War. It has also seen an awakening of interest among the
people in agriculture. The pressing needs of the War have directed
our attention to the study of the soil and its products. We are
beginning to realize that the progress of a nation depends largely
upon agriculture.

A generation ago, every family had its garden plot, with hens,
pigs, and cows. The cost of living was small because it was not
necessary for such a family to go into the market to buy its food
products. This condition for some years has ceased. A man's
time has been regarded as too valuable to devote to such work.
We have been gradually divorcing ourselves from the soil, leaving
its cultivation in the hands of men who do it merely for profit.

157

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

We have been accustomed too long to buy the necessaries of life
at the store, and have lost all interest in the cultivation of the small
plot of ground, a custom which, only a few years ago, was universal.
A wonderful educational campaign, however, has been waged
during the past year, directing the attention of the people to the
necessity of utilizing all spare land for the purpose of raising crops,
no matter how small in amount. This should be continued with
intensified effort until the head of every family can say that a large
percentage of the necessaries consumed by his family are pro-
duced by their joint personal efforts.

There is a wonderful opportunity to assist the people in this
work for many are unfamiliar with the care necessary to secure
proper results. This community is fortunate in having a society
similar to ours. It should be our purpose to give freely information
and advice to every person seeking it, so that there may be an
intelligent application of effort to the raising of produce. We should
assist, as a society and as individuals, in stimulating the people to
take an interest in agricultural matters. The governmental depart-
ments are ably advising people as to the conservation of food
for the purpose of eliminating all waste; let us, as an organization,
do our part to increase the amount of the supply. The handling
of the matter should be arranged in an orderly manner.

I can make no better suggestion than to have a committee,
known as the "Committee, or Bureau, of Information." This
committee should be prepared to furnish all information concerning
the proper planting and care of the various vegetables, including,
of course, the preparation of the soil for the planting of the seed.
The whole resources of the Society, if necessary, should be pledged
to this work. This does not mean that its activities in other
branches should cease, but that they should be subject to the more
pressing one of assisting in furnishing an adequate food supply for
the Nation.

If our efforts do anything towards a revival of interest on the
part of the people in the cultivation of the soil, we will have ac-
complished much. Our work along these lines will be as important
to the Government and to the Nation as if we were actively engaged
with the Army in matters more intimately connected with the
prosecution of the War. It is a work to which we may well bend

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 159

our efforts, and when the present struggle is ended, it will be ap-
parent that jthis work has done much in bringing it to a successful
termination.

John L. Smith ] Committee
Edward Parker [> on

Wm. C. Rust J Vegetables.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

PRIZES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES.
1917.

• January 13.

MtrsHROOMS. — Twelve specimens:

Miss Cornelia Warren, $4.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

Mrs. C. G. Weld, Sterling Castle, $4.

Spring Exhibition.

March 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25.

• Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, J. W. Stone, White Spine, $4.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, M. E. Moore, Tennisball, $4; 2d, H. M. Howard, Tennisball,
Mushrooms. — Twelve specimens:

1st, A. W. Crockford, $4; 2d, G. A. Christofferson, $2.
Radishes. — Four bunches:

1st, A. W. Crockford, $4; 2d, J. W. Stone, $2.
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks:

1st, D. R. Craig, $4.

Iris Exhibition.

May 26.

Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, Miss E. B. Thacher, $4.

Rose, Peony, and Strawberry Exhibition.

June 30 and July 1.

Beets. — Twelve, open culture:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Early Wonder, $4.
Cabbage. — Four specimens: 1st, W. Heustis & Son, Early Market,
2d, W. Heustis & Son, Early Spring, $3.

AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES 161

Cucumbers. — Four specimens, White Spine:
1st, Oliver Ames, $4.
Four specimens English:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Telegraph, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, telegraph, $3.
Lettuce. — Four heads:

1st, James Donald, Ideal, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, Big Boston, $3.
Four heads Cos or Romaine:

1st, W. J. Clemson, Trianon, $4; 2d, James Donald, Farquhar's Cos.,
13.
Peas. — Gradus of Thomas Laxton, fifty pods:
1st, Oliver Ames, $4.
Sutton's Excelsior, fifty pods:

1st, E. L. Lewis, $4.
Any other variety, fifty pods :

1st, E. L. Lewis, Little Marvel, $4; 2d, James Donald, Farquhar's
ProUfic, $3.
Collection of Vegetables. — Ten varieties, tastefully arranged:
1st, W. J. Clemson, $15; 2d, Miss E. B. Thacher, $8.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.
July 7 and 8.

William J. Walker Fund.

Beans. — -String, fifty pods:

1st, Miss E. B. Thacher, Bkck Valentine, $3.
Beets. — Twelve:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Early Wonder, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, Crosby's
Egyptian, $2.
Cabbage. — Four specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Early Market, $4; 2d, W. Heustis & Son,
Copenhagen, $3.
Cauliflower. — Four specimens:

1st, A. W. Preston, New Pearl, $4; 2d, Miss E. B. Thacher, Early
Paris, $3.
Carrots. — Six specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Short Horn, $3.
Cucumbers. — Four:

1st, Oliver Ames, Telegraph, $3; 2d, J. J. Lyons, $2.
Lettuce. — Foiu- heads:

1st, Oliver Ames, Big Boston, $3; 2d, James Donald, Farquhar's
Express Cos., $2.

162 r MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Peas. — Fifty pods:

1st, Oliver Ames, Brock's Record, $3; 2d, James Donald, Laxton's
Superb, $2.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens :

1st, Oliver Ames, Albino, $3.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Oliver Ames, Sterling Castle, $3.
Collection of Vegetables. — Twelve varieties:

1st, Miss E. B. Thacher, $15.
Six varieties:

1st, Oliver Ames, $10; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $5.

Gladiolus and Phlox Exhibition.
August 11 and 12.

William J. Walker Fund.

Beans. — Two quarts shelled, not Lima:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, Horticultxiral, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Horticul-
tural, $2.
String, four quarts:

1st, James Donald, Plentiful, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $2.
Cucumbers.— White Spine variety:

1st, J. J. Lyons, $3; 2d, W. Heustis & Son, $2.
Cabbage. — Four specimens:

1st, Miss E. B. Thacher, $3; 2d, James Donald, $2.
Onions. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Mrs. Henry Lyman, $4; 2d, Oliver Ames, $3.
Peppers. — Twelve specimens, any variety:

1st, D. L. Fiske, $3.
Squash.— Marrow, three specimens:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, any variety:

1st, D. L. Fiske, Peep o' Day, $3; 2d, D. L. Fiske, Jennings, $2.
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens:

1st, Miss E. B. Thacher, Chalk's Jewell, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, Jewell,
$2.
Collection of Vegetables. — Fifteen varieties:

1st, James Donald, $10; 2d, Miss E. B. Thacher, $8.
Eight varieties:

1st, W. Heustis & Son, $5; 2d, D. L. Fiske, $4.

awards for vegetables. 163

Dahlia and Fruit Exhibition.

September 8 and 9.

Collection of Vegetables. — Ten varieties:

1st, Mrs. Henry Lyman, $10; 2d, James Donald,
Five varieties:

1st, D. L. Fiske, $5; 2d, D. T,. Fiske, $4.

Honorable Mention.
September 8. Mrs. Henry Lyman, Prizewinner Bean.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS FOR THE

YEAR 1917.

RiCHAED M. Saltonstall, Chairman.

The Committee on Gardens has made two visits during the year,
one to the commercial greenhouses of William Sim at Cliftondale
and the other to the private estate of B. H. Bristow Draper at
Hopedale. They are reported upon as follows:

Greenhouses of William Sim, Cliftondale.

On March 31 the committee was invited to inspect the commer-
cial plant of William Sim at Cliftondale to see his extensive col-
lection of Primula polyantha hybrids, sweet peas, violets, and
carnations. The center of interest in this visit was the houses of
primroses and auriculas which Mr. Sim is endeavoring to popu-
larize as florists' flowers. Auriculas especially show a wonderful
combination of color and although considered hardy are best
adapted to greenhouse cultivation in this climate. Mr. Sim reports
an encouraging demand for them by the florists.

The quality of the sweet peas and violets in his numerous houses
sustained the well deserved reputation of Mr. Sim as a master
cultivator.

Estate of B. H. Bristow Draper at Hopedale.

On July 30 the committee had the pleasure of visiting the estate
of B. H. Bristow Draper at Hopedale although it happened to be
the hottest day of the summer with a temperature of 98° in the
shade.

The committee was very favorably impressed with Mr. Draper's
estate which adjoins that of the late Governor Draper. The lawn

165

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

was of notable interest covering about three acres and was in
splendid condition and looked quite verdant after several weeks of
drought although no attempt had been made to water it artificially.

A pergola of rambler roses was still in splendid bloom and a large
collection of hardy varieties of roses was noted. A small and neatly
arranged formal garden with a pool in the center was tastefully
planted with the best annuals and herbaceous perennials. The
shrubberies and shade trees all showed that they had received care-
ful attention, and in fact, the whole estate reflected credit upon
the horticultural interest of its owner and upon George Piddington,
the gardener in charge of the grounds.

Certificates of Honorable Mention were awarded by the com-
mittee to Mr. Sim and Mr. Draper.

Richard M. Saltonstall
John S. Ames
David R. Craig
William Nicholson
Charles Sander
Charles H. Tenney

Committee

on
Gardens.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S
GARDENS.

By Henry Saxton Adams, Chairman.

The annual exhibition of the products of children's gardens,
held at Horticultural Hall on Saturday and Sunday, September 1st
and 2nd, 1917, was the largest ever held in our halls, filling as it did
not only the large and small exhibition halls but also the lecture
hall. One well remembers the time when our first exhibition only
filled a portion of the small exhibition hall. We have watched the
growth of the exhibits from year to year with a great deal of interest
and have wondered whether it would be possible some time to fill
all of the halls. This year it was accomplished, all available space
being occupied.

It is well to again call attention to the fact that not only have
our exhibits grown in size but also in the quality of the products
exhibited, comparing favorably with the regular exhibitions of the
Society. The number of exhibitors has also increased from year
to year and we feel very sure that the result of our work will not
only encourage many children to become successful gardeners but
will, also ultimately encourage them to become active members of
the Society.

The appropriations for prizes were the same as the previous year,
namely, $350.00, of which $200.00 was given by the State for the
encouragement of agriculture among children and in addition
$50.00 was given by interested friends making a total of $400.00 all
of which" was awarded to the various exhibitors.

It may be interesting to print here the news item which appeared
in the Florists' Exchange on September 8, 1917.

Children's Garden Exhibition.

The exhibition at Horticultural Hall on Saturday and Sunday, Sept. 1
and 2 was the most interesting exhibition held in Boston for some time.
The three exhibition halls were filled and the quality of the exhibits far

167

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

excelled anything of the kind that had ever been shown in this city by
children. There were over 1000 entries, probably the largest number
ever brought together in an exhibition of this kind. Competition was
open to all school gardens and to all children in Massachusetts under 18.
All kinds of vegetables were well grown and many of the classes were hard
to judge, competition was so close. Onions were especially well done and
some of them would compare favorably with the fine vegetables coming
from Lenox. There were nearly 100 entries for Tomatoes and the winner
of the first prize had six as nearly perfect specimens as the writer has ever
seen at any exhibition. Potatoes were very well grown, considering the
earliness of the season. The flower exhibits were also fine, including Asters,
Dahlias and Gladioli, all nicely staged. The exhibits of wild flowers were
the largest and most comprehensive the writer has seen in this city for many
years. One boy had over 100 kinds, correctly named and attractively
arranged. If children can raise such fine vegetables there is little fear
of a scarcity of food in this country.

It is particularly pleasing to your Committee to acknowledge
at this time the cooperation of the Board of Trustees and various
Committees. There never was a season in which the encourage-
ment of gardening among the children was more important and we
hope for an equally good exhibit this year, although we have been
obliged to somewhat reduce our schedule.

A list of the principal awards is appended to this report.

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden:

First. — Greenwood School, Hj'de Park .S6 00

Second. — McKinley School, Brockton 5 00

Third. — Huntington School, Brockton 4 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden established
since January 1, 1914:

First. — Norfolk House Center, Roxbury \5 00

Second. — Industrial School, Dorchester 4 00

Third. — Agassiz Prevocational School, Jamaica Plain 3 00

Fourth.— Trescott School, Mattapan 2 00

Fifth. — Dorchester Neighborhood House 1 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a school garden within five
miles of the State House :

First. — Young People's Garden, Boston ......... 5 00

Second. — Sterling St. School, Boston 4 00

Third.— Edward Everett School, Dorchester 3 00

Fourth.— Martin School, Boston 2 00

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S GARDENS 169

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden:

First. — Young People's Garden, Boston 6 00

Second. — Winthrop School, Brockton 5 00

Thu-d. — Industrial School, Dorchester 4 00

Fourth.— Gary School, Brockton 3 00

For the best collection of flowers from a school garden within five miles
of the State House :

First. — Norfolk House Genter, Roxburv 5 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's home garden:

First. — Emil Erickson, Brockton 5 00

Second. — Raphael Durando, Jamaica Plain 4 00

Third.— Mary Scanlon, Roxbury 3 00

Fourth.— Wilfred R. Tuttle, ArUngton 2 00

Fifth. — Katharine Kilroy, Jamaica Plain 1 00

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's home garden within
five mUes of the State House :

First. — - Richard Peterson, Jamaica Plain 3 00

Second. — Sumner Hersey, Dorchester 2 00

Third. — William J. Brown, Jamaica Plain . 1 00

Fourth. — Gathleen Galvin, Dorchester 1 00

Fifth. — Edward Spurr, Dorchester 1 00

For the best collection of flowers from a child's home garden:

First. — Gertrude Entner, Boston . . . ' 5 00

Second.— Wilfred R. Tuttle, Arlington 4 00

Third. — Francis Kernan, Dorchester 3 00

Fourth. — Robert Johnson, Dorchester 2 00

Fifth. — Barbara Shaw, Dorchester 1 00

For the best collection of wild flowers, berries, leaves, and grasses,
correctly named as far as possible, dried specimens excluded:

First. — Lester D. Watson, Dorchester 5 00

Second.— Kenneth R. Graig, Jamaica Plain 4 00

Third.— Albert Davidson, Melrose 3 00

Fourth. — Marion L. Garnegie, Dorchester 2 00

170

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For the best collection of vegetables from a child's garden put up in
glass jars by the exhibitor:

First. — Gertrude Schulz, Roslindale
Second. — Margaret Galvin, Dorchester
Third.— Milton Canning Club . .

3 00
2 00
1 00

Henry Saxton Adams
Dr. Harris Kennedy
Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody
Miss Margaret A. Rand
James Wheeler

Committee
> on Children's
Gardens.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1917.

By Edwakd B. Wilder, Delegate.

Perhaps the work of the Board that is of most interest to the
Horticultural Society is comprised in the Nursery Inspection, the
Apiary Inspection, and the Apple Grading Inspection.

Nursery imports have necessarily fallen off this year owing to
the war in Europe. The State now has 146 licensed nurseries.
After fifteen years of service to the Board, Dr. H. T. Fernald has
resigned as State Nursery Inspector, and Mr. R. Harold Allen has
been appointed in his place.

An important feature of the nursery inspection work for the past
year has been the extermination, of the White Pine Blister Rust.
This has been carried on in connection with the United States
Department of Agriculture, both the State and the Nation having
contributed $50,000 to the work in Massachusetts. The scouting
for the disease done in 1916 enabled the Nursery Inspector this
year to pick out certain badly infected areas and eradicate from
them completely the currants and gooseberries. This was done in
the hope that these areas might be made safe for the growth of
white pine. The towns of Warwick, Petersham, Dana, Hardwick,
Barre, Marshfield, and Ipswich were made eradication areas and
from these towns the Ribes, wild and cultivated, diseased and
undiseased, have been entirely eliminated. In connection with
this work an accurate census of the currant and gooseberry bushes
in this State has been taken in order to estimate the comparative
value of these fruits compared to the white pines.

The apiary inspection service has made a special drive to impress
both on beekeepers and the public the value and importance of
honey production, especially in view of the shortage of sugar.
Special beekeeping agents have been appointed in seventy towns of
the State who serve without pay and keep the State Inspector
informed of beekeeping conditions in their localities. A splendid

171

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

exhibit of honey and apiary apphances was set up at the Eastern
States Exposition and attracted much attention.

The year 1917 was the second year in which the Apple
Grading Law was compulsory. Apple grading laws are gradually
becoming universal and are now in force in 13 states in the north-
eastern part of the Union. The quality of the crop in Massachu-
setts was fifty percent better than in 1916 and as a result a larger
proportion of the crop was packed as A Grade. Three cases were
entered in court, and a conviction secured in each case.

The Public Winter Meeting of the Board was held in Springfield
in December, 1916, and the Summer Field Meeting was omitted
on account of the war.

Owing to the passage of the Anti-Aid Amendment by the Con-
stitutional Convention and its acceptance by the people, agricul-
tural societies cannot receive bounty after October 1, 1918. This
means that the Horticultural Society will be deprived of this source
of income, and with the other agricultural societies will lose its
representation on the Board of Agriculture. This will probably
mean a complete reorganization of the agricultural department
either by the incoming legislature or the Constitutional Convention
at its 1918 session.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
THE YEAR 1917.

Several events stand out prominently in the activities of the
Society during the past year which are worthy of record in this
report.

The principal one was the June Outdoor Flower Show, held
June 2 to 20, on the grounds of the Wentworth Institute on Hunt-
ington Avenue, Boston, containing an area of three acres.

On account of the magnitude of the undertaking and the notable
horticultural display which was produced a record of it should be
preserved in the annals of the Society. Many of its features will
long remain in the memory of the visitors and as time passes the
impressions left by this exhibit seem to grow stronger. It was
without doubt the most extensive exhibition ever held by the
Society.

Seven large tents were provided and filled with the finest pro-
ductions of the gardener's art; including great collections of
Orchids, Roses, Azaleas and Wistarias, Rhododendrons, and
miscellaneous displays of tropical foliage plants, cut flowers, and
bulbous plants.

On the outside grounds were numerous plantings of hardy,
evergreen trees and shrubs, an immense circular bed of pansies,
and many other collections of seasonable flowering plants.

One of the most conspicuous and attractive features was the-
rock garden with a goodly-sized pond in the center around which
were massed naturally arranged rock slopes filled with a great
variety of rock-loving flowering plants.

The entire receipts of the opening day were given to the Red
Cross resulting in a liberal contribution to the funds of this noble
charity.

Horticulturally the exhibition was a great success but owing to
unfortunate weather conditions the financial results were disap-
pointing and a considerable loss resulted. The season was un-
usually backward, with rainy weather prevailing most of the time,

173

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULIURAL SOCIETY

and the Rhododendrons did not come into full bloom until near the
end of the show.

In addition to the open-air show ten other exhibitions were held
in the Society's building all of which were satisfactory and the
public interest in them showed no abatement.

The Spring Flower Show in March was a notable success both
horticulturally and financially.

The July Sweet Pea Exhibition was held in conjunction with the
annual meeting of the American Sweet Pea Society and resulted in
a display of this popular flower of more than the usual interest.

The Special Fruit Show of October 31 to November 4 was held
in conjunction with the Thirty-fifth Biennial Session of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society and the Fifth Exhibition, of the New
England Fruit Show. All the halls were filled on this occasion
with an immense display of fruit representing the products of a
wide range of territory from Canada to Florida.

The course of lectures held during January, February, and March
proved satisfactory, an average attendance of 150 people being
recorded.

Through the influence of several members of the Board of
Trustees 57 new life members and 26 new annual members were
added during the year, making the total membership of the Society
December 31, 1917, 979.

On the whole the year has been a noteworthy one in advancing
the objects for which the Society was established, that of increasing
the interest in all branches of horticulture.

The publications of the Society during the year and dates of
issue are as follow:

January 12. Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions, 46 pp.

May 1. Transactions, 1916, Part II, pp. 146-267, and Plates
1 and 2.

July 13. Transactions, 1917, Part I, pp. 1-107.

September 28. Preliminary Schedule for the exhibitions of
January, March, and May, 1918, 12 pp. This schedule was later
withdrawn as far as the money prizes were concerned.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN 175

The Library.

The printing of the new catalogue of the library has advanced
as far as the completion of the first part containing the alphabetical
list of authors, periodicals, and society publications. Work on
the second part, that of the classified arrangement of the books,
is in progress and every effort will be made to complete the entire
volume during the ensuing year.

Through the generous gift of Mr. E. B. Dane of the Library
Committee funds were provided to purchase several valuable books
on landscape art. Mr. N. T. Kidder and Prof. C. S. Sargent, also
of the Library Committee, have continued their interest in the
library by contributing a number of publications which are very
acceptable additions. The Massachusetts Society for Promoting
Agriculture presented fifty volumes, mostly pertaining to ancient
agriculture, all of which are important acquisitions.

The additions to the collection of horticultural trade catalogues
during the year have largely increased, 925 having been received
by gift or purchase, making the total number in this class 10665.

William P. Rich,

Secretary and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1917.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current vrith
Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer, December SI, 1917.

Dk.

Paid for Library from Appropriation .... $303 67

« " « " J. D. W. French Fund . . 119 46

" " " " J. S. Farlow Fund ... 57 04

" " Heating 2,138 48

" Lighting 788 06

« " Labor 2,037 16

" " Stationery and Printing 1,259 80

" " Postage 235 00

" Insurance 3,959 48

" " Incidentals 1,261 13

" Repairs 224 46

" " Committee on Lectures and Publications . 325 00

" " Salaries of Officers 4,545 92

Committee on Plants and Flowers 229 00
" " " " " Fruits .... 151 00
« " " " " Vegetables . . 129 00
" " " " " Prizes & Exhibi-
tions ... 319 37
" " Medals 414 85

" Prizes for Plants and Flowers .... 3,947 00

" " Prizes for Fruits 1,428 00

" " Prizes for Vegetables 319 00

" Prizes for Children's Gardens .... 387 50

" " J. C. ChafKn Fund 62 00

« " John Lewis Russell Fund 25 00

" " G. R. White Medal of Honor Fund . . 261 73

" Library Catalogue 1,000 00

" " June Outdoor Flower Show 275 32 $26,203 43

" " $12,000 U. S. Liberty Bonds .... 12,000 00

Balance Dec. 31, 1917, Treasurer and Bursar . . 2,404 90

$40,608 33

177

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Cr.

Balance December 31, 1916 $17,032 10

Received Rents 3,996 60

" Exhibitions 7,383 25

" less expenses 5,882 90 1,500 35

" Membership Fees (873.00. Income a/c,

1425.00 Perm. Fund) 2,298 00

« State Bounty 1,000 00

« Sundry Donations 584 65 '

" Mount Auburn Cemetery (634.96 Income

a/c 634.96 Perm. Fund) 1,269 92 $10,649 52

" Interest on securities from the following
funds :

S. Appleton 40 00

J. A. Lowell 40 00

T. Lyman 440 00

J. feradlee 40 00

B. V. French, No. 1 20 00

H. H. Hunnewell 160 00

W. J. Walker 94 16

L. Whitcomb 20 00

B. B. Davis 20 00

M. P. WUder 40 00

J. L. Russell 40 00

F. B. Hayes 400 00

H. A. Gane 40 00

J. S. Farlow 100 00

J. D. W. French 200 00

B. H. Pierce 32 00

J. C. Chaffin 40 00

B. V. French, No. 2 120 00

G. R. White 300 00

J. S. Farlow, Newton 116 00

J. A. French 200 00 2,502 16

Interest and dividends on securities other
than those for the above funds . . . 10,424 55

$40,608 33

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 179

Assets.

Real Estate ' , . . . $518,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 10,796 96

Library 45,110 47

Plates and History 235 50

$2000 Kansas City, Clinton, and Springfield

Bonds 1,980 00

10,000 Lake Shore and Mich. So. Bonds . . . 10,415 25

21,000 City of Newton Bonds 24,228 75

50,000 Atch. Topeka and S. F. Bonds .... 44,693 25

50,000 Chicago Burl, and Quincy Bonds . . . 50,012 50

11,300 Pare Marquette 5« 9,987 50

25,000 K. C. F. S. and Memphis Bonds . . . 27,523 75

50,000 C. B. and Q. Illinois Bonds 51,625 00

8,000 Boston and Maine Bonds 8,710 00

4,000 Am. Tel. & Tel. 4 % Bonds, 1936 . . . 4,110 00

4,000 United Fruit 5 % Notes, 1918 .... 3,840 00

4,000 Interboro 5 % Bonds, 1966 3,920 00

12,000 Pacific Telephone Bonds 11,670 00

260 shares General Electric Stock 12,909 90

Hayes and Loring, Trustees ■ . . 2,308 66

Cash in hands of Treasurer and Bursar . . . 2,404 90

$12,000 U. S. Liberty Bonds 12,000 00

$857,047 02

Liabilities.

Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks:

S. Appleton Fund $1,000 00

J. A. Lowell
T. Lyman
J. Bradlee
B. V. French, No.
H. H. Hunnewell
W. J. Walker
L. Whitcomb
B. B. Davis
M. P. Wilder
J. L.. Russell
F. B. Hayes
H. A. Gane
J. S. Farlow
J. D. W. French

1,000 00

11,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

4,000 00

2,354 43

500 00

500 00

1,000 00

1,035 00

10,000 00

1,224 00

2,583 76

5,323 51

180

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

B. H. Pierce Fund

J. C. Chaffin
B. V. French, No. 2
J. A. French
G. R. White
J. S. Farlow, Newton
Library Catalogue
Unrestricted Funds
Capital and Surplus

800 00
1,228 89
3,000 00
5,000 00
7,711 72
2,900 42

670 00
5,000 00 $69,331 73
787,715 29

$857,047 02

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

Membership of Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

December 31, 1917.

Life Members, December 31, 1916 760

Added in 1917 57

Changed from Annual 1

818

Deceased 21 797

Annual Members, December 31, 1916 165

Added in 1917 26

191

Deceased 2

Changed to Life 1

Resigned . . . ! 3

Dropped for non-payment of dues . 3 9 182

Membership, December 31, 1917 979

Income from Membership.

57 New Life Members at $30 $1,710 00

26 New Annual Members at $10 260 00

1 Changed to Life 20 00

Assessments for 1917 308 00

$2,298 00

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 181

STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENSE FOR THE YEAR 1917.

Income.

Income from Interest on Investments .... $12,605 00

Bank Interest 321 71 $12,926 71

Rents 3,996 60

Exhibitions 1,500 35

State Bounty 1,000 00

Membership Fees 873 00

Donations 684 65

Sale of Lots in Mt. Auburn Ceme-
tery 634 96

Total Income $21,616 27

Less Interest added to Funds;

viz; Total Credits to Funds . . . $2,502 16

Less charges to Funds . . . 2,307 39 194 77

$21,421 50

Expense.

Operating Expense $16,753 16

Viz: Salaries $4,545 92

Insurance 3,959 48

Heating 2,138 48

Labor 2,037 16

Incidentals 1,261 13

Stationery & Printing . . . 1,259 80

Lighting 788 06

Library Appropriation . . . 303 67

Postage 235 00

Repairs 224 46

Prizes 6,081 50

Viz: Plants & Flowers $3,947 00

Fruit 1,428 00

Children's Gardens .... 387 50
Vegetables 319 00

Expenditures by Committees 1,568 22

Viz: On Medals $414 85

Lectures and Publications

Prizes

Plants

Fruit

Vegetables

325

00

319

37

229

00

151

00

129

00

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Outdoor Flower Show 275 32

Expense Paid from Funds 525 23

J. D. W. French Fund $119 46

J. S. Farlow Fund 57 04

White Medal Fund 261 73

J. Lewis Russell Fund 25 00

J. C. Claffin Fund 62 00

$25,203 43 $25,203 43

Excess of Expense $3,781 93

AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE.

Boston, April 2, 1918.

To the Finance Committee of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston.

Gentlemen:

We have audited the accounts of the Treasurer and of the Bursar for
the year ended December 31, 1917, and find all payments supported by
suitable vouchers and all receipts properly recorded and deposited.

All securities reported to be on hand on January 1, 1917, or which have
been acquired since, were seen either to be on h9,nd on the day of the
examination or were fully accounted for by the records.

The cash report of the Treasurer was checked and found to be in agree-
ment with the books, and the decrease in accumulated income due to
expense pajrments in excess of income receipts is correctly set forth in the
income-and-expense statement herewith.

Very respectfully,

Harvey S. Chase & Co.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 17, 1917.

183

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1917.

The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the year 1917 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Satur-
day, November 17, at twelve o'clock, noon, with Vice President,
Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The Secretary announced that the meeting was called in accord-
ance with the requirements of the By-laws of the Society for the
purpose of electing a President, a Vice President, four Trustees,
a Nominating Committee, and a Delegate to the State Board of
Agriculture for the ensuing year, and for the transaction of such
other business as might be legally presented. ^

The President appointed E. B. Wilder, J. A. Crosby, and W. P.
Rich a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and
report the number, and declared the polls open, to remain open
until three o'clock.

The record of the preceding meeting of the Society was read by
the Secretary and duly approved.

Vice President Kidder stated that in compliance with the provi-
sions of Section IX. of the By-laws the Board of Trustees had made
an appropriation of S4500.00 for prizes and gratuities for the year
1918.

A recess until three o'clock was declared when the ballot com-
mittee made report as follows:

Whole number of ballots cast 20, all of which were for the regular
nominees.

Vice President Kidder announced that the following list of
officers had been duly elected for the year 1918:

President Richard M. Saltonstall

Vice President Charles S. Sargent

(for two years)
Trustees Thomas Allen

(for three years) Walter Hunnewell

Charles W. Moseley
Thomas Roland

185

186

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Delegate to the State Board of

Agriculture (for three years)
Nominating Committee

The meeting was then dissolved.

Samuel J. Goddard
John S. Ames
Robert Cameron
Thomas Roland
Edwin S. Webster
Ernest H. Wilson

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

NECROLOGY, 1917.

187

NECROLOGY, 1917.

Admitted

Died

1868

Robert Marion Pratt

January 9

1869

Louis B. Harding

January 12

1871

James Macmaster Codman

January 24

1892

Theodore H. Tyndale

January 31

1865

John G. Barker

February 7

1900

Mrs. Oliver Ames, Senior

March 11

1891

Miss Sarah Haskell Crocker

March 31

1870

Franklin Howard Gilson

April 19

1915

Mrs. Harry F. Fay

May 23

1891

Edward E. Norton

June 5

1917

Carlos M. de Heredia

June 15

1905

Philippe L. de Vilmorin

June 30

1900

Edward E. Cole

October 8

1899

George Abbott James

October 13

1914

Mrs. Robert Dawson Evans

October 16

1900

Henry Gregory Jordan

October 16

1852

George B. Durfee

October 29

1863

Abner a. Kingman

November 10

1901

David Welch

November 27

1899

Zenas Crane

December 17

189

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1917.

UBmt)^nBtttB ^0rtimltural $mti^

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1917

President
RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL. of Newton

Vice-Presidents

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton

Treasurer
WALTER HUNNEWELL. of Boston

Secretary
WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea*

Trustees

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston
F. LOTHROP AMES, of North Easton
GEORGE E. BARNARD, of Ipswich
ERNEST B. DANE, of Bhookline
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, or Boston
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston
ANDREW W. PRESTON, or Boston
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline
EDWIN S. WEBSTER, of Boston
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture
EDWARD B. WILDER, Dorchester

Nominating Committee

WILLIAM DOWNS. Chestnut Hill JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR. Boston

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER. Milton MARCELLUS A. PATTEN. Tewksburt

WILLIAM SIM, Cliftondale

♦ Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

COMMITTEES FOR 1917

Finance Conunittee

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman
ARTHUR P. ESTABROOK STEPHEN M. WELD

Membership Conunittee

THOMAS ALLEN GEORGE E. BARNARD

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL

Committee on Prizes and Eshibitions

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman

JOHN K. M. L. PARQUHAR DUNCAN FINLAYSON

T. D. HATFIELD THOMAS ROLAND

Committee on Plants and Flowers

WILLIAM ANDERSON, Chairman

ARTHUR H. FEWKES ARTHUR E. GRIFFIN

S. J. GODDARD DONALD McKENZIE

Committee on Fruits

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman
WILLIAM N. CRAIG ISAAC H. LOCKE

JAMES METHVEN

Committee on Vegetables

JOHN L. SMITH, Chairman
EDWARD PARKER WILLIAM C. RUST

Committee on Gardens

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, Chairman
JOHN S. AMES • DAVID R. CRAIG

WILLIAM NICHOLSON CHARLES SANDER

CHARLES H. TENNEY

Committee on Library

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman
ERNEST B. DANE NATHANIEL T. KIDDER

Committee on Lectures and Publications

FRED A. WILSON, Chairman
LEONARD BARRON NATHANIEL T. KIDDER

Committee on Children's Gardens

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman

DR. HARRIS KENNEDY MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY

MISS MARGARET A. RAND JAMES WHEELER

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1917.

Revised to December 31, 1917.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons ivho may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

1900 Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C.

1900 Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of

France, Paris.
1897 Hon. James Wilson, Ex-Secretary of Agriculture.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

1901 George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y.

1889 Dr. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.

1898 John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.

1875 Professor William J. Beal, Amherst, Mass.

1911 W. J. Bean, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

1911 John Dunbar, Park Department, Rochester, N. Y.

1887 Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., "Witcombe,"
Gloucester, England.

1875 Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society,
Roswell, N. M.

1887 H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

1889 William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Crj^ptogamic Botany,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

1893 B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1900 Dr. Beverly T. Galloway, Department of Agriculture, Washing-

ton, D. C.

1877 George Lincoln Goodale, M. D., Cambridge, Mass.

1895 Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist at the New Jersey Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

1914 C. S. Harrison, York, Nebraska.

1911 Professor U. P. Hedrick, New York Agricultural Experiment
Station, Geneva, N. Y.

1907 Augustine Henry, F. L. S., M. R. I. A., Professor of Forestry,
Royal College of Science, Dublin, Ireland.

1897 J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.
1906 Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

1911 Emile Lemoine, Nancy, France.
1875 T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
1911 J. E^ing Mears, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

1911 WiLHELM Miller, Superintendent of Horticulture, University of

Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

1898 Sir Frederick W. Moore, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
1887 Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D.Sc, M. A., F. L. S.
1898 Peter N4)VIK, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticultural Society,

Christiania, Norway.

1912 C. Harman Payne, London, England.

1906 Sir David Prain, C. I. E., C. M. G., F. R. S., Director of the Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew, England
1894 Cavaliere Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.
1906 Dr. Henry L. Ridley, C. M. G., F. R. S., Kew, England.

1898 Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph.D., Curator of the Gray Her-

barium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
1875 William Robinson, London, England.

1899 William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery

Cincinnati, O.
1875 Robert W. Starr, Wolfville, N. S.

1893 Professor William Trelease, University of Illinois, Urbana,

Illinois.
1882 H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.

1905 Maurice L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France.

1912 Professor Hugo de Vries, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Holland.

1894 William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

1906 Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.
1911 E. H. Wilson, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

1901 Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horti-

cultural Society, Berlin, Prussia.

LIFE MEMBERS

197

LIFE MEMBERS.

1899 Adams, Mrs Charles Francis,

South Lincoln.
1907 Adams, George E., Kingston,

R. 1.

1897 Adams, Henry Saxton, Jamaica

Plain.

1899 Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yar-
mouth Port.

1894 Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

1916 Allen, Edward Ellis, Water-
town.

1905 Allen, Mrs. Sarah R., Wilming-
ton.

1898 Allen, Thomas, Boston.

1899 Ames, F. Lothrop, North

Easton.
1914 Ames, Mrs. F. L., North

Easton.
1899 Ames, John S., North Easton.
1894 Ames, Oakes, North Easton.
1899 Ames, Oliver, North Easton.
1867 Amory, Frederic, Boston.

1899 Anderson, Larz, Brookline.
1911 Anderson, William, South Lan-
caster.

1864 Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
1871 Appleton, Hon. Francis H.,

Boston.
1914 Appleton, Francis R., New

York, N. Y.

1913 Appleton, Henry Saltonstall,

Boston.

1914 Apthorp, Mrs. Harrison O.,

Milton.

1900 Arnold, Mrs. George Francis,

Brookline.
1894 Ash, John, Pomfret Centre,
Conn. "

1890 Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.
1914 Ayer, Mrs. Frederick, Boston.
1899 Ayer, James B., Boston.

1912 Bache, James S., Sharon, Conn.
1905 Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
1914 Bacon, Miss E. S., Jamaica

Plain.
1905 Badger, Walter L, Cambridge.
1894 Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury.
1902 Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
1902 Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
1901 Baker, James E., South Lincoln.
1904 Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
1909 Baldwin, Frank F., Ashland.
1888 Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

1904 Barker, George, Swampscott.

1905 Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

1866 Barnes, Walter S., Brookline.

1904 Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

1867 Barney, Levi C, Boston.
1917 Barrett, Mrs. William Emerson,

West Newton.
1897 Barry, John Marshall, Boston.
1901 Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

1914 Bartol, Dr. John W., Boston.

1915 Bartsch, Hermann H., Waver-

ley.
1901 Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich..
1915 Bauernfeind, John, Medford.
1899 Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.
1914 Beal, Mrs. Boylston, Boston.

1905 Beal, Thomas P., Boston.
1891 Becker, Frederick C, Cam-
bridge.

1876 Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Ded-
ham. '
1894 Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

198

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1890 Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

1905 Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

1914 Bemis, Mrs. Frank B., Beverly.

1899 Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

1914 Bigelow, Charles, Brookline.

1899 Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

1899 Bigelow, Dr. WiUiam Sturgis,
Boston.

1899 Black, George N., Manchester.

1885 Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brook-
line.

1914 Blake, Benjamin S., Auburn-
dale.

1897 Blake, Edward D., Boston.

1908 Blood, Eldredge H., Swamp-
scott.

1905 Boardman, Miss Eliza D.,
Boston.

1899 Boardman, T. Dennie, Man-

chester.

1914 Boit, Miss Elizabeth E., Wake-
field.

1894 Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

1914 Bowditch, Alfred, Jamaica
Plain.

1887 Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

1897 Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton.

1883 Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

1894 Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Fram-
ingham.

1877 Bowditch, WilUam E., Roxbury.

1913 Brackett, C. Henry B., Boston.
1912 Bradley, Charles H., Boston.

1914 Brandegee, Mrs. Edward D.,

Brookline.

1900 Breck, Joseph Francis, Waban.
1914 Breck, Luther Adams, Newton.
1871 Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton,

Vt.

1914 Brewer, Edward M., Milton.

1914 Brewer, Joseph, Milton.

1905 Brewster, William, Cambridge.

1910 Brigg^ Mrs. George R., Ply-
mouth.

1897 Briggs, William S., Lincoln.

1873 Brigham, William T., Hono-
lulu, Hawaii.

1909 Brooke, Edmund G., Jr., Provi-
dence, R. I.

1914 Brooks, Miss Fanny, Readville.

1914 Brooks, Henry G., Milton.
1899 Brooks, Peter C, Boston.
1899 Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

1912 Brooks, Walter D., Milton.
1909 Brown, Mrs. John Carter, Prov-
idence, R. I.

1907 Brush, Charles N., Brookline.

1915 Buckminster, W. B., Maiden.
1906 Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper

Falls.
1914 Bullard, Alfred M., Milton.
1897 Burlen, William H., East Hol-

liston.

1895 Burnett, Harry, 8outhborough.
1911 Burnett, John T., Southbor-

ough.

1914 Burnett, Robert M., South-
borough.

1914 Burnham, Miss Helen C, Bos-
ton.

1909 Burr, L Tucker, Milton.

1906 Burrage, Albert C, Boston.
1868 Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

1907 Butterworth, George William,

South Framingham.
1906 Butterworth, J. Thomas, South

Framingham.
1905 Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

1902 Cabot, George E., Boston.
1914 Cabot, Henry B., Brookline.
1870 Calder, Augustus P., Brookline.

1896 Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.

1913 Campbell, Chester I., WoUas-

ton.

1891 Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.

1905 Carr, Samuel, Boston.

1893 Carter, Charles N., Needham.

1899 Casas, W. B. de las. Maiden.

1911 Case, Miss Marian Roby, Wes-
ton.

LIFE MEMBERS

199

1873 Chamberlain, Chauncy W.,

Waban.
1909 Chamberlain, Montague, Gro-

ton.
1903 Chapman, John L., Prides

Crossing.
1878 Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.

1909 Chase, Philip Putnam, Milton.

1895 Cheney, Mrs. Ehzabeth S.,

Wellesley.

1894 Christie, William, Everett.
1876 Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
1871 Clapp, William C, Dorchester.

1896 Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.
1917 Clark,' Edward -A., Jamaica

Plain.
1896 Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfret

Centre, Conn.
1907 Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.
1890 Clark, J. Warren, Millis.

1910 Clark, Winslow, Milton.
1899 Clarke, Ehot C, Boston.
1914 Clifford, Charles P., Milton.

1895 Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn.
1894 Cobb, John C, Milton.

1914 Cochrane, Alexander, Boston.

1906 Codman, Miss Catherine A.,
Westwood.

1914 Codman, James M., Jr., Brook-
line.

1901 Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston.
1903 Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., New-
ton Highlands.

1882 CoUins, Frank S., North

Eastham.
1914 ColUns, Wilham J., Brookhne.
1917 Comley, Henry R., Lexington.

1902 Comley, Norris F., Lexington.
1917 Converse, E. W., Newton.

i 1899 Converse, Col. H. E., Marion.

1913 Cook, Thomas N., Watertown.
1917 Cooley, Arthur N., Pittsfield.

1914 Coolidge, Charles A., Boston.
1902 Coolidge, Harold J., Boston.
1899 Coohdge, J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

1899 Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph,
Chestnut Hill.

1914 Cotting, Charles E., Boston.

1914 Cotting, Mrs. Charles E., Bos-
ton.

1892 Cottle, Henry C, Boston.

1917 Cotton, Mi,ss Elizabeth A.,
Brookline.

1914 Councilman, Dr. W. T., Boston.

1917 Cowey, S. R., Walpole, N. H.

1913 Cox, Simon F., Mattapan.
1892 Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

1914 Crafts, Miss Elizabeth S., Bos-

ton.

1910 Craig, David R., Boston.

1901 Craig, William Nicol, Brookline.

1917 Crane, Charles R., New York,
N. Y.

1917 Crane, Mrs. R. T., Jr., Chicago,
111.

1891 Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Rox-
bury.

1917 Crocker, Mrs. George U., Bos-
ton.

1914 Crompton, Miss Isabel M.,
Worcester.

1887 Crosby, George E., West Med-
ford.

1914 Crosby, Mrs. S. V. R., Boston.

1901 Cross, Alfred Richard, North
Cohasset.

1909 Cumner, Mrs. Nellie B., Brook-
line.

1856 Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica
Plain.

