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TRANSACTIONS

assacljusdis horticultural ^odetg,

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

PART I.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

189 0.

CHAPEL ,^^0-11

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary' of the Societj^ in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions are
not only much fuller than in the weekl}' reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefully revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

O. B. Hadwen, "j Committee on

William H. Hunt, > Publication and

Francis H. Appleton, J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

assacbus^ttsi pottifttltutal ^amt^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday January 4, 1890.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
half past eleven o'clock. The chair was taken by the President,
Dk. Henry P. Walcott.

President Walcott, after thanking the Society for the kindness
always shown him and the hearty support given him during the
four years in which he had presided over the Society, introduced
the President elect, William H. Spooner, who delivered the fol-
lowing inaugural address.

Address of President Spooner.

Ladies and Gentlemen: — As we meet together today at the
commencement of a new year, united in our interest in all that
this Society exists to promote, shall we consider briefly at first
what the condition of our aflTairs is, and in what measures lie our
best possibilities of advancement ? I>om the excellent reports of
our Standing Committees, so far as presented, it appears that the
exhibitions of the past year have been, with a few exceptions, up
to the usual standard, but it also appears that they have not
proved so attractive to the public as could be desired. As this
age demands novelty in every department of life, it has occurred
to me that the cause of the apparent lack of interest may be in
the exhibitions themselves ; there is too much sameness in them,
and if some special novelties could be introduced into the four
principal shows, particularly the Annual one, renewed interest

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

might be aroused. Ex-President Parkman wisely cautioned us
against "getting into ruts and staying there," and we shall do
well to keep pushing that we may avoid this error. In corrobo-
ration of this idea, we recall the financial success of that exhibition
in which Mr. Sturtevant's beautiful collection of Nymphaeas was
introduced, and the Rose Exhibitions at which Mr. Hayes or Mr.
Moore presented unusually beautiful specimens, eliciting substan-
tial marks of public favor ; or again, the last Chrysanthemum
Show, to which Mr. Simpkins, from the sandy soil of Cape Cod,
contributed, through his skilful gardener, blooms that far exceeded
any of the kind ever seen in our Hall, raising the standard for
future emulation, and leaving our receipts perceptibly enlarged.
Do not these facts prove that the lack of interest must arise from
lack of attraction in the exhibitions, and will not the intelligence
of our committees be able to devise a remedy ? While the work
of the Society in the future is undoubtedly largely to encourage
the improvement of standard collections, there is perhaps a still
broader field for progress in stimulating the production of seed-
lings of hardy flowering plants and fruits, in which latter depart-
ment we have the example of Mr. Dana, who has left us the well-
known pear, which received the Societj^'s commendation, and holds
its place among the most desirable varieties.

Messrs. Hovey, Wilder, and Heustis have displayed their skill
by giving us new and improved kinds of strawberries, receiving
the Society's approval ; and in seedling grapes, Mr. Bull, in his
famous Concord, has made it possible for every citizen to sit
under his own vine and eat of its fruit. Among plants, from the
experiments of the Messrs. Hovey and Mr. Parkman, we have
had rare improvements in the Lily family ; in pinks and carna-
tions by Messrs. Hyde, Tailby, and Fisher; and in chrysanthe-
mums. Dr. Walcott has shown his skill by productions of great
merit. I cite these instances of what has been accomplished by
effort in the past ; and they can probably be exceeded in the
future, as inventive genius is continuall}' surprising us on every
side with its marvellous developments, and whosoever shall be the
scribe of the Societ}^ at the end of its next half-century will hare
wonders to record far be3'ond our fairest imaginings.

Who is to be the pioneer of seedlings in the Rose department?
The opportunity is wide for the production of seedlings of free-
blooming varieties which shall be hardy enough to withstand the

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT SPOONER, 7

difficulties of our changeable climate. We hear that experiments
have been made in New York by crossings with JRosa rugosa,
which is undoubtedly a true basis to work from. Judging from
experience, it would seem wise to promote interest in this depart-
ment by offering liberal prizes.

As another measure conducive to interest in our work, I would
suggest that members should be furnished by mail with copies of
the programmes for the discussions of the season, and with the
Schedule of Prizes, and should be informed that the published
Transactions of the Society can be obtained by application to the
Secretary. Members should also be notified of the quarterly meet-
ings. The Treasurer should give due notice to annual members
of their assessment dues, and new members should be furnished
with a copy of the Constitution and By-Laws. With the modern
facilities for supplying wrappers and superscriptions, the extra
expense would not be very large, and the labor need not fall
upon the Secretar}-, to add to his duties. It seems to me that
this might prove helpful as a reminder to members of what is going
on here.

I regret that the special Committee on Window Gardening has
not 3'et reported, but from the preliminary statement of its
Secretary, we can judge that the work has made rapid progress
during the past year, and would seem to be worthy of continued
support.

During the past year the Society has lost by death several
prominent members, one of whom, Aaron D. Weld, of West Rox-
bury, joined this organization in 1829, the year of its formation.
Other valuable members were Henry Weld Fuller, of Roxbury,
so long identified with our affairs as Vice President, and at the
time of his death a member of the Executive Committee ; Charles
L. Flint, of Boston, for many years Secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture ; Henry Shaw of St. Louis, a Corresponding Mem-
ber, well known as the distinguished philanthropist who gave so
large a sum to further the cause of botanical education in St.
Louis; and William C. Harding, of Stamford, Conn., formerly a
large contributor to our exhibitions, for each of whom suitable
memorials have been offered. Two other valuable members have
passed from us, James Cartwright of Wellesley, for several years
a very efficient member of the Committee on Plants and Flowers,
an honest man of most reliable judgment ; and James O'Brien of

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Jamaica Plain, also a member of the same Committee, well
informed in his profession, a good cultivator, and one who would
have been of service to the Society had his health permitted.

The finances of the Society are in as prosperous condition as
can reasonably be expected after the unusual expenditure forced
upon us by the fire in our building about a year ago, which
reduced our income from the halls, during the time occupied in
repairs. The opportunity was, however, improved for making
various needful changes and additions in the Halls and Library
Room, which are greatly to our advantage, but which necessitated
larger expenditures than was covered by the insurance received.
The Halls are much improved, and will undoubtedly be more in
demand. The Library Room is especially benefited by the
changes made, giving additional space for books, which was one
of its needs ; the Library Committee now consider it sufficiently
commodious for present purposes.

These drafts upon our income have prevented any addition to
the Sinking Fund, but we can reasonably hope to add something
to this Fund, (which now amounts to about $5,000) during the
coming year. The mortgage debt of the Society is $25,000.

The Treasurer's report will show gross receipts for the year of
$51,098.31, including a balance on hand January 1, 1889. The
total expenditures have been $40,477.75, leaving a balance of
$10,620.56 ; of this $1,000 should be reserved for the John Lewis
Russell Fund, making the net balance on hand January 1st, 1890,
$9,620.56. There has been received from Mount Auburn Ceme-
tery $4,322, included in the above.

Ladies and Gentlemen : In assuming the duties of the oflSce
with which you have honored me, I realize fully its large responsi-
bilities, and my own shortcomings ; but, recalling in retrospect
the many distinguished men, whose wise counsels have heretofore
directed us and aided the growth of our Society, I can only strive
in some degree to emulate their zeal, and earnestly hope for your
suggestions and support to strengthen my efforts.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, made
a report of the awards by that Committee for the year 1889,
which was accepted. Mr. Barker asked to be allowed until the
first Saturday in February, to prepare the remainder of his report,
which was granted.

APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1890. »

Mrs. H. L. T. Walcott, Chairman of the Committee on Window
Gardening, read the Annual Report of that Committee, which
was accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation that the Society make the following
appropriations for the year 1890 :

For Prizes for Plants and Flowers, . . $3,000

' " Fruits,
' " Vegetables,
' " Gardens,
Total for Prizes,

1,700
1,000
300
$6,000

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of maga-
zines and newspapers, binding of books and incidental
expenses of the Committee, ..... $300

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . 250

For the Library Committee, to continue the Card Cata-
logue of Plates, 100

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover

all extraordinary expenses of said Committee, . 300

For the compensation of the Secretary and Librarian and

Assistant, 1,700

For Prizes for the Promotion of Window Gardening, 150

These appropriations were unanimously voted by the Society.

The President also reported from the Executive Committee the
appointment of Robert Manning to be Secretary and Librarian,
and W. Wyllys Gannett to be Treasurer and Superintendent of
the Building for the year 1890.

On motion of E. H. Hitchings it was voted that, agreeably to
the rules of the State Board of Agriculture three prizes of $10, $8,
and $6, be given for the best reports of awarding committees, and
that the Committee on Publication and Discussion be requested to
award these prizes.

On motion of Benjamin G. Smith it was voted that a committee
of three be appointed to procure a portrait of the retiring Presi-
dent, Dr. Henry P. Walcott, and Mr. Smith, Francis H. Appleton
and Leverett M. Chase, were appointed as that Committee.

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Smith also, as Treasurer of the American Pomological
Society, presented to the Librar\' a copy of the Proceedings of
that Society at its Twenty-second Session, in Ocala, Florida,
February, 1889, for which the thanks of the Society were voted.

A letter from F. Lyford, in regard to a claim on the Society,
was read and referred to the Finance Committee.

Ex-President, James F. C. Hyde stated that much dissatisfac-
tion existed among the members of the Society in regard to the
appointment of Treasurer made b}- the Executive Committee, and
moved that a committee of five be appointed by the Chair to
confer with the Executive Committee on the subject. The motion
was unanimousl}' carried, and the Chair appointed as that Com-
mittee, Mr. Hyde, Leverett M. Chase, E. W. Wood, Patrick
Norton, and John G. Barker.

Hon. Eugene H. Clapp, of Roxbury,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as a mem-
ber of the Society, was on ballot duly elected.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced that the first of the meetings for discussion
the present season would be held on the next Saturday, at half
past eleven o'clock, when Professor G. H. Whitcher, director of
the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, Hanover,
N. H., would read a paper on the "Growth and Nutrition of
Plants."

Adjourned to Saturday, Januarj- 11, at half past eleven o'clock.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 11, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half past
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Secretary read a letter from W. W. Dunlop, Secretary of
the Montreal Horticultural Society, containing the information
that a Convention of Fruit Growers of the Dominion of Canada

HORTICULTURE OF CALIFORNIA. H

would be held in the City of Ottawa, on the 19th, 20th, and 21st
of February, and extending a cordial invitation to this Society to
send one or more delegates to the meeting. Also that in connec-
tion with this Convention, an exhibition of winter fruits would be
held, and asking this Society to appoint a competent judge to act
with another, to be appointed by the Western New York Horticul-
tural Society, in awarding the prizes. It was voted to accept the
invitation of the Montreal Horticultural Society, and O. B.
Hadwen was appointed Delegate and Judge.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 18, 1890, at half past eleven
o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

A lecture was expected from Professor G. H. Whitcher, of the
New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, on the " Growth
and Nutrition of Plants." Professor "Whitcher was, however,
owing to the delay of a railroad train, not present. In place of
that paper there was given an impromptu talk, from recent
observations in the Golden State, upon the

Horticulture of California.
By Bexjamin p. Ware, -Clifton, Mass.

Mr. "Ware said that, being entirely unprepared to speak, his
remarks might be somewhat rambling. The subject is so vast
that it would require some time to give a full account of it.
Everything connected with California is on a vast scale, and the
people express themselves largely, and he did not wonder at it.
He began by giving a description of a ranch, as they call a farm
in that State. He selected the estate of General John Bid well,
who went to California in 1847, and soon acquired possession of
one of the great Spanish grants — probably forty thousand acres.
Here he began a town, called Chico, which now has six thousand
inhabitants. It is beautifully located and can be thoroughly
irrigated. As you enter the estate by a long avenue lined with
beautiful trees, you first come to a cherry orchard, where there is
one tree five feet through at the base. Next there is an apricot
orchard of hundreds of acres, the rows of trees extending as far
as one can see. To utilize these fruits. General Bidwell has a

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

canning factory of his own. There is also a large olive orchard ;
the cultivation of this fruit and the manufacture of oil is destined
to be one of the leading interests of California. A superior
varietj' of prune, known as the French prune, has been introduced,
and from the fruit dried prunes of superior quality are manufac-
tured. In the summer the climate is warm and there is no rain or
dew, so that prunes and raisins can be dried by the sun alone.
There is a large peach orchard, containing the varieties of best
quality for canning and transportation. Gen. Bidwell had a
large vineyard for wine, but being a prohibitionist he pulled up
the vines, and now grows grapes only for raisins. He makes five
hundred barrels of cider annually, all of which is made into
vinegar.

Mr. Ware saw acres and acres of squashes, or, as they are
called there, pumpkins, producing at the rate of twenty tons per
acre; they are valued at $2 per ton. There is no frost there,
and the}' are piled up in the fields until wanted for use. He saw
a photograph of a field which was said to have produced eighty tons
to the acre. The peach, apricot, prune, and fig require only four
years to make good, thrifty bearing trees. Almonds and English
walnuts thrive there ; indeed, all the fruits now imported from
Europe find a congenial home in California, and our whole coun-
try will undoubtedly before long be supplied from thence with all
the fruits and nuts now imported. It is only about twelve 3'ears
since it was known that the various fruits could be grown in Cali-
fornia to advantage. Soon after the discovery of gold, in 1849,
oats were found growing there, having stalks six feet high, and it
was argued that if oats would grow there wheat would also. Last
year a surplus of fifteen millions of bushels of superior wheat was
exported. Wheat and barle}' are grown without irrigation.

Oak trees are found growing naturally in various parts of the
State and forming park-like scenery. The principal species are
the live oak, water oak and a variety resembling our white oak,
but producing timber much inferior to that. The atmosphere is
very peculiar ; standing thirty miles away from the Sierra Nevada,
it looks as if there were a descent to the foot-hills instead of a
rise. The lumber interest is a very important one at Chico ; a
flume thirty-eight miles long has been built to float down the
lumber, which travels that distance in four hours and a half, and
the same water is afterwards used for irrigation.

HORTICULTURE OF CALIFORNIA. 13

Fruit and alfalfa require more or less irrigation in the larger
portion of California, but the idea that irrigation must be contin-
uous has been found erroneous ; continuous irrigation may be
required for alfalfa, but it is not for fruit. The fruit in California
is of poor flavor compared with that grown here. The cherry
orchards are irrigated when the fruit is about ready to swell off.
It has been learned that stirring the surface soil forms a mulch
which prevents rapid evaporation and is much better than constant
irrigation. After irrigation if the surface is stirred with a cultiva-
tor it will be dry for two or three inches and keep moist below
that ; if it is not stirred a crust forms on the surface and the
ground is dry for a foot or more in depth.

General Bidwell has on his ranch a colony of Digger Indians,
supposed to be the lowest and meanest of all, but the men are
among his best workmen, especially as ploughmen. The women
and children he employs in picking fruit, etc., and they look tidy
and respectable. Mrs. Bidwell has a Sunday school and a day
school among them. But Indians in general who have been sent
to schools in various parts of the country are apt to return to
savage life, and the better educated die of consumption, caused
by confinement which is so contrary to their nature.

General Bidwell's farm comprises 2,200 acres ; the dairy prod-
ucts amount to $1,200 per month, and there are six thousand
sheep and thousands of cattle and horses. But although all the
products are carefully put on the market, the farm is not profit-
able ; it is too large. Such farms must be divided into small
holdings and managed by the owners ; no one man can conduct
such an estate to advantage.

Henry Miller, known as the great cattle king, began in San
Francisco as a butcher. He bought Spanish grants and owns
about one million acres, which he has divided into ranches of
20,000 acres each ; he drives around day and night to look after
them, and has no rest. He is estimated to be worth $40,000,000.
He has no children, and his partner, who died, had none, and the
case is the same with General Bidwell and other large land-
owners. The holding of such great estates is against the spirit of
republican institutions, and it seems as if Providence were step-
ping in to insure that they should be sold and divided. It is
certainly for the interest of California that they should be, and
the same may be said of the great estates purchased in this

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

country, by English syndicates, and Congress should take action
to prevent such concentration of ownership in land.

John Cragin of New York has an immense estate nearly in the
centre of the Sacramento valley, with the Sierra Nevada mount-
ains on the east and the Coast Range on the west. He takes a
different course in the management of his estate. It is divided
into ranches of about 20,000 acres, each in charge of a foreman
to whom he paj's a salary of about Si, 500. He has provided a
complete system of irrigation, and is bringing his estate into
condition to put on the market. He cultivates alfalfa largel}' ;
with irrigation it will yield ten tons of dry hay per acre. This is
stored in stacks of about three hundred tons each, and he has
about 60,000 tons on hand. Cattle will fatten on it. Mr. Cragin
has about ten thousand horses ; you cannot buy a single horse,
but the surplus is sent to San Francisco and sold at auction ; the
proceeds of a recent sale of fat steers amounted to 838,000. At
Riverside a man fed three horses from one acre of alfalfa.

The people of California are happy, contented and self-satisfied ;
every one thinks his location the best of all, and where every one
has the best, of course there can be no jealousy ; but every one
wants to sell out. They want from S200 to 8350 per acre, which
Mr. Ware thought too high ; it is rather a prospective value. At
Bakersfield, there is the best system of irrigation and all kinds of
fruit may be successfull}^ grown there. The speaker saw fine
specimens on exhibition ; including raisins and nuts of all kinds.
The peaches were of enormous size ; the}' are put in a strong
pickle to preserve them for show.

Jack rabbits, larger than our rabbits and having long ears,
abound to such an extent as to be a perfect nuisance. Parties of
two hundred or more, are formed to destroy them ; a corral is
first built by the hunters, who then surround a circuit of four
miles or more, and gradually coming nearer together drive the
rabbits into the corral. Ten thousand have been killed in one
hunt, and two ladies riding out in a buggj' killed two hundred
with a rifle.

Riverside is the grand centre of the orange industry. Twelve
years ago it was a prairie covered with grass and not a tree was to
be seen anywhere. Now Magnolia avenue extends for miles in a
straight line, bordered with palms, magnolias, and pepper trees, and
the orange groves are enclosed with trimmed hedges of Monterey

HORTICULTURE OF CALIFORNIA. 15

cypress. The orange trees c©me into bearing in about four years ;
twenty acres have been sold for 840,000. A crop has been sold
on the trees for $1,250 per acre, but four hundred to five hundred
dollars per acre, is not an unusual price for the fruit. Land and
water companies have been formed, and the land sold in lots with
water privileges, costing from sixty cents to five dollars per acre.
The town is a perfect paradise, filled with beautiful homes ; the
houses were set back from the streets, and now they can hardly
be seen. But oranges cannot be grown without any trouble ; the
most destructive pest is the cotton-scale ; a species of lady-bird,
from Australia, was found to be its deadly enemy, and it was
imported and propagated, and in two years it destroyed the
cotton-scale. There is another scale insect for which another
parasite will have to be found, though a kerosene emulsion will
destroy it. The gopher, an animal about as large as a rat,
destroys orange trees by girdling, but good cultivation will keep
them out. The speaker saw orange trees looking yellow, and was
told that the owner gathered a large crop, but did not put any-
thing back. He saw a young man from Amherst who went to
Pomona with some capital, and had worked hard, and was healthy,
happy, and prosperous. Five acres of orange grove is enough for
one man to attend to ; one can care for such a place better than
for a great estate. Mr. Ware concluded by saying that for lack
of time and preparation, he had been able to speak of only a very
few of the many prominent features of the horticultural resources
of California, and that briefly. But though he found California so
attractive, he loves his friends and the old associations, and could
not afford to leave them. He thanked God that his home is just
where it is, but said that unless we go away and return we cannot
rightly and full}' appreciate our homes.

Discussion.

O. B. Had wen spoke of the exhibition a few years ago by the
Kimball Brothers, of National City, Cal., in the Old South Church,
of products of that State, and said that he visited these gentle-
men, who are engaged in cultivating olives, guavas, etc., and was
most hospitably treated by them.

James Fisher said that he had lived in San Diego two or three
years, and that the climate there is in great contrast to that of
Oakland. In San Diego there is a breeze from the Pacific every
day in the hot season, and the climate is very healthful. Persons

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

arriving there with bad colds, or even suffering from the sequelae
of pneumonia, have been cured by the climate without taking any
remedy. There is no frost and the place is famous for semi-
tropical fruits. A variety of lemon with no seeds and very thin
skin is cultivated there, and preparations are making to extend its
culture very largely. The Messrs. Kimball have an olive-oil
factory and there is also one at San Bernardino.

Rev. C. S. Harrison, director of the South-west Division of the
Nebraska Horticultural Society, who was present, was called on,
and said that he was happy to meet this brotherhood and sister-
hood of horticulturists. This was his first visit to New England,
and he thought it the grandest place to live in that he had ever
seen. He would like to exchange some of the rich western soil
for the climate of New England. He had lived among the mag-
nificent conifers of the Rock}' Mountains, and been engaged in
collecting them and was pleased to recognize them at the Arnold
Arboretum and at Mr. Hunnewell's Pinetum at Wellesley. He
spoke of the beauty of Abies concolor^ with blossom buds of the
deepest purple and purple cones standing erect, while next to
them would be trees with cones of green. On the great plains
Norway spruce trees lose their heads, but trees brought from the
mountains do very well.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on " The
Huckleberry," by Dr. E. L. Sturtevant of South Framingham.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 18, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half past
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Treasurer was read by the Secretary,
accepted, and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The Secretary read a letter from W. W. Dunlop, Secretary of
the Montreal Horticultural Society, thanking this Society for the
prompt action taken in regard to the appointment of a Delegate
and Judge for the Convention of Fruit Growers of the Dominion
of Canada.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 25.

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 17

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Huckleberries and Blueberries — Gatlussacia and

Vaccinium sp.

By E. Lewis Sturtevant, M. D., South Framingham, Mass.

In New England the only vernacular names that I have heard
applied to this class of fruits have been Huckleberries for Gaylus-
sacia resinosa, T. and G. ; Blueberries for Vaccinium Pennsylvani-
cum, Lam., V. Canadense, Kalm, and V. vacillans, Solander, which
are not distinguished apart when collected for market pur-
poses, and Dangleberries for the fruit of Gaylussacia frondosa,
T. and G. The fruit of Gaylussacia dumosa, T. and G., occasion-
ally appears in the New Bedford markets under the name of the
Hairy Huckleberry ; and the unexcelled fruit of Vaccinium corym-
bosum, L., under the name of Bush Blueberries. Gray in his
Synoptical Flora applies in a generic sense the word Huckleberry
to the Gaylussacias ; and Blueberry, Bilberry, or sometimes Huc-
kleberry and Cranberry to the Vacciniuins. Authors have not,
however, made a very clear discrimination in the vernacular no-
menclature, and there is much confusion. I have never yet heard
the words "Whortleberry and Bilberry used by uneducated country
people, and j^et these words are given prominence in American
Cyclopedias and American authors. The popular method, in New
England at least, seems to be to apply the name of Huckleberries
to those kinds in which the seeds are prominent in the chewing,
and Blueberries to those other kinds in which the seeds are not
noticeable, regardless of the real color.

The word Whortleberrj', among American botanists, was used
by Bigelow, 1824 and 1840; Eaton, 1840; Provancher, 1862;
Emerson, 1875, and Gray, 1886, as also by Roger Williams in
colonial times. The same authors use the word Bilberry, as also
Josselyn in 1663, who says " two kinds ; — black and sky-colored,
which is more frequent;" Elliott in 1821, and Torrey in 1843.
The most modern local New England Floras use only the words
Huckleberry and Blueberry with the necessary additions as Bush,
Swamp, or Low, etc.^

1 Under date of December 7, 1889, Mr. W. R. Gerard, of New York, an authority on
plant names, writes me : —

" Huckleberry is merely a corruption by the American colonists of Hurtleberry.
The first example of the word that I have met with is in ' The Historical Description

2

X8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Plants of the genus Vaccinium {V. myrtillus, L.) seem to have
been called Myrtillus by the Latin writers of the middle ages, and
the fruit Myrtle-berry by the apothecaries. Prior, in his " Popular
names of British Plants," 1870, p. 121, derives Whortleberry as
a corruption from M^Ttleberry, and Hurtleberry and Huckleberry
in turn as corruptions of Whortleberry. Others derive the name
Whortleberry from the Anglo-Saxon heort-berg, hart-berry, or as
we should now say deer-berry. Tusser mentions hurtil-berries
amongst the fruits of his time Later, in 1586, Lyte's Dodoens
says the true English name for Vaccinium myrtillus, L., and F".
Vitis-Idcea, L., are " whorts, of some whortel berries." Gerarde,
in his editions of 1597 and 1636, gives the English names for V.
myrtillus, L., as " Whortes, Whortle-berries, Blacke Berries, Bill
Berries and Bull Berries, and in some places Winberries." Park-
inson, in 1640, says : " and we Whorts or Whortle berrys, and Bill
berries with us about London." The word Bill-berry also takes
on the frequent form of Blae-berr^-, and the occasional form of
Bull-berry.

A satisfactory explanation of the word liucMeherry and a record
of an early use of the word blueberry I have yet to find. The
word huckleberry does not occur in an3' English author I have
consulted except in those of very recent date. Both words occur
in Bigelow's " Flora ef Boston," 1814, and the first in the index to
Pursh's Flora of the same date. Neither occurs in Eaton's Botany
of 1840.

The species of North American representatives of our two
genera, which are recorded as bearing edible fruits, are :

Gaylussacia dumosa, T. and G.
" frondoaa, T. and G.

" resinosa, T. and G.

" ursina, T. and G.

of the Province and County of VTest New Jersey,' by Gabriel Thomas (London, 1698).
In another essay by the same author ' of the Province and County of Pensilvania' (sic)
of the same date, we find Hartleberries. Hartleberry is simply a changed pronuncia-
tion of Whortleberry, which again is a corruption of Myrtleberry. The early use of
the word Huckleberry may be found in Beverly's Virginia (1705) where we also find
Hurts ; and in a ' Description of South Carolina' (1710). Wood in his ' New England's
Prospect ' (1629) has Hurtleberry; so in a ' Narrative of the Colonies of Carolina and
Georgia,' by Tailpe and others (1741.)

" 'Common folks ' when they hear a plant name which they do not understand, are
apt to twist it into all manner of shapes, and pay no attention to the laws of letter
changes formulated by Grimm. Huckleberry is an American name. The corruption
from Hurtleberry is very easy by dropping the first r, i. e. Hutleberry."

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 19

Vaccinium ccesjntosum, Michx.

" Canadeyise, Kalm.

" corymhosum, L.

" myrtilloides, Hook.

" myrtillus^ L.

" ovalifoliuvi, Smith.

" ovatuvi, Pursh.

" parvifoUum, Smith.

" Pennsylvanicum^ Lam.

" saUciiium, Chamisso.

" stammeum, L.

" uliginosiim, L.

" vacillans, Soland.

" Vitis-Idcea, L.

To be classed with cranberries, however, to which the last
named may be considered, from a horticultural view, as a connect-
ing link, we have

Vaccinium erythrocarpon, Michx.
" oxy coccus, L.

" macrocarpon, Ait.

We will now review the species in alphabetical order :

A. Gaylussacia, H. B. K.
1. Gaylussacia dumosa, T. and G. Gray, Syn. FL, 2, 1, 19.
Synonyme, " hirtella, Torr., Fl. N. Y., i, 448.

" Vaccinium dumosum, Andr., Bot. Rep., t. 112;

Curt. Bot. Mag., t. 1106;
Pursh, FL, 285; Ell., Sk.,
1,497; Torr., Fl., i, 414.
" Decamerium dumosum, Nutt.

Sandy swamps, Newfoundland and along the coast to Florida
and Louisiana ; southward especially passing freely into
var. hirtella, Gray.
G. hirtella, Klotz, in Lin., XIV, 48.
Vaccinium hirtellum, Ait., Kew., ed. 2, ii, 357.

The berry is described by Bigelow as hairy, black, watery, and
insipid. Elliot says simply that they are eaten ; Chapman, that
the diameter of the berry is from one-third to one-half an inch.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On the Massachusetts coast the berry is of medium size, little
hairy or hair}^, far from insipid, and while not equalling the fruit
of the other species is yet considered of suflScient value to be
occasionally sold in the New Bedford markets, as I am credibly
informed by a botanist friend, E. W. Hervey.

This species was called the Hairy Whortleberry by Bigelow in
1824; Bush Whortleberry by Eaton in 1840; Dwarf Swamp
Huckleberry by Torrey in 1843 ; Dwarf Huckleberry by Gray in
1867 and Dame and Collins in 1888 ; Bush Huckleberry by
Emerson in 1875.

2. Gaylussacia frondosa, T. and G. Gray, Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 19.
Synonyme, Vaccinium frondosum, L., sp., 499 ; Andr., Bot.

Rep., t. 140 ; Bigel., Fl.

Bost., 152; Pursh, Fl.,

1285; Ell., Sk., i, 497;

Torr., Fl., i, 415.
*' " venustum, Ait., Kew., 2, 11.

" " glaucum, Michx., FL, i, 231.

" " decamerocarpon, Dunal in D. C. Prod.

" Decamerium frondosum, Nutt.

Low and shaded grounds, coast of New Hampshire and south-
ward ; mountains of Pennsylvania to Kentuckj' , Lousiana, and
Florida.

Pursh says the berries are large, blue, globular, eatable ; Bige-
low that the}' are sweet, few in number, ripening late ; Elliot that
this species yields the best flavored fruit. About New Bedford
the berries are of fair but not high quality, the shrubs yielding
most profusely in some seasons and the fruit is picked under the
name of Dangleberries, for local consumption and sale. Had we
not the superior Vaccinium corymbosum, we might well urge
attempts at culture for this species, on account of its habits of
growth, its occasional extreme prolificacy, and the ease of pick-
ing, together with the fair quality of the fruit.

The vernacular names given are Blue Tangles by Pursh, in
1814, Torrey in 1843, Gray in 1867, and Wood in 1875 ; Late
Whortleberry by Bigelow in 1824 and 1840 ; Blue Whortleberry
by Eaton in 1840 ; Dangleberry by Torrey in 1843 ; Gray, 1867 ;
Emerson, 1875 ; Robinson, 1880 ; Dame and Collins, 1888, and
this is the most appropriate name, and the only one I have heard

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 21

used ; Blue Dangleberry by Fuller in the Small Fruit Guitarist,
1867 ; High Blueberry by Wood in 1875.

3. Oaylussacia resinosa, T. and G. Gray, Syn. FL, 2, 1, 20.
Synonyme, Vaccinium resinosum, Ait., Kew., 2,12; Michx., Fl.,

1, 232; Bot. Mag., t. 1288;

Ell., Sk., i, 498; Pursh, Fl.,

1286; Bigel., Fl. Best., 150;

Torr., Fl., i, 415; Hook.,Fl.

Bor. Am., 2, 31.
" "• parviflorum, Andr., Bot. Rep., t. 125.

" Andromeda baccata, Wang. Amer., iii, t. 30, p. 69.

" Decamerium resinosum, Nutt.

This species occasionally has varieties with white fruit. Her-
xey^ mentions them about New Bedford, and Westbrook^ records
them in New Jersey'. " They are only white when grown and
ripened in the shade. If partially exposed to the sun, they will
have a pink cheek. When exposed to the full rays of the sun, as
in a field, they will be either pink or of a bright scarlet color."

Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatche-
wan and South to Upper Georgia. The only species in the North-
em Mississippi States, where it is rare.

Pursh says the berries are black, eatable ; Bigelow, that the
fruit is globular, black, sweet ; Gray, that the fruit is black,
rarely varying to white, without bloom, pleasant. This species
furnishes the Huckleberry or Black Huckleberry of our markets.
I am hardly of those who recommend this sort for cultivation, as
the fruit is not of the best, although the best of the Huckleberries,
being excelled in quality by the Blueberries, and the habits of
the plant are not such as to commend it.

The vernacular names are given as Black Huckleberry by Bige-
low, 1814, 1824, 1840; Torrey, 1843; Fuller, 1867; Gray, 1867;
Wood, 1875 ; Emerson, 1875 ; Robinson, 1880. As Black
Whortleberry by Bigelow, 1814, 1824, 1840 ; Eaton, 1840 ; Emer-
son, 1875. As Huckleberry- by Gray, 1886.

4. Gaylussacia ursina, T. and G. Gray, Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 20.
Synonyme, Vaccinium ursinum, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour.

Sc, XLIV, 82.

2 Flora of New Bedford, 1860. 3 Garden and Forest., Jan. 2, 1889, p. 10.

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Moist woods, confined to the mountains of the southern part of
North Carolina and adjacent parts of South Carolina.

Gray in his " Chloris Americana," 1846, says the fruit, though
edible, and indeed not unpleasant when fully ripe, has not the fine
flavor of the other species, and is seldom eaten ; in his ' ' Synopti-
cal Flora," he says, " fruit, reddish, turning black, insipid."

The vernacular names are Bear-berry and Bear Huckleberry.

B. Vaccinium, L.

1. Vaccinium ccespitosum, Michx. Gray, Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 24;

Hook., Fl. Bor. Am., 2, 33, t. 126,
and Bot. Mag., t. 3429.

Hudson's Bay and Labrador, alpine summits of the White
Mountains of New Hampshire, and Colorado Rocky Mountains
to Alaska.

Var. arbuscula, Gray I. c, in Oregon passes into the ordinary
form and into var. cuneifoUum, Nutt., Mem. Am. Phil. Soc, n.
ser., Vni, 262. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to California,
British Columbia, and east to Lake Superior.

Gray says the berry is quite large, blue with a bloom, sweet ;
Wood that the berries are large, globous, blue, eatable.

Wood gives Bilberry as the vernacular name.

2. Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. Richards, in Franklin, ed.

2, 12; Hook., Fl. 2, 32, and Bot.
Mag., t. 3446; Gray, Syn. Fl., 2,
1, 22.
Synonyme, Vaccinium album. Lam. Diet., i, 73, not L.

Swamps or low woods, Hudson's Bay to Bear Lake and the
northern Rocky Mountains ; south to north New England ; mount-
ains of Pennsylvania and Illinois.

This species is abundant in certain swamps in Maine, and the
berries are largely collected and sent to market under the name
of Blueberries. The quality is excellent.

It is called Black Bilberry by Torrey 1843 ; Canada Blueberry
by Provancher, 1862 ; Gray, 1867 ; Fuller, 1867 ; Dame and Col-
lins, 1888.

3. Vaccinium corymbosum, L, Smithin Rees's Cyc, No. 13 ;

Gray, Syn. Fl , 2, 1, 22;
Ell., Sk., i, 498.

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 23

Sj'Donyme, Vaccinium disomorphum, Michx., FL, i, 23.

(1) var. amcenum, Gra}', Man., ed. 5, 292.
V. amoenum, Ait., Kew., 2, 12 ; Andr., Bot. Rep., t.

135; Bot. Reg.,t. 400.
V. corymbosum, var. fuscatum. Hook., Bot. Mag.,

t. 3433?

(2) war. pallidum, Gray, Man., ed. 5, 292.
V. pallidum. Ait., I. c. ; Gray, Man., ed. 1, 262.
V. albiflorum, Hook., Bot. Mag., t. 3428.
V. eonstablaei. Gray in Am. Jour. Sc, XLII,

42; Chapm., Fl., 260.

(3) var. fuscatum, Gray, Syn. FL, 2, 1, 23.
V. fuscatum, Ait., I. c.

(4) var. atrococcum. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 292.
v. fuscatum, Gray, Man., ed. 1, 262.
V. disomorphum, Bigel., Fl. Bost., ed. 2, 151.

Swamps and low woods, from Newfoundland and Canada
through the Atlantic States to Louisiana, but rare in the Missis-
sippi region. Variety 1 is found mainl}'^ in the Middle Atlantic
States ; variety 2 is common through the AUeghanies southward,
mostly on the tops of the higher mountains ; variety 3 occurs in
Alabama and Florida to Arkansas and Louisiana ; variety 4 is
common from north New England to Pennsj'lvania.

This species is very variable not only in the habit of growth,
but in its blooming characters and fruit. It furnishes the best of
our fruits of the huckleberry or blueberry class. Large, covered with
a blue powder, acid and sweet, and of a peculiar, delicate, attract-
ive flavor. I have measured berries in number from single plants
that covered five-eighths of an inch in diameter. In the Carolinas,
Elliott in his sketch of the Botany saj's, the fruit is indifferent
to eat ; Bigelow, in Massachusetts, that they are large, acid and
sweet, and that the variety atrococcum has small, polished, black
berries, and I can add of excellent savor. The plant grows in all
kinds of soil, attains often a considerable size, is, in individual
plants, especially fruitful, and bears its berries often in dense
clusters. These berries are gathered b}' the country people, and
are preferred in the markets. It offers as a species especial
advantages for removal into culture, and it is only necessary to
search the places where it grows in order to discover varieties of

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

exceptional merit. I have noticed that plants of similar quality,
whether as appertaining to a prolific habit or size of fruit, are
usually to be found together, and this indicates that such charac-
teristics are transmissible b}' seed. The most prolific plant I ever
found was growing on a dry rock ; the largest fruited clump of
plants extended from a dry upland to and within the borders of a
swamp, thus indicating the variety of soil that accommodates this
species. It also flourishes in the sunlight and in partial shade.

It was called Blueberry by Bigelow in 1814 ; Bilberry likewise,
and by Torrey in 1843 ; Bilberry or Bullberry by Elliott in 1821 ;
Blue Bilberry by Bigelow in 1824 and 1840, Eaton in 1840,
Torrey in 1843, and Provancher in 1862 ; Giant Whortleberry by
Eaton in 1840 ; Tall Swamp Huckleberry by Torrey in 1843 ;
High Blueberry by Provancher in 1862, as also High Whortle-
berry and Blue Huckleberry ; Common Blueberry by Gray, 1867 ;
Swamp Blueberry by Gray and Fuller in 1867, Robinson in 1880,
and Dame and Collins in 1888 ; High Bush Huckleberry by Fuller
in 1867 and Emerson, 1875 ; Swamp Huckleberry by Emerson,
1875 ; Common High Blueberry by Wood, 1875, and High Bush
Blueberry by Robinson, 1880, the preferable name.

The variety atrococcum is called Black Bilberry by Bigelow in
1824 and 1840 ; and Black High Bush Huckleberry by Fuller in
1867.

4. Vaccinium myrtilloides, Hook. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 291,

Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 24.
Synonyme, Vaccinium myrtilloides, partly, Hook., Fl., 2, 32,

and Bot. Mag., t. 3447

(excl. Syn. Ait., etc. and

Tar. rigidum) , not Michx.

" " membranaceum, Dougl. ined.Torr.,Bot.

Wilkes's Exp., 377.
Damp woods. Lake Superior to the coast of Oregon and British
Columbia.

Hooker says the fruit is much relished by the natives of the
North-west Rocky Mountains. T. J. Howell, of Oregon,* says the
berries are large, one-half or three-quarters of an inch in diameter,
flat, with a broad calyx, of good flavor and in every way a good
berry. He calls the shrub Large Blue Huckleberry.

* Case's Bot. Index, 1881, 38.

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 25

5. Vaccinium Myrtillus,!,. Schk., Handb., 1. 107 ; Reichenb., Ic.

Germ., t. 1169; Hook., Fl., 2, 33;

Gray, Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 24.
Synonyme, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Watson, Bot. King's Ex.,

209, not of others.

Europe, Asia, Rocky Mountains of North America, extending
as far south as Colorado and north-east Utah, and north-west
to Alaska.

Lyte's Dodoens, 1586, mentions " som that beare white berries
when they be ripe ; howbeit the)' are but seldome scene." White
fruits are catalogued by Ruppius in his " Flora Jenensis," in
1726, and were also found by Gmelin in Siberia, 1768. This
variety with white berries has also been found in Scotland, accord-
ing to Phillips.

In the Orkneys the fruit is of large size and a wine of line
flavor has been made from it.^ The Highlanders of Scotland eat
the berries in milk, and make them into tarts and jellies, which
last they mix with their whiskey to give it a relish to strangers.*
Bryant ' mentions that in England they are taken to market to be
eaten raw or made into tarts, etc., and their present use for these
purposes in England is frequent.^ In Lapland they are esteemed
a delicacy, prepared in various ways,** and are eaten fresh or dried
in Sweden.'" In France they are esteemed as a fruit,'' and are
used for coloring wine. In Poland the ripe berries mixed with
wood strawberries are esteemed as a great delicacy.'' They are
eaten als© in Germany, and Caesalpinus mentions their use in the
Alpine region, where they are called Bagolae. In Siberia Gmelin
says the}' occupy no mean place at dessert, and in the Rocky
Mountain region of America the}^ are a favorite food for the
Indians.'^

The various English names are Whortleberry, Black Whorts or
Whorts, Bilberry, and Blaeberry. In Sweden thej are called in
Upland, Blabar ; in Smoland, Slynnon ; in West-Gothia, Slinner ;
in Scania, Bollion ; in Lapland, Zirre and Zerre ; in France, Airelle,
Aurelle, Myrtilles, Myrtille desbois, Bluete, or in Brittany, Lucets,

6 Dickson, Pr. Essays H. Soc, 2d ser., VU, 132.

« Lightfoot, Fl. Scot., i, 201. ' Bryant, Fl. Diaet., 1783, 132.

8 Masters, Treas. of Bot , 2, 1103. ^ Linnaeus, Fl. Lap., n. 143.

If Aspelin, Fl. Oecon., 1748, 520. " Noisette, Man., 1829, 448.

12 Don., Gard. Diet., 3. 852. "U. S. Dept. Agr. Kept., 1870, 415.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and in Normand}' Mawrets ; in Brabant, Crakebesien, Haverbe-
sien, Postelbesien ; in Germany, Heydelbeeren, Bickbeeren, Blaw-
beeren, Schwartzbeeren, Koltzbeeren, Pickelbeeren, Besnigen ; in
Bohemia, Czerne iahody ; in Italy, Mj-rtillo : in Russia, Ticherniza.

6. Vaccinium ovalifolium, Smith in Rees's Cyc, No. 2 ; Hook.,

Fl.,2, 33; Gray, Man., ed. 5, 291,
Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 24.
Synonyme, Vaccinium Chamissonis, Bong., Sitk., 525.

Woods, south shore of Lake Superior and Oregon to Unalaschka,
and Japan.

This is the le brou plant of the north-west, being used to make
a dainty of that name. The berries are gathered before quite
ripe, are pressed into a cake, then dried and laid by. When
used a quantity is put into a vessel of cold water and stirred rapidly
with the hand until it assumes a form not unlike soap-suds. It is
pleasant to the taste, with a slightly bitter flavor.'*

7. Vacci7iium ovaticm, FuTsh, Fl., 290; Lindl., Bot. Reg., t.

1354; Gray, Syn. FL, 2, 1, 25.
Synonyme, Vaccinium lanceolatum, Dunal in D. C. Prod., VII,

570.
" Metagonia ovata, Nutt.

Vancouver's Island to Monterey, etc. California, on hills near
the coast.

Douglas says the fruit is black and pleasant ; Torrey that the
berries are edible, but small ; Gra^' that the berries are reddish,
turning black, small, sweetish.

8. Vaccinium parvifolium, Smith in Rees's Cyc, No. 3 ; Hook.,

Fl., t. 128 ; Gray, Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 24.

Shady and low woods. Northern part of California, near the
coast, to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands.

Don says the berries are red and make excellent tarts. T. J.
Howell,'* Oregon, calls it the Red Huckleberry and says the

" R. Brown, Jr., Bot. Soc. of Edinb., IX, 384. is Case's Bot. Index, 1881, 38.

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 27

berries are good size, sour, but of good flavor. Gray that the
bright red berries are rather dry and hardly edible.

9. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam., Diet., 1, 72 ; Michx., Fl.,

i, 223; Hook., Bot. Mag., t.
3434; Gray, Man., ed. 1, 261,
Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 22.

Synonyme, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michx., I. c.

" " tenellum, Pursh, Fl., 1, 288, not Ait. ;

Bigel., Fl. Host., 150.
var. angustifolium, Gray, I. c.
" V. angustifolium. Ait., Kew., ed. 2, ii, 356.

" V. salicinum, Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 319, not

Cham.

Dry hills and woods. Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and
southward to New Jersey and Illinois ; commoner northward ;
the variety, Labrador and Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and
Alpine regions of the White Mountains of New Hampshire.

This furnishes the larger part of the blueberries of our markets.
The berries are described by Pursh as large, bluish black,
■extremely sweet and agreeable to eat. He says the mountains of
Pennsylvania produce an immense variety of this species in size
and shape of the fruit, leaves, and flowers. This is the early Blue-
berry of New England, and immense quantities are gathered for
market. In my estimation the fruit ranks second only to V.
corymbosum. The plant is low growing, extremely prolific, and
flourishes best on dry hills and pastures. When mown down the
shoots spring up very straight and without side branches, the
upper third one mass of bloom, and the berries can thus be
stripped off by handfuls. This is one of the species that are
deserving attempts at culture or protected culture.

It was called Low Blueberry by Bigelow in 1824 and 1840, and
Emerson, 1875 ; Dwarf Blue Huckleberry and Sugar Huckleberry
by Torrey in 1843 ; Black-blue Whortleberry by Eaton in 1840 ;
Dwarf Blueberry by Gray in 1867, Fuller, 1867, Robinson, 1880,
Dame and Collins, 1888 ; Common Low Blueberry b}' Provancher,
1862, and Wood, 1875.

Pursh gives the name of Bluets for the variet}' angustifolium.

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

10. Vaccinium salicinum, Cham. Spreng., Syst. Cur. Post.,

147, and Linnaea, i, 525 (not
Aschers., I. c.) ; Gray, Syn. Fl., 2,
1, 23.

Found by Chamisso at Unalaschka, in moss.
Pickering gives this species among the edible berries collected
and dried by the natives of north-west America.

11. Vaccinium stamineum, L. Andr., Bot. Rep.,t. 263 ; Gray,.

Syn. FL, 2, 1, 21.
Synonyme, Vaccinium elevatum, Soland. Dunal in D. C. Prod.,

VII, 567 (excl. var.).
" " album, Pursh, Fl. 1, 284, not L.

Dry woods, Maine to Michigan and south to Florida and Louis-
isiana ; rare west of the Alleghanies.

The berries are described by Pursh as green, or white when
perfectly ripe. Gray says they are large, pear-shaped or globu-
lar, mawkish. Elliot that they are eaten. Another authoritj''®
says they are an agreeable fruit, growing in Wisconsin and Michi-
gan, of which the Indians make extensive use.

Pursh and Gray give the vernacular name Deerberry ; Clay-
ton" calls them Goose-berrys ; in Michigan and Wisconsin'* they
are known as Squaw Huckleberries.

12. Vaccinium uliginosum, Jj. Fl. Dan.,t. 581; Reichenb.,

Ic. Germ., XVII, t. 1168;
Gray, Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 23.
Synonyme, Vaccinium pubescens, Hornem., Fl. Dan., t. 1516.
" " gaultherioides, Bigel.

Europe, Asia, Arctic America to the alpine regions of the
mountains of New England, New York, and shore of Lake Supe-
rior, westward to Oregon and Alaska.

Don describes the berries as large, juicy, black, covered with a
mealy bloom, eatable but not either very grateful or wholesome.
Aspelin says they are eaten in Sweden by children and Guinea
hens, but that they often induce trembling. Lamarck says they
are of agreeable savor. Some of the Siberian tribes, as Gmelin

le U. S. Dept. Agr. Rept., 1870, 415. " Gron., Virg., 1762, 60.

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 29

reports, hold them in esteem, yet they are believed there, as among
the mountaineers of Switzerland, the Jura, and Thuringia, to
promote intoxication. Pursh says the blueish black berries are
eatable ; Richardson that beyond the Arctic circle the fruit in
good seasons is plentiful to an extraordinarj' degree, and is of
finer quality than in more southern localities. The western
Eskimos, according to Seemann, collect the berries and freeze for
winter use.

This fruit is called Bog Bilberry by Richardson ; Bog or Great
Bilberry by Miller, Mawe and Don. Greater Bill-berr}' by Du
Roi. In Germany Drunkelbeeren, Dunkelbeeren, Drumpelbeeren,
Rauschbeeren, Grosse Heidelbeeren, Rosbeeren, Bruchbeeren,
Krackbeeren, Jugelbeeren, Moosheidelbeeren, Ruhthecker, accord-
ing to Du Roi. Gmelin gives the Russian names as Pjaniza,
Oolubiza, Golubel, and Gonobobel.

IS, Vaccinium vacillans, Solander. Gray, Man., ed. 1, 261 ;

Syn. Fl., 2, 1,22; Torn,
Fl. N. Y., i, 445.
Synonyme, Vaccinium virgatum, Bigel., Fl. Bost., 152, not Ait.
" " Pennsylvanicum, Torr., Fl., i, 416, not

Lam.

Dry and sandy woodlands and rocky places, New England to
North Carolina and Missouri.

Bigelow describes the berries as large, covered with a blue
powder, ver}' sweet. The quality is excellent, and they ripen
somewhat later than some of the other species. This seems to be
one of the species which are deserving of cultural attempts, ag
the plant is somewhat taller growing than V. Pennsylvanicum ^
Lam.

Torrey in 1843 uses for names the Low Blue Huckleberry and
the Sugar Huckleberry. Emerson in 1875 calls it the Blue Huc-
kleberry, while Low Blueberry is used by Gray in 1867, Robinson
in 1880, and Dame and Collins, 1888.

14. Vaccinium Vitis- Idcea, Jj. Fl. Dan., t. 40; Lodd., Bot.

Cab., t. 616 ; Gray, Syn. Fl., 2,

1, 25.
Synonyme, Vaccinium punctatum. Lam.

Round the Arctic Circle, Europe, Asia, Greenland to Japan ;

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in this country south to the coast and mountains of north New-
England and Lake Winnipeg ; on the western coast south to
British Columbia.

In England, according to Brj'ant, the berries are collected for
use in making tarts, jellies, etc. Miller sa3'8 they are scarcely to
be eaten raw, but are made into pies in Derbyshire, but their
flavor is far inferior to that of cranberries. In Sweden, accord-
ing to Linnaeus, they are sent in large quantities to Stockholm for
pickling, and Aspelin saj's jellies are made from them, and in
Lapland an esteemed preserve. In Siberia, Gmelin reports their
use as a winter preserve, and says they are greedily eaten in a
raw state. Gray says the dark red, acid and bitterish berries
are a fair substitute for cranberries when cooked, and Thoreau
speaks of using the berries stewed and sweetened, in Maine.
Richardson reports them as plentiful and much used throughout
Rupert's land, called by the Crees wi-ea-gu-mina, and says this
berry is excellent for every purpose to which a cranberry can be
applied. The Western Eskimo, on the authority of Seemann,
collect the berries in autumn and freeze for winter use.

In England called Red Whorts, according to Miller, Bryant
and Du Roi, or Red Whortleberry ; in America, Cowberry and
Mountain Cranberry, according to Gray ; in Germany, Krons-
beeren, Preusselbeeren, Krausbeeren, Rothe Heidelbeeren, Stein-
beeren, Krenbeeren, Kranbeeren, Crandenbeeren, Holperbeeren,
according to Du Roi. In France, Airelles Rouge ; in Russia,
Brussniza according to Gmelin, and in Japan Koke-momo and
Iwa-momo, according to Rein.

We now make a brief review of the cranberry species :

15. Vaccinium erythrocarpon, Michx., Fl., i, 227; Gray, Syn.

Fl., 2, 1, 25.
Synonyme, Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh., Fl., 264.

" " erythrocarpus. Ell., Sk., i, 447.

Damp woods, in the higher Alleghanies, Virginia to Georgia.

The transparent scarlet berries, according to Pursh, are of an
exquisite taste. Gray says the berry is light red, turning nearly
black at full maturity, watery, slightly acid. The plant is a shrub
one to four feet high.

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 31

16. Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait., Kew., ii, 13, t. 7 ; Bot. Mag.,

t. 2806 ; Gray, Syn. FL, 2, 1, 26.

Synonyme, Vaccinium oxycoccus, var. oblongifolius, Michx.,

FL, i, 227.
** Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pursh, Fl., 264 ; Bart., FL,

i, t. 17.

Bogs, etc., Newfoundland to North Carolina, through Northern
States and Canada to Saskatchewan, and the Cokimbia River.

The American cranberry is described by Josselyn in his rarities
(^fidi Rail), and Ray, 1704, gives the American names as Cran-
berries and Bear Berries. Roger Williams gives the Indian name
as Sasemineash. In 1686, Ray describes the berry, sent him from
New England. Douglas says the fruit is boiled and eaten by the
natives of the Columbia River region under the name of Soolabich.
In 1814, the culture first commenced in England,'' although the
plant was introduced in 1760.'^ In this country the culture, which
has now attained great success, was first commenced on a very
small scale about 1840."°

The use now with us is very large, and the berries are shipped
abroad in large quantities, being preferred in England to the fruit
of their native cranberry.

17. Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. Fl. Dan., t. 80 ; Eng. Bot.. 319 ;

Schk., t. 107 ; Gray, Syn. FL, 2,
1, 25.
Synonyme, Oxj'coccus palustris, Pers., Syn., 1, 419.

Sphagnous swamps, through Europe, North and Middle Asia,
North America, Greenland to Japan, around the subarctic zone
from Newfoundland and Labrador south to the mountains of
Pennsylvania, to the Saskatchewan district and to Alaska.

In Britain called Cranberry or Fen-berry or Marsh-worts
(Prior) ; Russian, Klinokwa (Gmelin) ; Japanese, Aka-momo and
Iwa-haze (Rein) ; in German}', Moss-beer (Eyst.).

We thus find four edible Huckleberries (Gaylussacia), fourteen
edible Blueberries (Vaccinium), and three edible Cranberries
(Vaccinium, section Oxycoccus).

We have given the vernacular names ad nauseam to give prom-
inence to the confusion that exists, and to call attention to the

18 Phillips, Comp. to the Orchard, 116. " Ait., Kew., 1789, 13.

20 Eastwood, Man. of the Cranb., 1856.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

deplorable habit among authors of often giving words of their own
coining rather than those in habitual use.

Huckleberries and Blueberries have been strangely overlooked
both by horticulturists and annalists. Notwithstanding the great
use that must have been made of the berries by the Indians and
early colonists on the New England coast, yet I find but few
records referring to it. Roger Williams speaks of " divers sorts"
used by the Indians under the name of Attitaash. Parkinson
refers to Champlain in 1615, who found the Indians near Lake
Huron gathering blueberries for their winter store. Kalm speaks
of the Indians drying the berries in the sunshine or by the fireside
for winter use. These are the only references I have noted.

The blueberrj' must have been an esteemed fruit since the
colonization of northern America, and is now collected for the
markets in vast quantities, j'et its culture seems to have been
almost entirely omitted. I find but few recorded attempts, and
these only within the last few years. In 1886, Frank Ford & Sons,
Ravenna, O., included them in their nursery catalogue, as follows :

High-Bush Huckleberry or Blueberry. (Presumably V. corym-
bosum.) This grows six to eight feet high, fruit large size and
brings the highest price in market. Although a seedling of the
swamp variety, it can be grown on au}'^ soil.

Dwarf Huckleberry. (Presumably V. Pennsylvanicum.) Very
early, fruit large, often one-half inch in diameter. Bush grows
from six to ten inches in height. This is the earliest variety
oflfered, and yields immensely.

Low Bush Blueberry. (Presumably V. vacillans.') Fruit very
sweet, and of superior quality ; grows from one to two feet high.

Black Huckleberry. (Presumabl}' G. resinosa.) Fruit large ;
bush two to three feet high, productive ; in flavor distinct from
other varieties, and preferred by many.

Common Swamp Huckleberry. (Presumably V. Canadense.)
This variety grows in abundance in this vicinity in swamps, and
large quantities of fruit are marketed every 3'ear. And while we
would not recommend this as being as good as the High-Bush
described above, for upland culture, as that has been grown for
years on upland, it will adapt itself to most soils.

In their introductory this firm say :

"This much neglected fruit, which is of such great value, and
so eas}' of cultivation, ought to be found in every fruit garden.

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 33

Its perfect hardiness and adaptation to all kinds of soil, render it
as easy of cultivation as any of the small fruits, and it can be
grown anywhere that corn will grow.

Plant the large varieties four by five feet apart, and they will
form large bushes. The small varieties, plant in rows five feet
apart and from one to two feet in the row. Cultivate to keep
down all weeds, and prune by shortening in the long growths, to
induce the growth of short, fruit bearing laterals, and trim out the
old wood when it has ceased to be productive ; when they begin
to bear, mulch heavily with straw, leaves, wild grass, or any
material that will keep the ground moist and cool, and the culti-
vator will be rewarded by a bountiful crop of delicious fruit."

In the Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion for 1883, p. 227, will be found notice of a successful attempt
at cultivation about 1868, bj' W. J. Scott, of Bridgewater, Oneida
Co., N. Y. He removed the bushes from a cold, wet swamp to
dry and gravelly upland. The plants were of both the High Bush
and the Low kind. In 1883, he reported that the plants had
borne abundantly. The bushes grew taller and better than those
in the swamp, and the berries increased in size.

Discussion.

Jackson Dawson, gardener at the Arnold Arboretum, said he
began fourteen or fifteen years ago to grow these plants from
seeds, and now has plants of almost every variety that will endure
our climate. Mr. Dawson then read a letter, which was received
at the Arnold Arboretum in 1885, from E. S. Gofl, of the New
York Experiment Station, at Geneva, N. Y. It contained
an inquiry what to do with his huckleberry plants to make them
grow. He had had no difficulty in securing germination, but after
the young seedlings attained about five leaves they stopped grow-
ing for a few months, and then died gradually. He had used sand,
muck, and loam, and various mixtures of these soils, but the re-
sult had been the same in all. The soil had been kept pretty
wet. Mr. Dawson's reply was published in the " Country Gentle-
man," for 1885, page 660. Therein he recommended using seed
pans four inches deep, half filled with broken crocks, thinly
covered with sphagnum. The soil preferred was a compost of
one part good fibrous peat (upland preferred), one part well
rotted pasture sod, and one (larger) part of clean, fine sand, free
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from iron rust, all mixed thoroughly. The pans should be filled
to the brim with this soil, which should then be pressed down
evenl}- until firm as possible. The seed, washed free from the
pulp, is then to be sown thickly but evenly over the surface, and
pressed down with a board and covered with about their own
thickness of the same compost. Over this a thin layer of fresh
sphagnum is put, and a gentle watering with a fine rose completes
the work. The pans should be placed in a cold frame and allowed
to get one or two hard frosts. Keep them in the frames until
about New Year's, when they may be brought into a night tem-
perature of from 55° to 60°, and da}' range of 10° higher. They
must be watched carefully, watering to keep the soil moist but
not saturated. As soon as the seedlings begin to appear the
sphagnum should be graduall}' removed and a little fresh compost,
like the soil, sifted in among the seedlings.

When the second rough leaf has expanded, the young plants
should be pricked out in fresh pans prepared like the first, S3T-
inged slightly and placed in a temperature of 65° at night and 1 0°
higher during the day, with slight shade on the glass during bright
weather, keeping the air moist by wetting down the floors when
necessary, and but slightly syringing the plants. The shade must
be removed and the syringing omitted in cloud}' and stormy
weather, and it is necessary- to close the house when the sun
begins to leave it after noon.

About mid-summer, carefully attended plants will have become
crowded and need to be transplanted into fresh pans, the same
treatment as before being continued to the end of August. Then
more air and less water should be given, that the plants may be
gradually hardened off, after which they may be placed in cold
frames with a southern exposure, where the sash may be removed
by day and replaced at night. When frost approaches, protect
the frames with mats, that the foliage may be kept on the plants
to perfect the ripening of the wood. After the leaves drop,
cover the frames with four or five inches of meadow ha}', which
will protect them through the winter. But on fine days, once or
twice each month, the frames should be opened, to dry out any
damp or fungus. Early in April make a bed eighteen inches
deep, of peat, loam, and sand, well mixed. In this the young
plants should be set three or four inches apart, in rows six inches
apart. They should be syringed morning and evening during

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 35

dry weather, and shaded by lath screens during the brightest
sunshine, but these must be removed at night and in cloudy
weather, and when the plants are well established the screening
may be gradually discontinued.

Toward the end of August watering must be reduced and finally
withheld, that the wood may become ripened. As winter
approaches the addition of a few inches of fresh soil, between the
rows, will afford all needed protection, and in the following spring
they can be planted out permanently.

Mr. Dawson has sown seed from September to January, and
while most of it grew the first season, some delayed until the
second year and then came up well. Seed washed as soon as
gathered, sown at once, and exposed to a slight frost, germinated
the first season, while seed kept until dry and then sown, even in
autumn, and kept in heat all winter, did not start until the second
year. The low blueberry and the huckleberry will fruit in from
three to four years from the seed, but the high-bush blueberry
requires from four to six 3-ears.

He had known several who had made plantations in low moist
ground with success, but the High Bush Blueberry although
naturally growing in swampy low grounds, grows well in any
ordinary soil ; in fact he had seen plants well fruited although
growing in pure sand.

Vacdniian corymhosxim and its varieties seem to be the best for
experiments. They are much easier to transplant either from the
swamp or upland than other species. Thej' are more prolific and
the varieties are numerous, and by selection many fine berries can
be had. Vaccinium, corymhosum var. amcenum is a fine dwarf
form of the species, with very large fruit, and does well on upland.
After V. corymhosum, he thinks that V. vacillans is the next
best. Where the woods or pastures containing the blueberry
have been burnt over, the bushes produce immense crops the
second year following. This being noticed repeatedly has led
several parties to buy old berry pastures and systematically burn
over a portion each year, thus securing a large crop of fruit from
some portion of this land every year. There are many acres in
this State that might be treated in this manner, and be more
profitable than many other farm crops.

Mr. Dawson said that the varieties in the pastures that are
burnt over, and produce such immense crops, are not the common

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

swamp blueberry. The pasture usually contains Vacdnium Penn-
sylvanicum and varieties, V. vacillans, and Vcif^cinium corymhosum
var. amoenum. The High Bush Blueberry does not come into
bearing so soon after the fire as the others mentioned. Further
north Vacdnium Canadense takes the place of s^me of the others.

Of the Ga^'lussacias, the common Huckleberry, G. resinosa, ia
hai'der to establish than the Dangleberry, but when once estab-
lished grows well. But under cultivation it dees not come up to
the blueberry as a fruiting plant.

The speaker had never tried any special fertilizers, but thought
a mulch of leaves would be better than stable manure unless well
decomposed. He believes the time will come when these fruits
will be found in every garden, the same as the strawberry, rasp-
berry, and other small fruits, and in as many varieties.

In Northern New York and Pennsylvania a white form of the
Huckleberry is plenty. Sixty-five bushels of these were once
sent to the New York market, and, it is said, sold at eight dollars
per bushel, while the common blueberries were sold at three
dollars. A small patch of this White Huckleberry has been
known for a long time at Concord, Mass., and a white form of
Vacdnium vacillans was found in Plymouth, Mass., several
years ago.

Edmund Hersey had experimented in a small way many years,
aiming to discover the best method of treatment, and has found
that the Low-Bush Upland Huckleberry takes kindly to cultiva-
tion, which greatly improves the fruit in size and number. It
bears fertilizing well. He found that a portion of muck in the
soil, and mulching were good for the plants. The High Bush
Blueberry can be cultivated, but it takes less kindly to it than
does the first mentioned. The bushes can be transplanted from
low lands to high sandy ground, but need shade, as the fruit, if
exposed to the sun, is quickly scorched and dried up.

By grafting, better results maj^ be secured. It is easily done,
and by marking wild plants which bear the finest fruit, and taking
scions from them, superior fruit will soon be had in abundance.
Mr. Herse3^ practices cleft-grafting, in stocks not as large as one's
thumb, which are then set out. In this way fine varieties may be
propagated. The great drawback is the ravages of birds. The
bushes must be covered with netting from the time the fruit
begins to turn or the birds will take them. Thus protected, it is

HUCKLEBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES. 37

astonishing what enormous quantities of fruit can be had. A
square rod of bushes will furnish all that a family would care for.
He knew of one bush which yielded a bushel of berries. Some
years, however, there is a promise of a good crop, but from some
cause few ripen.

Mr. Dawson confirmed Mr. Hersey's statements that the blue-
berry can be grafted. The method which he prefers is side-
grafting near the crown of the root, thereby getting plants free
from suckers. The grafting is done under glass from January to
April, on young plants that were potted the summer before. The
second year after grafting his plants begin to fruit.

Alfred W. Paul said that while huckleberries and blueberries
grow so abundantly in the wild state, he doubted the probability
of their cultivation proving a financial success.

Mr. Hersey suggested that we should not always consult
the financial aspects of experiments. Whatever we can do that
will make life happier, and our homes more pleasant will pa}".
There are many gardens in places where the owners cannot find
wild fruit easily, and a few of these bushes under cultivation
would be a convenience and also add much to the attractiveness
of the home.

Mr. Paul said that Black Huckleberries and Swamp Blueberries
grow more abundantly in his vicinity' than he had seen anywhere
else. Low Blueberries are brought from New Hampshire, in large
quantities. When visiting a brother-in-law near Plymouth, in
that State, a year or two ago, after the berry season was over, he
was told that a neighbor had marketed S2300 worth of blueberries
in one season. Mr. Paul saw that a large quantity of this fruit,
estimated to be at least fifty bushels per acre, had been left
unpicked. With this showing of wild productiveness, would any
one think of cultivating the bushes, looking at the matter from a
financial point of view?

John C. Hovej- held that the idea that the fruits under consider-
ation may be cultivated as easil}' as anything else, is a mistake.
Success may be won, but we should try to adopt natural methods.
That appears to have been the case where Mr. Dawson and Mr.
Hersey have succeeded in their experiments.

Joseph H. Woodford said that Hon. William Freeman of
Cherryfield, Maine, controls a large district there, comprising
from thirty to forty thousand or more acres of land. On this

38, MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

territory he has mauy natural plantations of berry bushes, and
employs a forester all the j'ear round to assist in the care of these
areas. They burn over some of these plantations every year, and
two years later gather from such portions an immense crop of
superior fruit. By this system a great yield is secured every year
from some parts of this land. The berries are almost as large as
cherries. The}' will burn over, this j'ear, about one thousand
acres of berry bush lands.

William E. Endicott was ready to say that blueberries can be
grown as easily as currants, and more easily than many varieties
of the raspberry. He has had no experience with Black Huckle-
berries. Dangleberr}' seed has always failed to grow with him,
but he had been successful in transplanting that species from the
woods. He had cultivated the Low Black Huckleberry and
thought more highly of it than of the High Bush Blueberry.
White Huckleberries are not uncommon in his neighborhood ; he
had repeatedly found them, but they are generally deficient in
flavor.

Mr. Hove}' said that it takes a great deal to kill blueberry
bushes, especially the high bush blueberry.

Mr. Dawson believed that most people, in taking up plants
from the woods or pastures, are so eager to have their berry
bushes bear that they select the largest plants. Unless they are
taken up with the greatest care, these large plants invariably die,
whereas if plants of one or two feet in height were selected and
carefully planted they would take hold at once, and in a j'ear or
two would be far ahead of the larger plant even if that should
struggle through.

Mr. Hersey said that when he transplants large bushes he cuts
off the tops.

Notice was given that Professor G. H. Whitcher, Director of
the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, Hanover,
N. H., would read his paper on the " Growth and Nutrition of
Plants," on Saturday, February 22.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced for the nest Saturday, a paper on the " Fruits and
Flowers of Japan," by William P. Brooks, Professor of Agricul-
ture, in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst.

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 39

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 25, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, President Spooner in the chair.

On motion of Leverett M. Chase, it was

Voted, That hereafter the Secretar}' send to each member the
Schedule of Exhibitions, enlarged by a notice of the Meetings for
Discussion and a notice that the printed Proceedings of the
Society can be obtained from the Secretary.

2d. That the Treasurer send notice of assessment to the
Annual Members who have not paid by February 1st.

3d. That a copy of the Constitution and By-Laws be pre-
sented to each incoming member.

Voted, That the Programme of Meetings for Discussion for the
present year be mailed to each member.

On motion of William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Library
Committee, it was Voted, That the Library Committee be empow-
ered to employ such additional assistance as is necessary to
arrange the books in the Library.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 1st, at eleven o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Fruits and Flowers of Northern Japan.

By William P. Brooks, Professor of Agriculture, Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst.

In what I shall say upon the subject which I have chosen I
shall restrict myself to a consideration of fruits and flowers which
have come more or less under my personal observation in Yesso,
the northernmost of the large islands of the Japanese empire,
although I am aware that the term " Northern Japan "may be
held to include much more territory than is comprised in that
island. Indeed, I have been surprised, and in some degree
appalled, on looking over my collection and calling upon the
resources of my memory, at the wealth of material which, even
with this restriction, lies at my disposal. I have feared that my

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

paper might turn out little more than a bare catalogue, and thus
only wear}' your patience without exciting the interest which from
the nature of the subject I have felt that some at least among you
would take in it.

I propose noticing some of the most interesting among both the
wild and cultivated fruits and flowers of Yesso. Not by any
means all of those of which I shall speak are peculiar to this
island. Very many, probably nearly all, of the wild species of
which I shall speak are found also in some parts of the more
southern islands, in many instances on the mountains. How
many are the cases I can recall when my hopes of having found
something new have been shattered by the discover}- that it had
been previously collected in some mountain region of the South.
Nikko, the celebrated site of the most famous mausoleums and
temples of Japan has proved the grave of many hopes of this sort.
On reflection, however, it must be perceived that in view of the
very mountainous character of the country this is only what should
be expected. When it is further remembered that the bodies of
water separating the islands of the empire of Japan are nowhere
wide enough to offer any great obstruction to plant distribution,
and that ocean currents indeed lend themselves to the work, it
will not be wondered that there should exist a gi'eat degree of
similarity in the flora throughout the country wherever suitable
differences in altitude counterbalance differences in latitude.

I am particular to bring out this point because I must offer this
peculiarity of the Japanese flora as an excuse for alluding, as I
doubtless shall, to plants with which many among 3'ou are already
familiar. Little has been written in English on the flora of Yesso —
almost nothing if we except what our lamented Dr. Gray wrote
after examination of the collection of the Perry Expedition, a con-
siderable part of which came from the vicinity of Hakodate, in
Southern Yesso ; but I am sensible that what I shall say will
probably in many cases lack the charm of novelty because of the
peculiarity to which I have alluded. This however has seemed to
me unavoidable, for I am no specialist in either botany or horti-
culture. In common with most of mankind, I love fruits and
flowers ; I have known those of which I shall speak in their native
haunts ; I have loved them, and this must be my excuse for speak-
ing of them. You will, I feel sure, under the circumstances
pardon the fact that some of my " coals are brought to New-
castle."

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 41

A brief glance at the position, size, and physical peculiarities of
Yesso ; together with a few remarks upon the nature of its soil and
climate and some of the most striking peculiarities of its flora,
must precede the mention of any of its special features.

Yesso lies off the coast of Siberia, from which it is separated by
the Japan sea, which at the narrowest point between the island
and the continent is about two hundred miles broad. The island
of Sachalen, which is separated from the continent by a narrow
strait, approaches to within about thirty miles of Yesso. The
Kuriles on the north also afford a means of connection with Kam-
chatka ; and the larger Japanese islands, with smaller subsidiary
chains, make plant immigration from Corea and China a possi-
bility. Thus Yesso is so situated that the way was open for the
immigration of Asiatic plants from north, west, and south, and
this fact, in connection with climatic and other peculiarities to be
mentioned, accounts for the extraordinary richness of its flora.

Yesso lies between about 41^ and 45^ degrees north latitude ;
and, exclusive of narrow capes, extends from about 140 to 145
degrees east longitude. Its area is about 27,000 square miles, —
a little less than the area of Ireland. According to Benjamin
Smith Lyman, former Chief of the Geological Survey, the island
has 7,000 square miles of land suitable for farming, 6,000 square
miles of pasturage, 5,000 square miles of forest, and 9,000 square
miles of mountains. He estimates that only about twenty-five
per cent of the total area is fitted for cultivation, and from per-
sonal observation I judge that even this estimate is too high.
The face of the country is very mountainous and rugged, although
there are a few broad plains and river valleys. The highest
mountains attain an elevation of about 8,000 feet, but the great
majority range from 1,000 to 4,000 feet in height; and, except
near the sea-shore where the trees have been cut off to supply fuel
to the fishermen, they are wooded to their summits. The lower
slopes, up to an elevation of about five hundred to one thousand
feet, according to locality, are covered with a rich growth of
deciduous trees, — maples, oaks, magnolias, Cercidiphyllums,
elms, lindens, cherries, and birches predominating. Above these
altitudes conifers, chiefly two species of spruce, predominate.
All these trees usually reach a large size. The growth is, however,
rather open and scattered as a rule, and the undergrowth is char-
acterized by extraordinary luxuriance and density. By far the

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

most abundant and important plant here found is a kind of bam-
boo grass (Arundinaria) which in places forms almost impenetra-
ble thickets, varying in height from two or three up to ten or
more feet according to the soil and altitude. The leaves of this
plant are evergreen, and it constitutes a most valuable and
nutritious winter pasturage for deer, and also for cattle and
horses which in most parts of the islands keep in good condition
on it throughout the winter months. Horses are especially fond
of it and will eat it in summer in preference to English grasses.
Prudent managers, therefore, during the summer months exclude
them from the forests which are to be used for winter pasturage.
At times the deep snows of winter quite bury this plant, but
horses learn to dig for it, pawing away the snow to reach it. In
this wa}' the)' manage to keep in fair condition through the season.
"Where this Arundinaria grows it crowds out all other under-
growth. Only trees and climbers can contend with it. One is
struck by the enormous number and variety of climbers, woody
and herbaceous, both in mountain and plain-land forests. These
contribute much to the appearance of tropical luxuriance and
richness which every travelled visitor remarks.

Within the limits of an island of the size of Yesso is to be
found, as might be expected, a great variet}' of soils. It is
unnecessar}'^ to enter into detailed descriptions. Suffice it to say
that the greater portion of these soils are still virgin. Until
within the last fifteen or twenty years the Japanese people had
made no effort to occup}' this territory. To them it was a terra
incognita ; to the minds of a race of tropical origin it was a dread-
ful, frigid wilderness, peopled with ferocious wild ])easts and hairy
men scarcel)* less wild. The Japanese fished upon its shores in
summer, and a few dwelt there ; but no attempt was made to
settle in the interior. The virgin soil is in many places of consid-
erable fertilit}' notwithstanding the Japanese proverb : " Shin den
wadzuka ko ho-nen" which means, " The crops on new land are
small." The best will produce at first without manures about
fifty bushels of corn, two and a half tons of hay, or four hundred
bushels of potatoes per acre ; but the soil is not strong, and soon
needs manure. According to analyses, even the best is usually
deficient in both phosphoric acid and potash, and there is a wide
extent of territory, the soil of which, composed largely of volcanic
scoriae and ash, is very light and poor.

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 43

The climate of Yesso is in many respects not unlike that of
New England ; but it is more equable — a little cooler in summer
and warmer in winter ; and the air is more humid ; the percentage
of sunshine somewhat less. The yearly means of temperature at
Sapporo, the capital of Yesso, in degrees Fahrenheit, from the
year 1877 to 1886, inclusive, were as follows : 47.53, 44.79, 45.13,
45.51, 44.82, 45.19, 44.27, 42.69, 44.14, and 46.63. On two or
three nights every winter the mercuiy registers from four to
twelve degrees below zero ; the really hot weather of the summer
is limited to one month, setting in about the middle of July. The
autumn frosts are late in coming, seldom destroying even the
most tender plants before the middle of October. The yearly
precipitation — a large part in the form of snow — varied during
the years of my residence between about thirty-three and fifty-
five inches. The springs and early summers are dry ; the late
summers and autumns are rainy. The snow fall is large ; the
smallest in any winter of the twelve I spent there was nine feet ;
the largest eighteen feet ; the average being about twelve feet.
An important point, doubtless as affecting both the indigenous
and introduced plants is this : the snow usually falls upon unfrozen
ground, or at least the amount of frost is so slight that by the
middle of January' the ground, even in open fields, is free from it.
Carrots, turnips, and potatoes are often left in the ground over
winter and come out in the spring uninjured. The soil in the
forests can scarcel}' at any time feel the effects of frost.

Another important climatic peculiarity as affecting vegetation
is the comparatively warm and wet autumn, succeeded at last
rather suddenly by a heavy fall of snow and colder weather.
8uch a change usually finds the leaves still green on introduced
apple, peach, and cherry trees as well as on raspberry and black-
berry bushes.

Those among you who are fruit culturists are familiar with the
fact that such a state of affairs indicates wood still comparatively
soft and immature and unfitted to withstand the rigors of winter.
You will not be surprised then to learn that certain fruit trees,
usually' hardy here, are there in most cases winter-killed. This
fact, viewed in connection with certain peculiarities of the native
flora, at first thought appears exceedingly puzzling. In the
vicinity of Sapporo were large numbers of two species of magno-
lia ; the one Magnolia Kobus, chiefly in the low moist lands ; the

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other Magnolia hypoleuca, chiefly on the dry elevated plains or
lower mountain slopes. On trees of both plain and mountain
forests of the more open sort — chiefly on elms, alders, and oaks
— two species of mistletoe grew in the greatest profusion. On
the mountains and in the swamps grew in abundance several
species of tender annuals belonging to the gourd family ; and in
similar localities were to be found several other sub-tropical or
warm temperate species not usually found in so high latitudes.
And 3'et where these plants and the species of bamboo grass
already mentioned flourished, the peach, the quince, and our
hardy raspberries and blackberries were usually sadl}' winter-
killed. Many times have I seen every inch of such trees and
shrubs which protruded above the snow utterly destro^'ed ; and
often the roots only survived the winter. Why this apparent
anomal}-? Some of you are prepared for the assertion that the
deep snows afford protection to the sub-tropical indigenous plants
mentioned ; and in so far as the tender herbs and bamboo grass
are concerned this is doubtless the true explanation ; but how
with the magnolias and the mistletoe? Surely the snow cannot
protect these, for the branches of other trees bearing the latter
are far above its surface.

The explanation is doubtless this ; the indigenous species have
become inured to the climate : the}' are not deceived, if I may be
allowed the expression, b}' the favoring warmth and moisture of
the autumn. Winter's cold finds their buds and wood prepared
to resist its destructive action. Not so the peach, the quince, and
the berry bushes from America. The comparatively rich soil and
the warm and humid air promote too rapid and long-continued
growth which is readily destroyed by the too quickly succeeding
cold. That this is the case is evident from the fact that these
fruits are cultivated with a fair degree of success on the soils of
the lightest and poorest description to be found in the vicinity.
On the average soils of the island a requisite to the successful
culture of these fruits is winter protection, which I found could be
best given by simply bending to the ground and holding there in
such a manner that the snows, which usuallj- accumulated to the
depth of three or four feet, would cover and protect.

Yesso is not particularly rich in indigenous fruits ; compara-
tively few species are collected and used by the inhabitants to any
great extent. Those most extensively' used are the following i

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 45

a, wild strawbeny, two species of raspberries, a chestnut, a wal-
nut, a grape, and the kokuwa. Huckleberries, checkerberries,
cranberries, and blackberries although found are, I think, nowhere
abundant and practically never made use of. Some two or three
species of strawberries are found ; but the only one of an}' impor-
tance is Fragaria vesca, which in some districts is so abundant
that the manufacture of jam from the fruit was at one time an
important industrj'. This jam by the way was particularly high
flavored and delicious. I have cultivated this strawberry in my
garden, and have found it unusually vigorous and fairly produc-
tive, the fruit being small to medium in size, whitish red when
ripe, and very sweet and high flavored, with a taste altogether
different from that of our varieties. The chief reason, however,
for m}' mentioning the cultivation of this berry, is to call attention
to a peculiarity which I do not recollect to have heard of in any
other variety. We have our so-called pistillate sorts in great
number. This species, as I cultivated it, was functionally dioe-
cious. A certain proportion of the plants, — in my patch about
one-third, — produced large flowers which contained large and perfect
stamens but very small and imperfect pistils. These plants never
produced any fruit ; the flowers simply- dried up. These plants
were then practically' staminate, although the pistils were not
entirely aborted. The other plants produced smaller flowers with
perfect pistils, and stamens which were -much shorter and smaller
than in the flowers on the first kind of plants ; but even these
stamens produced apparently perfect pollen. There was a little
diflerence in the habit of growth and the general appearance of
the two kinds of plants which, with practice, I judged would
suffice to enable one to select either sort at pleasure. My depart-
ure from Japan interrupted the observatious upon this most
interesting plant that I had in view for determining numerous
points which will occur to many of you, and my first attempt at
importation made last year proved a complete failure. American
varieties of strawberries, of which a number have been tried, do
remarkably well in all respects. Of one importation I succeeded
in making one plant only of the Sharpless and two only of the
Charles Downing live ; and j^et, before winter set in, without any
unusual care, these had increased to fifty and two hundred and
fifty plants respectively. This, from plants which on May 1st
were hanging between life and death, I considered a remarkable

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rate of increase. No artificial winter protection is needed for the
vines in Sapporo ; the deep snow proves all sufficient. Other
covering I found even injurious, tending to cause the rotting of
the vines. The period of fruiting was unusuall}' long? commonly
covering with a single variety like Wilson's Albany, one entire
month, — the mouth of July.

Of the raspberries, there were some three or four species com-
monly found : but only two were of practical importance. One of
these, Mubvs parvifoUus, is of a low half running habit of growth ;
the fruit is red but very loosely constructed and soft in texture.
The flavor is good, but the impossibility of handling without
reducing to a mush makes this fruit nearly valueless except to eat
from the bushes. I have cultivated two other species in my
garden. One of these, of the same habit of growth as our common
red raspberry but with unusually stout canes and not suckering
over-freely, produced small, seedy, black fruit of no value. The
other, Ruhus phceriicolasius, has the Black Cap habit of growth, the
canes, in good soil stout and tall, not requiring artificial support
but with unusually soft and harmless prickles. The fruit is pro-
duced in large clusters, is of fair size, and being of a beautiful
translucent scarlet color, it presents an exceedingly attractive
appearance. It is fairly firm. In flavor it is quite different from
anything we have. There is leas of the distinctive raspberry
flavor and slightly more acid than in our varieties and it is very
juicy. Upon telling friends who visited my garden when the fruit
was ripe that I had brought it there to see if I could improve it, I
was several times met with the remark "I don't see why you
should wish to improve this," which perhaps sufficiently indicates
its quality. I would not, however, overpraise this fruit. It is
distinctly less rich than our common varieties and would not suit
those especially fond of the raspberr}' flavor. It is, however, a
hardy, productive, and beautiful species, which may prove valuable
in its present or some derivative form. A peculiarity in its habit
of growth should be mentioned ; the growing fruit is entirely
covered and protected by the reddish pubescent calyx until just
as it begins to ripen. Whether from this peculiarity or because it
is not so sweet, it is certain that this fruit was always remarkably
free from worms, while American varieties in my garden were
sadly infested. I successfully imported plants of this species last
year ; and I may remark that I have been informed that at least
one nurseryman advertised it for sale last season.

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 47

American varieties of both raspberries and blackberries do well
here. The vines of all varieties, however, need winter protection.
This I fonnd co'ild be best given by bending down over a mound
of earth and holding in place with small stakes. Neither earth
nor straw covering was necessary, the snow serving every pur-
pose. The season of fruiting is late but long.

The Yesso chestnut, verj'^ abundant in many sections and much
used by the aborigines of the island as well as by the Japanese, is
in size and quality almost identical with the American. It is
altogether difterent from the large chestnut of old Japan, but like
that produces fruit very 3-oung. The Japanese have a proverb
which sa3's, translating literally, " The chestnut in three years,
the persimmon in seven," indicating that trees of these fruits will
become productive respectively in three and seven years. When
planted in Yesso, however, the southern chestnut fails to justify
its claims to such precocity, requiring usually fully twice the
number of years just mentioned.

The Yesso walnut resembles closely the English walnut, but is
inferior in both size and quality to the best specimens of that nut
found in our markets. Neither is it anywhere very abundant.

The native grape is Vitis Lahrusca, the same species, you will
recognize, as our own most common wild and cultivated varieties.
In Yesso, however, the wild species does not vary as does our
own. I have never seen more than one form, a medium to large
bunch of small, hard, seedy and very sour berries, of a purple or
almost black color with comparatively little bloom. The vine is,
however, remarkably rank and vigorous in habit. A specimen
with stem fourteen inches in diameter was found near Sapporo,
and I have many times noticed leaves nearly two feet across. If
anything shall be discovered able to withstand the phylloxera or
calculated to infuse new disease-resisting vigor into our failing
vines, it would seem that we have it here in Yesso. Already
French and Swiss wine growers have had their agents on the spot
and have taken measures to test this vine.

The cultivated grape of Old Japan is Vitis vinijera, and all
varieties there grown require more heat than the Yesso summer
affords ; but in Yesso both American and German varieties have
been for a number of 3^ears under trial. All sorts common here
ten years ago have been extensively tried ; but with very indiffer-
ent success. With the single exception of the Delaware most fail

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to ripen thoroughly at least three years out of four. That variet}',
somewhat to my surprise, is in the vicinity of Sapporo the freest
from disease and altogether the most certain and delicious of all
American sorts. German varieties of man}' kinds are now under
trial ; but these, like the American, often fail to ripen, and I am
confident that the ill-advised attempts at wine-making which have
now been in progress some eight or nine years are doomed to
disastrous failure. The autumns are too wet and cloudy to per-
fect the grape, although, as was usually the case, frosts severe
enough to injure it hold off until about the 20th of October.

Of that fruit, the Kokuwa {Actinidia arguta) , which is peculiar to
Japan, and which finds its most perfect and abundant develop-
ment in the primeval forests of Yesso, I presume you have all
heard. Much has been written and said about it within the last
few years ; though, strangely enough from my point of view, it
has been urged upon the public attention as an ornamental
climber. Now far is it from ray wish to detract from its merits
as such. It is certainly a vigorous, not to say a rampant, grower
and its luxuriant dark green leaves and waving stems have a
beauty of their own. F«r the purpose of covering arbors or
"forming wild entanglements," as one writer has expressed it,
from tree to tree it is certainly suited. Its effects upon the trees,
however, I will not answer for ; its coils I fancy will be found to
hug " closer than a brother." Still it is a beautiful climber,
though I believe that Yesso can furnish several more beautiful
and far more manageable ; but I would caution not to plant it
against verandahs or buildings. Unless looked after far more
closely than most will find time for, it will be found to overgrow
all desired bounds, to displace eaves spouts and to make itself a
nuisance generally by its omnipresence.

It is for its fruit, however, that the plant is mostly prized in
Yesso, where in many localities it is abundant and very largely
collected. The fruit, which is a berry, runs in size a little larger
than the Green Gage plum ; the skin is green ; the pulp when ripe
soft, and the seeds, which are numerous, very fine. The flavor I
cannot liken to that of any other fruit ; it is ver}' agreeable to
most ; but it is sui generis. There is an astringent principle in
the skin, which must not be sucked too much or it will make the
lips, tongue, and throat sore. It is not difficult, however, to suck
out the pulp without encountering this trouble. The effect of the

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 49

fruit is decidedl}' but pleasantly laxative to most, — much more so
than that of an}- of our fruits, not excepting the imported fig. It
must prove a valuable acquisition even for this single quality,
were it not moreover sufficiently delicious to repay eating. One
attempt only has been made in Yesso to my knowledge to cultivate
the fruit; but the plants for this experiment, collected before
sufficient acquaintance with the botanical peculiarities of the spe-
cies had been acquired, all proved barren. The species is poly-
gamo-dioecious, and for fruit it must be propagated by cuttings
from fertile plants. A second obstacle to its culture is the fact
that a number of years must elapse ere the plant begins to be
productive. Just how manj- would, however, be required from
cuttings I am not prepared to say. Should the fruit under culti-
vation prove as good as when wild it would be well worth a place
in our gardens ; and of course there exists a possibility that it
may be improved. It flourishes best in rich moist soils.

A fruit which, from the extent to which it is collected and used
in Yesso, perhaps deserves mention next, is that of the rose
(Rosa rugosa) called by the Japanese "beach pear." It is so
called, doubtless, from the fact that it is especially abundant on
the upper reaches of sandy beaches. The hip of this species of
rose, as many of 3'ou may know, is unusuallj' large and handsome.
In size, it averages larger than the common crab-apple, and the
color is a deep scarlet. It is chiefly eaten by the children ;
though halved, seeded, and slightl}' salted, it is esteemed a delicacy
by many adults. I have tasted it and found it really not so bad
as I had expected. Its ornamental qualities are not lost sight of
by the Japanese, who have fixed upon a special holiday in July
when it is considered eminently the thing both to display this
fruit and to partake of it.

A species of apple (Pyrus Toringo) is common all over Yesso.
In rich lands the trees average about as large as crab-apple trees
here ; in poor sandy soils it is reduced to a shrub. The fruit is
small ; it will hardly average as large as the cranberr3\ The stem
is long and slender, the shape that of our apple, and it is puckery
and very sour. This species has been commonly used as a stock
for grafting our American varieties and answers the purpose
excellently. The trees begin bearing at the age of about four
years, and trees which began to produce fruit abundantly about
1879, were still producing large crops of fine fruit annually, where
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

well cared for, ten years later. At that time, where trees were
planted twent\' bj' twenty-five feet apart, the branches were begin-
ning to meet, and the trees were still very thrifty. It is yet too
early to sa}- how long lived such trees will prove.

Most American varieties of apple succeeded well in Yesso ; but
all are considerably later than here. Fall varieties keep into
Februar}- and our common winter sorts till August. Our very
best keepers, like the Roxbury Russet, are worthless there. They
do not become suflSciently mature to ripen, but, put into the
cellar, simply shrivel up and soon rot. The splendid Greenings
which I have eaten there in July would, however, surprise you.
The apple fruit is mostly free from insect enemies in Yesso,
though a species of curculio has in some places proved injurious,
and a small worm does occasional damage. The worms which
attack the leaves are, however, legion, and among them is our own
latest acquisition in that line, — the Gypsy Moth (Ocneria disjjar).

You may be surprised to learn that our apples and pears both
having been introduced and having begun to bear at about the
same time, the Japanese almost to a man esteemed the apple the
more delicious. For many years the prices were, for apples ten
to twelve cents and for pears three to five cents per pound ; and
after the lapse of about ten years, in 1888, the prices were in
about the same proportion, viz. : — apples from six to eight cents
and pears from two to three cents per pouud.

American pears succeed well in Yesso with the exception of the
late sorts, like the Vicar, which is worthless. All are later and
keep better than here ; I usualh- kept the Anjou without trouble
until well into March. For the pear the native Pyrus Toringo
already spoken of was commonly used as a stock ; the Japan
Quince {Pyrus Cydonia), is also somewhat employed. There is no
pear native to Yesso, but the earlier varieties of the pear com-
monly cultivated in Southern Japan {Pyrus comiyumis) are raised
to a limited extent. This is a fruit of magnificent appear-
ance, large, obtuse, russet in color. In texture it is hard or
breaking and coarse ; in flavor sweet and insipid. A friend of
mine said that once, in compan}-, he likened these pears to " tur-
nips in disguise ;" but the company unanimously disapproved the
comparison. Thej- thought it was unfair to the turnip. Still as
a Japanese friend of mine once expressed it, '' There is plenty of
teething in these pears ;" and this, doubtless is the great reason

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 51

for the universal taste for them among the people. If you will
believe me even educated Japanese persisted that they liked our
pears best while they were yet of flint}' hardness, — before, to my
taste, the flavor was at all developed. You will not longer wonder
that the apple was generally preferred to such fruit ; but for the
sake of the reputation of our pears you will be glad to know that
the Japanese are slowly learning better when to eat them.

An indigenous plum — probably Prumis tomentosa — is of some
value. The fruit is small and purple, and hardly suited for eat-
ing, but it makes excellent preserves. The stones are collected in
large quantities and the j'oung trees used for budding with Ameri-
can sorts, which do well in Yesso.

The wild mulberry — Morus alba, I think, but of the species
I do not feel entirely sure, — is nearly everywhere abundant in
Yesso. The leaf is much collected and used for feeding silk,
worms ; and this species, which is perfectly hardy (while the
Chinese variety is not) , is extensivel}' propagated and planted for
the same purpose. The fruit is rather small, black, and ver}'
delicious in flavor ; but it is not much used by the natives.

In some parts of Yesso there is found a wild currant (Ribes
Japonica) the fruit of which I have never seen. It is said to be
red ; but is not used so far as I know. The racemes of flowers
which I have seen are of remarkable length ; in the dried speci-
mens which I have here, the longest is full}' seven inches in length.
Should it be found possible to cross this species with our own, it
would seem not unlikely that considerable improvement in this
direction might be the result. In Yesso, unfortunately, a very
large proportion of the fruit of this currant always blasted while
very small. I have successfully imported this species and now
have it alive in Amherst.

Although not fruits in the ordinary sense of the word, I want
to allude to the Yesso hop and asparagus (Humulus Japonicus
and Asparagus officinalis), both exceedingly abundant in many
places ; and both, I should think, promising, as a result of varia-
tion which usually follows the cultivation of wild species, to
produce varieties of value. In connection with asparagus should
be mentioned also the Japanese Udo {Aralia cordata), the
spring shoots of which are used as we use those of that plant.
This is also everywhere common in the rich woods of Yesso ; it is
also cultivated to some extent and is said to be really delicious.

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The cultivation of both the American and the old Japanese
varieties of the peach has been attempted in Yesso ; but, as
already indicated, with very poor success on account of the winter-
killing, not of the fruit buds merely, but of the tree itself. The
Japanese are not familiar with budding and, in Yesso at least,
propagate wholl}' from the stones. The old native sorts produce
a very inferior fruit.

A kind of apricot is somewhat cultivated in Yesso. The tree
seems to be perfectly hardy and enormously productive ; but the
fruit is small and inferior. There, at least, it is propagated
wholly from the stones, and so far as I am aware there is but one
variety.

Our varieties of cherries have been tried ; but though the Japa-
nese esteem the fruit as very delicious, and now, after the lapse
of fifteen years since its introduction, it still never retails for less
than twenty cents per pound, it is certainly very inferior to the
fruit as commonly produced here.

"With brief mention of one other Yesso fruit, I will leave this
branch of my subject and pass on to consider some of the flowers
of Yesso. This is the peculiar fruit of a species of conifer {Ceph-
alotaxics drupacea) which grows as an uudershrub in ir.any of the
mountain forests. This shrub is sometimes as much as eight or
nine feet in height but usually rather less ; and the female plants
bear a stone fruit precisely like a plum in structure. It is of
about the size of the common pecau nut ; the flesh is proportion-
all}' about as thick as that of the plum and is very juicy and
remarkably sweet with a faint suggestion of the pine in its flavor.
Really at present of no practical importance, it has actually
seemed to me, as I have often jokingly said, that this fruit affords
a rare field for the quack-medicine man. A rich natural S3'rup,
with the flavor of the pine — what a chance for the production of
a specific for throat troubles, coughs, and consumption ! And
then it comes from Japan — that magic land whence come — of
all things — soap, which the Japanese never use, and sovereign
remedies for corns, with which their feet are never troubled.