1899 Curtis, Charles P., Boston.

1906 Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.

1903 Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Re-

1897 Damon, Frederick W., Arling-
ton.

1908 Dane, Ernest B., Brookhne.

1908 Dane, Mrs. Ernest B., Brook-
line.

1899 Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston.

200

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1909 Danielson, Mrs. J. DeForest,
Boston.

1892 Davenport, Albert M., Water-

town.
1902 Davis, Arthur E., Dover.
1902 Davis, Mrs. Arthur E., Dover.

1913 Davis, Bancroft Chandler, Wes-

ton.

1916 Davis, Miss Helen I., Wellesley.

1914 Davis, Livingston, Milton.

1909 Dawson, Henry Sargent, Ja-

maica Plain.
1905 Day, Henry B., West Newton.

1917 Day, Mrs. Mary E., Newton.
1873 Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
1917 De.xter, George T., Boston.
1904 Dexter, Gordon,Beverly Farms.
1904 Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

1866 Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
1896 Donald, William, Cold Spring

Harbor, N. Y.
1900 Donaldson, James, Roxbury.
1907 Doten, Scott T., Lincoln.
1917 Doty, George H., Boston.

1914 Douglass, Alfred, Brookline.
1917 Downs, Jere Arthur, Win-
chester.

1910 Downs, William, Chestnut Hill.
1917 Dowse, Charles F., Boston.

1893 Dowse, William B. H., West

Newton.
1917 Draper, B. H. Bristow, Hope.

dale.
1899 Draper, George A., Hopedale-

1896 Dreer, William F., Philadelphia,

Pa.

1897 Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut

Hill.
1899 Duncan, James L., New York,

N. Y.
1902 Duncan, John W., Spokane,

Wash.
1896 Dunlap,James H.,Nashua,N.H.

1915 Dunn, Stephen Troyte, F.L.S.,

F.R.G.S., Kew, England.
1915 Dupee, William Arthur, Milton.

1909 Dupuj^ Louis, Whitestone,
L. L, N. Y.

1880 Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.
1917 Dutcher, Miss Grace M., Hope-
dale.

1902 Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington.

1912 Eaton, Harris D., Southbor-
ough.

1911 Edgar, Mrs. Rose H., Waverley.

1912 Edgar, WiUiam Percival, Ja-

maica Plain.

1895 Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

1887 Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.

1888 EUiott, William H., Brighton.

1903 Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.
1907 Emerson, Nathaniel W., M.D.,

Boston.

1917 Emmons, Mrs. R. M., 2nd,
Boston.

1894 Endicott, William, Boston.

1899 Endicott, William C, Danvers.

1915 Ernst, Mrs. Harold C, Ja-
maica Plain.

1897 Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.

1905 Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F.,
Boston.

1907 Eustis, Miss EUzabeth M.,
Brookline.

1907 Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe,
Brookline.

1914 Evans, Mrs. Robert D., Boston. _

1915 Fairbanks, Charles F., Milton.

1881 Fairchild, Charles, New York,

N. Y.
1877 Falconer, William, Pittsburg,Pa.
1884 Farlow, Lewis H., Boston.

1896 Farnsworth, Mrs. William Ded-

ham. I

1890 Farquhar, James F. M., Roslin-

dale.

1891 Farquhar, John K. M. L.,

Roxbury.
1915 Farquhar, Mrs. John K. M. L.,
Roxbury.

LIFE MEMBERS

201

1884 Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-

bridge.
1873 Faxon, John, Quincy
1899 Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.

1908 Fay, Wilton B., West Medford.
1914 Fearing, George R., Jr., Boston.
1917 Fenno, Mrs. Pauline Shaw,

Rowley.
1899 Fessenden, George B., Allston.
1917 Fessenden, Sewell H., Boston.
1883 Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton

Highlands.
1904 Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica

Plain.
1892 Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica

Plain.
1901 Fisher, Peter, Ellis.

1910 Flanagan, Joseph F., Newton.

1882 Fletcher, George V., Belmont.

1883 Fletcher J. Henry, Belmont.
1917 Foot, Nathan Chandler, M.D.,

Milton.
1914 Forbes, Alexander, M.D., Mil-
ton.

1909 Forbes, Ch*rles Stewart,Boston.
1909 Forbes, Mrs.J.Malcolm,Milton.
1914 Forbes, W. Cameron, West-
wood.

1909 Forbes, Mrs.WiUiam H.,MUton.
1917 Fosdick, Lucian J., Boston.
1914 Foster, Alfred D., Milton.
1899 Foster, Charles H. W., Need-
ham.

1917 Foster, Miss Fanny, Newport,
R.I.

1885 Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
1881 Fowle, George W., Jamaica

Plain.
1914 Fraser, Charles E. K., South
Natick.

1911 Freeman, Mrs. James G., Bos-

ton.

1910 French, Mrs. Albert M., Read-

ing.

1892 French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.

1893 French, W. Clifford, Brookline.

1917 Frishmuth, Miss Anna Biddle,

Boston.
1882 Frohock, Roscoe R., Boston.

1903 Frost, Harold L., Arlington.

1900 Frost, Irving B., Belmont.
1899 Frothingham, Mrs. Louis A.,

Boston.

1917 Gage, Mrs. Homer, Worcester.

1910 Galloupe, Frederic R., Lexing-
ton.

1914 Gannett, Samuel, Milton.

1914 Gardiner, Robert H., Gardiner,
Maine.

1901 Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P.,

Hamilton.

1895 Gardner, George P., Boston.

1899 Gardner, John L., Boston.

1899 Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brook-
line.

1899 Gardner, William Amory, Gro-
ton.

1910 Garland, Mrs. Marie T., Buz-

zards Bay.

1904 Garratt, Allan V., HoUiston.
1899 Gaston, William A., Boston.

1911 Gavin, Frank D., Manchester.

1910 Geiger, Albert, Jr., Brookline.

1911 Gill, Miss Adeline Bradbury,

Medford.

1911 Gill, Miss Eliza M., Medford.
1865 Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
1887 Gill, George B., Medford.
1907 Goddard, Samuel J., Framing-
ham.

1904 Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.
1885 Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

1917 Gordan, Donald, Lincoln.
1899 Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston.
1914 Greene, Edwin Farnham, Bos-
ton.

1905 Greenough, Mrs. Charles P.,

Brookline.

1912 Greenough, Mrs. David S.,

Jamaica Plain.
1914 Grew, Mrs. Edward S., Boston.

202

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1914 Grew, Edward W., Boston.

1897 Hale, James O., Byfield.
1873 Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

1912 Hall, Mrs. George G., Boston.
1899 Hall, Jackson E., Cambridge.
1897 Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.
1910 Halloran, Edward J., Roxbury.
1917 Hammond, Mrs. E. C, Au-

burndale.

1913 Handler, Max Paul, South

Natick.

1914 Harding, Charles L., Dedham.
1871 Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

1905 Hardy, Miss Susan White,

Boston.
1889 Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

1887 Harris, Thaddeus William, A.

M., Littleton, N. H.

1910 Harris, Prof. William Fenwick,
Cambridge.

1909 Hart, Francis R., Milton.

1899 Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worces-
ter.

1914 Hartt, Arthur W., Brookline.

1895 Harwood, George Fred, New-
ton.

1884 Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

1906 Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon.
1914 Havemeyer, Theodore A., New

York, N. Y.

1891 Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rock-
land, Me.

1899 Hayward, George P., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Haywood, H. T., FrankUn.

1905 Head, Thomas W., Lake Forest,
111.

1913 Heeremans, F., Lenox.

1903 Hellier, Charles E., Boston.

1888 Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.
1899 Hemenwaj', Mrs. Augustus,

Canton.

1914 Hemenway, Augustus, Jr., Bos-
ton.
1884 Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

1899 Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge.
1917 Heredia, Carlos, M. de, Lenox.*

1901 Heurlin, Julius, South Braintree.

1894 Hewett, Miss Mary Crane,

Cambridge.

1900 Higginson, Francis L., Boston.

1902 Higginson, Mrs. Henry L.,

Boston.
1866 Hilbourn, A. J. Boston.
1886 Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

1911 Hittinger, Richard, Belmont.

1895 Hoitt, Hon. Charles W.,

Nashua, N. H.

1905 Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.

1914 Hollingsworth, Valentine, Bos-
ton.

1899 HolUngsworth, Z. T., Boston.
1881 Hollis, George W., Allston.
1891 Holmes, Edward J., Boston.
1876 Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cam-
bridge.

1900 Holt, William W., Norway,

Maine.
1899 Hood, The Hon. Mrs. Ellen,

Sheen, Surrey, Eng.
1914 Hornblower, Henry, Boston.
1888 Horsford, Miss Kate, Cam--

bridge.

1912 Horton, Arthur E., Lexington.
1902 Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.
1907 Houghton, Clement S., Chest-
nut Hill.

1910 Houghton, Miss EUzabeth G.,
Boston.

1872 Hovey, Charles H., South
Pasadena, Cal.

1884 Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

1917 Howard, Everett C, Belcher-
town.

1904 Howard, Henry M., West New-
ton.

* Died June 15, 1917.

LIFE MEMBERS

203

1896 Howard, Joseph W., Somerville.

1915 Howes, Mrs. Ernest, Boston.
1917 Howes, Osborne, Brookline.
1896 Hubbard, Charles Wells, Wes-
ton.

1917 Hubbard, Eliot, Boston.
1865 Hubbard, James C, Everett.

1913 Huebner, H., Groton.

1875 Humphrey, George W., Ded-
ham.

1917 Hunnewell, Mrs. Arthur,
Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, F. W., 2d., Welles-
ley.

1893 Hunnewell, Henry Sargent,
Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Mrs. Henry S.,
Wellesley.

1882 Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Walter, Jr., Welles-

ley.
1917 Hunt, Miss Belle, Boston.

1892 Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.
1880 Hunt, WiUiam H., Concord.

1904 Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis,

Concord.

1893 Jack, John George, East Wal-

pole.
1886 Jackson, Charles L., Boston.

1914 Jackson, Mrs. James, Jr., West-

wood.
1884 Jackson, Robert T., Peter-
borough, N. H.

1916 Jahn, Paul H., East Bridge-

water.

1916 Jahn, WilUam O., East Bridge-
water.

1902 James, EUerton, Milton.

1902 James, Mrs. Ellerton, Milton.

1913 Jeffries, John Temple L., Cam-

bridge.
1899 Jeffries, WiUiam A., Boston.
1865 Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.

1905 Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.

1914 Johnson, Edward C, Boston.

1885 Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.
1907 Jones, Mrs. Clarence W.,

Brookline.
1897 Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.

1897 Kellen, William V., Marion.

1886 Kelly, George B., Jamaica

Plain.

1848 Kendall, D.S., Woodstock, Ont.

1891 Kendall, Dr. Walter G., At-
lantic.

1868 Kennedy, George G., M. D.,
Milton.

1909 Kennedy, Harris, M. D., Mil-

ton.

1905 Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer,

Boston.

1891 Keyes, John M., Concord.

1889 Kidder, Charles A., South-
borough.

1910 Kidder, Mrs. Henry P., Boston.
1880 Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
1899 Kimball, David P., Boston.

1903 Kimball, Richard D., Waban.
1899 King, D. Webster, Boston.
1899 Kinney, H. R., Worcester.

1906 Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P.,

Worcester.

1904 Kirkland, Archie Howard,

Reading.

1899 Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

1913 Lancaster, Dr. Walter B.,

Brookline.
1899 Lanier, Charles, Lenox.
1917 Lapham, Henry G., Brookline.
1895 Lawrence, Amos A., New York,

N. Y.
1873 Lawrence, John, Groton.
1899 Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William,

Boston.
1895 Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Lee, George C, Westword.
1914 Lee, Mrs. George C.,Westwood.
1880 Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., New-
ton Centre.

204

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1902 Leighton, George B., Monad-

nock, N. H.

1914 Leland, Lester, Boston.

1914 Leland, Mrs. Lester, Boston.

1871 Lemme, Frederick, Charles-
town.

1903 Libby, Charles W., Medford.
1917 Liggett, Louis K., Chestnut

HUl.
1899 Little, John Mason, Swamp-

scott.
1899 Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.

1891 Lodge, Richard W., Redlands,

Cal.

1897 Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford.
1899 Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.
1905 Loring, David, Boston.

1914 Loring, Miss Katharine P.,
Prides Crossing.

1914 Loring, Miss Louisa P., Prides
Crossing.

1899 Loring, Mrs. William Caleb,
Beverly.

1899 Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Bos-
ton.

1902 Lowell, Miss Amy, BrookUne.

1903 Lowell, James A., Chestnut

Hill.

1903 Lowell, John, Newton.

1904 Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.
1917 Luke, Arthur F., West Newton.
1899 Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
1895 Lunt, Wilham W., Hingham.
1914 Lyman, C. Frederic, Boston.
1895 Lyman, George H., Wareham.

1898 Mabbett, George, Plymouth.
1912 McKay, Alexander, Jamaica

Plain.
1911 McKenzie, Donald, Chestnut

Hill.
1868 Mahoney, John, Boston.

1892 Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport,

Me.
1884 Manda, W. A., South Orange,
N.J.

1873 Mann, James F., Ipswich.

1887 Manning, J. Woodward, Read-

ing.

1884 Manning, Warren H., Brook-
line.

1909 Marlborough, James, Topsfield.

1913 Marshall, A. A., Fitchburg.
1876 Marshall, Frederick F., Everett.

1898 Marstou, Howard, Brookline.
1917 Martin, Edwin S., Chestnut

Hill.

1899 Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.
1896 Mason, Col. Frederick, Taun-
ton.

1914 Mathews, Miss Ehzabeth Ash-

by, Newton Center.

1901 Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
1906 Maxwell, George H., Newton.
1917 Mead, Francis V., West Somer-

ville.

1902 Melvin, George, South Fram-

ingham.

1905 Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.

1881 Merriam, Herbert, Weston.

1917 Methven, James, Readville.

1884 Metivier, James, Waltham.

1914 Meyer, George von L., Hamil-
ton.

1914 Mifflin, George H., Boston.

1914 Miller, Peter M., Mattapan.

1888 Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Wash-

ington, D. C.
1917 Mink, Oliver W., Boston.

1915 Minot, Mrs. Charles S., Read-

ville.
1908 Minot, Laurence, Boston.
1892 Monteith, David, Hyde Park,

Vt.
1896 Montgomery, Alexander, Na-

tick.
1902 Montgomery, Alexander, Jr.,

Natick.

1896 Moore, George D., Arlington.
1881 Moore, John H., Concord.

1897 Morgan, George H., New York,

N. Y.

LIFE MEMBERS

205

1914 Morgan, Mrs. J. P., New York,
N. Y.

1913 Morison, Robert S., Cam-
bridge.

1899 Morse, John T., Boston.

1909 Morse, John Torrey, 3d., Bos-

ton.

1910 Morse, I.ewis Kennedy, Box-

ford.

1913 Morse, Robert C, Milton.

1900 Morse, Robert M., Jamaica

Plain.

1914 Morss, Charles A., Chestnut

Hill.

1914 Morss, Mrs. Charles A., Chest-
nut Hill.

1902 Morton, James H., Huntington,
N. Y.

1896 Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.

1909 Moseley, Charles W., New-
buryport.

1896 Moseley, Frederick Strong,

Newburyport.

1914 Munroe, Howard M., Lexing-
ton.

1900 Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

1897 Mutch, John, Waban.

1917 Neal, James A., Brookline.

1899 Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.

1914 Newbold, Frederic R., New
York, N. Y.

1874 Newman, John R., Winchester.

1874 Newton, Rev. William W.,
• Pittsfield.

1914 Nicholson, William R., Fram-
ingham.

1906 Nickerson, William E., Cam-
bridge.

1914 Norman, Mrs. Louisa P., New-
port, R. I.

1881 Norton, Charles W., Allston.

1912 O'Conner, John, Brookline.

1898 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr.,

Brookline.

1892 Olmsted, John C, Brookhne.

1898 Orpet, Edward O., Chico, Cal.
1917 Osgood, Miss Fanny C, Hope-
dale.

1909 Page, George, Newton High-
lands.

1909 Page, George William, South
Lincoln.

1900 Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cam-
bridge.

1884 Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.

1914 Paine, Robert Treat, 2d, Bos-

ton.

1908 Parker, Augustine H., Dover.

1913 Parker, Edgar, North Easton.
1911 Parker, Edward, North Easton.

1915 Parker, Miss Eleanor S., Bed-

ford.
1917 Parkhurst, Lewis, Winchester.
1891 Parkman, Henry, Boston.

1899 Parsons, John E., Lenox.

1914 Patten, Miss Jane B., South

Natick.
1897 Patten, Marcellus A., Tewks-
bury.

1909 Peabody. Francis, Milton.
1909 Peabody, Mrs. Francis, Milton.
1905 Peabody, Frank E., Boston.
1899 Peabody, George A., Danvers.
1881 Peabody, John E., Salem.
1907 Peirce, E. Allan, Waltham.

1916 Peirce, Edward R., Wellesley

Farms.

1914 Peirson, Charles Lawrence,

Boston.

1915 Penn, Henry, Brookline.

1899 Pentecost, Mrs. Ernest Harvey,

Topsfield.
1873 Perry, George W., Maiden.

1917 Peterson, George H., Fair-

Lawn, N. J.

1899 Pfaff, Col. Charles, South

Framingham.

1900 Phillips, John C, North Bev-

erlv.

206

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1899 Phillips, Mrs. John C, North
Beverly.

1899 Phillips, Winiam,North Beverly.
1895 Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

1902 Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston.
1881 Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
1892 Pierce, George Francis, Ne-

ponset.
1905 Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.
1905 Pierson, Frank R., Tarry town,

N. Y.
1914 Pingree, David, Salem.

1900 Pond, Preston, Winchester.
1892 Porter, James C, WoUaston.
1884 Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
1914 Pratt, Waldo E., Wellesley

Hills.

1898 Pray,James Sturgis,Cambridge.

1899 Prendergast, James M., Boston.
1858 Prescott, Eben C, New York,

N. Y.
1914 Preston, Andrew W., Swamp-
scott.

1903 Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-

dence, R. I.

1911 Priest, Lyman F., Gleason-

dale.

1912 Proctor, Henry H., Boston.

1901 Proctor, Thomas E., Boston.

1899 Putnam, George, Manchester.

1900 Putnam, George J., Brookline.

1886 Quimby, Hosea M., M.D., Wor-
cester.

1889 Rand, Harry S., North Cam-

bridge.

1908 Rand, Miss Margaret A., Cam-
bridge.

1903 Rawson, Herbert W., Arhng-
ton.

18S2 Ray, James F., Franklin.

1890 Raymond, Walter, Pasadena,

Cal.

1891 Read, Charles A., Manchester.

1902 Reardon, Edmund, Cambridge.

1892 Reardon, John B., Boston.
1912 Reiff, William, Forest HUls.
1905 Remick, Frank W., West New-
ton.
1889 Rice, George C, Worcester.
1887 Rich, WilHam P., Chelsea.
1876 Richards, John J., Brookline.

1899 Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W.,

Charles River Village.
1912. Richardson, H. H., Brookline.

1900 Richardson, Dr. William L.,

Boston.

1905 Riggs, William Allan, Auburn-
dale.

1917 Riley, Charles E., Newton.

1886 Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

1892 Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham

Centre.

1903 Robb, Russell, Concord.

1909 Roberts, Miss Anna B., Bos-
ton.

1909 Robinson, Alfred E., Lexing-

ton.
1871 Robinson, John, Salem.
1900 Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.

1911 Rogers, Dexter M., AUston.
1914 Rogers, Dudley P., Danvers!

1899 Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Pea-

body.

1900 Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

1910 Ross, Harold S., Hingham.
1895 Rothwell, James E., Brookline.

1899 Roy, David Frank, Marion.
1881 Ruddick, Wilham H., M. D.,

South Boston.
1917, Rueter, Mrs. C. J., Jamaica

Plain.
1875 Russell, George, Woburn.

1900 Russell, James S., Milton.

1914 Russell, Mrs. Robert S., Boston.

1893 Salisbury, William C. G., Brook-

line.

1915 Saltonstall, Mrs. Caroline S.,

Milton.

1912 Saltonstall, John L., Beverly.

LIFE MEMBERS

207

1912 Saltsonstall, Mrs. John L., Bev-
. erly.

1899 Saltonstall, Richard M., Chest-

nut Hill.

1898 Sanger, Mrs. George P., Bos-

ton.

1900 Sargent, Andrew Robeson,

Brookline.
1870 Sargent, Charles S., BrookHne.

1899 Sargent, Mrs. Charles S.,

Brookline.

1902 Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,

Brookline.
1899 Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wel-

lesley.
1896 Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

1864 Scott, Charles, Newton.
1895 Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.
1899 Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.
1914 Sears, Horace S., Weston.
1899 Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery,

Boston.

1898 Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Dr. Frederick C,

Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Mrs. Frederick C,
Boston.

1899 Shaw, Francis, Wayland.
1914 Shaw, Henry S., MUton.

1899 Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., WeUes-
ley.

1901 Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain.
1906 Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

1865 Shorey, John i^., Lynn.

1892 Shimian, Hon. A., Boston.
1901 Shurtleff, Josiah B., Revere.

1893 Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,

N. Y.
1917 Silber, Miss Charlotte G.,

Needham.
1917 Silsbee, Miss Katharine E.,

Boston.
1899 Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

1903 Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk,

N. Y.
1888 Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

1872 Smith, Edward N., San Fran-
cisco, Cal.

1911 Smith, John L., Swampscott.

1888 Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.
1874 Snow, Eugene A., Cambridge.
1899 Sohier, Col. William D., Bev-
erly.

1908 Spaulding, John T., Prides

Crossing.
1908 Spaulding, Wilham S., Prides

Crossing.
1897 Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

1884 Stearns, Charles H., BrookUne.
1893 Stearns, Frank W., Newton.
1896 Stedman, Henry R., M. D.,

Brookline.
1914 Stevens, Mrs. Nathaniel, North
Andover.

1885 Stewart, William J., Winchester.

1901 Stone, Charles A., Newton.

1889 Stone, Charles W., Boston.
1910 Stone, Mrs. Francis H., South

Dartmouth.

1914 Stone, Galen L., Brookline.

1896 Stone, Prof. George E., Am-
herst.

1849 Stone, George F., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Stone, J. Winthrop, Watertown.

1914 Stone, Nathaniel H., Milton,

1917 Storey, Moorfield, Boston.

1905 Storrow, James J., Boston.

1905 Stratton, Charles E., Boston.

1906 Strout, Charles S., Biddeford,

Me.
1914 Sturgis, Miss Evelyn R., Man-
chester.

1902 Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Bos-

ton.

1916 Sturtevant, Miss Grace, Wel-
lesley Farms.

1910 Sullivan, Martin, Jamaica
Plain.

1912 Swan, Charles H., Jamaica

Plain.
1891 Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.

208

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1916 Swett, Raymond W., Saxon-

ville.
1904 Sylvester, Edmund Q., Han-
over.

1899 Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

1900 Taylor, Mrs. Thomas, Jr.,

Columbia, S. C.
1913 Tedcastle, Mrs. Arthur W.,

Hyde Park.
1896 Tenney, Charles H., Methuen.

1917 Thacher, Miss EUzabeth B.,

Roxbury.

1912 Thatcher, Arthur E., Bar Har-

bor, Me.

1898 Thatcher, William, Brookline.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. AUce R., Boston.

1900 Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South

Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R.,
South Lancaster.

1903 Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

1899 Thayer, John E., South Lan-
caster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. John E., South
Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lan-
caster.

1899 Thiemann, Hermann, Owosso,
Mich.

1899 Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

1910 Thurlow, George C, West
Newbury.

1913 Thurlow, Winthrop H., West

Newbury.

1874 Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Bos-
ton.

1896 Toppan, Roland W., Maiden.

1899 Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lex-
ington.

1901 Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cam-

bridge.

1914 Towle, L. D., Newton.

1893 Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove,

L. L, N. Y.
1917 Tufts, Bowen, Medford.

1910 Turner, Chester Bidwell,

Stoughton.
1914 Tyler, Charles H., Boston.

1910 Underwood, Henry 0., Belmont.
1901 Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

1917 Van Brunt, Mrs. Agnes, Read-
ville.

1873 Vander-Woerd, Charles, Wal-
tham.

1899 Vaughan, William Warren, Bos-
ton.

1884 ^Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somer-
ville.

1916 Wagstaff, Archibald, Wellesley

Hills.
1909 Wainwright, Arthur, Milton.
1849 Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
1876 Walcott, Henry P., M. D.,

Cambridge.

1895 Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica

Plain.
1914 Walker, William B., Man-
chester.

1896 Walsh, Michael H., Woods

Hole.

1901 W^altham, George C, Dorches-

ter.
1907 Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield.

1902 Warburton, Chatterton, Fall

River.

1912 Wardwell, JVIrs. T. Otis, Haver-
hill.

1894 W\are, Miss Mary L., Boston.

1909 Warren, Bentley W., Boston.

1889 Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica
Plain.

1884 Watson, Thomas A., East
Braintree.

1914 Watters, W. F., Boston.

1905 Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Webster, Mrs. Edwin S., Chest-
nut Hill.

LIFE MEMBERS

209

1905 Webster, Frank G., Boston.
1907 Webster, George H., Haver-
hill.

1896 Webster, HoUis, Cambridge.
1905 Webster, Laurence J., Holder-

ness, N. H.

1909 Weeks, Andrew Gray, Marion.

1902 W^elch, Edward J., Dorchester.

1914 Weld, Mrs. Charles G., Brook-
line.

1884 Weld, Christopher Minot.Read-
ville.

1917 Weld, Rudolph, Boston.

1899 Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Ware-
ham.

1914 Weld, Mrs. Stephen M., W^are-
ham.

1912 WeUington, Mrs. Arthur W.,
Boston.

1917 Wellington, William H., Boston.

1882 West, Mrs. Maria L., Nepon-
set.

1887 Wheeler, Frank, Concord.

1889 Wheeler, James, Natick.

1897 Wlieeler, Wilfrid, Concord.
1865 Whitcomb, William B., Med-

ford.

1901 White, Mrs. Charles T., Bos-
ton.

1899 Wliite, George R., Boston.

1909 \^Tiite, Harry K., Milton.

1917 Whitehouse, Mrs. Francis M.,
Manchester.

1905 Whitman, William, BrookUne.

1894 Whitney, Arthur E., Winches-
ter.

1894 Whitney, EUerton P., Milton.

1899 Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.

1917 Whittemore, Charles, Cam-
bridge.

1915 Wigglesworth, Frank, Milton.

1899 Wigglesworth, George, Milton.

1863 Wilbur, George B., Boston.

1889 Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., West
Roxburj'.

1881 Wilder, Edward Baker, Dor-
chester.

1899 WiUiams, Miss Adelia Coffin,
Ro.Kbury.

1905 Williams, George Percy, Bos-
ton.

1899 WiUiams, John Davis, Bos-

ton.

1905 WiUiams, Mrs. J. Bertram,
Cambridge.

1905 Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brook-
line.

1911 Williams, Ralph B., Dover.

1915 Wilson, E. H., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Wilson, Fred A., Nahant.

1881 WUson, William Power, Bos-
ton.

1917 Winslow, Arthur, Boston.

1905 Winsor, Robert, Weston.

1906 Winter, Herman L., Portland,

Me.
1914 Winthrop, Grenville L., Lenox.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert, New

York, N. Y.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert C, Jr.,

Boston.
1870 Wood, WiUiam K., Frankhn.
1905 Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude,

North Cambridge.

1905 Woodbury, John, Canton.

1906 Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bay-

ard, Worcester.
1917 Wright, George S., Watertown.

1900 Wyman, Windsor H., North

Abington.

210

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

1913 Adams, Charles F., Jamaica

Plain.
1896 Anderson, George M., Milton.

1912 Babcock, Miss Mabel Keyes,

Wellesley Hills.
1911 Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.

1915 Baker, Mrs. G. B., Chestnut

Hill.
1898 Barr, John, South Natick.

1916 Barron, Leonard, Garden City,

N. Y.

1917 Beal, Thomas P., Jr., Boston.
1893 Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough.

1917 Blodgett, Mrs. John, Beach
Bluff.

1917 Bogholt, Christian M., New-
port, R. I.

1901 Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hing-

ham.

1913 Bradley, Miss Julia H., Rox-

bury.
1873 Breck, Charles H., Newton.

1902 Breed, Edward W., Clinton.

1908 Briggs, Frank P., Ayer.

1909 Brigham, Mrs. CUfford, Milton.

1914 Brown, F. Howard, Marlboro.

1916 Brown, Mrs. G. Winthrop,

Chestnut Hill.

1914 Campbell, Ernest W., Wollas-
ton.

1910 Camus, Emil, Boston.

1917 Carlquist, Sigurd W., Lenox.
1904 Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline.
1917 Chase, H. F., Andover.

1917 Child, H. Walter, Boston.
1910 Churchill, Charles E.,Rockland.
1916 Clark, Schuyler S., Brookhne.
1914 Colt, James D., Chestnut Hill.

1907 Colt, Mrs. James D., Chestnut
HUl.

1917 Conant, Mrs. William C, Bos-
ton.

1917 Coolidge, Mrs. W. H., Boston.

1915 Copson, William A., Roslindale.
1914 Crocker, Mrs. George Glover,

Boston.

1914 Crocker, Joseph Ballard, Chat-
ham.

1914 Crompton, Miss Mary A.,
Worcester.

1881 Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.

1917 Curtis, Allen, Boston.

1875 Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

1914 Gushing, Mrs. Harvey, Brook-
line.

1912 Cutler, Mrs. N. P., Newton.

1906 Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd,
Roxbury.

1910 Dahl, Frederick WiUiam, Rox-

bury.

1917 Dalton, Philip S., Milton.

1889 Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.

1911 Dolansky, Frank J., Lynn.
1897 Dorr, George B., Boston.

1916 Estabrooks, Dr. John W., Wol-

laston.
1903 Evans, Frank H., Maiden.

1902 Farlow, Mrs. WiUiam G., Cam-
bridge.

1917 Farr, Mrs. Betty K., Stone-

ham.

1917 Fiske, David L., Grafton.

1901 Fiske, Harry E., Wollaston.

1894 Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brook-
line.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

211

1917 Flood, Mrs. Mary, Woburn.
1903 Freeman, Miss Harriet E.,

Boston.
1905 Fuld, Maurice, New York, N.Y.

1912 Gage, L. Merton, Groton.
1912 Goodwin, Mrs. Daniel, East

Greenwich, R. I.
1917 Gordon, George, Beverly.
1917 Graton, Louis, Randolph.
1900 Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.

1897 Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

1908 Hamilton, Mrs. George Lang-
ford, Magnolia.

1912 Hardy, John H., Jr., Little-
ton.

1894 Hatfield, T. D., Wellesley.

1917 Hathaway, Walter D., New
Bedford.

1910 Hayward, Mrs. W. E., Ipswich.

1891 Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.

1916 Hibbard, Miss Ann, West Rox-

bury.

1914 Higginson, Mrs. Alexander H.,
Manchester.

1902 Hildreth, , Miss Ella F., West-
ford.

1902 Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.

1884 Hill, J. Wniard, Belmont.

1912 Hollingsworth, Mrs. Sumner,

Boston.

1913 Holmes, Eber, Montrose.
1913 Houghton, Mrs. Clement S.,

Chestnut Hill.

1917 Howard, W. D., Milford.
1900 Howden, Thomas, Hudson.
1917 Howe, Henry S., Brookline.

1902 Hubbard,Allen,Newton Centre.
1893 Hubbard, F. Tracy, Brookline.

1913 Jenkins, Edwin, Lenox.

1916 Jenks, Albert R., Springfield.

1903 Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

1898 Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.

1898 Kennard, Frederic H., Newton

Centre.
1912 Kirkegaard, John, Bedford.

1889 Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Rox-

bury.

1900 Lawson, Joshua, Marshfield.
1914 Leach, C. Arthur, South Hamil-
ton.

1914 Leary, Dr. Timothy, Jamaica

Plain.
1917 Leonard, John E., Wellesley.
1904 Leuthy, A., Roslindale.

1902 Lewis, E. L., Taunton.

1896 Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Med-
ford.

1901 Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Boston.
1896 Loring, William C, Beverly.

1903 Lumsden, David, Ithaca, N. Y.

1912 McCarthy, Nicholas F., South

Boston.

1904 MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.

1890 Manning, A. Chandler, Wil-

mington.

1917 Meader, H. E., Dover, N. H.

1917 Mixter, Dr. Samuel J., Bos-
ton.

1914 Morse, Frank E., Auburndale.

1913 Murray, Peter, Manomet.

1916 Nehrling, Prof. Arno H., Craw-
fordsville, Ind.

1895 Nicholson, William, Framing-
ham.

1904 Nicol, James, Quincy.

1903 Nixon, J. Arthur, Taunton.

1913 O'Brien, Mrs. Edward F.,

Brookline.

1915 Parker, A. S., Stoneham.

1914 Parker, Miss- Charlotte E.,

Ipswich.
'l906 Parker, Eliab, Roxbury.
1892 Parker, Walter S., Reading.
1909 Parker, W. Prentiss, Roxbury.

212

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1908 Peabody, Mrs. W. Rodman,

Readville.
1914 Pembroke, A. A., Beverly.
1898 Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.

1902 Pritchard, John, Bedford Hills,

N. Y.

1912 Proctor, Dr. Francis I., Welles-

ley.
1883 Purdie, George A., Wellesley
Hills.

1913 Putnam, Frank P., North

Tewksbury.

1906 Kane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
1897 Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
1912 Reed, H. B., Auburndale.

1914 Rees, Ralph W., Ithaca, N. Y.
1893 Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
1888 Rich, William E. C, Ocean

Park, Maine

1900 Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.

1893 Robinson, Walter A., Arling-
ton.

1917 Rooney, John P., New Bedford.

1915 Rosenthal, Wolf, Boston.

1892 Ross, Henry Wilson, Newton-
ville.

1903 Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

1909 Russell, Charles F., Weston.

1910 Rust, William C, BrookUne.

1907 Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
1897 Sander, Charles J., Brookline.
1875 Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
1896 Searles, E. F., Methuen.

1910 Sears, Prof. F. C, Amherst,

1907 Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.

1886 Sharpies, Stephen P., Cam-
bridge.

1907 Sim, William, Cliftondale.

1915 Slamin, John, Wellesley.

1910 Smith, D. Roy, Boston.

1914 Smith, George N., Wellesley
Hills.

1914 Spaulding, Mrs. Samuel S.,
Springfield Center, N. Y.

1914 Sprague, George H., Ipswich.

1917 Stephen, A. L., Waban.

1914 Stevenson, Robert H., Read-
ville.

1914 Storey, Mrs. Richard C, Bos-
ton.

1914 Sturgis, Miss Lucy Codman,
Boston.

1904 Symmes, Samuel S., Winches-
ter.

1869 Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.

1914 Thayer, John E., Jr., Lancaster.
1909 Tracy, B. Hammond, Wenham.

1913 Tuckerman, Bayard, Ipswich.
1907 Turner, Everett P., Arlington.

1911 Ufford, Charles A., Dorchester.

1881 Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

1915 Wadsworth, Ralph E., North-

boro.
1902 Ware, Horace E., Milton.
1917 Warren, Miss CorneUa, Wal-

tham.

1914 Washburn, Paul, Boston.
1914 Waterer, Anthohy, 3d, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

1914 Waterer, Hosea, Philadelphia,

Pa.
1889 Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

1915 Wetterlow, Eric H., Manches-

ter.

1909 Wheeler, George F., Concord.

1897 Wheeler, Henry A., Newton-
ville.

1917 White, Mrs. Joseph H., Brook-
line.

1901 Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dor-
chester.

1897 Wilkie, Edward A., Newton-
ville.

1913 Williams, Mrs. Emile F., Cam-
bridge.

1889 Winter, William C, Mansfield.

't.-^

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1917

PART I

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN

I^ieRAJRYoftl

TRANSACTIONS'^""*

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1917

PART II

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN

U=s

TRANSACTIONS

assacljttsdts Jortkultwral ^atkti^

FOR THE YEAE 1918

PAET I

BOS TON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN

assarljusetts ^nrtimltural SDxittj).

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1918.

President.
RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, of Newton.

Vice-Presidents.

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.

Treasurer.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston.
GEORGE E. BARNARD, of Ipswich.
ERNEST B. DANE, of Brookline.
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, of Boston.
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston.
JOHN K. M. L. PARQUHAR, of Boston.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.
CHARLES W. MOSELEY, of Newburypokt.
ANDREW W. PRESTON, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Naha.nt.
EDWIN S. WEBSTER, op Boston.
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
SAMUEL J. GODDARD, of Framingham.

Nominating Gommittee.

•JOHN S. AMES, Boston ROBERT CAMERON, Cambridge.

THOMAS ROLAND, Nahant. EDWIN S. WEBSTER, Boston,

ERNEST H. WILSON, Boston.

* Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

COMMITTEES FOB 1918

Finance Committee

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK STEPHEN M. WELD

Membership Conunittee

THOMAS ALLEN CHARLES W. MOSELEY

GEORGE E. BARNARD THOMAS ROLAND

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL

Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions

JAMES WHEELER, Chairman

ROBERT CAMERON DUNCAN FINLAYSON

WILLIAM N. CRAIG T. D. HATFIELD

Committee on Plants and Flowers

WILLIAM ANDERSON. Chairman

ARTHUR H. FEWKES DONALD McKENZIE.

S. J. GODDARD WILLIAM SIM

Committee on Fruits

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman
WILLIAM N. CRAIG ISAAC H. LOCKE

JAMES METHVEN

Committee on Vegetables

JOHN L. SMITH, Chairman
EDWARD PARKER WILLIAM C. RUST

Committee on Qardens

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, Chairman
JOHN S. AMES DAVID R. CRAIG

WILLIAM NICHOLSON CHARLES SANDER

CHARLES H. TENNEY

Committee on Library

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman
ERNEST B. DANE NATHANIEL T. KIDDER

Committee on Lectures and Publications

FRED A. WILSON, Chairman
THOMAS ALLEN JOHN K. M. L. PARQUHAR

Committee on Children's Qardens

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman

DR. HARRIS KENNEDY MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY

MISS MARGARET A. RAND JAMES WHEELER

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1918.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Fred A. Wilson, Chairman ] Committee on
Thomas Allen V Lectures and

John K. M. L. Farquhar j Pnhlications.

CONTENTS.

The Inaugural Meeting

Horticultural Papers ......

Alpine Plants for the Rock Garden. By Mrs. Louis
Chanter .......

The Arnold Arboretum. By Edward I. Farrington

New Horticultural Crops for Food Supply. By Prof,
U. P. Hedrick . . . . \

The Peony. By Bertrand H. Farr

The Diseases of Roses. By Prof. Louis M. Massey

7
15

17
33

51
65

81

THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 12, 1918.

TRANSACTIONS

Massachusetts goytifuWuKal f ocietg.

1918, PART I.

INAUGURAL MEETING.

The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the year 1918 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston,
on Saturday, January 12, at twelve o'clock, with President Salton-
stall in the Chair.

The call for the meeting was read by the Secretary and the
record of the previous meeting was read and approved. The
President then proceeded to deliver his Inaugural Address.

Inaugural Address of President Saltonstall.
Ladies and Gentlevien,

Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

It has been a great pleasure to me to serve as your President
for the past two years. It was certainly my intention to retire
with the close of last year, but it was represented to me that
several of my predecessors had served three years; that it
was a year filled with difficulties arising from the war and that
under the circumstances I owed it to the Society to continue in
office one more year. For these reasons I shall gladly undertake
to serve to my best ability although I believe that rotation in the
office of the President of this Society every two years ordinarily
is advisable.

The past year has been one of great interest to me and I feel
that the result of the work of your Trustees and the various Com-
mittees undertaken during the year has not only kept up with the

7

5 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

standard of the past eighty-eight years, but in several respects
has shown marked progress.

There have been ten indoor shows during the year. These all
will be spoken of in the reports of your Committees.

I want to speak briefly of the Spring Show, the June Outdoor
Show, the Special Fruit Show, and of the Children's Garden Show.

We started in early last year to make the March Show especially
attractive and we employed for the first time Mr. Chester I.
Campbell, the well-known publicity agent, to assist in giving
publicity to the Show. The exhibit itself was certainly most
attractive. We shall carry in our minds for years the impression
made by the lovely exhibits of Acacias and Orchids and flowering
bulbs and grouped plants. The exhibits were effectively arranged
both as to color and varieties and many who have attended our
shows for years were enthusiastic in their praise of this Show. It
was a Show that stimulated a real interest in a very large number of
people. The paid entrances amounted to $7,383.25, a considerably
larger amount than was ever received at any one show given by
the Society. Our expenses were large but we made a considerable
sum, and the thing not to be overlooked is the fact that we reached
a very large number of people. I think it may well be referred
to as the biggest and the best show we ever had indoors.

The June Show was featured along quite different lines; our
Society in its early history had given shows on the Public Garden
and Boston Common, the last in 1873. We wished to exhibit some
of our beautiful indoor and outdoor plants and shrubs under more
favorable conditions than is possible in the Hall and for this reason
secured the spacious grounds of the Arioch Wentworth Institute.
It is not necessary to mention the great amount of work which
was done in adapting these grounds to the rock garden and pond
and the outside planting for it is fresh in the minds of all of us.

The seven large tents with their various special exhibits was the
most ambitious venture ever undertaken by our Society in the
way of an outdoor show.

The exhibits were certainly most excellent. The Orchid Show
was worth traveling miles to see, and the same was true of the
Azaleas, the Wisterias, and the Roses. For some reason which
I cannot explain we had most uncommonly bad luck on weather.

INAUGURAL MEETING 9

It was very cold and rainy prior to the Show so that the Rhododen-
drons were far from their bloom, and to make matters worse it
continued to rain almost every day of the Show. It was indeed
most depressing. If I remember rightly, the one person who could
look pleasant during the last dajs of the Show was our good friend
James Wheeler who did his very best to help us out of our troubles.

The Show was not supported by the public and under the circum-
stances the result was not surprising although terribly disappoint-
ing. Great thanks are due to Mr. Walter Hunnewell and Prof.
Charles S. Sargent for their exhibits of Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
and Wisterias, to Messrs. John Waterer's Sons Co. of England, for
a fine exhibit of Rhododendrons, to Mr. Thomas Roland for the
Roses, to Mr. John K. M. L. Farquhar for his collection of new
varieties of evergreens, mostly the result of Mr. W' ilson's collections
in China and Japan in recent years, to Mr. Cooley, Mr. W'ebster,
Julius Roehrs Co., F. J. Dolansky, Mrs. Weld, and several others
for the Orchids, to Mr. Sim for his Pansy exhibit, and to numer-
ous other exhibitors all of whom exhibited, without expectation
of money prizes.