Of the flowers of Yesso I hardly know how to speak. In prep-
aration for writing this paper I looked through my collection of
dried specimens, with the intention of picking out a few of the
most attractive, and I find I have selected no less than sixty-four
as worthy at least of mention. Now do not be alarmed — I am not

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 53

going to detain you so long as this number would imph*. I have
decided that I must have looked with prejudiced eyes ; and, while
I have brought them all and sliall be pleased to show and talk
about them if any are interested, and shall even append a list, I
have decided to speak formally of as few as possible and of those
as briefly as I can.

In speaking of them I shall follow no definite rule of order.
From meraor\' simply, I have thrown those of similar characteris-
tics together ; and shall not, therefore, follow any exact systematic
arrangement.

One of the most attractive of the very earl}' wild flowers of
Yesso is the Adonis Amurensis, a bright yellow flower which
might appropriately, in that country, be called the " eye of
spring," for it peeps up sometimes even in February on sunny
banks where the snow has melted away. Often hav3 I seen it
looking bravel}^ up in the midst of a sharp snow-storm, and so
hardy is it that such exposure scarcely seems to hurt it. It is a
special favorite with the Japanese, who, however, seldom plant it
in gardens ; but are satisfied with seeking out the earliest plants
and digging them while in bud for forwarding in old tin cans,
broken teapots, and the like. Regular markets as well as special
booths usually offer such roots for sale in large quantities, and
everyone who cannot dig for himself buys this which is the earliest
harbinger of spring for the masses.

More delicately beautiful is the Glaucidium palmatum, a mid-
spring flower, with large and particularly beautiful almost trans-
lucent leaves and large delicate single pink flowers. This is the
favorite of cool, shady dells and rich, moist soil. A horticultural
friend of mine, writing a few ^-ears since, said that this very
beautiful flower had not then been introduced into Europe and
America. It would richly repay care, but would undoubtedly be
fastidious as to soil and surroundings.

The gorgeous beauty of the autumn woods, the monkshood
{Aconitum Fisheri)^ standing often fully six feet high, with enorm-
ous masses of brilliant blue flowers, is another of the Ranunculaceae
which must not be forgotten. It is of peculiar interest, both from
its beauty and from the fact that the aborigines of Yesso extract
a poisonous principle, aconite, from its root, using it to poison
the tips of arrows which they employ in setting traps for bears.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Two other species of aconite are found in the Yesso forests ; but
both are less beautiful and less common than the one of which I
have spoken.

B}' far the most delicately beautiful of spring flowers in the
vicinity of Sapporo is the Corydalis ambigua, with its fragile stems
and leaves, and its lovel}' racemes of flowers, shading into the most
exquisite tints and hues of blue and ultramarine and pink, and
sometimes becoming almost white. The fragrance too of the
flowers is wonderfully delicate and sweet. I should think this
species and its rarer form with the lobes of the leaves linear might
be cultivated quite easily, and if so they would amply repay the
care bestowed upon them. The far more sturdy and quite differ-
ent Corydalis aurea has also great beauty of its own. Both thrive
in moderately light soils.

The Japanese primrose (^Primula Japonica), is everywhere
common along the banks of streams and must not be forgotten.
It is, however, I believe, well known to European and American
gardeners, and is justly esteemed for its elegant habit and great
beauty of flower.

I wish next to call your attention to the Yesso Spiraeas, of which
there are a large number of species, several of which are of
unusual beauty. I would mention as especially worthy of atten-
tion the species aruncus, callosa, and sorbifoUa — widely different
each from the other, but any one of which would form beautiful
clumps in a garden or add grace and beauty to a bouquet.

I must not forget here the flower known to the Japanese as hagi
— a species of Lespedeza, with pinkish flowers — which is celebrated
in Japanese storj' and song, and is regarded as one of the eight
beautiful wild flowers of autumn. Two others which are included
b}' the Japanese in the same class stand next in my list, — Patri-
nia scabioscefolia and Platycodon grandijlorum. These are almost
invariably found together in open sandy localities ; and a beautiful
combination they make either in field or bouquet — the Patrinia
with its broad cymes of pale gold and the Platycodon with its large
bells of heaven's own deep blue. You are wondering what are the
other flowers which make up the magic number, and as these, with
one exception, are also found wild in Yesso I may mention them.
They are the grass pink, the morning glory, a grass which has
beautiful autumn plumes (Eulalia Ja])07iica) , the aster , and the
wistaria. The latter I have never seen wild in Yesso.

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 55

The dog-tooth violet (Erythronmm Dens-caiiis) , with unusu-
ally large and finel}' mottled leaves and large pink flowers, is a
woodland beaut}' which grows in many places in extraordinary
profusion ; and excelling even this in abundance is the sweet lily-
of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis), of which I have seen dozens
of acres in one lot. This attains to great size and beauty here ;
and so well do soil and climate seem to suit it that in places it
takes possession of the ground to the almost entire exclusion of
other plants. It makes itself a great nuisance in pastures ; and
during my stay in Japan I was more than once consulted as to
means of exterminating it, or asked whether some practical use
could not be made of it. The beaut}' and the fragrance of such
pastures, however, you can imagine.

A beautiful dark purple (the Japanese say black) lily (Fritil-
laria Kamchatensis) is rather rarely found, and it never fails to
excite the liveliest feelings of admiration. I have known a Japa-
nese to carry a bulb in bud or flower more than one hundred miles
on horseback to plant it in his garden. I have myself also tried
to transplant it ; but without success. It thrives in cool and
shady localities ; and would certainly be highlj' appreciated should
it do well under cultivation.

One other wild Yesso lily I must mention for it is of surpassing
grace and beauty. I christened it the " fairy-lily." It is the
Lilium medeoloides of Gray. It produces a very large whorl of
leaves a short distance below the flower, which peculiarity causes
the Japanese -to call it the "wheel-lily." Good specimens pro-
duce as many as a dozen of the most dainty lilies I have ever
seen. The general color of the perianth is orange, and its divisions
are very much reflexed.

Of one other herbaceous species only will I speak, and from
that will pass on to notice a ver}^ few of the ornamental woody
species. This is the striking LysicItUon Kamchatense of the
Yesso marshes, producing in earliest spring a white flower like a
large calla, and, later, enormous leaves of great beauty. In
grounds of sufficient extent to afford it a suitable habitat, this
must prove a decided acquisition both for its flowers and foliage,
which last has a decidedly tropical appearance.

Among woody plants the magnolias have been mentioned.
Both form handsome trees of medium size. The points which
would, perhaps, make them desirable here are hardiness and the
great fragrance of the flowers. The species hypoleuca is also

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

particularly handsome in leaf, flower, and fruit. The flowers
frequently measure more than a foot across, and the odor is such
that I often recognized the vicinity of trees in bloom while yet as
much as a furlong distant.

Cornus brachypoda, a small tree, is particularly brilliant in fruit,
with its wealth of scarlet drupes which persist well into the winter.
There are several beautiful Viburnums ; but these, perhaps, do
not surpass ours. Among the Hydrangeas, however, are found a
number of noticeable species. The one which will prove the most
decided acquisition is H. petiolaris, also called Schizophragma
hydrangeoides. This is a climber which in Yesso goes to the top
of the tallest trees, to which it clings b}'^ root-like bodies. When
in bloom it converts the tree trunks into pillars of snow ; and a
ride in June through miles of primeval forest where almost every
other tree trunk and every old, gray stump is converted into a
mass of beautiful white bloom is an experience to be remembered.
The Japanese know this plant as " snow vine " and the name is
well given. The neutral flowers are abundant and persist all
winter, so that this hydrangea is practically always beautiful.

Hyd7-angea paniculata, a large shrub, produces white flower
clusters of enormous size ; and very delicately beautiful in its
native glens is H. hortensis or acuminata with its pale blue C3'mes ;
but the former is not strikingly different from the original of our
cultivated forms and the latter probably will not flourish in open
gardens or lawns.

Syringa vulgaris is a small tree or shrub, common in Yesso, for
the seeds and plants of which there has recently been a large
demand both in America and Europe. The tree is not in itself
particularly beautiful ; and though it produces in profusion large
clusters of small white flowers, I do not believe its popularity will
be long-lived. It is reported to be fragrant ; but, though quite
strong, I do not find its odor pleasant.

Nothing in regard to the flowers of Japan would be complete
without mention of the cherry ; and no land could be home to a
Japanese which did not produce that much loved and storied
flower. And, indeed, it is exquisitely beautiful in spring-time.
The wild cherry of Yesso, single and comparatively small as the
flower is, yet lingers a very pleasant picture in memory's eye. Its
beautiful bark, its dainty unfolding leaves deeply tinged with red,
and its flowers of delicate pink make up a whole upon which the
eye loves to linger. I cannot wonder that it has appealed strongly

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 57

to the native imagination and still constitutes, as it has for ages^
a favorite subject for the poet's pen and the painter's brush.

" No man so callous but he heaves a sigh

" "When o'er his head the withered cherry-flowers,

" Come fluttering down. — Who knows? the spring's soft showers

" May be but tears shed by the sorrowing sky."

The native Yesso cherrj' {Prunus Pseudo-cerasus) produces a
fruit which is not of the slightest edible value. The tree is of
medium size.

Another beautiful tree, rather sparinglv found in Yesso forests,
is Styrax obassia. This is handsome in foliage and produces
clusters of exquisite white flowers in midsummer. It would well
repay cultivation. Clerodendron trichotomum is a beautiful
shrub, especially when in fruit, with its handsome contrast of
brilliant purple and red. Eleagnus Japonicus is another favorite
of mine, with its silver foliage in summer and its wealth of scarlet
berries in autumn and winter. It is perfecth' hard}' and easily
cultiyated. The Japanese eat its fruit freely. It is seedy, but
has a rather pleasant acid flavor. A yellow Daphne I always
sought out in earliest spring. Its leaves are evergreen, its flowers
yellow and ver}- sweet. Diervilla versicolor, wild there, I consider
even handsomer than the Diervilla common in our gardens. I
transplanted this species to my Sapporo garden and found it bore
the change well and amply repaid the little care it required.

The Actijiidia polygama, common everywhere in Yesso, deserves
more extended mention. I must first call 3-our attention to the
fact, however, that the Kokuwa {Actinidia arguta), of which I
have already spoken, has been sometimes mistakenly called by this
name. The two species are wholly distinct; and the i^olygama,
in m}' opinion, for ornamental purposes is worth far more than
the other. Its habit of growth is considerably less vigorous,
though it is by no means a slow grower. It will be found far less
obtrusive and more manageable ; but the chief point in which it
excels arguta is in the beauty of its foliage. Mature plants have
the habit of producing at the ends of the growing shoots some
four to six leaves which are tipped with a lustrous silvery white»
usually spreading over more than half the leaf. This peculiarity
gives it at a little distance, as it clambers over thickets, the appear-
ance of a plant in full and abundant bloom. Then, too, the
uncolored foliage is exceedingly beautiful, and the flowers, though
partly hidden by the leaves, are very pretty and have all the

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fragrance of those of the orange. I moved a number of these
climbers to my lawn but the plants were young and after three
years the foliage had failed to show any white. Living plants in
Amherst last season failed to show it ; and I await with interest
the determination of the question whether the change in soil,
climate and surroundings will cause this species to lose this most
valuable peculiarity. The fruit is similar in size and structure to
that of the kokuwa, but it is far less abundantly produced and less
delicious.

A word about the mistletoe and I am done with the wild flowers
of Yesso. This, as I have already pointed out, is abundant.
There are two species, one producing red, the other yellowish
berries. Both add greatly to the winter beauty of the forests.
It is an interesting question to my mind whether these plants
would prove hardy here, but from what I know of the climate of
the two places I incline to believe they would. Their introduction
could not fail to give satisfaction to the owners of parks or orna-
mental forests.

Of the cultivated flowers of Yesso I need say but little. Much
has already been said and written on this subject and better than
I could hope to do it. That the Japanese love flowers you are
probably all aware. All either collect them from the fields or
woods or cultivate them in gardens. Most do both, and select
for both with a taste that never fails to charm. Poor indeed is
the family — nay more, low down in the social scale — that cannot
and does not find at least an old jug for a branch of the pussy-
willow, the plum, the cherry, the magnolia, or the brilliant maple —
each in its season. And this universal taste and love for flowers
is manifested alike in snowy Yesso and in the more sunny south.
Yet should one look for the lily, the paeony, the chrysanthemum,
the lotus, and the many other flowers for which Japan is famous,
each in highest perfection, one must naturally turn to the older
parts of the country. These and many other flowers are culti-
vated in Yesso, but with perhaps a single exception the new
countr}' must yield the palm to the old. That exception is the
Iris Kcempferi^ which in Sapporo reaches a wonderful development.
Now for several years, every season has witnessed in Sapporo a
display of these marvellous flowers, by a local horticulturist, which
in Boston would be the wonder of the town. He numbers his
varieties by hundreds, and has perhaps an acre of sunken beds
separated only b}'^ the narrowest of raised paths. Most of the

FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NORTHERN JAPAN. 59

plants stand five or six feet in height and bear enormous flowers, a
foot and more across and seemingly in every hue and in every
possible mixture of all hues. Trul}' as I have sat and gazed
upon the wondrous display I have felt ready to exclaim, "This
is the queen of flowers."

With this exception I saw no noteworthy attempts at cultiva-
tion of flowers in Yesso. Many were the charming little gardens,
usually at the rear of the house, but always commanded by the
best rooms. But Japanese gardens would require a lecture by
themselves. Believe me, they have a charm all their own. They
comprehend much within a limited area. Mountains, waterfall,
river, bridges, knotted and gnarled heroes of a thousand storms,
with shrubs and flowers, rockwork and appropriate animal life, all
within the limits of a few square yards if need be ; but all pre-
sented in a manner to inspire respect, admiration, and wonder, —
such are some of their most striking peculiarities.

I have detained you already over long ; if I have succeeded in
giving you some faint idea of the floral wealth of the region I have
treated of, I am more than satisfied ; and appending the list of
selected specimens not mentioned I will close :

Adenophora verticillata.

Artemisia {sp. ?) .

Caltha palustris, var. Japonicus.

Clematis fusca.

Crawfurdia Japonica.

Punkia {sp. ?).

Gentiana {sp. ?).

Hydrangea hortensis, var. Japonicus.

Lilium cordifolium,

Nyraphaea pygmaja.

Paeonia obovata.

Potentilla palustris.

Pueraria Thunbergiana.

Spiraea Kamchatica.

Taraxacum officinalis.

Trillium erectum, var. Japonicum.

Trillium {sp. ?).

Veratrum album.

Viburnum dilatatum.
" Opulus.
" Wrightii.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Professor Brooks' essay commanded the closest attention of the
largest audience ever assembled at one of these meetings, and at
the close a vote of thanks for his very able and interesting paper
was unanimously passed.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper upon
" Galls found near Boston," by Miss Cora H. Clarke, of Jamaica
Plain.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 1, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Gardens was presented
by the Chairman, John G. Barker, and it was Voted, That it be
referred to the Committee on Publication without reading.

On motion of Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, it was Voted, That the
appropriation of $150 for the Window Gardening Committee be
placed in the hands of the Committee without restriction.

The President read a letter from the Worcester County Horti-
cultural Society, communicating the action of that Society in
regard to petitioning the General Court for such further legislation
as will more effectually protect fruit growers from the depreda-
tions of juvenile trespassers and thieves, and asking the coopera-
tion of this Society in the movement. On motion of E. W. Wood,
it was

Voted, That a committee of three be appointed to act in
conjunction with the Worcester County Horticultural Society in
the matter. The Chair appointed as that Committee, Mr. Wood,
O. B. Hadwen, and Samuel Hartwell.

Edward F. Atkins, of Belmont,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee for mem-
bership in the Society, was upon ballot duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 8, 1890, at half past eleven
o'clock.

GALLS FOUND NEAR BOSTON. 61

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Galls Found Near Boston.

By Miss Cora H. Clarke, of Jamaica Plain.

In the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" we find this definition: —
*' "What are commonly known as Galls are vegetable deformities
or excrescences, and, according to Lacaze-Duthiers, comprise all
abnormal vegetable productions developed on plants by the
action of animals, more particularly by insects, whatever ma}' be
their form, bulk, or situation." Professor Rile}', in his interesting
article on the subject in Johnson's Encyclopaedia, says that the
name should not be applied, as it sometimes is, to those plant
swellings and nodosities caused by the punctures of insects which
always dwell exposed thereon, the difference between a gall and
a mere swelling being that the architect of the former is hidden
from view, and that of the latter always exposed.

Fungous growths in plants often produce swellings and mon-
strosities which might be mistaken for true galls and in some
cases are called galls, and some galls much resemble fruits, and
those unfamiliar with botany might take them for the fruit of the
plant upon which they grow.

The first question that occurs to us on looking at a gall, is
•"How can the insect make the gall?" The statement was
formerly made that the gall was caused by a poison which the
mother insect injected into the wound when she laid the egg, and
this Dr. Adler has found to be true in regard to the galls produced
by saw-flies. He has carefully watched the gall growth of one
species, and thus describes it : —

" The Saw-fly (Nematus) with its delicate saw-shaped sting,
makes an incision in the tender little leaf of the terminal shoot of
JSalix amygdalina, and shoves its egg into the wound ; at the
same time, something flows into the wound from a glandular
secretion of the saw-fly. A few hours after the egg is laid, the
surface of the leaf takes on another appearance, and there begins
a new formation of cells, which leads to a limited thickening of
the leaf surface ; in about two weeks the bean-shaped, greenish
red gall is fully grown ; if one opens it at this time, the egg still
lies in the small central cavity, the development of the embryo

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being not yet concluded. After three weeks the larva creeps
forth, and finds the nutritious gall material all ready prepared for
its food."

A saw-fly larva may be recognized by its large head, and many
legs (twenty in all, six true and fourteen false) ; in some species
the larvae go underground to transform, and others pupate withia
the gall.

The saw-fly galls which I hare found here, are willow eggs, on
the twigs of willow trees, and willow peas, willow apples, and
willow beans on the leaves. These latter occur in considerable
numbers, all through the season, on the leaves of large willow
trees, at Manchester, Mass., and I have also found them at
Jamaica Plain.

But Dr. Adler found that in the family Cj^nipidae, which he calls
"gall-wasps," and we, usually, "gall-flies proper," the gall is
produced in quite a diflTerent way ; his observations showed him
that the mere puncture of the plant by the gall-fly, and act of
laying the egg gave no occasion for gall formation, and that it
was not until the tiny larva had crept out of the egg shell, and
wounded with its delicate jaws the soft plaut tissue surrounding it,
that a rapid cell-growth began, — so rapid that while the tail end
of the larva was still in the egg shell, in front of his head a wall-
like growth of cells arose.

For the formation of the gall, it is essential that the larva, in
hatching, should find itself in a layer of fresh young cells, capable
of rapid growth and multiplication. Should the mother in any
way fail of placing her egg in exactly the right position, the larva
must die.

If the egg is laid in a leaf, the gall formation begins in the
layer of cells in the under side of the leaf, as the upper surface
consists of firm cells which cannot further change. But if the egg
is laid in a bud, and the larva in hatching finds one of the unde-
veloped leaves, this as yet consists of similar cells, which, whether
they correspond with the upper or the under surface of the leaf
are all capable of development in a similar way, and the gall may
appear on both surfaces of the leaf, or cause a deformation of the
whole leaf.

But how, from similar cells, galls so different from each other
in shape, size, and external appearance can be produced, is a
point not understood. The hairs which cover many galls are a

GALLS FOUND NEAR BOSTON. 63

development of the down usuall}- to be found on young oak leaves.
Mr. Bassett, of Waterbury, Conn., has discovered that in the
woolly gall of Cynips seminator on the white oak, the hard kernel
answers to the leaf-stalk, and the long wool is an enormous devel-
opment of the down of the leaf.

These hairs are supposed to be of service to the gall in prevent-
ing the attacks of parasites. The liabilit}' of galls to the attacks
of these parasites often renders it difficult to rear the true gall
maker, and the parasites sometimes so closely resembles the true
gall makers that one not an entomologist cannot distinguish them.

If, before an oak gall is fully grown, its larva is attacked by a
parasite, the gall never assumes its perfect shape, the life of the
larva being a necessar}' factor in its development. But many
perfectly formed galls also produce parasites, which I suppose
did not attack them till the larva had completed its gi'owth.

Besides being subject to the attacks of these enemies, some
galls harbor what are called "guest insects," which live vnthin
the gall substance but in no way disturb or incommode the true
gall maker.

The larvae of these oak gall insects, are white, or whitish, with
an inconspicuous head and no legs. The body is more or less
cylindrical, tapering at each end, and lies in a curved position
within the cell. The larvae change to perfect insects within the
cells, and the gall-flies finally emerge, leaving the gall pierced
■with one or many holes, according as it contained one or many
cells.

The perfect gall-flies are usually quite small. But, small as
they are, entomologists have put them under their microscopes,
and studied their minutest details of structure, and found them
to be so different from each other that they have divided them
into different genera, and whereas they used to be all called
Cynips, now some of them are named Callirhytis, some Neuroterus,
others Andricus, Biorhiza, etc.

The ovipositor, or apparatus which the little creature has for
piercing the plant tissues and laying its eggs, is quite complicated,
and consists of two plates which form a kind of sheath, and a
piercer, composed of three pieces, one stout and deeply grooved
longitudinally, and two others, which are hair-like, and work
within this channel, beyond which they can be protruded when in
use.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When the insect wishes to deposit her eggs, she, if it be a bud
Tvhieh she selects, settles upon it, and having carefully examined
it with her antennae, passes her ovipositor under one of the
scales, and thrusts it, working the hair-like organs up and down
like saws, into the bud, until the position is reached which she
wishes her eggs to occupy. This operation seems to require great
exertion on the part of the insect. She then withdraws her
ovipositor, deposits an egg at the entrance, and pushes it to the
bottom.

The insects which produce the Bedeguar galls were watched
while egg laying, and some of them spent more than twenty-four
hours iu oviposition, yet in spite of all this care some of the galls
failed to develop.

In some species it takes the egg a long time to hatch. Dr.
Adler found that in one species the eggs were laid the end of
May, and not until September did the larvae emerge from the egg,
and begin gall formation. With another species, the eggs are
laid in October, and the galls first form in May.

Mr. Bassett tells us that iu this country' at least two hundred
diflferent kinds of hymenopterous gall makers have been found,
and he thinks that probably as many more remain to be discovered.
He has himself described eight}- or more species, and has fifty
kinds of galls from which no flies have been reared. I have found
forty kinds upon oaks, of which six are not named, and eighteen
upon other plants, mostly' Rosacea, of which four or five are not
named.

Dr. Adler thinks that the gnat galls must be produced b}- the
action of the larvae, because the parent has no sting, and can only
shove the egg into an opening bud with its extended ovipositor.

These gall-gnats are cousins to mosquitoes, and somewhat
resemble them ; they belong to the order of Diptera, family Cecido-
m3'iad8e. The}' do not confine their attentions to two or three
families of plants, as do the Cynipidse, but produce galls upon mem-
bers of almost all the families of flowering plants ; each species,
however, confines itself to one, or to a few allied species of plants.

I have fouud their galls upon St. John's-wort, clover, rose,
spii'sea, various composites, shad-bushes, linden, aspen, willows,
hickories, oaks, and in the fruit of a sedge, — about fort}- kinds in
all. They are especially fond of willows, hickories, composites,
and rosaceous plants ; one kind may be found living in lumps of
pitch on the twigs of pines, though these can hardlj' be called galls.

GALLS FOUND NEAR BOSTON. 65

The gnat larvae, when first hatched, are colorless, but later they
become yellow, orange, or red. They are usually flattened, with
an inconspicuous head, and no legs ; some of them go under-
ground to transform, and some change within the gall ; in the
latter case, one can often see the white pupa skin protruding
from the gall, after the perfect insect has flown away. Some-
times several larvae inhabit one gall.

The deformations which they produce on plants are numerous
and varied, — sometimes being little more than a spot on a leaf,
like those which have so injured the foliage of our tulip trees this
summer ; sometimes a lenticular thickening around the larva, — a
swelling in a twig, leaf-stalk, or midrib, — a folding over of the
edge of a leaf, — a plaiting up into a crested ridge, — or a regular
gall, attached to the leaf only by a small portion of its surface.

Plant lice, like the green flies of our greenhouses, form galls
on elms, witch-hazel, and other plants. Sixteen different kinds
have been found on the hickory, made by Phylloxera.

The formation of the cock's-comb elm gall is thus described by
Professor Riley :

" The eggs are found on the bark of the tree, and the young
hatch about the time that the leaves unfold, and crawl nimbly
over the tree till they come to a young leaf, when they settle on
the under side, and begin to fret the leaf -surface with their long
beaks. The galls show at first as slight elongated ridges on the
upper surface, with corresponding closed depressions on the
lower ; upon drawing apart the lips of the wrinkle beneath, the
louse is seen constantly running back and forth in the cavity, and
inflicting rapid punctures with her beak, the inner surface of her
dwelling being smooth and glossy, with a slight blistered appear-
ance, in contrast with the normal more rough and pubescent
texture of the under surface of the leaf. In about two weeks the
gall is fully developed and young lice begin to appear in it, and
in two or three weeks more it becomes crowded with them ; they
are quite active within the gall, exploring its cavities and obtain-
ing their nourishment through its walls ; they finally issue from a
slit on the lower surface of the leaf, which opens for their exit
about the time they become fledged." This brood has not been
found to produce galls.

At Magnolia, I have found the " bead-like poplar gall" quite
abundant on leaves of the Balm-of-Gilead poplar. They form a
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

series of swellings as large as small beans, along the edges of the
leaf. A large hemispherical gall at the base of each leaf, is some-
times quite abundant ; I have often found them torn open, and
empt}'. Probably this may' have been done by birds to get at the
lice, or by squirrels, as the red squirrel has been seen to feed upon
lice in a leaf-stalk gall of the poplar.

Our Norway spruces suffer from the attacks of an aphis, the
fresh galls of which, green or rosy, and not unlike small cones,
appear towards the end of May. They open with little mouths,
to let the green flies escape, and in winter the woody, dead galls
may be found. In all, I have found about twelve species of aphis
galls, five or six of which, made b}- Phylloxera, were upon the
hickory.

A few galls are niade by little moths, which resemble the
destructive little creatures that injure our clothing. One of the
commonest of these moth galls is to be found upon the stalks of
golden-rod, but at this season they are emptj', the moths having
come out in the fall.

I have also found a gall, said to be made by a moth larva,
upon the leaf stalks of Populus grandidentata near the Mount
Hope railroad station. This gall, which is the size and shape of
a small pea, is very common on aspens at Magnolia, and the larvae
go underground about the first of October to transform. I have
not yet succeeded in rearing them.

A few galls are made hy beetles. One species causes the
grape vine wound gall, and another the raspberry gouty gall.
This latter has been found in Dedham.

Small galls are produced on the leaves of many plants by mites
(Phytopi) , — microscopic creatures allied to spiders. Their galls
diflTer from insect galls in having an opening below, which is fre-
quently lined with hairs. The irritation caused by the gall mites
in feeding upon one spot on the leaf, causes there an abnormal
multiplication of the leaf-cells, and an arching up of the leaf
surface, which in some species is produced into a roundish, and in
others into a spindle-shaped gall.

Some of these mites never produce galls, but their pasturing
upon the leaves causes an abnormal growth of hairs, called
Erineum. The insects live and breed in this growth, as they da
in the galls. I have found about seven species of galls produced
by mites, and many kinds of Erineum.

GALLS FOUND NEAK BOSTON. 67

I wish particularly to call attention to a certain point in the
history of our oak gall insects which offers a wide field for inves-
tigation and discovery.

"When Dr. Adler was pursuing his investigations with regard to
the growth of galls of Cynipidte, he made the startling discovery
that the insect which came from a gall did not resemble the one
that made the gall, and the gall that it made did not resemble the
gall that it came from. That is, each gall insect resembled it&
grandparents and not its parents, and the gall that it produced
resembled those produced by its grandparents. So unlike was
the gall-fly to its parent, that they had been described as belong-
ing to different genera. He thus reduced thirty-eight species to
nineteen, and found only four species where this alternation of
forms did not occur. Male and female gall-flies will occur in one
brood, while in the succeeding brood females only are to be found.

There is no reason wh}- the oak galls of this country should not
show similar phenomena, and indeed this has been found the case
with certain species observed by Mr. Bassett. One afternoon in
1864, visiting a thicket of shrub-oaks {Querciis ilicifolia), Mr.
Bassett found hundreds of the gall flies which come from the
wooU}' " operator " galls of the same plant, ovipositing between
the cups of the young acorn and the little acorns themselves, and
later in the season, he found that the galls which were produced
resembled seeds or kernels of corn, projecting somewhat from the
cup. Mr. Bassett has also discovered an alternation of forms in
the galls of Cynvps noxiosa, on Quercus bicolor, which form large,
woody, terminal or sub-terminal swellings on the twigs of this oak.
These galls develop in summer, and the insects, which are all
females, live in the galls over winter, coming out before the leaves
appear in the spring ; when the leaves appear a gall grows oa
them, which is an enormous development of the midrib of the leaf,
often to the extent of an inch in diameter, and an inch and a half
in length. The gall-flies come out about the 20th of June ; long
observation has convinced Mr. Bassett that the insects which
come from one of these galls produce the other gall.

In the last number of " Psyche," Mr. Bassett describes a recent
discovery which he has made :

"One of our most common gall insects here in Connecticut i»
Callirhytis futilis, O.-S. The galls appear in early summer in
great numbers on the leaves of Quercus alba; they are in the

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

form of conical blotches, projecting from both surfaces of the leaf,
but are more prominent on the upper surface, and are about one-
fourth of an inch in diameter. Each gall produces three or four
small gall-flies which emerge about the first of July, and soon
disappear ; where they went to, nobody knew or seemed to know,
till I found out their secret last spring. Before the leaves
appeared, I visited a thicket of young oaks, where I had found
these galls very abundant in past years, hoping to find their
progenitor, whoever she might be, ovipositing in the buds of these
oaks, — but I was too early ; she had not begun her work. But
where was she napping at the time? The question was not by
any means a new one to me. The soft, sandy loam at the roots
of a clump of oak bushes yielded to my fingers, and I soon had
one of the main roots laid bare. Judge of the joyful surprise it
gave me to find the bark of this root a solid mass of blister-like
swellings."

In these swellings Mr. Bassett found minute larvae, and others
evidently a year older than the first ones, but not old enough to
produce the gall-flies, and yet on putting the roots in sand under
glass, in a few days he reared perfect gall-flies, identical with
those he saw ovipositing on the low, white oak bushes, and, mark-
ing the trees and twigs, he found that when the leaves were fully
grown, they bore futilis galls in abundance, but no other species.
So the connection between the root galls and the futilis leaf galls
was proved.

Mr. Bassett's discoveries are the result of observations made
in the field, but those of Dr. Adler were from experiments on
young oak trees grown in pots. Each pot bore its number, and
each pot served for the researches on a single species. After
gall-flies had been brought to the trees, they were guarded until
they began to sting the buds ; in order that they should not
escape, or another gall-fly lay on the same tree, a cover was
placed over them ; at first Dr. Adler used glass receptacles, but
he was incommoded by the moisture which gathered on the glass,
and hindered observation of the gall-fly, and then he used covers
that were partly glass and partly gauze. The four to six year old
trees suited him best, and only those which had well-developed
buds were available. But of course these little oaks cannot serve
for experiments on species which only la}- their eggs in blossom
buds ; these must be observed with all possible care in the open

GALLS FOUND NEAR BOSTON. 69

air. It was in 1877 that Dr. Adler published the results of his
experiments.

I have myself endeavored to experiment on little trees of
Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor, and Quercus rubra, given me by
Mr. Dawson. I placed galls, whose flies were just ready to
escape, about the trees, and covered each tree with muslin, and
put them by an open window, where they could have fresh air,
and where I could watch them easily ; but the little flies sat
quietly upon the muslin, and did not appear to take the slightest
interest in the oak trees. Finally they all died or disappeared,
and no galls were ever produced upon the little trees. This may
have been because the leaf buds were not in exactly the right
condition, because they wanted blossom buds, or for some other
mysterious reason.

Mr. Bassett says that where an oak tree or shrub abounds with
any given species, we may be sure that the other form also breeds
there, either on root, trunk, limb, or in bud, leaf, flower, or fruit,
and with this certainty established we ought to be able to find
them in ever}' case.

These discoveries have a practical bearing. Should any galls
occur in such numbers as to be injurious to our oak trees, we can
fight them much better if we are acquainted with them in both
their forms than if we can only attack them in one.

To those who wish to pursue the subject, Miss Clarke recom-
mended the account of Dr. Adler's discoveries from which she had
quoted. Its title is " Ueber die Generationswechsel der Elchen-
gal-Wespen." It appeared in the " Zeichschrift ftir wissenschaft-
liche Zoologie," Feb. 7, 1881. Also the article by Charles V.
Riley, in "Johnson's Encyclopaedia," on "Galls and Gall
Insects;" "Galls and their Architects," by Benjamin D. Walsh
in the "American Entomologist," Vols. 1 and 2, 1868, 1870, and
various other articles by Walsh, Riley, Osten-Sacken, Fitch, and
Bassett.

The lecture was illustrated by specimens and photographs of
many varieties of galls, and the large audience paid most inter-
ested attention to all. At the close of the reading, a vote of
thanks to the essayist was unanimously passed.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott expressed a strong interest in the
subject of the essa}' and added that she was so fortunate as to
have seen the raspberry gall which, as yet, Miss Clarke had not
seen. Owing to the fact that her little granddaughter was much
frightened upon her first acquaintance with insects, Mrs. Wolcott
strove to overcome that fear by interesting the child in the curious
nature and habits of that class of animals, telling her little stories
about them. She taught the little one that galls were the homes
of insects. The young eyes were quick to discover them and then
would be heard the cry, "There's a bug's house." In her efforts
to instruct this child, Mrs. Wolcott found a livel}' interest in insect
life developed in herself. She spoke of the seeming trustfulness
manifested, when the insect has laid its eggs, by leaving them
to fate, as if imbued with faith that the Power which made it,
would take care of its progeny. She thought the next step in
the study of galls must be to find out whether the work of these
insects is injurious to the farmer or gardener, and, if so, to learn
how to prevent their depredations. It is the province of scholars
to discover the habits of the insects causing the galls, but it is left
for the scientific farmer — the intelligent tiller of the soil — to
prevent or counteract the mischief they may cause.

Mrs. Edna D. Cheney said that she attended the school of the
late William B. Fowle, until she was thirteen years old. She
remembered with much interest the object-lessons in natural
history, which, anticipating so-called modern methods, he was
accustomed to give to his pupils. On one occasion he exhibited
some oak-apples, as the swellings on the leaves were called, and
hazarded the suggestion that the}' were caused by insects. The
great progress made since that time in the knowledge of insect
life and habits, through systematic study of this science, is shown
by the paper read here today. It shows how much can be done
by steadily pursuing the stud}' of one special subject. The fasci-
nating interest inspired by the pursuit, is one of the delights of
the study of any branch of natural history.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced for the next Saturday, a paper on " Chrj's-
anthemums," b}' W. A. Manda, Short Hills, N. J.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 71

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 8, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half past
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner in the Chair.

E. W. Wood presented the following vote : —

Voted, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, recogniz-
ing the danger threatening the agricultural interests of the State
by the sudden appearance, in the town of Medford, of a danger-
ous insect pest, petition the Legislature, in support of the citizens
of Medford and adjacent towns, for State aid in stamping it out.

The vote was unanimously adopted and signed by many
members of the Society to be presented to the Legislature as a
petition.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 15, 1890, at half past eleven
•o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

ChRTS ANTHEMUMS .

By W, A. Manda, Short Hills, N. J.

[Mr. 3Ianda being unable to be present, his essay was read by the Secretary, as
follows :]

These deservedly popular plants have been brought to such a
state of perfection that in their season they command the sole
attention of the flower-loving public, when grand exhibitions are
given where these plants are the chief or, indeed, the only attrac-
tion.

Many prominent horticulturists have devoted their whole lives
to the improvement of this Queen of Autumn in this country as
well as in Europe, without speaking of its native home, Japan,
where it is most carefully cultivated and esteemed as a national
flower and Japanese emblem.

The history of Chrysanthemums dates back many years, the
centennial anniversary of its introduction to Europe, having been
celebrated there last year ; but long before that time it was
cultivated in Japan.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

The genus Chrysanthemum comprises nearly one hundred
species. The one from which all the present varieties have been
derived is supposed to be the Chrysanthemum Indicum^ a rather
inconspicuous, single, yellow flower. Through the zeal of indefat-
igable horticulturists, this flower has by degrees attained almost
the zenith of perfection.

The Chrysanthemums at present in cultivation are divided into
several classes, namely, the Chinese, Japanese, Anemone and
Pompons. Each class is again subdivided into several others ;
thus we have the Chinese Incurved, Chinese Reflexed, the Japa-
nese Incurved and Reflexed, Japanese Anemone, Pompon
Anemone, and so on. Lately the hybrid varieties produced by
intercrossing different tj'pes have brought forms that are hard to
class in any particular group. The aim of the raiser nowadays is
to produce large flowering varieties ; the substance, color, stem,
and habit of the plant seem to be secondary considerations. It is
especially noticeable that while hundreds upon hundreds of new
Japanese varieties have been raised every year, very few of the
Chinese class have been added, while the Pompons are discarded
and rarely seen.

When hybridizing, the principal object should be to improve
upon the vigor and color of present varieties rather than the mere
size. A first class chrysanthemum should be of free growth with
stiff stems ; the foliage clean and furnishing the stems up to the
flower, while the flowe^ itself should be of a good substance, *well
formed and of a pleasing color. The colors that are yet to be
obtained, — aside from the impossible blue, which I never expect to
see, — are a fine, clear orange and a clear, bright red, two colors
that are needed to brighten up our collections.

A great number of the leading varieties of chrysanthemums
have been from time to time imported from Japan, and when the
hairy variety, Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, made its appearance, it raised
a sensation amongst chrysanthemum lovers ; and we hope that
this variety may be a parent of quite a distinct class, although the
seedlings raised from it have not yet produced any that were
furnished with the glandular hairs which give to it its peculiar
beauty. The majority of the chrysanthemums at present in culti-
vation have been raised in Europe and, of late years, in America.
Our country has begun late, but it has made up for the time lost,
and at present the most valuable and esteemed varieties grown

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 73

are American raised kinds. The pioneers in this field were Dr.
Walcott, John Thorpe, W. K. Harris, and Arthur H. Fewkes,
and lately there are quite a number of amateurs and florists who
are raising new varieties erery year.

A new variety should never be judged with any definiteness
the first year, and should be generally grown two seasons before
it can be considered well tested. Thus some of the most promis-
ing varieties have proved total failures the second year, while on
the other hand, many that have been condemned the first year
have proved valuable acquisitions when tried another season.

The hybridizing or cross fertilizing of chrysanthemums is a
very uncertain work as regards results, owing to the mass of
florets which are gathered in one single head. It is very hard to
tell whether a floret has been fertilized with its own pollen, or
cross fertilized with the pollen of another variet}^ of the same
class but different color through the agency of insects, especially
bees, before the hand of the horticulturist has tried his own work
on it ; and it is for that reason that no raiser of chrysanthemums
can say with any degree of certainty that any variety is a cross
between such and such varieties, except when kept separate from
all other varieties of the collection .

In regard to the results it is also very misleading ; the colors of
the supposed parents are sometimes never reproduced and if you
raise as many as Mty seedlings from the same head of flower, 3'ou
may get all other colors, but none like the two parents.

In point of vigor of growth, chrysanthemums vary considerably
in the various sections of the country as well as in different sea-
sons. Thus many of the varieties cultivated in England for
exhibition cannot be grown here with any success, and vice versa ;
while last year being exceptionally wet none of the chrysanthe-
mums planted out of doors did as well as usual. As to the
various sections of this country, we find that the finest chrysan-
themums in America are grown in and around Philadelphia.

Some varieties also require different treatment from others ;
Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, Crimson King, Belle Paule, and others, are
very partial to excessive moisture. The same applies to pinching ;
some varieties, such as Grandiflora and others, if pinched late will
not produce an}' flowers at all.

The culture of chrysanthemums is very simple when the cardinal
points are well observed, namely, selecting strong, soft shoots for
cuttings, and, as soon as thej' are rooted, never allowing them to

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

suffer from want of either root room or water, and after the buds
are set to encourage with liquid manure. After the plants have
done flowering they should be cut down to about a foot from the
ground and put in the cool house or a well-Tentilated frame.

In January the offshoots from below the ground, and also from
the stems or branches, will be from four to six inches long, when
they should be cut and planted in sand, either in pots, boxes, or
the propagating bench ; a south aspect, and temperature not above
55° by artificial heat, are very essential. As soon as the cuttings
have rooted, they should be potted into two inch pots ; from these
they should be repotted in three weeks into three or four inch pots,
and again, when well rooted, into five or six inch pots, by which
time the first pinching takes place. "When the plants are well
established in the five or six inch pots, they should be planted in
their final quarters ; if in pots, those of from ten to twelve inches
are large enough to grow the best plants ; if in benches or boxes,
four inches of depth will suffice for the roots. Then comes the
fixing of the plant to a neat stake, and tying it firml}- ; meanwhile,
pinching and pruning should not be neglected. The last pinching
is done at the end of July, and the ground shoots are not allowed
to grow, in order that the whole strength should go into the main
stem. When the buds are well set, liquid manure should be
freely given, and attention should be paid to the disbudding, as
by leaving one bud to each twig you will have finer flowers than if
all were allowed to remain, and the plants will also look better
with fifty perfect blooms than with a hundred imperfect ones.
"Where large specimen flowers are desired, not more than from
four to six flowers should be left on each plant, that this very
limited number may have the benefit of the whole vigor of the
plant. "When standard plants are desired the best way is to
secure a strong shoot early in January-, and leave it growing,
without stopping, until it reaches the required height, when it
should be pinched and treated in the same way as a bush plant.
Planting out, and potting in August, may be practical, yet plants
will suffer more or less by being lifted.

The place where chrysanthemums are grown should have all the
light, air, and sun from the time the cuttings are rooted until the
cuttings are again ready to be taken. The soil that these plants
seem to prefer is good turfy loam, well mixed with cla}-, and
enriched by ground bone, sheep manure, or other manure or
fertilizer.

CHRTSANTHEMUMS. 75

Looking over the thousands of varieties named in catalogues,
"we find that a great many are not grown at all, while others could
be dispensed with, and only those possessing the best qualities
and distinctness of character should be kept. Among the best
old sorts we may count :

Alfred Salter, lilac pink.

Brazen Shield, bronze color.

Bronze Queen of England, bronzy yellow.

Frank Wilcox, golden amber.

Golden Queen of England, yellow.

Helen of Troy, deep rose.

Hero of Stoke Newington, pink.

J'ardin des Plantes, golden yellow.

Jeanne d'Arc, blush white.

Lord Wolseley, bronze red.

Miss Mary Morgan, pink.

Prince Alfred, rose carmine.

"Venus, pink.

Virginalis, white.

All the above are incurved.

Among the multitude of Japanese varieties, those found to give
the best results are :

Admiration, lilac.

Bend d'or, golden yellow.

Bras Rouge, dark crimson.

Ceres, white.

Comte de Germiny, nankeen yellow.

Duchess, deep red.

Edward Audiguier, crimson maroon.

Edwin Molyneux, rich chestnut crimson, golden reverse.

Elaine, white.

Fantaska, coppery maroon.

Gloriosum, yellow.

Grandiflorum, ^-ellow.

Joseph Collins, coppery bronze.

John Thorpe, deep lake.

Marvel, white, shaded.

Mr. Henry Cannell, deep yellow.

JMrs. H. Waterer, white.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY*

Mrs. F. Thompson, white purple.

Mrs. George Bullock, white.

Newport, rose.

Pelican, white.

Peter the Great, lemon yellow.

Robert Bottomly, white.

Robert Craig, pink.

Sadie Martinet, yellow.

Stars and Stripes, carmine.

Superbe Flore, carmine rose.

Thomas S. TTare, rose.

Val d'Andorre, coppery bronze.

"Wick Fils, deep red.

The reflesed chrysanthemums are not so numerous but contain
such varieties as :

Cullingfordii, brilliant crimson.
Golden Christine, light yellow.
Phcebus, yellow.
President Hyde, rich yellow.
Sam Sloan, pale blush.

As the best Anemones, we may class :

Bessie Pitcher, deep rose.
Madame Cabrol, white.
Princess, delicate lilac.
Thorpe, Jr., rich pure yellow.

Those of late years' introduction, that have proved superior to
the already long list are :

Adirondack, white.
Advance, pink.
Alaska, pearly white.
Avalanche, white.
Belle Hickey, white.
Belle Poitevine, white.
Capucine, vermilion.
Colossal, pearly white.
Edwin H. Fitler, yellow.
Excellent, rose.

CHRrSANTHEMUMS. 77

Kioto, yellow.
La Fortune, yellow.
L. B. Dana, red.
L. Canning, white.
Lillian B. Bird, shrimp pink.
Mme. Louise LeRoy, white.
Magicienne, chamois color.
Miss Mary Wheeler, pearly white.
Miss W. K. Harris, yellow.
Monadnock, yellow.
Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, white.
Mrs. DeWitt Smith, white.
Mrs. Fottler, soft rose.
Mrs. Irving Clark, pearly white.
Mrs. Sam Houston, white.
Narragansett, white.
Neesima, yellow.
Philippe Lacroix, rose.
Ramona, yellow-
Snowball, white.
Sunnyside, flesh color.
Violet Rose, rose.
William H. Lincoln, yellow.

Of the new ones which are to be sent out this spring, those
which are the most promising are :

Ada Spaulding, light pink.

Bohemia, Venetian red.

Cortez, red.

Crown Prince, red.

Cyclone, creamy white.

Harry E. Widener, lemon yellow.

Huron, mauve.

Iroquois, magenta red.

Kearsarge, light mauve.

Mrs. Hicks Arnold, soft rose pink.

Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, delicate rose pink.

President Harrison, bright red.

Shasta, white.

Tacoma, creamy white.

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As for new Japanese rarieties, of last year's importation, they
are not numerous. Some of the best are :
Arizona, 3'ellow.

Elliot F. Shepard, broad, clear yellow petals.
Ithaca, rose.
Ealeigh, buff color.
Rohallion, stiff chrome yellow.

From a commercial point of view, chrysanthemums play quite
an important part in the nursery and florist's business. Millions-
of plants are sold every spring from the numerous nurseries
through the country, while in the flowering season chrysanthemums-
are the principal flowers used by the florists. Some maintain that
chrysanthemums injure the florist's trade or that they are not
profitable to grow for cut flowers. Yet I have always seen good
flowers bring good prices, and nowadays in this as in everything^
else only the best are wanted, and bring good prices, while the
poor stuff cannot be given away.

In naming chrysanthemums the reform begun by Dr. Walcott
should be followed ; that is, the names should be as short as
possible, and certainly such names as Alaska, Shasta, and Cortez^
are far preferable to such as our English or French competitors
affix to their novelties. For example. Bronze Queen of England,
Hero of Stoke Newington, Monsieur Le Compte de Foucher de
Cariel. By all means give us names that can be written on one
label.

As to Chrysanthemum Exhibitions, while the various societies
and clubs oflfer fair prizes for either plants or cut flowers, there is yet
but very small inducement for the raising of new varieties, which
branch should be encouraged more than anything else, so that
before long we may see our ideal chrysanthemum, combining all
good qualities necessary to make a perfect plant and flower.

Discussion.