As one result of this effort, I was obliged to call upon 19 members
of our Society who had underwritten various amounts in case of
a loss and as a result of their generosity our Society sustained
a trifling loss although the amount to be paid up was a good large
sum, so large that I think it just as well not to mention it. The
chances of bad weather necessarily make a show of this kind more
of a venture. I am glad that we gave the Show and certainly
hope that it may have done some lasting good to our Society.
The Show in itself was certainly most creditable, and the Society
is greatly indebteded to Mr. Thomas Allen for his efficient services
in connection with the arrangement of the same.

At the Fall Fruit Show given in conjunction with the American
Pomological Society and the New England Fruit Show in Novem-
ber there was a fine exhibit of apples and a fair exhibit of pears,
grapes, and some other fruits. An instructive series of lectures
was given during the progress of the Show. Great interest is ap-
parent in the cultivation of the apple but there seems to be a
comparatively little interest in the growing and development of
the pear. Years ago in this Society there appears to have been
more interest in the pear than in the apple.

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

I happened to be glancing over the report of the annual meeting
in 1866 and mention is there made of an award to Francis Dana
for the introduction of the Dana's Hovey, to my mind one of the
very nicest pears grown. How long is it, I wonder, since anyone of
our members has been awarded a prize for the introduction of
so good a pear as that !

The Exhibition of the Products of Children's Gardens was
wonderfully successful this year. It showed beyond doubt that
the children are interested in the growing of commercial crops,
perhaps especially stimulated this year by the war conditions.
We believe our annual show for children is specially desirable and
should be continued from year to year with such variation in
program as to broaden the field of activity.

Now for the coming year. It is certainly for the best interests of
our Society to continue our efforts to increase the membership.
As a result of our efforts last year we secured 83 new members.
We have had a considerable number of deaths but our membership
roll has increased from 925 to 979 and a large proportion of the
new members were life members.

From figures given me by our Secretary, it appears that our
membership in 1875 was 1035 and this I believe was the largest
membership of our Society. Now we have only to gain 56 more
members to pass that goal and I should like to accomplish that
result this year. It ought to be easy. Each member ought to be
able to propose at least one member. Why, think of it, the list
of Fellows in the Royal Society of London in 1914 was 14,400!

The Catalogue of the Library, I am told, will contain not only
a correct list of our books but a subject index for flowers, vege-
tables, and fruits, giving a classified list of all that pertains to each
special subject. It is expected that this will be completed during
the year.

The Lectures will be continued and the program already published
shows an interesting group of various subjects which will be dis-
cussed. These lectures are well attended and certainly must be
doing a considerable good in stimulating interest in horticulture.

The fact that our country is now engaged in a serious war which
is affecting all industries to a greater or lesser extent has led your
Trustees and Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions to carefully

INAUGURAL MEETING 11

reconsider the schedule program for the shows as first proposed
for this year.

We planned some months ago to appropriate about $8500 for
prizes for flowers, fruits, and vegetable exhibits and to especially
feature a vegetable show in the fall by the giving of much larger
money prizes than has been customary lately, but we have been
forced to reconsider the advisability of this for various reasons.

In the first place, our income is going to be considerably less,
less rentals and less bounty from the State and our necessary
expenses are going to be higher, e. g. coal SIOOO.OO more this year
than last, so that it is manifestly necessary and advisible to con-
serve our resources to the fullest extent. Again, the thought has
occurred to us that our Society could and should actively assist
in some recognized war charity or work for the benefit of our
soldiers and as the best manner of doing this we are planning
to make all our important shows Pay Shows, to give no money
prizes except in a few special cases where money has been given to
be awarded in special ways, and to give all the net receipts to the
Red Cross or other as well recognized charity.

We are going to call upon our amateur and professional growers
and our wholesale and retail flower dealers to actively participate
in undertaking to make these shows a wonderful success and in
that way to contribute a goodly sum to the good cause of charity.
The more you think of this, the more I trust you will be favorably
impressed with our purposes, and the more you will be determined,
I hope, to make the shows a great success. We may well say to
ourselves in what other ways can we assist to meet the serious
consequences of war? Already our Halls have been used for the
Red Cross for three months rent free for surgical dressings work.

Should we not be considering whether we cannot do more in
encouraging the proper planting and growing of commerical crops?

It is all well enough to stimulate the growing of vegetables,
but is not a lot of money wasted doing it as it was done last Spring?
If done again this spring, should not proper instruction be given
in the matter of fertilizers and the proper method of preparing
the ground? If with our resources we could start an advanced
course of instruction to teachers in this line of work, it might do
much good and save a lot of useless expense.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Could we not also consider the advisability of growing intelli-
gently more of our own vegetable seeds and take care ourselves of
this industry which in past years has become an important trade to
Germany? In this connection it is interesting to read an old
advertisement that appeared in the Worcester Gazette, April 3,
1783.

"GARDEN SEEDS.

To be SOLD, by edmund heard, in Lancaster, the
following assortment of garden seeds, warrented
of the last Year's produce, viz.

EARLY peas early dwarf kidney, and six week beans,
early stone turnip, early Yorkshire, green Savoy, and
winter cabbage, early Mogul, and head lettuce, pepper-
grass, parsley, raddish, celery, beet, ONION, carrot, parsnip,
summer and winter squash. «

CUCUMBER, MUSK MELON, and PEPPER SEED,

also, White beans, brought from the Northward, of a
superior Quality for planting in Cornfields.

LANCASTER, MARCH 14, 1783."

We all know how unpleasant it is to find that we have failed to
secure a good crop on account of poor seed and possibly this could
be rectified if our seeds were grown here at home. Certainly we
would be more independent in a time of war as now.

Just one more thought which has occurred to me since the war.
Some people look upon the growing of flowers as a pure luxury
which ought to be given up during war times. Now I do not
agree with this thought and I want to tell you why.

First, we must consider the fact that a very considerable number
of men have given up their life work to the study and work of
floriculture, a science in itself; of these men many are of mature
years and are utterly unfitted for other fields of work, and in many
cases dependent on their work for their support. Again, it is

INAUGURAL MEETING 13

important to keep this industry going for those who will wish to
return to it after the war.

Second, a vast amount of plant life in greenhouses would be
lost if greenhouses should be given up. These plants in many
cases have taken years to grow and perhaps could never be
replaced.

Third, flowers surely are not so much of a luxury as costly
clothing or jewelry worn chiefly to attract the eye, or the many
attractive but not necessary fittings of our homes. If all luxuries
are to go, flowers must go with them, but when you consider the
great amount of happiness and real pleasure that can be given
to the sick and the wounded and those confined to their bed, in
some cases far away from home, I say that flowers should be the
last of all luxuries to be forced out by dire stress of war.

In conclusion, let me say that I have received the helpful coopera-
tion of all officers and committee members for which I am deeply
grateful. I have enjoyed becoming better acquainted with them
and shall try to know them even better as we go through this
year together and shall hope to retain their confidence and their
full support.

At the close of the address the annual reports of the officers
and chairmen of the various committees of the Society were called
for and presented in the following order:

Report of the Treasurer, Walter Hunnewell.

Report of the Board of Trustees, by the Secretary.

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, James
Wheeler, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, William Ander-
son, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Fruits, Edward B. Wilder, Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, John L. Smith, Chair-
man.

Report of the Committee on Gardens, Richard M. Saltonstall,
Chairman.

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, Henry S.
Adams, Chairman.

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, Edward
B. Wilder.

Report of the Secretary and Librarian.

The various reports were separately accepted with thanks and
referred to the Committee on Publications for record in the Trans-
actions of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

HORTICULTURAL PAPERS.

MASS, HORT. SOC, 1918

PLATE 3

Mrs. L. S. ChANLER's Rock Garden

ALPINE PLANTS FOR THE ROCK GARDEN.
By Mrs. L. S. Chanler, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, June 2, 1917.

Alpine plants are a source of endless interest and pleasure to
all who know them. The object of what I have to say today is
to try and increase your interest in them, be it ever so little. Un-
doubtedly, many of you who are devoted gardeners have never
felt any enthusiasm for alpines and have perhaps even suspected
them of being a foolish fad. That is a normal state for those who
do not know these plants. I felt that way myself not many years
ago and used to ask my English friends not to show me their rock
gardens, as I did not understand them.

It is certain that anyone who commences to grow alpines never
gives them up. Their charms and fascinations are endless, and
though their flowers are usually to be seen only in the spring their
growth of foliage rosettes covered with fat buds in many varieties,
or laced over with exquisite white markings, as in the encrusted
saxifrages, is most lovely at all seasons, and most alpines are ever-
green.

About the middle of September, when the great heat is over,
these plants like many evergreens put out new shoots and take
on an altogether spruce and lively air. Also, many of them bloom
again, not with the rich profusion of early summer, but the few
late flowers give all the more pleasure because of being rare. A
wonderful lace-like plant which blooms from May to December is
Asperula cyncmchina. You see it here draping these rocks in late
October. Here is a closer view of it, and later you will see it
blooming in early summer. It has all the soft, foamy effect of
gypsophila but not gypsophila's bad habit of blooming only once.
Here is Sedum Sieboldii, also in October. It is a lovely gray and
pink plant, and the flowers last a long time.

Gardeners have sometimes objected that our summers are too

17

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

hot to grow alpine plants successfully, and this is truly our greatest
difficulty. If it is possible to place a rock construction facing
north, then our chances of success are greatly increased. But,
though our summer sunshine is too ardent, our winter snows are
of the very greatest benefit to these little plants. During the
winter before last, when my garden in Tuxedo was under a nice
blanket of snow for nearly four months, not a plant was lost in the
rock garden. Of course, in this country we also sometimes have
open winters, but never the warm green Januarys they often get in
England, which excite the plants into premature growth and
result in many flowers being destroyed. In Tuxedo we have
only one plant which has such an early habit that it always starts
blooming before Christmas. That plant is Erica hybrida, a variety
not unlike Erica carnea, but daintier, quicker-growing, and with
much paler flowers. This picture was taken in October. The
buds, of course, increased in size during the warm, sunny days of
November.

For all the gray and woolly alpine plants our climate is far
better than the English, and we constantly read in the bgoks by
Farrer and Robinson about gray-leaved plants damping off and
needing the protection of a piece of glass to keep off what they call
their rotting rains. A case in point is Androsace sarmentosa. A
friend brought me a plant of it from Switzerland, and this is what
I read about it in Robinson's "Alpine Plants": "This is a Hima-
layan species, growing at an elevation of over 11,000 feet. The
flowers, borne in trusses of ten to twenty, at first sight resem-
ble those of a rosy white-eyed verbena. Like many other woolly-
leaved alpines, this is difficult to keep alive through our damp
winters. A piece of glass in a slanting position about six inches
above the plant preserves it. Care should also be taken to put
sandstone, broken fine, immediately under the rosettes of leaves
and over* the surface of the soil, to keep every part of the plant,
except the roots, from contact with the soil. A dry calcareous
loam is best. Where limestone can be had to mix with the soil, a
much better display of flower and foliage can be obtained. It also
helps to keep the plant dry in winter."

S.O we gave it a dry, well-drained, sunny place, and now this
androsace has spread like magic. No pieces of glass could be put

ALPINE PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS 19

over it, and it needs none. Now it has been divided, and we have
dozens, and it has most amusing ways. In the autumn, the outer
leaves of each rosette disappear, and the center, which is where
the verbena-like flowers are to come, puts on a lovely, gray velvet
surface. In June, after flowering, this plant puts out runners like a
strawberry. In this picture, the first bit is in bloom in a warm
corner between the rocks. Here are the flowers more in detail.
They are a pretty shade of pink.

We now have fourteen varieties of androsace thriving, and they
vary from vitallina, which is only one inch high and golden and
easy, to foliosa, which is nearly a foot high. These plants have
all proved hardy and even easy with us, except Androsace lactea
and Androsace villosa. These two kinds are very tiny and grow
slowly. A. mllosa came through last winter without turning a
hair and bloomed beautifully. Androsace carnea is a beautiful
dark green moss, one inch high, on which appear in April the
loveliest rosy flowers. This does better with us than in Mr.
'Correvon's great alpine collection in Switzerland. It likes leaf-
mould and hates lime, and it has even sowed itself. All the andro-
saces have interesting and beautiful foliage. In some, it is like
the tiniest imaginable juniper; in others, there are gray rosettes
like house-leeks.

In addition to the many charms and beauties of alpine plants,
I feel that they will be of special interest to Americans, because
they can be grown without employing a gardener. Wages are
already so very high here that only the rich can hope to afford to
pay them. Yet there are thousands of flower enthusiasts who
would like to garden, if they thought it could be done without much
labor or expense. Once reasonably made, a rock garden can be
kept up by a woman, even if she is not very strong. Weeding is
the principal work, and has to be done carefully and patiently. But
as the rock plants are usually grown on a slope or bank, the gar-
dener is not forced to stoop and tire her back. We have rattan
seats of different heights, which are kept out of sight, and are
most comfortable for weeding. The only other work in a rock
garden consists in watering, planting new plants, and saving and
sowing seed. This question of sowing seed we will consider a
little later.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

There are two principal modes of constructing a rock garden.
A miniature valley, that is the soil dug out four or five feet and
banked up on each side, or, if there is a natural slope, stones laid
firmly in it to form irregular steps or shelves, where the plants
may be put. Both plans are ec[ually good. In the Botanical
Garden at Kew, London, they have the sunken path with high
banks on each side, and at the Horticultural Society's Gardens at
Wisley, one hour's drive south of London, a big hillside has been
used to make shelves and steps, and so show off a great collection
of alpines. Here it has been easy to have a waterfall. At Kew
they have just a pool next the path here and there. No cement has
been used in these constructions, and it has not been found necessary.
Cement may be used in retaining walls, as will be shown when
that subject is reached, but for a rock garden the weight of earth
is usually not too great to be held up by well-placed stones without
cement; of course, large stones two or even three feet long are
used for the foundations.

For a very small rock garden the bank seems easier and more
suitable, but in my own rock garden I have made the little valley
which has the advantage of banks facing north and south. Unfor-
tunately, the bed rock was so near the surface soil that we could
excavate only about one foot.

It is extremely important to build with solid foundation and
a definite plan. The idea that any natural-looking mound of stones
heaped together will do for growing alpines is a hopeless mis-
take, because the plants must have definite and solid protection
for their roots. Mr. Farrer says: "Stone in nature is never dis-
connected; each is always, as it were, a syllable in a sentence.
Remember that, urgently: boulder leads to boulder in an ordered
sequence." There must be no cracks, air-spaces, or slipping down
of the soil. These are absolutely fatal, and it is a thousand times
easier to guard against them in the original construction than
after a number of plants have started to cover the stones.

When one has decided on a rock garden and has got the stones
and earth together at the chosen spot, there is an almost overwhelm-
ing temptation to build too quickly, and to put in what plants one
has, for the sake of seeing the effect. This is a most dangerous
way to proceed. We have suffered from it for years, and have lost

ALPINE PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS 21

valuable plants in painful efforts at reconstruction. It is all a
question of considering the roots of the plants. If they are planted
on a slope with nothing much to hold the soil, it is bound to wash
away in our heavy rains, and then roots will be uncovered, and
plants will die. Alpines, though often less then an inch high
need deep earth for their roots. Robinson says these tiny plants
often have roots a yard long. Nothing is more certainly fatal
than to plant them in a pocket with no depth. They may thrive for
a time, but after the first drought, they die.

The pockets or shelves where the plants are to go should not
slope down toward the path. They should slope back a little toward
the main construction to carry the rain into it. This is hard to
achieve, because after the stones are fixed and the soil is in, one
adds sand or fertilizer or lime, and, the whole shelf being small,
the least addition to the soil will result in the wrong slope. Usually,
it occurs in the very beginning, when the soil is being shoveled
in. So the builder must not hesitate to take out earth until the
levels are perfect. Here are pictures to show the difference:
although the quaker ladies looked lovely on the wrong slope, that
was only for one year, before the earth had had time to wash away.
Also they are the most accommodating of ladies, besides being
very lovely. In the second picture, flat shelves can be seen,
where the plants can be perfectly happy. This picture shows a
well-placed rock in the foreground. It is almost bare, because
it has only just been put in, but the shelf or tiny terrace which
it holds up, shows well what is meant by a proper level. On
the left of the picture, the wrong kind of slope is plainly seen.
This has been taken out, and flat pockets put in its place.

In arranging the rocks, care should be taken that none are allowed
to overhang. This would prevent the necessary rain reaching the
plants underneath the rock. Every part of the rock garden should
be so arranged that all the rain will be absorbed by it.

Beside the absolute necessity of making the roots of the plants
secure against all disturbances, and the length of the roots must be
seen to be believed, the general effect is far better and happier if
the levels are made right. It is all the difference between a repose-
ful picture and a restless one, slipping down, or everlastingly fixed.
In this picture, the flat shelves are seen on the left, and on the right

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

there is a sloping bank, now happily made flat. It must constantly
be remembered that the plants and not the stones are the main
point in rock gardens. The stones are merely the frame and must
be kept from intruding into the picture.

What Mr. Farrer means by " Boulder leads to boulder in an or-
dered sequence, and treating your rocks as syllables in a sentence to
make a coherent whole" is well illustrated in this picture. Several
of the stones are disconnected, with the result that water has
evidently washed soil from precious roots. Therefore the place
is half bare. It will also be noticed that the few plants doing well
are the ones with the stones protecting their roots from dis-
turbance.

For the amateur, simply wishing to experiment with the more
easily grown rock-plants, so as to find out if he really has a taste
for this form of gardening, the sloping bank in which half a dozen
stones are partly buried, will do perfectly well as a beginning. It
is far easier and pleasanter to begin modestly and gradually
expand, than to lay out an ambitious rock work and then find that
one has neither the skill nor the inclination to grow the right plants
for it.

The bank shown here was only partly devoted to growing al-
pines; next spring, however, the rocks will be extended, and the
annuals will not be there. Of course, there must be no formality
about anything in the rock garden, no grass edges or anything of
that sort. We do not need the stepping stones so useful in damp
England, but a gravel path is useful, and dwarf plants often seed
themselves and thrive in it. There is more moisture in the path
than anywhere else, as the water is sure to trickle down. So, even
though the path plants do occasionally get stepped upon, they are
often very handsome.

The whole surface of the rock garden should eventually be covered
with plants, but one must be cautious, as some undesirable kinds
are too free and are hard to get rid of. It is best, for a time at
least, to submit to the ugliness of bare ground than to let one's
precious pockets be over run with greedy, seedy plants. This
bare ground about rare plants should be covered with small stones
or broken rock to prevent evaporation, and they would also pre-
vent stagnant moisture in winter. The stones are not pretty, and

ALPINE PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS 23

a little soil sprinkled on top of them makes them less conspicuous.
When our object is achieved and we have collected enough of the
best plants, there will be no bare, stony places to offend our eyes.
Here is one approach to the rock garden. Nothing in the least
formal, and low plants are better than high ones. These forget-
me-nots were glorious, because just beyond them, looking black in
the photograph, was a solid mass of that wonderful hardy wall-
flower, Erysimum allioni. As far as I have been able to discover,
there is only one shade of it, a deep rich yellow. It is biennial
and grows about a foot high. Here are more forget-me-nots.
These are with lilies-of-the-valley, and the whole plantation is
surrounded with periwinkle. In the periwinkle we plant that
typical alpine, the autumn crocus. I have often smiled as I read
about its charms for the rock garden and wondered what these
good authors thought of their autumn crocus in May, when it's
great coarse leaves appear. By growing them in the periwinkle
we are able to hide these leaves as soon as they show signs of drying.
We roll them up and hide them under the periwinkle, and there
they can dry up without being an eyesore. Here are the crocuses
in September.

Visitors, seeing a rock garden for the first time full of blooming
alpines, are constantly exclaiming, "These cannot be hardy plants!
They are too delicate, too brilliant to have lived all through our
icy winters." These Saxifraga cordifolia were particularly brilliant
last April, a vivid coral pink, and you can see in this picture that
there were no leaves on the trees when they bloomed.

Here is another alpine beauty, a Primula denticulata caskmeriana.
It sows itself, and, given half shade and water during dry weather,
it is perfectly easy to grow.

The old-fashioned way of having gardens bare in the early spring,
except for narcissus and tulips, has resulted in their being accepted
so, as a natural law, and when people hear of twenty or thirty
varieties being in bloom in early April they are amazed.

Alpine plants usually bloom in the early spring. In the moun-
tains the summers are very short ; often only a few weeks from the
time when the snow melts to the first storms of autumn, so the
flowers must appear immediately, if they are to ripen seed and
continue their species. There are summer-blooming alpines like

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

the large and lovely family of Campanulas, but, though the plants
are perfectly hardy and easy to grow, the flowers do not survive
our July sunshine very long, so that visitors, seeing a rock garden
after June, may well be disappointed over the lack of color and
brilliance. Linum perenne is a lovely summer-flowering plant,
rather large perhaps, but the blue flowers succeed each other for a
very long time, and the foliage is soft and graceful. These alpine
pinks bloom all through June and are the greatest joy because of
their fragrance. Their foliage is always an addition, being soft
mats of that gray green shade which is so becoming to all flowers.

Here are more June flowers, Cavipamda longistyla, a biennial
like the Canterbury bell, but a real beauty and easily raised from
seed. The little white flower above is Silene rupestris, one of the
easiest plants to grow and always an addition wherever it sows
itself. The lower white flower is Arenaria viontana, not at all
easy with us, but in the shade it consents to thrive. Above is the
foliage of the Saxifraga cordifolia, which you saw a few minutes ago.

In April, May, and June, there are always masses of flowers in
the rock garden, and the early flowers are after all the ones we
enjoy most, after being deprived of them all winter long, and before
the heat in the mornings and the mosquitoes in the evening drive
us indoors.

Another very important reason why rock gardens should become
known in this country is that a rock garden can be made on the
smallest piece of ground. My own rock garden, which already
boasts of over 350 varieties, is only about 13 yards long and 8 yards
wide.

Mr. Reginald Farrer, in his charming book "The Rock Garden,"
says it is really by far the cheapest and most graceful form of
gardening. "It has become, and is hourly still more universally
becoming, the pet passion of the man who has small means and
only a small plot of ground to play with." And this in England,
where labor was so cheap.

Position.

A rock garden does not look well in a landscape or near the formal
lines of a building or a road, and it should be put in a secluded

ALPINE PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS 25

corner, where it can be nursed and enjoyed intimately. The
late owner of Holland House, London, was so fond of alpines that
he planted small groups among stones on either side of the garden
door of that magnificent Elizabethan Palace, where they looked
entirely out of place.

The suburban home should have a bit of ground at the back, if
its owner wants a rock garden. Stones are bound to look irregular
and inharmonious in formal surroundings, as can be seen when
rocks are left in a lawn. Harmony with surroundings is the funda-
mental law of successful gardening.

In a rock garden, one can get closer to nature as she shows herself
on the mountains, than in any other way, if one has not the land
for woods and streams and pastures. Alpine plants are practically
all perennial, permanent, and stationary, not popped in out of a
greenhouse only to die in the first frosts. These temporary plants
have no individuality, no opportunity to adapt themselves to their
surroundings, and though they may be beautiful, they are not
interesting. Alpines take time to develop, and show their true
character, but once they do this, the happy owner, who has given
them their chance, can feel that he has real nature to enjoy, some-
thing superior to the learned combinations of the landscape gar-
dener.

As has been said, the rock garden does not look well near a
building. But in the back yard of a suburban plot, a rock garden
will transform into an actual source of pleasure what is usually
the dullest corner.

It is essential to put the rock garden in an open situation and
not under the drip and shade of trees or overhanging and greedy
shrubs. Shade from a building or wall would do no harm, if it
were only for half the day, and it is a great help with our tropical
summers to have at least part of the rock garden facing north.
Many plants, such as campanulas, mossy saxifrages, and androsaces
(rock jasmin) do better in half shade, and the flowers last longer
when not exposed to long hours of sunshine. In a small place, if it
is found necessary to put the rock garden near a tree, whose roots
would be sure to come after the good soil provided for the alpines,
a small wall descending as deep, or somewhat deeper, than the
roots of the tree, and made of rough concrete, would be a great help
in keeping the tree roots in their place.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Edgings.

A rock construction is not by any means the only place in which
alpines may be grown with pleasure and success. The larger and
more easily grown varieties can be very effectively used for edging
plants, and as most of them are more or less evergreen, they look
extremely well in that position. Edgings are very important, and
a beautiful border without a satisfactory edging is about as pleasing
as a beautiful dress without a collar. In Europe, where turf and
lawns are very much at home because of the damp climate, and
where labor is so cheap, grass edgings are commonly used, but here
lawn grass is not at home. It is an artificial and highly expensive
decoration, and if it is in narrow strips with edges, which must be
constantly trimmed, it hardly seems worth the trouble and expense
it costs, especially as it is brown and ugly for nearly half the year
here, while in Europe it is always green.

Near a building, as has been said, formal lines are necessary.
In such positions cut stone edgings look well and hold up small
plants perfectly. Cut stone edgings are expensive, but the expense
ends when they are bought. The clipping and trimming of grass
edgings never ends. For the greater part of the garden, native
stone partly buried and carefully chosen to look more or less even
in height will serve perfectly, and as one wishes to cover the edgings
with flowering and often evergreen plants, minor irregularities in
the stones are soon hidden. Many varieties, such as the evergreen
candytuft, double arabis, Dianthus deltoides, and Dicmthus plwna-
rius, forget-me-not. Campanula carpatica, Alyssum saxatile, etc., etc.
do splendidly as edging plants and these are too easy and free grow-
ing for the rock garden. They nearly all seed freely and would be a
danger to tiny plants one or two inches high. While the rock
garden is new, and before many plants have been gotten together,
some of these coarser plants could be carefully used on the less
desirable parts of the construction, the highest part for instance,
which is the most exposed to heat and cold sfnd drought. But care
should be taken not to allow them to seed down among the treasures.

Some people think Oenothera speciosa a suitable rock plant, but
though lovely as edging for a herbaceous border, it is far too free

ALPINE PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS 27

and vigorous to plant among alpines. Heather, on the other hand,
can well be used in both ways. For a formal edging near a house
Erica carnea has no rival, where box is not hardy. It can stand
any amount of winter sun if a few evergreen branches are put over
it from December to April, and it can be clipped into a formal
shape and is never more than six inches high. Its greatest quality,
however, is in the flowers, and the picture shows how freely these
are produced. The buds form in September and are plainly to be
seen all through the winter, while in April", after the first warm day,
they burst into bloom, a lovely warm pink. After a couple of
weeks, the flowers turn magenta and are less pretty, but if one is
careful to have no clashing color near, they are a joy for nearly a
month, and all this during terribly cold and often snowy April days.
They are often seen blooming bravely through two inches of snow
and seem none the worse when the warm spring sun melts it away.
In the rock garden, they are just as valuable.

The same rule applies to these stone edgings as to plants in the
rock garden proper, the stones protect the plants from drought
and frost and give them a chance to show off their flowers to the
best advantage, especially if the stones are gray and the flowers
pink.

Wall Gardens.

In laying out a place, if it is larger than a small suburban plot,
there are usually slopes more or less steep to be dealt with. These
are often ignored, treated as if they were flat, and planted with
grass, shrubs, and trees. If the slope is at all steep the water
drains off it too fast to allow grass to be green very long in our
dry summers. Then one often sees trees and shrubs look as if
they were slipping down these banks. Nothing is less repose-
ful or less satisfx-ing than this effect, and it is far better to face
the fact of the slope in lading out the place, and to put in re-
taining walls. If several such walls are used, one below the
others, small terraces are formed, such as one sees in Switzerland
and in Italy, and these give far better foothold to whatever plants
one desires to grow than a sloping bank with the earth continually
washing away from the roots. It is the same principle which we

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

were considering in the construction of the rock garden. The
reader has only to look about his neighborhood to see the slipping
down effect of trees and shrubs, and how poor the grass is on a
sunny bank.

If, to avoid this, retaining walls are put in, a new field for the
planting of alpines appears, and we come to what in England
is called Wall Gardening. There dry walls are used. In this
country; a dry wall, meaning a wall built of stones without cement,
gets pushed out of shape by our frosts and looks in time like a
wall in a nightmare, not at all a suitable border for a road or
decoration for a lawn. Miss G. Jekyll and other English authori-
ties recommend dry walls most highly, but they have very little
frost to contend with. In this country one can manage by having
the wall thoroughly cemented at the foundations and for eighteen
inches from the ground. Then, if half the other stones are made
fast with cement, say roughly every alternate square foot, the
other half may be planted and will give an excellent effect, probably
quite as good as if it were entirely covered with plants.

It is very important in making such a wall to watch the men
constructing it, otherwise they will throw in large stones, instead
of earth mixed with small stones, behind the wall. The whole idea
of a dry wall is that the plants should be able to root through
it into the bank of earth behind. If, when the tender roots push
back, they find only stones, the plants will naturally die. It
is necessary to enrich the soil and see that it has humus well mixed
with it, so that the plants can thrive. In building the dry wall,
as much care should be taken to ram down the soil and leave
no air spaces as in constructing the rock garden. It is really the
same idea, and it is also necessary to have the stones tip upward
a little, so that the rain may reach the plants between them. This
is called a battered wall and can be done by putting small stones
between the front of larger ones and carefully filling and ramming
the crevices between the soil. When finished, this should all be
perfectly firm.

Many and varied are the plants which can be grown in the re-
taining wall, and if it faces north our native plants, such as ferns,
columbine, the small two-leaved Solomon seal (Smilacina bi-
folia), and violets, with a few harebells, would make a lovely

ALPINE PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS 29

picture. It is best, as in all gardening, to put a good-sized group
of one variety before going on to plant the next. A confusion
of several kinds jumbled together would probably look about
as artistic as the bouquets thrown into carriages by peasant children
abroad. A wonderful help can be had from gray-leaved plants,
and among rock plants their names are legion: alyssum, arabis,
achillea, artemisia, Stachys lanata, and cerastium, to mention
a few of the easier kinds.

The common way of repeating the same plants at intervals
along a wall is as fatal to the picturesque or natural effect as it
is in the herbaceous border. It must have originated in the entirely
unimaginative mind of a hard-working gardener, who thought
much more of growing plants by the hundred than of observing
the ways nature had with them. Nature usually plants in groups
and never in rows, let it be noted by the way.

Mr. Robinson says there are many alpine plants now cultivated
with difficulty in frames, which any beginner may grow on walls.
Now that is certainly encouraging to the beginner considering a
wall garden, and then it is such fun to see the delicate and lovely
little jewel-like plants so close to one's eyes.

If the retaining wall is not too high, a delightful opportunity
is offered by its flat top. In this picture, Cerastium tomentosum
can be seen draping the top of a low retaining wall, and it makes
a pretty fringe or edging for the upright-growing irises. Here
is the cerastium not yet in bloom. You can see how it grows
between the stones.

Growing Alpines from Seed.

It has been mentioned that among the four principal considera-
tions in keeping up a rock garden are the saving and sowing of
seed. This seems to be a job particularly suitable for women. It
requires some thought and a good deal of time, as it is very necessary
to collect seeds at the right moment, when they are dry, and before
they begin to drop, but it is not tiring or hard work, and it is
very interesting. All the authorities agree that the best and
healthiest plants are those raised from seed, and one's own seed

^^

so MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

is the freshest and most amusing to deal with. In this way,
one is constantly improving the different varieties by only saving
seeds from the best specimens of a given kind.

At present and until the public demands more of the dealers,
seeds of many of even the most easily grown varieties must be
imported. Fortunately this is easy, not at all like importing
Paris gowns, and Mr. Correvon has all the varieties in cultivation
for sale at very low prices. There are about six thousand different
kinds of plants mentioned in his general catalogue, and nine-tenths
of these have been raised from seed at Geneva and are therefore
acclimated to low altitudes. It has been our custom to import
and sow about fifty varieties each winter, getting them into the
ground as soon as possible after New Years. We sow the larger
varieties in cold frames and the smaller and more difficult ones
in pans or pots, plunged in earth in the cold frames. After sowing,
the seeds are covered with snow, as Mr. Correvon says it helps
them to germinate. He recommends soil composed of one-third
peat, one-third loam, and one-third sand, granitic or lime rubble,
according to the variety.

One of the keenest pleasures of the alpine gardener is to visit
this frame in the spring and see the hundreds of little new treasures
at his disposal. Many, of course, have not come up in such a short
time and must be kept over sometimes for another year before they
germinate. In that case it is best to remove them to a half-shady
place, for if the tiny plants should appear, they might be burnt up
during one scorching day in July.

Freshly gathered seed germinates very much more quickly and
surely than old seed, so it is best to sow the seed we save ourselves
as soon as possible. This also results in the plants making a good
show of flowers the following season. After collecting seed from
the early-blooming alpines, we usually make a first showing in June,
then in July other varieties will have ripened their seed, and we
sow again. Some are sown in the open ground, the sturdier kinds
like the mountain pinks, Lychnis flos-cuculi and columbines; others,
smaller and more delicate ones, are sown in the cold frame. The
ripening seed looks untidy, and there is one owner of a beautiful
rock garden who never allows any seed to ripen. But, until one
has enough of a given variety, it seems so much more reasonable

ALPINE PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS 31

to save and sow the fresh seed than to keep on buying plants.
After a couple of years, one could grow a few plants in reserve,
solely for the purpose of getting seed from them.

A good deal of leaf mould or humus helps seed to germinate,
as it keeps the soil open and porous.

Advantages over England.

We have all heard and read a great deal about the enormous
advantages of gardening in England. After gardening there for
ten summers, I have come to the conclusion that if the same
amount of skill and time were spent here as is spent in England on
gardens, we should have very nearly as much garden beauty as
they have. Not the same beauty of spreading lawns and hedges
of holly and yew, but wonderful flowering trees and shrubs, which
either cannot be grown in Europe, or present miserable objects
with very few flowers in English gardens. Our glorious laurel I
have seen there languishing in pots, and taking into consideration
its many and wonderful beauties, there is surely no European
shrub to compare with it. Our native rhododendrons and azaleas
are also plants of incomparable garden value. In England, beds
of peaty soil are made, in which these plants, with some of our
andromedas, huckleberries, and lilies, are grown, and as there is
difficulty about making them thrive, they are very greatly admired.
Here, on the contrary, people worry over box, English ivy, tender
retinosporas, and other European varieties, instead of giving a
proper place and setting to our own plants.

From lack of knowledge and imagination, European plants and
methods have been used in this totally different climate with
deplorable results, and vice versa, American plants abroad are
often far from being beautiful.

But, if the choice of suitable plants has a great deal to do with
poor gardens in America, the lack of trained helpers in gardens
has a still more unfortunate effect. A trained gardener gets five or
six times the wages here that he is accustomed to receive abroad.
And then, who does he have to help him? Instead of under-gar-
deners, hoping to rise to be heads in their turn, and trained in

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

garden work from the time they were small boys, he has usually to
put up with Italians fresh from working on a railroad track or in
an iron foundry. These men often speak little English and have
absolutely no knowledge of plant life.

Where there are greenhouses trained helpers are usually found,
but in a hardy garden one gardener with men accustomed to the
roughest day labor are customary. Now how can it be supposed
that beautiful gardens can result from this system? The head
gardener is only human, and if he is obliged to do all the planting,
sowing of seed, handling of seedlings in their various stages, moving
of trees and shrubs, has to remember about all the watering, and
pick vegetables and flowers, it is obvious that very much must
remain undone.

This situation is also made far worse by the fact that, owing to
our hot summers and cold winters, more than one-half of the most
important planting has to be done in May. In April, the ground
is usually sticky and wet from melting snow, and in June it is too
hot.

It has also seemed to me that head gardeners as a rule feel they
have done their full duty, if only they can produce in a greenhouse
roses and carnations as large and stiff as the average florist has for
sale. They are often unashamed of the most deplorable looking
borders.

When rich people here learn to care for hardy flowers as they are
cared for abroad, our gardens will be just as beautiful, only they
will not be so numerous, because the high price of labor makes
them impossible, except for the very rich.

This is why I have talked against lawns and clipped edges. If
our one and only gardener spends his time tending them, he cannot
be growing new plants, however simple their cultivation may be,
and it is by continually sowing new seed and adding fresh beauty
that our gardens remain interesting.

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM.
By Edward I. Farrington, Weymouth Heights, Mass.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, January 12,

1918.

"For a thousand years and then another thousand years, and
so on forever," reads the solemn agreement by which the City of
Boston enters into contract with Harvard University to care for
and perpetuate the Arnold Arboretum in Jamaica Plain, undoubt-
edly the greatest tree museum in the world. Curiously enough,
the great majority of people, even in Boston, know nothing about
the Arboretum or its purposes. This is distinctly unfortunate, for
the loss is not the Arboretum's, but that of the public which should
profit by its work and enjoy its beauty.

Expert landscape gardeners and nurserymen know the Arbore-
tum as a clearing house of knowledge. They use it. The Arnold
Arboretum is the only place in this country where data on the
comparative hardiness of woody plants covering a long period of
years can be found. Perhaps if the Arboretum were not so modest
about tooting its own horn, it would receive greater credit for what
it has done. Within its borders nature is working miracles which
must have a profound effect on all gardens of the future. Every
fruit grower has an interest in the Arboretum. Future years will
^ield finer Apples and Pears and Peaches than any you yet have
tasted. They may come from crosses with Chinese trees intro-
duced by Arboretum explorers.

We know little so far about the possibilities of nuts as a food.
Yet the time may come, and before long, too, when the whole world
will be eating nuts. Practically every nut tree which will grow in
this climate is now to be found in the Arnold Arboretum.

As for its value to the home gardens of the country, nobody can
estimate it. Every plant brought from foreign lands — and they
number thousands — if suited to this climate, is tested and re-

33

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ported upon in the Arboretum trial grounds. In this way the
people of the country are protected from losses and discourage-
ments. Where else can the public learn the secrets of the Rhodo-
dendrons, the eccentricities of the Azaleas, the varied habits of the
Viburnums, and the unexpected values of the Lilacs?

How are all these new things obtained? A book of romantic
adventure might be written in answer to that question. Plant
hunters sent out by the Arboretum have penetrated to corners of
the world where the foot of a white man has never trodden before.
The most famous of these plant hunters is Ernest H. Wilson, who
has given hundreds of plants to the world through the Arnold
Arboretum. How he rolled down a mountain side in western
China and lay for weeks in a mission hut is now a well-known story.
Among the most notable plants introduced by the Arnold Arbore-
tum are Azalea Kacmpferi, the tree Lilac, the Sargent Cherry, the
climbing Hydrangea, and the Japanese Barberry.

The Arboretum had its origin in the imagination of George B.
Emerson and the generosity of James Arnold. Mr. Arnold, a New
Bedford merchant, left $100,000 to be used for horticultural and
agricultural purposes. Mr. Emerson was one of the trustees in
charge of this fund. He it was who formulated the plan by which
Harvard University took the bequest and turned over a part of
the Bussey farm for an arboretum in which every tree and shrub
suited to this climate should be grown. Later an agreement was
made with the city of Boston whereby the latter contracted to lay
out a system of walks and drives, police the grounds, and pay
whatever taxes might be levied. In return the Arboretum was
made virtually a part of the park system. This great tree museum
now occupies 220 acres of hill, valley, and meadow.

For the most part the trees have been arranged in family groups
so that they can be studied to the best advantage. Single indi-
viduals of the native trees have been planted far enough away from
the groups to make possible their full and free development.

The Arboretum is designed for serious study, yet everywhere
the attempt has been made to group the trees and shrubs in such
a way that the natural features of the trees may be preserved.
Much can be seen by walking or driving around the public roads,
but much is also missed. The only way to get all that the Arbore-

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 35

turn offers is to leave the main drives for the grass covered paths
which lead to the smaller groups. With map at hand, it is an
easy matter to locate any general group of trees and shrubs. Yet
many of the foreign plants now on trial do not appear. Coming
down Bussey Hill, for example; at this point there is a fine collec-
tion of Chinese shrubs and close by the celebrated Cedars of
Lebanon.

The gates of the Arboretum are open from sunrise until sunset.
Everybody is free to enter. You can spend an hour or a day there,
with profit and with pleasure. Take your luncheon and eat it on
the grass under the waving trees if you care to do so. Follow the
grassy paths; they lead to unexpected beauties. You will find
every tree and shrub tagged with its right name. Take a note
book along and jot down the names of such plants as you would like
in your own garden. If you want any special information, stop
at the Administration building near the Jamaica Plain entrance,
and it will be given you.

This building was erected for the Arboretum by the late Horatio
Hollis Hunnewell, whose garden and pinetum at Wellesley are
known to all students of trees. Here are thirty-two thousand
bound volumes, together with many pamphlets, constituting a
library of incomparable value. The herbarium is believed to be
the richest and most complete collection of material representing
the coniferous plants of the world which has ever been made. It
contains also a collection of the woods of North America. The
dried specimens are stored in fireproof metal cabinets, and all are
so carefully indexed that any one among the hundreds of thousands
can be located in less than one minute.

In one corner of the upper floor of the Administration building
is the ofhce of Professor Charles S. Sargent, the first and only
director of the Arboretum, and the man most responsible for its
development. It was Professor Sargent who nursed the institution
through its early days of stress and trouble. Nothing but his
enthusiasm could have withstood the depressing public indifference
and the lack of expert cooperation. It was a big task to lay the
foundations of an institution which is to last two thousand years
and so on forever. His wisdom and foresight have made it what
it is today. His monument has been erected while he yet lives.

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The natural way in which interesting specimens are displayed
is to be found on the boundary walls, where hardy vines are trained.
Not only are the vines themselves offered for study in this way, but
the manner in which they can be used to the best advantage is
shown. Professor Sargent takes particular pride in the Grape
vines growing on the walls, for in his opinion many people fail to
realize the decorative qualities of these vines. The Bitter Sweets
and many other native vines are also grown.

The only formal planting in the Arboretum is to be found in the
shrub garden, near the Forest Hills entrance. Here hardy shrubs
in great variety are arranged in parallel beds on the only piece
of level ground which the Arboretum boasts. These shrubs
have been so placed that the visitor can easily compare all the
species of any genus in a short time. In this way he is able to
select the particular variety which he may want for any particular
purpose. Unfortunately, the space which can be devoted to this
collection is too small to contain all the shrubs which can be grown
in the Arboretum. The Dogwoods, Rhododendrons, Viburnums,
and the like, will be found in other places, usually near the trees
to which they are related.

The shrub garden contains probably the best collection of wild
Roses in the country.