In the discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Manda's
paper, E. W. Wood was first called on as one of the largest
chrysanthemum growers. He said that the paper was a practical
one, and that little had been learned on the subject since our last
discussion. Growing chrysanthemums is a very easy matter. If
large plants are wanted for exhibition, the grower should begin ear-
lier than if he intends to raise smaller plants for house decoration.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 7^

For the former be should begin planting his cuttings in December,
and he lua}- continue until April. It is difficult to keep foliage on
the lower part of early plants, and they do not come up to the
ideals of the awarding committees. Plants raised from cuttings
taken off and planted in March, and at the proper time transferred
to the open ground, make vigorous plants. It is not a difficult
matter to take up the plants ; the speaker likes to have the ground
dry, so that all the earth can be shaken from the roots, and the
suckers among them can be removed, which should be done care-
fully and thoroughly. Pinching is generally desirable, but some
varieties make perfect plants without ; Mr. Astie is one of these ;
the speaker had never nipped one. It is a free-flowering variety.
He stops pinching about the 25th of July.

The market is flooded with new varieties, which are very easily
raised, though formerly it was thought impossible to do it here.
Mv. "Wood ^^had a plant of Citronella, one of the pompon class,
which was placed in the store of a druggist, who watered it for
two weeks, until the flowers dried up, when he ceased watering.
Watering was afterwards resumed, but the roots of the plant were
dead. The seed ripened and fell to the surface of the earth in the
pot and grew there, so that one hundred seedlings were potted
from it, and this was only a quarter part of the whole number.
If plants are hybridized while in bloom and then put in a dry
place they will ripen plenty of seed.- If the seed is sown in
January the seedling plants will afford good cuttings in March,
from which plants can be grown to flower well in November.
You must grow a hundred seedlings to get one that you would
want to grow a second year. Mrs. Wheeler forms a handsome
plant and has fine flowers, but is very difficult to grow. Mrs.
Alpheus Hardy is also difficult to grow.

Joseph H. Woodford spoke of a gardener who took cuttings
the last of May, which he stuck six inches apart all over the sur-
face of a spent hot-bed. The cuttings all rooted, and at the
approach of frost boards were added to the frame of the bed and
sash placed thereon. The plants were quite vigorous, and each
produced one or two blooms of splendid size and quality — in fact,
the best flowers of all his plants.

Joseph Clark agreed with Mr. Wood that it is important to
have the soil dry when the plants are taken up, so that the soil
can be shaken out and the white suckers removed.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced for the next Saturday, a paper on "Cemeteries and
Parks," by John G. Barker, Superintendent of Forest Hills Ceme-
tery, Jamaica Plain. .

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 15, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half past
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The following vote was presented by Francis H. Appleton :
Voted, That this Society extend to each incorporated Agricul-
tural, and Horticultural Society of Massachusetts, having a
delegate in the State Board of Agriculture, an invitation to
appoint one of its members, who shall have the free use of this
Library and Room (no book to be taken from the room) during
the year 1890, for the purpose of preparing Essays for delivery at
Institutes of their own or other societies. The said members to
be appointed by the President and Secretary of their respective
societies.

The vote was unanimously adopted.

Joseph H. Woodford moved that a committee of three be
appointed by the Chair to nominate candidates for a Committee
on Window Gardening for the year 1890. The motion was
carried, and the Chair appointed as that Committee, Mr. Wood-
ford, John G. Barker, and Robert T. Jackson.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 22, 1890, at half past eleven
o'clock.

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 81

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Cemeteries and Parks.

By John G. Barkeb, Superintendent of Forest Hills Cemetery, Jamaica Plain.

Either one of these topics would suggest more than enough to
take up the allotted time for one of these discussions. I hardly
know what is expected of me ; perhaps this wide range was giren
me so that I could go where I please for information, and bring
you such facts as my own experience and correspondence might
suggest, so I will make some observations noted during mj' vaca-
tion the basis of what I have to say. I cannot resist the tempta-
tion to give you a little account of my first visit on this excursion,
although it was not to a cemetery or a park.

After several weeks of careful planning that everything should
go on uninterruptedly and successfullj', and with anticipations of
a pleasant and profitable rest from accustomed labors for a brief
period, on the afternoon of September 10 I met a genial friend at
the Boston and Albany Railroad station, in whose companj' the trip
was made. In a few brief hours we were two hundred miles from
home, and the next morning in good season we called at the
nursery of an old and much respected frrend — an enthusiast in the
strongest sense of the term, from his boyhood to the present day,
in regard to everything that is beautiful in nature and art — one
who can tell you more than any other man of whom I know, about
all that is good in both old and new foliage and flowering plants,
and who has kept the run of all the changes in taste and style of
planting and bedding out and landscape art. Indeed, nothing in
horticulture has escaped his scrutiny and criticism, and he never
was carried away with any new thing that came along merely
because it was new, although always recognizing the good in the
new. His standard has always been high, and he has felt a com-
mendable pride in trying to elevate his profession. Today his
collection of plants is a very choice one, and many fine specimens
of rare and choice species and varieties are to be seen as evidences
of his skill and ability. His catalogues are most carefully com-
piled, and I believe that not a tree, shrub, or plant is named in
them but has some merit or value.
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

At the age of seven 3'ears he had a little money, which he spent
for a few Cacti, his acquaintance with them thus covenng a
period of seventy-four years, and now his collection of these
plants is one of the best to be found. In answer to the question :
Out of all that you have which are called for the most? he replied,
Cereus glaucus (a plant of which he has owned forty years),
Opuntia pulvina or microdasys, and Opuntia tunicata var. ferox
variegata. Strolling through the grounds, we find man}' of the
new and rare Japan evergreens, the choicest of herbaceous plants,
as well as trees and shrubs, among which is one of the best trained
specimens of Salishuria adiantifolia we have ever seen. This ele-
gant tree is at least twenty feet high and eight feet in diameter.
Do you wonder that we were charmed b}' the enthusiasm of this
truly wonderful gentleman, whom, if you have not already made
up your mind who he is, I will introduce to you as Louis Menand
of Albany, eighty-two j^ears old, but old in years only — young in
mind, and his activity unabated. Many will doubtless remember
the fine collection of rare plants which he brought two hundred
miles to our Annual Exhibition in 1874. Ma}' his manly quali-
ties and true love for one of the noblest arts be imitated by us all I

Albany Rural Cemetery. A short walk from Mr. Menand's
brought us to this cemetery, which was incorporated in 1841 and
consecrated in 1844. It now comprises three hundred acres, about
two hundred of which is laid out in drives, and one hundred and
fifty acres is either occupied or laid out in lots.

The varied surface of hill and dale is very striking. The beau-
tiful natural ravines are so charming that it would seem as if
nature had here done her very best to provide a fitting place for
this rural cemetery. The long winding drives, showing a vista
here and a more extended view there, make the whole area truly
delightful. In passing around the cemetery we were shown the
last resting places of President Arthur, Erastus Corning, Daniel
Manning, and many other persons prominent in i^olitical and
mercantile life.

This corporation does not insist on the perpetual care of lots,
but leaves it optional with the lot owners to provide for such care
by the deposit of such amounts of money as may be agreed upon
■with the association. These amounts are determined by the size
and character of the lots. The system adopted provides that the
income of the sum agreed upon shall be used in keeping the lot in

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 83

good order by cutting the grass, making or keeping up mounds,
filling up depressions, fertilizing the soil as often as is necessary,
and cleaning monuments.

Oakwood Cemetery, Troy, N. Y. We give you as the most
accurate and best description of this superbly located cemeter}'
the following account taken from the "Troy Daily Times" of
November 7, 1889 :

"The cemetery stands at the summit of an abrupt line of hills
overlooking the Hudson, and the view takes in a range of distant
hills and mountains of nearly one hundred miles in extent. With
the purchases of recent years there is a length of the home-hills
of a mile and a half which the cemetery now covers. At all the
bends in the course of its western hilly outline there are stretches
either of new landscape or of different views of spots that are
enchanting.

The territory of Oakwood cemetery is partly in Troy and partly
in Lansingburgh. The Earl chapel stands in Lansingburgh, but
the dividing line is just south of the building. Although lying
within the limits of two corporations, Oakwood is a corporation of
itself and independent of the others. It is truly a city of the
dead, respectable for the number of its inhabitants, which has
reached nearly ten thousand.

It is no easy task to la}' out a cemetery so that while it shall
have a park-like effect it shall also conform to the purposes of
burial, but it is generally conceded that Superintendent Boetcher
has been eminently successful in this direction. About five years
ago the trustees decided to make the western entrance not only
useful by locating its offices there, but attractive as well to the
many to whom that ingress is most convenient. With this end in
view property west of the Fitchburg railroad bridge was purchased
and enclosed, and will always be reserved for ornamental purposes.
The shrubs and trees planted on this section have made progress,
and in a few years will, with the beautiful lawns, add much to the
attractiveness of the surrounding property. The ground enclosed
at the western entrance is two hundred and fifty-six feet wide by
more than seven hundred feet in length.

The offices of the company are in a fine brick building with
stone trimmings, at the western or Cemetery avenue entrance.
The gates to this entrance are handsome granite monuments, so
designed that they will some day serve the purpose of pedestals,

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for two ideal statues, suitable for such a place. Their fitness is
beyond question, and it seems a pit}" that some one or two worthy
citizens who have love for the cemetery as well as for some
departed friend have not been impressed with the suitability of
these gates for memorials.

The grounds in recent years have been rendered interesting to
horticulturists by the introduction of rare shrubs and plants,
which, scattered over the extended territory, meet the eye at ever}'
turn and serve to educate the visitors in the advances made in the
production of new hybrids as well as in the introduction of new
plants from all temperate parts of the globe. The umbrella tree
from Japan, the blue spruce from Colorado, and many other ever-
greens quite new and rare, deciduous trees and shrubs of curiously
cut foliage, with varied colors even during their period of growth,
and herbaceous plants with a luxuriance of bloom that would keep
pace with even the tropical regions, attract many people educated
in such matters.

The roads, which in the newer portion have been laid out of
ample width, are macadamized, as well as the more restricted
thoroughfares in the older part, the presence of rock in abundance
enabling the work to be done at a comparatively small cost. The
large amount of pleasure driving in the grounds attests the excdi-
lence of the roads.

Oakwood has a reputation for being well kept, second lo none.
As to the neglected condition of many lots in prominent positions,
the fact should be stated that nearly all of these lots are owned by
persons abundantly able to pay for their care, but they have neg-
lected to do so. September 1, 1873, a system of perpetual care
for lots was inaugurated, and since that time no lots have been sold
without this provision. This system is being generally copied
throughout the country, and frequent applications are made at the
Oakwood cemetery office for duplicates of the certificates and
books of entry used b}' the association.

The original purchase for Oakwood cemetery included one hun-
dred and fifty acres. The grounds have been enlarged bj' more
recent purchases to double the original size. Should the sale of
lots continue at the ratio of the past twenty years, the next two
decades will see the available land within the bounds of the ceme-
tery occupied. Thousands of memorial stones attest Death's
industry, and elaborate and stately monuments on every hand

CEMETERIES AND PARRS. 85

indicate the lavish use of means to decorate the beautiful city of
the dead. It has been remarked b}- visiting superintendents of
other cemeteries that the number of important memorial erections
in Oakwood exceeds that of any other cemetery in the country in
proportion to its size. Nature has been so lavish in its adornment
and so much skill has been employed in landscape gardening that
praise cannot fail to be sincere along these lines."

This account of Oakwood is by no means too strongly drawn.
There are several lakes in different parts of the grounds, adding
to the attractiveness and interest of the place, while the planting
of the shrubs and herbaceous plants is in excellent taste. The
rearrangement of the old or early occupied part of the cemetery,
by the removal of iron fences and hedges ; sodding up useless
walks ; removal of overgrown trees and shrubs and planting anew,
has made it nearly as attractive as the newer part. Superintendent
Boetcher, who has charge of Oakwood, was formerly with Adolph
Strauch, at Cincinnati.

Forest Hill Cemetery, Utica, N. Y. We were very much
interested in visiting this cemetery, for here we received our first
instruction in cemeterj' duties. Our particular interest naturally
centred in that part of the grounds where many, well known to
us in the walks of life, now repose, their monuments and tablets
informing us that they have passed from earthly scenes. The
extent of the grounds owned by the association is two hundred
and fifty acres, of which one hundred and ten acres are improved
and occupied. The situation cannot be excelled ; one of the best
outlooks for pleasing views is here obtained, commanding the city
and surrounding country, with its great wealth of natural beauty.
From many elevated points the distant views are very fine, show-
ing the magnificent valleys and the hills beyond. The outlook in
every direction is very interesting, and on a clear day nothing more
beautiful than the views from Forest Hill can be conceived.

Many people visiting the cemetery have noticed a peculiar
granite boulder, on a little mound, near the entrance, and have
wondered what it was and wh}' it was there. This is the famous
Oneida Stone which was held in great reverence by the Oneida
Indians. It was fabled to have fallen from heaven as a special
gift of the Manitou to their tribe. Their councils of war were
held around it, as it was supposed to bring them success against
their enemies. When the tribe fell under the rule of the white

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

man the stone mysteriousl}' disappeared and all trace of it was
lost. It was afterward found on the top of a hill at Stockbridge,
N. Y., and placed in Forest Hill Cemetery. Among the many
rich and beautiful memorials that fill the cemeterj' there is none
more appropriate than this monument to the ancient people of
Central New York, the Oneida Indians. The sacred character of
the stone was doubtless attributed to it on account of its peculiar
shape as well as the fact that it is a kind of granite not generally
found in this part of the State.

The new part of the grounds is laid out on the landscape-lawn
plan, with broad avenftes and liberal sized sections of lots, which
are adorned by an unusually large number of fine granite monu-
ments of superior design and workmanship. The Childs Memorial
Chapel, situated near the entrance, is church-like in form and
appearance. The nave only of the chapel is used for burial ser-
vices ; the aisles contain the tombs, one hundred and forty in
number. They are built in tiers, are of stone, and open from each
side of the chapel, but are screened from view by wooden parti-
tions and doors. The building thus answers the double purpose
of chapel and receiving tomb.

Besides the chapel just mentioned, there is, through the munifi-
cence of Thomas Hopper, a combined chapel and conservatory.
The main body of this building is eighty by thirty-six feet, and its
greatest height is twenty-five feet ; in addition there is on each
side a "lean-to" or wing, ten feet wide, and thirteen feet high,
running the length of the main structure ; also a covered porch or
carriage- wa}'. The main portion of the building is arranged for
holding services, movable seats and other conveniences being
provided. In the wings on each side, the tropical plants are
arranged. There are no partitions between the wings and the
auditorium. I can imagine that to pa}' the last tribute of respect
to our dead amid such surroundings is much more comforting
than to perform this service in a poorly warmed chapel, or in the
dangerous out-door exposure of a cold climate like that usual in
Central New York.

Under the superintendence of Roderick Campbell the grounds
have been improved and extended, and many flower beds and
other decorative features were noticeable. An important improve-
ment, which has been recently made, is the building of a reservoir,
holding five million gallons of water. Connected with it are a

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 87

series of lakes, one below another, their surfaces dotted with many
beautiful lilies. Trees and shrubs have beeu liberally planted to
beautify the grounds. To supply the demands foF plants, etc.,
for decorative purposes, there are three span-roofed greenhouses,
€ach twenty by eighty feet, and three lean-tos, eight by eighty feet.

"We regret that a large cemetery like this should leave it optional
with the purchasers of lots whether they shall be under perpetual
care or not. The wisdom of connecting that provision with all
sales needs no discussion. The last resting places of Ex-Gov.
Sej'raour and Hon. Roscoe Conkling were pointed out to us. They
are buried in the same lot, located on a slope commanding a
beautiful view of the Saquoit and Oriskauy valleys.

Garwood Cemetery, Syracuse, is delightfully situated in a
beautiful oak grove, only a short distance from the center of the
city, and is easily reached by the street cars. Nature has done a
great deal here — indeed she seems to have been anxious to bestow
all that she could on this one spot. The almost natural places for
the drives or avenues are so varied that a charm is before 3'ou at
■ever}' turn, and at some points the lovely views are so impressive
that we should have enjoyed stopping for an indefinite time to take
them fully in. At the dedication of Gakwood, on the third of
November, 1859, Hon. -E, W. Leavenworth, the President, in his
address said : " Within its one hundred acres is embraced a com-
bination of attractions which, if anywhere equalled, are nowhere
surpassed. Placed most fortunately, not too near the city nor too
remote from it ; mostly covered with young and thrifty woods of
the second growth, so abundant as to allow great opportunity for
selections ; its surface diversified by the most beautiful and varied
elevations and depressions, presenting views unparalleled in their
extent and magnificence ; rendered already attractive by natural
lawns, and the most picturesque scenery — it is all that the highest
judgment and taste can demand, or the liveliest fancy paint, and
the careful hand of improvement will, each successive year, develop
and heighten the charms with which nature has so liberally adorned
it." This is no overdrawn picture, and it is as true now as then.

Since that time of course many improvements have been made,
and others are now in progress. Many elegant monuments and
one costly mausoleum have been erected, and these adornments
are not so crowded as to mar the natural beauty of the grounds,
as in many of our cemeteries. A convenient chapel and receiving

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tomb, located near the main entrance, was built in 1880. It is a
very desirable acquisition ; some such arrangement should be found
in ever}' large and well ordered cemetery. We noticed that some
thinning out was being done, where the crowded condition of the
natural growth demanded it, and where necessary the ground was
regraded at the same time. We were pleased to meet Mr. Chaffee,
the superintendent, who unfolded to us his plans for the future,^
and manifested a laudable ambition to keep pace with the times by
carrying them into effect. The contemplated improvements give
promise that in the near future Oakwood will become a delightful
resort for strangers as well as proprietors.

Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, contains about two hun-
dred and fifty acres, access to it being furnished by the Main
street railroad, which terminates opposite the cemetery. The
cemetery is decidedly park-like in its appearance, being laid out
on the most liberal scale, with broad avenues and large sections of
lots. The following extract from the history of Forest Lawn will
give a good idea of the plan in the minds of the projectors. These
remarks had special reference to the improvement of the grounds,
but they are as suggestive of right methods now as when thej' were
first uttered :

" It will not be denied that in many particulars, such as the
style, kind, and relative position of monuments ; the laying out,
adornment and character of the boundary lines of lots, and their
floral and arboreal decoration, individual fancies should be subor-
dinate to a general plan, and subject to certain rules designed to
secure harmony and uniformity, and to exclude all such manifest
violations of good taste as often mar our places of sepulture.
The trustees feel that it will only be necessary to state this gen-
eral plan, and to mention a few of the arguments in support of the
rules which have been established, to secure the assent and hearty
co-operation of all who feel an interest or ambition in the success
and prosperity of the enterprise. It was considered of the first
importance to locate this cemetery where it would enjoy a perma-
nent seclusion ; where the expenditure of taste and money would
become a heritage for all coming time ; where the desecrating ten-
dencies of modern commercial growth should never violate its
sanctity, nor the encroaching waves of a noisy, restless, city life,
disturb its repose."

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 89

More than twenty years have passed since these views were
expressed, and certainly there is today abundant evidence that th&
spot selected fulfils, in a remarkable degree, the conditions named.
Nature was by no means sparing here in her bestowal of diversi-
fied beauty. Many a fine native tree is seen, which, having been
carefully guarded and protected, adds grace and beauty to the
scenery, and these, with the hills and dales, lakes and streams, give
to the whole grounds more of a park-like appearance than we have
observed in any other cemetery. The avenues were so excellent
that we took pains to ascertain the mode of construction. We
soon learned that an abundance of the necessary material was
easily obtained for this purpose ; this, with the superior knowledge
of the superintendent in its use, accounted for the excellence of
the avenues, as was shown by a piece of new avenue in process of
construction. To facilitate this work a Gates stone crusher is
used, which, set up ready for operation, cost about $2,500, and
turns out from fifty-five to sixty cubic yards a day, at a cost of
about fifty cents a yard, delivered in an}' part of the grounds. In
my visits to cemeteries I almost always find some one feature that
is especially commendable, and in Forest Lawn it is the avenues.

While riding through the grounds we could not help noticing
what seemed to us a deficiency of shrubs and flowers — not the
perishable ones that must be renewed each year — bat in grounds
where the plots are laid out on the liberal scale here adopted, the
attractiveness of the whole is greatly increased by judiciously
planting groups of hardy flowers and choice evergreens and other
shrubs. But, under the eflScient management of the present
superintendent, we have no doubt that all deficiencies will be made
good and Forest Lawn will continue to advance toward the front
rank among the cemeteries of America.

We passed Sunday at Hamilton, Canada. Taking a drive over
the city we were pleased to see so many neat and cosy cottages,
with well kept grounds and a garden attached to each. We looked
through the cemetery, which, although clean, was extremely
crowded with monuments and iron fences, and showed no signs
of modern improvements. The next morning we proceeded to
Detroit, to attend the third annual convention of the Association
of American Cemeterj' Superintendents. This association was
organized to meet a long felt want. We needed to know more of
each other ; of the work that we are doing at our respective places.

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

with the various methods adopted in doing it, and we have already
received great benefit from these meetings. At Detroit we had a
large representation. Eighteen practical papers on different sub-
jects pertaining to our work were read and discussed, with much
profit to all, and especially' to such as cannot have the advantages
enjoyed by those who are located near large cities. This year we
meet at Boston, at the same time as the Society of American
Florists, and we expect that much greater advantages will be
gained from these meetings. At the close ©f the convention we
were taken on a ride through the city, and the different cemeteries.

WooDMERE Cemetery is located in the township of Springwells,
about four and three-quarters miles from the City Hall. It com-
prises two hundred acres, and it is claimed that nowhere else
within as many miles of Detroit could an equal area be found so
admirabl}- adapted for a rural cemetery. Portions of the grounds
consist of hills, valleys, and gentle undulations. A broad expanse
of water on the westerly' side is known as Baby Creek, and Deer
Creek crosses the centre from east to west. When these streams
are cleared and improved, lakes over two miles in length will be
formed, constituting a charming feature of the place. The
grounds are laid out on the landscape-lawn plan, with liberal ave-
nues and broad sections of lots. The extreme drought last sum-
mer in the West was very detrimental to the appearance of most
places there, and the dryness of the grass showed that this ceme-
tery was not excepted. Many fine trees as well as shrubs were
noticed ; the latter in groups and as single specimens. The
Tupelo tree, known there as the Pepperidge, was strikingly beau-
tiful. I have seen many of them in their fall foliage, which is
always rich and handsome, but the intense scarlet, or perhaps
crimson, color of these was the richest I have ever seen. The
dry weather raa^' have had the effect to produce this unusual color.
The Tupelo tree deserves to be cultivated much more than it is at
present. With its capabilities for improvement Woodmere may
be made a most attractive and beautiful place.

Elmwood is the oldest cemetery at Detroit, and is nearly filled
up. The gi'ouuds were laid out in the old style of avenue and
path, but we were pleased to see that wherever an}' improvement
could be made advantage had been taken of the opportunity^ and
every effort was being made to keep the grounds clean and attrac-
tive. Near the entrance some floral designs in good taste and not

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 91

overdone were noticeable. One consisted of a cross with an
anchor and heart on either side, and a scroll at the foot of the
cross with the word PEACE ; this design, lying on a slight slope,
showed to good advantage. A new and substantial gateway with
au office and waiting-room connected, built of stone, is one of the
recent improvements.

Mount Elliott Cemetery is also one of Detroit's principal
burial grounds, and while it contains n© costly monument, or other
prominent feature that commands especial notice, it is only just to
say that these are the best kept grounds we have seen in a Catholic
cemetery, and we therefore think we ought to make special men-
tion of this happy departure. "We learn that in the new grounds,
recently purchased, modern plans and principles of cemetery im-
provement will be adopted and carried out.

WooDLAWN Cemetery, Toledo, Ohio, is delightfully situated.
It is but three miles from the heart of the cit}', and seems to be
well adapted to the purpose to which it is devoted. The grounds
were cut by a deep natural ravine, which has been converted into
a lake, forming a very agreeable feature of the grounds. The
trees and shrubs are appropriately planted, as single specimens
and in groups, and have now attained a size that makes them very
effective. The remaining portions of the grounds are of a gently
undulating character, sufficient to produce a good landscape effect,
without too striking a contrast between adjoining lots. The plant-
ing all through the grounds has been done judiciously and in good
taste. The evergreens were especially conspicuous, being large
enough to give life and character to the place, especially in the
winter season. The lawn-plan was originally adopted and has
been very successfully carried out. It has many advantages over
the old style where gravel walks give access to all the lots, as is
nowhere better demonstrated than here, and it is doubtless fully
appreciated. Like some other places we have mentioned, the
grounds are laid out into sections in which we were pleased to see
that the lots vary greatly in size and shape. Too often the
uniformity in this respect is distressing, but that has been avoided
here, and it seems impossible that all the varied tastes of its patrons
should not be fully satisfied.

The chapel is a beautiful building on the bank of the lake. A
porte-cochere protects the entrance. The interior is twenty-eight
feet square, with a high vaulted roof, and is lighted by three stained

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

glass windows. The ceiling is finished in a tasteful stj'le, and'
altogether the building is a model of neatness and beauty. Thfr
area of the cemetery is one hundred and sixty acres, and we think
the patrons of Woodlawn may be congratulated that, these
grounds having been begun at a later date than the other ceme-
teries we have named, the trustees have been able, in making their
plans, to profit b}- the experience of others, and we venture to pre-
dict that a few years hence Toledo can boast of having one of the
most beautiful cemeteries in the West. A small nursery of choice
trees and shrubs gives promise that there will be no lack of suitable
material for the ornamentation of the grounds as the improvements
advance. The avenues are broad and well kept, neatness and
good order are the rule, and it is well carried out. Mr. Frank
Eurich, the present superintendent, has held that office since the
commencement of the grounds. Our thanks are due to him and
to Mr. Walbridge, the secretary, for their kindness in showing us
not only the cemetery grounds but the beautiful city of Toledo,
the home of F. J. Scott, the author of " Suburban Home Grounds."

Spring Grove Cemetery, Cikcinnati, Ohio. This, more than
any of the cemeteries of which I have spoken, had attracted us
from the fact that it has always, as you are undoubtedly aware,
>>een reputed the finest cemetery on this continent. I cannot give
you a detailed description of it, as my time is too limited to do it
justice, but I will briefly call your attention to its principal
features.

We will suppose ourselves at the entrance on Spring Grove
Avenue. The gateway is a large stone structure in the Norman
Gothic style of architecture ; the total length being one hundred
and thirty feet. It was erected at a cost of about fifty thousand
dollars. The larger portion is at the right side, the building here
containing a room for visitors, the Directors' room, and Superin-
tendent's oflSce. At the left side is the ladies' reception room.
A little further to the left is the Chapel, built in 1881, at a cost
of sixt}' thousand dollars. This also is in the Norman style, and
is a very handsome edifice, one hundred and eight feet long by
sixty-three feet wide. The ground plan is cruciform, the vestibule
and chapel occupying the nave, with a receiving tomb thirteen by
twenty feet in each of the transepts. The heav}' bronze doors to
the receiving tombs are of very elegant design. The subject or
one is : The Widow's Son — the Saviour touching the bier, with.

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 93

the words, "Young mau, I say unto thee, arise." The subject
of the second is : Jairus's Daughter — the Saviour touching the
maiden's hand, with the words, " Be not afraid, only believe."
The subject of the third is : Martha and the Saviour at the grave
•of Lazarus, with the words, " Thy brother shall rise again" ; and
of the fourth, the Saviour arising from the tomb, with the words,
*'Iam the resurrection and the life." The great window in the
chancel is of elegant design and workmanship, being fourteen
feet and six inches wide by twenty feet high. The design repre-
sents the Ascension of Christ, accompanied by two angels, while
the eleven disciples stand below, gazing in awe and wonder upon
the heavenl}' scene.

Passing from the building into the grounds, we find ourselves on
the main avenue, in the centre of a beautiful lawn stretching right
and left and adorned by trees, as specimens, and artistic groups
of evergreens, which are charmingly arranged, and in themselves
a study for all who have a love for landscape art. This part of the
grounds has a level surface, and it is truly wonderful what art has
produced on what must have been a barren plain. It will interest
you to know that on this lawn there has been planted a group of
trees as a memorial of the late Dr. Warder, presented for this
purpose by his son, Reuben Warder. In the centre of the group
is an Abies concolor surrounded by Piniis pungens. This is to be
known as the " Dr. Warder memorial group of evergreens." We
next pass under the railroad bridge and come in sight of a chain
of beautiful lakes, containing several small islands, the largest of
which was donated some time ago, by the corporation, to Mr.
Strauch, the Superintendent, as a family burial ground, and his
remains now rest in the quietude of this lovely spot. Near by is
a beautiful statue of Egeria, in close proximity to a grove of
Louisiana cypress, which are very fine. Our attention was fre-
quently called to the trees and shrubs, which are a special feature
of the place. To enumerate them all would be impossible, but we
noticed particularly the following superb specimens : Abies
excelsa, some very large ; A. polita (the Corean Spruce), A. com-
pacta nayia, A. Alcocquiana, A. concolor, Magnolia stellata, M.
glauca, M. tripetala; elegant specimens of Liquidambar ; Laurel
leafed oak, — most beautiful specimens ; Quercus alba (the Ameri-
can White Oak), grand trees; Q. p)ctlustris (Pin Oak), tall and
elegant trees ; Q. castanea (Chestnut Oak) , one of the most grace-

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ful of the oaks ; Pinus mugho (Dwarf Mugho Pine), P. Cembra
(Swiss Stoue Pine), a handsome and distinct species, particularly
well adapted for cemetery purposes ; and of native Beeches, some
of the largest and finest trees we have seen ; Liriodendron tulipi-
fera, — this magnificent tree has attained great size and beauty ;
Vitex Agnus-Castus, very useful ; Platanus occidentalism a very large
tree on the lawn, at least one hundred feet high. Also an elegant
tree of the Osage Orange, full of bright orange colored fruit. The
fine proportions of this tree, which was low, spreading, and
round-headed, so different from the form in which we see it here
in Massachusetts (only in the hedge), were trul}- fascinating.
These are only a few that, by their size as specimens or standing
in some prominent place, attracted our attention. The oaks,
maples, evergreens of many varieties ; the new and rare ever-
greens from Japan ; and all the old and new species and varieties
of shrubs, are found in great abundance, and the unusually select
collection that are growing in the nurseries in large quantities, is
an evidence that the ornamental department of Spring Grove
will be kept up to the high standard it has already attained.
In this connection our attention was called to the fact that the
only monument to Dr. Warder was a Scarlet oak which, I believe,
was planted with his own hands. Robert Buchanan, the first pres-
ident of the association, also has an oak of the same species
planted at the head of his grave. The grave of Judge John Mc-
Lean, who delivered the consecration address in 1854, is marked
by a Chestnut oak, and I think Judge Storer's grave is marked by
a Hop Hornbeam. In this there is a suggestion to us : the glaring
white marble and polished granite are very monotonous in many
of our cemeteries ; is not this change a step in the direction of
reform ? Are not these trees far more appropriate memorials than
many meaningless stones that are erected?

The original plan for improving the grounds was furnished hj
John Notman, of Philadelphia, and was executed partially by
Howard Daniels, the first Superintendent. Since 1855, improve-
ments have been made according to plans designed by the late-
Superintendent, Adolph Strauch, who was so very successful
in blending the old and the new work that, to a casual observer,
the point of meeting of the two designs is hardly noticeable. In
all his work he was eminentl}' successful ; and as a landscape gar-
dener he stood at the head of his profession, and no man could

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 95

have a better monument to his memory than the work that he
accomplished at Spring Grove. The influence of the reform he so
well commenced has spread over the length and breadth of the
land, so that no new cemetery is now laid out in any other way
than on the lawn plan.

The lots and avenues are projected on the most liberal scale.
"When I inform you that the grass cutting is mosth' done with
horse mowers, you will at once see that the lots are large and the
spaces between of liberal breadth. All the surroundings are in
the same proportion. Hand mowers are used where the larger
ones cannot go, and by this combination a great deal of grass
cutting is done in a short time. This arrangement also allows the
planting of trees in the large spaces between the lots, to better
advantage than would be possible were the land more closely occu-
pied for burial purposes. This is one of the beautiful features of
the place. There is no fear of a request to remove a tree every
time a monument is erected, and the ability to retain so many fine
and rare trees attests the wisdom as well as the good taste
displayed in laying out these grounds, in such a way as to leave
sufficient room outside the lots for ornamental purposes. The
grounds are rolling, hills and valleys abounding. The avenues,
laid out in the valleys, their proper places, are about thirty feet
wide, with broad sections of lots between. There is no stiffness
about them ; graceful curves are formed instead of the straight
monotonous lines too often seen where they might be avoided.
Where the avenues meet, the arrangement is such that in driving
you see, at a distance before you, a prominent corner lot orna-
mented by shrubs in groups with trees. Turning to the right or
left the scene may be similar, or you may be interested by a view
through a charming vista, or some valley, naturally beautiful but
made more so by the hand of art.

There are many beautiful monuments erected, and we noticed
some bearing names familiar to some of us. The Drexel Chapel
is very prominently located, near one of the lakes. The monu-
ments of Governor Bishop, Nicholas Longworth, Bishop Mc-
Ilvaine, the elegant Scotch granite sarcophagus of General Joe
Hooker, the family monument of General McCook, having twelve
columns representing his twelve children, and two urns which
represent the parents of General McCook, are among the most
prominent. Here also are the resting places of the late Chief

S6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Justice Chase, the parents of the late President U. S. Grant,
and the family of Ex-President Hayes. Upon the lot of the late
Chief Justice Stanley Matthews is an unpretentious marble monu-
ment. Gen. A. T. Goshorn, Director General of the Centennial
Exhibition of 1876, has a lot in which his father and mother are
buried, and Henry Probasco, the President of the cemetery cor-
poration, has a fine sarcophagus of Scotch granite. On a very
sightly eminence is placed a monumental canop}' sarcophagus of
Scotch granite, which Mr. Schonberger, the owner, can see from
his residence in Clifton, a distance of two miles. The elevation on
which the monument stands, and that on which Mr. Schonberger's
residence is located, are both from one hundred and fifty to two
hundred feet above the valley between them.

Spring Grove contains about six hundred acres, of which three
hundred and fifty acres have been laid out and improved. There
are fourteen miles of avenues, covering an area of thirtj'-three
acres. There are seven miles of fencing, with about two and one-
half miles of hedge inside a portion of the fence. There is a
complete water system belonging to the cemetery, and fine build-
ings for all purposes, and every facility for carrying on the work
to the best advantage possible.

I cannot close this imperfect account of Spring Grove without
expressing my appreciation of the kindness of Mr. William Salway,
who succeeded Mr. Strauch as Superintendent, and who is fully
qualified to carry on the work so well commenced by his prede-
cessor.

Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Conn., is situated about
three miles from the centre of the city, and contains nearly three
hundred acres. The surface is charmingly diversified with hill and
vale, lawn and stately trees, and is unusually well adapted for a
lawn cemetery. The improvements since the consecration have
been on the most liberal basis, as the following quotation from the
Superintendent's report in 1886 will show. He says : " The sec-
tions now opened for burial purposes are located on the second
plateau, and on the second rise of hills, and are from one-half an
acre to four acres in size. Each section is surrounded by a broad,
well constructed avenue, and contains from thirty-two to one hun-
dred and twenty-five lots."

The whole front of the cemetery extends along New Haven
Avenue two thousand nine hundred and four feet. The grounds
contain about seventy-three acres, ornamented with lakes, lawns,

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 97

trees, and shrubs. The largest lake is over eight acres in extent.
The planting of trees and shrubs was an important part of the
plan, and has been admirably carried out.

The avenues are a conspicuous feature of this cemetery, being
forty, thirty-five, twenty-eight, and twent^'-two feet wide, accord-
ing to location and requirements.

The landscape lawn plan has been strictly adhered to, and no
unsightly curbings or iron fences are seen to mar the harmon}' and
beaut}' of the plan which has been so successfully carried out.
The landscape gardener and first Superintendent was Mr. J.
"Weidenmann, who, I believe, was a pupil of or associated with
Adolph Strauch, at Cincinnati, and in looking over the grounds it
is quite easy to see that the same principles which govern the plan
at Spring Grove, Cincinnati, prevail here also.

The proprietors have been fortunate in receiving some noble
gifts. One is a very neat and substantial chapel of beautiful and
picturesque appearance, in the English Gothic style. It is built
of gray, rough-faced Westerly granite, relieved by the lighter
color of the hammered granite dressings, and the dark slate of the
roof, which make an agreeable contrast. The interior is rich and
beautiful. It was built in accordance with the will of the late
Charles H. Northam, and is known as the Northam Memorial
Chapel.

Later on, Mrs. Julia A. Gallup, wife of the late Judge Gallup,
made provision in her will, b}- a bequest of S2o,000, for a gateway
at Cedar Hill. This also has been erected, in a style and mate-
rial harmonizing with that of the chapel. It consists of two build-
ings, forty-five feet apart, each measuring eighteen by thirty-one
feet. One serves as a waiting room ; the other is the office of the
Superintendent ; and between these two buildings is the entrance.
The inside finish of the buildings is very elaborate, and the arrange-
ments are in excellent taste.

The monumental structures are very elegant, and being conspic-
uously located on the highest elevation in the grounds, are seen
from a long distance. In all of our visits to the various ceme-
teries we have seen no other where so many costly monuments
stand on the same extent of ground.

Mr. Robert Scrivener, the present Superintendent, succeeded
Mr. Salway, now of fSpring Grove, Cincinnati. We are glad to
meet such practical men as he, and we hope that his cherished
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plans for the future may receive the encouragement due to one so
heartily interested in his work. Cedar Hill is a lovelj" spot, and
if the means which the proprietors are abundantly able to supply
are onh* placed at the disposal of the trustees, a bright and pros-
perous future is before it. The examples of Charles H. Northam
and Mrs. Gallup are worth}' of emulation.

I have already taken up more time than I intended to occupy.
If I have succeeded in interesting 3'ou in the work of this important
subject ; have convinced you that the work of planning Rural
Cemeteries is only just commenced, you begin to see, as I do,^
that all new grounds can have the advantage of profiting by the
mistakes made in the older cemeteries, which are many. I should
like to have made my descriptions so vivid that you could have
seen all these places as I did ; how far I have succeeded in this
you know. I confess I am sorr^^ to stop here. I should like to
have gone into criticisms and practical points gained by observa-
tion, but I cannot. I should like to have shown you how some of
the old grounds could be improved and beautified, but mj- time is
not sufficient. I should like to have taken up the subject of orna-.
mentation, but if I did I should perhaps have said too much — in
what way or how you must for the present only conjecture ; and
perhaps it is well that I have no more time for this subject, for
the reason that a short time ago I was invited to criticise a very
radical article bearing on it ; at first I felt like doing so, but
when I visited the writer of the article, I received such kind atten-
tions, and our views were so thoroughly harmonious on the prin-
cipal rules which should govern our work, that I could not say a
word, although I believe in kindly criticism, for it is helpful. I
hope I have given you good reasons why I should forbear at this
time.

I have another part now to take up — that of Parks. I shall
attempt but little, as my time for preparation was too limited to
do it justice. The subject of establishing parks in our cities and
larger towns is absorbing a good deal of attention, much time, and
large sums of money. Our own city of Boston is coming in for
its full share of all. The magnificent system planned for us can-
not be excelled. The Back Bay Park has its place ; its success
and utility are well known to you. The Public Garden — not a park
at all — has received all the criticism, kind and unkind, that is good

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 99

for it. I am glad it is there. Were I asked whether I would approve
all that is done there, perhaps I should answer no, and I am glad
that I do differ from others, for if all thought alike what a same-
ness and monotouN- there would be. The Public Garden also fills
its place, as is shown by the fact that from the blooming of the
first hyacinth to the time when frost destroys the last hydrangea,
many who cannot get beyond the borders of the city are always
to be found there enjoying it. Situated as it is, where nei-
ther near nor distant views can be obtained, it is better to make
it attractive to the masses, even if it does not in all points fulfil
the ideal requirements of good taste, or is so judged by those com-
petent to criticise. I am sure the popular vote would be for the
Public Garden, and I venture to say that no expenditure made by
the city for the people is more heartih- appreciated by them.
There is now more reason than ever that the Public Garden should
be maintained as such, especially when the park sj'stem is being
so finely developed.

Living near Franklin Park, I have been glad, as opportunity
offered, to go over it and watch the development of the work.
Last year a portion known as the Playstead was opened to the
public. Approaching from "Walnut Avenue, you drive around this
area of some thirty acres or more, bj' the Pierpont and Playstead
roads, and the Overlook, connecting with the old Trail road to
Humboldt Avenue. The Glen road, from Sigourney street to the
Pierpont road, is finished, forming a direct route to Jamaica Plain,
and the circuit drive, from Pierpont road to Williams street, which
will eventualh' connect with Forest Hills Avenue. These are
splendid drives, and no one can doubt the wisdom of the sj-stem
that has been adopted. Everything is done thoroughly and in
the best possible manner. The drives are already delightful and
enjoyed by thousands every fine day. The trees and shrubs, with
the growth of a few short years, will add greatly to the beauty of
the Park, and as the time goes on and the plans are carried out, the
citizens of Boston will have in their parks a system of developed
beaut}' in nature and art, unequalled in this country.

Then there are the Bussej- Park, and Arnold Arboretum,
already suflSciently advanced to be of untold interest, especially
the Arboretum, which contains the largest collection of named
trees and shrubs in America, if not in the world, and is visited
every year by hundreds seeking information on the subject of

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Arboriculture. I feel that I cannot say too much of the Arbore-
tum and its immense value ; I wish I could be heard all over the
land, and I would speak of its value and benefits more loudly
every time. I do not believe one-tenth part of those interested in
horticulture begin to appreciate the value of the Arboretum. Go
there more if you would know the wealth of beauty awaiting you
there. We have in Boston, in our Park S3'stem, much to be proud
of; and with such men as Frederick Law Olmstead, who as a
landscape artist has no equal ; Charles S. Sargent, well known to
you all ; and our friend Jackson Dawson, I am sure that time only
is needed to perfect the system so admirabh' planned, and to be
executed by them, and when the plan is perfected they will
become the best known parks in America.

"Washington Park, Albany. In our visits this year at differ-
ent places, finding a little time at our disposal, at the close of one
day, we drove to "Washington Park, in Albany, and though there
onl}' a short time, we were so favorably impressed with what we
saw that I immediately opened a correspondence with the Super-
intendent, "William S. Egerton, for information in regard to it.
Since the reading of the paper at the last meeting of the Society
of American Florists, in Buffalo, by Mr. McMillan, Superintend-
ent of the parks there, j'ou have perhaps read the criticisms on
that paper. Mr. McMillan took strong ground in advocacy of a
system adopted in Buffalo, which admits of comparatively no
flowers for ornamentation in their park, and, if my memory serves
me rightly, in September there were none of any sort to be seen,
in driving through the park. I must confess to great disappoint-
ment in this respect. I think that, in a proper way and in suita-
ble places, they could be introduced to good advantage, and that
the attractiveness of the large park would thus be greatly
enhanced. But be that as it may, we must give Mr. McMillan
the credit of being able to present his honest convictions in such
a manner as to command respect for them.

But we must return to Washington Park, which is situated a
short distance back of the Capitol, and contains ninety acres of
land with three miles of avenues, six miles of walks, and a lake of
six acres. It is approached from State Street and Madison Avenue
on the east, and from Lexington Street on the south. The park
and garden appeared so well combined that I have obtained from
the Superintendent his reasons for laying it out in this way. He
(writes as follows :

CEMETEKIES AND PAHKS. 101

Office of the

Board of Commissioners of the Washington Park,

Albany, Oct. 21, 1889.

Mr. John G. Barker, Superintendent,

Forest Hills Cemetery, Jamaica Plain.

Dear Sir : — Your request for Park report is received. This
Board does not issue a descriptive report, but simpl}' a detailed
statement of expenses, which is sent in to the Common Council
soon after January 1 of each year. The annual budget is made
out by March 1 of each year, is approved by the Board and sent
in to the Finance Committee of the Common Council for insertion
in the cit}' tax budget. The Board has under its supervision
Washington Park, seven small city parks, and two miles of street
or boulevard improvement. The annual budget is about $21,000.

Washington Park 814,000

City Parks 1,600

Street Maintenance . . . . . 2,000

Office Expenses . . . . . 150
Salaries, (Superintendent's bills, Gardener,

Treasurer's Clerk) ..... 3,250

$21,000

The maintenance of Washington Park and the city parks will,
I think, compare favorably with any of the parks in the country,
and this result is reached by a comparatively small outlay. The
labor is entirely under the supervision of the superintendent, and
the men are selected and placed by him without dictation or re-
striction. The park management is outside of politics. A proper
criticism might be made as to the monotony of the planting, but
a large proportion of the trees (elms) were established on the
greater portion of the area now devoted to the park, before the
grounds were laid out, and a gradual introduction of a more orna-
mental character of planting is being perfected as protection is
offered by structural windbreaks surrounding the site on the north
and west, and as the undesirable original growth disappears with
age, etc. Our shrubbery borders are extensive and of great
variety, affording a succession of bloom from early spring until
late in the fall.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The article I enclose, written for the Sunday Press, June 30,
1889, will give some idea of the floral effects.

Washington Park is of too small an area to secure very extended
lawn and meadow effects, or to indulge in masses of deciduous or
evergreen planting for distant sky line perspective. The roads,
walks, etc., have all been adjusted to the existing topographical
features, and considering the piece by piece manner of purchase
of the park area and the resultant changes of portions of the
original design to accommodate these intermittent purchases, the
general effect of the park, as a whole, is very pleasing and the
area largel}' exaggerated to the casual visitor.

The views of landscape architects or gardeners have been re-
peatedly expressed as antagonistic to floral eflfects, or the general
introduction of such effects in park ornamentation, and I should
myself criticise adversely the introduction of such planting in a
park where natural effects of lawn and planting are to be desired
as the most pleasing 'and lasting.

Washington Park is cen trail}' located, and is being surrounded
by dwellings. It is a nursery ground for children, and the desire
of this Board is to make it attractive to all classes of the citizens.
We find that a great deal of pleasure is afforded by the floral
effects, and many persons owning small estates in the suburbs or
countr\' endeavor to introduce similar ornamentation at their homes.
The "King Fountain" site, where you probabl}' saw the cannas,
pampas grasses, etc., etc., is shown on the plan enclosed. The
intention is ultimatel}' to have a fine fountain basin there, and the
surroundings have been laid out somewhat in anticipation of this
central effect in the design ; otherwise the plan would have been
very different at this point. It now looks stiff, and the general
effect is not altogether pleasing. With the fountain completed
and other architectural features appropriately introduced, the gar-
den site will be more in keeping with the general design. This
portion of the park is overlooked from the pedestrian concourse
above the terraces, and the plan of the garden is outlined with
great distinctness. The lake is 1750 feet long with an average
width of 150 feet, and contains about six acres. It is artificially
supplied from the city mains and is provided with an outlet valve
and proper overflow. In summer, boats are used, and in winter,
skating and curling are indulged in. The Board maintain a swing
tender, croquet tender, and tennis keeper, at their own expense.

CEMETERIES AND TARKS. 103

no charge being made, and the same privilege is extended in the
winter to skaters ; the lake being cleaned at the expense of the
Board, The lake house and refectorj' are rented with the privi-
lege of restaurant and boat-letting.

I am sorry I have no photographic views assimilated in our
illustrated report to send you, but although proud of the park, the
Board has not gone to that expense as yet.
Yours sincerely,

Wm. S. Egerton,
Superintendent and Secretary of Washington Park.