Among the Roses now growing in the shrub garden, Rosa multi-
flora cathayensis is of particular interest. It is the Rose from which
sprang the Crimson Rambler, which has long been cultivated by
the Chinese and came to this country by way of Japan and England.
Likewise it is the progenitor of the Seven Sisters Rose, which
used to be common in countrj^ gardens. This Rose is established
in the Arboretum, flowering and ripening its fruit every year.

Rosa Hugonis or Father Hugo's Rose was found by a missionary
in China and came to this country by way of England. It promises
to prove a splendid Rose for New England gardens, being perfectly
hardy and bearing oceans of yellow flowers which are set so closely
on the branches that they touch. It is a pity that the Arboretum
has no room for a complete Rose garden, where every species,
variety, and hybrid, old and new, might be cultivated. There
is genuine need for just such a garden somewhere and the Arbore-
tum already has a nucleus. How better could any wealthy man

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 37

perpetuate his name than by providing the Arboretum with the
means of estabHshing a real Rose garden, such as exists nowhere
else in the world.

Some years ago Mr. J. G. Jack, of the Arboretum staff, visited
the far East, and although he spent only a short time in Korea, he
discovered several interesting new plants, among them DiennUa
fiorida venusta, perhaps the handsomest of all the species, varieties,
and hybrids of the Weigela. It is a shrub which grows five feet
tall, and in Spring is completely covered with dense clusters of
rosy-pink flowers from an inch and a half to two inches long.
It is perfectly hardj^ too, which cannot be said of all the Weigelas.
It grows rapidly, and no shrub known bears larger crops of flowers.
It is one of the purposes of the Arboretum to search out the best
varieties among the different shrubs, testing them for hardiness
and reporting on their availability for northern gardens.

Repeated tests have shown that many of the Deutzias, handsome
as they are, are not suited to cultivation in New England. It is
not often that plants are actually killed, but they are frozen back
so hard that they do not bloom. Devtzia parvifolia, Deutzia
crenata, and a few others are known to be perfectly hardy. Several
Deutzias from western China are now being tested in the Arbore-
tum, and it is hoped that some of them will prove valuable ad-
ditions to New England gardens.

The Arnold Arboretum has the largest and most complete collec-
tion of Loniceras, or Honeysuckles, in the world, just as Mr.
Rehder, of its staff, is the leading Lonicera expert in the world.
Lonicera Korolkovii is a shrub of peculiar elegance. A bush
Honeysuckle with grayish leaves is a novelty. At times this
gray is so intense as to be almost blue, while again it is nearer green.
View it in the morning when covered with dew, and it looks as
though encrusted with a kind of enameled jewelry. Many different
Honeysuckles have been tested out at the Arboretum, climbers
as well as those having a bush form. Among the newer arrivals
is Lonicera Henryi, one of the few evergreen climbers hardy in this
climate.

Sorbaria arhorea is a discovery of INIr. Wilson's. It's a charming
shrub if given planty of elbow room. As a matter of fact it will
insist upon having all the room it needs, because it just naturally

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

moves out and smothers anything in its way. The bloom of
Sorbaria arborca comes along in June, and lasts through most of the
Summer. There is an early burst of bloom, but it is seldom that
a large number of flowers are open at one time. They make a floral
procession which is as interesting as it is pleasing. Judging from
the specimens in the Arboretum, this is not a particularly good
plant for small gardens, but is excellent for use on large estates.

There would be fewer disappointments if amateurs in general
would choose some other variety of Privet than the common Cali-
fornia Privet when planting a hedge. There are some sections
where California Privet thrives, but in the North it is very likely
to be badly winter-killed. If you will visit the shrub garden at
the Arboretum you will find half a dozen varieties growing side by
side, and can study them at your leisure. Most of the Privets
havfe attractive blossoms if they are not kept trimmed, while in
the Fall they yield a profusion of black and blue berries. Lignstrum
Ibota is a most desirable hedge Privet for this section. It is also
attractive when grown as a specimen or in mass planting.

Among the plants introduced by the Arboretum from central
and western China, through the explorations of Mr. Wilson, none
give greater promise as garden plants for the North than some of
the Cotoneasters, of which twenty species and varieties are now
established here. Cotoncastcr hupehensis is a species with very
showy flowers and is perhaps the most worthwhile shrub for north-
ern gardens which Mr. Wilson has brought back from the far East.
It is handsome in the Fall as well as in the Spring, for then its
branches are covered with scarlet, lustrous fruits. Several of the
Cotoneasters grow six or eight feet high, while others form dense
mats of prostrate stems, but nearly all have dark green and very
lustrous leaves, which retain their color until the late Autumn.
Besides the collection in the shrub garden, there is another con-
taining the newest Chinese Cotoneasters in a long bed on the
southern slope of Bussey Hill.

Spiraea nipponica or bradeata is a particularly handsome and
hardy Japanese shrub, which is not known in American gardens
as well as it should be. The family of Spiraeas is a very large one,
and the amateur finds it difficult to choose intelligently among the
varieties offered by nurserymen. It will help greatly to make a

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 39

little study of the plants found in the Arboretum collection as they
come into bloom. You will find that some of the least well known
are among the best.

An unusually good specimen of the climbing Hydrangea, Hy-
drangea petiolaris, is to be found growing on the brick wall of the
Administration Building, to which it clings as firmly as Ivy. This
is also a Japanese plant, and the only climbing vine with conspicu-
ous flowers which can be grown on a wall without artificial support
in the. Northern States. It can also be used to climb up the trunks
of trees, and individuals seventy or eighty feet high are not un-
common. Its value as a wall covering is increased by the early
appearance of dark green leaves, which are nearly full grown before
there is a sign of a leaf on any of the Virginia Creepers.

]\Iagnolias are among the showiest of flowers, and several
varieties have been planted around the Administration Building.
Magnolia viacrophyUa is one of the most interesting species. It
has the largest leaves and the largest flowers of any tree which grows
outside of the tropics. The leaves are over thirty inches long, and
eight inches wide, while blossoms a foot in diameter are not un-
usual. These flowers are creamy white, fragrant, and with a very
deep cup. They may be called without exaggeration nature's
lodging houses for the rose bugs. I have tipped up one of these
blossoms and had scores of these insects come tumbling out.
Professor Sargent says that planting this Magnolia in the garden
is a good way to trap the rose bugs to keep them away from the
Roses.

Of course it is impossible to duplicate at the Arnold Arboretum
anything like the wonderful Cherry blossom shows which have long
been a feature of Japanese life. Nevertheless, the display along
the drive leading from the Forest Hills entrance is worth while
going a long distance to see. It is passing strange that more use
is not made of these ornamental flowering trees in home gardens.
The Prunus subhirtclla, has perhaps the most beautiful flowers of all
the Cherries. It blooms profusely every year, and holds its blos-
soms much longer than any other single-flowered Cherry. Un-
fortunately, it cannot be multiplied by seed, as the seed produces
an entirely different plant. The only way to propagate Pruniis
subhirteUa is by grafting or by cuttings.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The Sargent Cherry, or as it is now commonly called, Prunns
serrulata sachalinensis, is one of the most important trees in north-
ern Japan and Saghalin, where it is used for lumber. When it is
in flower it is the handsomest of all the large size Cherries. This
is one of the most important introductions made by the Arboretum,
both as an ornamental tree and as a timber tree. The Cherry
plantation in the Arboretum is being extended, and in years to
come will doubtless make a show approximating to some extent
that which attracts the Japanese by thousands to the Cherry
orchards in the Spring. A large number of Cherry trees have also
been supplied to Rochester, N. Y., where several acres in the public
parks are being devoted to their culture.

Hardly second to the Cherries in beauty are the Crabapples,
which are also grouped near the Forest Hills entrance, with a
second collection on Peters Hill. These Crabapples make a won-
derful burst of bloom in the Spring, and ought to be better known
to garden makers everywhere.

Malus fioribunda is a tree without a country. That it was sent
to Europe from Japan more than sixty j^ears ago is well known,
but nobody knows with certainty from what country Japan
adopted it. We can only assume that it came from China, like
many of the other crabs. In an^^ event, it is wonderfully hand-
some, never failing to cover itself with masses of beautiful flowers,
deep rose in the bud, but turning to white after the petals open.
This little tree is far better for home gardens than many of the
shrubs commonly used. Professor Sargent calls it one of the
handsomest and most desirable small trees which can be grown in
the northern United States.

Malus Sargentii is another small crab, the diminutive size of
which makes it a good subject for small gardens. It was discov-
ered by Professor Sargent on the borders of a salt marsh in northern
Japan. Although rarely growing more than a few feet high, its
branches spread out over a space ten or twelve feet in diameter.
One attractive feature about this crab is that its fruit remains on
the branches until Spring.

Trees raised from seed gathered from plants in a large collection
like the one in the Arboretum rarely resemble the parent. While
this makes trouble for the botanist, it has a distinct advantage for

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 41

the gardener, often resulting in the development of beautiful new
forms, which come spontaneously. Such a natural hybrid is
Malus Arnoldiana. It appeared a few years ago among the seed-
lings of floribunda, and promises to be a welcome addition to our
gardens. Many persons consider this to be the handsomest of all
ornamental crabs. Its flowers and fruit are twice as large as those
of Malus floribunda.

Some of the Pear trees are almost as attractive as the crabs.
Pyrus CaUeryana is not among the handsomest and the fruit is of
no value. It is believed, though, that this tree offers special
advantages to American pomologists, who are seeking a stock
resistant to blight on which to graft garden Pears. Pear trees are
natives of Europe, China, and the Himalayas. There are no
native American Pears. Some of the Chinese species have been
growing in the Arboretum since 1882, when Dr. Bretschneider
sent seeds there from Peking.

It is when the Lilacs are in bloom that the greatest number of
people visit the Arnold Arboretum, probably because of the fame
which has been given the Lilac shoAV by the newspapers. lilacs
are used as a border along one side of Bussey Road, not far from
the Forest Hills entrance. Many people speak of this section of
the road as Lilac Drive. In late May, when the Lilac show is at
its height, thousands of people come to the Arboretum to see the
magnificent burst of bloom. Altogether, though, there are almost
two months in which the Lilacs are in flower in the collection,
including nearly every species and variety of the common Lilac
alone, with twenty species in addition and several hybrids.

In his various expeditions, Mr. ^Yilson has discovered a number
of extra-fine Lilacs, one of the best being Syringa Jidianae, a hardy
and very shapely shrub, with dark green foliage, and compact
clusters of fragrant, pale rose-colored flowers. It is particularly
valuable as it blooms later than most true Lilacs. While sweet,
it lacks the strong fragrance of pubescens, which is the most frag-
rant of all the Lilacs. In respect to perfume, however, even
•pubescens will soon have a rival, for during the last trip of Mr.
Wilson through the far East, he discovered a Lilac in Korea which
he says is more fragrant than any which has yet been grown on the
American continent. In about five vears this statement can be

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

tested by Boston people, for the seeds brought back by Mr. Wilson
should have produced flowering plants by that time.

Syringa villosa is a very handsome Lilac with one point distinctly
in its favor. It blooms late, thus prolonging the flowering season
of the Lilacs. On the other hand, it has an odor which is distinctly
disagreeable. Villosa makes a fine, round-topped bush, and if
you refrain from sniffing the blossoms, you will find it a splendid
acquisition. Look it up next Spring when the Lilacs are in bloom.

A remarkable Lilac known as Syringa reflexa grows on the
mountains of western Hupeh, in central China, where it was
discovered by Mr. Wilson several years ago. It is especially
interesting because it is the only Lilac with pendent flower clusters.

There are scores of Lilac varieties in commerce, but trials made
at the Arboretum show that the list of kinds suited to the average
garden can easily be culled to a dozen. It will be worth the while
of any garden maker fond of IJlacs to visit the Arboretum next
Spring, when the flowers are in bloom, and note those which please
him most. Then, by consulting an Arboretum Bulletin, he can
find whether they are suitable for culture in home gardens.

On the south side of Lilac Drive the Viburnums are grouped,
and they, too, make a remarkable display over a long season. The
Viburnums are highly valuable, because they give us flowers very
early in the season, as well as handsome fruit in the Fall. Four
American species have been used freely in the roadside plantations
of the Arboretum. One of the most satisfactory is Viburnum
cussinoides, a native New England shrub with a broad, round top,
and thick lustrous leaves. The flowers are cream white and the
fruit, while pink for a short time, gradually changes color to dark
blue. Sometimes green, pink, and blue berries are to be found on
the same cluster at the same time.

Another native Viburnum is pubescens, which deserves much
wider recognition on the part of landscape gardeners than it has
yet received. The success achieved by the use of native shrubs
of this character in the Arboretum planting indicates the possi-
bilities which our own plants possess as subjects for landscape
work on a large scale. Viburnum pubescens, especially, grows in
limestone soil, yet lime is not necessary for it, and it can be grown
over most of the country. This species has small pointed leaves, and

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 43

compact clusters of white flowers, followed by shining black fruits.
No other Viburnum flowers more profusely. In the collection of
Viburnums are many representatives of western Asia. Unfortu-
nately, however, the group does not include the beautiful evergreen
species of southern Japan and China, which are not hardy in New
England.

The most interesting specimens in the collection are those which
belong to the Opulus group, Viburnum Sargentii being one of the
best representatives. It is hardy, shapely, and the flowers are pure
white. When this Viburnum is blooming it is the most beautiful
of all its class. Seek it out next June at the side of Bussey Road.

The Azaleas occupy a place of their own on the side of both the
Bussey and Hemlock Hills. The most popular collection is on the
former elevation, where a large number of the plants are grouped
along Azalea path. Few flowers in the Arboretum attract more
attention or give greater pleasure. INIost gorgeous of all the
Azaleas is Kacvipferi, which was introduced by the Arboretum
into the gardens of the United States and Europe in 1893. It was
first raised from seed collected by Professor Sargent in Japan. It
is perfectly hardy, but the flowers are so delicate, when exposed to
the sun^ that they soon fade. The greatest beauty of Azalea
Kaempferi is obtained when the plants are grown in deep or partial
shade.

In introducing Azalea Kaempferi to New England the Arnold
Arboretum has given our gardens a prize not readily excelled. It
is a magnificent plant, and in time will be grown in great numbers,
as landscape gardeners come to know it better. Moreover, it is
just as adaptable to small gardens as to large estates. No one
living in Boston should fail to see the Azalea show at the Arboretum.

Another Azalea which makes a wonderful burst of bloom is
'pouhhanense which was introduced into the Arboretum by Mr.
Jack on the occasion of his trip to Korea some years ago. It was
named for Poukhan, a Korean mountain, where it has been found
by a French missionary. A beautiful round-topped, compact
shrub, with large rosy-pink and fragrant flowers, it seems to be
perfectly hardy an^'where in the Arboretum, where it has been
flowering for several years. It should prove a good plant for New
England gardens, and people who are interested in Rhododendrons

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

of all kinds would do well to seek it out when it flowers next May.
It is to be found on the upper side of Azalea Path.

One of the big floral displays at the Arboretum is made Avhen the
Rhododendrons come into flower. The Rhododendron collection
borders the road at the base of Hemlock Hill. Unfortunately, a
great many people miss it because they go to the Forest Hills or
Jamaica Plain entrances, which are a long way off. By leaving
the elevated train at Forest Hills and walking up South Street to
the South Street entrance, the Rhododendrons are reached in a
very few minutes. The Arboretum collection is so extensive, and
the plants arranged so skilfully that it offers an unparalleled
opportunity to become familiar with the best varieties, as well as
with the methods to follow in the culture of Rhododendrons in this
climate. There are three native American species and one other,
Rhododendron Smirnowii, from the Caucasus, which are perfectly
hardy, and can be planted with confidence.

Rhododendron album grandifiorum is a white flowered form of a
hybrid catmcbiense. Many hybrids have been produced by crossing
Rhododendron cataiohiense with various Himalayan species, as well
as with the native Rhododendron maximum. Unhappily, only
comparatively few of these hybrids are hardy in this country, even
in exceptional positions like that in the Arboretum, where the beds
are protected by Hemlock Hill from the sun in March and April.

Of the three native Rhododendrons, maximum and catawbiense
are well known. The third, carolinianum, is much less generally
cultivated, but it is to be found growing to perfection in the Ai'bore-
tum. It, too, comes from the Carolina mountains, but has a dwarf
habit. Its flowers are grown in profusion, and seldom show any
trace of rust. There is every reason to believe that this introduc-
tion will fill a long felt want for a hardy dwarf Rhododendron
whose flowers have no trace of magenta. It seldom grows more
than eight feet high, and has dark green leaves, covered with rusty
dots below. The flowers come in June, and are borne in great
profusion, fairly smothering the plant in a rose-colored blanket.
Incidentally it may be said that this Rhododendron was named by
Mr. Rehder of the Arboretum staff.

England is fighting now with the Rose as her national flower.
France has her Fleur-de-lis; but the United States has officially no

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 45

•

national flower. If such a flower should be chosen, probably the
Mountain Laurel would be the most conspicuous candidate for
the honor. The Mountain Laurel is not found in any other land,
but it is very widespread in America. There is a big collection in
the Arboretum, near the South Street entrance, at the base of
Hemlock Hill. The flowering of the Laurels is the last of the great
Arboretum flower shows of the year, and none of those which
precede it are more beautiful, for the Mountain Laurel, or the
Calico Bush as it is often called, is in the judgment of many flower-
lovers the most beautiful of all North American shrubs or small
trees.

This great Laurel show in the Arnold Arboretum did not happen
all at once. Jackson Dawson, the wonderful gardener who helped
during all his life to make the world more beautiful, selected many
of these Laurel plants in the mountains of Connecticut, Massachu-
setts, and New York.

Not far from the Rhododendrons and Laurels is a collection of
Yews, which excite much attention. The Japanese Yew, Taxus
cuspidata, is considered by Professor Sargent to be the most gener-
ally valuable plant which the northern United States has obtained
from Japan. Its native home is in the forest of northern Japan,,
where it becomes a tree forty or fifty feet high. It has not grown
as tall as in its native country, but is perfectly hardy, and never
suffers in the coldest winter. It is an excellent hedge plant, too,
and can be used advantageously in the decoration of formal gardens.

Another very interesting Japanese tree is Acanthopanax ricini-
folium. As it grows at the side of a little pond not far from the
Forest Hills Entrance, it makes an unusually attractive appearance.
This tree belongs to the Aralia family, and the large, drooping
leaves resemble in shape those of the Castor Oil Bean. The small,
white flowers, which are produced in broad, flat clusters, do not
appear until the middle of August, and are followed by small,
black, shining fruit. People who want to cultivate a perfectly
hardy tree, unlike any tree which is a native of North America or
Europe, will find this Acanthopanax highly satisfactory.

Among the dwarfer Japanese plants the Junipers are especially
interesting. They are to be found on the north side of Bussey Hill.
The Juniperus chinensis, var. Sargentii, is the handsomest of the

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

dwarf Junipers which can be grown successfully in this climate.
This shrub was named for Professor Sargent because he was the
first man to collect it, finding the seeds in southern Hokkaido, in
1892. The plants raised from the seed which he brought home are
probably the only ones in cultivation. It can be seen to advantage
on the Hemlock Hill road, opposite the Laurels, where there are
several large plants.

Several other Junipers are to be found in the Arboretum collec-
tion, and are of particular interest to landscape gardeners. Some
of the more prostrate forms are highly valuable for covering banks
and the margin of ponds. Juniperus horizontalis is an especially
good garden plant, and Juniperus procumbens, a Japanese species,
is being planted largely in California. It is perfectly hardy in the
Arboretum, and may be grown as well here as in the west.

Eucommia ulmoides is the so-called hardy Rubber-tree and one of
the most interesting of Chinese plants. The leaves contain a
small amount of rubber, as can be seen by pulling a leaf apart.
It has no economic value but Eucommia is a good ornamental tree
for the northern states on account of its thick, dark green, shining
leaves and good habit. It is well established in the Arboretum
where it has flowered.

The plantation of young Cedars of Lebanon is the result of an
experiment in naturalization undertaken by the Arboretum. The
Cedar of Lebanon grows on the licbanon Range in S;yTia, and also
on the Anti-Taurus Mountains in Asia Minor, a more northern
and much colder region. In its southern form it is not hardy in
Massachusetts and an effort to secure a hardy race of this important
and interesting tree led the Arboretum several years ago to have
seeds gathered at the northern limits of its range in Asia Minor.
Plants raised from these seeds have been growing in the Arboretum
for fifteen years in exposed, windswept positions, and have not
been injured by the exceptional cold of several winters. The
seedlings of no other conifer raised in the Arboretum have grown
so rapidly, the largest of these plants having attained the height
of twenty-two feet in twelve years from the time the seed was
planted.

As had been said, the Arnold Arboretum is really a museum of
trees, the greatest institution of the sort in the world. It is fitting.

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM

47

therefore, that the native trees should have a very large representa-
tion. They have been grouped for easy study, and can be found
with but little difficulty. x\mong the handsomest are the Oaks,
and they are particularly beautiful in the Arboretum, because
allowed to grow in a natural way. The Red Oak rears its huge
trunk from a bed of wild Asters, a natural forest floor in the Arbore-
tum grounds.

Among the most interesting of the deciduous trees are the Maples,
a large collection of which may be found near the shrub garden. It
includes both native and foreign species. The fastigiate Sugar
Maple, Acer saccharum, var. columnare, is of particular interest to
landscape gardeners, as it can be used as a substitute for the more
short lived Lombardy Poplar. It is quite as pyramidal in form,
and handsomer in foliage, but of course does not grow nearly so
rapidly. This column-like Maple was first discovered in a Newton
cemetery, and whatever trees of the type exist at the present time
have come from this parent.

Many visitors to the Arboretum find the pinetum the most
interesting feature of all. The pinetum is close to the Walter
Street gate. Among the notable trees to be found there is the
Carolina Hemlock, a native of the Blue Ridge, where it forms
extensive forests on high mountain slopes. It is one of the most
beautiful of the coniferous trees that are hardy and that can be
successfully grown in the northern states. The Carolina Hemlock
was first raised in the Arboretum more than thirty years ago.
Judging from the behavior of the tree, it may be placed among the
six most desirable conifers that can be planted in southern New
England, the others being the White Pine, the Red Pine, the North-
ern Hemlock, the White Fir of Colorado, and the Japanese Abies
brachyphylla.

The last named fir, which is also called Ahics homolepis, is one of
the handsomest and most satisfactory of all the conifers which
Japan has sent to this country. It has dark green leaves, which are
silvery-white on the lower surface, and its cones are rather unusual
in color, being a violet purple. There is a tree in the Hunnewell
pinetum fifty-five feet high, with branches which sweep the ground,
and illustrate the beauty of the mature specimen. The Arbore-
tum trees are smaller, but already are producing their handsome
cones.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Many coniferous trees have produced abnormal forms, that is,
individuals with abnormally erect or pendent branches, or with
short branches which grow so slowly that they form little round-
topped bushes often not more than two feet high. All such plants
are interesting, some of them are beautiful. They have always
been favorites with nurserymen, and an unusually large collection
is cultivated in the Arboretum. A form of the White Pine, with
erect growing branches is called Pinus strobus fastigiaia. The tree
from which the plants in the Arboretum were propagated was
found in the woods of Massachusetts many years ago by Jackson
Dawson. This pine is considered the handsomest of the conifers
with erect-growing branches which can be grow^n in the northern
states.

In the Arboretum are weeping forms of the common Red Cedar,
Juniperus virginiana, with pendulous branches. Of the numerous
seedling forms of the Red Cedar this is one of the most distinct.
It is also one of the handsomest of the hardy conifers with pendu-
lous branches.

The so-called Weeping Hemlock, Tsiiga canadensis pendula, is
often called the Sargent Hemlock in honor of the late Henry
Winthrop Sargent of Fishkill Landing (now Beacon)' New York,
who in his time had one of the largest collections of conifers in
America.

The beauty of the Arboretum does not pass with the passing of
Summer. On the contrary, the Fall display of fruits, berries, and
brilliant foliage is almost as fine as that made by the flowers in the
Spring. Evonymiis Bungeanus is a native of northern China, and is
a small tree with slightly pendulous branches. When Fall comes,
its narrow leaves turn a clear bright yellow. The greatest beauty
of this plant, though, lies in its fruit, which is pink and very abun-
dant. The fruit is held for several weeks after the leaves fall, and
makes a glorious display along the Meadow Road, worth twenty
minutes of any man's time to visit. Nowhere else in all the world
can so many different plants with brilliant Autumn foUage and
handsome Fall fruits be found in one collection. Likewise there is
no other garden in all the world where these plants can be so easily
and conveniently studied.

Every garden maker by rights should plant with the idea of
keeping his garden gay with color practically the year round. As

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 49

Bacon puts it: "I do hold it in the Royall Ordering of Gardens
that there ought to be gardens for all the months of the year; in
which severally things of beauty may be there in season." One
of the good plants to use is Ligustrum vidgare foliosum. This is a
form of the common European Privet, but differs from it in having
narrow leaves and larger fruit. It holds its leaves without a change
of color until the beginning of Winter, which makes it a good sub-
ject for garden decoration. Its black berries are borne in great
profusion and in large clusters which add to its ornamental value.

Even though the leaves may fall and the berries be eaten by the
birds, it is still possible to have plenty of color in the garden by
planting shrubs which possess red and yellow stems, particularly
the Dogwoods of different kinds. In a corner of the Meadow
Road in the Arboretum a handsome collection of American Cornels
may be found. Here we see Cornus stolanifera with red stems, and
its xSiTiety flaviramea with yellows tems. These plants, with Kerria
japonica to provide rich green stems, are splendid for any garden.

Even when the ground is blanketed with snow there is much of
interest and beauty within the Arboretum gates. It is then that
the Conifers, always delightful, show up to the best advantage.
Scores of trees and shrubs carry their gaily colored fruit well into
Winter. Some of the Hawthorns, of which there are several
groups, keep their berries until Spring, and so do the Barberries.
As a matter of fact it has been found from actual observation in
the Arboretum that it is possible in this climate to have flowers
every month in the year except possibly December. The foreign
Witch Hazels begin to flower in late Winter, and last through until
March, when some of the Willows burst into bloom.

Perhaps all this will give you at least a meager conception of the
great work which the Arboretum is doing, the great task to which
it has set its hand, and what it offers to the public as well as to
specialists and nurserymen.

The Arnold Arboretum is a great living museum of trees and
shrubs. It is more than that. It is a wonderful example of land-
scape gardening, one of the best in the world. Its influence upon
American horticulture is incalculable, and this influence must
necessarily go on growing, as long, may we hope, as the Arboretum
lasts, that is to say, for a thousand years and then another thousand
years, and so on forever.

NEW HORTICULTURAL CROPS FOR OUR SCANT FOOD

SUPPLY.!

By Prof. U. P. Hedrick, Geneva, N. Y.

Delivered before the Society, February 2, 1918.

Economists prophesy a deficiency in the world's food supply.
The cost of living everywhere portends accuracy in their divination.
The fast and furious struggle between nations and individuals for
land upon which to grow food augurs lean years to come. Census
enumerations of population presage sooner or later a dearth of
ammunition among the multiplying peoples of the earth to carry
on the battle of life. Of all this you need to be reminded rather
than informed.

So many men have stated and attempted to solve the problem
of the future food supply that it would seem that the subject has
been wholly talked out from the facts at hand. Indeed, there has
been so much said and wTitten about hard times at hand and famine
ahead that I doubt if you are pleased to have your premonitions
reawakened by further forebodings.

Agricultural economists discuss three rather general means of
securing a food supply for those who live later when the earth teems
with human beings. These are: conservation of resources; greater
acreages under cultivation; and increased yields from improved
plants and through better tillage. It is difficult to anticipate the
problems that will confront us when people swarm on the land, as
now in India or China, but I venture the prediction that if in that
day " the evil arrows of famine" are sent upon us, a fourth means of
supplying food will be found quite as important as the three named.

We shall find, long before famine overtakes us, that the natural

I This address was originally a presidential address before the Society for Horticultural
Science and was printed in the report of the Society for 1913. It was given before the war
and its revision and repetition seems to the writer justified by the world-wide shortage of
food brought about by the war.

51

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

capacity of soils and climates to produce a diversity of crops is one
of the greatest resources for an increased food supply. As yet,
multiplicity of crops as a means of augmenting the supply of food
has received little attention and I want to bring you to a better
realization of its possibilities in the half hour at my disposal,
attempting to show, in particular, how greatly the necessities and
luxuries of life can be increased by the domestication of wild escu-
lents; by better distribution of little-known food plants; and by
the amelioration of crops we now grow through breeding them with
wild or little-known relatives.

Few, even among those who have given special attention to
agricultural crops, have a proper conception of the number that
might be grown. De Candolle, one of the few men of science who
have made a systematic study of domesticated plants, and whose
"Origin of Cultivated Plants" has long been sanctioned by science
as authoritative, is much to blame for the current misconception
as to the number of plants under cultivation. By conveying the
idea that his book covers the whole field, De Candolle prepared
the ground for a fine crop of misunderstandings. Humboldt
stated in 1807 that, " The origin, the first home of the plants most
useful to man, and which have accompanied him from the remotest
epochs, is a secret as impenetrable as the dwelling of all our domesti-
cated animals."

De Candolle set out to disprove Humboldt. He assorted culti-
vated plants in 247 species and ascertained very accurately the
histories of 244 out of the total number. De Candolle's thorough-
ness, patience, judgment, affluence of knowledge, clear logic and
felicity of expression, make his book so trustworthy and valuable
in most particulars, that we have accepted it as the final word in
all particulars, overlooking his faulty enumeration and forgetting
that most of his material was gathered more than a half century
ago.

My first task is to establish the fact that the number of plants
BOW cultivated for food the world over is not appreciated in either
science or practice. Neither are botanists nor agriculturists
seemingly well aware of the number of edible plants now domes-
ticated which are in times of stress used in various parts of the
world for food, many of which can well be grown for food. Your
attention must be called to the number of these.

NEW HORTICULTURAL CROPS FOR FOOD SUPPLY 53

Inspiration for this discussion of the undeveloped food resources
of the plant-kingdom came to the speaker from the use of notes left
at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station by the first
director of the station, the late Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, during his
active life a member of this Society, who gave much time to the
study of economic botany. His pen contributions on cultivated
plants in agricultural and botanical magazines cover thirty years
and number many titles. In addition, the unpublished material
just mentioned, under the heading "Edible Plants of the World"
takes up over 1,600 typewritten pages. During his life, Dr.
Sturtevant was in the full tide of American science, but I am sure
could he have lived to publish the great treatise which he had
planned on edible plants, and upon which he worked for twenty
years, we should give him much higher rank with giants of science,
and that his book would now be the magnum opus of economic
botany.

De CandoUe, as we have seen, includes but 247 cultivated species
in his work. This is approximately the number generally thought
to minister to the alimentary wants of man. Sturtevant, in his
notes on edible plants, enumerates 1,113 domesticated species now
cultivated, and a total of 4,447 species, some part or parts of which
are edible. Following De Candolle, Sturtevant made use of botany,
archeology, paleontology, history and philology in obtaining his
data. He searched the literature of the world from the earliest
records in Egyptian, Chinese and Phoenician until the time of his
death to make a complete record of the edible plants of the world.
Sturtevant's were the species, too, of a generation ago, many of
which have since been divided twice, thrice, or oftener by later
botanists. It is said that no food plant of established field culture
has ever gone out of cultivation, an approximate truth, at least,
from which we may presume that the number of cultivated plants
is not smaller than the numbers given from our author's notes.

In leaving this phase of my subject, I can not but say, despite
the fulness of Sturtevant's notes, the feeling comes in reading them,
as it does in reading De Candolle, Darwdn or whoever has written
on the domestication of plants, that what has so far been found out
is so little in comparison to what we ought to know regarding the
modification of cultivated plants by man, that our present knowl-
edge but makes more apparent the dire poverty of our information.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Passing now to a more direct discussion of the subject in hand, I
have to say that I have chosen to discuss three general means of
developing the latent possibilities in the plant-kingdom for agri-
culture. It may help to hold your attention if I discuss these in
order of their importance — the most important last. They are:
First, the domestication of the native plants of any region. Second,
better distribution of plants now cultivated. Third, the utilization
of hybridization to bring into being new types of plants better suited
to cultivation and to the uses of man.

In the matter of domesticating plants let us glance hastily at
what has and what can be done in our own country. In De
Candolle's treatise we make but a poor showing, indeed. Out of
his 247 cultivated species but 45 are accredited to the New World,
and but three of these — the pumpkin, Jerusalem artichoke and
persimmon — come from North America. To these three, Sturte-
vant adds about thirty. The poor showing made by our continent
in furnishing food plants, it must be made plain, is not due to origi-
nal inferiority. The number would be vastly greater, as Asa Gray
long ago pointed out, had civilization begun in this rather than in
the Old World. It is probable, indeed, that the numbers would
be approximately equal if civilization had begun as early in the
W'estern as in the Eastern Hemisphere.

What are some of these plants that Gray and other botanists
have so often told us might have been and may yet profitably be
domesticated? The list is far too long to catalogue, but you will
permit me time for a few examples, choosing those that are still
worth domesticating for some special purpose or environment.
Fruits give us most examples.

Wild fruits abound in North America. The continent is a
natural orchard. More than 200 species of tree, bush, vine and
small fruits were commonly used by the aborigines for food, not
counting nuts, those occasionally used, and numerous rarities.
In its plums, grapes, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, cran-
berries and gooseberries North America has already given the
world a great variety of new fruits. There are now under culti\'a-
tion 11 American species of plums, of which there are 433 pure-
bred and 155 hybrid varieties; 15 species of American grapes with
404 pure and 790 hybrid varieties; 4 species of raspberries with 280

NEW HORTICULTURAL CROPS FOR FOOD SUPPLY 00

varieties; 6 species of blackberries with 86 varieties; 5 species of
dewberries with 23 varieties; 2 species of cranberries with 60
varieties and 2 gooseberries with 35 varieties. Here are 45 species
of American fruits with 2,226 varieties, domesticated within ap-
proximately a half century. De Candolle named none of them.
The final note of exultation at this really magnificent achievement
of American horticulture would typically be uttered in a boast
as to the number of millions of dollars these fruits bring fruit-
growers each year, but science is not sordid and has not made the
calculation.

What more can be done? The possibilities of the fruits named
have by no means been exhausted. The fruit of the wild plum,
Prunus maritima, an inhabitant of sea-beaches and dunes from
Maine to the Carolinas, is a common article of trade in the region
in which it grows, but notwithstanding the fact that it readily
breaks into innumerable forms and is a most promising subject
under hybridization, practically nothing has yet been done toward
domesticating it. Few plants grow under such varied conditions
as our wild grapes. Not all have been brought under subjugation,
though nearly all have horticultural possibilities. It is certain
that some grape can be grown in every agricultural region of the
United States. The blueberry and huckleberry, finest of fruits,
and now the most valuable American wild fruits, the crops bringing
several millions of dollars annually, are not yet domesticated.
Coville has demonstrated that the blueberry can be cultivated.
Some time we should have numerous varieties of the several
blueberries and huckleberries to enrich pine plains, mountain
tracts, swamps and waste lands that otherwise are all but worthless.
A score or more native species of gooseberries and currants can be
domesticated and should some time extend the culture of these
fruits from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Circle. There are
many forms of juneberries widely distributed in the United States
and Canada, from which several varieties are now cultivated. The
elderberry is represented by a dozen or more cultivated varieties,
one of which, brought to my attention the past season, produced
a half hundred enormous clusters, a single cluster being made up
of 2,208 berries, each a third of an inch in diameter.

These are but a few of the fruits — others which can only be

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

named are: the anonas and their kin from Florida; the native
crabapples and thorn-apples; the wine-berry, the buffalo-berry
and several wild cherries; the cloud-berry prized in Labrador;
the crow-berry of cold and Arctic America; the high-bush cran-
berr}'^; native mulberries; opuntias and other cacti for the deserts;
the paw-paw, the persimmon, and the well-known and much-used
salal and salmon berries of the west and north.

The pecan, the chestnut and the hickory-nut are the only native
nuts domesticated, but some time forest and waste places can be
planted not only to the nuts named, but to improved varieties of
acorns, beechnuts, butternuts, filberts, hazels, chinquapins and
nutpines, to utilize waste lands, to diversify diet and to furnish
articles of food that can be shipped long distances and be kept
from year to year. The fad of today which substitutes nuts for
meat may become a necessity tomorrow. Meanwhile it is interest-
ing to note that the pecan has become within a few decades so
important a crop that optimistic growers predict in another half
century that pecan groves will be second only to the cottonfields
in the south. A bulletin from the United States Department of
Agriculture describes 67 varieties, of which more than a million
and a half trees have been planted.

It is doubtful whether we are to change general agriculture much
by the domestication at this late date of new native grains, though
many may well be introduced from other regions and wonderful
improvement through plant-breeding is, as all know, now taking
place. Raw material exists in America for domestication, but it
is not probable that we shall ever use it extensively.

There are, however, a number of native vegetables worth cul-
tivating. The native beans and teparies in the semi-arid and sub-
tropical southwest to which Freeman, of the Arizona station, has
called attention, grown perhaps for thousands of years by the
aborigines, seem likely to prove timely crops for the dry-farmers
of the southwest. Professor Freeman has isolated 70 distinct
types of these beans and teparies, suggesting that many horti-
cultural sorts may be developed from his foundation stock. The
ground-nut, Apios tuberosa, furnished food for the French at Port
Royal in 1613 and the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620, and as a crop
for forests might again be used. There are a score or more species

NEW HORTICULTURAL CROPS FOR FOOD SUPPLY 0/

of PJu/salis, or ground cherries, native to North America, several
of which are promising vegetables and have been more or less used
by pioneers. Solanum nigrum, the nightshade, a cosmopolite
of America and Europe, recently much advertised under several
misleading names, and its congener, Sola7ivm triflorum, both really
wild tomatoes, are worthy of cultivation and in fact are readily
yielding to improvement. Amaranthus retroflcxus, one of the
common pigweeds of gardens, according to Watson, is cultivated
for its seeds by the Arizona Indians. In China and Japan the
corms or tubers of a species of Sagittaria are commonly sold for
food. There are several American species, one of which at least
was used wherever found by the Indians, and under the name
arrowhead, swan potato and swamp potato has given welcome
sustenance to pioneers. Our native lotus, a species of Nehimho,
was much prized by the aborigines, seeds, roots and stalks being
eaten. Sagittaria and Nehimho furnish starting points for valuable
food plants for countless numbers of acres of water-covered marshes
when the need to utilize these now waste places becomes pressing.

The temptation is strong to continue this discussion of the
domestication of native plants, but time demands that I pass to a
consideration of the second potential of an increased diet, that of
better distribution of the world's food-producing plants.

Beginning with the discovery of the New World, botanical and
agricultural explorations have been carried on with zeal, and food
plants have been interchanged freely between newly discovered
lands and older civilizations. Yet in these centuries the food-plant
floras of races have been changed but little. Quite too often a crop
is found to be the monopoly of a race or nation irrespective of soil
and climate, factors which ought to import a cultivated flora. It
would seem that agriculturists would quickly adopt food plants
grown elsewhere of which the advantage is evident, and be thereby
diverted from the cultivation of poorer crops in their own country.
Yet the introduction of foreign plants is usually arrested, if not
actually opposed by the timidity of agriculture, and it has been
most difficult to introduce new crops into old regions. This con-
servation on the part of those who grow the food plants of the coun-
try is due to a universal dislike in the animal kingdom, most
strongly developed in the human family, to eating unfamiliar foods.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

But travel is making all people less and less fastidious as to foods,
as the numerous new foreign dishes in daily use in our own homes
give evidence. Only savages and those who must struggle for
sufficient food to sustain life line on one or a few foods.

Let us hastily ru,n over a few foreign plants that may well receive
more attention in America, naming fruits first as of most interest
to this audience. Japanese plums and persimmons came to
America in the medieval days of horticultural progress, and interest
in them seems to have ceased. We need new importations of the
many types not yet in the country. The fig is an ancient immi-
grant, but many desirable relatives were left behind. Date cul-
ture is now a most promising infant industry in the southwest.
The Chinese jujube promises to be one of the most valuable of the
many plants recently introduced into this country. The jujube
is a hardy tree which has been cultivated in China for more than
4,000 years, being one of the five principal fruits of the new republic.
There are hundreds of varieties differing in flavor and sizes, some
growing less than an inch in length and others equaling the size of
a hen's egg. One variety is seedless. Some kinds are eaten fresh,
some are stewed.

Among the newest of the new on probation, but all clamoring
for recognition, are the avocada from tropical America; the feijoa
from Brazil; a dozen or more annonaceous fruits from the tropics,
of which the cherimoya seems now to be most prominent ; an edible
Osage orange from Central China; the roselle, an annual from the
Old World tropics, valuable for its fruit, stalks and seed. Several
species of Berberis supply a refreshing fruit in northern Asia and
might add variety to the rather spare fruit diet of the colder parts
of this continent. Beside these are innumerable new citrus fruits,
the number of species and varieties of which seem to be legion —
the speaker is neither able to enumerate them not to tell where they
begin or where they leave off. Swingle's splendid work with this
genus is one of the most notable contributions to horticulture in
recent years.

The mango has long been grown in Florida, but interest in mangos
has recently been renewed through the introduction of choice
Indian varieties. Poponoe describes 312 varieties of mangos
grown in various parts of the world, of which as yet I judge there

NEW HORTICULTURAL CROPS FOR FOOD SUPPLY 59

are but few in America, though they are not difficult to grow in
Florida, California or in our insular possessions. A quotation from
Fairchild suggests the possible future of the mango in America.
He says:

" The mango is one of the really great fruits of the world ....
There are probably more varieties of mangos than there are of
peaches. I have heard of one collection of five hundred different
sorts in India. There are exquisitely flavored varieties no larger
than a plum, and there are delicious sorts, the fruits of which are
six pounds in weight. These fine varieties, practically as free from
fiber as a freestone peach, can be eaten with a spoon as easily as a
canteloupe. Trainloads of these ave shipped from the mango-
growing centers of India and distributed in the densely peopled
cities of that great semi-tropical empire."

No one can read Bayard Taylor's fervent praise of the durian
and the mangosteen and not desire to grow these fruits in America.

He says of the durian : — "Of all fruits, at first the most intoler-
able; but said, by those who have smothered their prejudices, to
be of all fruits, at last, the most indispensable. When it is brought
to you at first, you clamor till it is removed; if there are durians
in the next room to you, you can not sleep. Chloride of lime and
disinfectants seem to be its necessary remedy. To eat it seems to
be a sacrifice of self-respect; but, endure it for a while, with closed
nostrils, taste it once or twice, and you will cry for durians thence-
forth, even — I blush to write it — even before the glorious
mangosteen."