This exceedingly interesting letter sets forth in a plain and clear
manner the reasons that prompted the Board of Park Commission-
ers to plan so liberally and successfully for the pleasure of the
citizens of Albany. "When we saw the flower beds in September
they were in the height of perfection, and so well designed and
properh' located that even the hurried glance, which was all that
our time allowed us, called forth our admiration. Not only the
•flowers, but the shrubs were such fine specimens that it was a great
pleasure to us to see them. In the grouping they were not the
huddled mass usually found in such places, but planted far enough
apart to allow each one to become a perfect specimen of itself,
yet not so far distant from each other that the intended effect was
lost. Of course, if one wishes to criticise he can find the oppor-
tunity, but having learned the object desired and seen that it had
been accomplished, I think criticism is not in order. If we see a
good thing we should say so, and encourage the producer. If we
do not approve we should be equally frank in saying so, but let us
be sure to have a good reason for what we say. We thought we
saw a good thing in the Albany Park, and it is a pleasure to report
so to you. The Albany Press of June 30th, contained the follow-
ing very interesting account of this park :

" The pleasure derived from viewing foliage and flowering plants,
well arranged and properly placed, seems almost universal. There
are a few persons whose distaste for a blaze of color, and dislike of
any formal arrangement would lead them back to the days of the
old perennial garden of our forefathers, where everything seemed
to grow in profusion, in great variety of tints and diversity of
form, and without any apparent care-taking supervision. This
old-fa^ioned garden is becoming again the fashion, from the
fact that formal ribbon borders, Persian or geometrical designs.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and glaring arrangements of color, have been so extensive!}'
introduced by some gardeners, at the fashionable resorts, and to
a large extent on pretentious summer estates, that people natur-
ally go back for relief from such arrangements to the old-fash-
ioned garden. Apart from the set arrangement and blaze of color,
there is always a suggestion of labor and expense connected with
the development of such effects. The growth of the floral dis-
play in Washington Park has been gradual, as the facilities for
the propagation of plants, and the funds of the park commission
have warranted. Some 3'ears, the effects have excelled those
of previous ones, and then again there has been an apparent
retrograde movement, and the display has not been especially
attractive. The yearly maintenance has given impetus to, or
retarded, the floral display in a ratio proportionate with its
magnitude.

The first effort made in floral planting in Washington Park was
soon after the appointment of the late Robert L. Johnson as
park commissioner and chairman of the planting committee.
Not having at that time a propagating house of sufficient size,
a small one was constructed on the Taylor mansion grounds, and
for two or three years with this little house and the assistance
of adjacent hot-bed frames, the gardener was enabled to propa-
gate sufficient plants to make a creditable displa}'. It was not,
however, possible to propagate other than soft-wooded plants for
bedding purposes, and not until the purchase, by the board of
park commissioners, of the Taylor mansion grounds, and the
necessary removal and construction of the outbuildings and
propagating houses to the present site on the New Scotland plank
road, was it possible to propagate and maintain the more desira-
ble class of plants now exhibited at the Willett street entrance
of the park. The effort has been made this season to place
all the desirable greenhouse plants that will stand the exposure,
in the open grounds and to secure effects somewhat tropical in
character, the palms being placed along the shady walk at
Willett street, and such color and leaf effects, by the introduction
of several varieties of alternautheras in masses of color, relieved
by other beds of agaves, echeverias, achyrauthes, centaureas,
and geraniums.

The two large palms, placed in circular beds, surrounded at
the base by a variety of ornamental plants, and terminating at

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 105-

the sod-line with a border of hydrangeas, were given to the park
by Mr. Robert L. Johnson during his term as park commissioner,
and an extra effort was made this season to place them in the
open ground, to relieve the low effects of the surrounding
planting.

The arrangement of the beds, on and adjacent to the site of
that long dela3-ed King Fountain, owing to the exposure to sun
and wind, is entirely different from that of the Willett street side-
of the park. To relieve the open, flat character of the surface,
varied beds of caunas, and proper edgings of plants for contrast
of color are introduced, with circular beds of pampas grasses at
the walk intersections. The walks are bordered with varieties of
geraniums, relieved by circular beds of achyranthes. In the
large center bed, are fine specimens of agaves and rare echeve-
rias, and masses of heliotrope perfume the surroundings. The
full and final effect of this arrangement will not be secured before
the latter part of August when the cannas are fully developed and
the pampas grasses are in bloom. The many varieties of coleus,
formerly used in the ribbon borders, have been discarded and
geraniums substituted, owing to the fact that the low temperature
in early June and the cold nights of August, often blights these
plants, and thus mars the effect of color much sooner than the
varieties of geraniums selected.

"What seems to be especially desired to prolong and concen-
trate not onl}' the floral but the foliage effects in Washington
Park, is the construction of a commodious range of ornamental
greenhouses, to be located on the plateau, between the ravine
drive and Englewood Place — a central structure sufficiently large
to accommodate large palms, tree ferns, bananas, and tropical
growths, flanked by houses for the protection of rare and
interesting specimens of foreign plants ; a structure accessible at
all seasons, particularly the winter season, to the public. This
would make the park more attractive during the winter months,
and afford a generous provision for the summer decoration of the
lawns without resorting to the soft-wooded species of plants.
There is a fine opportunity for some one, a lover of foliage and
flowers, and of plethoric purse, to donate a suitable structure of
this kind to the park.

A comparison being made of the effects secured in "Washington
Park, at a comparatively small outlay, with those to be seen

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

in the more extensive and pretentious parks of the eastern and
western cities, is very favorable to us.

This fall, subsequently to the removal of the present border
plants by frost, several thousand hyacinth, tulip, and kindred
bulbs will be placed in the borders to give an early spring effect,
during the months of April and May, in order that the beds
ma}- not present such a bare character at this season. These
plants will be removed and followed by the usual decorations
for the subsequent summer months. A large number of aquatic
plants were placed in prepared beds along the lake margins
last spring. These will bloom in the season of 1890. The
Egyptian and American lotus, the pink and common white water
lilies, and several indigenous water plants have taken root, and,
if not disturbed, will flower next season.

If the King Fountain is constructed, there will be an oppor-
tunity for a generous displaj' of rare aquatic plants around the
rim of the basin, and we may arrive at that progressive stage
when the Victoria regia may bloom in a properly arranged and
protected pond. There are possibilities and opportunities for
a fine arboretum on the Almshouse grounds, where the botanical
students of the Normal, High, and public schools could find
specimens for stud}- and comparison.

A small beginning has been made in the introduction of hardy
perennials along the Willett street walk, but the location is
too much shaded, and these plants will probably be removed to
a more congenial and sunny exposure, and planted with some
discrimination as to size, foliage, and time of blooming.

There has been too much rain and too little sunshine for the
proper growth of almost all the varieties of bedding plants this
season, and some of the echeverias, if a timeh' forethought in
the admixture of plenty of sand in the beds had not prevented,
would have rotted because of too much moisture.

The gardener is now struggling with the hay and grass, to
get the lawns readv for the glorious Fourth, when hundreds of
the orphan children will be entertained in the afternoon at the
children's playground near the refectory ; and the aldermanie
display of fireworks (value $600) will take place at the site of
the ice fort of two winters ago.

The lawns will be open to the public on the Fourth of July,
except where the shrubber}- is dense and the flowers are planted,

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 107

and it is expected that the public will appreciate and respect
this privilege.

Lawn tennis is the rage in Washington Park this season.
Thirteen conrts are in full blast and more are asked for. Madi-
son avenue is well represented by the 3'outh of that locality.
The only trouble the attendant in charge has, is to restrict some
enthusiasts to reasonable limits of time, giving an occasional
opportunit}' for others to play. Some definite rules will be
shortly posted as to the time allotted for the use of each court,
and a restriction will be made as to the use of lawn tennis shoes
when playing, in order to preserve the turf."

A continued correspondence with Mr. Egerton brought from
him an expression of his ideas on the much discussed park sys-
tem, and the use of flowers as an ornamental feature ; he says :

" In answer to an inquiry from Buffalo with reference to the use
■of flowers as an ornamental feature in the public parks of Albany,
I wrote some weeks since as follows : ' Three of the smaller city
parks have some floral embellishment. In TVashington Park the
floral planting is confined to two localities, especiall}- designed for
architectural features to be utilized in connection with the use of
flowers : first, the King Fountain site, which is formal in outline,
something like the immediate surroundings of the Washington
Monument in the Boston Public Garden ; and second, the Willett
Street side of the park, where the disjDlay is not obtrusive and
does not interfere with lines of sight across the park, or project
prominently into the lawn effects, more centrally located. The
planting is formal. The promiscuous introduction of flower beds
over a park area is not in good taste, and should not be encour-
aged. It is more economical, and better in every way, if floral
planting is used as a relief to some formal design in architecture
or planting to concentrate the effects in contiguous localities or the
immediate surroundings, than to spoil the harmony of a long sweep
of turf b}' the introduction of patches of brilliant coloring, as is
frequently done in some of the public parks and gardens.

Flowers and foliage plants have their place in park embellish-
ments, and I think the great majority' of people frequenting the
public parks enjoy flowers and floral effects, when properly and
tastefully arranged and appropriately placed. A blaze of color,
set patterns in foliage plants, and bizarre effects, are unnatural,
not pleasing, and tiresome, and I know of no feature in park era-

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

bellishments, that requires more taste, careful stud}', and unre-
mitting attention, than a well arranged flower garden.

It is the easiest thing in the world for a florist or gardener ta
spoil the entire harmony and pleasing efl["eets of an otherwise
beautiful landscape by the introduction of senseless patches of
color and set patterns in foliage plants.

The taste for ribbon and carpet gardening is fast disappearing,
from the simple fact that it has been overdone. The summer re-
sorts b}' the sea and inland, pretentious estates and parks, — all
have contributed to the nausea, if I may so term it, for the labored,
stiff formality of carpet gardening.

From this extreme on the one side, a great manj- have found
relief in the simple effects to be obtained from the herbaceous
border and the perennial plants of our forefathers.

Then there is a medium line, I think more pleasing and in good
taste, where the introduction of Palms, Bananas, Grasses, Cannas,.
Agaves and similar semi-tropical plants, supplemented by a
judicious use of flowering shrubs and perennial plants, afl'ords
opportunities for graceful effects in foliage and color. These, with
the more subdued ef[ects of beds of foliage plants less glaring in
color, are in greater harmony, more effective and more satisfjing.

It is sometimes desirable to obtain a succession of effects, and
in the early spring months, when the beds are usuall}' bare, and
present a cold appearance, with the surrounding green of the
lawns, a blaze of color in tulips and early spring bulbs is welcomed
by all as a harbinger of coming summer glories, and is gratefully
appreciated.

The early annuals tide over the otherwise vacant weeks, until
it is time to put out the less hardy material, stored during the
winter months in greenhouses and cold frames.

The gardener's cottage, storage houses, propagating houses and
nursery, are what might be termed the ultimate requirements
of the park, and have been placed without the park limits, but
contiguous thereto.

We have as yet no ornamental house, or winter garden, but
I think where a park is much frequented in winter, for skating,,
driving, etc., such a feature is a desirable acquisition, if the city
can afford the expense.

A large ornamental greenhouse or palm house, or range of
ornamental houses, capable of storing tropical plants, arranged as-

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 109

a tropical garden, for the winter months, and open to the public
at all seasons, is a very desirable and attractive feature. In
summer also, when flanked b}' flower beds in more or less formal
arrangement, it presents a picture entirely in harmony with the
general design of a park, if it is so placed as not to be central and
too conspicious a feature. Back of these can be economically
grouped and properly screened the propagating houses, gardener's
cottage, etc.

About twelve thousand tulips, fifty thousand bedding plants, and
one hundred palms, etc., are utilized during the season for the
Albany parks. The effects obtained seem to be gratifying to our
citizens, and particularly so to strangers from the larger cities
sojourning temporarily in our midst or passing through Albany.' "

Mr. President., Ladies and Gentlemen : If I have not succeeded
in interesting you, I have in detaining you. Rather than to thrust
upon you my own views of Cemeteries and Parks, I have brought
jou the thoughts and suggestions of others, a free and open ex-
change of which is always helpful, and I have found exceedingly
beneficial. While much can and I hope will be said, written, and
published on both subjects, we must never lose sight of one very
important fact — that adaptation in what we do should be our guid-
ing rule, whether it is a cemetery to be laid out, or one to be en-
larged and improved, either in a citj', a suburban town, or a country
village, or if a park, whether it is in and for a city, or in the
suburbs, — all these considerations must be known before we can
plan successfully. What will be right in one place, will not serve
in another. In all be sure that 3'ou plan your work well and can
have the plans successfully carried out. Maj- we not sincerely'
hope that as a Society, our influence will be felt wherever we are
known, not only in the line of thought to which you have so
kindly given your attention today, but in every line that will help
to elevate the noble art in which we are all so heartily and
earnestly engaged.

At the conclusion of the paper, a vote of thanks to Mr. Barker
for his very full and interesting description of the manj' cemeteries
and parks he had recently visited, was unanimously passed.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

John C. Hovey said that it was largel}' through the genius and
energy of the first President of this Society, General Henry A. S.
Dearborn, that the first rural cemetery, Mount Auburn, was
established. This was in 1831, and in 1848 Forest Hills Cemetery
in Roxbury was consecrated and for this also we are mainly
indebted to General Dearborn. The paper just read shows what
has been the influence of these cemeteries, not only in this vicin-
ity, but through the whole country.

Henry Ross, said that he has charge of one of those country
cemeteries (at Newton) referred to as being, in its design and
development, inspired b}' Mount Auburn and Forest Hills. How
cemeteries shall be planned at the outset is one of the most
important points for their projectors to decide. The landscape-
lawn plan is generally the most practicable. In grading, we
should, as a rule, follow the natural lay of the land, keeping all
the undulations, and varying from nature only to make the scene
more beautiful. In cases where there is too little undulation, it
is eas}' to raise up hills to break the monotony. He would first
lay out avenues. These should have an easy grade, which can be
secured by winding round the graceful curves of higher grounds,
or the sides of depressions, avoiding all cuts and fillings as much
as possible. In selecting material for roadway construction, one
must be governed b}"^ the circumstances of location. In loose
gravel, as at Newton, he would grade with the natural gravel,
then lay on four or five inches of blue gravel if it can be obtained ;
if not, then gravel mixed with a little cla}-. In a stiff clay soil,
the roadway should be dug out two feet deep, and from one foot
to fifteen inches of broken stone put in ; then two inches of sand,
and from four to six inches of binding gravel to finish. Avenues
forty feet wide, of which we sometimes hear, are inconsistent with
the landscape-lawn plan. The}' should never be over eighteen or
twenty feet, except within from two hundred to four hundred feet
of the entrance gate. He would not have gravel walks. All
pathways should be sodded, and the grass kept short b}"^ frequent
use of the lawn mower. By this method, while securing greater
symmetry in the plan, a large saving of expense is effected, both
in making of walks, and in keeping them clean and in good repair.

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. Ill

When it is necessary to use these grassy paths in wet weather, it
is the practice of some to cover them, and, if needful, a part of a
lot also, with straw matting, upon which the people can walk, or
stand with less discomfort. There should be as much lawn as
possible. He would have flowers also, but would do away with
geometrical flower beds except near the entrance gateways, and
connected buildings, where they blend more harmoniously with
the surroundings. Mr. Ross confessed that his taste for ever-
greens was growing. He would have ornamental grounds filled
with a variety of dwarf evergreens, including dark green, bright
green, and golden, planted with artistic taste and skill. He had
taken out deciduous shrubs standing in improper places, and
substituted evergreens. He declared himself a much less stronsr
advocate of deciduous shrubs, in lawn or park, than formerly.
The varieties of evergreens we now have are available to form
winter gardens. A mass of assorted evergreens, artistically
arranged, makes a pleasing contrast with the general sombreness
of early winter scenerj^, and forms one of the kinds of ornamenta-
tion which we need. He would not recommend great rows of tall
evergreens. Speaking of ornamental water, he quoted the remark
made by a playmate of his in boyhood days : "I like that pond,
it does not look like a washbowl," as showing the necessity of
giving to artificially formed bodies of water that diversity of
outline which is so charming a feature of natural lakes. Another
point, upon which Mr. Ross laid some emphasis, was, that no lots
should be sold until they have been graded.

William J. Hargraves, objected to having sand next above the
broken stones in the road-bed of cemetery avenues. Instead of
that he would use material of a binding nature.

Mr. Ross replied that sand in Newton will always let water
through, and keep everything in place.

Mr. Barker said that Forest Hills Cemetery is not one of the
landscape-lawn class, because it was not started as such. It is a
garden cemetery. His purpose in the paper read was to describe
what he saw in the several places he visited. But he did not
mean to be understood as commending all that he described, and
wished for kindly criticism from all his hearers.

O. B. Hadwen thought there might be considerable dust in Mr.
Ross's avenues. That could be prevented by having them
concreted. A cemetery should be quiet, and free from the noise

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

of carriages over gravel roads. The whole subject is oue of
great interest to the people, not onl}' of this State but of other
States also.

Mr. Ross would have a cemetery made as natural as possible.
He considered concrete too artificial for such grounds. As for
noise, he thought a carriage would make no more noise passing
over a good, hard, well-made gravel road than on a concreted
avenue.

Mr. Hovey doubted whether anj- one system, plan, or method
could be devised for use in cemeteries, that would be acceptable to
people generally. Tastes differ greatlj' ; some like one thing, some
another. Some may not like what is termed landscape gardening,
but prefer what is more after Nature.

Announcement was made that Professor G. H. Whitcher,
Director of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station,
Hanover, N. H., would read a paper on the " Growth and Nutri-
tion of Plants," at the meeting on the next Saturday.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 22, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
■eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spoouer in the Chair.

The Committee to nominate a Window Gardening Committee
for the )'ear 1890, reported the following names :

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, Henry L, Clapp,

Miss Sarah W. Story, E. H. Hitchings,

Marshall B. Faxon.

The report was accepted and adopted, and the persons named
therein were elected members of the Committee on Window
Gardening.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 1, at half-past eleven o'clock.

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 113

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Growth and Nutrition of Plants.

By Professor G. H. Whitcher, Director of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Hanover, N. H.

Mr. President^ Ladies and Gentlemen :

The following general heads will indicate the line of my talk
today :

1st. The Chemical Composition of Plants.

2nd. "Whence the elements, from which these parts are made
Dp, are derived.

3rd. Are all of these parts of equal importance?

4th. Definition of terms, fertilizer, plant food, etc.

oth. How do we feed plants and where get the material ?

6th. How shall we decide upon the right food and the best
combination, under any given conditions?

7th. Farm-yard manure compared with chemicals.

8th. Chemicals compared with prepared or commercial fertili-
zers.

Each of these heads would easily occupy an hour, but by con-
densation, I hope to touch upon all of them in one hour.

(1.) Chemical Composition of Plants. — Chemical analysis
shows us that all growing plants, or air dried fodders, contain a
variety of substances having unlike properties. Thus, water, starch,
sugar, oil, fibre, albuminoids, and ash are found. Now if we are
to form an acquaintance with plants, we ought clearly to see and
know these facts.

A green plant is cut, taken to the laboratory, and a fair sample
of the whole is weighed, and then dried in an oven at 212° until
it ceases to lose weight. The loss is loater.

A field of standing grass is cut on a bright day, and in twelve
hours it has lost from one-half to two-thirds of its weight, and
this loss is icater.

A potato is grated in water and the fine parts sink to the
bottom. By washing and settling several times, almost pure
starch is obtained.

The seeds of the cotton plant, if subjected to pressure, yield a
considerable amount of oil.
8

114

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Kernels of wheat, if ground and mixed into dough, and this
dough washed for a long time in water, give a tough, gluey sub-
stance known as gluten.

A piece of sugar beet if boiled in alcohol yields, on drying
away the alcohol, sugar.

Any plant if subjected to the consuming flame, leaves behind
an indestructible part called ash. Now all plants have most of
these substances ; in some, one predominates ; in others, other
parts are prominent, e. g. sugar in the beet, starch in the potato,
oil in cotton seed, etc. For the purpose of bringing out more
clearly the facts thus far stated, I have given below the composi-
tion, in pounds per acre, of two crops — one Ensilage, yielding
twenty tons per acre ; the other Hay, yielding two tons as cured
and put in the barn.

Ensilage

, Hay, 12,000

40,000 lbs

. lbs

., as cut.

"Water, when cut, ....

32,580

8,291

Starch,

1,394

1,425

Sugar,

2,800

220

Fibre,

1,825

1,240

Gum,

—

125

Fat,

237

160

Coloring matter, ....

—

19

Albuminoids | ^''^"^ ««°^^"S from air,

l Nitrogen coming from soil,

643

285

113

55

Ash,

408

180

Total from soil, ....
Total from air, ....

521

235

39,479

11,765

Ash Contains

Phosphoric acid, ....

. 44

17

Potash,

120

77

Soda,

17

H

Lime,

60

20

Silica,

150

531

Magnesia,

17

lOi

408

180

(2.) Source of these Substances. — Plants do not find sugar,
starch, etc., in the soil, nor in the air, but the}' do find, either in
the soil or air or both, the elements from which to make these
materials. Water comes from the air as rain or snow, is stored
in the soil and taken up by the roots of the plant, and, as this

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITIOX OF PLANTS. 115

forms a very large per cent of all growing plants, it is seen that
the larger part of the plant comes from the air. But is the water
all that comes from the air?

Starch, sugar, fibre, gum, and oil are made up of three elements,
namely: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. The carbon in all of
these comes from the carbonic acid gas which exists in the air.
The hydrogen and oxygen come from water, which is made up of
these two elements. Again about eighty-four per cent of the
albuminoids are composed of the same three elements. That
such is the source of the plant substance, has been thoroughly
proved by numerous experiments. Thus it appears that 39,479
pounds out of 40,000 pounds in the ensilage crop came from the
air, and that 11,765 pounds out of 12,000 of the grass crop as
cut, came from the same source (12,000 lbs. of grass, in drying
in the field, must lose 8,000 lbs. of water, leaving 4,000 lbs. of
dry hay).

We are left in doubt as to the origin of the nitrogen of the crop.
Experimenters differ in their conclusions as to this element, but
we will place it in the list of substances that come from the soil.
Doing this, we find that 521 lbs. of the 40 tons of ensilage, is all
that comes from the soil, while in the grass crop only 235 lbs.
can, by any means, be regarded as originating in the soil. Hence
we may well abandon the too common idea that the bulk of the
growing plant is made up of elements which come from and
therefore exhaust the soil.

(3.) Are all of the Parts that Come from the Soil of Equal
Importance? The answer must be that they are not. In the
foregoing tabular statement, are given the substances which make
up the ash of the crops we are considering ; now by experiments
of various kinds it has been found that magnesia is necessary for
the perfect growth of the plant, but it is also true that in most
soils the supply is abundant, so that for all practical purposes
magnesia is not to be regarded as an essential element.

Silica has been shown to be an unimportant substance, since
plants may be grown and matured in solutions where there is no
silica present. Lime is absolutely essential to the plants.
Plants having every other element within their reach fail to grow,
but the addition of lime immediately causes the building up
processes of the plant to become active.

But lime is a very common and abundant constituent of most

116

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

soils. It seldom becomes exhausted, and while it is possible, and
doubtless true of some lands, that they are deficient in lime, yet
it is probably also true that the greater part of New England is
well supplied with this form of plant food. Lime maj', however,
act as a fertilizer on soils which, in themselves, are well charged,
and it seems certain that a part of the beneficial effects of liming
land are due to its indirect action on the soil, b}- which some of
the unavailable parts of the soil are rendered available.

Soda is not regarded as a necessary constituent of plants
though it is usuallj^ present.

Potash is not only essential, but is lacking in many soils that
have been cropped for a long time. Phosphoric acid, too, is
equally important and probably about equally deficient in soils, —
that is, in an available form.

"Deficient Plant Food" Removed bt Various Crops.

N.

P2 QS.

K2 O.

Total.

Ratio of

P2 06 to

K2 O.

Corn, Ears and Fodder, 97 bu..

761

B5h

82h

1941

1: 2.3

Oats, Grain and Straw, 47 bu., .

431

J5i

51i

llOi

1:3.3

Hay, 3 tons, ....

60

21

95i

176i

1: 4.5

Potatoes, 200 bu., .

38i

21i

67

127

1: 3.1

Clover, li tons,

64

17

58i

139i

1: 3.5

Wheat, 15 bu., .

25 i

12i

15

52i

1: 1.2

Beans, 20 bu., .

75

20i

531

149i

1: 2.6

Ensilage, 20 tons,

113

44

120

277

1: 2.7

Average, ....

62

23.4

67.97

1:2.9

The above table shows what various common crops remove
from the soil, — that is, the parts which we have to consider,
when fertilizing to prevent exhaustion or to restore fertility,
namely ; Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash. The experience
of farmers and the experiments of scientists lead us to the same gen-
eral conclusion, namely: that these three substances are the ones
that become exhausted when soils once profitable become so far
reduced in producing capacity that they no longer pay.

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 117

(4.) Definitions. — Plant food is any substance, which con-
tributes towards the nourishment of the plant — e. g. carbonic
acid, water, nitric acid, potash, etc. But a considerable part of
this food, nature provides in abundant quantities, free of cost.

Deficient plant food is that part which becomes so diminished,
in an available form at least, that the crop producing power of
the soil is materiallj' reduced, e. g. nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
potash.

A Fertilize^' is any substance which contains available deficient
plant food.

A Commercial, or "prepared," fertilizer refers to any of the
goods mixed and put up in bags or barrels, and sold under a
guarantee of composition.

Chemical fertilizers are those which are compounded from such
crude fertilizing chemicals, as bone black. South Carolina rock,
muriate of potash, kainit, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia,
etc.

Manures are the natural excrement of animals of all kinds, and
are as truly fertilizers as is any sacked or barrelled material,
though in common acceptance, manures are looked upon as being
unlike commercial goods in their action on crops. As a matter of
fact, they feed the plant on those things which it needs most, just
as the prepared fertilizers or chemicals do. Hence there is no
valid distinction between natural and artificial fertilizers.

Farm-yard manure is, and always will be, a standard fertilizer
in all agricultural communities where live stock husbandry is
practised. Hence an intelligent and economical plan of storage
and use is imperative. But today I propose to consider more
especially the conditions that have led to an universal use, in all
old agricultural regions, of waste products as aids to manures.

There are some who hold that there is no more need today of
commercial or chemical fertilizers than there was a half century
ago, if only the manures of tlie farm are saved and used rightly.
This cannot be well maintained. In any system of farming, there
must be some product sold, else there is no cash coming in, and if
crops or animals are sold, then to some extent nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash are sold, and the vast quantities of these
substances, which the sewers of Boston, New York, and the
multitude of cities and villages throughout our land daily pour
out into the ocean, represent just so much soil-fertility gone

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from the cultivated fields. There is no method of even approxi-
mating this loss, so far as I know, but that it is enormous no one
can deny.

The eminent French scientist, Grandeau, estimates that one
3-ear's crops in France represent 298,200 tons of phosphoric acid.
Of this only 151,000 tons were received, leaving a deficiency of
147,000 tons of this one form of plant food which must be made
up from outside sources, and right here is where the use of com-
mercial and chemical fertilizers comes in.

Some say, "buy grain," thus adding to j'our farm some elements
brought from another farm. Very good, as far as it goes. We
can and we do replenish our soils, at the expense of the West
and South. When we bu}' a ton of shorts, or of cotton seed, or
of corn meal, we are transferring plant food from the land where
these grew, to the soil where the manure from the animals to
which they are fed, is used. From the narrow local horizon this
is right, and so long as the West and South do not object, we
should continue this. But, from the broad view of the whole
country, this is poor policy, and that system of agriculture which
shall be permanently successful must feed its crops, so far as
possible, where the}' grew, concentrating bulk}' crops into compact
animal products, and leaving as much as possible of the deficient
plaut food on the land. But under the best management, the
elements of soil- fertility which our rivers carry into the sea must,
or should, be made good by utilizing all waste products from
slaughter houses, gas works, iron furnaces, and various other
manufactories, as well as the stored-up mineral wealth which
is found in many countries.

(o.) The feeding of plants is not essentially different from the
feeding of animals, except that the soil, in itself, contains most of
the food required for them, only a few substances being needed
from outside ; while with the animal everything must be supplied.
The materials containing the deficient plant food, — that is, fertili-
zers,— are numerous, and their number is increasing. As manu-
facturers turn their attention towards the utilization of waste
products, they find new substances which by proper treatment
may be made to supply some one needed form of plant food, and
in the following table I have classed those materials which are
most common, giving not only the kind and amount of plant food
which they contain, but also the cost per hundred pounds, with

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS.

119

freight included, to points say, a hundred miles distant from such
centres as Boston, New York City, Baltimore, etc., and in the
last column is given the weight per measured half-bushel. This
last is given to enable any who may wish to mix these materials
themselves, but who do not have facilities for weighing.

Kind of plant food
furnished.

:H ^ f Raw bone,

^ 3 j Bone black,

_o /p I 1 South Carolina Rock,

o p 5 [ Bone ash,

■^^ s r Dissolved S. C. Rock,

§ """ 3 J " bone black,

M [ " bone,

Part reverted.

(15 per ct.)

Per cwt. of

Cost per 100

Weight per

plant food.

pounds, $.

V2

bu., lbs.

24*

1.75

28

1.30

38

28

1.25

52

35

16

1.25

30

16

1.50

30

16

1.75

Thomas-Gilchrist slag,

21

1.25

Oh CI

°^

* And two and one-half per cent of nitrogen.

Wood ashes, 6 0.50

Muriate of potash, 50 2.40

Sulphate of potash, 22

Sulph. potash (high grade), 50 3.50

Kainit, 12 .75

Krugit, 8 .75

Dried blood, 12 2.00
Fish waste, 7

Bone, 2.5* 1.75

Nitrate of soda, 15 3.00

Nitrate of potash, 13 5.00

Sulphate of ammonia, 20 4.00

* And twenty-four per cent phosphoric acid.

23
34

40
39
39
19

44
31

(6.) To decide upon the right fertilizer under any given con-
ditions is a matter of some difficulty, but not one beyond solution.
A glance at the table, showing what constituents various crops
removed from the soil, will give us some information. For
example, we see that the average amount of deficient plant food
removed per acre, by eight of our most common crops is :

Nitrogen, 62 lbs.. Phosphoric acid, 23.4 lbs.. Potash, 67.97 lbs.
or 2.9 times as much potash as phosphoric acid. "We also see
that various crops use these materials in different proportions ;
thus wheat uses phosphoric acid and potash in almost equal
quantities, 1 : 1.2, while hay uses 4.5 times as much of the latter
as of the former.

But in spite of these figures it might be and is doubtless true,
that man}' soils by the application of a single constituent, — say

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

phosphoric acid, will produce good crops. This result is due to
the fact that soils vary in their natural supply of plant food, and
one may be well stocked with potash, but lacking in phosphoric
acid. On such, dissolved bone alone will enable the plant to
make a full growth. Another soil may be abundantly supplied
with phosphoric acid but deficient in potash ; under these condi-
tions the use of bone would be wasteful, but potash fertilizers
would work great benefit. Thus it happens that we must consult
the soil before we can decide upon the kind of fertilizer needed.

To test the soil is not a difficult task. A few rows fertilized
with ashes, will often tell us whether potash is the principal thing
needed. A few other rows, on which dissolved bone-black alone
is used, may give valuable indications. But the most valuable
method of testing is, to select some three of the crude materials
above tabulated, — say sulphate of ammonia, muriate of potash
and dissolved bone-black in various proportions, thus giving mixed
fertilizers which shall contain varying percentages of nitrogen,
phosphoric acid, and potash, and by using equal values per acre,
and leaving certain parts with no fertilizer, we ma}' form very
accurate estimates of the relative value of each combination. This,
it seems to me, is the true test. The following table shows the
combinations which were used in the cooperative experiments in
New Hampshire in 1889. The top row of figures gives the num-
bers of the plots ; the amounts under these, in the vertical columns
represent the amount of each chemical (the name of which is
given in the left hand column) used per ^ of an acre. The cost
is fifty cents per plot, or $10 per acre, except one, the manured
plot, where $20 per acre was invested. The lower part of the
table shows what the chemical composition of the mixture was,
e. g., plot 1 had a mixture of 18J lbs. of dissolved bone-black,
3f lbs. of muriate of potash, 3f lbs. of sulphate of ammonia ;
the analysis of this was, phosphoric acid 11.4%, potash 7%,
nitrogen 2.8%. To any who might like to test this method, but
do not care to undertake so large an experiment, plots 1, 3, 5, 9,
13, and 16 might be selected and enough rows taken to give 200
hills of corn for each mixture, the fertilizer to be sown broadcast
on the rows after planting.

THE GROWTH AND KUTRITION OF PLANTS.

121

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K ^ O

S CS tH

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(7.) Can Chemicals Take the Place of Farm Yard
Manure? — An experiment was started on the Agricultural Col-
lege farm, at Hanover, N. H., in 1885, which was designed to
throw light on this question.

Two acres of land, from a field of six acres, were selected for
this experiment. The land had produced hay for three j-ears
previous to 1885 ; oats and sugar beets had preceded the hay.

The third acre had thirteen loads of manure plowed in and nine
loads harrowed in, or in cords this would be

5.6 cords plowed in
and 3.8 cords on the surface,

or 9.4 cords in all,

which would sell, as it laid under the stables, for $33.00. This
manure was from fattening steers, well fed with hay, straw,
cotton seed, and corn meal. The fourth acre had yearly applica-
tions of chemical fertilizers, mixed as follows :

Dissolved bone-black, 346 lbs.

Muriate of potash, 150 lbs.

Sulphate of ammonia, 56 lbs.

The average cost of this mixture has been Si 1.00, and as there
have been three applications since 1885, it follows that each acre
has received $33.00 worth of fertilizer; the third having $33.00
worth of manure, and the fourth $33.00 worth of chemicals.

The first year the crop was corn, the second year corn, the
third oats, and the fourth grass.

The following table shows the yield of each acre for each year,
and also the value of the crop, assuming eighty pounds of corn as
harvested to be worth sixt}' cents, thirty-four pounds of soft corn
ten cents, and fodder thirty cents per hundred ; oats fift}' cents
per bushel, straw thirty cents per hundred, and hay ten dollars
per ton :

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS.

123

CORN.

Third acre. Fourth acre.
Manure. Chemicals,

Sound corn.

Soft corn

Fodder

Value of crop, .

1885.
112 bu.

16^ bu.
4835 lbs.

$49.75

1886.
83| bu.
27 bu.
4435 lbs.
$41.12

1885. 1886.
97 bu. 82f bu.
15 bu. 24 bu.
5352 lbs. 1 4927 lbs.
$46.65 1 $42.00

195| bu.

43i bu.

9270 lbs.

$90.87

$35.10
$29.40
$21.00

179J bu.

39 bu.
10279 lbs.

$88.65

OATS, 1887.

Grain

Straw, ....
Value of crop, .

43 bu.

4535 lbs.

$35.10

47i bu.
6267 lbs.
$39.55

$39.56

HAY, 1888.

Yield

Value, ....

5880 lbs. 6202 lbs.
$29.40 $31.01

$31.01

HAY, 1889.

Yield, ....
Value

4200 lbs. 1 4710 lbs.
$21.00 1 $23.55

$23.55

Total value for five years

$176.37

$182.76

Excess in favor of C

hemicals

• •

$6.39

It will be seen that not only have the chemicals exceeded the
manure in the total of five years but also that the chemicals hold
out better, — a point always assumed to be otherwise. It is pro-
posed to continue this experiment.

(8.) Chemicals Compared with Prepared Fertilizers. — In
a series of experiments covering three years, we have arrived at
the following conclusion :

Three crops, — corn, oats, and hay, gave us a total value :
With no fertilizer^ ..... $70.07

With Potash alone,

" Phosphoric Acid alone,

" " " and Potash,

" " " " Nitrogen,

" Chemical fertilizers (complete),

" Prepared " .

" Ashes, ....

94.74

73.66

111.43

56.99
108.56

95.67
107.94

In our Cooperative series in 1889 :
The best three combinations of chemicals, gave yields of corn
averaging, . . . . . . . $90.62

Prepared fertilizer, ..... 63.58

No fertilizer, 41.00

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If we ask for an explanation of the superiority of Chemicala^
over Prepared or Commercial goods, it must be answered by
comparing the composition, — that is, the relative amount of nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid, and potash. The average of the prepared
fertilizers sold in New Hampshire, in 1889, was as given in the
following table, and beside it is given the average of the three
best combinations of chemicals in the cooperative series, as well
as the average of the best six combinations used on the Agricul-
tural College Farm.

Composition of:

Prepared fertilizer,

1889.

Best three combi-
nations of chem-
icals 1888.

Best six chei
1886-7-8-9.

Phosphoric acid,
Potash,

11.08%
2.57

9.25%

11.3

6.4%

15.5

Nitrogen,

2.45

3.5

2.5

Other results are equally pronounced, and we must conclude
that our soils require more potash than is provided in the commer-
cial goods. To get this, farmers are recommended to bu}' chemi-
cals, and mix according to the follow formulae :

I.

Chemicals for Corn and Wheat.
Dissolved bone-black, 325

Muriate of potash, 100-

Sulphate of ammonia, 75

500
II.

Corn (same as plot 26 in Experiments).

Dissolved bone-black, 182"

Muriate of potash, 252'

Sulphate of ammonia, 66

500
III.

Corn (average of four best yields in plots).

, Dissolved bone-black, 175

Muriate of Potash, 260

Sulphate of ammonia, 75-

500/

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 125

IV.

Ensilage.

Dissolved bone-black, 250

Muriate of potash, 200

"Sulphate of ammonia, 50

500
V.

Oats (average of best four plots in Experiments) .

Dissolved bone-black, 330

Muriate of potash, 105

Sulphate of ammonia, 65

500
VI.

Oats (like the best plot in experiments No. 8) .

Dissolved bone-black, 300

Muriate of potash, 200

600
VII.

Hay (average of best four crops).

Dissolved bone-black, 225

Muriate of Potash, 254

Sulphate of ammonia, 21

500
VIII.

Hat.

Dissolved bone-black, 700

Muriate of Potash, 200

Sulphate of ammonia, 50

950

rx.

Potatoes.
Dissolved bone-black, 340

Muriate of potash, 160

500

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

X.

Potatoes.

Dissolved bone-black, 300

Muriate of potash, 150

Sulphate of ammonia, 50

500

It will be observed that these combinations contain a consider-
able quantity of muriate of potash, and it must be borne in mind
that if seed comes in direct contact with them there is great
danger of the root being injured if not wholly destroyed. For
this reason I would especiall^^ recommend that a large part of the
fertilizer be used broadcast. The amounts above given are for
one acre when no manure is to be used. For corn and potatoes I
would never put more than one hundred and fifty pounds in or on
the hills or drills, and I would first plant and cover the seed as
though no fertilizer was to be used, and immediately after would
apply the one hundred and fifty pounds on the top of the hill or
drill, leaving it there to be washed down into the soil by the rains.
There is little if any loss in this method and I believe the results
will be better than from putting the fertilizer in the hill.

Combination No. I, I would especiall}- recommend for corn,
IV for ensilage, and V for oats ; or as will be seen, it is so much
like I, that the same mixture may be used for either corn or oats.
However, if oats follow corn that has been manured with farm-
yard manure, it is not necessary to use nitrogen, and in such a
case I would recommend No. VI, or the potato mixture. No. IX,
ma}' be used.

For ha}' two combinations are given ; the second is to be
recommended if four or five crops are wanted.

For potatoes the same remarks as have been made concerning
oats will apply ; if the potatoes follow some crop that has been
manured with stable manure there is no need of nitrogen, and
therefore No. IX would be best ; in soils deficient in nitrogen No.
X might be best.

It will be seen from what has been said that the corn combina-
tion I, may be used for corn, wheat, oats, and on some soils for
potatoes. The potato mixture, IX, may be used for potatoes and
oats on soils that have previously been manured, or are not defi-
cient in nitrogen. For ensilage No. JV is to be recommended.

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 127

And now in conclusion, let me urge upon you the importance of
trying this plan of feeding your crops. You cannot lose anything
by it, you may gain much. Test the matter and know of your
own knowledge whether j'our soil is like that on which we are
working in New Hampshire.

The essay excited a deep interest, and held to the end the clese
attention of the large company present, and a vote of thanks to
Professor Whitcher, for his interesting and valuable paper, was
unanimously passed.

Discussion.

Joseph H. Woodford, spoke of the nitrate of soda as easily
converted into nitrate of potash, a useful fertilizer. He added
that any substance used as a fertilizer must be made soluble in
water, else it could not be available.

Henry L. Clapp said that there are in different places in Can-
ada, large deposits of apatite, or phosphate of lime, containing
over forty per cent of phosphoric acid, and that apatite had
been mined for fifteen or twenty years, and carried to Eng-
land. He asked why it was not brought this way. It seems a
pity that the New Hampshire farmer, perhaps living near the
Canada line, should be obliged to procure his phosphate from
South Carolina, when a dozen phosphate beds are within one
hundred and twenty-five miles of Montreal, whence it is shipped
to England. In Nova Scotia large quantities of gypsum are
found, and very fine potatoes are raised there. Gypsum, under
the name of plaster, has been used in the culture of potatoes by
New England farmers, especially in the past. It is sulphate of
lime and contains forty-five per cent of sulphuric acid. Nova
Scotia soil seems to have enough gypsum in it by nature for the
successful culture of potatoes, while our soil seems to need it.

Professor Whitcher said that he could only account for the
fact that Canadian apatite is not brought to this country, by the
protective duty laid on it. The only effect of sulphuric acid on
apatite or South Cai'olina phosphatic rock is to render them
soluble. He thought the fine quality of the Nova Scotia potatoes
could not be due to the gypsum, for just as good ones are raised
in the Aroostook region in Maine, where no plaster is used. In
New Hampshire not so much plaster is used as fifteen years ago ;
it is used as an absorbent in stables.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Edmund Hersey spoke of the feeding of plants in connection
with the soil. He had found that what proved beneficial to the
soil in New Hampshire and western Massachusetts, was very
unsatisfactory on his soil. He had thought potash to be the one
thing necessary until by experiments he found it an injury. He
went into some nice experiments on this point, and for the present
his soil gets along without any additional potash. All farmers
should know that potash causes great damage when applied too
freely. Probably there are others who, like him, have a supply
of potash in the soil. Potash on his soil caused reduced crops,
while phosphoric acid produced increased crops. He had never
applied too much of the latter, though he had used at the rate of
8120 worth to the acre. More than $30 worth of nitrogen is an
injury. He has been trying to fix the colors which are produced
by an under or over supply of nitrogen, etc. The effect of an
over supply of nitrogen on corn is precisely the same as that of a
cold storm in May ; a blue streak will be seen running down the
centre of the leaves. The effect of potash is exactly opposite.
He thought he could tell by the color of the leaves, whether corn
was injured by an over supply of potash. He asked wh}' his soil
should differ from the soils in New Hampshire. It is because
soils are made up differently ; there may be potash in the stones
on some farms, and none in the stones on others. Then again,
the stones in a soil may be rich in potash, but not be in such a
state of decomposition as to be available for plant food. We
cannot learn from the lecture platform or from books how to treat
our soils, but farmers must learn from experience not to apply what
is not needed. The idea has been prevalent that we only lose the'
interest on the cost of useless substances applied to our soils, but
potash may be taken up b}' plants in sufficient quantit}' to reduce
crops. Manufacturers of fertilizers cannot tell what any soil
needs ; only the cultivator can tell.

Mr. Clapp said that some soils are largely composed of feldspar,
which contain a good deal of potash. In Topsham, Me., there
are large quarries of feldspar, and the soils in that vicinity need
little potash, but near Boston, where the soils are largely formed
of diabase or trap-rock, potash is needed, and also in limestone
soils. We should not only know our soils, but also the character
of the rocks from which they are made. It is just as vital a point
to find out the cost as the combinations of fertilizers ; a dollar's

THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 129

worth of one fertilizer should be put against a dollar's worth of
another. The granite drift soils of New Hampshire seem to need
potash because potash feldspar is not abundant enough in them.

O. B. Hadweu said that in making maple sugar a sediment,
supposed to be lime, is found in the bottom of the pans in greater
or less quantities, and asked how it gets there.

Professor Whitcher said that the lime in maple sap is combined
with malic acid, forming malate of lime. More or less of this
substance is always presenii in maple sap.

William D. Philbrick spoke of the work done at the Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station in regard to settling the wants of
soils. Not only different farms, but different fields on the same
farm, require different applications.

Mr. Hadwen, as Chairman of the Committee on Discussion,
announced that at the meeting next Saturday, Joseph T. Rothrock,
Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania, would
speak on "Forestry."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 1, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half past
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Secretary read letters from the Housatonic Agricultural
Society and the Worcester North Agricultural Society, conveying
the thanks of those Societies for the invitation to appoint a
member who should have the free use of the Library and Library
Room of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, for the pur-
pose of preparing papers to be read before the Institutes of those
Societies, and announcing that they had respectively appointed
James H. Rowley, of Egremont, and George Cruickshanks, of
Fitchburg.

Joseph Goddard, of Roxbury,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was on
ballot duly elected a member of the Society.
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J. D. W. French read the following resolutions, adopted by
the American Forestry Association at their eighth annual meeting,
held at Philadelphia, October 15 t® 18, 1889 :

Resolved, That we respectfully petition the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States to pass an act withdraw-
ing temporarily from sale all distinctively forest lands belonging
to the Government of the United States, as recommended by the
Secretaries of the Interior during the past three administrations,
and providing for their protection, and authorizing the employ-
ment of the army, if necessary for this purpose, until a Commis-
sion, to be appointed by the President, shall have made such
examination of the forests on the public domain as shall be
necessary for determining what regions should be kept permanently
in forest, and shall have presented a plan for a national forest
administration.

Resolved, That we also petition the Senate and House of
Representatives to authorize the President of the United States to
appoint a Commission for the purpose of examining the forests
on the public domain and reporting to Congress a plan for their
permanent management, and that Congress make the necessary
appropriations for such Commission.

Mr. French moved that the Massachusetts Horticultural Societ}'^
endorse these resolutions, and that copies be sent to the Massa-
chusetts Senators and Representatives in Congress, expressing
the approval of this Society, and urging that action be taken to
carry out the measures asked for in said resolutions.

The motion was unanimously carried.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 8, 1890, at half past eleven
o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Some Aspects of the Present Forestry Agitation.

By Joseph T. Rotheock, Professor of Botany, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Penn.

The present forestry agitation represents one of two things : —
either a great cause, or no cause. We shall first of all in this
paper endeavor to show that it is the former one of these alterna-
tives ; and then to suggest some measures, which, if our case is
made a clear one, would appear to be both proper and pressing.

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 131

A rapid glance backward would possibly be at once the easiest
and the surest method of reaching a conclusion. Two hundred
and eighty years ago all that region, with which we are now so
familiar, between the Atlantic seaboard and the crest of the
Alleghany Mountains, and from Nova Scotia to Georgia, to say
nothing of Florida, was practically an unbroken forest. Only
here and there, two centuries ago, did a community or an individ-
ual for a moment dream that a scarcity of timber could occur in a
country where the forests were so dense and so vast. It is
singular too that all of those who were far seeing enough to
anticipate a possible future scarcity of wood were born in Europe.
The next generation, the native born Americans, were, probably
without exception, or certainly with ver}' rare exceptions,
impressed with the view that their woodland heritage could never
or would never be exhausted. What was west of the Alleghany
Mountains was hardly more than conjecture with the people at
large.