Listen to his laudation of the "glorious mangosteen."

"Beautiful to sight, smell and taste, it hangs among its glossy
leaves the prince of fruits. Cut through the shaded green and
purple of the rind, and lift the upper half as if it were the cover of
a dish, and the pulp of half-transparent, creamy whiteness stands
in segments like an orange, but rimmed with darkest crimson where
the rind was cut. It looks too beautiful to eat; but how the rarest,
sweetest essence of the tropics seems to dwell in it as it melts to
your delightful taste."

One need not titillate the palate to enjoy such fruit. Can they
be so delectable? Surely we can find a place for them somewhere
in America.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Let US turn to a few examples of promising vegetable and farm
crops of foreign countries not yet cultivated in the United States.
Only those which give most emphasis to the present paper can be
mentioned.

All know that rice furnishes the chief food of China, but few are
aware that sorghum is as important a crop in Asia as rice and that
it is the chief food of a large part of Africa. In China not only
are the stalks of sorghum used, but bread is made from the seeds.
In parts of India, sorghum is the staff of life. The Zulu Kaffirs
live on the stalks, which are chewed and sucked, and Livingstone
says, " the people grow fat thereon." The several species of yams
constitute one of the cheapes.t and most widely distributed food
plants in the world, yet the yam is little grown in America. Several
genera of Aroideae, as Caladium, Ahcasia, Colocasia, and Arum,
each with innumerable varieties, furnish taro, arrowroot, ape and
other more or less familiar food to the South Sea islanders. In a
bulletin from the LTnited States Department of Agriculture, under
the title, "Promising Root Crops for the South," these Aroids,
called under their native names of yautias, taros, and dasheens
are recommended as most valuable wet-land root crops for the
South Atlantic and Gulf States. Of the place of the cocoanut in
the world's economy I need not speak. Varieties of Maranta
were grown in Mississippi and Georgia in 1849, but disappeared.
From one of the several species of this genus comes the arrowroot
of commerce. Arrowroot is a favorite food of the Fijis and
their neighbors, as well as of the inhabitants of Cape Colony, Natal,,
and Queensland. May not arrowroot some time be produced
profitably in America? The banana has been on our tables less
than a generation, yet it is now one of the commonest foods.
There are several species and many varieties yet to be introduced
into the tropics of America. The leaves and buds of several agaves
furnish an abundant and a very palatable food to our southern
neighbors. From plants of the large genus Manihot of equatorial
regions, tapioca is made under conditions which could be greatly
improved. As cassava, one of these manihots is already important
in the United States and may some time compete with corn and
wheat in the food supply of the country.

To quench the thirst of the teeming millions in time to come

NEW HORTICULTUKAL CROPS FOR FOOD SUPPLY 61

there may be a multiplicity of beverages as well as of foods to
mitigate hunger. In Arabia several millions of people drink khat,
while in southern South America as many more millions allay their
thirst with mate. Mate, according to Fairchild, can be produced
at but a fraction of the cost of tea and supplies the same alkaloid
in a more easily soluble form. Both contain thein, the active
principle in "the cups that cheer but not inebriate." Sturtevant
names twelve plants the leaves of which are used in different parts
of the world to adulterate or in place of tea. ^Ye have but just
acquired the use of cocoa and chocolate from the natives of our
American tropics and of cocacola from the negroes of Africa, and
it is not unlikely that we shall find other similar stimulants. For
drinkers of more ardent beverages, if King Alcohol continues to
reign, there is an abundance, the diversity and cheapness of which
probably will ever as now be regulated by taste and taxes.

Time prevents my naming other valuable foreign plants that
deserve to be tried in our agriculture. It is fortunate for American
farming that men from the United States Department of Agricul-
ture are now searching everywhere for new material. Saul went
in search of asses and came back with a crown. So these men sent
to foreign countries for material, possibly commonplace enough,
are bringing back treasures the value of which in many cases will
be incalculable. Introduction of seeds and plants for the nation
is work to which the institutions represented here should lend aid
in every way possible.

The last of the three means of developing plants for food, and
as I beheve the most important, is by using either foreign species
or wild native species to hybridize with established crop-plants.
It needs but a brief statement of what has been accomplished in
increasing hardiness, productiveness, disease resistance, adapta-
bility to soil, and other essentials of standard crop-plants, to show
that through hybridization of related species we have probably
the best means of augmenting our diet. Let us glance at a few
recent accomplishments of hybridization, noting chiefly results
with horticultural plants.

Downing in 1S72 described 286 varieties of 4 species of plums.
In the 40 years that have elapsed the number has increased to
1,937 varieties representing 16 species. Now the significant thing

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

is that whereas Downing's plums were pure-bred species, 155 of the
present cultivated plum flora are hybrids between species. Downing
could recommend plums for only a few favored regions. Some kind
of plum can be grown now in every agricultural region in North
America. Even more remarkable is the part hybrids have played
in the evolution of American grapes. At the beginning of the
nineteenth century, the grape could not be called a cultivated crop
on this continent. Now there are 16 species and 1,194 varieties,
the most significant fact being that 790 or three-fourths of the
total number are hybrids. The grape through hybridization has
become one of the commonest cultivated plants. The genus
Ihibus promises to attract and distract horticulturists next. As
nearly as I can make out there are about 60 species of Ruhus in
North America. In the two completed parts of Focke's " Species
Ruborum," 273 species are described. Raspberries, blackberries,
dewberries and their like hybridize freely and we already have in
the loganberry, the purple-cane raspberry, the wineberry and in
the blackberry-dewberry crosses valuable fruits. If any consider-
able number of Focke's several hundred species can be similarly
mixed and amalgamated, the genus Rnhus will be one of the most
valuable groups of fruits.

The speaker a few years ago made a study of cultivated cherries.
When the work began a few years ago about a score of species were
in sight. Koehne, a recent botanical monographer of the sub-
genus Cerasus, to which our edible cherries belong, describes 119
species, many of them but recently collected by Wilson in Asia.
There are enough hybrids betw^een species to indicate that culti-
vated cherries will some time be diversified as plums and with
quite as much advantage to the fruit.

Webber's and Swingle's work in breeding hardy citrus fruits;
blight-resisting pears as a result of crossing Pyrvs covimunis and
Fyrvs sinensis; Burbank's spectacular hybrid creations; the
diversity of types of tomatoes, potatoes, egg-plant, peppers, beans,
cucurbits and other vegetables, not to mention roses, chrysanthe-
mums, orchids and innumerable flowers, suggest the possibilities
of hybridization. We have not done what lies within our reach
in crossing cereals — corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, the last
especially, remain yet to be touched by the magic wand of hybridi-

NEW HORTICULTURAL CROPS FOR FOOD SUPPLY 63

zation. Hybrid walnuts, chestnuts, hickories, and oaks, promise
a wonderful improvement in nuts.

Truth is we do not know how much nor what material we have
to work with in many of the groups of plants I have named, lending
color to the sa^^ng that the plants with which man has most to do
and which render him greatest service are those which botanists
know least. This brings me to the last division of my subject.

Nothing is more certain than that we are at the beginning of a
most fertile period in the introduction of new and the improvement
of old food-plants. Yet agricultural institutions are most illy
prepared to take part in the movement. " Art is long and time is
fleeting," can be said of no human effort more truly than of the
improvement of plants, and haste should be made for better prepara-
tion. Looking over the material that is usable in agricultural
institutions, it seems that we are sadly lacking in the wherewithal
upon which to begin. It is indispensable for effective work that
we have an abundance of material and that we know well the
plants with which we are to work.

How may the material be had? We are fortunate in the United
States in having the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction
of the United States Department of Agriculture for the importa-
tion of foreign plants. This office has eflFective machinery for the
work. It maintains agricultural explorers in foreign countries.
It is in direct contact with the agricultural institutions of other
countries as well as with plant-collectors, explorers, consuls,
officers of other countries, and missionaries. Through these
agents it can reach the uttermost parts of the world. Morevoer,
it has trained men to identify, to inventory, to propagate and to
distribute foreign plants. This office can better meet quarantine
regulations than can private experimenters or state institutions.
All interested in foreign plants ought to work in cooperation with
the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

To be used advantageously material must be near at hand.
This means that there must be botanic gardens. There should be
in every distinct agricultural region of the country a garden where
may be found the food plants of the world suitable for the region.
It is strange that in the lavish expenditure of state and federal

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

money in the agri cultural institutions of the land, that so little has
been done to establish and maintain comprehensive plantations of
economic plants. Now that the amelioration of plants is a part of
the work of agricultural colleges and stations it would seem that
the establishment of such gardens is imperative. True, there are
botanic gardens, but the museum idea is dominant in most of them
— they contain the curiosities of the vegetable kingdom, or they
show the ornamental and beautiful, or they are used for purposes
of instruction. We need agricultural gardens in which agricultural
plants are dominant rather than recessive.

There is another difficulty quite as detrimental to progress as
inability to obtain material. It is the lack of trustworthy informa-
tion in regard to economic plants. Quite as necessary as agricul-
tural gardens is an agricultural botany. In this botany must be
set forth, besides descriptions of species, the habitat, the migrations,
the geographical relations to other plants, the changes that have
occurred, how the plant is affected by man-given environment, and
all similar data. Physiological facts regarding germination,
leafing, flowering and fruiting must be given. The production of
such a book is a consummation devoutly to be wished.

Lastly, material and books do not create. The man has not
been lost sight of, but I should have to set forth his temper and
training too hurriedly even if I could properly conceive them. But
from the beginning to the end of this new shaping of food crops,
the individual man trained for the work will be dominant. The
work to be done, however, is so vast that we can not make an
appreciable showing unless the task be divided among a great
number of workers. Those who will do most are such as can con-
centrate on particular problems the sifted experience and knowl-
edge of the world. Many may sow, but only the strong can garner.

In conclusion, I must end as I began by calling attention to the
great probability of a near-at-hand deficiency of food. I must
again urge the importance of making use of every means of increas-
ing the supply. I have tried to call attention to the desirability of
growing a greater number of food-plants as one of the means. Not
to attempt to develop and utilize to its highest efficiency the vast
wealth of material in the plant-kingdom for the world's food is im-
providence and is a reckless ignoring of splendid opportunities to in-
crease the number of food-crops and thereby the world's food supply.

THE PEONY.
By Bertrand H. Farr, Wyomissing, Pa.

Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, February 16,

1918.

I remember the first Peony I ever saw. It was the first year
when father took us west, and I was six years old. It grew in my
aunt's garden. It wasn't a real Peony, it was just a "Piney,"^
one of those old-fashioned red ones that grew in all old ladies'^
gardens, but I thought it was very beautiful. I told her if she would
give me a bloom, I would drive her cow home from the pasture that
night. The arrangement was mutually satisfactory, and after
further negotiations she agreed that if I would drive the cow home
for one week, she would give me a " Piney toe," and so I came into
possession of my first Peony.

More than 25 years elapsed before I owned another Peony, but
when in 1897 I came to Wyomissing, where I could have a real
garden, one of the first things I determined was to have a complete
collection of Peonies, "a white one, a red one and a pink one."
Then I discovered that EUwanger & Barry had a great collection
as many as twenty kinds. After I had gotten these, one of Le-
moine's catalogues fell into my hands and, after some hesitation
over the extravagance, I made the plunge. I sent to him my first
foreign order in 1901. Only then did I realize what was before
me, but it was too late. The Peony bug had gotten me, as it has
gotten many others, and will get you too if it once gets fairly hold
of you. Orders from Dessert and others soon followed. Then
from Kelway in England.

There must have been a sort of Peony epidemic prevalent at that
time, for I learned afterwards that a number of those who today
are well known in the Peony world, were similarly affected at about
the same time in the same manner, the two Petersons, Shaylor,
McKissock, Ward, John Good, Betcher and others. In the Thur-

65

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

low ranks, where it had partly subsided (Mr. Thurlow having
recently sold his collection), there was a fresh outbreak of the craze.
I was not then in touch with these people, but I had heard of a
Peony Society. I came home, packed my grip and started to
Boston to see the Peony Show, and learn something about Peonies.

Ever since then Boston has seemed to me the "Hub" in Peony
matters, as it used to be for me in things musical, for here in this
hall I got my first real inspiration. I stopped off at Cottage
Gardens to see Mr. Ward, President of the Peony Society. He
was busy collecting flowers for the show, noting new things coming
into bloom for the first time, identifying things untrue, etc., and
trying his best to be polite to me, all at once. In the light of later
experience, I can appreciate his position, but neither he nor I sus-
pected then that I was to be his successor.

I have brought with me a photograph of that Peony Show in
1906, that I took myself. Over on one table is a display of Hollis'
new seedlings. Several of them. Paradise, Goliath, Bunker Hill,
and Welcome Guest received certificates of merit. He also showed
a fine lot of Japanese types, then little thought of, but since these
have become very popular. Among these especially were Glory,
Bobby Bee, and Attraction. Mr. Shaylor carried off the honors,
as he has done so many times since, with his splendid collection.
Mr. McKissock was there with his fine collection of novelties from
France. Of course the Thurlows were represented there, and in the
center of the room stood a massive great vase of Richardson's
Rubra Superba, which carried off the first prize. Here I first met
the Rev. C. S. Harrison, "Evangelist of the Peony," for he, more
than anyone else has preached the gospel of the Peony throughout
the great northwest. Here I met our Mr. Fewkes, whom all of us
of the Peony Society have come to hold in such sincere regard. I
visited T. C. Thurlow, the first of the great Peony enthusiasts in
New England, at his delightful and hospitable home. I visited
James McKissock, and his beautiful collection at West Newton.

Up at Wellesley Hills I found Mr. Shaylor among his Peonies.
In one corner, carefully screened under a tent from the hot sun,
we came to the climax of our visit, when he said to us, "There,
gentlemen, is the celebrated Lady Alexandra Duff." He was
doomed to disappointment, for it turned out at the show to be

THE PEONY 67

identical with Grandiflora Nivea Plena. Others had had similar
disappointments, for Lady Duff turned out to be first James Kelway,
then Mrs. Gwyn Lewis, and a host of other things, even to Festiva
Maxima, till Mr. Shaylor in disgust, pronounced the Lady a myth,
using a famous quotation, "There ain't no such thing." Mr.
Kelway finally got so stirred up over the storm of criticism from
his angry patrons in this country, that some years later he sent to
several of us what he declared was a really truly Lady Duff, ac-
companied by photographs from his own garden, showing the
original plant in flower. I met many others there, whom for lack
of time I cannot mention, but I formed friendships "^ath them that
have endured to this dsLy. Some of them have passed away, but
the greatest thing I learned was that Peony people as a class are
mighty fine people. They are true blue. For they grow Peonies,
not as a commercial proposition, but because they really love the
flower, and find in it a fascination that cannot be resisted.

The Peony is a true aristocrat of the hardy garden. I do not
apply this as a mere phrase, for it is true in every sense, both as to
its lineage and its associations. In China it is said that the Tree
Peony has been their chief pride and glory for nearly 1500 years,
a theme for their poets and painters, and prized by their emperors
for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers; and for more than
a thousand years a record of the characters, qualities, and parentage
of the new varieties raised from seed has been kept. In their
gardens the Tree Peony is known as the " King of Flowers," and
the herbaceous Peony as the "King's Ministers." It is descended
from Paeonia albiflora, a native of Siberia. Knowing this, I can
well understand why it thrives so luxuriantly in the rich alluvial
soil of our western states, and why it is the flower for the great
Northwest, enduring, as it does, the most intense cold without
injury. This Asiatic Peony must not be confused with the old-
fashioned, early flowering red Peony of our grandmothers' gardens,
which belongs to an entirely distinct species, officinalis, a native of
Europe, the early history of which is intricately woven with a haze
of superstition, allegory, and myth. Its magical charms were
supposed to ward off witchcraft, and the name Peony is derived
from a Dr. Peon, who used its roots as medicine.

The modern Chinensis Peony has only been known in Europe a

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

little more than half a century. It was under the care of M.
Jacques, gardener to King Louis Philippe, that one of the first
collections was formed, and some of the first of the fine varieties of
today originated. M. Jacques' collection was inherited by his
nephew, M. Victor Verdier, who raised a number of fine seedlings.
The collection of the Comte de Cussy, an amateur collector, was
inherited by M. Calot, of Douai, who continued to raise seedlings
till 1872, when his collection passed into the hands of M. Crousse,
of Nancy, who made careful selections from the Calot seedlings
and sent them out annually until 1879. From 1882 until 1899,
Crousse sent out seedlings of his own raising. The Calot-Crousse
varieties are noted for their uniform high quality, raising the
standard of excellence to a height that has never been surpassed,
unless it be by the splendid varieties introduced in recent years by
that greatest of all the world's hybridizers, Victor Lemoine, whose
establishment at Nancy is at Crousse's old place. iVll the Lemoine
varieties are exquisitely beautiful, but most of them so rare, they
are but little known outside of the larger collections.

Another famous French collector of Peonies, contemporary with
Calot and Crousse, was M. Mechin, also an enthusiastic amateur,
whose grandson, M. A. Dessert, of Chenonceaux, succeeds him,
and is considered today the greatest living authority on Peonies.
Among his most recent introductions may be found some of the
most beautiful additions to the many fine varieties for whicli we
are indebted to the French specialists. Recently a number of fine
new varieties, which are yet but little known in this country, have
been originated in France by Riviere, Paillet, Brochet and others.
To these must be added the beautiful varieties raised V^y James
Kelway, of England, who began his work on the Peony in 1864,
and twenty years later catalogued forty-one new varieties of his
own raising.

Among those who have been most prominent in the introductions
of new Peonies in America which equal those of the finest French
introductions, was John Richardson, of Dorchester, Massachusetts.
Robert T. Jackson in his paper published in the Transactions of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society for 1904, "John Richardson,
His House and Garden" writes: "Mr. Richardson had a perfect
passion for horticulture, and every plant in his garden that he loved

THE PEONY 69

SO well was a real personality to him. A walk with him about the
garden meant a lingering at every step to consider the merits, the
history, or some cultm-al point in regard to the plants that were as
his children. When nearly ninety, he planted Peony seeds just
the same as in his earlier years, and some of his posthumous seed-
lings are among his best." His varieties are all of unusual merit.
Milton Hill and Paul Fisher are among the best; Walter Faxon
stands alone, unapproached by any other Peony in its color, the
nearest true deep pink; while Rubra Superba, crimson, and Grandi-
flora, soft shell-pink, still stand at the head, as the best and very
latest of these colors to bloom. H. A. Terry, of Crescent, Iowa,
early became interested in Peonies, and produced many varieties,
the best probably being Grover Cleveland, Etta, Emma, Princess
Ellen, Euphemia, and Stephanie. Writing in 1904 he says, "I
am now in my eightieth year, and do not know how long I shall
continue to grow Peonies, but I want to be surrounded by them as
long as I live. They are like my children, very dear to me."

It was in Boston, in 1906, that I first met Mr. Hollis and saw his
beautiful blooms on exhibition. I thought them fine then, and in
my garden since they have not disappointed me. He was a genial,
kindly gentleman, with means and leisure to devote his time to
his favorites. I visited him in 1910 when his Peonies were in bloom.
Although stricken then with a fatal illness, unable to walk alone,
he sat in the little summer-house overlooking his Peonies, happy
in the sight of them, still able to talk wdth enthusiasm about his
treasures and call them by name. Among his many fine ones are
Paradise, Welcome Guest, Maude L. Richardson, Standard Bearer,
George Washington, Bunker Hill, and Tragedie. Mention must
also be made of his Japanese types, of which he raised a number
which are distinct and fine.

Mrs. Sarah A. Pleas, now living in Whittier, California at the
advanced age of over S3 years, is as actively interested in Peonies
as when at her home in Spiceland, Indiana, she raised and intro-
duced Opal, Elwood Pleas, and her now famous Jubilee, which
carried off highest honors at the National Peony Show in Phila-
delphia last year. A. M. Brand, of Faribault, Minnesota, for
many years has been giving his attention to the raising of seedling
Peonies. His varieties are now attracting a great deal of attention ;

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

his Martha Bullock, best known, was one of the prominent features
in the show last year. Among his many new ones I would mention
Mary Brand, Richard Carvel, and Francis Willard. E. J. Shaylor
of Wellesley Hills, is devoting his later years to raising new varie-
ties, and has already given us Georgiana Shaylor, Mary Woodbury
Shaylor, Wilton Lockwood, and a number of others which have
received certificates of merit at your shows here. We must not
forget to mention Cherry Hill by Thurlow of West Newbury, and
Karl Rosenfield, by Rosenfield of Omaha, Nebraska, as being two
American varieties of exceptional merit. Some of you may re-
member the splendid exhibit of some fifty new unnamed seedlings
made here two years ago by Prof. A. P. Saunders of Clinton, New
York. You will want to keep an eye on his work, for possibly one
of these days the long sought yellow Peony may appear in his
garden, for he is after it, apparently on the right track, and I
shouldn't wonder if he succeeds.

It will be seen, therefore, that nearly all of our modern Peonies
are of comparatively recent introduction, and I am greatly im-
pressed by the fact that practically all of the fine Peonies we have
today have come to us through that remarkable group in France,
Calot, Crousse, Lemoine, and Dessert, most of them having a
family relationship, and the few enthusiasts in America, just
mentioned, who have taken up the growing of Peonies because they
found it intensely fascinating; for the Peony does not attract the
commercial grower. In its propagation there is no easy, royal road
to quick results. It takes from four to six years before blooms
may be had from seed, and if, perchance, one seedling in a thousand
has sufficient merit and distinction to justify its introduction as a
new variety, it takes many more years to raise by the slow process
of division, sufficient stock to be able to offer it to the trade. That
is why the new varieties are so expensive; unlike a new Rose or
Carnation, which in a few months can be increased to an unlimited
supply through cuttings. It takes years to acquire a few plants
from a Peony, and even today, some of the old varieties are still
scarce.

The professional grower cannot afford to wait so long for results.
So most of the work with the Peony has been done by those whose
love for the flowers themselves, and the fascination of watching

THE PEONY 71

them grow, has been their chief incentive. Here is an example of
your real Peony lover: Two or three years ago I visited your Mr.
Fewkes whom all of us Peony people have come to regard in such
high esteem. After we had enjoyed the Peonies in his garden we
went inside, where in a vase he had three of the most wonderful
blooms I have ever seen. They were Lemoine's La Lorraine and
Dessert's Therese and Rosa Bonheur. As we stood admiring them
he remarked, " Do you know? it almost seems to me as if it is worth
a year of a man's lifetime, just to be permitted to look upon a
thing so beautiful!" Truly the Peony is an aristocrat.

Classification.

The Chinensis Peony (albiflora), in its original or wild state,
was a single white flower, and the various stages of its transition
from its original single type to the perfect double flower, forms the
basis of the classification by the American Peony Society of the
modern Peony in its various forms as follows : —

Single. Those with a single row of wide guard petals, and a
center of yellow pollen-bearing stamens.

Semi-double. Those wdth several rows of wide petals, and a
center of stamens and partially transformed petaloids.

Japanese. These have wide guards the same as the singles,
but with the stamens and anthers greatly enlarged into narrow,
thick petaloids of various colors, tipped with vestiges of yellow;
the anthers are without pollen.

Anemone. A step farther in the process of doubling, with the
stamens all transformed into short, narrow petals, forming a round
cushion in the center of the flower.

Bomb. The next step, in which all the center petals are uni-
formly wide, approaching the guards, but distinctly differentiated
from them, forming a globe-shaped center without collar or crown.

Crown. In this t\'pe wide petals are developed in the center of
the flower, forming a high crown, with the narrow short petals
forming a ring or collar around it. Often the crown and guards
are of one color, and the collar another, or of a lighter shade.

Semi-Rose. Flowers in which the petals are all uniformly wide.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

but are loosely built, with a few pollen-bearing stamens visible,
or nearly concealed.

Rose. The process of doubling is completed, all stamens fully
transformed into evenly arranged wide petaloids, similar to the
guards, forming a perfect rose-shaped bloom.

Twelve years ago, when I attended my first Peony show here,
Baroness Schroeder was the acknowledged queen. She was
beautiful, and among the most costly, being among the very few
for which as much as five dollars was asked, and it was common talk
then, that the "Peony Boom" had probably reached its height,
and would doubtless soon decline. The Baroness is as beautiful
today, but no longer queen, for many kinds now bring from ten
to fifteen dollars, and twenty-five to thirty dollars is not at all an
uncommon value for a number of varieties, and never were these
rare varieties more sought after than today.

Among the most talked of Peonies today, besides those of the
American growers previously mentioned are first of all Lemoine's
Le Cygne, winner of the first prize for the finest single specimen
bloom, followed closely by Kelway's Glorious. Along with these
should be mentioned Lemoine's Alsace Lorraine, Evangeline,
Enchantresse, La Fee, La France, Mirabeau, Mignon, Mont Blanc,
Sarah Bernhardt, Solange and Primevere, the nearest approach to
yellow; Dessert's Therese, Francois Rosseau, Mad. De Treyeran,
Rosa Bonheur, Tourangelle, and Mons. Martin Cahuzac, the
darkest of all Peonies. Kelway's James Kelway, Kelway's Queen,
Marchioness of Landsdowne, Miss Salway, Phyllis Kelway, and
Venus are all varieties of rare beauty.

Many of the new introductions are only known by reputation,
for the expensive kinds are often not allowed to come to perfection,
being too frequently divided for the purpose of increasing the stock;
it is only when they are grown in private gardens, or in specimen
collections, where they may remain for at least four years, that real
merits are revealed. Consecj[uently, everywhere, as they develop,
we discover new treasures, and alas, too, some few disappointments.
Among the pleasant surprises in my collections that I had an
opportunity to see in perfection for the first time last year Avas
Galathee, a wonderfully full, strong growing, beautifully formed,
flesh white, of great size; Philippe Ri voire, dark garnet, of unusual

THE PEONY 73

form, and long keeping qualities; Madam Gaudichau, nearly as
dark, and rivaling Mons. Martin Cahuzac in brilliancy, form, and
habit; Madam Savreau, with its delicate combination of lilac-
white and amber yellow; Jeanne Gaudichau, wonderfully fine in
form and color, and finally Pomponette, with its great, wide-
petalled, incurved globes of clear rose. For the first time last year,
I saw La France and he Cygne in all their glory, and many others,
because now I have a specimen garden established, where they have
been allowed to grow to maturity.

Passing from novelties and scarce kinds to varieties more plenti-
ful which may be had at a cost within the reach of all, and which
are obtainable in quantities for mass planting, I would recommend
the following list, which comprises varieties that may with certainty
be relied upon to flower freely each 3^ear under all conditions, all
having blooms of the highest quality. The list here given in the
various shades covers a period of bloom from earliest to latest in
the order named, and coveres a period of from three to four weeks.

White. Boule de Neige, Festiva IVIaxima, Mme. Calot,
Duchesse de Nemours, Couronne d'Or, Albatre, Marie Lemoine.

White, Shaded Cream and Yellow. Lutea plenissima. Alba
Sulphurea, Duke of Wellington, Candidissima, Solfatare, Lutea
variegata, Primevere, Princess Maude.

Flesh and Light Pink, limbellata Rosea (the earliest of all),
Mme. Coste, Mile. Rosseau, Marguerite Gerard, Albert Crousse,
Eugenie Verdier, Venus, Grandiflora, Modele de Perfection.

Deep Pink and Rose. Edulis Superba, Mons. Jules P^lie,
General Bertrand, Mme. Forel, Mme. Muyssart, Henry Murger,
Milton Hill.

Crimson. Adolphe Rosseau, Pierre Dessert, Mme. Mechin,
Bertha, George Washington, Masterpiece, Felix Crousse, Ar-
mandine Mechin, Marechal Vaillant, Rubra Superba (the latest
blooming Peony of all).

Tricolor. Princess Beatrice, Mme. de Vatry, Alice de Julve-
court, Gloire de Charles Gombault, Philomene, Prolifera tricolor.

The Following is a List of Peonies Especially noted for
their Unusually Pleasant Fragrance: Edulis Superba, Comte
de Nanteuil, Carnea Elegans (Gr.), Lamartine (Cal.), Mme.
Auguste Peltereau, Mme. Geissler, IVIme. Thouvenin, Monsieur

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Barral, Vicomte de Forceville, Zoe Calot, Dorothy Kelway, Kel-
way's Glorious, Splendida, Venus, Bertha, Enfante de Nancy,
Galathee, La Fee, Mme. de Treyeran, Marcelle Dessert, Mont
Blanc (Lemoine), Mireille, Mignon, Primevere.

A Short List of the very best Singles will Include: Albi-
flora The Bride, Pride of Langport, Madeleine Gauthier, Stanley
L'Etincelante, Austin Chamberlain, The Moor.

Special Fine Ones in the Japanese Section are: Attraction,
Flamboyant, Fuyajo, Ama-no-sode, Margaret Atwood, King of
England, Tora-no-Maki, Lemon Queen, Cathedral, Apple Blossom.

Succession of Bloom.

By including the various early-flowering species, hybrids and Tree
Peonies in one's collection, the blooming season may be extended
over a period of fully two months. The Tree Peonies bloom quite
a month ahead of the Chinensis, beginning early in May. As
the^' do not die to the ground each year, they form in time woody
shrubs four to five feet in height, their immense strikingly beautiful
blooms sometimes a foot in diameter; they are a wonderful sight.
There are color schemes among them never found in the herbaceous
section, brilliant scarlets, dark maroons and rich wine colors, deli-
cate blush, pure pink and art shades of mauve and violet. Most
of the varieties introduced by the European growers are full-double,
while a large number of the Japanese sorts are semi -double and
single, with a large cushion of thick golden stamens in the center,
which produces a beautiful effect. The Tree Peonies as shown
here on the screen were grown in Professor C. S. Sargent's garden
at Brookline, mostly from seeds of the Japanese sorts. Seeds
should be sown immediately after they ripen, either in the open
ground protected by a slight covering, or in boxes placed in a cold
frame. The young plants will appear the following spring, and
will produce varieties equal in every way to the named kinds.

Peony Lutea, a deep golden yellow single Tree Peony was dis-
covered a few years ago in the Mountains of Yunnan by the Abbe
Delavay. Crosses from this were made by Lemoine with other
Tree Peonies. One of them. La Lorraine, was exhibited by me at

THE PEONY 75

the American Peony Show in Philadelphia last June, and was
given a special Award of Merit. Its blooms, six inches in diameter,
are fully double and are a deep yellow. A new Lutea hybrid soon
to be introduced to the trade is Souvenir du Maxime Cornu, a
deeper color with a shading similar to that in the Mme. Edward
Herriot Rose. Lutea and its hybrids bloom later than the other
Tree Peonies.

The dainty fennel-leafed Peony, P. tenuifolia, follows the Tree
Peonies, and its dazzlingly brilliant scarlet flowers always attract
attention. It requires careful cultivation and only grows about
a foot high. Next in point of interest and season of bloom are
Lemoine's Wittmanniana hybrids, produced by crossing the pale
yellow Peony Wittmanniana, itself a rather difficult species to
grow, with P. Chinensis, resulting in types of strong, vigorous
growths, with handsome decorative foliage and large single flowers.
There are four of them: Avante Garde, pale rose; Le Printemps,
creamy yellow; Mai Fleuri, white shaded salmon; and Messagere,
sulphur white.

The Officinalis types begin to bloom almost invariably ten days
before the Chinensis varieties. Officinalis rubra, the brilliant
early red of our grandmothers' gardens belongs to this species,
which is a native of Europe. There is a white one. Officinalis
alba plena, and a very beautiful large flowered pink one. Rosea
Superba, besides a number of named single and double ones not
commonly seen. Sabina, L'Oriflamme, Ourika, and La Brilliant
are very attractive. Most of the other species are of little interest
to the average grower, but I have cut blooms of Triternata and
Arietina in April, and of Rubra Superba the 27th of June, a season
of quite two months.

Cultivation.

The cultivation of Peonies is so simple that lengthy instructions
seem unnecessary and confusing. They will grow in any situation
and in any soil, where one would attempt to raise corn or potatoes.
In a light sandy soil they bloom earlier, mature more quickly, the
colors are lighter and the season of bloom shorter than when they
are planted in a heavy clay loam, where it takes the young plants

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

a year or more longer to reach perfection, but here the growth is
stronger, the colors more brilliant, and the flowers are larger and
of longer duration. Exactly the same difference is observed be-
tween plants grown in the south and middle states, and those
grown far north. The Peony is the flower for extremely cold
climates, but may be grown in California and in the south if given
congenial loamy soil and abundance of water during the growing
season and a situation shaded from the sun during the heat of the
day.

Peonies are gross feeders, reaching their greatest perfection when
well fed and the ground frequently cultivated, until the buds begin
to show color. If a drought occurs at that stage they should be
well watered. Two things they promptly resent: sour, acid soil
and fresh manure in direct contact with the roots when first planted.
While they absorb an abundance of food when well established and
during their active growing period, to plant the young roots in
soil overloaded with fresh manure, especially if it is sour, is some-
times fatal and invariably causes them to become sick. This is
undoubtedly the cause of most of the so-called " club root."

The effect is a production of many weak stems, which fail to
mature to buds. Peonies should be planted in fresh soil, and any
manure used should be thoroughly rotted, carefully worked in,
and not allowed to come in direct contact with the roots. Plant
so that the eyes are two to three inches below the surface of the
ground (too deep planting is injurious). Feeding should be in the
form of a good coat of manure over the surface after the ground
freezes. This prevents the roots from being thrown out from the
heaving caused by alternate freezing and thawing. This covering
can be worked into the ground a little distance away from the
crowns in early spring, and will furnish the food they need and can
then assimilate as active growth begins.

When once planted, let them alone for as many years as they
seem to thrive, only dividing and replanting when the plants show
indications of deterioration; unless for the purpose of increasing
the stock which is another matter. For the purpose of propagating,
they should be divided every second or third year, but for garden
effect Peonies usually reach perfection the fourth year, continuing
in good condition several years longer, and in many instances old

THE PEONY 77

clumps fifteen to twenty years of age continue to thrive. As a
general rule, however, eight years is about the limit.

When the clumps begin to show the necessity for replanting, it
is best to start again at the beginning with small divisions of clean,
smooth roots with three or four ej^es, forcing the plant to begin
again, and form an entirely new root system. Divisions con-
sisting of large chunks of old crowns simply lie inactive in the ground
and sometimes decay entirely. It is a common mistake to purchase
old, heavy clumps, with the expectation of getting immediate
effect and better results. For the first year probably one may,
but never thereafter.

Time to Plant.

Any time in the year when the ground is not frozen, Peonies
may be moved successfully, except from the time the buds begin
to form until the foliage is matured and the new roots complete
their growth, about the middle of August. The very best time is
in September and early October. The growth then is fully com-
pleted, and the roots in a dormant state. Planted then, the new
feeding roots soon begin to form, and strong roots almost invariably
bloom the following June. November and December planting
is perfectly safe, but bloom must not be expected the first year,
and early spring is as good a time to plant as very late fall. If one
cannot plant in September or October, it becomes merely a matter
of convenience whether to plant in fall or spring.

Diseases.

The Peony has always been considered singularly free from
diseases or insect pests, and to all intents and purposes, so far as
the amateur is concerned, this is still true. There are two troubles,
however, which within the last few years have given rise to a great
deal of discussion, most of whicli I believe has been misleading,
and since scientists at a number of experiment stations where
investigations have been undertaken, do not fully agree upon the
nature or the cause of the trouble, and do not suggest a remedy,

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

I will simply state my own experiences and conclusions, which I
feel sure will tend to allay any needless apprehension on the part
of the amateur gardener.

In certain seasons under favorable conditions Peonies are subject
to fungous attacks manifested first by black spots on the leaves,
second, by a blighting of the buds when half opened, or the decay-
ing of the half-opened buds at the base of the petals, deforming
the flower; third, the extension of the fungous growth down the
stem, sometimes its entire length, causing what is commonly called
"stem rot," which in severe cases extends down into the roots.
Sometimes the stem is first affected, causing it to "damp off" and
wilt. The conditions favorable to the spread of fungus seem to
be moist, humid weather, with frequent showers, followed by hot
sunshine. It may be quite severe one season and disappear en-
tirely the following season, and unless the roots themselves are
affected, there seems to be no permanent injury, and it is only in
a few sections where serious harm has been done, and where I
believe the same soil condition and overfeeding, which I have
previously explained, have something to do with it. Spraying
with Bordeaux mixture as a preventative has been recommended.
Where roots are badly affected it is best to replant them in perfectly
fresh, sweet soil, free from manure, cutting away all affected parts.

The other trouble is variously known as "Nematodes or Eel
worms," "Club roots," "Lemoine Disease," etc. There has been
much discussion and difference of opinion regarding these so-called
diseased roots. I believe it to be more a condition than a disease;
a condition brought on usually, as previously stated, by the exces-
sive use of manure when the roots are newly planted and before
they can properly assimilate the overdose. It is manifested by
distorted, undeveloped roots, covered with lumpy knots and
nodules. An unusual number of eyes are formed, sending up many
stems of weak growth, which do not mature flower buds. This
condition can also be produced by too deep planting, the use of
large divisions of old worn-out roots, or by planting in a sour,
pasty soil, or anything which seems to check a healthy action of the
roots.

My remedy is to cut the infected roots into very small divisions
of one or two eyes, shorten the roots to two or tlu'ee inches, and

THE PEONY 79

replant in perfectly fresh soil without any manure. This forces
an entirely new system of root growth, and so treated, the trouble
usually disappears in a year or two. Some varieties appear to be
more susceptible than others, and occasionally the trouble persists
for a number of years. If these happen to be cheap kinds, it is
usually better to discard them and start new with clean roots;
with expensive varieties, however, it pays to have a little patience
with them. Practically all the novelties from Europe that have
come to us from very old gardens, are affected when we first get
them, and if we were to reject them on this account, we would have
to forego such wonderful varieties as Le Cygne, La France, Mont
Blanc, etc., in fact, nearly all the fine new French varieties, all
more or less affected when first received, but which after coming
from old, worn out soil, soon outgrow this trouble when planted in
new ground here. Remember, you can take the smoothest,
healthiest roots from one place, plant them in a sour soil over-
saturated with fresh manure, and get the most beautiful specimen
of club root the following year. Fortunately it is not contagious
as many have claimed, for you can plant affected roots in good soil
side by side with healthy ones, and I have never known a single
case where the healthy roots were affected by them, which con-
vinces me that the sick plants are simply suffering from a cause
similar to what we would describe as an inactive liver or a bad case
of biliousness in our own systems.

To sum up, fungous attacks are local, due to weather conditions,
and only occasionally seriously destructive. Club roots are due to
<>verfeeding, improper soil or planting, and is not contagious.
Cut oft" and burn dead foliage in the fall and use hardwood ashes
or lime as a fertilizer for acid soil, applying manure as a top dressing
only until plants are in active growth.

THE DISEASES OF ROSES.

By Louis M. Massey, Assistant Professor of Plant
Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Read before the Society, February 23, 1918.

The John Lewis Russell Lecture.

The rose was probably the first flower cultivated for ornament
or for perfume. Being native to the north temperate zone it
occurs within these hmits entirely around the world and is grown
in all temperate climates. Millions of roses for the market are
produced in large glasshouses in order that blossoms may be had
throughout the year. In the value of the crop the rose easily
leads all other flowers grown under glass, while its importance as a
garden plant is too well known to need comment.

That the rose is subject to numerous diseases is a matter of
common observation. Doubtlessly all growers and fanciers are
familiar with the two most serious diseases, black-spot and mildew.
These may be said to be ubiquitous, while the attention of rosarians
is focused on various other diseases of more or less general occur-
rence as they assume an epiphytotic nature. Some of the diseases
are fairly common in the wild but have come into prominence
only as the rose has become of commercial importance. Other
diseases have probably' had a later development and are becoming
of more and more importance under present intensive methods of
propagation. In catering to the demands of the trade and of the
fanciers, many new types have been developed by breeding and it
is probable that the natural resistance of wild forms brought about
through the process of the survival of the fittest has been sacrificed.

The scarcity of definite information is one of the noticeable
phases of the subject "diseases of roses." This situation finds
explanation in the fact that diseases of ornamental plants in general

.81

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

usually have been studied by pathologists either as an incident to
other investigations or by mycologists interested in taxonomy.
Many recommendations for the control of diseases have been
made without due consideration being given to the conditions and
needs either of the commercial grower or of the fancier. Sprays
which will discolor foliage and buildings may be more objectionable
than the disease itself, with the result that growers have been
loath to use many of them even though their efficiency in suppress-
ing specific diseases has been established. Further investigation
of rose diseases is highly desirable.

Black-spot.

Probably the most common and destructive disease of the rose
is black-spot. It occurs wherever roses are grown, nearly all the
cultivated varieties both out-of-doors and under glass being aft'ected,
although not all varieties are equally susceptible. Roses of the
Hybrid-Perpetual and Pernetiana groups are considered most
susceptible. Laubert and Schwartz (1) ^ hold that bushy sorts
are more susceptible than climbers and also that those with thin
leaves are more liable to attack. The writer has observed that
practically all bush roses, Hybrid-Perpetuals, Hybrid-Teas, Teas,
and Pernetianas, are more or less susceptible, while those of the
types Multiflora and Wichuraiana are comparatively free from
attack. Hybrids of Rosa rugosa and moss roses are rarely affected,
although Scribner (2) states that " moss roses and those with thick
rough leaves seem to suffer more than other kinds." This worker
may have confused an abnormal condition of the leaves of moss
roses known as " bronzing" with black-spot.-

Names applied to the disease. Several names have been used to
designate the disease under consideration, among which are
black-spot, leaf-blotch, star-shaped leaf-spot, and rose-actinonema.
It is perhaps best known as " black-spot," this name being generally
accepted and adhered to both by scientific workers and growers.

History and distribution. The black-spot of roses is not a new

' Numbers in parentheses refer to a bibliography at the end of this paper.
2 Stone, G. E., and Smith, R. E. The bronzing of rose leaves. In Report of the botanist
Mass. Agr. Ex. Sta. Rept. 11: 156-159. 1899. ^

DISEASES OF ROSES 83

disease, being first noted in Italy in 1824.^ It was probably present
many years before this date and has long been known to the rose-
growers of Europe. In 1825 the Hybrid-Perpetual began to take
first place in the rose world, and as this class is probably the most
susceptible to black-spot it is not surprising that references to the
disease began to appear more and more in articles on the cultiva-
tion of roses.