Each colony was then practically self-supporting in timber.
This is probabh' all the histor}' we need refer to. But after onl}'
a little more than two and a half centuries, with a comparatively
small population operating on the timbered half of our continent,
how many of the northern States, in the region indicated, are now
absolutely self-supporting in timber? Few, if any. Or, to put
the problem in another form : How does the timber brought to
your markets today compare in quality with that furnished a
quarter of a century ago ? Does not the smaller size, and the lower
grade at once indicate that the best is gone ? Or, more directly
still, take the most recent and apparently reliable utterance of
Professor Prentiss, who has made our Hemlock Spruce a subject
of special study :

'' It may therefore, be estimated that the full value of the
products of the hemlock is, in round numbers, thirty millions of
dollars per annum." Yet almost in the same breath he adds,
*'The length of time during which our remaining hemlock forests
will sustain this annual drain is, of course, uncertain ; but the
the most careful and conservative observers consider that the
present supply could not be maintained for a period exceeding
twenty or twenty-five years. It becomes, therefore, a question of
great practical importance as to the way in which the existing
demands upon the hemlock shall be hereafter supplied."

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The present demands upon the forests of the Long-leaved Pine
{Pinus palustris) in the South, point to a rapid destruction of
these most valuable trees there, when we remember that the
region on which we have alread}' practically destroyed the White
Pine is larger than the whole region over which this Long-leaved
pine originally grew. This is especially probable since the tree
destroying agencies have only recently been concentrated in the
South.

So heavy are the calls made upon the Shell-bark hickory and
Pig-nut hickor}' that the wheel makers of the Atlantic seaboard
who once used the trees from their own hill-sides, now bring their
supplies from Kentucky and Tennessee. Another illustration of
the diminished suppl}' of valuable timber remaining in the East is
found in the fact, that the centre of production of White Oak
staves, has moved from Virginia west to St. Louis. Of course
we need barely allude to the removal of the Black Walnut. As
things now are, its fate is sealed.

As we have said, all this is in the infancy of our civilization.
In the East, these demands upon our forests must increase with
increasing population. Still worse, we have alread}' nearly
exhausted some of the heaviest forests of the West, long before it
has received even a portion of its population, to sa}' nothing of
its maximum. In other words, not content with ruining our own
heritage, we have actually' despoiled the West in advance of the
time when the centre of population would be located there. It is
indeed hard to say whether this is worse for the East or for the
West.

It is useless to urge that substitutes for timber will be found.
New uses for it are also found. I think that statistics show that
these promised substitutes do not come as fast as the new uses
for the wood.

Each year of delay in suggesting and applying remedies for this
malady in the body politic, makes the problem a much more
serious one, because to produce an average forest requires at the
very least, half a century. So much then for the statement that
this forestry' agitation is the expression of a great cause ! But it
is not great simply in any local sense. Just as the production of
large crops in the West was an important factor in leading to the
interstate commerce law, so will the demand of one State upon
the forests of another, lead, eventually, to other interstate laws,

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 133

or, to what will priietically come to the same thing, a prohibition
against the removal of timber from the States where it grows to the
States where it does not grow. And this, as any one may see,
opens avenues to many serious national troubles. The great
West poured its blood and its treasure into the war for the open-
ing of the Mississippi Valley in 1861, because its prosperity
demanded an open channel to the Gulf. So Kansas, Nebraska,
and Utah will demand of Colorado, one of these days, that they
shall receive their share of the life-giving flood of the Platte and
Grand Rivers to irrigate their otherwise worthless plains, and to
support their increasing population in comfort. But back of all
this water supply, even in Colorado, we find the forests of the
Rock^' Mountains, which help to collect and moderate the flow of
water into the fertile valleys below, and all plans for irrigation, to
be of permanent benefit, must be based on the care of these
forests. Among the problems of the future, growing out of the
dependence for water suppl}' for purposes of irrigation on
timbered mountain area, will be the one of State boundaries. To
say the least, it is a mistake that any State should have such a
natural boundary' as the crest of the Reeky Mountains extending
through its centre. Such natural lines, it has become a political
axiom, should be state limits. This becomes more than ever
clear when we consider its bearing in the light of irrigation and
water suppl}-. We might approximate natural boundaries by a
line, for instance, extending from longitude 117° west in Idaho,
southeast to Laramie in Wyoming, and thence about due south
toward El Paso. This, while it would not entirely obviate the
trouble, would at least diminish the extent to which several
States could be held at the mercy of one. Of course, I only
allude to this as a matter for Congress and the States interested,
to settle among themselves. It does not directh' concern us,
though it maj- yet be a pressing problem for that region.

Look at it from whatever stand-point we may, the forest problem
must, sooner or later, enter into the policy of the nation.

It is, of course, easy to find fault with our law-makers, but the
fact remains that they never, in this republican government, dare
run far in advance of the people. So soon as we can convince
them that this question must be faced, and can indicate with
reasonable clearness what the national desire is, our State and
national legislators will act as we wish. It has ever been so, and

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it can never be otherwise. Hence, then, this cause is in our own
hands. If we believe in forest protection and forest restoration,
the only thing for us to do is to agitate, and agitate until we are
beard, and to organize into town, county, state, and national
forestry associations that our agitations may be efifectual. There
never was a time when such organization was more hopeful than
now. Politically we are almost without leading issues. It is hard
for the dominant parties to tell upon what they differ, except that
one has the offices and the other desires them. The irrigation
question, so intimately associated with the forestry movement, is
fairly before the people of the West. And if by concert of action
we can now determine upon certain desirable points and move
solidl}" over any considerable portion of the country towards
these points, we shall either gain them, or at least gain such a
vantage ground that those who are to come after us will accom-
plish all that we failed in doing.

The first preliminary then, appears to be knowledge : — an
exact statement of what land we have in timber in the whole
country. When Maine, Massachusetts, and New York go to
Washington, and on the shores of Puget Sound obtain their ship
spars, it is clear that this report must come from both the east and
west. When Florida gives Michigan her hard pine in exchange
for white pine, it is equally certain that we need statistics from
both north and south. How fast is this timber being destroyed?
How much do we need for the future to keep the springs of com-
merce in full flow, and how soon can we produce it? Only a
National Forestry Commission can answer these questions. It
should have means and time allowed to do it well. The question
is too important for any subterfuges or make-believe examinations-
Let us have the truth carefully and honestl}- stated. Then, and
not until then, can legislation be intelligent, permanent, and pro-
ductive. I believe that this Society might, without going beyond
its legitimate function, examine carefully the forestry bill prepared
by the American Forestry Congress at its last meeting, and, if
approved, join its voice to ours in petition to our National Congress
for its passage. The bill is as follows :

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 135

House Bill, 7026. Introduced b}' Hon. Mark H. Dunnell, of
Minnesota, February 17, 1890.

A bill for the reservation and protection of forest lands on the
public domain, and to establish a commission to examine into the
condition of the said lands and to report a plan for their perma-
nent management.

Whereas, the permanent preservation and proper administration
of a sufficient forest area, especially upon mountain slopes and
about the head-waters of streams, are absolutely necessary to
preserve and regulate the water supply, and to protect the
agricultural interests of a large and rapidl}' increasing part of the
population, as well as to provide an adequate timber supply for
the same for all future time, and to prevent destructive recur-
rences of drought and flood ; and

Wliereas, the forests upon the public lands of the United
States are being rapidly destroyed by the ravages of fire, and by
reckless cutting of timber both with and without authority,

Therefore, be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represen-
tatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
That the unsurveyed public lands of the United States embracing
natural forests, or which are less valuable for agriculture than for
forest purposes, and all public lands returned by the public
surveyors as timber lands, shall be and the same hereby are
withdrawn from survey, sale, entry, or disposal under existing
laws, except as hereinafter provided, nor shall any timber be cut
or removed fiom the said lands except for the actual needs of
persons upon the said lands, engaged in carrying out the purposes
of this act.

Sect. 2. That during such period as this act shall remain in
force, the President of the United States shall, on request of the
Secretary of the Interior and the Commission to be appointed
under this act, designate a portion or portions of the military
forces of the United States to guard all or any part of the lands
reserved as aforesaid, and the timber growing thereon, from fire,
theft, and use b}' unauthorized persons.

Sect. 8. That the President shall within a reasonable time
after the passage of this act, appoint, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, three persons possessed of a knowledge of
the needs and uses of forests, who shall constitute the United
States Forest Commission, and shall hold office until this act is

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

superseded by an act providing for the permanent administration
of the forests upon the public lands, or is repealed. The President
ma}' remove any commissioner, and any vacanc}' in the commis-
sion shall be filled by him as is provided in the case of the original
appointment.

Sect. 4. That the duties of the said commissioners shall be to
personally examine the lands reserved as aforesaid, so as to
determine what part or parts of the said lands ought to be perma-
nently kept in forest, and to keep themselves constantl}' informed
as to the condition of the same, and on or before the opening of
the second session of this Congress, to present their report to the
President for transmission to Congress, stating in full a plan for
the proper management of the forests upon the said lands, and
the said commissioners shall make such further reports from time
to time as they may deem necessar}' until this act shall be repealed
or superseded as aforesaid.

Sect. 5. That the said commissioners shall be authorized to
contract on behalf of the United States, for the sale to responsible
parties, at a reasonable price, of such wood and timber as may be
needed for immediate use in the localities adjoining the said lands,
subject in every case to proper regulations, to be made by the
said commissioners, with regard to the size and character of trees
to be cut, the places where they are to be cut, and the means
employed in cutting them.

Sect. 6. That the said commissioners shall each receive a
salary of three thousand dollars per annum, and shall be paid
their necessary travelling expenses incurred in the discharge of
their duties as commissioners. The commission shall be provided
with an office in the Department of the Interior, and shall be
authorized to emplo}- a suitable clerical force.

Sect. 7. That all acts and pai-ts of acts inconsistent herewith
be and the same hereby are repealed ; provided, however, that
nothing in this act shall in any wa}' interfere with any reservation
of the public lauds heretofore made, or which shall hereafter be
made, by the Secretary of the Interior for the purpose of irriga--
tion, or with any use made of the same for that purpose.

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 137

Memorial of thk American Forestry Association.

To the Senate and House of Reprei'entatives of the United States of
America :

At the eighth annual meeting of this Association, held in Phil-
adelphia, October 15 to 18, 1889, the following resolutions were
adopted :

Resolved, That we respectfully petition the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States to pass an act withdraw-
ing temporarily from sale all distinctively forest lands belonging
to the Government of the United States, as recommended by the
Secretaries of the Interior during the past three administrations,
and providing for their protection, and authorizing the employment
of the army, if necessary, for this purpose, until a Commission, to
be appointed by the President, shall have made such examination
of the forests on the public domain as shall be necessary for
determining what regions should be kept permanently in forest,
and shall have presented a plan for a national forest administra-
tion.

Resolved, That we also petition the Senate and House of
Representatives to authorize the President of the United States to
appoint a Commission for the purpose of examining the forests on
the public domain and reporting to Congress a plan for their
permanent management, and that Congress make the necessary
appropriations for such Commission.

The reasons for our urgent petition for the passage of these
measures is briefly this, that, in the opinion of all those who have
investigated and considered the matter, these measures, or others
equally radical, can alone secure the magnificent forests upon
these lands from destruction by axe and flame within a compara-"
tivel}' short period.

What the result of such destruction would be, may in some
measure be realized by considering these forests from three points
of view.

First. They are valuable parts of the property of the nation.
Though far less extensive than formerly, they still cover from
50,000,000 to 70,000,000 acres. They are too valuable, merely
as present property, to be neglected, left to the timber thief to
carry off or the chance fire to burn down.

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second. The}- will be needed as an important source of timber
supply for the Western States for all time to come. If the popu-
lation of this country is to continue what it is now, to say nothing
of its probable great increase, these forests must always be looked
to to supply the people of a vast region with timber for buildings,
railroads, mining, and many manufacturing industries. Any
serious diminution of this supply, owing to deforestation on a
large scale, would prove a serious check to the prosperity of the
Western States.

TJiird. The greatest value of these forests to the present and
future inhabitants of the Western States is in the assistance they
render to agi-iculture through their influences on the water supply
and the climate. The mere loss of national property, though
measured by millions, can be endured. The absence of a timber
supply at home can in a measure be made up for by purchases
from more prudent foreigners, and by the substitution of other
materials in the place of wood products. But there is absolutely
nothing, natural or artificial, that will take the place of the moun-
tain forest as a regulator of rainfall and water supply. Every
inland region without forests is a region of long droughts, varied
by destructive storms. Every mountain region without forests is
a region whose streams, instead of watering the valleys below
with a constant adequate flow, alternatel}' dwindle into insignifi-
cance and swell into raging torrents, not only flooding the country,
but covering it with rocks and sand from the mountain sides.
Great as is the damage caused by the loss of mountain forests,
to a region naturall}' well watered, it would render agriculture
impossible in that extensive district which has so recently begun
to be rendered fertile by the use of irrigation. No S3'stem of
-reservoirs, even the most costly and ingenious, can take the place
of the forests on any large scale. The most that it can do is to
co-operate with them.

It is respectfully suggested that the true value and use of these
mountain forests has never been properly considered by this
Government. It has apparently never realized that mountain
forest land differs from all other land in this important respect, that
its condition cannot substantially be changed without disastrous
results ; that it must, for the sake of the properly agricultural
land, always remain in forest. On the contrary, it has been sold
and given away like other land without any restrictions whatever

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 139

upon its use in private bands, although the experience of every
nation shows that the national government alone has the power
and the means for the best forest management, and that its power
must be exerted even over private forest property in order to
prevent disaster to the community from the action of individuals.

Timber cutting has been permitted on the lands yet unsold, but
under impractical restrictions as to use, without any regard to
proper methods, and with no compensation to the Government.
The necessity of timber as an article of merchandise, and the
impossibility of obtaining it legally from the public lands for that
purpose, have inevitably led to enormous thefts of timber and
fraudulent acquisition by a few individuals and corporations of
large tracts of land to which actual settlers only were legally
entitled. While millions upon millions of dollars' worth of timber
have been stolen, both for home and export trade, the pitiful sum
recovered barely covers the cost of prosecution. Lastly, the utter
absence of protection from fire has led to the destruction of
enormous tracts which will very slowly, if ever, be covered again
by a forest growth of any value.

The time has come when a change in these methods is absolutely
necessary, and it is urgently called for by thousands of people
whose future depends on a regular water supply.

While the immediate withdrawing of the public forest lands
from sale and entry is absolutely essential as a first step to their
preservation as forests, it will not of itself secure this end.
The destructive fires and extensive thefts will go on as before.
Still less will the mere reservation of the land enable the timber
to be properly utilized. These lands must be administered —
protected from fire, and the timber cut only when ripe and with a
view to a constant new growth. Temporarily some portion of the
army can be emploj'ed to guard these lands, until a practical
system of administration, a common-sense application of scientific
knowledge and the experience of other progressive nations to the
needs of the place and the time, can be successfully inaugurated.
The organization of such an administration can best and soonest
be eflfected by a commission of competent men, appointed for the
purpose.

That the evils above referred to are not imaginary but real,
present, and constantly increasing, the memorials from the Pacific
slope and the investigation of the Senate Committee on Irrigation

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

abundantly prove. It is impossible to over-estimate the impor-
tance of right action, and prompt action, in this matter, and that
the Congress of the United States will permanently close its ears
to the ever louder and louder cry of the people for forest preser-
vation, this Association refuses to believe. With all hope, as well
as earnestness, it prays your honorable body to enact such laws
as the practical needs of the hour and a wise foresight of the
future may dictate.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

James A. Beaver, President oj the Association.

William Alford, of California,

Abbot Kinney, of California,

Edgar T. Ensign, of Colorado,

James 15. Hobbs, of Maine,

J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska,

Warren Higlet, of New York,

Charles C. Binney, of Pennsylvania,

Herbert Welsh, of Pennsylvania,

Committee.
Philadelphia, January, 1890.

Will you pardon me if I merely outline what we are trying to
do in Pennsylvania, and indicate our methods, and state what our
success has been? Four years ago some energetic, public-spirited
ladies in Philadelphia undertook the organization of a State
Forestry Association. There was almost no enthusiasm where
they hoped to find it. In most places the project was met with
coolness, if not with hostility, and even with sneers. But they
persevered. A very modest little journal was started and freely
distributed. The adjacent counties took up the work, and organ-
ized societies (which contributed toward the support of the
journal), held meetings, and brought the subject before the people.
Today we have an active membership of about one thousand.
Other counties are organizing and the chances are that in a short
time we shall be able to reach the active, broad-minded men and
women in each county of the State. Thus, too, we are gaining a
foothold in the public schools. Arbor Day ceremonies, even if
they lead to the planting of but few trees, at least serve to enlist
the teachers in our cause, and to impress the children with the
idea that it is better to plant and care for a tree, than to destroy

ASPECTS OF THK PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 141

it. There existed once a necessity for destroying forests that
crops might be planted. This necessity has matured into an
instinct so that the first natural tendency of the American lad is
to cut or strike a tree. The tendency of Arbor Day then, is to
lead to a change of sentiment among the young concerning our
trees. This is one of the most hopeful signs. All that we have
accomplished is not much, but if each State in the Union had a
forestry association of a thousand members, and each such society
were to join with the others upon a single point in forestry legisla-
tion to place it before our national Congress, the petitions would
aggregate forty thousand names at least. It would be probably
the first tangible si^n to our representatives that we are in
earnest, and would give them the desired reasen for action on
their part. There is no doubt of our ability to do all this by
organized effort. It is further worth}' of remembrance, that the
hardest work is to start the movement ; but this once done it
must grow, because organizations increase more rapidly in propor-
tion as they become larger and more numerous. A cause once
made popular takes care of itself. An isolated National Forestry
Association must attenuate its lines in the effort to cover so large
an area as our national domain. Except here and there, ivhere it
meets, it carries almost no weight in an attack. But let a National
Association grow out of State Associations and the case is different.
It means united forces, solid line?, and weight in concerted
action.

It remains to be stated, that the forces in favor of forestry are
moving in the direction of State organization. New Hampshire
and New York have already- organized. Each State, too, is
represented in its society by some of the most influential citizens
and public men. Texas has just organized an Arbor Da}' and
Forestry Association.

Dakota placed in her constitution a clause providing for a
Forestry School. But there still remains much to be done. Even
where state and county organizations already exist, the weight of
increasing numbers is desired. No issue of the day is more
directly for the people than this. It has not even a tinge of
political coloring ; it is simph' and wholly a cause based upon
right and expediency and in the interest of the future prosperity
of the whole State and whole country. No people can more fully
realize all this than the citizens of Massachusetts, where so many

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

great movements have originated and whence they have spread as
blessings to the whole countr}'.

Quite aside from the general problems to be placed before our
National Congress, are the minor ones which grow out of the
condition of each State.

For Pennsylvania there would at once arise the question : Shall
the Commonwealth own the waste ground, — the timbered areas on
the chief water shed of these States ? If so, what steps shall it
take to secure them, without excessive cost on the one hand, and
without injustice to the owner on the other? The general ten-
dency of American thought is toward the belief that the individual
will in future tolerate less and less meddling by the State with
his affairs. It is because of this fact then, that I think the only
way the State can protect itself is by owning the needed water-
sheds, obtaining them by purchase if need be ; or, if this be not
possible, b}' taking them as a cit}' takes ground for a park, or as
a railway company takes the land needed for its road-bed. I can
see no new principle involved here. If a State can grant to a
private corporation the right to take and use private property for
public benefit, it is strange indeed that it cannot claim the same
right for itself. How csn it give a right which it does not itself
possess? New York has alread}' decided this affirmatively. I am
convinced that, for us in Pennsylvania, the most pressing demand
in the interest of our forests is removal of taxes on land so long
as it remains in timber, or, if the owner is to be taxed, it should
only be on the timber which he removes, and from which he
derives a revenue, or an actual benefit.

Consider the case for a moment ! We are told, the owner holds
these lands in timber because of a prospective higher value, and
that he is simply paying for the protection the State renders while
he waits. Now if this were true, — and it is not, for the State fails
to protect him, — the fact remains that the State is year by year
reaping from these forests a benefit vastly in excess of what
comes from taxes, but the owner receives nothing. In places
where his timber is remote from market the only exclusive privi-
lege remaining for him is to despoil the commonwealth of trees that
were more needful to it than they could be to him. But the prin-
ciple is wrong. Such taxation is neither equal n©r proportionately
equal. It is, when reduced to its simplest expression, a tax upon
the owner for being a public benefactor. His trees purify the air

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 143

— for the lungs of the citizens in an adjacent county it may be —
and the water collected and stored turns the factory wheels or
enters reservoirs a hundred miles away. But the owner, receiving
at most only his share of these blessings, must pay the whole tax.
I object then to that woodland tax, on the very ground of its
inequality. But the principle is wrong in another way. Thus the
idea of taxation is, I think, based not on property as such, but on
the benefits derived from it. An authority says, " all tax must
ultimately come from rent, profit, or wages." But the owner of
the unused timber land is receiving neither rent, profit, nor wages.
How then can he be justly taxed ? Lastly, 1 object to a tax on
timber land because it not only puts a premium on removal of the
trees, but, in some instances, as for example that given by
Senator Sawyer, actually necessitates clearing away the timber
and leads to subsequent abandonment of the ground. I cannot
give an exact estimate, but think I am safe in the assertion that
in Pennsylvania there are about two thousand square miles of
land absolutely worthless for all agricultural purposes, and where
our most important streams head. For all that vast area there is
but one natural destiny, the production of timber and the conser-
vation of water. Now the State should either own it all, or
remove the taxes from it. I do not think that Pennsylvania
stands alone. From a paragraph written as early as 1846, by
Mr. George B. Emerson, when treating of the Rock Chestnut
oak, I think, Massachusetts has also some similar areas. I
quote the passage: ''But the chief recommendation of the rock
chestnut oak, is the situation in which it grows. It grows
naturally and flourishes on the steep sides of rocky hills where
few other trees can thrive, and where the other kinds of oak can
hardly get a foothold. There are, probabl}-, thousands of acres
of hill}', rocky land, in almost every county in Massachusetts,
where various kinds of evergreens have grown, unmixed with
deciduous trees, until they have exhausted all the nutriment
suited to their support, and where now, consequently, nothing
thrives, which ground would furnish abundant support for this
kind of oak." This was written forty-four years ago. You can
say better than I whether the condition of affairs has improved in
the meanwhile, and what is the proper legislation, if any be
needed, for such areas. Only allow me to suggest that you do not,
in any way, encourage the owner to despoil the commonwealth.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There is, it appears to me, a point to be brought out here in
this particular locality. Do 3'ou do enough of tree planting? I
ride along the great railroad thoroughfares of the State, and find
too frequently, in towns and town surroundings, that the aspect is
rather that of scarcity' of trees, when I regard the country from
the stand-point of landscape gardening. It appears clear to my
mind that the tendency should be rather toward superabundance
of trees. I do not suggest that your roads be literally lined by
trees, or your many beautiful vistas be closed by masses of
foliage. This would be a mistake. It would give you a country
quite as monotonous as the other extreme. My suggestion is that
you should consider this whole region adjacent to the city, as one
vast suburban park, to be laid out as a park, where the whole, so
far as may be, should be under one leading plan or idea of land-
scape gardening. A clump of oaks here, of elms there, of pines
or spruces yonder, but each on the soil and location best suited
for an enduring, vigorous life, so that you may have the fences
and unsightly diseased trees removed. Above all, plant almost
exclusively our native trees, for, as Professor Sargent has clearly
shown, they are by all odds the longer lived.

It would appear clear that if the State is justified in over step-
ping the rights of private property to ensure an actual benefit, so
too, it might be equally justified in according special privileges or
special rewards to guard against public calamit3^ I make this
statement as preliminar}'^ to the suggestion that it might be well if
more general bounties than have yet been offered for tree planting
were allowed bj* the State to such regions as that of Cape Cod.
The question has risen more than once with me, as to whether
the removal of trees from that sandy projection has not been
followed by a fiercer and more disastrous sweep of the winds than
once existed there. It would appear as though this idea could
find some support from your local history and tradition. Near
Cape Henlopen, the moving of an immense sand dune threatens
to be a very serious matter for the future, unless measures are
taken to arrest it. Within the. brief period since the settlement
of the country such changes have taken place in this moving mass
as to indicate with some certaintj", that it may prove a formidable
foe in the future. How many other such illustrations the coast
would furnish, it is hard to say, but probably enough to merit
attention from our legislators, and appropriations from the States
interested.

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 145

At the present juncture there is quite another aspect to this tree
phinting. Disguise it as we may, the unpleasant fact remains for
our contemplation, that there has been a marked fall in the value
of farm lauds. We need not inquire how this has come about.
It were better and more appropriate to our subject to inquire
what shall we do under the circumstances. Probably nowhere in
this country, unless we except some small areas where market
gardening is carried on, do we make the most out of our acres.
Compare Massachusetts or Pennsylvania with Belgium, and I
think the case will be a clear one. This leads to the inquiry :
Have we not been dissipating our energies over too large an area
in all agricultural work? Should we not have gained more by
careful culture of ten acres, than by slovenly treatment of twenty ?
Indeed, would not the smaller area, so treated, have been both
more productive and more cheaply managed? If the question
should receive, as I am inclined to think probable, an affirmative
answer, then the conclusion follows, that there would remain an
equal area for some other use. Land in cultivation tends, on the
whole, toward impoverishment. It requires constant use of
fertilizers. But land in forest tends toward increase of fertility.
The annual fall and decay of foliage returns to the soil not only
as much nutriment as the growth of the trees removed from it,
but more. My suggestion then is, unless some better plan be
offered, that on those unused acres trees should be planted. Sup-
pose you are to use the land iu ten years. If you plant judiciously,
in that time your young shoots will be large enough to pay for
removal, and the soil will have been enriched by the leaves they
have furnished. It cannot be that this depreciation of farm land
is to be permanent. In the not distant future the available
desirable locations of the West and South will have been taken
up, and the wave of home-seeking humanity, which has so long
been moving westward with a force as resistless as the waves of
the Atlantic, will, like those same waves, flow back toward the
East, and mingle again with the masses from which they originally
came. Happy he who then has a surplus holding here !

At the close of Professor Rothrock's lecture, a vote of thanks
for his interesting and instructive paper was unanimously passed.

10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

0. B, Hadweu expressed the exceeding gratification afforded
him b}^ listening to Professor Rothrock's lecture. He believed
the present forestry agitation might prove of great benefit to New
England. There used to be dry times when the country was, so
to speak, completely covered with forests, but there was compara-
tively little barren land.

There is more forest in Massachusetts today than there was
fifty years ago. This is partly due to the desertion of farms,
which have naturally become wooded again, but in part also
to this forestry agitation, which was begun move than half a
century ago, and has been persistentl}' urged by wise, far-seeing
men.

No doubt other material for buildings has been used in conse-
quence of the exhaustion of native pine. So also in the matter of
fuel ; farmers, as well as residents of cities, now use the coal of
Pennsylvania, instead of the products of their own woodlands, for
home comfort.

He believed that as a result of the spread of knowledge of the
principles of scientific forest culture, we shall 3'et grow timber,
largel}' increased in size, and, through early pruning and thinning,
now little thought of and rarely practised, the amount of clear
lumber in the forest product will be greatly increased.

Because of ignorance of the science involved, there is no enthu-
siasm among our farmers, in this branch of their business. They
are too eager to turn into money everything available in that
direction, and will sell their pine trees as soon as they are suffi-
ciently large for box boards. A wooden house is the best in this
State, because it can be kept dryest and therefore most healthful.
He hoped the time would come when the Commonwealth and the
towns would relieve owners of woodland from excessive taxation.

John M. Woods said that he was much interested in the subject
before the meeting. For twenty-five years he had been a dealer
in hard wood lumber and he had learned considerable about it. He
thought the policy upon which the saw-mill business had been
permitted to go on in this country illustrated the point about
locking the stable doors after the horse was stolen.

Prior to twenty-five years ago Albauy was a centre ©f the
lumber trade, but about that time, Cleveland, Ohio, came to the

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 147

front, and as time rolled on Indianapolis, Tnd., and Nashville and
Memphis. Tenn., became prominent markets for Inmber. There
never was a time when the beautiful woods of our land were in
greater demand than now, nor a time when they commanded
higher prices. They are largelj'^ used in the finer finishing of
house interiors, and in furniture. They include chiefly black
walnut, oak, ash, butternut, cherrj-, sycamore, etc. Certain
kinds, particularly curly grained woods, are in special demand,
and to meet these calls the oldest and largest trees, which were
considered best, were cut first and put into market. All parts of
the country have been thus denuded of the best. The white-
wood comes from the vSouth. The Cumberland and Smoky
Mountain ranges, and the elevated lands of Arkansas are rich in
choice varieties of woods. They have been scoured for their best,
to meet the demands of our markets. There was a time when the
best black walnut boards, two feet wide, went begging at forty-
five dollars per thousand feet. Now, the price of such lumber is
one hundred and fifty dollars per thousand, and it is almost unpro-
curable at that. Others of these choice varieties are also chiefly
found only in narrow widths. Probabl)' the appreciation of these
woods in European markets helped to increase the demand for
them here. The destruction of forests began with the settlement
of this country, therefore our own State was an early sufferer.
Mr, "Wood stated that within a radius of eighteen miles from our
State House, there is not now standing, a tree which would make
a saw-log, except some growing on private grounds as ornaments.
The destruction has been extended bj' saw-mill men all over the
country. Lumbermen, i. e dealers in lumber, are becoming
anxious to have measures adopted to check the wanton waste of
our forest wealth. Arbor Day was suggested as a method of
cultivating the public taste for tree culture, and the speaker
urged that every one should make it an act of dut}', if not of
pleasure, to plant one valuable tree, — a black walnut, cherry, ash,
white oak, or any that is used in manufactures. It will constantly
be a thing of beauty and pleasure, and eventually of profit if need
be. Although he has only a small city lot, he set out a black
walnut tree a few years ago. It makes an annual growth of four
feet and has become the admiration of the whole neighborhood.
In Somerville, where he resides, many streets pass over hills.
Where there are no trees, the rains wash the streets badly, and

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

they are quickly dried to dustiness afterward. Those streets
shaded by trees suffer far less by rains, and are not so dusty as
the others. On this ground he claimed that trees are a protection
to the road-bed, and that it is economical to plant trees on the
streets, because it costs less to take care of streets so adorned.

John D. W. French spoke of the subject as being broader than
usually came before the Society for discussion, — it is as broad as
the land itself. It is a question ef the most vital importance. If
the forests in one section of the country are devastated by fires,
or unnecessarily destroyed by the axe, all sections suffer in more
or less degree.

Figures are suggestive and carry weight, but are often not as
impressive as the words of a living witness. At the last Forestry
Congress, in Philadelphia, Richard J. Hinton, who had accom-
panied the Irrigation Commission the previous summer, stated
that they travelled thousands of miles through burning and burnt
forests, where the smoke was so dense as to fairly obscure the
sun. And then, in one of the most eloquent addresses that Mr.
French had ever heard, he set forth in glowing words, the iniquity
and wickedness of our present system of forestry administration,
with its wholesale destruction of timber by fires and lumber
thieves.

Something can be done to stem this tide of destruction before it
overwhelms all our forests, by agitation at home, in the news-
papers, and by bringing to bear, all influences possible, on our
members of Congress, to persuade them to pass suitable forest laws.
Professor Rothrock had suggested the formation of a State Forestry
Association here, similar to the one in Pennsylvania. It may be
well, sometime in the future, to form one. It is possible that the
objects in view can be accomplished by existing societies, like
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Agriculture, the State Board of Agricul-
ture, and the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

There are at present in our State, various laws bearing on the
forestry question, such as exempting from taxation plantations of
trees on land of low value ; to prevent fires, and for the punish-
ment of offenders ; to allow towns to assess on polls a certain
sum, not exceeding fifty cents each, for the planting of trees on
public squares and highways, and also to protect trees from
\wanton and malicious mutilation.

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT FORESTRY AGITATION. 149

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott said she knew ver}' little about
this subject except from experience in her own grounds. In 1877
her husband bought a farm of four hundred acres. " There was a
sandy, gravelh' hill-side directly opposite the house. It was found
unprofitable to cultivate that land, and she decided to devote it to
trees. Ten thousand little trees were ordered ; they were so
small as to come packed in one champagne basket. She asked to
have furrows ploughed for the proposed rows of trees, but the
whole ground was ploughed. This was a useless operation, and
in a sense was discouraging However, she planted all those
little trees, but the first rain that fell washed many of them out
of the rows. Among these trees were two hundred seedling pines,
about two and a half inches high. When the ash and larch trees
were four feet high, they were thinned out, some of them being
transplanted to afford future shade to the dairy building. In a
few years the trees had grown so large they could not be dug up.
Some of the larches are now fully thirty feet high. The hill-side
is covered and is an agreeable sight. The soil has been greatl}'
improved, being now about twelve inches in depth instead of
three inches as before the tree planting. Mrs. Wolcott said that
in man}' places the work of the Village or Town Improvement
Society was largely left to the women members. She recom-
mended the planting of trees as a most appropriate work for such
societies, but she thought it better to use larger trees than those
with which she began. One foot high at least would be small
enough. Still, she would suggest that some members raise stocks
of trees from seed ; this would give them a choice in the selection
of varieties, and they could be used when grown to any desired
size. She would also recommend that individuals plant trees,
either seedlings of their own raising or purchased from nursery-
men. In this way, a great deal could be done to beautify the
country, and make it more attractive and pleasant for generations
to come.

Leverett M. Chase regretted that the time did not permit a
fuller discussion upon this matter. Professor Rothrock's valu-
able paper had covered but a few of the elements in this theme.
One is the relation of freshets and floods to the destruction of
forests, to which we are compelled to give attention b}' the
most disastrous experiences throughout the country. For exam-
ple : in Ohio forests occupied 13,991,228 acres in 1853 ; 9,749,333

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in 1870, and 4,732,092 in 1880. From 1870 to 1881 the clearing
was 5,041,086 acres, or 799,192 acres more than the total forest in
1881. At this rate a single decade would deforest the State and
leave a large deficiency to be supplied from other States and
Canada. In 1883 the damage by floods in the Ohio basin alone
was more than $61,000,000. Has the removal of forests from the
vicinity of many of the tributaries of the Ohio River had any
influence in precipitating all this excess of water from those
districts into the streams?. Would not the restoration of forest
growths tend to retain more or less of that moisture where it fell,
or at least to cause it to pass awa^' more slowl}', and, to a greater
extent, discharge its natural functions, to the advantage of the
annual crops, the live stock, and local navigation, and render it a
benefit in every way to the people, instead of the terrible scourge
it has been in later years ?

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 8, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner in the Chair.

Charles N. Brackett announced the decease of George Hill,
and moved the appointment of a committee to prepare a suitable
testimonial. The motion was carried and the Chair appointed as
that Committee, Mr. Brackett, Henry W. Wilson, and Warren
Heustis.

The Secretary read letters from the Bay State Agricultural
Society and the Worcester South Agricultural Society, expressing
the thanks of those Societies for the invitation to appoint a
member who should have the free use of the Library and Library
Room during the year 1890, for the purpose of preparing papers
to be read at Institutes of those Societies, and announcing that
they had respectively appointed George M. Whitaker, of South-
bridge, and George L. Clemence, of Globe Village.

HEATING COLD FRAMES BY HOT WATER, ETC. 151

A letter was also read from the Ilingham Agricultural and
Horticultural Society, conveying the thanks of that Society' for a
similar invitation, and stating that an appointment would be
made at an early day, of which, the Society would be notified as
soon as made.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 15, at half-past eleven o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Heating Cold Frames by Hot Water or Steam Pipes, and

Growing Black Hamburg Grapes Under Glass

that is Otherwise Used in Winter.

By William D. Philbrick, Editor of the Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston.

Five years ago I made my first experiments in growing dande-
lions in a frame heated by a circulation of hot water.

The bed was one hundred and ninety-five feet long and twelve
feet wide, covered by one hundred and thirty sashes, and was
heated by one and a quarter inch water pipe, supported on
the inside of the plank frame four inches below the glass, which
was covered at night by straw mats in cold weather. This season
has been so mild that no mats have been required.

The dandelion roots were transplanted from the field in Septem-
ber ; the glass was placed on the frame about the middle of
December, and the firing of the boiler was begun about Christmas.

The dandelions were marketed in February, producing an
average of just a bushel to each sash, and were cleared off before
the crop from the cold frames came in.

As fast as the dandelions were cleared off, the bed was sown
with radishes, with every third row Short Horn carrots ; the
radishes were sold in April ; the glass was then taken oflT to
another frame heated by manure for cucumbers, and the carrots
were marketed in June. The result was highly satisfactory.

The next year I repeated the experiment, using, however, a
single one and a quarter inch steam pipe on the south side of the
bed twelve feet wide. The dandelions near the steam pipe were
somewhat drawn by the excessive heat of the pipe, but were not
much injured. Instead of carrots, I sowed parsley with the
radishes this time ; and it came to market in May and sold

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

remarkabl}'^ well. I have continued to use these warm frames
every year since, with uniformly successful results, as regards
growing the crops, though of course the market is not always
equally good for the products.

For the best and most easily managed frame I prefer one only
six feet wide, with a fence to lean the mats against when not on
the frame, having a one and a quarter inch pipe carried around
the frame, on both sides, four inches below the glass, and heated
b3' a small hot water boiler, under pressure of about ten pounds to
the inch. The reason for preferring hot water circulation to steam
is that in moderate weather the temperature can be more easily
regulated by regulating the fire, than by steam pipes. The same
results could probably be attained bj' having two or three steam
pipes of less diameter, and shutting off the steam from part of
them in mild weather.

These frames are very convenient in growing the crops I have
mentioned, which need to be grown in the open air in spring and
fall without glass, the frame and glass being placed over the bed
as cold weather comes on, thus avoiding transplanting, and they
would answer equally well, I should judge, for man\' flowering
plants of low growth, which need but little artificial heat, such as
violets, pansies, primulas, and many of the Dutch bulbs.

It is astonishing how little coal is required to keep out frost,
which is about all that is Heeded with such hardy plants as I have
mentioned. When mats are used on the bed, it will require for a
bed two hundred feet long and six feet wide only about three or
four tons of coal for the winter, to keep the plants in growing
condition, and make the frame produce fully double what it would
do without the heat. Every one who has attempted to run a cold
frame in a severe winter, knows how hard it is to keep out frost,
even with double mats and shutters. By the aid of hot water or
steam, no shutters at all are required, and much of the time not
even mats. Such an arrangement, however, will not grow good
lettuce, without a little bottom heat in cold weather.

Growing Black Hamburg Grapes Under Glass that is
Used for Other Purposes in Winter. — Ever}' market gardener
knows that there is usually a considerable number of hot-bed
sashes in every market garden which are not used, unless for
growing cucumbers and melons, after the middle of April, till the
next winter. The early cucumber crop has of late years been far
less profitable than formerly, and it occurred to me a few years

BLACK HAMBURG GRAPES UNDER GLASS. 153

ago that, possibly, this glass might be put to better use in grow-
ing grapes. To do this, I started some cuttings of the Black
Hamburg grape, and grew the vines for the first year in pots in
my cucumber house. The next year they were set out in the
border where they were to grow and were grown in a frame,
raised three feet high and covered by a single string of hot-bed
glass the vines being trained inside the frame. The vines were
cut back in the fall to two eyes, and covered. The next spring
the rafters of the house were built and the glass was put on about
the last of April.

The vines made a fair growth last year, and were allowed to
ripen only a few bunches of grapes. But next summer I hope to
be able to grow a fair crop. The glass with which this house is
covered is ordinarj- hot-bed sashes, which are fastened to the
rafters by 'means of screw-eyes in the rafters, through which
common wood screws pass into the under side of the sashes to
hold them in place. The glass is taken off in the fall, after the
vines have been pruned and laid down and covered with earth.
The glass is used on hot-beds or cold frames till April 20, when it
is replaced upon the rafters of the grapery, just as the grapes are
breaking into growth. The grapes treated thus will ripen in
September. I see no difficulty in growing grapes in this way very
cheaply. When I made my plans for this operation the price of
Black Hamburg grapes was from seventy-five cents to one dollar
and a quarter per pound, but the recent large importation of
California grapes in the fall, together with the improved excellence
of our out-door grapes, has reduced the price, so that Black
Hamburgs sold last fall at about thirty cents per pound. This
low price was partly due to the wet season, which made it impos-
sible to hold the grapes for later marketing.

I do not, therefore, regard this experiment as likely to prove a
financial success, but any one who wishes to grow these delicious
grapes cheaply, can do so by using his spare glass, and will be
rewarded for the care they require, with a crop of choice fruit
for his table or for his friends. There is, however, little induce-
ment to grow them for market, unless they are forced early, or
held till cold weather, which involves the use of heat and different
arrangements.

The span of the house is about twenty-four feet. The rafters
are eighteen feet long, inclined at an angle of 45°, and are pre-

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vented from spreading by horizontal ties fastened about midway
of their length. This length of rafter requires three lengths of
sashes, each one slightly overlapping the one below it. Ever}'
third upper sash on both sides is hinged at the top so as to be
opened for ventilation, and there are also ventilators in the sides,
which, however, are opened onl}' when the grapes are coloring.
The perpendicular sides are about two and a half feet high. The
ground in the liouse is a foot or a foot and a half below the
border, the soil having been thrown on the border. Telegraph
wires are stretched, about fifteen inches from the glass, to bolts
at top and bottom, by means of which they are tightened, and
they have also a support in the middle ; on these wires the vines
are trained. Perhaps a better plan would be, to carry the roof
only about half as high, on the curb-roof plan, having the upper
portion pitch just enough to shed water freely. This would make
the working of the upper portion of the house less difficult.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Philbrick for his able and interesting
paper was unanimously passed.

Discussion.

E. W. Wood was first called on, and said that he had been
much interested in the account of the use of heat in frames.
Within the last few years a good deal has been done by procuring
the old heating apparatus used in railroad cars. This has, in con-
sequence of the change in the methods of heating, been sold for
eight or ten dollars cash, and has been purchased to a considerable
extent by the users of cold frames. Lettuce has, as the essayist
said, failed without bottom heat. The heated frames are most
useful for retarding plants.

As to using the hot-bed sashes for grapes, Mr. Wood thought
it a question whether it would be more profitable than continuing
to use them for cucumbers or other vegetables. There is no fruit
which will flourish under maltreatment as well as the grape.
When the tops of Black Hamburg vines are destroyed the roots
are never killed. The vines under Mr. Philbrick's plan must be
bent down and covered with earth to protect them during the
winter ; this can easily be done for the first four years, but after
that it will be more difficult. The speaker has vines planted in

HEATING COLD FRAMES, ETC. 155

1871, some of which are four inches in diameter at the surface of
the ground and they cannot be bent down without injury.

Mr. Philbrick said that the necessity for warming the earth in
frames depends on what plants are to be grown. Lettuce and
cucumbers must have bottom heat ; dandelions, parsley, and
radishes are more hardy and do not require it : in fact they do
better without it.

William H. Badlam thought that warming frames, as proposed
by the essaj'ist, would be liable to make plants more delicate.
He thought steam would not give heat so quickly as hot water
nor retain it as long. The water begins to warm the house as soon
as it gets into circulation and does not lose its heat until the fire
goes out. He also thought steam less economical than hot water.

Mr. Philbrick's experience did not agree with Mr. Badlam's.
He built a large house which he heated at first with hot water and
afterwards with steam, and since then another, and he had found
it decidedly more economical of labor than hot water. You can
get up heat with steam more quickh', because the quantity of
water to be heated is much less. At this time of the year you do
not want heat during the day, and the pipes are much more
quickly cooled when steam is used than with hot water. As to
the danger of the fire going out, it does not amount to anj-thing ;
he leaves his fire for ten hours. In a small house he would prefer
hot water.

Mr. Wood gave an account of an experiment, made at the
Agricultural Experiment Station at Amherst, to determine the
comparative advantages of steam and hot water. A house eighty
feet long and forty feet wide was built with a partition in the
centre, one-half being heated with steam and the other with hot
water, and two boilers exactly alike were put in. The only
diflference was that the side heated by steam was protected by a
bank from the east winds, while the other side was exposed to the
west. The coal was weighed every day, and it was found at the
end of the season that, notwithstanding its exposure, a ton of coal
had been saved in the part warmed by hot water, and the heat
kept higher. This experiment was made by persons who were
impartial and unbiassed. There may be conditions and circum-
stances where steam can be used advantageouslj'. The Messrs.
Hittinger Brothers, at Belmont, have a house 600 feet long, one-
half 25 feet wide, and the other half 30 feet, and four houses 150

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

by 30 feet, in all which they use hot water. For small houses hot
water is safer. Steam must be constantly watched. He thought
the essayist would not sa}' he could heat by means of steam with
as little coal as with hot water

Mr. Philbrick thought that if Mr. Wood got used to steam he
would feel as much confidence in it as in hot water. He had not
kept an exact account of the cost, but he keeps his houses warmer
by the use of three or four tons more of coal than was used when
he heated the same houses preyiously with hot water.

William E, Endicott thought it would not be safe to draw final
conclusions from the experiment at Amherst. That experiment,
of itself, is of trifling importance. It merely shows that one st3'le
of steam-boiler cost more to run than one kind of hot water
apparatus in one trial.

Mr. Wood said that it was intended to test the whole matter as
impartially as possible. The boilers were alike and were put in
by the same dealer, and there was no difference between the two
houses except the location.

Mr. Endicott said that the question is too large to be settled by
a single experiment.

Joseph H. Woodford said that the method of raising Black
Hamburg grapes, recommended by the essayist, had been practiced
in England man}' years ago and illustrated in the English horti-
cultural magazines. The houses were called "curates' vineries."
Plans of the construction of these vineries are given in Thomas
Rivers's " Miniature Fruit Garden." The late Stiles Frost, of
West Newton, used sashes about three feet wide, resting on bricks
at the base, and fastened together at the apex with hooks and
staples. The vines were planted at the south end, and as the\'
grew were suspended from the ridge of the sash. They produced
large crops of grapes. In the fall the sashes were removed, and
the vines buried until warm weather came in the spring.

Mr. Wood said that such houses as the last speaker had
described were used and recommended b}' Thomas Rivers. The
houses were twenty-six inches high, two feet and a half wide, and
seven feet long, without ends, so that they could be extended by
placing in line. This had been done to the extent of seven
houses. One vine produced sixty-three bunches of grapes.
Those used by Mr. Frost cost seven dollars each. It is difficult
to keep the vines within the bounds necessary for so small a space,,
but crops can be grown with little care and expense.

MEMORIAL OF GEORGE HILL. 157

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on
-" Horticultural Education for Children," by Henry L. Clapp,
principal of the George Putnam School, Roxbury.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 15, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, President William H. Spooner in the Chair,

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of George Hill, reported
as follows :

The committee appointed to prepare resolutions on the death of
George Hill, report the following :

It is with feelings of sincere sorrow that we record the death of
our esteemed associate and friend, George Hill, which occurred
suddenly on Saturday morning, March 1st, at his residence in
Arlington. The suddenness of the event has not onl}' thrown
around it a more than ordinary solemnity, but has made it diflBcult
to realize that he, who but a few daj's ago was in our midst
actively engaged in the duties of a busy life, should now be
numbered with the dead.

Mr. Hill commanded the respect and esteem of all who knew
him, and in saying that his death is a public loss we are onl}'
expressing what hundreds of hearts have already declared. He
was possessed of a noble, generous character and personal traits
which made him very popular, and he will be missed by a large
circle of friends who were warmly attached to him.

For a period of more than twenty-five years he tvas a constant
and valued contributor to the Society's exhibitions. As an
exhibitor of choice fruits and vegetables his contributions attested
his enthusiasm and skill as a cultivator. He was a member of the
Vegetable Committee thirteen years, and on various other Com-
mittees rendered the Society valuable services, neglecting no
duty.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We cannot, therefore, permit this occasion to pass without
placing on record some expression of our appreciation of his
virtues and our high respect for his character and memory.
Therefore

Resolved, That in the death of Mr. Hill this Society has lost
one of its best cultivators and most respected members ; one who
always felt a deep and abiding interest in its welfare and pros-
perity.