Saccardo ^ notes the occurrence of black-spot in France, England^
Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Portugal, and North America.
No special attention has been given the disease by American in-
vestigators until in more recent years when, due to the more intense
cultivation of the rose or the production of more susceptible varie-
ties, it has come to be considered the worst enemy of this plant.
Possibly the first report of the disease in America was by Scribner
(2) in 1888. Both Maynard (3) and Humphrey (4) record observa-
tions on the disease the following year. Subsequently the disease
has been reported as occurring in practically every part of the
United States and it is safe to state that black-spot exists wherever
roses are grown.

Economic Importance. Black-spot is probably the most im-
portant of all the many diseases of the rose. It is both an enphy-
totic and an epiphytotic disease of out-of-c|pors plants, being more
or less abundant every year and in seasons especially favorable for
its development, attacking and defoliating a large percentage of all
garden roses. Under glass the disease is practically always present,
ready to become epiphytotic as soon as proper conditions of tem-
perature and moisture develop. The extreme susceptibility of
Hybrid Perpetual roses to black-spot is one of the factors contrib-
uting to their decrease in popularity. The great susceptibility of
the Pernetiana group to this disease threatens to be the limiting
factor in its popularity unless some practical methods of control
are developed.

Symptoms. Although the lesions sometimes occur well down on
the petioles and even in the case of some varieties on all the aerial
parts of the plant ^ the disease is confined practically entirely to the

1 Fries, E. Observationes mycologicae, p. 207.

2 Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge fungorum 3:408. 1884.

3 ChiflQot, J. The extension of Marsonia rosae on rose bushes. Assoc. Franc. Avanc.
Sci. Comp. Rend. 43: 426-428. 1914.

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

leaves. The more or less circular spots may reach a diameter of a
centimeter or more, are black in color and are characterized by
radiate-fibrillose margins. They usually appear late in the spring
or early in the summer and occur only on the upper surface of the
leaf. The spots are small at first but increase in size as the disease
progresses. Often a number of them coalesce and in severe attacks
the entire leaf may be covered with large dark patches. In the
latter part of the season the spots freciuently grow light in color and
dry in the center showing this part of the leaf to be entirely dead.

Very commonly the leaf tissue adjacent to the black spots
becomes chlorotic before the leaves fall from the plant, and not
uncommonly all of the uninvaded tissue becomes yellow before
defoliation occurs. The leaflets may turn yellow in spots, while
sometimes the yellow area is limited to a band outside the black
spot. Commonly, and especially during the autumn the yellow
color appears at the apex of the leaflets whence it spreads downward
and is succeeded by brown. A leaf with a green base and brown
tip with a yellow band between is very characteristic of this disease.

Premature defoliation is one of the most pronounced charac-
teristics of this disease. Affected leaves may fall before they turn
yellow, the slightest jar or breeze often causing them to drop in
great numbers. Diseased plants usually have a partially defoliated
appearance.

The size and shape of the black spots, the rapidity, and the extent
of defoliation of plants, seem to vary with the variety. No
reports of observations on these points are to be found in literature.

Etiology.

Black-spot of the rose is caused by a fungous parasite, Diplo-
carpon rosac Wolf, long known under the name of Actino7iema
rosae (Lib.) Fries.

Life History of the Parasite.

Diplocarpon rosac has two phases in its life cycle — an actively
parasitic phase developed during the summer and a saprophytic

DISEASES OF ROSES 85

phase in which the fungous Hves during the winter on dead and
decaying tissue.

An examination of the lesions on the leaves during the summer
will show the presence of small black pustules which are the fruit-
bodies of the fungus. In these fruit-bodies the conidia or summer-
spores are born. These spores are matured rapidly during the
growing season and are blown about by the wind, thus distributing
the fungus and bringing about successive infections with new crops
of conidia. This phase of the fungus is the one most commonly
met with and has been known under the name of Actinoncma rosae
(Lib.) Fries for many years.

During the winter the sexual or ascigerous phase develops.
^Yhen leaves affected with black-spot fall to the ground during the
summer and autumn, the fungus does not die but lives over winter
as a normal saprophyte. If examined microscopically during the
spring it will be found that another spore-form has developed. In
this stage spherical fruit-bodies (perithecia) bearing numerous sacs
or asci, each of which contains eight ascospores, are produced in
the old leaves lying about on the ground. These fruit-bodies
serve to carry the fungus over the winter, the spores being mature
at the time of opening of the rose leaves in the spring.

Inoculation. The old leaves on the ground are to be considered
the chief source of primary inoculum in the spring. However, the
fungus is carried over winter on plants under glass from which
conidia could be carried readily by the wind to the newly develop-
ing leaves on out-of-doors plants. Growers frequently buy pot
grown plants in the spring to plant in their gardens and are likely
to thus carry the fungus to the plants which were out-of-doors
during the winter. Scribner (2) who was acquainted only with
the asexual stage suggests that the spores (asexual) lodge on the
buds in the autumn and remain there dormant until the leaves
have expanded the following autumn. In warmer climates the
conidia may live over winter and serve as inoculum the following
spring. No special investigations on this point have been reported
in literature. Wolf (5) could find in wintered material no acervuli
which were bearing conidia. It seems very improbable that the
conidia winter in any sections of Massachusetts or places having
similar temperatures. The evidence derived from observations

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

on the parasite warrant the eonchision that, as has been found to
be true of many fungi, this fungus is carried through the winter
on fallen leaves in which the ascosporic stage develops the following
spring.

Although when mature the asci discharge the spores through an
apical pore formed by the rupture of the wall, the spores are
apparently not discharged with violence. Wolf states that they
merely pile up in a whitish heap in the opened perithecium. How
they reach the unfolding leaves of the plant has never been defi-
nitely determined, but it is probable that insects, splashing rain,
and possible the wind play an important part. Man, in cultivating,
may also serve as an agent of inoculation.

The maturity of the ascospores and the occurrence of rainy
periods when the spores are mature are factors governing spore
discharge.

Inoculation. The ascospores which are probably distributed
during a rainy period require moisture to germinate and penetrate
the host. They germinate within twenty-four hours. Wolf (5)
found the period of incubation to be about ten days, small black
areas being evident on May 7 from inoculations made on April 27.

Infection. Infection occurs by the entrance of the germ-tube
directly through the cuticle of the leaf. The resulting mycelium
remains for some time immediately beneath the cuticle, later
penetrating the tissues below, first filling the epidermal cells and
only in advanced stages of the disease penetrating the mesophyll.
The black appearance of the spots is not due to the fungus, which
is almost colorless, but to the disintegration of the cells below the
spot.

Environmental Relations.

Temperature and especially moisture are factors which may
influence the severity of the disease by their effect on the parasite
and the host. It is a matter of common observation that green-
house roses are more subject to this disease in the spring and
autumn when extremes of temperature are most likely to occur.
Frequent rains and general cloudiness are important factors at
these times. Many growers of indoor roses claim that if the plants

DISEASES OF ROSES 87

can be carried through late summer and autumn prior to the time
when firing begins without suflfering an epiphytotic of black-spot
there is little danger of plants being badly diseased during the
winter. Xo doubt exceptions occur, but the most badly diseased
houses noted by the speaker in visits to growers were those where
firing was begun late. The natural heat of summer and artificial
heat of winter quickly dries off the foliage and must thus be in-
strumental in lessening infection. It is very improbable that the
ascigerous stage develops in the fallen leaves under glass.

Out-of-doors, where primary infection is initiated by ascospores
formed during the winter in old leaves left lying on the ground, it
is obvious that the spring rains are important factors, as moisture
is necessary for the discharge of these ascospores from the perithe-
cia. Moisture supplied either by rainfall or by dew is probably
necessary for the germination of both the ascospores and conidia
so that a greater amount of disease may be expected during rainy
seasons. It is a matter of common observation that whereas
more or less black-spot is present every year, epiphytotics on out-
of-doors plants only occur during seasons of heavy rainfall. The
precipitation of dew on the foliage during the autumn when cold
nights and warm days prevail may account for the increased amount
of disease at this time. Lesions on the leaves are more numerous
and perhaps larger in rainy, cloudy seasons than in dry seasons.
When conditions favorable to black-spot are known a big step will
have been taken toward the control of this disease, especially under
glass.

Control.

Sanitatio7i. Since the fungus lives over winter in fallen leaves,
where the ascospores are produced which serve as the source of
primary infection in the spring for out-of-doors roses, it follows that
these should be carefully collected and burned late in the autumn.
It is also advisable to keep the benches free from old leaves affected
with the disease, for they bear the summer spores and thus serve
as sources of infection. Where a rose garden consists of only a
few plants much may be accomplished by picking and burning;
every leaf as soon as it shows signs of disease.

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Protection. Protection by spraying is the usual recommendation
for the control of the disease of roses caused by Diplocaryon rosae
Wolf. Of the numerous fungicides recommended in literature
probably bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal copper carbonate are
the two most often mentioned. Statements to the effect that the
latter fungicide is as efficacious as the former are common in liter-
ature. Results of the following experiments conducted in 1917
indicate that ammoniacal copper carbonate is not as efficient as
bordeaux mixture for the control of the disease. A mixture of 90
parts finely ground sulfur and 10 parts powdered arsenate of lead
dusted upon the plants proved to be as efficient as bordeaux mixture
and its use rendered the plants far less unsightly than the latter
fungicide. Lime-sulfur solution, 1 part of the commercial con-
centrated solution to 50 parts water, was found to be more efficient
than ammoniacal copper carbonate and probably as much so as
bordeaux mixture and the sulfur-lead dust. However, lime-sulfur
discolors the foliage almost as much as bordeaux mixture.

Experiments in the nursery.

In the experiments performed in the nursery there were nine
rows of rose plants, each of a single variety, the following eight
varieties being involved: J. B. Clark, Gruss an Teplitz (2 rows),
Prince Camille de Rohan, Clio, Mrs. John Laing, John Hopper,
Madame Gabriel Luizet, and ISIargaret Dickson. A part of each
row of plants was included in each of the different plats. There
were 450 plants in each of the five plats which were treated as
follows: plat 1, dusted with sulfur 90 parts, and arsenate of lead
10 parts; plat 2, sprayed with bordeaux mixture, 5-5-50; plat 3,
sprayed with lime-sulfur solution 1 to 50; plat 4, sprayed with
Hammond's copper solution,^ 1 to 100; plat 5, untreated.

The first applications of dust and spray were made on May 31.
All of the buds had opened and most of the leaves were well de-
veloped on this date. Subsequent applications were made on June
12, June 23, July 4, July 24, August 2, and August 25. Final data
were recorded on September 13, the middle row (variety Clio) being

' Hammond's Copper solution is a cupro-ammonium wash containing according to the
manufacturer 3.05 percent metallic copper.

DISEASES OF ROSES 89

selected and the numbei* of infected leaflets counted on twenty
plants. The part of the row included in each plat consisted of
approximately sixty plants, and the data were obtained from every
other plant in the central area. Defoliation was not taken into
consideration. From observations it was determined that the
amount of defoliation varied directly with the percentage of leaflet
infection in the various plats.

The percentage of diseased leaflets for each plat was as follows:
sulfur 90 parts and arsenate of lead 10 parts, 7.66; bordeaux
mixture 5-5-50, 8.51; lime-sulfur solution 1 to 50, 24.43; Ham-
mond's copper solution 1 to 100, 37.77; untreated 80.

A point to be noted in the above experiment is the fact that the
plat treated with lime-sulfur solution was situated on low ground
where there was poor drainage. Owing to the heavy precipitation
throughout the season these plants were "subjected to more moist
conditions than those in the other plats which had better drainage.
Consequently it is probable that lime-sulfur is more efficient in
the control of rose black-spot than the above results would indicate.
This probability is further emphasized by the following experi-
ments.

Experiments in the test garden of the American Rose

Society.

A somewhat similar experiment for the control of Diplocarpon
rosae was conducted in the test garden of the American Rose
Society at Ithaca, New York. Here the plants were arranged in
beds, there being on an average, four varieties of six plants each in
a bed. There were six plats, each of which included twelve beds,
treated as follows: plat 1, dusted with sulfur 90 parts and arsenate
of lead 10 parts; plat 2, sprayed with ammoniacal copper carbon-
ate; ^ plat 3, sprayed with lime-sulfur 1 to 50; plat 4, sprayed
with fungi-bordo 5-5-50;- plat 5, sprayed with Hammond's copper
solution 1 to 100; plat 6, untreated.

' The ammoniacal copper carbonate solution was composed of 5 ounces of copper car-
bonate, 3 pints of ammonium hydroxid (sp. gr. 0.90), and 50 gallons of water.

2 Fungi-bordo is a dry, finely ground mixture of anhydrous copper sulphate and hydrated
lime. It was used at the rate of 10 pounds to 50 gallons of water which is approximately
equivalent to a 5-5-50 bordeaux mixture.

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

During the summer thirteen treatments were made on the
following dates: May 26, June 4, June 11, June 18, June 24,
July 3, July 13, July 20, July 31, August 9, August 21, August 29,
and September 9.

Final observations were made on September 24. Due to the
fact that the plats did not contain the same varieties it was im-
possible to compare the treatments by determining the percentage
of diseased leaflets. Gross observations were made by the writer
who also obtained the opinion of the gardener and others not
directly interested in the work. The plants of the dusted plat and
those sprayed with fungi-bordo and lime-sulfur solution stood out
in sharp contrast to the other plants in the garden due to their
healthy leaves and heavy foliation. It was impossible to deter-
mine from gross observations which of these treatments was most
efficient. The plats treated with ammoniacal copper carbonate
and with Hammond's copper solution contained but slightly less
affected plants than the check, and marked defoliation occurred
in all three plats.

From these experiments it would seem that lime-sulfur solution
1 to 50, bordeaux mixture 5-5-50, and the dust mixture consisting
of 90 parts finely ground sulfur and 10 parts arsenate of lead, are
three efficient fungicides for the control of black-spot of the rose,
while Hammond's copper solution and ammoniacal copper car-
bonate solution are much less efficient. Due to its ease of applica-
tion and to the fact that its use discolors the foliage less than the
other two, the sulfur-lead dust ^ is to be given the preference.

Powdery-mildew.

Powdery-mildew is one of the most common and injurious
diseases of the rose, especially of plants grown under glass. Out-
of-doors plants are commonly attacked, the Crimson Rambler and
related forms being especially susceptible. Varieties differ greatly
in susceptibility. The disease was held by investigators to occur

' The sulfur-lead dust was obtained from the Union Sulphur Company and was so finely
ground that at least 98 per cent would pass through a 200-mesh sieve. It was applied with
a hand duster.

DISEASES OF ROSES 91

on the peach, apricot, almond, and cherry-laurel until Woronichin
(9) proved it to be confined to the rose.

Symptoms. The first signs of the disease are grayish or whitish
spots on the young leaves and shoots. Frequently, the unopened
buds are white with mildew before the leaves are affected to any
great extent. These spots quickly enlarge, a felt-like coating of a
white, powdery appearance being commonly found on the stems
and thorns. Later the mildew appearance is less conspicuous or
entirely lost, the affected areas turning black.

Dwarfing, curling and various deformations of young leaves,
stems and buds occur. Injured leaves may fall, and the leaf sur-
face of the plant may be greatly reduced. Growth and flower
production is materially interfered with, young buds being fre-
quently attacked and rendered entirely worthless.

Etiology.

Powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca pannosa
{W allr.) Lev. rosae Wor.

Identity. The fungus was first reported by Wallroth^ under
the name of Alphitomorpha pannosa. Subsequently the fungus
was called Eurotium rosarum by Greville,' Erysihe pannosa by
Schlechtendahl ^ and Link,^ and Erysiphe pannosa by Fries.^
Leveille ^ transferred the fungus from the genus Erysiphe to
Sphaerotheca.

Salmon (7) states that roses in America are attacked by two
species of fungi, viz., Sphaerotheca pannosa and S. humili and that
the American fungus which has passed under the name of S.
pannosa is for the most part S. humili. He had seen only two speci-
mens of true -S. pannosa from iVmerica. Stewart (8) reports several
cases of rose-mildew in which the fungus was unquestionably S.
pannosa.

1 Wallroth, K. F. W. Naturgeschichte des Mucor Erysiphe L. Berl. Ges. Nat. Freunde
"Verhandl. 1:6-45. 1819.

2 Greville, R. K. Scottish Cryptogamic Flora 3 : pi. 164. fig. 2.

3 Schlechtendahl, D. F. L. von. Flora Berolinensis 2 : 168-170. 1824.
*Liiik, H. F. Willdenow, Species Plantarum 6: 104. 1824.

' Fries, E. Systema Mycologicum 3: 236. 1829.

e LeveUle, J. H. Ann. sci. nat. Ill, 16: 138, pi. 6, fig. 8. 1851.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Woronichin (9) reports experiments with the fungi causing
powdery-mildew of the rose and peach in which negative results
were obtained from inoculations on the peach with the fungus
causing the disease of rose. He also states that a study of the
perithecia, asci, and spores of the fungi from the two hosts showed
differences in their dimensions. He concludes that the biological
and morphological differences noted are sufficient to separate the
species into the varieties S. pannosa rosae and S. -pannosa persicae.

Morphology. Under the microscope the white patches on the
rose plant are seen to consist of a mould-like growth (mycelium)
composed of slender white threads with numerous branches which
form a net-work over the surface of the leaf. At various points
upright branches are developed which bear chains of egg-shaped
spores. These spores are easily detached and lie in masses giving
the older spots a powdery appearance. They are produced
throughout the year under glass, but only during the summer on
plants growing in the open.

At various points the mycelial threads are attached to the
surface of the host, minute branches called haustoria being sent
into the outer cells of leaf or stem from which the fungus obtains
its food supply. The cells into which the haustoria are sent may
be stimulated at first but are killed sooner or later.

Somewhat rarely, and probably only out of doors, ascospores
are produced in spore-cases called asci which in turn are born
singly in dark fruit-bodies (perithecia) embedded in the felt-like
growth on stems, thorns and leaves. These ascospores can live
over winter out-of-doors and may serve as the inocula the following
spring.

Life history of the parasite.

Norton (10) states that it is probable that the mycelium of the
fungus is able to live over winter out-of-doors in the buds of roses.
Others assert that the mycelium is perennial, reappearing in suc-
cessive years on the same shoots of infected plants. Salmon notes
that in specimens examined the fresh centers of disease which appear
in the spring did not occur at the places where the fungus grew in
the previous j'ear. The fact that sexual spores are somewhat rare

DISEASES OF ROSES 93

might be considered as evidence favoring the claim that the
mycehum is perennial. Tn countries of warm climates the fungus
is doubtless carried throughout the year in the asexual stage as is
true on roses grown under glass where the temperature does not
fall sufficiently low to kill the spores and mycelium.

There are, then, two and possibly three sources of primary
infection in the spring. First and of primary importance is the
production of ascospores which live over winter in perithecia on
plants grown out-of-doors. These spores are distributed by the
wind, rain, man, and other agents and, under proper conditions of
temperature, moisture and position, germinate and produce in-
fection. The second source of inoculum for roses in the open is
the distribution of asexual spores formed throughout the year on
roses under glass. These spores are very light and might readily
be carried by the wind for great distances. Growers frequently
buy pot-grown roses in the spring to plant in their gardens. Some
of these plants may be affected and often the fungus spreads
quickly to other bushes. The third possible source of inoculum is
the production of conidia by mycelium which has overwintered on
plants in the open. Some doubt exists, as stated above, as to
whether or not the mycelium is perennial in sections having rela-
tively cold winters.

Spores, then, either ascospores or summer spores, are carried to
rose plants in the spring where under proper conditions they germi-
nate. The germ-tube coming from the spore quickly elongates,
branches and soon establishes a food relation with the host by
sending haustoria into the epidermal cells. Very soon thousands
of new spores are produced which when mature are carried by the
slightest air currents to other parts of the plant and to other bushes.

Many florists believe that rose mildew is caused by drafts, having
noticed the initial appearance of the disease in the areas in the
greenhouse near doors or broken panes of glass. Needless to say
mildew cannot develop without the presence of the fungus, the
drafts serving as bearers of spores and possibly bringing about
favorable conditions for infection, either by its effect on the host
or on the fungus, or on both.

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Control.

A. Roses out of doors. The efficiency of sulfur fungicides for
the control of rose mildew has long been recognized. Lime-sulfur
and other liquid sprays are more or less effective but owing to the
time and labor involved in applying spray solutions and to the
unsightliness brought about by their use, an efficient dust mixture
is preferable. Stewart (11) reports good control of rose mildew
by the use of a dust mixture consisting of 90 parts sulfur and 10
parts arsenate of lead. A similar mixture was used by the writer
in 1917 and it was found to be decidedly more efficient than lime-
sulfur solution 1 to 50 or bordeaux mixture 5-5-50.

A row of Crimson Rambler bushes planted thickly and forming
an arbor about five hundred feet in length was divided into four
sections of equal length and treated as follows: section 1, sprayed
with bordeaux mixture 5-5-50; section 2, sprayed with lime-
sulfur solution 1 to 50; section 3, dusted with sulfur 90 parts and
arsenate of lead 10 parts; section 4, untreated.

The first application of dust and spray was made on August 2.
Mildew appeared between this date and August 16, when the
second application was made. Another application was made on
August 25. The experiment was terminated on September 13.
On this date the dusted bushes were practically free from mildew,
only a few infected shoots being apparent. The bushes treated
with bordeaux mixture and lime-sulfur were severely infected and
were but slightly less free from the disease than the untreated
bushes. Besides its superiority in fungicidal value the dust mix-
ture rendered the plants far less unsightly than the bordeaux
mixture or the lime-sulfur solution. The latter fungicide appeared
to be slightly more efficient than bordeaux mixture.

B. Under Glass. Florists commonly paint the heating pipes
with mixtures of sulfur and lime for the control of mildew, the
sulfur being thus evaporated and condensed on the plants where
the fungus is killed. Maynard (12) recommends the use of evap-
orated sulfur, a small kerosene stove with a thin iron kettle being
used and the sulfur kept boiling two or three hours a week in a
closed house. Both methods have given good results, the use of a

DISEASES OF ROSES 95

kerosene stove or other means of heating the sulfur being neces-
sary at times when the houses are not artificially heated. The use
of the sulfur-lead dust on roses under glass will undoubtedly control
the disease and may in many cases be a more desirable method
than that of using evaporated sulfur.

Crown-Canker.

An important disease of the rose, to which the name crown-
canker has been given, was first observed by the writer (13) in
September, 1916, affecting American Beauty plants. The grower
stated that he had had the disease under observation during the
past four or five years, a few plants being affected each year and
the disease being confined to a single house.

Subsequently plants affected with the crown-canker disease have
been received from eight growers, the states of Missouri, Penn-
sylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Massachusetts, and New York being
represented. A Missouri grower observed the disease in 1916 on
the varieties Hoosier Beauty and Ophelia growing on their own
roots. An eastern grower was of the opinion in 1916 that all of
his many thousands of plants were affected, and it is the opinion
of the T;vTiter, after having examined his plants, that at least a very
large percentage of them were diseased. During the four years
prior to 1916 increasingly poor results were obtained by this grower
who when interviewed in November, 1916 was planning to destroy
his plants, sterilize houses and soil, and begin anew with healthy
stock.

Rose plants of the varieties Hoosier Beauty, Ophelia, Hadley,
Mrs. Charles Russell, Sunburst, American Beauty, and many
seedlings have been observed affected with the disease. Both
grafted plants and those growing on their own roots are affected.
It is questionable whether or not any variety is immune. Indica-
tions are that this may prove to be the most important disease of
roses grown under glass. To date no record has been made of this
disease on out-of-doors plants.

Symptoms. Diseased plants are affected at the crown, usually
just at the surface of the soil, the lesion in advanced cases frequently

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

extending several inches above the soil. The wTiter has not
determined to what extent the root systems are commonly affected.
However, lesions have been observed near the tips of roots of four-
years-old plants, and of several plants examined unquestionably
the entire root sj'stem of each plant was affected. The union of
scion and stock, and the area immediately above, is the most
common point of attack.

The first indication of the disease is a slight discoloration of the
bark. As the disease advances the color deepens to black and the
tissue appears water-soaked (plate 1, figs. 1,3). At first the lesions
are irregular in outline with a somew^hat sharply defined margin.
Later as the affected area increases in size the blackened color of
the diseased area is blended more with the healthy tissue. The
lesions frequently encircle the stem. Soon cracks appear in the
bark extending in to the wood (plate 1, fig. 2). Later a swelling
of the stem as from girdling occurs at and above the affected area,
the cracks becoming deeper and more evident. In old lesions the
black, water-soaked appearance is lost. Sometimes the stem is
encircled by a shrunken area which contrasts sharply with the
swollen area immediately above.

One very noticeable characteristic of this disease is the punky
consistency of the diseased tissue, especially that affected under-
ground. When scraped, the bark, sapwood and frequently the
roots appear punky and lifeless, not uncommonly in areas where
no definite lesion is evident.

Suckers developing from the roots of diseased plants are usually
spindling and yellow. They are commonly affected at the point
of attachment to the main stem, the tissue being blackened and of
a punky texture.

Affected plants do not die quickly but linger on and yield in-
creasingly poor and few blossoms. It is practically impossible to
force such plants to increased activity by heavy applications of
fertilizers. The foliage of plants affected with this disease is fre-
quently of a lighter green color than that of healthy plants. Prob-
ably the number of plants actually killed within the duration of
time they are usually kept by growers is very small, but the normal
activities of the plant are so materially interfered with that diseased
plants can be grown only at a financial loss.

DISEASES OF ROSES 97

Cause. Crown-canker of the rose is caused by the fungus
Cylindrocladium scoparium. This organism was first reported
from Ohio where it was found growing saprophytically on a pod
of the honey-locust. Later it was found li\ang on dead paw-paw
leaves. The writer described the fungus as a parasite on the rose
in December, 1917.

Although spores of the fungus have never been found by the
writer on plants growing in the benches, they frequently develop
in from two to five days on diseased rose plants when kept in a
moist chamber. Consequently they are probably formed in the
greenhouse on plants growing under moist conditions. Spores
placed in water germinated after three to twelve hours. They
are thin walled and probably not long lived. Just what part they
play in disseminating the fungus is unknown. Infection of plants
is readily obtained by spraying them with water containing viable
spores in suspension.

Moisture Relation.

Moisture apparently plays an important role in the severity of
the disease. Lesions on stems well above the surface of the soil
resulting from artificial inoculations appear to dry and make no
further progress unless kept moist by being surrounded with wet
cotton or some such substance. Inoculations made at a point
several inches above the soil frequently result as above. One
grower who has had considerable experience with crown-canker is
of the opinion that the disease is lessened by placing plants with
the graft union above the soil, thereby preventing infection at this
point. The same grower stated that the seriousness of the disease
is reduced by pulling the soil away from the crown of the plant,
thus creating a more dry condition at this point. These are un-
desirable methods, for grafted plants usually develop roots at the
graft union when planted sufficiently deep. It is the opinion of
the writer that the fungus is low in parasitism and that conditions
of moisture are important factors in its development.

Control. Although experiments are under way in the hope of
developing some method of controlling the crown-canker of rose
no definite results are yet at hand. From the nature of the fungus

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

and judging from results to date it would seem that control will
resolve itself into some method of soil treatment, probably soil
sterilization. The fungus grows well on both acid and alkalin
media so that the possibility of control by developing an acid or
alkalin condition of the soil does not appear to be promising. Soil
sterilization and the exercise of care in using only healthy stock and
scions for grafting may be the only feasible method of controlling
the disease. Investigations of control measures are being con-
ducted in cooperation with Professors A. V. Osmun and P. J.
Anderson of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station.
Progress to date has been encouraging and it is hoped that some-
thing definite can be offered growers in the near future.

Crown-Gall.

This is a very common disease of the rose, both of plants grown
under glass and out-of-doors. It is the common crown-gall disease
of the nursery, affecting many woody plants, trees, and shrubs, as
well as herbaceous plants. Roses in benches are frequently severely
affected. Much interest in recent years has been attached to the
study of this disease because of its resemblance to malignant
human tumors, with the possibility that light may be thrown upon
the latter.

History and distribution. The disease has been known in Europe
for over fifty years, being generally ascribed to frosts and mechani-
cal injuries by many workers. According to Smith, Townsend
and Brown (14), Scalia described a tumor occurring an old stems
of the rose near the surface of the earth, but also frequently higher
up. It is impossible to be quite certain that the disease described
by Scalia is identical with the crown-gall of the rose as it occurs in
this country.

In the United States references to the disease in literature begin
about the year 1892, but undoubtedly the disease has been present
for a long time. It has been reported as occurring in all the states.

Economic importance. Opinions differ as to just how much
damage this disease causes to roses. Skilled gardeners are gener-
ally of the opinion that serious injury is done, diseased plants being

DISEASES OF ROSES 99

smaller and bearing less foliage and less vigorous flowers. It
seems obvious that the energy used up in the production of galls,
which are often large, must be at the expense of the general needs
of the plant, resulting in an inferior product.

Symptoms. Crown-gall exhibits itself in the production of galls
or tubercles, usually on the roots or the crowns of the plants, but
not infrequently on parts of the plant above ground. Smaller and
younger galls range in color from green to white and are soft and
spongy. As the galls become older they increase in size, frequently
reaching a diameter of several inches and darken in color externally.
The surface is rough, sometimes convoluted, and usually the galls
become firm and hard with age.

Etiology.

Crown-gall is a bacterial disease caused by Bacterium tume-
faciens Sm. and Town.

The greater number of European observers assigned the cause of
the disease to physical agents, such as late frosts and winter killing.
Others thought the disease might be brought about by injuries
received from insects, while still others believed that the disease
was caused by bacteria, fungi, or slime-moulds, although the
pathogenicity of none of the suspected organisms was established.

In April, 1907, Smith and Townsend (15) described a plant
tumor of bacterial origin, giving conclusive proof of the patho-
genicity of the organism Bacterium tumefaciens which was isolated
from the galls of the Paris daisy. Galls were produced on tobacco,
tomato, potato, sugar-beet, hop, and peach by artificial inocula-
tion.

In December, 1908, at a meeting of the Botanical Society of
America, Townsend (16) reported the results of further experi-
ments with the organism from the Paris daisy. A bacterium was
isolated from a gall on roses and other plants which appeared to be
identical with that isolated from the daisy. The organisms from
the different hosts were cross-inoculable. Smith, Townsend and
Brown (14) report successful infections on the rose with the patho-
gene isolated from galls on this and other plants, and records

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

experiments tending to show a wide range of natural cross-inocula-
bility.

Life History. It is probable that the bacteria causing crown-gall
must enter the plant through wounds. The development of certain
cells in the host plant is stimulated resulting in the formation of
large galls. The size of the tumors, other things being equal,
depends on how rapidly the plants are growing. The galled tissue
is often of a soft fleshy nature and is much subject to decay. Tumor
strands develop into the normal tissue as roots of the tumor, in the
substance of which secondary tumors arise. These secondary
tumors rupture their way to the surface.

The bacterium is a soil organism, probably being able to live in
the soil for years without losing its virulence. Its entrance into
the host is favored by careless grafting and by the presence of
borers, nematodes, and the like.

Control. Since B. tumefaciens is a soil organism, growers should
plan to keep their soil free from it by planting only healthy stock.
All plants should be carefully inspected for galls before they are
set in the benches. It is advisable to burn all cuttings showing
galls. Do not plant healthy plants in soil in which diseased plants
have grown. Infested soil should be sterilized by steam or re-
placed by soil in which no diseased plants have grown. When
infested soil is removed from the greenhouse the benches should
be thoroughly disinfected. The removal of galls from plants is
of doubtful value. Once a plant is affected no treatment will
cure it.

Bibliography.

1. Laubert, R., and Schwarz, M. Rosenkrankheiten und

Rosenfeinde, pp. I-VI + 59. 1910.

2. Scribner, F. L. Black spot of rose leaves. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Report 1887:366-369. 1888.

3. Maynard, S. T. Rose leaf bUght (Actinonema rosse). Mass.

Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 4: 10. 1889.

4. Humphrey, J. E. The black spot of rose leaves. Mass Agr.

Exp. Sta. Bui. 6: 13-15. 1889.

5. Wolf. F. A. The perfect stage of iVctinonema rosfe. Bot.

Gaz. 54: 218-234. 1912.

DISEASES OF ROSES 101

6. Wolf, F. A. The perfect stage of the rose Actinonema.

Science N. S. 35: 152. 1912.

7. Salmon, E. S. Sphgerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev. In A

Monograph of the Erysiphacese. Mem. Torr. Bot.
Club 9: 65-70. 1900.

8. Stewart, F. C. Powdery mildew. In Notes on New York

Plant Diseases, I. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bui. 328: 390-391. 1910.

9. Woronichin, N. N. Bui. Trimest. Soc. France 30:391-401.

1914.

10. Norton, J. B. S., and White, T. H. Rose mildew. Maryland

Agr. Exp. Station. Bui. 156: 73-80. 1911.

11. Stewart, V. B. Experiment for the control of rose mildew.

In Dusting nursery stock for the control of leaf diseases.
New York (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 32: 9. 1916.

12. Maynard, S. T. Treatment of mildews upon plants under

glass. Jour. Mycol. 6: 16-17. 1891.

13. Massey, L. M. The crown-canker disease of rose. Phyto-

path. 7:408^17. 1917.

14. Smith, E. F., Brown, N. A., and Townsend, C. O. Crown-

gall of plants: its cause and remedy. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 213: 1-200. 1911.

15. Smith, E. F., and I'ownsend, C. 0. A plant tumor of bacte-

rial origin. Science, N. S. 25:671-673. 1907.

16. Townsend, C. O. A bacterial gall of the daisy and its rela-

tion to gall formations on other plants. Science N. S.
29:273. 1909.

Explanation of Plates.

Plate 1. Rose plants affected with crown-canker. Fig. 1. Stem of an
Ophelia plant artificially inoculated with myceUum of fungus. Fig. 2.
Hoosier Beauty plant showing cracking at crown. Fig. 3. American
Beauty plant showing black water-soaked area at crown. Figs. 1 and 2,
natiu-al size; Fig. 3, three-fourths natural size.

Plate 2. Fig. 1. Plant affected with crown-gall. Note the large gall
formed at the crown of the plant. Fig. 2. Black-spot lesions on rose leaf.
Natural size.

MASS. HORT. SOC, 191E

PLATE 1

Massey— Diseases of Roses

TRANSACTIONS

^assatltisetts Jor Wtoral ^acki^

FOR THE YEAR 1918

PART II

BOSTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND NINETEEN

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1918.

The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts
under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications.

Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi-
cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William
P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.

Fred A. Wilson Committee

Chairman [ on

Thomas iVllen f Lectures and

John K. M. L. Farquhar I Publicatious.

104

CONTENTS

Annual Reports for the Year 1918

Report of the Board of Trustees 109

Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions . 113
Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers . .115
Report of the Committee on Fruits . . . .121
Report of the Committee on Vegetables . . .123

Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens . .125
Report of the Delegate to the State^Board^'of Agriculture 127
Report of the Secretary and Librarian . . . .130

Report of the Treasurer 133

The Annual Meeting, November 16, 1918 , . .141

Necrology, 1918 145

Officers, Committees, and Members, 1918 . . . 149

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1918.

107

TRANSACTIONS

'^uuthmtiU "§nim\tmd ^mtt^.

1918, PART II.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
FOR THE YEAR 1918.

The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society presents herewith to the members a summary of the busi-
ness transacted at its meetings during the year 1918.

January 12. Walter Hunnewell was appointed Treasurer of
the Society and William P. Rich Secretary, Librarian, and Super-
intendent of the Building for the current year. James Wheeler
was appointed Superintendent of Exhibitions for the year with a
salary of $300.

An appropriation of $500, to include the income of the Joha
Lewis Russell Fund, was voted for the lecture course of the year
1919.

Concerning the appropriation for prizes and gratuities for the
year 1919 it was voted to refer the matter to the Advisory Com-
mittee with instruction to refer back to the Board.

The suggestion was made that the amount carried on the Treas-
urer's books under the heading of furniture and exhibition ware
and all other accounts of fixtures and library be referred to the
Advisory Committee for such action as may be desirable.

The special committee on the award of the George Robert
White Medal of Honor for the year 1917, consisting of Messrs.
Sargent, Farquhar, and Roland, reported the name of Professor
Niels Ebbesen Hansen of Brookings, South Dakota. Mr. Far-

109

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

quhar stated that the award was recommended in recognition
of the important service rendered by Professor Hansen in the
introduction and hybridization of new varieties of economic
plants and fruits suitable for cultivation in the northwestern
states. It was voted to accept the report of this committee.

The following named persons, recommended by Professor
Sargent, were duly elected to Corresponding Membership in the
Society:

Isaac Bayley Balfour, Regius Keeper, Roj^al Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh, Scotland. .

Desire Bois, Editor Revue Horticole, Paris, France.

Leon Chenault, Orleans, France.

William C. Egan, Highland Park, Illinois.

Bertrand H. Farr, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania.

Professor Niels Ebbesen Hansen, Brookings, South Dakota.

Charles L. Hutchinson, Chicago, Illinois.

Mrs. Francis King, Alma, Michigan.

J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Doctor George T. Moore, Director Missouri Botanical Garden,
Saint Louis, Missouri.

Doctor Walter Van Fleet, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washing-
ton, D. C.

F. Gomer Waterer, Bagshot, Surrey, England.

January 18. On call of the President a special meeting of the
Board of Trustees was held this day.

The President stated that some adverse criticism had been made
recently because of the action of the Society in eliminating the
money prizes from the Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the
year 1918 which had culminated in a communication from the
Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston requesting that a special
meeting of the Society be called to consider the desirability of
eliminating the money prizes for the year 1918.

After ai general discussion of the subject it was voted to approve
the decision of the Advisory Committee in omitting the money
prizes for the year.

In regard to the communication from the Gardeners' and Flor-
ists' Club it was voted to appoint a committee consisting of Messrs.

REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 111

Saltonstall, Endicott, Farquhar, Roland, and James Wheeler
to confer with a committee of the Gardeners' and Florists' Club
in an effort to harmonize the differences of opinion on the subject
of prizes.

It was further voted to allow the income of the special prize
funds of the Society, which is required to be expended annually,
to be included in the Schedule of Prizes for the year 1918.

June 27. Communications from the recently elected Corre-
sponding Members were read accepting with appreciation the
honor conferred upon them.

The President presented the report of the Advisory Committee
on the Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year 1919.

He stated that the committee recommended the elimination
of all flower shows for the year on account of war conditions,
the coal situation, and the closing of many greenhouses, and to
concentrate the work of the Society in the interest of vegetable
growing and increased food production.

Mr. Kidder suggested that members and others be invited to
send in exhibits of plants and flowers without prizes and that
culinary herbs and medicinal plants be included in the Schedule.

The Committee recommended the following outline of exhibits
and appropriations for the year 1919:

For exhibition of the products of children's gardens, $250.

For children's gardens within ten miles of the State House,
$250.

For amateur home vegetable gardens within ten miles of the
State House, $250.

For exhibition of the products of amateur home vegetable
gardens, $250.

For a fruit and vegetable exhibition in September, $1000 for
vegetables, $500 for fruits, and $300 for outdoor grown
flowers.

It was voted to approve the general plan as outlined in the
report, with the omission of the $300 for outdoor grown flowers,
and an appropriation not exceeding $3500 was voted for the
1919 Schedule, to include the income of such special prize funds
as may be applicable therefor.

112 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The special committee on the annual award of the George
Robert White Medal of Honor, consisting of Messrs. Sargent,
Farquhar, and Roland, presented the name of Doctor Walter Van
Fleet of Washington, D. C. The committee stated that the
nomination of Doctor Van Fleet was in recognition of his service
in horticulture, especially his work in the hybridization of the rose.
Among his productions of roses are the American Pillar, Dr. Van
Fleet, and Silver Moon.

The report of the committee was accepted and it was voted to
award the George Robert White Medal of Honor for the year
1918 to Doctor Walter Van Fleet.

The President called attention to the amount of $48,000 carried
on the Treasurer's books as surplus, the result of the accumu-
lation of previous years. Although already safely invested and
practically principal he said it should not longer be carried as
surplus and he recommended that all of this amount, with the
exception of $2500, be carried to capital account.

The Treasurer, Mr. Hunnewell, replied that he could not agree
with the President in this application of the surplus income account.
On motion of Professor Sargent it was voted to refer the matter
with power to the Finance Committee, with the addition of Messrs.
Dane, Moseley, and the President.

In accordance with the provisions of the By-laws of the Society the
following amendment to Section IX. Clause (7) was recommended
and ordered to be presented for adoption at the next annual meet-
ing of the Society in November.

Voted. — That Section IX. Clause (7) be amended so that it
shall read:

(7) They shall arrange for such exhibitions of flowers, plants,
fruits, and vegetables in each year as they may deem desirable
and shall have the entire charge of all arrangements for conducting
the same. They may also adopt such other methods for promoting
the interest in horticulture as they may deem advisable.

On the recommendation of the Advisory Committee an appro-
priation not exceeding $1000 was voted for home garden in-
struction during the current year and for the employment of a
professional gardener from May to August inclusive.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND
EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1918.

By James Wheeler, Chairman.

The exhibitions of the past year have not been as large as usual
nor as well attended, owing to war conditions, the scarcity of labor,
and the elimination of money prizes; and consequently did not
come up to our hopes and expectations.

At the Spring Show in March no prizes were offered but the
exhibition proved a great success. The growers and exhibitors
responded handsomely as the receipts were for the benefit of the
American Red Cross.

Prizes were offered at the Sweet Pea Show for amateurs and also
at the Gladiolus Show resulting in a good competition at both
shows. All the other shows proved beyond doubt that we cannot
keep up the high standard of our exhibitions without offering prizes.

The Board of Trustees has made an appropriation of $3500
for the year 1919 and the Schedule of Prizes has been made up by
your committee and approved by the Trustees.

James Wheeler
Robert Cameron
William N. Craig
Duncan Finlayson
T. D. Hatfield

Committee

on Prizes

and Exhibitions.

113

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND
FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1918.

By William Anderson, Chairman.

The shows of the Society the past year with the exception of the
March Exhibition were below the average. The high cost of
labor and general war conditions and the fact that the Society
offered practically no inducements to growers were responsible
for this condition.

On January 30 the Carnation Exhibition was held in conjunction
with the Annual Meeting of the American Carnation Society.
There were no carnations exliibited under the schedule of the Horti-
cultural Society. Dailledouze Brothers, New York, was awarded
a Certificate of Merit for rose Ophelia Supreme, Carl Hagen-
burger. West Mentor, Ohio, received a Silver Medal for Solarmvi
Capsicastrum Orange Queen and a Certificate of Merit for Solarium
Capsicastrum Cleveland, a dwarf, red-fruited variety.

Spring Exhibition.

The Spring Exhibition which opened March 13 was a success
in every way. For harmony of arrangement and quality of
material shown it equaled any show held in Boston in recent years.
First in importance was the exhibit of acacias from Thomas Roland
which included twenty-eight species and filled the Lecture Hall.
A Gold Medal was awarded Mr. Roland for his magnificent display.

Ernest B. Dane had a well arranged group of orchids. It
contained many well-grown and valuable plants among which
were Odontioda Bradshawiae, Odontoglossum Queen Alexandra,
Cypripediums Minos Youngii and Bingleyense, Cattleyas Louis
Sander and Rheims, and some fine Laelio-Cattleya hybrids. A
Gold Medal was awarded Mr. Dane for his exhibit.

Albert C. Burrage of Prides Crossing was also awarded a Gold

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116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Medal for a splendid group of orchids which contained many
choice specimens; among them were Brasso-Cattleya Heatonensis,
Cattleyas Trianae A. C. Burrage, Snowflake, and Luminosa,
Odontoglossum amabile, Cypripedium Archie Neil, and Oncidium
Ca vendishianum .

Silver Medals were awarded to the following named exhibitors
of artistic groups of foliage and flowering plants: Mrs. C. G. Weld
(Wm. C. Rust, gardener) who had the most artistically arranged
group; Edwin S. Webster (Peter Arnott, gardener); Miss Cor-
nelia Warren (Henry Stewart, gardener); Weld Garden (Duncan
Finlayson, gardener) ; Edward A. Clark (W. H. Golby, gardener) ;
and the W. W. Edgar Company.

Prof. C. S. Sargent (Charles Sander, gardener) exhibited a
splendid group of Clivia miniata which included some very fine
varieties raised from seed by Mr. Sander. A Silver Medal was
awarded Mr. Sander. The same exhibitor also put up a collection
of small-flowered azaleas, hybrids between Azalea Hinodigeri and
A. romantiaca.

A. W. Preston (John L. Smith, gardener) and H. T. Hayward
(James Warr, gardener) were the principal exhibitors of bulbous
plants. Mr. Preston had the best group and Mr. Hayward was
awarded numerous First Prizes for his exhibits of tulips and
narcissi, and for an exhibit of splendidly-grown mignonette in
pots he was awarded a Cultural Certificate.

F. W. Fletcher was awarded a Cultural Certificate for his newest
hybrids in colored freesias, George Page a Cultural Certificate
for a fine exhibit of spring-fiowering plants, and Peter Arnott
the same for cyclamens. There were also fine cyclamens from
Mrs. J. L. Gardner and Mrs. Lester Leland, the latter being
awarded a Silver Medal for her exhibit. R. & J. Farquhar & Co.
arranged a Liberty Garden in the Main Hall which was much
admired, masses of the lAlium regale, Azalea Kaempferi, and
other flowering plants being effectively used.

The Boston retail florists were well represented with baskets,
vases, and other tasteful arrangements of flowers and plants.
Silver Medals were awarded the following firms: Penn the Florist,
Boston Cut Flower Co., Henry R. Comley, Caplan the Florist,
Zinn the Florist, and John J. O'Brien. There were some beauti-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 117

ful exhibits of carnations, notably that of S. J. Goddard. About
thirty varieties of cameUias were exhibited by Mrs. Bayard Thayer,
Mrs. Sarah C. Sears, and W. R. Coe, the best of which were the
varieties Mrs. F. Sander, Lady Roberts, Eileen, Sylva, and Frau
Bertha Seidel. R. & J. Farquhar & Co. was awarded Honorable
Mention for a new hardy azalea, the result of a cross between
Azalea Kaempferi and A. ledifolia.

May Exhibition.

On May 18 Calceolaria Stewartii', pelargoniums, lilacs, and tulips
were on exhibition. P. J. Daly, gardener to L. D. Towle, received

a First Class Certificate for Laelio-Cattleya Dominiana langley crisis.

Peony and Rose Exhibition.

The annual exhibition of peonies and roses was held June 15
and 16 and was well up to the usual high standard. T. C. Thur-
low's Sons were the largest exhibitors, filling nearly half of the Main
Hall. They were awarded the American Peony Society's Medal
for the largest and best collection. They were also the principal
prize winners in the other large classes.

Silver Medals were awarded J. K. Alexander for a fine display
of flowers, T. C. Thurlow's Sons for their extensive display, and
George N. Smith for his fine exhibit of specimen blooms. R. & J.
Farquhar & Co. was awarded a Silver Medal for a display of
peonies and roses. This firm also exhibited the new, large, pure
white double peony Mrs. Bayard Thayer, which won First Prize
for the best bloom in the show and in addition a Certificate of
Merit. Some of the finest varieties shown were Venus, M. Dupont,
Mr. Manning, Germaine Bigot, M. Jules Dessert, Mme. Boulanger,
James Kelway, Frances Willard, Archie Brand, Sarah Bernhardt,
and Avalanche.

John B. Wills, Wm. C. Winter, and A. L. Stephen were the
principal exhibitors of roses. Some of the best varieties were
George Arends, Jonkheer, J. L. Mock, Edward Mawley, Mme.
Melani Soupert, Mrs. David McKee, Florence Pemberton, Mme.
Caroline Testout, George Dickson, Dean Hole, and Liberty.

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Mrs. C. G. Weld (Wm. C. Rust, gardener) received a Silver
Medal for a display of Hybrid Perpetual roses; Thomas N. Cook,
a First Class Certificate for a new rambler Ghislaine de Feligonde;
Miss Cornelia Warren (Henry Stewart, gardener) a Silver Medal
for a well-flowered group of Oncidium flexuosum; A. W. Preston
(John L. Smith, gardener) a Silver Medal for the splendid, pure
white Cattleya Charm, a cross between C. Gaskelliana alba and
C. Mossiae Wageneri. The same exhibitor received a similar
award for the new Laelio-Cattleya Rheims alba rubra, a cross
between Laelia ptirpurata and Cattleya exoniensis. The Boston
Cut Flower Co., Houghton-Gorney Co., and Henry R. Comley
exhibited handsome vases and baskets of cut flowers.

Sweet Pea Exhibition.

The Sweet Pea Show was held July 6. There was practically
no competition. W. G. Taylor of Newport, R. I., had some good
blooms of the following: Constance Hinton, King Edward, Hercu-
les, Margaret Atlee, A. F. Felton, King Marvel, M. J. Dameron,
and Rosabelle. The Blue Hill Nurseries was awarded a First
Class Certificate for a pure white Delphinium Belladonna.

Gladiolus Exhibition.

The Gladiolus Show, held August 10 and 11, was not large
but the quality of the flowers was very fine. Thomas Cogger was
awarded a Silver Medal for a fine vase of Miss Helen Franklin, a
new ruffled variety, clear white, with violet stripes on the lower
petals. S. E. Spencer was awarded a Silver Medal for a display
of beautiful varieties. Bronze Medals were awarded Jelle Roos
and C. W. Brown for displays of gladioli and Honorable Mention
to George N. Smith for herbaceous phlox. Some fine seedlings
of gladioli were shown, the best of which was a very large Scarlet
from H. E. Meader. Prominent among the varieties shown were
Panama, Baron Hulot, Goliath, Ida Van, Schwaben, Byron L.
Smith, America, Ophir, Purple Glory, Mrs. Dr. Norton, Nymph,
Golden Measure, Peace, Mrs. Francis King, Red Amaryllis, and

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 119

Mrs. G. W. Moulton. There was an extensive display of the Lily
White, said to be a good forcing variety.

August 31 Albert C. Burrage of Beverly Farms (Douglas Eceles-
ton, gardener) exhibited two rare orchids. They were Vanda
luzonica, the first ever shown in the hall, and Cattleya Fahia. Each
was awarded a Silver Medal.

Dahlia Exhibition.

The Dahlia Exhibition was held September 14 and 15. Although
the season was very favorable for dahlias the show was disappoint-
ing. The largest exhibitor was J. K. Alexander of East Bridge-
water. The Fottler Fiske Rawson Co. exhibited dahlias and
gladioli; the Ames Plow Co. also had a display of dahlias; the
Boston Cut Flower Co. was first for the largest and best display,
well arranged in vases and baskets, and W. D. Hathaway, second;
A. M. Hayden of Brockton was first for twelve Decorative dahlias;
G. L. Stillman of Westerly, R. I., first for Peony Flowered.

(For the best seedling J. E. Jones was first with President Wilson,
a large, well-shaped flower of the Decorative type, rose-crimson in
color, with white stripes on the end of the petals. Among the
best varieties shown were the Decorative: Pink Lady, Glory of
New Haven, Dr. Tevis, Mrs. Addison Pratt, Bradford, Cecil,
and C. W. Hayden; Peony Flowered: Muncie D. Foster, W. G.
Brown, General Cadorna, Lady Gay, and Dixie.

Autumn Exhibition.

At the Autumn Exhibition, November 6 and 7, a Certificate
of Merit was awarded Miss F. P. Mason for chrysanthemum
Monadnock, a fine yellow Anemone, and Nashawtuc, a large
yellow Japanese. F. Dorner & Sons Co. was awarded a Silver
Medal for carnation Endurance, a fine light pink, and Honorable
Mention for carnation No. 167.

Albert C. Burrage was awarded a Silver Medal for a tastefully
arranged group of orchids and a similar award was given to Joseph
A. Manda for a display of Cypripedium insigne Sanderae. Edwin

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MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

S. Webster exhibited a new winter-flowering begonia, the Exquisite,
and received a Silver Medal. He won a similar award for a table
of begonias which included specimens of Optima, Moonbeam,
Elatior, Fireflame, and Rosalind.

William Anderson
Arthur H. Fewkes
s. j. goddard
Donald McKenzie
William Sim

Committee

on

Plants and Flowers.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS
FOR THE YEAR 1918.

By Edward B. Wilder, Chairman.

Your committee is obliged to report a very disappointing year's
work. The displays of fruit have been meager, owing largely to
the almost complete elimination of money prizes from the Schedule.
The growers of fruit faced a hard year under war conditions,
shortage of labor, and poor transportation, and needed an added
encouragement and inspiration to help them to grow and exliibit
the best fruit possible.

With the Food Administration urging the use of more fruit
this Society should have been the pioneer in launching out into
new fields of endeavor and reaching forth to the future. The
number of prizes awarded this year amount to 52, nine of which
are money prizes as compared with 294 money prizes awarded
for fruit in 1917.

At the Rose, Peony, and Strawberry Exhibition, June 15-16, a
Silver Medal was awarded Louis Graton of Whitman for the best
new strawberry of merit not yet introduced. He has named this
berry "Louella" and speaks of it as follows:

"The Louella has now fruited three consecutive seasons. It was
found in a row of Brandy wines, so I am sure of one of its parents.
It begins fruiting two or three days later than the Brandywine,
holds its size throughout the season, and also has its hull bright
and green to the last picking. It is a little darker than its parent
and is a rich red clear through. The blossoms are perfect and the
berry is regular in form, very uniform in size, and excellent in
flavor."

Great credit is due Hillcrest Farm, Weston, Miss Marian R.
Case, proprietor, for her many exhibits of fruit during the year.

At the Sweet Pea Exhibition, July 6-7, she took six First Prizes
and one Second Prize, five of these being for raspberries, the largest

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MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

display that has been seen in the Hall for years. Honorable
Mention was also awarded her at the Gladiolus and Phlox Exhi-
bition, August 10-11, for the Japanese wineberry.

A new raspberry called "La France" was displayed at the Dahlia,
Fruit, and Vegetable Exhibition, September 14-15, by the John
Scheepers Co., of New York. It seems to be a promising late
variety, a strong grower, and very productive.

Mrs. R. Goodnough of West Roxbury exhibited a beautiful
basket of Eaton grapes at the Autumn Exhibition, November 6-10,
for which she received Honorable Mention.

Edward B. Wilder
William N. Craig
Isaac H. Locke
James Methven

Committee

on

Fruits.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES
FOR THE YEAR 1918.

By John L. Smith, Chaikman.

The results of the vegetable exhibitions for the year 1918 have
been less satisfactory than in former years. This was due largely
to the scarcity of labor caused by conditions resulting from the
war. Quantity of production has been emphasized rather than
quality because the needs of the country have been so pressing.

It is only when the people are free from stress that they devote
their time to the improvement of the quality of an article. At
such times there is ample labor available, plenty of time, and the
people are psychologically in a condition to give their attention
to the production of goods from the standpoint of excellence.
During the past year, however, the result sought for was an in-
crease in production, and we are sure this has been accom-
plished.

Efforts have been made to stimulate the people to raise vegetables
sufficient for their own needs, and much work of a very encouraging
nature has been done in this direction. If persons who have become
interested during the past year will persevere, a little later they
will see their efforts rewarded, and will then desire to give more
attention to improving the quality of their products.

Exhibitions during the past year have been poorly attended,
and for reasons indicated above the competition has been poor.
The attention of the exhibitors was absorbed in other matters.
They were interested in winning the war and had little time for
attending exhibitions of any kind.

During the year, demonstrations were given at Horticultural
Hall by experts in the matter of planting and growing vegetables.
There was much interest in this new plan. It gave a great deal
of expert knowledge to those who were anxious to learn and desir-
ous of putting their knowledge into practice. This is a plan that
we recommend and sincerely hope will be continued.

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124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

The war is now over, but we should not cease our efforts to
increase productivity of the soil. Education is necessary and
should be continued.

We realize that, in a crisis similar to the one through which
the world has just passed, the raising of food is a great essential.
While there may be relaxation upon the part of many, it is to be
hoped that interest in agricultm-e will be kept active so that the
Nation will always have in reserve, so to speak, an army of men,
and women, if necessary, who can intelligently plant and grow
crops.

In closing, we desire to call your attention to the many young
men who left their employment in greenhouses, gardens, and farms
to enter the war. These young men are now returning and should
be received back by their former employers. This is not only a
duty that is owed these young men because of the sacrifices they
have made, but, likewise, one that we owe the Nation as a whole.
It is a form of patriotic service, and will come back to us many
fold in future years.

John L. Smith
Edward Parker
Wm. C. Rust

Committee

on
Vegetables.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S
GARDENS.

By Henry Saxton Adams, Chairman.

The exhibition of the products of the children's gardens was held
at Horticultural Hall on Saturday and Sunday, August 31 and
September 1, 1918, and filled all three halls. There was not
quite as much material brought in as in 1917, due probably to the
fact that much of the product raised in the gardens was used as
food or for canning and drying purposes. Our prizes were also
reduced which undoubtedly prevented a number, outside gardens
particularly, being represented.

We noted a decrease in the number of exhibits of flowers, showing
that children's gardens were given up more than ever to the pro-
duction of vegetables for food. The exhibits were fully up to
the standard of the last few exhibitions and in some cases better
than ever. There is no question but that the quality of the exhibits
of the children in many cases equals those of adults at the regular
shows. There were entries in all of the classes in which prizes
were offered except wild flowers, and here again we seemed to feel
the effects of war conditions. In some of the exhibits of vege-
tables there was an unusually large number of exhibits ; for instance,
there were one hundred entries of six specimens of tomatoes for
which ten prizes were offered and awarded; there were sixty-five
entries of potatoes; fifty-eight of carrots; forty-four of beets;
forty-two of green string beans; and thirty-six of green sweet corn.
In the class of any variety of vegetable not mentioned in the list
we had eighty-two exhibits with only six prizes offered.

Among the interesting garden exhibits was one from the War
Garden on Boston Common which we think is rather unusual and
particularly noteworthy as an exhibition of vegetables grown by
children on Boston Common. The appropriation for prizes was
entirely used and it gives us pleasure to announce that for the
season of 1919, with the cooperation of the State Department of

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MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Agriculture, we will have a larger appropriation and consequently
will be able to offer better prizes in the classes where the small
prize did not attract exhibitors. We have also made other changes
in our schedule which we feel sure will increase the interest among
the children and improve the exhibition.

There were one hundred and eighty prizes offered at this exhi-
bition of which one hundred and seventy-eight were awarded
ranging from five dollars to twenty-five cents.

Henry Saxton Adams
Dr. Harris Kennedy
Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody
Miss Margaret A. Rand
James Wheeler

Committee

on Children's

Gardens.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1918.

By Samuel J. Goddakd, Delegate.

The passage of the Anti-Aid Amendment to the Massachusetts
Constitution severed the relations which had existed for many
years between the Board and this Society. This amendment
provided that no State funds could be given to any private cor-
poration, so that the State bounty received in August, 1918, was
the last bounty of this sort that the Horticultural Society will
receive. As membership on the Board was dependent on receiving
bounty, it was evident that some reorganization of the Board was
necessary. The Legislature of 1918 therefore created a new State
Department of Agriculture, consisting of one member from each
county, to be appointed by the Governor. This Department
came into existence on the first of September, and the term of
office of your delegate on the Board expired on that date.

One of the most important pieces of work with which the Board
has had to deal during the last year and one which closely affects
horticultural interests, especially the market gardener, is the
European Corn Borer. This pest is a new importation, which
appeared in Eastern Massachusetts and is now prevalent in thirty
towns in the immediate vicinity of Boston. It attacks not only
corn, but garden vegetables, flowers and weeds, and is very destruc-
tive. The leading entomologists say that if allowed to get out
of control it will be the worst insect pest that has ever come to
this country. Strenuous efforts are being made by the State
Board and its successor, the State Department, to stamp out this
pest, and in this work it is cooperating with the Bureau of Plant
Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture. As
the insect hibernates in weeds, corn stalks and various kinds of
garden refuse, the most practical way to attack it is to entirely
clean up gardens in the fall and burn the refuse, including partic-
ularly all corn stalks and weeds. The Department is making an

127

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128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

effort to have every garden in the infested area cleaned up, and of
course this is a tremendous task and probably cannot all be done
this winter. Representations are being made to the Federal Con-
gress for a large appropriation to work with in Massachusetts for
next year, as it is felt that this pest must be stamped out here
and now. If it is once allowed to get away and into the great
corn belt it will be useless to attempt to eradicate it. This
work is being carried on under the direct supervision of the State
Nursery Inspector.

During the past year Dr. Burton N. Gates, formerly State
Apiary Inspector, has resigned and gone to Canada as provincial
apiarist for the Province of Ontario. Dr. Gates' work among the
beekeepers in this State is well known, and his work has been very
beneficial to the horticultural interests. So far his place has not
been filled.

The new Department of Agriculture has elected Wilfrid Wheeler
of Concord as Commissioner of Agriculture for a term of three
years. Mr. Wheeler was for five years Secretary of the old State
Board of Agriculture, and before that was delegate from the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society to the Board.

During the year three conferences were held of representatives
from all the New England States to draft a uniform apple grading
law for the six states. Five of these states now have such laws,
Rhode Island being the only one which has not. The laws, how-
ever, differ in important particulars, and as Boston is the principal
market for the six states, it has been felt that it would be of great
advantage to the fruit growing interests if the laws could be the
same. An interstate committee, of which Mr. Wilfrid Wheeler
was chairman, has fmally worked out a law which has met with
the approval of all the fruit growing bodies of these states, and this
will be introduced at the coming session of the Legislature.

The State Board of Agriculture carried on an important emer-
gency piece of work during the past year, in the operation of State
farm machinery. An appropriation of $100,000 was made, to be
used in the purchase of farm machinery in order to increase food
production. This money was used in the purchase of thirty-six
tractors, twelve binders, ten threshing machines, two bean threshers
and a hay baler. The machinery was distributed in parts of the

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 129

State where the need for it seemed to be most pressing, and was
operated by the State, the cost of the work in each case being
charged to the farmer. In addition to the large increased acreage
which was put under cultivation, the experiment was a very valu-
able one as showing the place which the farm tractor has in Massa-
chusetts. Five types of tractors were tried out, and the Depart-
ment has reached very definite conclusions as to just what type
of a farm the tractor will prove useful on. It is expected that now
that the machinery has been purchased it will be operated another
year, as the local demand for grain crops will probably be undi-
minished.

The Public Winter Meeting of the Board was held in Worcester
in January, 1918, and the Summer Field Meeting was held at
Hathorne at the Essex County Agricultural School in August.

The new Department will hold its First Annual Public Winter
Meeting at Horticultural Hall in February, 1919.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR
THE YEAR 1918.

The year 1918 has brought a break in the customary activities
of the Society, particularly in its exhibitions. War conditions, the
shortage of coal and consequent closing of many private green-
houses, have operated so unfavorably that with one or two excep-
tions the exhibitions have fallen far below the usual high standard
of the Society. The elimination of money prizes from the Schedule
has also had a discouraging effect upon the exhibitors.

These conditions, however, have been offset in large measure by
the adoption of other methods for maintaining the usefulness of
the Society.

The importance of an increased food production throughout
the country was recognized early in the year and a plan was adopted
by the Trustees to assist in this desirable work. It took the form
of a course of practical instruction in vegetable gardening. A plot
of earth was brought in to one of the halls and a professional
gardener was engaged from May to August, inclusive, to give
daily instruction in the best methods of planting seed, transplant-
ing, fertilizing, control of insect pests, and other necessary informa-
tion for successful vegetable growing. Special public meetings
were held also on two evenings during the week when a number
of expert gardeners, interested in the plan, contributed their
services and their experience by presenting the best practical
advice for obtaining results in the vegetable garden.

This course of instruction was freely offered to the public and
the results were highly satisfactory and placed the Society in the
line of usefulness to the Government in the trying days of the war.
The success of this work suggests also the desirability of the
Society engaging in further efforts in this direction, especially in
the line of amateur home vegetable gardening.

In addition to this endeavor on the part of the Society to increase
its usefulness the halls of its building were freely placed at the

130

REPORT OF SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN 131

disposal of the American Red Cross and other organizations for
war relief work.

The Spring Exhibition in March was a notable success horticul-
turally as well as financially. The entire net proceeds of this
show, amounting to $4500, were given to the Red Cross organ-
ization, which was in addition to several thousand dollars more
taken in at the tea garden entertainment carried on by the ladies
in connection with the flower show.

This exhibition and its object created a most favorable impression
upon the public generally as a contribution which horticulture is
making to relieve the disastrous conditions which necessarily
follow as a result of the war.

The ever-recurring question of money prizes was brought to the
front this year, resulting in a call by thirty-one members of the
Society for a special meeting to protest the action of the Trustees
in the matter. Both sides of the question were presented by its
advocates and the action of the Trustees in eliminating money
prizes for the year was approved by a large majority of the mem-
bers present at the meeting.

Mention should be made of the annual exhibitions of the Ameri-
can Carnation Society in January and the American Dahlia Society
in September which were held in connection with the scheduled
exhibitions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

The Carnation Society staged a magnificent display of carnations
filling the large hall of the Society's building. The Dahlia Society
put up its usual fine exhibit, containing numerous new varieties
of this ever popular flower.

The exhibit of vegetables and canned products made at the
September show by the Suffolk County Food Administration
attracted enthusiastic interest.

These three special exhibits helped greatly to relieve the lack
of interest in the other scheduled exhibitions.

The tenth award of the George Robert White Medal of Honor
was made this year. The complete list of the recipients of this
Medal is appended for permanent record:

1909. Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, Director of the
Arnold Arboretum.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1910. Jackson Thornton Dawson, Superintendent of the Arnold

Arboretum.

1911. Victor Lemoine, Horticulturist, Nancy, France.

1912. Michael H. Walsh, Rose Grower, Woods Hole, Mass.

1913. Park Commission of the City of Rochester, N. Y.

1914. Sir Harry James Veitch, Horticulturist, London, England.

1915. Ernest Henry Wilson, Horticultural Explorer in China.

1916. William Robinson, Horticultural Author, England.

1917. Niels Ebbesen Hansen, for Introduction of new economic

plants, Brookings, South Dakota.

1918. Doctor Walter Van Fleet, for Advance in hybridization

of garden plants, Washington, D. C.

The publications of the Society for the year have been as follows :

February 15. Schedule of Exhibitions for the year 1918, 44 pages.
May 11. Transactions, 1917, Part 2, pp. 111-212 and one plate.
July 27. Transactions, 1918, Part 1, pp. 1-101 and three plates.

The Library.

Part 1 of the new library catalogue, containing the alphabetical
list of authors and titles, has been completed and a limited number
of copies will be issued shortly. It has been deemed best to sus-
pend temporarily the printing of Part 2, containing the classified
arrangement of the books, the material for which has been pre-
pared. It is intended later to issue the two parts in one volume.

The collection of horticultural trade catalogues has been increased
by 160 additions, making the total number to this date 10,825.

William P. Rich,

Secretary and Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1918.

Income.

Income from Interest on Investments and Bank

Interest $12,905 42

" Rents 2,608 69

" " Exhibitions 398 90

" State Bounty 1,000 00

" Membership Fees 452 00

" Donations 308 90

" Sale of Lots in Mt. Auburn Cemetery 1,990 38 $19,664 29

Expense.

Operating Expense $14,108 93

Viz: Salaries $4,413 92

Insurance 510 25

Heating 2,485 21

Labor 2,693 05

Incidentals 1,373 41

Stationery and Printing . . 1,114 78

Lighting ' 692 39

Library Appropriation . . . 289 90

Postage $152, Repairs $384.02 536 02

Prizes 420 50

Viz: Plants and Flowers .... 21100

Children's Gardens .... 209 50

Expenditures by Committees 1,510 02

Viz: On Medals 501 74

Lectm-es and Publications . . 235 00

Prizes 302 28

Plants 209 00

Fruits $134, Vegetables $128 . 262 00

Expense paid from Funds 917 75

Geo. Robert White Medal Fund 493 81

John C. Chaffin Fund ... 3 00

John Lewis Russell Fund . . 45 00

Samuel Appleton Fund ... 38 00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund . . 28 00

John S. Farlow Fund ... 27 85

J. D. W. French Fund ... 282 09

Home Garden Instruction 600 00

$17,557 20
Bal. of Income from Funds, unexpended .... 1,68481
Excess of Income over Expenditure 422 28 $19,664 29

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Changes in Capital Account During Year ended Dec. 31, 1918.

Receipts.

50% of Receipts from Mt. Auburn Cemetery . . $1,990 38

$4,000 United Fruit 4% Notes Paid 4,000 00

General Electric "Rights" 960 02

Life Membership Fees 350 00

Chicago & West Michigan Script 53 75

$7,354 15

Expended on account of Library Catalogue . . 500 00

" for $5000 United States Steel Bonds . 5,068 06

" Capital Increase 1,786 09

$7,354 15
Assets.

Real Estate . .$498,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 7,982 61

Library 46,580 47

$2,000 Kansas, Clinton & Springfield 5% Bds. 1925 1,980 00
$10,000 Lake Shore & Mich. Southern R. R. 3|%

Bds. 1997 10,000 00

$21,000 City of Newton 4% Bds. 1928 .... 21,000 00

$50,000 Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe 4% Bds. 1995 44,693 25

$50,000 C. B. & Q, Neb. 4% Bds. 1927 .... 50,000 00

$11,300 Pere Marquette R. R. 5% Bds. . . . 9,933 75
$25,000 Kan. City Ft. Scott & Memphis 6% Bds.

1928 25,000 00

$50,000 C. B. & Q., 111. Div. 3J% Bds. 1949 . . 50,000 00

$8,000 Boston & Maine R. R. 4|% Bds. 1944 . . 8,000 00

$4,000 Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. Convert. 4% Bds. 1936 4,000 00

$4,000 Interborough Rapid Transit 5% Bds. 1966 3,920 00

$12,000 Pacific Telephone Co., 5% Bds. 1937 . . 11,670 00

270 Shares General Electric Co 11,949 88

Hayes & Loring 2,308 66

$12,000 United States Liberty Bonds .... 12,000 00

$5,000 United States Steel 5% Bds 5,068 06

Treasurer's Cash $5,955.65 Bursar's Cash $342.43 6,298 OS

$830,949 39

Liabilities.

Samuel Apple ton Fund $1,002 00

John A. Lowell " 1,040 00

Theodore Lyman " 11,440 00

Josiah Bradlee " 1,040 00

Benj. V. French " 520 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 4,160 00

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

135'

W. J. Walker
Levi Whitcomb
Benjamin B. Davis
Marshall P. Wilder
John Lewis Russell
Francis Brown Hayes
Henry A. Gane
John S. Farlow
J. D. W. French
Benjamin H. Pierce
John C. Chaffin
Benjamin V. French
John Allen French
Greorge Robert White
John S. Farlow
Helen CoUamore
Library Catalogue .

Fund 2,448 59

Capital & Reserve

520 00

520 00

1,012 00

1,030 00

10,400 00

1.264 00
2,655 91
5,241 42

832 00

1.265 89
3,120 00
5,200 00
7,517 91
3,016 42
5,000 00

170 00 $70,416 14

760,533 25

$830,949 Sft.
Membership.

Life Members, December 31, 1917 797

Added in 1918 14

811
Deceased 21 790^

Annual Members December 31, 1917 191

Added in 1918 10

201 I

Deceased 2 . .

Resigned 1 . .

Dropped for non-payment of dues 3 . . 6 195

Membership, December 31, 1918 985

Income from Membership.

14 New Life Members at $30 $420 00

10 New Annual Members at $10 100 00

Assessments for 1918 282 00

$802 OO

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Balance Sheet — December 31, 1918.

Assets.
•Cash;

Treasurer $5,955 65

Bursar 342 43 $6,298 08

Investments 269,214 94

Property, Massachusetts and Huntington Avenues ... 498,564 63

Furniture and Exhibition Ware 7,982 61

liibrary Equipment . 46,580 47

$828,640 73

Funds and Capital.

;Subscriptions for Library Catalogue .... $670 GO

Less Payments 500 00 170 00

Xife Membership Fees . 4,950 00

"Mount Auburn Cemetery Fund 7,137 68

Sundry Funds 65,246 14

Unrestricted Fund 5,000 00

Bequest of F. B. Hayes 247,489 27

Less Guardian Account $82,496 43 ... .

Taiustee Account 2,308 66 ... . 84,805 09 162,684 18

Capital Account 564,524 70

Less loss on bonds 2 50 564,522 20

809,710 20
Accumulated Reserve . 18,930 53

, $828,640 73

Walter Hunnewell,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 137

Auditor's Certificate.

40 State Street, Boston,

March 5, 1919.
To the Finance Committee of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Gentlemen:

As requested by you I have made a thorough audit of the books and
general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety for the year which ended with the thirty-first day of December, 1918,
and herewith submit to you my report of the same.

Report.

I reviewed and checked all additions, entries and postings in the books
of the Society which dealt with the income and outgo of moneys; examined
the checks and approved vouchers representing disbursements, which were
in all instances adequate to sustain the charges of moneys expended; saw
that all income was deposited in banks to the credit of the Society and found
the amount of cash required by the cash book upon the first day of January,
1919, to have been on hand.

I examined the securities of the Society and they were in all details in
accordance with the requirements of the records. All postings from the
journal and cash books were traced into the ledger and I certify that the
balance sheet of the 31st day of December, 1918, is a correct abstract and
that the Treasurer's statement of the assets and liabilities of the Society
upon said date is true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the account-
ing affairs of the Society is being intelligently and faithfully performed and
that the books and papers of the Society are in commendable condition.

Yours very respectfully,

Andrew Stewart,
Certified Public Accountant.

THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 16, 1918.

ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1918.

The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the year 1918 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Satur-
day, November 16, at twelve o'clock noon, with President Salton-
stall in the Chair.

The Secretary read the call for the meeting and the President
appointed Messrs. E. B. Wilder, J. A. Crosby, and W. P. Rich
a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and to report
the number, and he declared the polls open until three o'clock.

The record of the preceding meeting of the Society was read and
duly approved.

President Saltonstall announced that the Board of Trustees
had made an appropriation of $3500 for prizes at the exhibitions
of the year 1919, to be expended mainly for the encouragement of
fruit and vegetable growing.

Under the head of "Any Other Business" William N. Craig said
that it had been clearly proven by the experience of the present
ye&T that the elimination of money prizes from the Schedule had
caused a decided lack of interest in the exhibitions and that they
had not been creditable to the Society. He thought the proposed
exclusion of flower shows from the Schedule of 1919 was unfortu-
nate and not for the best interest of the Society.

While not making any formal motion he wished to suggest that
the Trustees consider the matter of an appropriation for exhibits
of flowers during the coming year. The President answered that
the suggestion of Mr. Craig would be presented at the next meeting
of the Board of Trustees. He then called Vice President Kidder
to the Chair and declared a recess until three o'clock.

At three o'clock Mr. Kidder declared the polls closed and the
ballot committee reported through Mr. Wilder the result of the
voting as follows:

Whole number of ballots cast 27.

For President, William C. Endicott had 26.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

For Vice President (for two years), Nathaniel T. Kidder had 25.

For Trustees (for three years), George E. Barnard had 24;
Arthur F. Estabrook, 26; John K. M. L. Farquhar, 22; Richard
M. Saltonstall, 22.

For Nominating Committee, WilHam Anderson, 26; Peter
Fisher, 25; Robert T. Jackson, 23; Edwin S. Webster, 25; Ernest
H. Wilson, 23.

For Amendment to Section IX. of the By-laws the ballots
recorded Yes 10, No 17.

Vice President Kidder announced that the following list of
officers of the Society for the year 1919 had been duly elected:

President William C. Endicott

Vice President Nathaniel T. Kidder

(for two years)
Trustees George E. Barnard

(for three years) Arthur F. Estabrook

John K. M. L. Farquhar
Richard M. Saltonstall
Nominating Committee William Anderson

Peter Fisher
Robert T. Jackson
Edwin S. Webster
Ernest H. Wilson

He further announced that the proposed amendment to Section
IX. of the By-laws had failed to receive the two-thirds vote required
and was therefore not adopted.

The meeting was then dissolved.

William P. Rich,

Secretary.

NECROLOGY, 1918.

143

NECROLOGY, 1918.

Admitt(

3d

Died

1876

Mrs. Nancy Wyman Cutter Holt

January 13

1881

George W. Fowle

January 16

1880

Albert M. Davenport

February 4

1878

Joseph S. Chase

February 16

1889

Benjamin Marston Watson

February 20

1914

Alfred Bowditch

February 22

1914

Miss Fanny Brooks .

February 22

1914

George von L. Meyer

March 9

1900

Andrew Robeson Sargent

March 19

1868

George Golding Kennedy

March 31

1914

Mrs. Frederick Ayer

April 3

1893

Mrs. Nancy Jewett Bigelow

April 15

1869

Joseph Tailby

April 25

1910

David Rankin Craig

May 16

1897

Ernest W. Bowditch

May 22

1904

George Barker

June 12

1892

Abraham Shuman

June 26

1894

Jason S. Bailey

July 31

1887

Christopher Minot Weld

August 27

1896

William F. Dreer

September 8

1905

Frank E. Peabody,

September 28

1899

D. Webster King

October 21

1913

A. A. Marshall

November 17

145

OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1918.

147

assarljitsttts Portimlteral S^rirfg,

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1918.

President.
RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, of Newton.

Vice-Presidents .

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.

Treasurer.

WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.*

Trustees.

THOMAS ALLEN, of Boston.
GEORGE E. BARNARD, op Ipswich.
ERNEST B. DANE, of Brookline.
WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, of Boston.
ARTHUR P. ESTABROOK, of Boston. •
JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston.
WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston.
CHARLES W. MOSELEY, of Newddryport.
ANDREW W. PRESTON, of Boston.
THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant.
EDWIN S. WEBSTER, or Boston.
STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
SAMUEL J. GODDARD, of Framingham.

Nominating Committee.

JOHN S. AMES, Boston ROBERT CAMERON, Cambridge.

THOMAS ROLAND, Nahant. EDWIN S. WEBSTER. Boston.

ERNEST H. WILSON, Boston.

* Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be
addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

COMMITTEES FOR 1918

Fmance Conunittee

WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman
ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK STEPHEN M. WELD

Membership Committee

THOMAS ALLEN CHARLES W. MOSELEY

GEORGE E. BARNARD THOMAS ROLAND

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL

Committee on Prizes and Eshibitiona

JAMES WHEELER, ChaiTman

ROBERT CAMERON DUNCAN PINLAYSON

WILLIAM N. CRAIG T. D. HATFIELD

Committee on Plants and Flowers

WILLIAM ANDERSON, Chairman

ARTHUR H. FEWKES DONALD McKENZIE

S. J. GODDARD WILLIAM SIM

Committee on Fruits

EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman
WILLIAM N. CRAIG ISAAC H. LOCKE

JAMES METHVEN

Committee on Vegetables

JOHN L. SMITH, Chairman
EDWARD PARKER WILLIAM C. RUST

Committee on Oardens

RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, Chairman
JOHN S. AMES WILLIAM NICHOLSON

DAVID R. CRAIG CHARLES SANDER

CHARLES H. TENNEY

Committee on Library

CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman
ERNEST B. DANE NATHANIEL T. KIDDER

Committee on Lectures and Publications

FRED A. WILSON. Chairman

THOMAS ALLEN JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR

Committee on Children's Oardens

HENRY S. ADAMS, Chairman

DR. HARRIS KENNEDY MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY

MISS MARGARET A. RAND JAMES WHEELER

MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY, 1918.

Revised to December 31, 1918.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

1900 Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C.

1900 Albert Viger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of

France, Paris.
1897 Hon. James Wilson, Ex-Secretary of Agriculture.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

1901 George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y.

1889 Dr. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.

1918 Isaac Bayley Balfour, M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., Regius Keeper of
the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

1898 John Gilbert Baker, F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England.

1875 Professor William J. Beal, Amherst, Mass.

1918 Desire Bois, Editor of La Revue Horticole, Paris, France.

1918 Leon Chenault, Orleans, France.

1911 W. J. Bean, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

1911 John Dunbar, Park Department, Rochester, N. Y.

1887 Sir W. T. Thiselton Dyer, K. C. M. G., F. R. S., "Witcombe,"
Gloucester, England.

1918 William C. Egan, Highland Park, 111.

1887 H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England.

1889 William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

1918 Bertrand H. Farr, Wyomissing, Pa.

1893 B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Ontario.

1900 Dr. Beverly T. Galloway, Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C.

1877 George Lincoln Good.\le, M. D., Cambridge, Mass.

1918 Professor N. E. Hansen, Brookings, So. Dak.

1914 C. S. H.-VRRisoN, York, Nebraska.

151

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1911 Professor U. P. Hedrick, New York Agricultural Experiment

Station, Geneva, N. Y.
1907 Augustine Henry, F. L. S., M. R. I. A., Professor of Forestry,

Royal College of Science, Dublin, Ireland.

1897 J. W. HoFFMTUSTN, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C.
1918 Charles L. Hutchinson, Chicago, lU.

1906 Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile.

1918 Mrs. Francis King, Alma, Mich.

1911 Emile Lemoine, Nancy, France.

1918 J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg, Pa.

1875 T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

1911 J. EwiNG Mears, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

1911 WiLHELM Miller, Superintendent of Horticulture, University of

Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

1898 Sir Frederick W. Moore, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens

Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
1918 Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden,

St. Louis, Mo.
1887 Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D.Sc, M. A., F. L. S.
1898 Peter N(/)VIK, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticultural Society,

Christiania, Norway.

1912 C. Harman Payne, London, England.

1906 Sir David Prain, C. I. E., C. M. G., F. R. S., Director of the Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew, England
1894 Cavali^re Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.
1906 Dr. Henry L. Ridley, C. M. G., F. R. S., Kew, England.

1898 Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph.D., Curator of the Gray Her-

barium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
1875 William Robinson, London, England.

1899 William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery,

Cincinnati, O.
1875 Robert W. Starr, Wolfville, N. S.

1893 Professor William Trelease, University of Illinois, Urbana,

Illinois.

1918 Dr. Walter Van Fleet, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

1882 H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.

1912 Professor Hugo de Vries, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Holland.

1918 F. GoMER Waterer, Bagshot, Surrey, England.

1894 William Watson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England,
1906 Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England.

1911 E. H. Wilson, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

1901 Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horti-
cultural Society, Berlin, Prussia.

LIFE MEMBERS

153

LIFE MEMBERS.

1899 Adams, Mrs Charles Francis,

South Lincoln.
1907 Adams, George E., Kingston,

R. 1.

1897 Adams, Henry Saxton, Jamaica

Plain.

1899 Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yar-
mouth Port.

1894 Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

1916 Allen, Edward Elhs, Water-
town.

1905 Allen, Mrs. Sarah R., Wilmmg-
ton.

1898 Allen, Thomas, Boston.

1899 Ames, F. Lothrop, North

Easton.
1914 Ames, Mrs. F. L., North

Easton.
1899 Ames, John S., North Easton.
1894 Ames, Oakes, North Easton.
1899 Ames, OUver, North Easton.
1867 Amory, Frederic, Boston.

1899 Anderson, Larz, Brookline.
1911 Anderson, Wilham, South Lan-
caster.

1864 Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
1871 Appleton, Hon. Francis H.,

Boston.
1914 Appleton, Francis R., New

York, N. Y.

1913 Appleton, Henry Saltonstall,

Boston.

1914 Apthorp, Mrs. Harrison O.,

Milton.

1900 Arnold, Mrs. George Francis,

Brookline.
1894 Ash, John, Pomfret Centre,
Conn.

1890 Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.
1899 Ayer, James B., Boston.

1912 Bache, James S., Sharon, Conn.
1905 Backer, Clarence A., Melrose.
1914 Bacon, Miss E. S., Jamaica

Plain.
1905 Badger, Walter I., Cambridge.
1902 Bailey, Robert M., Dedham.
1902 Baker, Clifton P., Dedham.
1901 Baker, James E., South Lincoln.

1904 Balch, Joseph, Dedham.
1909 Baldwin, Frank F., Ashland.
1888 Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.

1905 Barnard, George E., Ipswich.

1866 Barnes, Walter S., Brookhne.

1904 Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester.

1867 Barney, Levi C, Boston.
1917 Barrett, Mrs. William Emerson,

West Newton.
1897 Barry, John Marshall, Boston.
1901 Bartiett, Miss Mary F., Boston.

1914 Bartol, Dr. John W., Boston.

1915 Bartsch, Hermann H., Waver-

ley.

1901 Bates, Miss Marj^ D., Ipswich.

1915 Bauernfeind, John, Medford.

1899 Baylies, Walter C, Taunton.

1914 Beal, Mrs. Boylston, Boston.

1905 Beal, Thomas P., Boston.

1891 Becker, Frederick C, Cam-

bridge.

1876 Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Ded-
ham.

1894 Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

1890 Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

1905 Bemis, Frank B., Beverly.

1914 Bemis, Mrs. Frank B., Beverly.

154

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

1899 Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset.

1914 Bigelow, Charles, Brookline.

1899 Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset.

1899 Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis,
Boston.

1899 Black, George N., Manchester.

1885 Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brook-
line.