Resolved, That, remembering his sterling worth as a man, his
rare integrity and puritj^ of character, his fidelity and generous
hearted devotion to the interests and welfare of our association,
our hearts are made sad by his removal from the scenes of his
earthly labors. Though dead he still lives in the hearts of not a

few, for he lived

" Scattering seeds of kindness
For the reaping by-and-by."

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered on our records,
and that a copy be transmitted to the family of the deceased with
the assurance of our warmest sympathy in their sad bereavement.

Charles N. Brackett, ^

Henrt W. Wilson, > Committee.

Warren Heustis. )

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Edmund Hersey, Chairman of the Committee appointed some
years ago to collect information in regard to Large or Interesting
Trees in New England, stated that the Committee had collected
considerable material, but they desired to make the work credit-
able to the Society, and therefore had had a circular printed
asking for information on the subject committed to them, copies
of which were upon the table for distribution to the members and
others.

The Secretary presented a letter from the Spencer Farmers' and
Mechanics' Association accepting the invitation to appoint one of
their members who should have the free use of the Library and
Library Room during the 3'ear 1890, for the purpose of preparing
essays to be read at Farmers' Institutes, and announcing that Mr.
J. G. Avery, of Spencer, had been so appointed.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 22, 1890, at half-past eleven
o'clock.

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 159

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Horticultural Education for Children.

By Hexry L. Clapp, Principal of the George Putnam School, Roxbury.

In the paper which I am about to read I shall touch upon the
following points :

1. Children's natural love for digging in the earth.

2. Why they lose that love.

3. The abandonment of farms.

4. The unfortunate results of our unbalanced system of educa-
tion, in creating an overwhelming surplus of middlemen.

5. Studies that alienate scholars from Nature.

6. The influence of our text-books.

7. The need of scientific farming in the United States.

8. Some results of scientific farming.

9. School-gardens in Europe.

10. Results of instruction in school-gardens.

11. The introduction of school-gardens into our system of
education.

12. What they should contain.

13. Their effect on the health of city children.

14. What horticultural socities can -do to aid children in getting
horticultural instruction.

15. The best educational impulses in this country come from
private individuals and private institutions.

The child that does not like to dig in the ground is an excep-
tional one. We see the children of the rich spending their
vacations in digging in the sands of the sea-shore ; we see the
children of the poor in the country digging caves in sand banks,
making mud huts over their naked feet, and building dams for
miniature mill-ponds.

Not unfrequently we come across a child's flower garden,
carelessh' cultivated, but strongly characteristic of childhood.
Children take to earth as naturally as goslings take to water, and
their liking for flowers is hardly less marked.

Why is it that so large a proportion of them grow away from
such amusements soon after the}* begin school life? Why are
most of our pupils so intent on getting into an office or a store, as

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

if either were a veritable El Dorado? Why is every avenue of
business life crowded with middle men, commercial travellers, and
non-producers of every description, while in every State farms
are abandoned or worked under protest ? I have cut the following
paragraph from a newspaper of last December :

" In the rural districts in Wayne Count}^ New York, there are
no less than four hundred empty houses. It is a lamentable fact
that the rural population of Wa^-ne County is slowly drifting into
the larger towns and cities, while many are going West in search
of cheaper homes or fortunes. The town of Sodus alone has over
fift3' deserted houses, and Huron has thirty or more."

Without attempting to give all the causes for such a state of
affairs, to a certain extent we may fix the responsibility upon our
common schools, since they are organized, or have been until
recently, for turning out scholars who are bound to be non-
producers until they are educated differently. Our pupils apply
for such positions as our schools fit pupils for. If nine-tenths of
them aim to be traders, or actually become such, it is because our
schools have fitted them better to be traders than anything else.
If a farmer's boy becomes proficient in arithmetic, no one of all
concerned considers such proficiency as an important factor in
making the boy a superior farmer, but rather as evidence that he
is destined by nature and education to a higher sphere of action
than farming. His education, all the way through school, is of
such a nature that its connection with farming is obscure, while
its connection with the store, the oflSce, or the agency is clear,
and his aspiration to be a business man, a genteel trader, a book-
keeper, or something above a farmer (as he thinks), is exactly in
line with his education. In fact, with the farmer's boy, getting an
education has come to be almost synonymous with getting away
from the farm, since that is what really comes to pass. We
estimate the influence of our schools bj' what the pupils have been
and have done during a long term of ^ears. Some studies alienate
scholars from the cultivation of the soil and from nature gener-
ally, more than others. Where is the scholar who, once having
entered upon the study of Latin, so full of halos, mirages, and
expectations to the tyro, ever thought for a moment of earning
his living by horticulture or any kind of farm work ? Though the
Georgics and Bucolics of Virgil describe the felicities of farming
in the choicest Latin, they never influenced one student in ten

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. IGl

thousand to try to realize those felicities. So it is with the study
of modern languages, mathematics, music, psychology, and
literary work generally. They have no natural connection with
the cultivation of the soil ; they do not suggest it, and they too
often preoccupy the mind to the complete exclusion of nature-
studies.

The farther the}' are pursued, unless balanced by studies of a
different character, the worse it is for the best interests of educa-
tion,— the worse it is for our agricultural interests. If children
pore over books ail through the most impressionable years of their
lives, even into the twenties, when students graduate from college,
their faculties of observation and skilful manipulation become
well-nigh atrophied, and the time when Nature can interest them
has passed b}^

That any of the graduates of our schools and colleges cultivate
the soil, either for pleasure or profit, may be considered a piece of
good luck, rather than the result of proper education. If even a
living chance, or an open field, were given in ©ur schools, for
the consideration of topics which pertain to agriculture, such as
plant life, insect life, rocks, and soils, there would be less injus-
tice done to our great agricultural interests, and less injustice
done to the rising generation of children throughout the land.

For years past we have been reaping the natural results of a
system of education that, intentionally or unintentionally, turns
all our young people for a livelihood toward the occupations of
teachers, college professors, lawyers, physicians, clergymen, book-
keepers, salesmen, musicians, artists, agents, and business men,
under which head multifarious and heterogeneous legions of mid-
dlemen are pleased to class themselves. These men have had the
control of educational affairs, and they have kept the schools turning
out their kind so long that there is unquestionabl}' in this country
an overwhelming surplus of middlemen, non-producers, and men
living by their wits. Such a surplus is certain to make trouble.
All are determined to live in affluence if possible, — genteelly at
all events.

Cities are crowded with middlemen. Thousands of men and
women are constantly crowding into the cities only to get starva-
tion wages, if they get any, and many spend all their hard-earned
money seeking employment, and fail at last. Hoist a safe to an
upper window and a hundred idlers will gather immediately. A
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

horse falls or a street becomes blocked, and a crowd of uuem-
ployed persons increases the blockade. Advertise for a competent
person, — man, woman, boy, or girl, on a meagre salar}', and the
numerous applicants will show how overwhelmingl}- the occupa-
tions of middlemen are overstocked. There are various grades of
the great arm}' of the unemployed in any city, but most of them
are a standing menace to the general welfare, and many, if not
actuall}' criminal, are always on the verge of crime, often by real
or fancied necessity. These people have been educated in our
schools, — educated to do what they can find no opportunity to do.
Deals, trusts, syndicates, stock-gambling, colossal monopolies,
lotteries, confidence games, and other so-called business opera-
tions, are the natural products of middlemen, using every artifice
to beat each other, and make sales, and taking every possible
advantage of those who reall}' develop the resources of the
country-, — farmers, miners, mechanics, and producers of various
kinds. Competition among middlemen may be the life of trade,
but it has been death to many a farmer.

One of the principal causes of the present defensive movement
on the part of farmers is middlemen. A million farmers, at least,
in the United States, are now organized against middlemen and
money-lenders. They say, " We must dispense with a surplus of
middlemen, — not that we are unfriendly to them, but we do not
need them. Their surplus numbers and their exactions diminish
our profits."

Xot only is this surplus of middlemeu a damage to farmers, but
to the financial standing and business reputation of the nation.
The " Boston Herald," of January 1, 1890, contains a detailed
account of the eight million dollars known to have been stolen by
about two hundred middlemen, in positions of trust in this countr}'
during the j-ear 1889. If those two hundred men had been
influenced b}- our system of education to be good farmers, they
would have added much to the happiness and prosperity of the
country, and the disturbance to business enterprises and the
distress to familie,s, resulting from the stealing of eight million
dollars, would have been prevented. We never associate these
gigantic frauds with farmers, but always with traders. By the
prevalence of such frauds we have earned the reputation of being
the most fraudulent nation on earth. Our system of education,
to begin with, and our hazardous tolerance of practically unre-

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 163

stricted and gigantic monopolies, furnish the conditions, if not the
inducements, to frauds such as are seen nowhere else.

Unquestionably our system of education has been, primarily, a
scheme for making money without much work with the hands.
Hard-working parents make every effort to establish their children
in a pett}' gentility, such as they themselves have never enjoyed.
On all sides the demand has been for an education that will pay
in dollars and cents, whether it pays in body and soul or not ; good
pay and little work, and that of a genteel kind, is the leading
hope of such of our pupils as feel obliged to work ; making a good
trade, and getting something for nothing, animates the generality
of people ; and no talk about practical studies in our schools, has
been untinged with the sordid spirit inherent in this nation, and
inherent in its institutions; "Civilization is what education
makes it," and we may expect to see our civilization taking low
ground, when our education fosters, rather than seeks to obliter-
ate, the love of money, or getting money without earning it. All
over the land labor has been fighting against capital ; the rich are
growing richer on what they have not earned ; many work in
poverty that one may live in affluence ; our graduates are gam-
bling in stocks and bonds, and calling it business ; men and
women of excellent social standing are systematically investing
in State lotteries ; and all are imbued with that spirit which will be
its own avenger, — that spirit which, in charity, is called practical.
Even the text-books used in the common schools have a powerful
influence mainly in the direction of those unfortunate conditions
to which reference has been made. The gist of arithmetic is
profit and loss, incomes, and stocks, and bonds, which are on the
borders of margin and bucket shops, stock exchanges, and less
respectable exchanges. Geography is taking on the commercial
form more and more. Writing is extensively worked into commer-
cial forms, business letters, book-keeping, answering advertisements
for help, and applications for positions. All this swells the sur-
plus of middle'men, a large proportion of whom have no natural
aptitude for trade, but might become skilful producers, if properly
taught.

Why have our educational authorities been so unmindful of this
trend of our narrow system of education? If the}" have lately
been aroused to their responsibilities, so far as to establish
schools in which the principles of mechanics may be learned, what
reason have they for stopping there?

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Business men have complained through the newspapers and in
many other ways, that the graduates of our schools are not pre-
pared to take up the elementarj* stages of then- business, nor to
put on at once the habits of business men. Why should they be
especiall}' so prepared? Why have no similar complaints come
from agriculturists, or manufacturers? Our schools should not be
run in the interests of trade, any more than in the interests of
agriculture or manufactures. The fact that they have been so
run, makes them largely responsible for the unfortunate condition
of affairs, to which reference has been made. In Europe, the
schools are managed better. The principles of trade, mechanics,
and agriculture, all come in for a fair share of school time ; conse-
quently the children are skilful workers as well as intelligent
scholars. "-Faith without works is dead." Books without works
are no better. In view of what has been said it appears that a
change in our system of education is of vital importance to agri-
culture, at least, if not to the best education of our children, and
the highest prosperity and happiness of the nation. It is time to
inculcate the dignity of manual laljor, in the common schools, to
teach children the value of propertj' by making them work for it,
to establish schools for manual training, and to give school child-
ren a piece of ground for observation, experiment, and work.

The introduction of horticulture into the common schools will
do much to counteract those baneful influences that have been
mentioned ; it will create that respect for, and intelligent appre-
ciation of, the cultivation of the soil, that is desirable ; it will
check the tendency to abandon the farm as soon as possible, if
any educational means can ; it will create a first love, to return to
at a later period of life ; and it will lead to a real demand for
agricultural schools of a high grade. To expect agricultural
colleges to flourish without feeders, is chimerical. Agricultural
colleges and scientiflc farming on a large scale must start from
plenty of seeds, planted in good soil and in the spring-time of
life. The common schools, in an eminent degree, have the points
of vantage for the prosecution of this work and there is need
enough of scientific farming.

The "Boston Evening Transcript," of November 16, 1889, has
the following comments on agriculture in America :

"There is no use in denying that our American agriculture is
in a very primitive condition in all except the item of machinery.

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 165

Americans abroad sometimes laugh at what the}' are pleased to
call the primitive methods of agriculture in Switzerland, Sweden,
France, or Holland. As a matter of fact, our methods are primi-
tive in comparison with theirs. * * * The Swiss, Dutch, or Swed-
ish farmer recognizes the fact that the soil is the basis of all wealth,
and is more important than an}- implements used in its cultivation.
His methods of maintaining its fertility are as highly developed
and perfect as the average American farmer's are primitive. In
breeding profitable varieties of stock, too — varieties well suited
to his purpose — he is far ahead of the American agriculturist.
Our farmers, who are complaining almost everywhere of the
decadence of American agriculture, could not do better than adopt
some of these ' primitive' foreign methods."

Farmers who would be successful in these days, must know
" how to feed the land while the land feeds them." Owners of
land are increasing with astonishing rapidity, and the size of
farms is diminishing ; consequently land in the future must be
made to yield more and more. It will yield more with better
farming, and better farming will result from adequate facilities
for teaching agriculture in the schools. How to produce much
upon a small area requires study, and, other things being equal,
children who receive proper elementary instruction in agriculture
in school will be likely to acquire such abilit}' at the most oppor-
tune season.

If such instruction were general in our common schools, the
whole status of agriculture would be raised to a higher plane,
better and more abundant products would result, and more lines
of work allied to agriculture would be opened, — manufacturing
fertilizers, landscape gardening, seed-testing, and cultivating
flowers for perfumes and essences.

"The increase of a single bushel per acre in the yield of the
wheat, corn, and oats of the country, would make an increase in
the value of those crops alone, of over one hundred and sixty-four
million dollars per year, which would be more than doubled by a
similar increase in other crops. This can all be accomplished by
good seed."

"The average yield of wheat in the United States is about
twelve bushels per acre," with one and a half busliels of seed.
Professor Blount, of the Colorado Agricultural College, planted
seventy-six kernels of wheat, upon seventy-six square feet of land,

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

" and the product was ten and a half pounds, or nearly at the rate
of one hundred bushels per acre." The conclusion is, that we
bury too much seed by unscientific farming.

Mr. E. P. Roe made two acres of land yield a gross return of
more than two thousand dollars. Members of the New Jersey
Horticultural Societ}' have made early cabbages produce 8435
per acre, and early tomatoes $585 per acre.

Mr. J. S. Potter, consul at Crefeld, Germany, gives suggestive
facts in regard to two farms, situated side by side, the one con-
taining ten acres, and the other twent}'. The owner of the ten-
acre farm had been a teacher in an agricultural school in Germany,
and worked his farm scientifically, and thus secured from it a
comfortable living for himself and family. The owner of the
other farm had a picked-up knowledge of farming, and "while
working much harder, with double the investment in land, accom-
plished with less tidy and genteel accompaniments the same
results."

A farm in France, that had been planted with olive trees, and
yielded a rental of $115 a year, was planted with roses, geraniums,
tuberoses, and jonquils, for the manufacture of perfumes. The
fourth year it yielded perfumes valued at S43,154, giving a net
profit of $7,767.

In the wheat contest of 1889, William Gibbey, of Utah, raised
eighty bushels on a single acre. In the corn contest, Z. J. Drake
took two hundred and fiftN'-five bushels of shelled corn from an
acre In the potato contest, Alfred Rose raised one thousand and
thirty-one bushels of potatoes on an acre. These results were
due to the careful preparation and adequate fertilization of the
soil, and good care of the growing crops. A neighbor of mine
last year realized over $140 from his pear trees occupying hardly
a quarter of an acre of ground.

The education of children in horticulture is no new thing.
Sweden, France, Bavaria, and Austria have had school gardens
man}' years. The normal schools of Austria give instruction in
the care of the mulberry' tree, bees, grape vines, and orchards.
The Austrian public school law reads, " In ever}' school a gym-
nastic ground, a garden for the teacher, according to the circum-
stances of the communit}', and a place for the purposes of
agricultural experiment, are to be created." School inspectors
are "To see to it that, in the country' schools, school gardens

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 167

shall be provided, for corresponding agricultural instruction in all
that relates to the soil, and that the teacher shall make himself
skilful in such instruction." As regards teachers, the law reads,
'^ Instruction in natural history is indispensable to suitably
established school gardens. The teachers, then, must be in a
condition to conduct them."

Twenty-five years ago there were, in Austria, 2,777 schools in
which instruction in fruit culture was given. A recent issue of
the " Boston Herald " contained this item :

"School gardens, — i.e., gardens for practical instruction in
rearing trees, vegetables, and fruits, — are being added to nearly
all the public and private schools of Austria. There are now
already 7,769 such in existence in the Austrian monarchy alone,
Hungary not included. They also comprise botanical museums
and appliances for bee-keeping."

In France, in 1867, there were 20,000 schools in which teachers
and pupils found recreation and profit in garden and fruit culture.
The teachers in such schools receive medals for excellence in
farming.

The " Horticultural Times" for January, 1890, contains the fol-
lowing: "Throughout France, gardening is practically taught in
the primary and elementary schools. There are 28,000 of these
schools, each of which has a garden attached to it, and is under
the care of a master capable of impai'ting a knowledge of the first
principles of horticulture. The Minister of Public Instruction
has resolved that the number of school gardens shall be largely
increased, and that no one shall be appointed master of an ele-
mentary school, unless he can prove himself capable of giving
practical instruction in the culture of mother earth."

It appears, then, that school gardens in France and Austria
have long since passed the experimental stage, and are now
successfully established as an essential means to the education of
children. In France, in 1867, there were 20,000, in 1890, 28,000
and many more are to come. In Austria there were 2,700, and
now there are 7,700, — nearh* three times as many.

In some parts of Europe, grants of money are made to schools
that reach a given standard of excellence in agriculture. About
eighty per cent of the children of Sweden attend the Folk
School, corresponding to our common schools, and in them there
were in 1871, 22,000 children, who were instructed in horticulture

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and tree planting. Each of 2,016 schools had, for cultivation, a
piece of land varj-ing from one to twelve acres.

In regard to appropriations for agriculture, our country com-
pares very unfavorably with some European countries.

The Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, hopes to get
an appropriation of $1,359,000 from our government, for the
expenses of his department for the current j-ear. Germany
appropriates annually for agricultural purposes S2, 850, 000 ; Aus-
tria more than $4,000,000 ; and France S8, 000,000. In propor-
tion to her population, France appropriates more than forty times
as much as the United States ; and in pi'oportion to her area,
more than one hundred times as much. If Secretary Rusk gets
the appropriation he desires, in no sense will it be commensurate
with our position as the greatest agricultural nation on the earth.

The beneficent results of teaching European children agriculture
may be seen even in our own country. In 1880 the Kentucky
Bureau of Immigration induced colonies of Swiss, Germans,
Austrians, and Swedes to settle poor lands in Laurel and Lincoln
counties, Kentucky. Charles Dudley Warner writes that it is a
sight worth a long journey, to see the beautiful farms made out of
land that the average Kentuckian thought not worth cultivating.
It should be noted that the settlers named came from the very
countries where school gardens are so common and governmental
appropriations so liberal.

During the year 1889, more than 200,000 immigrants, from
Germany, Austria, Sweden, and Norway, came to the United
States. Having learned to work farms scientifically, they are
rapidly displacing our farmers.

A Swedish citizen of Springfield, Mass., has bought 22,000
acres of land in Vermont, which he will colonize by immigrants
brought directly from Sweden. Thrifty foreigners are rapidly
becoming the landholders, and our young countrymen are flocking
to the cities to work on cars, in stores, or to live by their wits.
The applications for positions on the cars of the West End Rail-
way Company, number from seventy-five to one liundred a day.
Most of these applicants have what is called " a good common
school education," and man}- have a college education.

We have much to learn from the Swedish school S3-stem in
particular. The Sloyd system of manual training is highly com-
mended b}' educational experts. The Swedish system of physical
culture has been recommended for introduction into the Boston

HOUTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 169

public schools, by the Board of Supervisors, and now, one thing
more should be advocated by educationists and agriculturists^
combined, the Swedish school garden.

The Swedes realize that, for the purposes of observation,
nature is better than pictures ; and plants, growing under natural
conditions, and visited bj' the birds and insects peculiar to them,
are better than descriptions in books ; and, if we would have our
schools as excellent as theirs, and do something to brighten the
prospect for agriculture, we should introduce the school garden
into our system of education.

"When we compare our sj^stem of education with the system
commonly found in European countries, we cannot fail to see how
much better balanced the European systems are than ours. Sa
in the great jubilees of twenty years ago, we found every foreign
band better balanced than any band we could produce. Every
educational expert who examiues the systems of education in
Europe confesses that we are far behind European schools ia
science, art, music, and physical, industrial, and agricultural
education.

The school garden should be not only a place for observation,
but a field for experimentation. Budding, grafting, propagation
b}' layers, cuttings, and slips, cross-fertilization, aud the condi-
tions favorable to plant growth could be taught experimentally,
not to one class necessarily, but to every pupil somewhere in the
course of study. Seeing and doing such things and recording the
results, would give pupils a training peculiarly valuable. Here is
a large field for the consideration of those who would send the
whole boy to school. Here is an efficient means of interesting
him. A lively personal interest is the mainspring of all proper
mental development. Unless the boy is interested in the work of
the school room, his mind will be on things outside of it ; he will
be present in body but absent in mind. How is it that the varied,,
instructive, and interesting work of the school garden has escaped
the attention and appreciation of educators so long, — much more
the appreciation and attention of agriculturists ?

In the public schools of Boston, two hours a week are set apart
for elementary science work, in all the primary classes and in the
fifth and sixth grammar classes. Out-door work at all seasonable
times should be substituted for the present in-door work. Work
in the school garden would be as much better than work on the
same material in the school room, as a visit to Paris is better than

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a description of it. The school garden would furnish most of the
material necessary for the winter's work, — seeds, buds, bulbs,
tubers, corms, fleshy roots, pressed leaves and flowers, and other
material.

Already much of such material has been used for a number of
years by the pupils of the George Putnam School. Pupils of the
fourth class make beautiful designs of pressed leaves, which they
are accustomed to collect. Each pupil draws from five to twenty
or more designs, according to his skill and interest, during the
school year. The work goes on almost of itself, and the children
are delighted to handle and adapt plant material to purposes of
ornamentation.

Here are fifty-seven sheets of designs, representing fifty-seven
pupils of the fourth class. These designs have been drawn
recently from natural leaves. The pupils of the first class have
made many pen-and-ink drawings of various kinds of grasses,
such as timoth}', red-top, Bermuda grass, knot-grass, wild oats,
wild rye, wheat grass, panic grass, etc. Under the skilful direc-
tion of their teacher, who is a member of this Society, these
pupils are learning to see as never before ; are acquiring facility
and power in representing objects that will add much to their
usefulness and happiness in life, and at the same time are working
toward horticulture, — not away from it.

Here are four hundred and eighty-one drawings of grasses,
recently made from natural specimens, by the pupils of the first
class. In addition they collect, press, and mount wild flowers,
to serve as material in drawing and language work. Their
written descriptions of man}^ varieties of wild asters, and charac-
teristic drawings of the mode of growth of each variety, serve the
legitimate purposes of school work and continually suggest
Nature. The derivation of specific names and other words from the
same roots is made a valuable study. Such work connects
Nature with the school ; it directs the attention toioards plant life
rather than away from it.

The school garden is a place for children to be liappy in."
Many a child will remember it with affection, when he reaches the
adult age, and we may naturally expect that when he acquires
wealth he will remember it in a substantial way. At all events it
is reasonable to suppose that many men and women will return to
the pleasures of horticulture when tliey have earned a competence

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 171

iu business, if they have received a part of their school education
in a school garden. We know that the late Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder returned to his early interest in horticulture, when he had
become what has been called " forehanded."

In an essay entitled " Horticultural Reminiscences" published
in the Transactions of this Societj', is an account of a school
garden, established more than half a century ago, in connection
"with a boarding school in the city of Providence, R. I. At least
four pupils of that school became eminent in agriculture, Joseph
Brown and Obadiah Brown, of Rhode Island, and O. B. Hadwen
and Hon. Daniel Needham, the latter two being distinguished
members of this Society. In a letter to me, Mr. Needham wrote,
"I have always believed that the training which I received in
that school, did more for me than it would be easy to write. It
gave me habits of punctuality and industry which in mj^ life of
today, are as apparent to me as they were forty or more years
ago. I consider an}- boy poorly educated, who has not enjoyed
the privileges of a technical or agricultural school." We can
imagine what an influence for horticulture might be felt, if the
common schools throughout the country should make good use of
school gardens. Then children would get that general knowledge
of horticulture that would lead to a demand for agricultural
colleges, such as we have never known, and to the horticultural
education of women.

Plants and flowers enter constantly and intimately into girls'
and women's lives. Women have been interested in flowers since
human beings came upon the earth. Some fill their windows with
flowering plants the 3'ear round. Others cultivate them in their
rough little gardens before the log cabins and shanties on the
frontiers and in the wilderness. Some suggestion from plant life
is always present in women's lives — embroidered flower decora-
tions, flower painting, floral decorations, bouquets, and myriads
of designs for needlework, wall papers, carpets, and prints, — and
they should have some regular instruction in what they will
always see and use ; and the school garden would be the most
efficient means of giving them instruction suited to the lives they
are destined to lead.

Probably two-thirds of the public schools of Boston at the
present time, have adopted the no-recess plan, and the number is
increasing, not only in Boston, but throughout the country ; in
short, the recess is no longer considered necessary.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Some of the school yards in Boston have an area of three-
quarters of an acre. What magnificent possibilities lie in those
yards ! With the abolition of the recess what is their reason for
being as playgrounds? How much more useful for instruction^
for manners, and for morals, would they be as school gardens,
than they have ever been as play grounds ! Suppose the hard,
monotonous-looking bricks to be taken up, except where they are
needed for walks — wide ones for passages to and from the build-
ing, and narrow ones in the garden — what might we reasonably
expect to see in the school garden ? Certainly enough to make it
seem like a paradise to look out upon in comparison with the
ordinary Sahara-like school yard. As representatives of commer-
cial and mouocotyledonous plants, we could have wheat, rye,
oats, barley, millet, corn, rice, timothy, red-top, etc., each having
a square yard of ground to itself. Of dicotyledonous plants, a hill
of scarlet runners, a ring of sweet peas, a square planted with
acorns, or peach or cherry stones, etc. ; plantlets in various
stages of development ; a row each of varieties of crowfoots^
mints, lilies, pinks, roses, etc. ; fleshy roots, as beets, turnips, and
parsnips, — some, in their second year's growth, to show the
nature of biennials. Many city children have never noticed such
plants growing.

The flora of the vicinit}' could be obtained without much diffi-
culty, even by city scholars, and with little trouble by country
scholars. Almost any region within a radius of a few miles has
plants that would serve as well for ornamentation as for observa-
tion work, among which may be mentioned a dozen varieties of
asters, shrubb}' ciuquefoil, blazing-star, wild lupine, Joe-Pye
weed, Canada hawkweed, jewel-weed, cone-flower, hardback,
sweet pepperbush, golden-rod, wild columbine, cranesbill, hare-
bell, Solomon's-seal, bellwort, wild bean, evening primrose,
purple flowering-raspberry, Philadelphia lily, Canada lily,
meadow rue, Jack-in-the-pulpit, clematis, and ferns. For every
purpose of the school, such plants would serve better than
cultivated flowers ; and their variation under cultivation would
interest and instruct every observer, and lead to a better appre-
ciation of wild flowers, and a more rational and profitable way of
spending summer vacations than obtains now.

Annual garden flowers and fleshy roots can be raised from
seeds. The city forester, floriculturists, and horticulturists

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 173

generall}', throw awa}- thousands of plants every year, in changing
■crops and ornamental flower beds. To get rid of such plants
advertising is often resorted to. How much better it would be
to send them to school gardens, where they would be used to good
advantage. The raising of plants for school gardens, by authority
of a city or town, would give better returns than raising them
simply for public gardens and squares ; and the latter would be
be better appreciated than they are now in proportion to the
general increase of a knowledge of plants. Moreover, many
pupils, favorably situated, would be pleased to contribute plants
for the school garden, and in consequence would have a livelier
interest in it.

How will the exercise required in the cultivation of plants in
the fresh air and sunshine affect the health of children, especially
those living in cities ? The advocates of hygiene and school gym-
nastics, might do well to consider that question in all its bearings.
Those who are so zealous concerning the ventilation of school-
rooms, might find it worth while to determine the benefits arising
from ventilation in school gardens in favorable seasons. Why
not convert gymnastic wands into garden hoes? Then the
attention would not be concentrated simply upon the movements
of those instruments, but upon the results of those movements.
Boys do not whittle in marked time for exercise : they whittle to
work out the embodiment of an absorbing idea. Walking for
exercise is of little importance compared with walking for speci-
mens of rare minerals, plants, or game. Hold a boy down to
your commands, and, for the time being, he is a slave ; give him
an idea to work out by himself, and he becomes a free man. Not
that the former is useless, but the latter is superior, and in it lies
one of the cardinal virtues of the manual training school.

" The Maine Board of Agriculture is agitating the question, of
introducing agricultural books into the public schools, as text-
books." That would be beginning at the wrong end to aid
agriculture. There are now too many books used in teaching, as
compared with other means of instruction. " The American
Garden," of 1887, says: "We are thankful indeed for what our
instructors have taught us in text-books, even though we had to
unlearn part of it ; but, would it not be a wise move, to have a
trifle more of the real thing to work on, in the field and garden?
Let us labor with our sleeves rolled up, and under the blue

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

heavens seek and impart instruction. With the assistance, which
dame Nature never refuses, what may we not expect from the
coming generation of horticulturists ?"

Modern educators have risen above the traditional theoretical
and authoritative education, resulting from the study of books
alone, and now demand a symmetrical education for children.
That is an admirable purpose ; but even the most advanced of
those educators in this country have gone no farther than to
provide for such an education as can be given under a roof, in a
school building or in a shop for industrial training. I submit
this question to the great body of agriculturists, out-door workers
generall}^ and all other competent authorities : Can a symmetri-
cal, or wholly healthful, education be given entirely under cover,
and away from the light, the fresh air, the invigorating sunshine^
and the smell of earth, and her exquisite productions?

The " Journal of Health" contains this remarkable statement :
"Patients strolling on the sea-shore, in sunny weather, are in a
light, not two or three times, but eighteen thousand times,
stronger than that in the ordinarj' shaded and curtained rooms of
a city house ; and the same patients walking along the sunny side
of a street are receiving more than five thousand times as much of
the health-giving influence of light, as they would receive in-doors,
in the usually heavily-curtained rooms." As regards health-
giving light and air, the school garden is a thousand times better
than the school room.

What can horticultural societies do to enable children to receive
instruction in horticulture? They have not the point of vantage,
to give direct instruction as the common schools have, but they
can influence instruction, if they choose. Among the members
are persons excellently fitted by education and experience in
agriculture, to set forth clearly the commercial value of a knowl-
edge of it, and the training of the powers of observation and
other mental faculties, in the process of acquiring that knowledge.
They ought to be represented in school committees everywhere,
as well as the lawyers, the doctors, and the ministers, who always
influence education in the direction of the learned professions, —
never in the interests of agriculture.

Consider what studies have been introduced into the common
school curriculum within a comparatively few years, — sewing,
cooking, manual training for boys, kindergartens, and various

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 175

modifications and better adaptations of every branch of study.
Kindness to animals has been advocated in all the schools of the
commonwealth ; the temperance people have had a compulsory
school law passed ; in Boston an instructor in hygiene has been
employed for some years ; the entering wedge of the Sloyd system
of manual training has been admitted ; a mighty conference of
the leading spirits in physical training has been held in Hunting-
ton Hall, and the representatives of various religious denomina-
tions have waged a war of words concerning the teaching of
historj' and religion in the schools. Among all these things
advocated there has been no suggestion of agriculture, but during
their advocacy much has been said about sending the whole hoy to
school, when apparently what the whole boy is has not been
determined. His earthly part, or rather his relation to the earth,
has been entirely left out.

Even among educators and school committees, the prevailing
idea of a proper education is shaped from consideration of trade.
In the Report of the School Committee of Boston, for 1889, we
read : " Those who are compelled to end their school life with the
High Schools, are furnished with a sound, practical education,
which enables them to enter mercantile and commercial occupa-
tions." This new method fails to recognize the great relative
importance of our agricultural interests.

The Secretary of Agriculture in his report for 1889, says : "It
may be broadly stated that upon the productiveness of our agri-
culture, and the prosperity of our farmers, the entire wealth and
prosperity of the whole nation depend." Nevertheless, this great
industry, that enters so largely and intimately into the life of the
nation, has been an unknown quantity in our schools, as if the
mainspring of all our national prosperitj', would in some way
take care of itself, in spite of the untoward influences of our
schools. Is every line of work, except that connected with the
earth, to be considered as holding the indispensable principles of
education, while the study of the natural products of the earth,
the source of all practical ideas and all material wealth, is to be
considered of no special importance, in training a child for life?

A large majority of our public schools have done little or noth-
ing in the study of plants, insects, minerals, and soils, although
expected to do so, alleging that such study is not practical ; but
the conning of books, and the figuring on slates, they claim to be

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

practical. What is the opinion of agriculturists on that matter?
Are not potatoes and wheat practical things? Is there anj^thing
theoretical about the potato bug and the currant worm? Any-
thing psychological about loam and phosphate? Anything
allegorical about the codling moth and the peach tree borer?

The remedy for this state of affairs lies in placing the right
kind of men upon school committees, who influence legislation and
education, and agriculturists should be represented on school
boards as well as the law^'er, the doctor, the clergyman, and the
tradesman.

This Society should secure as members teachers who are known
to have an interest in subjects closely related to horticulture. If
a teacher can graft trees, or raise fruit or vegetables successfully,
or makes a speciality of bulbs, orchids, ferns, or wild flowers, or is
a good botanist, he may be especially valuable to the Society,
which, with its learned members and exceptionally fine librar}',
may be as valuable to him. He would be likely to appreciate the
value of school gardens in the education of children ; he could
choose and adapt material wisely ; and, above all, he would have
the point of vantage to influence members of the school commit-
tee towards the legislation desired for the establishment of school
gardens.

Closely connected with the subject of school gardens, is a line
of work that has been carried on very successfully for man}' j'ears,
b}' a few members of this Societ}', but has not received that full
recognition as a valuable means of instruction to which it is
entitled. I refer to the work done by Mrs. Richards, Mr. Hitch-
ings, and others, in bringing collections of native plants to the
exhibitions of this Society. If we are to estimate this work at its
real value, in promoting the highest interests of education, we
must come to the conclusion that these people who do it, do not
receive a reward commensurate with the usefulness of their
labors.

The collections of native plants are especially' interesting and
instructive to teachers. They influenced me more than anything
else here to become a member of this Society, and they ought to
be studied by a hundred teachers, where they are now studied by
one. Let us establish school gardens, and they will be so studied.

Mr. W. W. Rawson in his seed catalogue says : " The Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society of Boston — the most flourishing

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 177

institution of its kind in tliis country — by offering liberal prizes,
has done so much to stimulate growers, and improve the quality
of the most popular vegetables and flowers, that varieties may be
considered absolutely perfect."

Wh}' limit the offer of prizes to the present field? In Europe,
agricultural societies give prizes for the best school gardens. In
the present condition of horticulture and agriculture, such prizes
offered in this country would be more productive of good than
prizes for the best displays of flowers, fruits, and vegetables
from the home garden. As such prizes would concern a school as
a whole and not individual pupils, no ungenerous rivalry need
arise.

The American Agriculturist has recently awarded four prizes
for a wheat contest, the first prize being $500 in gold. It has
awarded $500 in gold as a first prize in a recent potato contest.
It offers S5,000 in prizes for the new potato contest for 1890.
Mr. Z. J. Drake, of South Carolina, has received $500 from the
American Agriculturist, and $500 from the Department of Agri-
culture in South Carolina, as fii'st prizes in a corn contest. The
trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden at St. Louis have
established six scholarships, ranging from $200 to $300 a year,
with free lodgings, and continuing six j'ears. All such enterprises
are worthy, but the enterprise that aims at raising the whole
status of agriculture, and at the same time rounding out the
education of all the children in the land, is more worthy.

This Society has the well-earned reputation of being very
liberal in offering prizes, but not unfrequently members question
whether the sum of six thousand dollars, which is paid out in
prizes ever}' 3'ear b}' the Society, is expended to the best advan-
tage. If the Society feels disposed to try a ver}' promising field,
now is the time, and Boston is the place for the trial, and this
Society has everything in its favor for making the trial. Here is
an opportunity to set an example for every city and town in the
Union to follow, and that association or city that begins the
movement will become famous for a magnificent enterprise.

Some one may ask : "If there is so great an advantage in the
establishment and use of school gardens, why has the matter not
been attended to by the school authorities?" It is well known
that the best educational impulses come from without, — from
philanthropic individuals or institutions. We need not go outside
12

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of Boston for proof of this. The sewing schools, cooking schools,
kindergartens, and manual training schools, now corporate parts
of our school system, were started and carried beyond the experi-
mental stage by private individuals. Mrs. Shaw and Mrs.
Hemenway looked farther into the future than the Boston School
Committee. These philanthropic women are now paying for the
instruction of public school teachers in physical training and
industrial training. For years the Teachers' School of Science in
Boston has been supported by private munificence. "The
Chicago Manual Training School, owes its existence to the Com-
mercial Club, a social organization consisting of sixty Chicago
business men," who in 1882 guaranteed the sura of $100,000 for
the support of the enterprise. It should be noticed that these
movements, and many other similar ones that might be named,
have had in view what must enter into the life of the nation. We
should also call attention to the fact that educational authorities
in this country seldom or never start such beneficent enterprises,
but in Europe the case is the reverse.

An appropriation of $30,000 has been asked of the city govern-
ment of Boston for the purpose of establishing one manual train-
ing school, and running it one year. Why, half of that sum would
suffice to establish a good school garden in connection with every
one of the fifty-five grammar schools in Boston, and keep it run-
ning a year, allowing $275 to each school. The benefits of these
gardens would not be confined to a comparatively few pupils, but
full forty thousand pupils would have a share in them. The erec-
tion of costly buildings, and the collection of costly plants, have
no bearing upon the question. We already have the grounds nec-
essary ; we have the time specified for such work, in the " Course
of Study," from two to three hours a week, for each of the five
lowest grades ; and every plant necessary will cost nothing, or
next to nothing, comparatively speaking.

Permission of the School Committee should be obtained to con-
vert the most available part of some school yard into a garden,
for observation and experimentation, to begin with. Then the
money to pay the expenses of getting it ready in spring, and
keeping it in order during the long vacation in summer, should be
guaranteed. With half of two hundred and seventy-five dollars, I
am sure I could establish a good school garden in connection
with my school, and keep it in good order during the first season,

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 179

with the certain prospect of largely reducing the current expenses
for the second season. If it can be shown in connection with
one school, that the school garden is entirely practicable and
comparatively inexpensive, it will not be long before other schools,
in the suburbs at least if not in the city, will wish to establish
school gardens. If their success has been complete in thousands
of cases in Europe, they will succeed here.

I trust you will think with me, that the length of this paper is
by no means commensurate with the importance of the subject of
it, — Horticultural Education for Children.

The exhibition of work done by the pupils of the George Put-
nam School, included many drawings from life of a great variety
of plants, and ornamental designs in which the leaves and flowers
of gathered specimens were used as models for the parts. The
whole showed much skill and taste, and evidence of a strong
interest in the work on the part of the young artists.

The essay was applauded at the close, and a vote of thanks to
Mr. Clapp for his valuable paper, which would benefit not only
the present generation but the generations to come, was unani-
mously passed.

Discussion.

E. H. Hitchings said that the essay just read recalled a para-
graph in Higginson's "Out-Door Papers," a book which every
lover of Nature should read. On page 243 he sa^'s : "It is no
wonder that there is so little enjoyment of Nature in the commu-
nity when we feed our children on grammars and dictionaries only,
and take no pains to train them to see that which is before theiT
eyes. The mass of the community have ' summered and wintered '
the universe pretty regularly, one would think, for a good many
years ; and ^et nine out of ten in the town or city, and two out
of three even in the country, seriously suppose, for instance, that
the buds upon trees are formed in the spring ; they have had them
within sight all winter, and never seen them. So people suppose,
in good faith, that a plant grows at the base of the stem, instead
of at the top ; that is, if they see a young sapling in which there
is a crotch at five feet from the ground, they expect to see it ten
feet from the ground by and by, — confounding the growth of a
tree with that of a man or animal." Mr. Hitchings cited as an

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

illustration, the erroneous statement in an article in the " Century "
magazine for March, 1883, by John Burroughs, who wrote : " The
limbs of the White Pine tend to recur at regular intervals, like the
rounds of a ladder. As it shoots upward in the forest it pulls this
ladder up after it, so that the tallest trees are limbless for eighty
or ninet\' feet." Again, the last quoted writer says in " Scrib-
ner's" magazine for Februarj', 1881 : " It is a curious and note-
worthy fact, that, for the glow-worm of the Old World, Nature
should have given us the fire-fly of the New. It strikes one as a
typical fact. Our fire-fly is the glow-worm Americanized." The
truth is that we have both fire-flies and glow-worms here ; the
speaker had collected them within ten miles of Boston. The pub-
lication of such mis-statements shows how defective is the edu-
cation which permits their being made, and the necessity of such
a reformation in school training as the essayist had so well pre-
sented.

Edmund Hersey said he had been much gratified and instructed
by the lecture today. Children ought to be educated to read the
great book of Nature. Too many of our people are in this re-
spect uneducated. Parents are to blame if they do not make
their children realize something about Nature. He would not
have them instructed solely for the purpose of making them gar-
deners, but that they might be fitted by their education to enjoy
life better, whatever vocation they followed. He would educate
children to recognize the Power which laid out the plan of growth
in all things, and executed that plan.

Leverett M. Chase wished to express one thought. A German
proverb teaches that " whatever we would introduce into our
national life we must first introduce into our schools." Our
country has unequalled resources ; we have every variety of soil,
temperature and humidity. Let our people but learn to utilize our
resources and America will be the most productive and beautiful
country in the world. But the most important result will be the
tendency to check urban growth, — one of the most striking and
alarming features of our civilization, whose crop is the destruction
of what is best in men, — and to increase the production of the best
and most profitable crop that can be raised and that is, strong,
virtuous, intelligent men and women.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said there had been no paper presented
here which goes down deeper than the one of today. Our public

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 181

schools are of transcendent importance. But there is a great
power behind them ; the home, the parents. He would have
fathers and mothers brought to think on this subject. The first
thing for us to consider is the proper development of the powers
of mind which in the children are latent. We should begin with
the home as the source of the greatest influence. Mothers come
here to see the flowers and plants that are brought in for exhibi-
tion. They receive the divine influence which flows from the
beaut}' and fragrance of these choice productions, and that influ-
ence is more or less reflected in their homes. He remembered the
feelings with which he contemplated the first flowers he saw at his
early home. It is an irreparable loss to a child not to have a
true home-life to look back upon in after years. He wished our
people of New England to consider this matter, and to devise the
best possible methods of teaching their children, by which they
shall become attached to the soil. Where practicable, every child
should have a spot of ground to till with his own hands. He was
desirous that this Societj' should use its influence to propagate the
idea he had tried to express. If by any means parents could be
brought to co-operate with teachers in the education of their chil-
dren in this work, it would 3'ear by year be steadily and surely
accomplished.

Rev. Calvin Terry spoke of the gratification the essay had
afforded him ; of the great importance of the subject ; of the prin-
ciples which lie at the foundation of all good education, which de-
velops the tendencies to make good citizens of the children trained
in our schools. He spoke of the contrast between the school facil-
ities or machinery of education of half a centur}^ or more ago, and
those of today ; quoting Beecher's description of the district
school house of the early days, which was built wherever it could
be placed without much expense, and, on the same principle, fin-
ished and furnished in the plainest manner. It was destitute of
any hint of ornament and of all illustrative apparatus. Now, we
must have the most costly edifices and all needful appliances to
make school life a joui'ne}' of delight. He did not object to the
present appliances. Perhaps we have gone to the other extreme.
Children go into the primary hopper and are ground out as gram-
mar or high-school graduates. Our schools are now run on the
high-pressure system, which is proriaoted by the rivalry between
the schools of each town, and also between those of one town and

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

those of other towns arouud. Some children can learn four times
as fast as others, but by the present sj^stem they all have to be
laid on the same iron bedsteads. Mr. Terry rather liked the idea
of school gardens, but felt some fear that if that plan were intro-
duced the children would not be allowed generally to take re-
sponsibility in the cultivation therein — that the janitor would cul-
tivate and the children look on. To make the school garden a
success the children must have a place where they can put into
practice what they are taught about cultivation, and thus get prac-
tical knowledge as the essayist had indicated. The speaker
remembered that he had a taste for plant culture, when a boy ; that
an idea of utility was connected with his cultivation of his crop and
that the latter was a fine bed of saffron. He remembered also, that
when he marketed the flowers the apothecary cheated him. But
there is beauty and utilitj' in cultivating the plants that grow nat-
urall}- around us. There is beauty in a field of potatoes — in a bed
of sage — beauty and music in a field of growing corn. Multi-
tudes went to see that prize field of corn in South Carolina. That
was a grand illustration of beaut}' and utility' combined, and it is
clear that we must have this combination taught even in the school
garden instruction.

" A thing of beauty is a joy forever ;
Its loveliness increases ; it will never
Pass into nothingness ; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing."

The culture of beauty in the vegetable kingdom secures a crop
of joy to the thoughtful culturist, and not that alone — it is a great
promoter of health. There is with it no dyspepsia, no insomnia
when one has been thus busied in the open air. Think of the
wholesome effect on discontented mechanics if the}' could go home
and work an hour in the garden, instead of passing their leisure
hours in fretting and grumbling.