1914 Blake, Benjamin S., Auburn-
dale.

1897 Blake, Edward D., Boston.

1918 Blanchard, Archibald, Boston.

1908 Blood, Eldredge H., Swamp-

scott.
1905 Boardman, Miss Eliza D.,
Boston.

1899 Boardman, T. Dennie, Man-

chester.

1914 Boit, Miss Elizabeth E., Wake-
field.

1894 Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

1887 Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica
Plain.

1883 Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

1894 Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Fram-
ingham.

1877 Bowditch,William E., Roxbury.

1913 Brackett, C. Henry B., Boston.
1912 Bradley, Charles H., Boston.

1914 Brandegee, Mrs. Edward D.,

Brookline.

1900 Breck, Joseph Francis, Waban.
1914 Breck, Luther Adams, Newton.
1871 Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
1914 Brewer, Edward M., Milton.
1914 Brewer, Joseph, Milton.

1918 Brewer, William C, Newton
Centre.

1905 Brewster, William, Cambridge.

1910 Briggs, Mrs. George E.., Ply-
mouth.

1897 Briggs, William S., I>incoln.

1873 Brigham, William T., Hono-
lulu, Hawaii.

1909 Brooke, Edmund G., Jr., Provi-

dence, R. I.

1914 Brooks, Henry G., Milton.
1899 Brooks, Peter C, Boston.
1899 Brooks, Shepherd, Boston.

1912 Brooks, Walter D., Milton.
1909 Brown, Mrs. John Carter, Prov-
idence, R. I.

1907 Brush, Charles N., Brookline.

1915 Buckminster, W. B., Maiden.
1906 Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper

Falls.
1914 BuUard, Alfred M., Milton.
1918 Burgess, George Arthur, Mar-

blehead.
1897 Burlen, William H., East Hol-

liston.

1895 Burnett, Harry, Southborough.
1911 Burnett, John T., Southbor-
ough.

1914 Burnett, Robert M., South-
borough.

1914 Burnham, Miss Helen C, Bos-
ton.

1909 Burr, I. Tucker, Milton.

1906 Burrage, Albert C, Boston.
1918 Burrage, Albert C, Jr., Ham-
ilton.

1918 Bxu-rage, Charles D., Boston.
1918 Burrage, Russell, Beverly

Farms.
1868 Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.

1907 Butterworth, George WilUam,
* South Framingham.

1906 Butterworth, J. Thomas, South

Framingham.
1905 Buttrick, Stedman, Concord.

1902 Cabot, George E., Boston.
1914 Cabot, Henry B., BrookUne.
1870 Calder, Augustus P., Brookhne.

1896 Cameron, Robert, Cambridge.

1913 CampbeU, Chester I., WoUas-

ton.
1891 CampbeU, Francis, Cambridge.
1905 Carr, Samuel, Boston.
1893 Carter, Charles N., Needham.
1899 Casas, W. B. de las, Maiden.

LTFE MEMBERS

155

1911 Case, Miss Marian Roby, Wes-
ton.

1918 Chalifoux, Mrg. H. L., Prides
Crossing.

1873 Chamberlain, Chauncy W.,
Waban.

1909 Chamberlain, Montague, Gro-
ton.

1903 Chapman, John L., Prides
Crossing.

1909 Chase, Philip Putnam, Milton.

1895 Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeth S.,

Wellesley.

1894 Christie, William, Everett.
1876 Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
1871 Clapp, WilUam C, Dorchester.

1896 Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset.
1917 Clark, Edward A., Jamaica

Plam.
1896 Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfret

Centre, Conn.
1907 Clark, Herbert A., Belmont.
1890 Clark, J. Warren, Millis.

1910 Clark, Winslow, Milton.
1899 Clarke, EUot C, Boston.
1914 Chfford, Charles P., Milton.

1895 Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lyrm.
1894 Cobb, John C, Milton.

1914 Cochrane, Alexander, Boston.

1906 Codman, Miss Catherine A.,
Westwood.

1914 Codman, James M., Jr., Brook-
line.

1901 Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston.
1903 Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., New-
ton Highlands.

1882 CoUins, Frank S., North

Eastham.
1914 CoUms, Wilham J., Brookline.
1917 Comley, Henry R., Lexington.

1902 Comley, Norris F., Lexington.
1917 Converse, E. W., Newton.
1899 Converse, Col. H. E., Marion.

1913 Cook, Thomas N., Watertown.
1917 Cooley, Arthur N., Pittsfield.

1914 Coolidge, Charles A., Boston.

1902 Coohdge, Harold J., Boston.
1899 Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chest-
nut Hill.

1899 Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph,
Chestnut Hill.

1914 Cotting, Charles E., Boston.

1914 Cotting, Mrs. Charles E., Bos-
ton.

1892 Cottle, Henry C, Boston.

1917 Cotton, Miss Ehzabeth A.,
BrookUne.

1914 Councilman, Dr. W. T., Bos-
ton

1917 Cowey, S. R., Walpole, N. H.

1913 Cox, Simon F., Mattapan.
1892 Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.

1914 Crafts, Miss Ehzabeth S., Bos-

ton.

1901 Craig, William Nicol, Brookhne.

1917 Crane, Charles R., New York,
N. Y.

1917 Crane, Mrs. R. T., Jr., Chicago,
111.

1891 Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Rox-
bury.

1917 Crocker, Mrs. George U., Bos-
ton.

1914 Crompton, Miss Isabel M.,
Worcester.

1887 Crosby, George E., West Med-
ford.

1914 Crosby, Mrs. S. V. R., Boston.

1901 Cross, Alfred Richard, North
Cohasset.

1909 Cumner, Mrs. Nellie B., Brook-
line.

1856 Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica
Plain.

1899 Curtis, Charles P., Boston.

1906 Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston.

1903 Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Re-

vere.

1897 Damon, Frederick W., Arhng-

ton.
1908 Dane, Ernest B., Brookline.

156

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1908 Dane, Mrs. Ernest B., Brook-

line.

1899 Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston .

1909 Danielson, Mrs. J. DeForest,

Boston.
1902 Davis, Arthur E., Dover.
1902 Davis, Mrs. Arthm- E., Dover.

1913 Davis, Bancroft Chandler, Wes-

ton.

1916 Davis, Miss Helen I., Wellesley.

1914 Davis, Livingston, Milton.

1909 Dawson, Henry Sargent, Ja-

maica Plain.
1905 Day, Henry B., West Newton.

1917 Day, Mrs. Mary E., Newton.
1873 Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
1917 De.xter, George T., Boston.
1904 Dexter, Gordon,Beverly Farms.
1904 Dexter, Philip, Beverly.

1896 Donald, Wilham, Cold Spring

Harbor, N. Y.

1900 Donaldson, James, Roxbury.
1907 Doten, Scott T., Lincoln.
1917 Doty, George H., Boston.

1914 Douglass, Alfred, Brookline.
1917 Downs, Jere Arthur, Win-
chester.

1910 Downs, William, Chestnut Hill.
1917 Dowse, Charles F., Boston.
1893 Dowse, William B. H., West

Newton.

1917 Draper, B. H. Bristow, Hope-
dale.

1899 Draper, George A., Hopedale.

1897 Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut

HiU.
1899 Duncan, James L., New York,

N. Y.
1902 Duncan, John W., Spokane,

Wash.
1896 Dunlap,James H.,Nashua,N.H.

1915 Dunn, Stephen Troyte, F.L.S.,

F.R.G.S., Kew, England.
1915 Dupee, William Arthur, Milton.
1909 Dupuy, Louis, Whitestone,

L. L, N. Y.

1880 Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.
1917 Dutcher, Miss Grace M., Hope-
dale.

1902 Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington.

1912 Eaton, Harris D., Southbor-
ough.

1911 Edgar, Mrs. Rose H., Waverley.

1912 Edgar, William Percival, Ja-

maica Plain.

1895 Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.

1887 Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.

1888 Elhott, William H., Brighton.

1903 Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester.
1907 Emerson, Nathaniel W., M.D.,

Boston.

1917 Emmons, Mrs. R. M., 2nd,
Boston.

1894 Endicott, William, Boston.

1899 Endicott, WilUam C, Danvers.

1915 Ernst, Mrs. Harold C, Ja-
maica Plain.

1897 Estabrook, Arthur F., Boston.

1905 Estabrook, Mrs. Arthur F.,
Boston.

1907 Eustis, Miss Elizabeth M.,
Brookline.

1907 Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe,
Brookline.

1914 Evans, Mrs. Robert D., Boston.

1915 Fairbanks, Charles F., Milton.

1881 Fairchild, Charles, New York,

N. Y.
1877 Falconer, William, Pittsburg,Pa.
1884 Farlow, Lewis H., Boston.

1896 Farnsworth, Mrs. William, Ded-

ham.

1890 Farquhar, James F. M., Roslin-

dale.

1891 Farquhar, John K. M. L.,

Roxbury.

1915 Farquhar, Mrs. John K. M. L.,
Roxbury.

1884 Farquhar, Robert, North Cam-
bridge.

LIFE MEMBERS

157

1873 Faxon, John, Quincy
1899 Fay, H. H., Woods Hole.

1908 Fay, Wilton B., West Medford.
1914 Fearing, George R., Jr., Boston.
1917 Fenno, Mrs. Pauline Shaw,

Rowley.
1899 Fessenden, Grcorge B., Allston.
1917 Fessenden, Sewell H., Boston.
1883 Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton

Highlands.
1904 Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica

Plain.
1892 Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica

Plain.
1901 Fisher, Peter, Ellis.

1910 Flanagan, Joseph F., Newton.

1882 Fletcher, George V., Belmont.

1883 Fletcher, J. Henry, Behiiont.
1917 Foot, Nathan Chandler, M.D.,

Milton.
1914 Forbes, Alexander, M.D., Mil-
ton.

1909 Forbes, Charles Stewart, Boston
1909 Forbes, Mrs.J.Malcolm,Milton.
1914 Forbes, W. Cameron, West-
wood.

1909 Forbes, Mrs.WilliamH., Milton.
1917 Fosdick, Lucian J., Boston.
1914 Foster, Alfred D., Milton.
1899 Foster, Charles H. W., Need-
ham.

1917 Foster, Miss Fanny, Newport,

R. I.
1885 Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
1914 Fraser, Charles E. K., South

Natick.

1911 Freeman, Mrs. James G., Bos-

ton.

1910 French, Mrs. Albert M., Read-

ing.

1892 French, S. Waldo, Newtonville.

1893 French, W. Clifford, BrookUne.
1917 Frishmuth, Miss Anna Biddle,

Boston .
1882 Frohock, Roscoe R., Boston.
1903 Frost, Harold L., Arlington.

1900 Frost, Irving B., Behnont.
1899 Frothingham, Mrs. Louis A.,

Boston.

1917 Gage, Mrs. Homer, Worcester.

1910 Galloupe, Frederic R., Lexing-
ton.

1914 Gannett, Samuel, Milton.

1914 Gardiner, Robert H., Gardiner,
Maine.

1901 Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P.,

Hamilton.

1895 Gardner, Greorge P., Boston.

1899 Gardner, John L., Boston.

1899 Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brook-
line.

1899 Gardner, William Amory, Gro-
ton.

1910 Garland, Mrs. Marie T., Buz-

zards Bay.
1904 Garratt, Allan V., Holliston.
1899 Gaston, William A., Boston.

1911 Gavin, Frank D., Manchester.

1910 Geiger, Albert Jr., Brookline.

1911 Gill, Miss Adehne Bradbury,

Medford.

1911 Gill, Miss Eliza M., Medford.
1865 Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
1887 Gill, George B., Medford.
1907 Goddard, Samuel J., Framing-
ham.

1904 Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston.
1885 Goodell, L. W., Dwight.
1917 Gordan, Donald, Lincoln.
1899 Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston.
1914 Greene, Edwin Farnham, Bos-
ton.

1905 Greenough, Mrs. Charles P.,

BrookUne.

1912 Greenough, Mrs. David S.,

Jamaica Plain.
1914 Grew, Mrs. Edward S., Boston.
1914 Grew, Edward W., Boston.

1897 Hale, James O., Byfield.
1873 Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport

158

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1912 Hall, Mrs. George G., Boston.
1899 Hall, Jackson E., Cambridge.
1897 Hall, Osborn B., Maiden.
1910 Halloran, Edward J., Rox-

bury.

1917 Hammond, Mrs. E. C, Au-

burndale.

1913 Handler, Max Paul, South

Natick.

1914 Harding, Charles L., Dedham.

1918 Harding, Mrs. Edward, Plain-

field, N. J.
1871 Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

1905 Hardy, Miss Susan White,

Boston.
1889 Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

1887 Harris, Thaddeus William, A.

M., Littleton, N. H.

1910 Harris, Prof. William Fenwick,
Cambridge.

1909 Hart, Francis R., Milton.

1899 Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worces-
ter.

1914 Hartt, Arthur W., Brookline.

1895 Harwood, George Fred, New-
ton.

1884 Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

1906 Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon.
1914 Havemeyer, Theodore A., New

York, N. Y.

1891 Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rock-
land, Me.

1899 Hayward, George P., Chestnut
HiU.

1914 Haywood, H. T., Franklin.

1905 Head, Thomas W., Lake Forest,
lU.

1913 Heeremans, F., Lenox.
1903 Hellier, Charles E., Boston.

1888 Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.
1899 Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus,

Canton.

1914 Hemenway, Augustus, Jr., Bos-

ton.

1884 Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

1899 Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge.

1901 Heurlin, Julius, South Brain-

tree.

1894 Hewett, Miss Mary Crane,

Cambridge.

1900 Higginson, Francis L., Boston.

1902 Higginson, Mrs. Henry L.,

Boston.
1866 Hilbourn, A. J. Boston.
1886 Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

1911 Hittinger, Richard, Belmont.

1895 Hoitt, Hon. Charles W.,

Nashua, N. H.

1905 Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston.

1918 Holbrook, Miss Grace Ware,
Boston.

1914 HoUingsworth, Valentine, Bos-
ton.

1899 HoUingsworth, Z. T., Boston.
1881 HoUis, George W., AUston.
1891 Holmes, Edward J., Boston.

1900 Holt, William W., Norway,

Maine.
1899 Hood, The Hon. Mrs. EUen,
Sheen, Surrey, Eng.

1914 Hornblower, Henry, Boston.
1888 Horsford, Miss Kate, Cam-
bridge.

1912 Horton, Arthur E., Lexington.
1902 Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham.
1907 Houghton, Clement S., Chest-
nut Hill.

1910 Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G.,
Boston.

1872 Hovey, Charles H., South
Pasadena, Cal.

1884 Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

1917 Howard, Everett C, Belcher-
town.

1904 Howard, Henry M., West New-
ton.

1896 Howard, Joseph W., Somer-

ville.

1915 Howes, Mrs. Ernest, Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS

159

1917 Howes, Osborne, Brookline.
1896 Hubbard, Charles WeUs, Wes-
ton.
1917 Hubbard, EUot, Boston.
1865 Hubbard, James C, Everett.

1913 Huebner, H., Groton.

1875 Humphrey, George W., Holly-
wood, Cal.

1917 Hunnewell, Mrs. Arthur,
Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, F. W., 2d., WeUes-
ley.

1893 Hunnewell, Henry Sargent,
Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Mrs. Henry S.,
Wellesley.

1882 HunneweU, Walter, Wellesley.

1912 Hunnewell, Walter, Jr., Welles-

ley.
1917 Hunt, Miss Belle, Boston.

1892 Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.
1880 Himt, William H., Concord.

1904 Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis,

Concord.

1893 Jack, John George, East Wal-

pole.
1886 Jackson, Charles L., Boston.

1914 Jackson, Mrs. James, Jr., West-

wood.

1884 Jackson, Robert T., Peter-

borough, N. H.

1916 Jahn, Paul H., East Bridge-
water.

1916 Jahn, William O., East Bridge-
water.

1902 James, Ellerton, Milton.

1902 James, Mrs. Ellerton, Mil-
ton.

1913 Jeffries, John Temple L., Cam-

bridge.
1899 Jeffries, WilUam A., Boston.
1865 Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.

1905 Johnson, Arthur S., Boston.

1914 Johnson, Edward C, Boston.

1885 Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden.

1907 Jones, Mrs. Clarence W. ,

Brookline.
1897 Jones, Dr. Mary E., Boston.

1897 Kellen, WiUiam V., Marion.

1886 Kelly, George B., Jamaica
Plain.

1848 Kendall, D.S., Woodstock, Ont.

1891 KendaU, Dr. Walter G., At-
lantic.

1909 Kennedy, Harris, M. D., Mil-

ton.

1905 Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer,

Boston.

1891 Keyes, John M., Concord.

1889 Kidder, Charles A., South-
borough.

1910 Kidder, Mrs. Henry P., Boston.
1880 Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
1899 Kimball, David P., Boston.

1903 KimbaU, Richard D., Waban.
1899 Kinney, H. R., Worcester.

1906 Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P.,

Worcester.

1904 Kirkland, Archie Howard,

Reading.

1899 Lamb, Horatio A., Milton.

1913 Lancaster, Dr. Walter B.,

Brookline.
1899 Lanier, Charles, Lenox.
1917 Lapham, Henry G., Brookline.
1895 Lawrence, Amos A., New York,

N. Y.
1873 Lawrence, John, Groton.
1899 Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William,

Boston.
1895 Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Lee, George C, Westwood.
1914 Lee, Mrs. George C.,Westwood.
1880 Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., New-
ton Centre.

1902 Leighton, George B., Monad-
nock, N. H.
1914 Leland, Lester, Boston.
1914 Leland, Mrs. Lester, Boston.

160

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1871 Lemme, Frederick, Charles-
town.

1903 Libby, Charles W., Medford.

1917 Liggett, Louis K., Chestnut
HiU.

1899 Little, John Mason, Swamp-
scott.

1899 Locke, Isaac H., Belmont.

1891 Lodge, Richard W., Redlands,

Cal.

1897 Loomis, EHhu G., Bedford.
1899 Loring, Augustus P., Beverly.
1905 Loring, David, Boston.

1914 Loring, Miss Katharine P.,
Prides Crossing.

1914 Loring, Miss Louisa P., Prides
Crossing.

1899 Loring, Mrs. William Caleb,
Beverly.

1899 Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Bos-
ton.

1902 Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookhne.

1903 Lowell, James A., Chestnut

mi.

1903 Lowell, John, Newton.

1904 Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston.

1917 Lvike, Arthur F., West Newton.
1899 Luke, Otis H., Brookline.
1895 Lunt, Wilham W., Hingham.

1918 Lyman, Arthur, Boston.
1914 Lyman, C. Frederic, Boston.
1895 Lyman, George H., Wareham.

1898 Mabbett, George, Plymouth.
1912 McKay, Alexander, Jamaica

Plain.
1911 McKenzie, Donald, Chestnut

Hill.
1868 Mahoney, John, Boston.

1892 MaUett, E. B., Jr., Freeport,

Me.

1884 Manda, W. A., South Orange,
N.J.

1873 Mann, James F., Ipswich.

1887 Manning, J. Woodward, Read-
ing.

1884 Manning, Warren H., Brook-
line.
1909 Marlborough, James, Topsfield.
1876 Marshall, Frederick F., Ever-
ett.

1898 Marston, Howard, Brookline.
1917 Martin, Edwin S., Chestnut

Hill.

1899 Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston.
1896 Mason, Col. Frederick, Taun-
ton.

1914 Mathews, Miss Elizabeth Ash-
by, Newton Center.

1901 Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
1906 Maxwell, George H., Newton.
1917 Mead, Francis V., West Somer-

ville.

1902 Melvin, George, South Fram-

ingham.
1905 Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield.
1881 Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
1917 Methven, James, Readville.
1884 Metivier, James, Waltham.
1914 Mifflin, George H., Boston.

1914 Miller, Peter M., Mattapan.
1888 Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Wash-
ington, D. C.

1917 Mink, Oliver W., Boston.

1915 Minot, Mrs. Charles S., Read-

ville.
1908 Minot, Laurence, Boston.
1892 Monteith, David, Hyde Park,

Vt.
1896 Montgomery, Alexander, Na-

tick.
1902 Montgomery, Alexander, Jr.,

Natick.

1896 Moore, George D., Arlington.
1881 Moore, John H., Concord.

1897 Morgan, George H., New York,

N. Y.

1914 Morgan, Mrs. J. P., New York,
N. Y.

1913 Morison, Robert S., Cam-
bridge.

1899 Morse, John T., Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS

161

1909 Morse, John Torrey, 3d., Bos-

ton.

1910 Morse, Lewis Kennedy, Box-

ford.

1913 Morse, Robert C, Milton.
1900 Morse, Robert M., Jamaica

Plain.

1914 Morss, Charles A., Chestnut

Hill.

1914 Morss, Mrs. Charles A., Chest-
nut Hill.

1902 Morton, James H., Huntington,
N. Y.

1896 Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury.

1909 Moseley, Charles W., New-
bury port.

1896 Moseley, Frederick Strong,

Newburyport.

1914 Munroe, Howard M., Lexing-
ton.

1900 Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

1897 Mutch, John, Waban.

1917 Neal, James A., Brookline.

1899 Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen.

1914 Newbold, Frederic R., New
York, N. Y.

1874 Newman, John R., Winches-
ter.

1874 Newton, Rev. William W.,
Pittsfield.

1914 Nicholson, William R., Fram-
ingham.

1906 Nickerson, William E., Cam-
bridge.

1914 Norman, Mrs. Louisa P., New-
port, R. I.

1881 Norton, Charles W., Allston.

1912 O'Conner, John, Brookline.

1898 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr.,

Brookline.

1892 Olmsted, John C, Brookline.

1898 Orpet, Edward O., Chico, Cal.

1917 Osgood, Miss Fanny C, Hope-
dale.

1909 Page, George, Newton High-
lands.

1909 Page, George William, South
Lincoln.

1900 Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cam-
bridge.

1884 Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.

1914 Paine, Robert Treat, 2d, Bos-

ton.

1908 Parker, Augustine H., Dover.

1913 Parker, Edgar, North Easton.
1911 Parker, Edward, North Easton.

1915 Parker, Miss Eleanor S., Bed-

ford.
1917 Parkhurst, Lewis, Winchester.
1891 Parkman, Henry, Boston.

1914 Patten, Miss Jane B., South

Natick.
1897 Patten, Marcellus A., Tewks-
bury.

1909 Peabody, Francis, Milton.
1909 Peabody, Mrs. Francis, Milton.
1899 Peabody, George A., Danvers.
1881 Peabody, John E., Salem.
1907 Peirce, E. Allan, Waltham.

1916 Peirce, Edward R., Wellesley

Farms.

1914 Peirson, Charles Lawrence,

Boston.

1915 Penn, Henry, Brookline.

1899 Pentecost, Mrs. Ernest Harvey,

Topsfield.
1873 Perry, George W., Maiden.

1917 Peterson, George H., Fair

Lawn, N. J.

1899 Pfaff, Col. Charles, South

Framingham.

1900 Phillips, John C, North Bev-

erly.

1899 Phillips, Mrs. John C, North
Beverly.

1899 PhilUps,WiUiam,North Beverly.

1895 Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.

1902 Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Bos-
ton.

1881 Pierce, Dean, Brookline.

162

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1892 Pierce, George Francis, Ne-

ponset.
1905 Pierce, Wallace L., Boston.
1905 Pierson, Frank R., Tarrytown,

N. Y.
1914 Pingree, David, Salem.

1900 Pond, Preston, Winchester.
1892 Porter, James C, WoUaston.
1884 Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
1914 Pratt, Waldo E., Wellesley

HiUs.

1898 Pray,James Sturgis,Cambridge.

1899 Prendergast, James M., Boston.
1858 Prescott, Eben C, New York,

N. Y.

1914 Preston, Andrew W., Swamp-
scott.

1903 Preston, Howard Willis, Provi-
dence, R. I.

1911 Priest, Lyman F., Gleason-

dale.

1912 Proctor, Henry H., Boston.

1901 Proctor, Thomas E., Boston.

1899 Putnam, George, Manchester.

1900 Putnam, George J., BrookUne.

1886 Quimby, Hosea M., M.D., Wor-

cester.

1889 Rand, Harry S., North Cam-

bridge.

1908 Rand, Miss Margaret A., Cam-
bridge.

1903 Rawson, Herbert W., Arling-
ton.

1882 Ray, James F., Franklin.

1890 Raymond, Walter, Pasadena,

Cal.

1891 Read, Charles A., Manchester.

1902 Reardon, Edmund, Cambridge.

1892 Reardon, John B., Boston.
1912 Reiff, WilUam, Forest Hills.
1905 Remick, Frank W., West New-
ton.

1889 Rice, George C, Worcester.

1887 Rich, WiUiam P., Chelsea.

1876 Richards, John J., Brookline.

1899 Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W.,

Charles River Village.
1912 Richardson, H. H., Brookline.
1918 Richardson, William K., Na-

hant.

1900 Richardson, Dr. William L.,

Boston.

1905 Riggs, Wilham Allan, Auburn-
dale.

1917 Riley, Charles E., Newton.

1886 Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

1892 Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham

Centre.

1903 Robb, Russell, Concord.

1909 Roberts, Miss Anna B., Bos-
ton.

1909 Robinson, Alfred E., Lexing-

ton.
1871 Robinson, John, Salem.
1900 Rodman, Miss Mary, Concord.

1911 Rogers, Dexter M., AUston.
1914 Rogers, Dudley P., Danvers.

1899 Rogers, Mrs. Jacob C, Pea-

body.

1900 Roland, Thomas, Nahant.

1910 Ross, Harold S., Hingham.
1895 RothweU, James E., Brookhne.

1899 Roy, David Frank, Marion.
1881 Ruddick, Wilham H., M. D.,

South Boston.
1917 Rueter, Mrs. C. J., Jamaica

Plain.
1875 Russell, George, Woburn.

1900 Russell, James S., Milton.

1914 Russell, Mrs. Robert S., Boston.

1893 Sahsbury, William C.G., Brook-

Une.

1915 Saltonstall, Mrs. Caroline S.,

Milton.

1912 Saltonstall, John L., Beverly.
1912 Saltonstall, Mrs. John L., Bev-
erly.

1899 Saltonstall, Richard M., Chest-
nut Hill.

LIFE MEMBERS

163

1898 Sanger, Mrs. George P., Bos-

ton.
1870 Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

1899 Sargent, Mrs. Charles S.,

Brookline.

1902 Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr.,

BrookUne.
1899 Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wel-

lesley.
1896 Scorgie, James C, Cambridge.

1864 Scott, Charles, Newton.
1895 Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston.
1899 Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston.
1914 Sears, Horace S., Weston.
1899 Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery,

Boston.

1898 Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Dr. Frederick C,

Boston.
1914 Shattuck, Mrs. Frederick C,
Boston.

1899 Shaw, Francis, Wayland.
1914 Shaw, Henry S., Milton.

1899 Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., WeUes-

ley.
1901 Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain.
1906 Sherman, J. P. R., Newton.

1865 Shorey, John L., Lynn.
1901 Shurtleff, Josiah B., Revere.
1893 Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle,

N. Y.
1917 Silber, Miss Charlotte G.,

Needham.
1917 Silsbee, Miss Katharine E.,

Boston.
1899 Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston.

1903 Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk,

N. Y.

1888 Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.

1872 Smith, Edward N., San Fran-
cisco, Cal.

1911 Smith, John L., Swampscott.

1888 Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.

1874 Snow, Eugene A., Cambridge.

1899 Sohier, Col. WOham D., Bev-
erly.

1918 Spalding, Miss Dora N., Boston.
1908 Spaulding, John T., Prides

Crossing.
1908 Spaulding, WiUiam S., Prides

Crossing.
1897 Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills.

1884 Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.
1893 Stearns, Frank W., Newton.
1896 Stedman, Henry R., M. D.,

Brookline.
1914 Stevens, Mrs. Nathaniel, North
Andover.

1885 Stewart, WiUiam J., Winchester.
1918 Stimpson, Harry F., Chestnut

Hill.

1901 Stone, Charles A., Newton.
1889 Stone, Charles W., Boston.
1910 Stone, Mrs. Francis H., South

Dartmouth.

1914 Stone, Galen L., Brookline.

1896 Stone, Prof. George E., Am-
herst.

1849 Stone, George F., Chestnut
Hill.

1914 Stone, J. Winthrop, Watertown.

1914 Stone, Nathaniel H., Milton.

1917 Storey, Moorfield, Boston.
1905 Storrow, James J., Boston.

1918 Stranger, David C, West New-

bury.

1905 Stratton, Charles E., Boston.

1906 Strout, Charles S., Biddeford,

Me.
1914 Sturgis, Miss Evelyn R., Man-
chester.

1902 Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Bos-

ton.

1916 Sturtevant, Miss Grace, Wel-
lesley Farms.

1910 Sulhvan, Martin, Jamaica
Plain.

1912 Swan, Charles H., Jamaica
Plain.

1891 Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.

1916 Swett, Raymond W., Saxon-
ville.

164

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1904 Sylvester, Edmund Q., Han-
over.

1899 Taylor, Charles H., Boston.

1900 Taylor, Mrs. Thomas, Jr.,

Columbia, S. C.
1913 Tedcastle, Mrs. Arthur W.,

Hyde Park.
1896 Tenney, Charles H., Methuen.
1917 Thacher, Miss Elizabeth B.,

Roxbury.

1912 Thatcher, Arthur E., Bar Har-

bor, Me.

1898 Thatcher, William, Brookline.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. AUce R., Bos-

ton.

1900 Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South

Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R.,
South Lancaster.

1903 Thayer, Henry J., Boston.

1899 Thayer, John E., South Lan-
caster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. John E., South
Lancaster.

1899 Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lan-
caster.

1899 Thiemann, Hermann, Owosso,
Mich.

1899 Thomas, W. B., Manchester.

1910 Thurlow, George C, West
Newbury.

1913 Thurlow, Winthrop H., West

Newbury.

1874 Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Bos-
ton.

1896 Toppan, Roland W., Newbury-
port.

1899 Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lex-
ington.

1901 Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cam-

bridge.

1914 Towle, L. D., Newton.

1893 Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove,

L. L, N. Y.
1917 Tufts, Bowen, Medford.

1910 Turner, Chester Bidwell,

Stoughton.
1914 Tyler, Charles H., Boston.

1910 Underwood, Henry O., Bel-
mont.
1901 Underwood, Loring, Belmont.

1917 Van Brunt, Mrs. Agnes, Read-
viUe.

1873 Vander-Woerd, Charles, Wal-
tham.

1899 Vaughan, William Warren, Bos-
ton.

1884 Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somer-
ville.

1916 Wagstaff, Archibald, Wellesley

Hills.
1909 Wainwright, Arthur, Milton.
1849 Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
1876 Walcott, Henry P., M. D.,

Cambridge.

1895 Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica

Plain.
1914 Walker, Wilham B., Man-
chester.

1896 Walsh, Michael H., Woods

Hole.

1901 Waltham, George C, Dorches-

ter.
1907 Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield.

1902 Warburton, Chatterton, Fall

River.

1912 Wardwell, Mrs. T. Otis, Haver-
hill.

1894 Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston.

1909 Warren, Bentley W., Boston.

1884 Watson, Thomas A., East
Braintree.

1914 Watters, W. F., Boston.

1905 Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut
HiU.

1914 Webster, Mrs. Edwin S., Chest-
nut Hill.

1905 Webster, Frank G., Boston.

LIFE MEMBERS

165

1907 Webster, George H., Haver-
hill.

1896 Webster, Hollis, Cambridge.
1905 Webster, Laurence J., Holder-

ness, N. H.

1909 Weeks, Andrew Gray, Marion.

1902 Welch, Edward J., Dorchester.

1914 Weld, Mrs. Charles G., Brook-
line.

1917 Weld, Rudolph, Boston.

1899 Weld, Gen. Stephen M., Ware-
ham.

1914 Weld, Mrs. Stephen M., Ware-

ham.

1912 Wellington, Mrs. Arthur W.,
Boston.

1917 Wellington, WilUam H., Bos-
ton.

1882 West, Mrs. Maria L., Nepon-
set.

1887 Wheeler, Frank, Concord.

1889 Wheeler, James, Natick.

1897 Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord.
1865 Whitcomb, WUliam B., Med-

ford.

1901 White, Mrs. Charles T., Bos-
ton.

1899 White, George R., Boston.

1909 White, Harry K., MUton.

1917 Whitehouse, Mrs. Francis M.,
Manchester.

1905 Whitman, William, Brookline.

1894 Whitney, Arthur E., Winches-
ter.

1894 Whitney, EUerton P., Milton.

1899 Whitney, Henry M., Cohasset.

1917 Whittemore, Charles, Cam-
bridge.

1915 Wigglesworth, Frank, Milton.

1899 Wigglesworth, George, Milton.

1863 Wilbur, George B., Boston.

1889 Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., West
Roxbmy.

1881 Wilder, Edward Baker, Dor-
chester.

1899 Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin,
Ro.x;bury.

1905 Williams, George Percy, Bos-
ton.

1899 Williams, John Davis, Bos-

ton.

1905 WiUiams, Mrs. J. Bertram,
Cambridge.

1905 WilUams, Mrs. Moses, Brook-
line.

1911 Williams, Ralph B., Dover.

1915 Wilson, E. H., Jamaica Plain.

1914 Wilson, Fred A., Nahant.

1881 Wilson, William Power, Bos-
ton.

1917 Winslow, Arthur, Boston.

1905 Winsor, Robert, Weston.

1906 Winter, Herman L., Portland,

Me.
1914 Winthrop, Grenville L., Lenox.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert, New

York, N. Y.
1914 Winthrop, Mrs. Robert C, Jr.,

Boston.
1870 Wood, Wilham K., Franklin.
1905 Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude,

North Cambridge.

1905 Woodbury, John, Canton.

1906 Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bay-

ard, Worcester.
1917 Wright, George S., Watertown.

1900 Wyman, Windsor H., North

Abington.

166

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

1913 Adams, Charles F., Jamaica

Plain.
1896 Anderson, George M., Milton.

1912 Babcock, Miss Mabel Keyes,

WeUesley HUls.
1911 Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.

1915 Baker, Mrs. G. B., Chestnut

Hill.
1918 Barnes, Rowland H., Newton

Highlands.
1898 Barr, John, South Natick.

1916 Barron, Leonard, Garden City,

N. Y.

1917 Beal, Thomas P., Jr., Boston.
1917 Blodgett, Mrs. John, Beach

Bluff.
1917 Bogholt, Christian M., New-
port, R. I.

1901 Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hing-

ham.

1913 Bradley, Miss Julia H., Rox-

bury.
1873 Breck, Charles H., Newton.

1902 Breed, Edward W., Chnton.

1908 Briggs, Frank P., Ayer.

1909 Brigham, Mrs. CUfford, MHton.

1914 Brown, F. Howard, Marlboro.

1916 Brown, Mrs. G. Winthrop,

Chestnut Hill.

1914 Campbell, Ernest W., Wollas-
ton.

1910 Camus, Emil, Boston.

1917 Carlquist, Sigurd W., Lenox.
1904 Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline.

1917 Chase, H. F., Andover.

1918 Chick, Isaac W., Boston.
1917 ChUd, H. Walter, Boston.
1910 Churchill, Charles E., Rockland.
1916 Clark, Schuyler S., Brookline.

1918 Clarke, Hermann F., Brookline.
1918 Cogger, Thomas, Melrose.

1914 Colt, James D., Chestnut Hill.
1907 Colt, Mrs. James D., Chestnut

Hill.

1917 Conant, Mrs. WilUam C, Bos-
ton.

1917 CooUdge, Mrs. W. H., Boston.

1915 Copson, WUliam A., Roslindale.
1914 Crocker, Mrs. George Glover,

Boston.

1914 Crocker, Joseph Ballard, Chat-
ham.

1914 Crompton, Miss Mary A.,
Worcester.

1881 Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.

1917 Curtis, Allen, Boston.

1875 Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

1914 Cushing, Mrs. Harvey, Brook-
line.

1912 Cutler, Mrs. N. P., Newton.

1906 Cutting, Mrs. IsabeUe Ladd,
Roxbury.

1910 Dahl, Frederick WiUiam, Rox-

bury.

1917 Dalton, Philip S., MUton.
1889 Davis, Frederick S., West Rox-
bury.

1911 Dolansky, Frank J., Ljmn.

1918 Donald, James, WeUesley.
1897 Dorr, George B., Bar Harbor,

Me.

1918 Eccleston, Douglas, Beverly
Farms.

1916 Estabrooks, Dr. John W., Wol-

laston.

1902 Farlow, Mrs. WilUam G., Cam-
bridge.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

167

1917 Farr, Mrs. Betty K., Stone-
ham.
1917 Fiske, David L., Grafton.

1901 Fiske, Harry E., WoUaston.
1894 Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brook-
line.

1917 Flood, Mrs. Mary, Woburn.
1903 Freeman, Miss Harriet E.,

Boston.
1905 Fuld, Maurice, New York, N.Y.

1912 Gage, L. Merton, Groton.
1912 Goodwin, Mrs. Daniel, East

Greenwich, R. I.
1917 Gordon, George, Beverly.
1917 Graton, Louis, Randolph.
1900 Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont,

Cuba.
1897 Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea.

1908 Hamilton, Mrs. George Lang-
ford, Magnolia.

1912 Hardy, John H., Jr., Little-
ton.

1894 Hatfield, T. D., WeUesley.

1917 Hathaway, Walter D., New

Bedford.

1918 Hayes, Herbert W., Waban.
1910 Hayward, Mrs. W. E., Ips-
wich.

1918 Hecht, Prof. August G., Am-
herst.
1891 Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.

1916 Hibbard, Miss Ann, West Rox-

bury.
1914 Higginson, Mrs. Alexander H.,
Manchester.

1902 Hildreth, Miss Ella F., West-

ford.
1902 Hill, Arthur Dehon, Boston.
1884 Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.

1912 Hollingsworth, Mrs. Sumner,

Boston.

1913 Holmes, Eber, Montrose.
1913 Houghton, Mrs. Clement S.,

Chestnut Hill.

1917 Howard, W. D., Milford.

1900 Howden, Thomas, Hudson.
1917 Howe, Henry S., Brookline.

1902 Hubbard,Allen,Newton Centre.
1893 Hubbard, F. Tracy, Brook-

Une.

1913 Jenkins, Edwin, Lenox.

1916 Jenks, Albert R., Springfield.

1903 Johnston, Robert, Lexington.

1898 Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem.
1898 Kennard, Frederic H., Newton

Centre.
1912 Kirkegaard, John, Bedford.

1889 Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Rox-

bury.

1914 Leach, C. Arthur, South Hamil-

ton.
1914 Leary, Dr. Timothy, Jamaica
Plain.

1917 Leonard, John E., Wellesley.

1904 Leuthy, A., Roslindale.

1902 Lewis, E. L., Taunton.

1896 Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Med-
ford.

1901 Loring, Mrs. Thacher, Boston.
1896 Loring, William C, Beverly.

1903 Lumsden, David, Ithaca, N. Y.

1912 McCarthy, Nicholas F., Sou

Boston.

1904 MacMulkin, Edward, Boston.

1890 Manning, A. Chandler, Wil-

mington.

1917 Meader, H. E., Dover, N. H.

1917 Mixter, Dr. Samuel J., Bos-
ton.

1914 Morse, Frank E., Auburndale.

1913 Murray, Peter, Manomet.

1916 Nehrling, Prof. Arno H., Craw-
fordsviUe, Ind.

1895 Nicholson, WUliam, Framing-
ham.

1904 Nicol, James, Quincy.

1903 Nixon, J. Arthtir, Taunton.

168

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

1913 O'Brien, Mrs. Edward F.,

Brookline.

1915 Parker, A. S., Stoneham.

1914 Parker, Miss Charlotte E.,

Ipswich.
1906 Parker, Ehab, Roxbury.

1892 Parker, Walter S., Reading.
1909 Parker, W. Prentiss, Roxbnry.

1908 Peabody, Mrs. W. Rodman,

ReadvUle.
1914 Pembroke, A. A., Beverly.
1898 Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline.

1902 Pritchard, John, Bedford Hills,

N. Y.

1912 Proctor, Dr. Francis I., Welles-

ley.
1883 Purdie, George A., Wellesley
HiUs.

1913 Putnam, Frank P., North

Tewksbury.

1906 Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban.
1897 Rea, Frederic J., Norwood.
1912 Reed, H. B., Auburndale.

1914 Rees, Ralph W., Ithaca, N. Y.

1893 Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
1888 Rich, WilUam E. C, Ocean

Park, Maine.

1900 Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville.

1893 Robinson, Walter A., Arling-
ton.

1917 Rooney, John P., New Bedford.

1915 Rosenthal, Wolf, Boston.

1892 Ross, Henry Wilson, Newton-
viUe.

1903 Ross, Walter D., Worcester.

1909 Russell, Charles F., Weston.

1910 Rust, William C, Brooklme.

1918 Rutherford, William D. F.,

Norfolk.
1918 Ryder, Robert L., Lexington.

1907 Sanborn, Edward W., Boston.
1897 Sander, Charles J., Brookline.
1875 Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.

1896 Searles, E. F., Methuen.
1910 Sears, Prof. F. C, Amherst.
1907 Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.
1886 Sharpies, Stephen P., Cam-
bridge.
1907 Sim, WilHam, Chftondale.
1915 Slamin, John, Wellesley.

1910 Smith, D. Roy, Boston.

1914 Smith, George N., Wellesley
Hills.

1914 Spaulding, Mrs. Samuel S.,
Springfield Center, N. Y.

1914 Sprague, George H., Ipswich.

1917 Stephen, A. L., Waban.

1914 Stevenson, Robert H., Read-
vnie.

1914 Storey, Mrs. Richard C, Bos-
ton.

1914 Sturgis, Miss Lucy Codman,
Boston.

1904 Symmes, Samuel S., Winches-
ter.

1914 Thayer, John E., Jr., Lancas-

ter.
1909 Tracy, B. Hammond, Wenham.

1913 Tuckerman, Bayard, Ipswich.

1911 Uiford, Charles A., Dorchester.
1881 Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

1915 Wadsworth, Ralph E., North-

boro.
1902 Ware, Horace E., Milton.
1917 Warren, Miss CorneUa, Wal-

tham.

1914 Washburn, Paul, Boston.
1914 Waterer, Anthony, 3d, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

1914 Waterer, Hosea, Philadelphia,

Pa.
1889 Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

1915 Wetterlow, Eric H., Manches-

ter.
1909 Wheeler, George F., Concord.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

169

1897 Wheeler, Henry A., Newton-
ville.

1917 White, Mrs. Joseph H., Brook-
hne.

1901 Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dor-
chester.

1897 Wilkie, Edward A., Newton -
ville.

1913 Williams, Mrs. EmUe F., Cam-
bridge.

1889 Winter, WilUam C, Mansfield.

V-.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1918

PART I

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR 1918

PART II

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

BOSTON

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND NINETEEN