Dr. C. C. Rounds, Principal of the State Normal School at
Plymouth, N. H., being present, was called upon, and responded
by giving a synoptical account of the present school S3'Stem of
France. Under commission from the Governor of New Hamp-
shire, he attended the International Exposition at Paris, France,
and while there, in connection with his official duties he made a
study of the French system of education. At the Exposition,

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN. 183

France made far the best showing in this department. Paris was
far ahead of any other part of France. No city or town prob-
ably ever made any such exhibit before. The present order of
things has been developed during the last ten years, and what
France has done in that period is simply marvellous. They have
done the things we have only talked about. Education is compul-
sorj' for all children from seven to fourteen years of age, and
parents are held to strict account, even to imprisonment, if their
children are not regular in attendance. The course of study dur-
ing that period gives a better preparation for the duties of life
than is given bv the course extending through many of our high
schools. We have long discussed the possible connection between
the kindergarten and our public schools. In France the essentials
of the kindergarten have been made a part of the lowest grade of
schools, and the name, kindergarten, has disappeared. It should
be remembered that the mass of those who are in the schools are
to become workers, yet the problem of manual training in the
public schools has not secured much favor in this country. But
in France, it is, by decree, made a branch of school work, and two
or three hours each week, according to the grade of schools, must
be given to manual education, beginning in the primary schools.
In this connection the principles of agriculture and horticulture
are also taught. France agrees with us that teachers should be
trained ; accordingly she now has in each of her eighty-six depart-
ments two normal schools, one for men and one for women, and
to ensure competent teachers for these she establishes two higher
normal schools to prepare them. The public schools are entirely
free — tuition, text-books, everything. A law was passed favoring
the establishment of girl's colleges, and several have been estab-
lished. To meet a new demand, France established a school to
train professors for these girls' colleges. The .administration of
the French system is vested in a Minister of Public Instruction, a
national council — called the Superior Council — of forty-seven
members, district inspectors-general, etc. The council determines
what shall be taught, and the normal schools train the teachers to
teach it. France is a representative republic, and her continued
existence depends upon the intelligence of the people. She must
therefore see to it that every child is educated, and she aims to
educate the whole hoy and the whole girl. Parents or guardians
may send children to the public schools, private schools, or church

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

schools, but what the national council prescribes as necessary
studies to make the pupils good French citizens, must be taught,
and thoroughly taught, and whatever that council proscribes a&
contrar}' to the constitution, or laws, or morality, must not be
taught. Dr. Rounds was surprised at the lead taken by the French
schools in the inculcation of morals, duties in the family, to the
country, and to God. The school authorities foster professional
schools for young women, even urging them to take the education
which will make them cultivated women. It is the purpose of the
government to make France a democratic republic. She honors
those who have honorably served the Republic, whatever the con-
dition of the person, or the department of service. The advance
already made by France under the present system, gives assurance
that whatever else is in store for that country the Republic will be
saved through education.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on
" Dahlias," by William E. Endicott, of Canton.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 22, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, President William H. Spooner, in the Chair.

The Secretary laid before the Society letters from Hon. Henry
Cabot Lodge, Hon. John F. Andrew, Hon. Rodney Wallace, and
Hon. Elijah A. Morse, acknowledging the receipt of the Resolu-
tions and Memorial of the American Forestry Association, in
regard to the preservation of forests on the national domain, with
the approval of this Society, and stating that the Memorial and
Resolutions would at the proper time receive attention.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 29, 1890, at half-past eleven
o'clock, A. M.

THE DAHLIA. 185

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Dahlia.

By William E. Endicoit, of Canton.

In the Gardeners' Chronicle of 1879, Mr. Hemsle}' reckoned
the number of species of dahlia as nine : imperialism excelsa,
BarJcerice, 3faximiliana, scapigera^ variabilis, coccinea, gracilis,
and MercTcii. These are reduced to four or five in the "Genera
Plantarum " of Bentham and Hooker. All the species and natural
varieties, however many they may be, are natives of Mexico, and
are found at various elevations from four thousand to ten thousand
feet. The genus is named from the Swedish botanist, Dahl ; the
first a therefore should be sounded as in father, though we
generall}' hear the word pronounced ddll-ya, and in England, if we
ma}' judge from Mr. Hibberd's remarks, ddle-ya meets accept-
ance. The genus was also at one time called Georgina and is
entered under that name in German catalogues.

Seeds of the Dahlia were sent to Madrid by the botanist
Cavanilles, in 1789, and some of these were sent to Kew by the
wife of Lord Bute who was then British ambassador to Spain.

One complete centur}- of cultivation has been expended upon
the Dahlia ; in a few weeks we shall begin its second century of
development. Strangel}" enough at the end of the century, the
original single forms enjoy the highest degree of popularity. In
one hundred jears the entire circle. has been traced and we find
ourselves back at the point of beginning.

The dahlia was known only as a single flower for twenty-five
years ; it was not until 1814 that the first double was raised ; but
the break once made double flowers became numerous. Among
the earlier double flowers were man}' with flat or pointed petals,
very like most of the so-called " cactus" varieties of the present
day.

The culture of the dahlia is not a difficult matter. In May the
roots should be brought out from their winter quarters and
examined. The tubers which are hanging to the crown by only
a few dead fibres should be cut off and the sound part so divided
that each portion shall have not more than one or two buds ;
these will be readily discernible in May. If the roots are planted

186 MA.SSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

year after year without division, not only will they form unwieldy
masses but there will be a multitude of feeble shoots whose flowers
will be few and poor.

The soil should be such as is neither light nor heavy and a
plentiful suppl}' of manure should be used. Chemical fertilizers
will induce a low growth, not high enough to hide a child, while
barnyard manure will cause a tall growth. For m}- own part I
prefer tall plants and should use manure if I could get enough of
it, for though dahlias raised on it need staking to keep the wind
from breaking them, the flowers are much finer both in shape and
color and the foliage has a freshness and perfection which adds
much to the beauty of the plant. With chemical fertilizers there
are too many ill-shaped and ill-colored flowers and the foliage is
more apt to be infected with a fungous growth which causes it to
turn yellowish at the edges and to shrivel toward the end of the
season. The roots should be planted about the end of May and
should be covered about three inches deep and there should be at
least four feet of clear space allowed on each side ; otherwise full
development cannot be expected. I have seen them planted
singly on lawns, and so treated a tall, bushy and well-flowered
plant of a large blossomed variety makes a fine appearance. As
in the majority of plants, the after cultivation consists simplj' in
keeping the ground loose and clean and in supplying water occa-
sionally if the season be dr}', for the dahlia needs a good supply
of water. I remember a season in which from many hundred
plants I had but one flower, while a field of gladioli blossomed as
well as ever. The first frost will destroy the plants but it is by
no means necessarj- that they be then taken up. On the contrary
they will keep better in the ground than out of it until the end of
October ; all that is necessarj- is to lift them before the ground
freezes up. I have known a root accidentallj' left in the ground
over winter to come up in the spring and flourish as vigorously
as if it had been stored in the cellar through the winter.

In taking up dahlia roots, it is necessary to observe two precau-
tions : not to shake them too violently in removing the earth,
otherwise the necks of many tubers will be so injured as to rot
awa}' during the winter ; and to invert the root for a while after
cutting off the stems so that the moisture which drains off shall
not run down upon the crown, there b}- causing the buds for next
year's growth to rot. Neglect of these precautions has been the
destruction of many a good collection.

THE DAHLIA. 187

The dahlia is propagated by cuttings or divisions. The latter
method may be carried out at any time from lifting to planting ;
it consists simply in cutting the old root into pieces, leaving one
or more " eyes " on each.

If it is intended to propagate by cuttings, the roots from which
the slips are to be taken should be potted and put into a warm
greenhouse in the first part of February. When the shoots are
about two inches long they should be cut off just below a pair of
leaves, the buds in the axils of which will form the eyes of the
tubers which the cutting is to develop. If the cuttings be taken
with a long piece of stem below the leaves they will root and
form tubers, but these will never grow after the first year for they
will have no buds at their crowns.

The cuttings are rooted in sand in the ordinary way, and may
be planted out when the weather becomes warm enough. It
sometimes happens that a cutting has a hollow stem ; without
special treatment this will never root, but if it be split up to the
leaves, and one of the halves cut away the cutting will root with-
out much trouble.

New varieties must be raised from seed, for the dahlia rarely
sports, though it sometimes does so. I have never seen more than
one instance ; in that one several tubers of Emma Cheney, a very
large rosy colored sort produced mahogany brown flowers and
have continued to do so. It is said -that the plump seed is of
little value but that the thin ones are more apt to produce fine
flowers. I have not found that there is any such difference.
Whatever seed you use you will not get more than one flower
worth saving out of a thousand seedlings. Seed is readily
obtained ; if you pull off one of the dead dry heads left where a
blossom withered, you will find the thin black seeds among the
chaffy bracts ; these should be planted out of doors where the
plants are to remain, as soon as the ground is warm enough. If
these plants are taken care of and given room enough they will
probably blossom in September.

We are commonly advised to sow the seed under glass in
March, but those who do so will be sorry before the end of May,
for the seed starts so readily and the young plants grow so freely
that the hasty gardener soon has to choose whether he will throw
away some of his dahlias or some of his other plants.

In the dahlia as we now have it the tendenc}' to variation is
pretty thoroughly fixed. Out of two hundred seedlings raised

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from seed of the fine white pompon variet}', White Aster, I had'
flowers of every sort and kind and every shade of color, — single^
pompon, and large doubles, some of the latter pretty good and
some poor enough to be offered as first rate " cactus" dahlias.

We seem to be advancing from the single flowers over precisely
the same ground formerly traversed, for most of the "cactus"
varieties of the present day are in no respect different from varie-
ties figured fifty 3'ears ago in the " Floricultural Cabinet " and other
publications. I looked at a plant over a stranger's garden fence
last summer, trying to decide whether it was the much lauded
Henry Patrick or a poorly grown specimen of some worn-out
variety ; I could not settle the point.

Into what will these loose flat petalled varieties develop?
Will they become the round, perfect, show dahlias as they did
before, or will they take a different turn and produce some new
form? It seems to me that the same materials — the species
variabilis, coccinea and gracilis — must produce the same results.
Within a year or two Merckii (glabrata of some) has been crossed
with some of the old sorts and the offspring have been bushy
little plants not more than eighteen inches high, and with large
single flowers which, however, are just like what we have now.

In so large a family as the Compositse, to which the dahlia
belongs, it seems probable that some genus exists with which
h3'brids ma\' be formed, and it is from such a source that new
kinds are to be had if at all. A correspondent has lately sent to
the " Gardener's Chronicle" what he states to be the offspring of a
dahlia and a perennial sunflower. The learned editor declares
that he sees nothing of the sunflower about it, but admits that he
cannot say that such a cross is impossible, — an admission that
botany has learned something from horticulture, for thirty years
ago the idea of a bi-generic hybrid would have met nothing but
derision.

There is still one point in which the present race of dahlias
ma}' be improved, — I mean hardiness. We frequentl}- have a
frost in the first part of September which kills all our dahlias \
then succeed several weeks of bright mild weather in which our
blackened plants present but a sorry figure. If we could infuse
enough hardiness into them to enable them to withstand this first
frost, it would be a great point gained. Two years ago among
some hundreds of seedlings which the frost had destroyed, one

THE DAHLIA. 189

stood up as fresh and green as ever. 1 ought to have marked it
for preservation, but I put off doing so and the result was that it
was lost. This incident shows that a moderate degree of hardi-
ness raa}- be attained by the single process of selection among
seedlings ; perhaps by hybridization perfect hardiness may be
reached.

We frequently hear and read discussions as to whether single
or double varieties are to be preferred ; but these two classes are
so very unlike each other that a comparison between them is
hardly possible. Both are desirable, — both are beautiful; each
in its own way. The large double dahlia is certainly heavy in
appearance, but it has a richness of color, a delicacy of shading,
and a perfection of construction that the singles cannot approach.
I marvel that any one can examine such a flower as Flamingo or
Sarah McMillan without admiration. The single dahlias are so
free in flowering, so cheerful and graceful as they stand in the
garden beds, that I wonder that any one should declare he will
have none of them.

It is commonly expected that a paper of this kind shall finish
■with a list of best varieties, and warned by a previous experience
I shall tr}' to meet this expectation. But first I will describe such
of the wild species as seem to need a word. Imperialis is a very
beautiful species, which, however, will never be much grown,
because it does not flower until Noveniber and then only on stalks
twelve or fifteen feet tall. Nothing can much exceed the beauty
of its clusters, however, consisting as they do of flowers grace-
fully drooping, white faintly flushed with pink, and with petals so
disposed that the flowers look more like lilies than dahlias. This
species is well worth growing for the beauty of its foliage, which
is much divided and arches out from the stem like some kinds of
aralia. Excelsa is another tree-like plant, coarser in foliage than
imperialis and also late flowering ; the blossoms are pink.
Merckii, called also glabrata, is a very dwarf species, not over a
foot and a half high. In no respect does it resemble the other
species in appearance. The foliage is shiny and very finel}' cut,
and the blossoms much resemble the coreopsis in size, shape, and
length of stalk. The colors are white, pink, and purple with a
dark brown centre. The other species are much like the ordinary
•crimson and scarlet single varieties.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As for varieties I cannot pretend to name the best, for the first
rank contains a very great number of kinds ; but I will name a
few which I think are as good as any. These best flowers are by
no means all of modern date, for Miss Caroline, a beautiful show
flower, was raised in 1853, and Paragon, one of the best of single
sorts, was in existence in 1834.

The large flowered double sorts are classed as " Show" and
" Fancy " kinds. The distinction is not much regarded in this
country. The possessor of the following kinds has a good collec-
tion :

Anne Boleyn, light flesh.

British Triumph, dark crimson.

Duchess of Cambridge, rose with crimson tipped florets.

Earl of Shaftesbury, rich purple.

Flamingo, vermilion.

Julia Davis, rich yellow.

Lady Allington, scarlet, tipped white.

Lord Hawke, yellow and buff.

Louisa Neate, pink.

Miss Ruth, lemon yellow with white tips.

Mrs. Gladstone, delicate soft pink.

Prospero, plum color, tipped white.

Some very good Pompon or small flowered double kinds are :
Catherine, 3'ellow.

Cochineal Rose, deep crimson and of perfect form.
Figaro, buff with crimson edge.
George French, crimson if seen from the front, bluish rose if

looked at from the side.
Isabel, brilliant scarlet and of finest form.
Liebchenmein, white, bordered violet.
Little Goldlight, golden yellow, tipped scarlet.
Lurline, yellow.
Mercator, pink, tipped crimson.
Pure Lore, lilac.
Snowflake, creamy white.
Sparkler, scarlet.
White Aster, pure white with fringed petals.

Of the "Cactus" varieties there are by far too many, unless
their quality improves. Juarezi, named from Juarez, the former

THE DAHLIA. 191

President of Mexico, was the first, and is so far the best, that I
am almost inclined to sa}' that no other sort is worth growing.
Its color is intense and pure scarlet, and its shape and the
arrangement of petals are peculiar. I regard it as a very valuable
introduction. Lord Lj-ndhurst is very good, and is a reproduction
of it on a somewhat smaller scale and in a lighter shade of color.
It is, I think, a sport from Juarezi. Mondamin is a fine pink
variety raised from seed of Juarezi and has the same peculiar
shape. I can name no more than these three. I have not seen
all that are in existence, but I have seen many and do not desire
to own them. It is of no use to mention single varieties.

At the close of the lecture, a vote of thanks to Mr. Endicott,
for his very able and interesting paper, was unanimously passed.

Discussion.

John C. Hovey spoke in commendation of the class of Bouquet
dahlias. The}' grow only from a foot and a half to two feet high
and do not require staking. They flo^ver very abundantly. He
thought the varieties raised here from seed would flower earlier
than foreign varieties.

Leverett M. Chase said that he visited Mr. Endicott's grounds
two years ago and saw a variety which was one mass of flowers
and ver}' beautiful. It was Highland -Mary, and was raised by
Mr. Endicott some years ago from seed of "White Aster. The
most noticeable thing there was a line of this kind ; he had never
seen anything so floriferous ; the flowers grew above the foliage
and in unceasing abundance. They are of a delicate pink with
patches of white florets.

John Parker said that he had had an experience of sixty 3'ears
in growing dahlias and had always been successful. He had
been an exhibitor more than forty years. At the Annual Exhibi-
tion of this Societ}' in Faneuil Hall in 1848, he exhibited forty-
seven varieties of dahlias. He had set out a plant in flower in
April which had continued to flower until frost. He had had a
plant of Lord Liverpool which grew to be fourteen feet high.
The dahlia is in its glor}- when all other flowers are faded and
gone. He gives them plenty of water and plenty of enrichment
and trims them up to a single stalk. The French have a method
of letting them lie on the ground and flower like bedding plants.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

He pins a piece of tissue paper over flowers to preserve them for
exhibition. He uses every kind of fertilizer. The dahlia attempts
too much, and is improved by taking off part of the buds.

Mr. Hovey would encourage the cultivation of dwarf Bouquet
dahlias rather than laying down tall growing varieties. By
improving the dwarfs much better results may be secured. Last
fall he saw a plant of the White Bouquet variety bearing twenty
flowers.

John S. Martin said he had greatly enjoyed the interesting and
valuable lecture upon the Dahlia, its properties and needs. But
he would recommend, especially to amateurs, the growing of
dwarf varieties. While this class possesses great beauty of form
and richness of colors in the flowers they are very free bloomers.
The compact growth of the plants permits the cultivator to have a
large number of varieties upon a small area. Another advantage
from their low stature is the ease with which they can be fully
protected from early frosts, thus securing the continued enjoy-
ment of their varied beauty long after the tall growing varieties
have been destro3'ed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
stated that Hon. Henry L. Parker of Worcester would be unable to
present the paper announced on the programme for next Saturday,
and that the meeting, which would be the last of the season,
would be open for the discussion of such subjects as might be
suggested.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 29, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the Chair.

The Secretary read a letter from Hon. John W. Candler,
acknowledging the receipt of the Resolutions and Memorial of the
American Forestry Association approved by this Society, and
stating that he is interested in the subject to which they refer and
would give them careful consideration.

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION. 193

The Secretary also presented a letter from the Worcester
Agricultural Society, returning thanks for the invitation to appoint
a member who should have the free use of the Library' and Library
room for the purpose of preparing essays to be read before
Farmers' Institutes, and stating that Calvin L. Hartshorn of
Worcester had been appointed to enjoy that privilege.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott referred to the subject of Horticultural
Education for children, which formed the subject at the Meeting
for Discussion two weeks previously, expressing the desire that
something should be done by the Society to promote that object,
and moved that the subject be referred to the Committee on
Window Gardening. A discussion of the subject followed.

Edmund Herse}' said that the future of the country depends
upon the proper education of the children, and if this Society can
do anything to get the children interested in the cultivation of
fruits or flowers or vegetables, it should do so. We are soon to
leave our places here, and if the Society is to prosper we must
take action to interest children in horticulture, so that they may
take our places when we are gone, and do better than we have
done. There are many difBculties in the way when we attempt
to make our ideas practical, but still we can do something. In
Hingham, where the speaker resides, the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Society has a Children's Department, which strengthens
the society and improves the children." Working on these lines,
oflfering premiums for the best fruits, flowers, and vegetables grown
b}' children, will be a step in the right direction. Another step
suggested is that since this Society is affiliated with the State
Board of Agriculture, and whatever the Board requires societies
to do they must do, there being seven members of the Board who
are also members of this Society, can the}' not influence the Board
to do something in this direction? The Board might require the
societies to offer prizes for the best herbariums of ferns and
grasses collected by children and thus educate them to observe
better than ever before. Another point is that we now have a
series of lectures every winter which are listened to mostly by
gray-headed persons ; might we not have one lecture especially
adapted to the older children in the High School? In Hingham,
notice is sent to the teachers of whatever is done by the Agricul-
tural Society which will be for the benefit of children, and the
13

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

result has been for the advantage of both the society and the
children. The same course was pursued at a recent farmers*
institute at Topsfield with promising results. The Society should
look into this matter careful!}, and wherever it sees an opportunity
to elevate the education of children it should improve it. It has
already done much in shaping opinion in regard to the cultivation
of flowers, especially in New England, — perhaps more than we
realize. That flowers are cultivated as much as they are from
northern Maine to the southern boundarj- of Connecticut is largely
due to the influence of this Society. Whatever we can do to
improve the cultivation of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, especially
among children, let us try to do it.

Francis H. Appleton said that as a member of the State Board
of Agriculture he should be glad to promote an}- movement which
the Board might make in the direction indicated by the last
speaker. This State has been a pioneer in education, but perhaps
some other States are now in advance of us in the special depart-
ment under consideration.

John S. Martin, by request, related some experience in regard
to the subject before the meeting. When a young boy he was
transferred from the public schools in this city to one in Maine
where the schoolhouse was very different from those in Boston.
Near it was a piece of woods belonging to the school grounds, and
in this a patch was cleared and planted by the boys and girls with
flowers which they collected in the woods and elsewhere. This
place the children made their playground and ate their dinners
there, and there were no quarrels among them, but great comfort
and enjoyment. No bad language was heard, and the speaker
did not believe there was a happier group of children in the State.
He felt much interested to have school gardens in Boston if
possible, for there is nothing more desirable as an educational
influence.

Henry L. Clapp, principal of the George Putnam School in
Roxbury, and author of the paper which had led to this discus-
sion, said that while he thought highly of school gardens, such as
had been described by the preceding speaker, his purpose was to
have plant culture for educational purposes. He had known school
gardens to be robbed, and he would not cultivate in them such
flowers as would attract robbery, but ferns and grasses and similar
plants. His idea was that time now given to the study of plants

TOUR OF GRANGEHS IN CALIFORNIA. 195

in the schoolhouse should be spent in the study of plants in the
school garden.

The motion that the subject be referred to the Committee on
Window Gardening was unanimously carried.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Tour of the Grangers in California.

By O. B. Hadwen, of Worcester.

In speaking of my sojourn in the great State of California and
giving an account of its agricultural and horticultural resources
and interests, built up since the tide of emigration from the Eastern
States set towards the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, I can
but declare that neither my time nor m}- opportunity is equal to
more than the merest superficial account of the great orchards
and vineyards extending from the Napa Valley of the north to
the San Diego and the San Gabriel of the south.

As we near the foot-hills on the western slope of the Sierra
Nevadas the cultivation of the apple becomes manifest in small
but well cultivated orchards. As we approach the valley of the
Sacramento, orchards of the peach, pear, and plum, as well as
market gardens, are seen, apparently under the best management
and care.

Perhaps no other given space has Nature signalized with so
great a variety of climate and products, as that of forty miles
from the mountain to the foot-hills and the valley, which challenges
the attention of all who have a fondness for her works.

Having seen this most charming and wonderful feature of
landscape and cultivation, we arrive at the City of Sacramento
to find a banquet in readiness at the State Capitol for the
Grangers and their invited guests. Four hundred or more were
seated at the tables, which were most bountifully supplied with
the fruits, flowers, wines, and other products of the State, and no
State can entertain guests with more generous hospitalit}'. No
State can set a table more temptingly arranged, — loaded with
only the products of her own soil, than can California. Not only
may be found fish and fowl with all the domestic meats, and all of
the vegetables used in civilized communities, but the greatest

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

variety of fruits. The apple, the pear, the peach, the persimmon,
the plum and prune, the apricot, and grapes in great variety ; also
the fig, orange, lemon, lime, olive, guava, and banana, with
almonds, chestnuts, pecans, E)nglish walnuts, — in fact every
product, seemingl}', can be grown in California — and who can want
more? In her flora is found an equally great variety, and in
either summer or winter they are in readiness to decorate the
houses and rooms and banquets with the best effect. Fruits and
flowers were in great profusion, with a boutonni^re of exquisite
beauty and taste at each plate. Following the example of the
ladies of California, which we deemed worth}' of imitation, we
tasted the wines and other good cheer, and coHgratulated the
Californians that they could sit under their own vines and fig-
trees, feast upon their abundance, and have a large surplus for
their less fortunate neighbors. The company was made up of
representatives from all the States of the Union excepting four, —
delegates from the Granges and their invited guests, including
many State officials. After the banquet, music and speeches were
in order, all expressive of good feeling and good cheer. Taking
it as a whole — the hall, the decorations, the tables, and the com-
pany, the banquet may well be described as of the highest order.

The ranch of General Bidwell, at Chico, of about 30,000 acres,
is one of the finest I saw in California. The grounds about the
mansion are tastefully embellished with beautiful trees in endless
variety as well as flowering shrubs and plants, artistically
grouped and looking remarkably thrifty. There were also on the
place beautiful orchards of the cherry, — the finest I ever saw. The
trees wez'e very shapely and some of the trunks measured five feet
in diameter. Those trees were probably planted about thirty-five
years ago. There were extensive orchards of apple trees, shapely
and well cared for ; also large orchards of the peach, with well
pruned branches, and very many trunks were each more than a
foot in diameter. Orchards of the plum and apricot were exten-
sive, set in rows absolutely straight, and with the high culture
bestowed upon them all thej' could not help producing abundant
crops.

The plantations of the fig were, to our unaccustomed ej'es, very
unique. I should think the trees reached the height of nearly if
not quite sixty feet, and a diameter of trunk of two feet or even
more ; it was certainlj' the finest orchard of the fig I saw in Cal-

TOUR OF GRANGERS IN CALIFORNIA. 197

ifornia. I was told that the fig produces three crops in the j'ear.
The stock of almond and English walnut and chestnut trees was
large and well cultivated, but the native forest trees were of the
most stateh' and gigantic growth. The live-oaks were immense,
with sturdy trunks and sj'mmetrical tops. AVe saw one gray oak,
the branches of which extended sixty-three b}' seventy-three feet,
and it was said that seven thousand men could stand beneath its
shade. We also saw well bred and well kept cattle and swine
in large numbers. In short this ranch was superlative in all its
features and appointments ; a truly grand spectacle both agricul-
turally and horticulturally speaking and such as the eye can
feast upon but is impossible fitlv to describe.

Upon this ranch were mills for grinding grain, mostl}' wheat ;
establishments for canning fruits, and substantial stables for
horses and cattle. In every department excellent care seemed
manifest.

A colony of Digger Indians having become civilized dwell on
this estate, and they are given employment in gathering fruits,
and performing other farm work.

We next paid a visit to Vina, the plantation and vineyard of
Senator Stanford, of 55,000 acres. Here is a vineyard of 4,000
acres planted with wine grapes. In the vaults were stored
4,700,000 gallons of wine, contained in casks of two thousand
gallons capacity. The wines of California are in great diversity,
made from different varieties of grapes. Perhaps a dozen leading
sorts are largely exported and sent east. It may, however, be
termed the native beverage, and is largely used in the State.

We next visited Woodland and there, it being Sundav, attended
church in the forenoon. In the afternoon we left for Santa Rosa,
passing through a very fertile vallej' about sixty miles in length,
where we saw great numbers of live stock. Large vineyards and
orchards and market gardens are seen along this route. Santa
Rosa is the seat of Sonoma County. It is situated in the valle}'
of Santa Rosa, one of the richest and most beautiful valleys, sixty
miles in length and sixty miles in width. The streets are well
paved and bordered with the eucalyptus and other trees. Leaving
early in the morning, we had but little opportunity to visit the
places of interest in which Santa Rosa abounds.

On the way to San Francisco we 'ijass through a valley abound-
ing in agricultural wealth. We noted Jersey cattle on many

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

farms, and fine gardens and residences, which apprized us of our
near approach to a large city. On reaching San Francisco we
were quartered at the Palace Hotel, one of the largest and finest
in the world, where I spent six days with a great deal of comfort
and satisfaction. The city abounds in public parks and squares.
The Golden Gate Park contains 1,013 acres, the Government
reservation at Presidio 1,200 acres, Buena Vista 20 acres, Moun-
tain Lake 20 acres, and other citj' squares comprise 119 acres.
Our first move was for Golden Gate Park, in the western portion
of the city. Original!}' it was a barren waste of sand, but now it
is a very attractive and charming spot, well planted with trees and
shrubs. Plants that with us are grown under glass grow out of
doors there, and man}' were in full bloom at this season, November
15th. Fnschias were growing in hedges, and many other plants
which we usually grow under glass were permanently set in the open
ground, many of them attaining the size and form of trees. The
conservatory is 250 feet in length and contains a fine collection
of choice plants. The improvements were commenced in 1874
and now many of the trees, deciduous and evergreen, are quite
large, — even stately. But it must be borne in mind that one grow-
ing season in California is about equal to one and a half of ours.
The drives are well graded and macadamized, and on pleasant
afternoons are filled by the turnouts of the city. Vast sums of
money have been expended on this park. We were made
acquainted with the Superintendent, G. M. Murph}-, who kindl}-
showed us the places of especial interest.

The Board of Trade Rooms were quite an interesting feature.
Here are on exhibition the products of the several counties of the
State, either in a green or preserved condition. These products
were mostly large, indicating rich lands and a long season.
There were squashes weighing 304, 208, 195, and 176 pounds and so
on ; a beet 154 pounds ; onions six and one-half pounds ; sweet
potatoes twenty-eight pounds ; pears five pounds ; peaches
twelve inches round, and other products in proportion. I will
only touch upon the productive industry of the State. The gold
and silver products since 1848 are $2,789,207,538 ; the coinage at
the mint to 1886 is $847,694,237. The banking capital is $45,-
000,000. Thus will be seen the vast wealth from the mines alone.
The productive industry of this State is immense and yearly in-
creasing:.

TOUR OF GRANGERS IN CALIFORNIA. 199

After two da3'S sojourn in San Francisco we left for the
soutiiern portion of the State, our first destination being Menlo
Park, in which is the residence of Senator Stanford, named
Thurlow Lodge. Here we were charmed with the groves of live-
oaks. The drives are through groves of beautiful pine, eucalypti,
and other trees. Palms as well as flowering shrubs and plants
of all kinds, are seen in great profusion. Deer parks and orna-
mental gardens render the drives and grounds princely.

A drive of a mile or more over finely graded avenues brought
us to the Leland Stanford, Jr., University'. The buildings, now in
course of construction, are to be of granite and sandstone. We
were told that this university has an endowment of large estates
valued at $20,000,000, Its purpose is to educate the j^oung aoen
of California, and it is regarded as the most magnificent gift ever
made to that State. A short drive through fine fields filled with
horses of different ages, brought us to the stables, where are kept
the finest stud of horses probably to be found in America.
Some of the most noted of these herses were led out for our
inspection. At the same time the celebrated horse Sanol was
being tried on the track in presence of Mr. Robert Bonner.

Returning to the station we look cars for San Jose, a beautiful
little city, surrounded by fine orchards and vineyards. There we
were driven out to see an olive orchard, and were favored with a
most excellent lunch, where olives, -grapes, and wine were in
perfection and superabundant ; also a very dainty dish called
resota, composed in the main of chicken and rice, cooked and
incorporated with other nourishing and seasoning aliments. It
was most highly appreciated and commended by the whole com-
pany. The proprietor, Mr. Goodrich, made a graceful and
finished speech, complimentary to the company, and as agreeable
as was his abounding hospitality. The olive groves seemed
perfection in their planting and cultivation. The trees were
remarkable for their symmetry of shape and uniformity of size.
The grapes were the best we found in California — long, elegant
clusters of highly colored fruit. The atmosphere of the whole
place indicated the most refined care and supervision.

After an hour or more most pleasantly spent we returned to
the cit}' of San Jose where we were comfortably quartered at the
hotels for the night, the day's excursion having been most
delightful.

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the evening a banquet was given in Horticultural Hall.
The Hall was finely decorated and the arrangement of the tables
was ver}- unique — unlike anj-thing we had seen, but the effect was
charming, loaded as they were with the products of the State
most tastefully displayed. After a sumptuous repast speaking
was in order, which together with most excellent music held the
company to a late hour.

After a good night's rest we took our train for Monterey,
situated on the southern extremity of the Bay of Monterey. A
short ride brought us to our first stop, at Del Monte, situated
near the Bay of Monterey. From the station we walked through
a beautiful avenue shaded with live-oaks and conifers seemingly
old as the hills, approaching the famous Hotel Del Monte, which
was built within two or three years to replace one that was
burned. This hotel is situated in the centre of a natural park of
two hundred acres. Here were some of the largest and tallest
pines we saw on the trip. Though native trees, by Nature
planted, the}' were grouped for the most charming effect, each
tree in its grandeur seeming indispensable to the others. Beneath
their shade was fine artificial planting of the Cacti in great
variet}', as well as all other desirable ornamental plants. The
roses, which seem to receive especial attention, were in full bloom
November 28. At this hotel we took our Thanksgiving lunch.
The dining room was well filled and ample justice was done to
the bill of fare.

There is a " Labyrinth " here, planted with a species of cedar,
in hedge form, with intricate paths. Our company seemed to
have but little difficult}' in getting in, but there was a great deal
of noise and confusion in gettino; out. We were told of some
who failed to find their way out and had to remain over night.

I have never seen a spot where everything seemed so entirely
wrapped up in Nature — in fact where Nature seemed so entirely
supreme ; where trees of gigantic growth have lived for ages and
still look vigorous and well preserved. The hotel with its sur-
roundings seems to have an air of royal and generous hospitality,
as well as an indescribable kindl}' rural aspect. Monterey is
favored with a beautiful contour of countr}' and ocean in close
proximity ; and the}' seem to unite most happily, with no rugged
waste in view. As we neared the beach curious shells were found,
of which many were gathered by our party. The harbor is crescent-

TOUR OF GRANGERS IN CALIFORNIA. 201

shaped and ver}- beautiful to look upon. The Old Mission Church
is one of the most ancient buildings, and there are also several old
fortifications. The town is curiously tame and seems satisfied
with itself.

We arrived at Los Angeles on Monday morning, December 2,
and breakfasted at the station. We were then invited to carriages
and rode about the city and suburbs. We drove through miles of
vegetable gardens and orchards, which surrounded the cit}' in all
directions. All kinds of fruits and vegetables seem to thrive ; they
were in all stages of growth and represent a great industry.
The city is well laid out with wide streets, but while some portions
were well paved others were wet and muddy. Shade trees were
abundant ; the live-oak, pine, cypress, pepper, eucalyptus, S3'ca-
more, poplar, palm, etc., were most conspicuous. Orange, lemon,
lime, pomegranate, and fig trees were to be seen in every 3'ard,
and grand mountains loomed up in the distance.

Before noon we took the cars for Alhambra, a beautiful town
in the San Gabriel valley, seven miles from Los Angeles ; a
pleasant ride of thirty minutes brought us to our destination, where
we dined. Teams were in readiness to conve}' us about the place
and through the orange groves, which seemed to occup}' all the
lands about. The ride was a delightful one. Everything was
new to us. 44,000 bearing orange trees with extensive orchards
and vinevards seemed to stretch away- for miles. Our time was
short and at 3 p. m. we were in the cars for San Diego, about
53 miles distant. There we arrived at dark and supped at the
station, after which another ride over a neck of land fifteen miles
long brought us to the Grand Hotel Del Coronado, where we
were glad to retire for the night.

The Hotel Coronado is deservedly called one of the first hotels
in California. It is said to cover five acres of ground rising
graduallv from the beach. It contains rooming capacity for
twelve hundred persons. The dining room is the largest I have
ever seen. It is shaped like the famous Mormon Tabernacle ; is
finished in oak of the natural color of the wood and is beautifully
frescoed ; it is said that it will accommodate a thousand persons.
After a refreshing night's rest and an excellent breakfast, we take
the cars, return over the neck of land to National City, and thence
a distance of seven miles to Rosarito, at the Mexican line. Here
we find a few houses, a custom house, and some half-breeds of

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Indians and Mexicans. Through an interpreter we had an
informal introduction to the ofl3cials, and after some pleasant
interchange of compliments took our departure. " On our return
trip we stopped first at the residence of one of the Kimball
Brothers. There we went through the groves planted with the
orange, lemon, olive, and guava ; also through the grounds about
the residence, which were planted with ornamental trees and
flowering plants. Roses were in perfection, being in superb
bloom, the buds showing most exquisite form and color. After
passing through the grounds and mansion, and it being about
noon, each member of the party was presented with a basket
containing a very delicate and appetizing lunch covered with a
Japanese napkin, and on each basket was a houtonni^re of the
most exquisite flowers. Lemonade was freeh" served and par-
taken of ; it was made from lemons to the manor born and was
deliciously refreshing and dul}' appreciated.

With lunch in hand we boarded the cars again for a trip to the
famous Sweetwater Dam, built by the San Diego Land and Town
Company at a cost of $200,000. It is designed to supply the
cit}- with water and also to irrigate lauds in the vicinity. The dam
presents a fine appearance. It is a strong, durable, and hand-
some structure, and the reservoir, which has the capacity of
6,000,000,000 gallons, covers an area of seven hundred acres.
Resuming our journey, we next stopped at some large orange
groves, which were under excellent management, the trees being
loaded with fine fruit, now approaching ripeness. On our arrival
at San Diego we were shown to the rooms of the Chamber of
Commerce, where we found an exhibition of fruits, vegetables,
and flowers. All were well arranged and showed the intelligent
care bestowed upon their cultivation. After some speeches we
repaired to the ferry boat and were soon lauded again at the
Hotel Del Coronado, where we took supper. Later on the
companj' met in one of the large parlors, for an interchange of
speeches of a complimentary nature, which proved verj* interest-
ing to us. We were really the guests of Messrs. F. A. and W. C.
Kimball, formerly of Massachusetts, and we acknowledged as
best we could our heartfelt gratitude for their kindness and
generous hospitality, as nowhere else in the State were we shown
more liberal and considerate attention.

TOUR OF GRANGERS IN CALIFORNIA. 203

The next morning, December 3, we reerossed the ferry and
taking the cars going north visited the famous orange groves at
Riverside. We found it a beautiful place covering an area of
25,000 acres. The orange groves and vineyards occupy the whole
place and the ver}' best care and skill are manifest everywhere.
The eitj' and county have a population of about 7,000. It is a
city of magnificent avenues and residences. The avenues are
tastefully planted with palms and pepper trees and nothing can
surpass them in their grace and beauty.

After viewing Riverside and receiving the hospitalities of the
citizens, which were most generous, we reentered the cars for Los
Angeles, and on our arrival were quartered at the hotels for the
night. All were tired, and desired rest from the constant strain
and excitement of the ten days excursion and banquets, which
were kept up without any intermission. We needed to prepare
ourselves for the grand finale on the following morning, when the
tour of the Grangers over the State of California was to end and
the party to separate. The pleasant associations and incidents,
the hallowed memories, the dignified, graceful, and charming
courtesies we received during our absence from home and friends,
made the farewell truly heartfelt, and prompted the wish that we
might reciprocate such generous hospitality. We feel that hence-
forth our houses shall be open to tlie Californians if they ever
come to sojourn among us. We can only hope that we have been
worthy of the attentions which we received as visitors to their
glorious State, and we know and feel that their kindness must
ever keep a green spot in our memories while life lasts. The
final parting at the railroad station, where the larger part were
gathered to go eastward to their homes, was a scene such as the
most of us never before witnessed. An express wagon came
loaded with Navel oranges in baskets for our refreshment by the
way, supplemented with bottles of native wine, of which one was
presented to each member of the party. Governor Robie, of
Maine, mounted the wagon and made the parting speech, com-
mending the people for their generous hospitality ; praising the
great agricultural resources of the State, with its mountains, its
foot-hills, and vast valley's, and thanking all who had so gener-
ousl}' contributed to the welfare and pleasure of the party. All
was expressed with his charming felicity of speech, which flows so
easily upon every occasion. The cry, " all aboard!" was heard

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from the conductor, cheers were given with a will, the locomotive-
gave its resounding puff, the wheels turned on their axles, and
the train soon took the visitors out of sight. The mind of each
one of the travellers was filled with wonder and amazement at
the scenes which formed the indescribable panorama ©f this
excursion. Their cups of pleasure and happiness were filled to
the brim as they wended their way homeward, thinking, as they
will ever think, of their ver3- pleasant visit to California.

Perhaps the most pleasing spot in California, if not in the
world, is Passadena and its vicinity. The great stretch of the
San Gabriel valle}' of fifty miles, with the Sierra Madre moun-
tain range on the north and east, from four thousand to five
thousand feet high and reaching back for fort}' miles, is seen ; as
the eye follows the range it discerns further back Old Baldy, eleven
thousand feet high, snow-capped the year round. Turning to the
west the Virdugos loom up, and nearer the foot-hills and ridged
hills, which on the 10th of December were clothed with foliage of
pea-green hue. From the Raymond hill, the site of the Raymond
Hotel, can be seen the most charming scenery, combining moun-
tains, hills, the vast valley and through a gap in the hills the
Pacific Ocean, with the cit}' of Passadena in full view, and a
fertile and highly cultivated country, planted with the trees and
orchards of a semi-tropical climate.

The grounds around the Raymond, about fifty acres, are only
recentlj' planted but, in a ver}- few years will form an arboretum
in themselves. Here I saw the greatest rariet}' of trees, both indige-
nous and foreign. The flowers about the grounds, by far surpassed
any I saw elsewhere. La France Roses, — if the rose is the Queen
of flowers, La France is the Queen of Roses, — are grown about
the Raymond in the greatest abundance, witli the finest buds and
flowers, — three times as large as we usually see them in New Eng-
land. The tea and other tender roses seemed perfectly at home in
the open air. Connected with the grounds are glass houses for
orchids and tender plants. Roses are also extensively planted in.
cheap houses where glass can be used in case of rain storms.
The hotel was virtually surrounded with flowers, and they all seemed
kindly to bloom when most needed, and were fully appreciated by
the guests of the house. The planting is under the supervision of
Charles H. Hovey, formerly of Boston, and the gardener, James
Barratt, was with Charles M. Hovey for twent}" j-ears. The Hotel

TOUR OF GRANGERS IN CALIFORNIA. 205

Raymond is not only delightfully situated but is admirably kept.
It is one of those hotels that are plain but luxurious. One feels as
though everything to be desired in a hotel was there. The scenery
grew upon me every day, and I can now view it in my mind's
eye as the finest I have ever witnessed.

I should like to describe some private places, but having taken
more than the allotted time must close by commending California
to all who have a fondness for the unlimited charms of Nature,
which seem so ever varied over that State.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Hadwen for his interesting paper was
proposed, and as this was the last of the series of meetings for
the discussion of horticultural subjects the present season,
"William D. Philbrick moved that the vote include the thanks of
the Society to the Committee on Publication and Discussion for
the interesting and instructive papers and lectures which they
had provided, and in this form the vote was unanimously passed.

CONTENTS.

PAGB

Prefatory Note, 3

Business Meeting, January 4,1890; Address of President Spooner, pp. 6-8;
Awards by Committee on Gardens, 8; Report of Committee on Win-
dow Gardening read, 9; Appropriations for 1890, 9; Appointment of
Secretary and Treasurer, 9; Prizes for Reports, 9; Committee on Por-
trait of President Walcott, 9 ; Proceedings of American Pomological
Society presented, 10; Letter from F. Lyford, 10 ; Appointment of Com-
mittee of Conference, 10 ; Election of Member, 10 ; Announcement of

Meetings for Discussion, 10

Business Meeting, January 11 ; Letter from Montreal Horticultural Soci-
ety, and appointment of Delegate 10, 11

Meeting for Discussion; Horticulture of California, by Benjamin P.

Ware, pp. 11-15; Discussion, 15,16

Business Meeting, January 18; Report of Treasurer read, p. 16; Letter

from Montreal Horticultural Society, 16

Meeting for Discussion; Huckleberries and Blueberries, by E. Lewis

Sturtevant, M. D., pp. 17-33; Discussion 33-38

Business Meeting, January 25; Notices, etc., to be sent to members, p. 39;

Library Committee authorized to employ assistance, .... 39
Meeting for Discussion ; Fruits and Flowers of Northern Japan, by Pro-
fessor William P. Brooks 39-59

Business Meeting, February 1 ; Report of Committee on Gardens presented,
p. 60 ; Vote concerning appropriation for Committee on Window Gar-
dening, 60; Protection of fruit from juvenile trespassers, 60; Election

of member, 60

Meeting for Discussion ; Galls found near Boston, by Miss Cora H. Clarke,

pp. 61-69; Discussion, 7»

Business Meeting, February 8; Gypsy Moth, 71

Meeting for Discussion; Chrysanthemums, by W. A. Manda, pp. 71-78;

Discussion, 78, 79

Business Meeting, February 15; Use of Library Room and Library by Ag-
ricultural Societies, p. 80; Committee to nominate Committee on Win-
dow Gardening, 80

Meeting for Discussion; Cemeteries and Parks, by John G. Barker, pp.

81-109; Discussion, 110-112

Business Meeting, February 22; Committee on Window Gardening, . . 112
Meeting for Discussion; The Growth and Nutrition of Plants, by Profes-
sor G. H. Whitcher, pp. 113-127 ; Discussion 127-129

CONTENTS. 11

Busi:«xss Meeting, March l ; Appointments by Agricultural Societies, p.
129; Election of Member, 129; Vote approving resolutions of American
Forestry Association, 130

Meeting fob Discussion; Some Aspects of the PresentForestry Agitation,

by Professor Joseph T. Kothrock, pp. 130-145; Discussion, . . . 146-150

Business Mketing, March 8; Decease of George Hill announced, p. 150;

Appointments by Agricultural Societies, etc., 150,161

Mebtixg for Discussion; Heating Cold Frames and Growing Black
Hamburg Grapes under Glass, by William D. Philbrick, pp. 151-154;
Discussion 164-156

Business Meeting, March 15; Memorial of George Hill, pp. 157, 158; Com-
mittee on Large and Interesting Trees, p. 158 ; Appointment by Spen-
cer Farmers' and Jlechanics' Association, 158

Meeting for Discussion ; Horticultural Education for Children, by Henry

L. Clapp, pp. 159-179; Discussion, 179-184

Business Meeting, March 22; Letters received from Members of Congress, 184

Meeting fob Discussion; The Dahlia, by William E. Endicott, pp. 185-191;

Discussion, 191, 192

Business Meeting, March 29; Letter from Hon. John W. Candler read, p.
192; Appointment by Worcester Agricultural Society, 193; Horticul-
tural Education for Children, 193-196

Meeting fob Discussion; The Tour of the Grangers in California, pp. 195-

205; Closing Proceedings, 205

TRANSACTIONS

P^assac|usctts Dortiailtural ^ocietj),

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

PAKT II.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1891.

TRANSACTIONS

IJliissiichusetts ^otticultutal f atietg^

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satfrday, April 5, 1890.

This was the day for the stated meeting of the Society, which
was duly notified, but no quorum was present, and the meeting
was

Adjourned to Saturday, May 3, at 11 o'clock.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 3, 1890.
An adjourned meeting of the Society- was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Secretary read a letter from Hon. Henry L. Dawes, ac-
knowledging the receipt of the Resolutions and Memorial of the
American Forestry Congress in regard to the preser\'ation of
forests on the national domain, with the approval of this Society,
and expressing his hearty approval thereof.

A letter was also presented from the Hiugham Agricultural and
Horticultural Society, giving notice of the appointment of Samuel
Pratt, of Hingham Centre, to have the free use of the Library and
Room of this Society during the year 1890, for the purpose of
preparing essays to be read at Institutes of that Society.

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society.

Michael J. Flynn, of Roxbury.

John J. Merrill, of Roxbury.

Warrex Ewell, of Dorchester.

Franklin H. Beebe, of Boston.

Isaac Y. Chubbuck, of Roxbury.

Charles H. Smith, of Providence, R.I.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 7, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman of the Committee on Plants
and Flowers, moved that the Committee of Arrangements be au-
thorized to supply moss for the rose boxes at the coming Rose
Exhibition, at a cost not exceeding §10. The motion was carried.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman of the Committee on Window
Gardening, stated that in consequence of the additional duties de-
volved upon that Committee by vote of the Society on the 29th of
March, more funds would be required, and asked for an additional
appropriation of 8150. The subject was referred to the Executive
Committee.

The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Robert P. Harris, of Phil-
adelphia, on the Potato, designed to awaken interest in the culti-
vation of wild North American species, for the production of new
and hardy varieties. On motion of Leverett M. Chase, the letter
was referred to the Committee on Vegetables, and ordered to be
published in the Transactions.

The letter is as follows : —

Philadelphia, April 10, 1890.
To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society : —

The interests of Potato Culture in the United States require
that an early repetition of the work of the late Rev. Chauncy E.

LETTER OF DR. ROBERT P. HARRIS. 213

Goodrich, of Ulica, N.Y., should be made, and new seedlings be
produced from developed wild tubers, not of South American
stock, — under which he had eleven out of twelve varieties fail, in
consequence of the long season required for the growth of hot-
climate tubers, — but from North American wild stock, such as
maj' be dug up in Washington Territory, California, Arizona,
Texas, and Mexico.

From one Chilian potato Mr. Goodrich produced the Rough
Purple Chili, the seed of which again produced the Garnet Chili,
which was the father of Bresee's Early Rose, the most noted
American White Potato that has yet been produced by seed-cul-
ture. Through this Early Rose has been produced a new dynasty
of hardy tubers, originating in its Chilian grandfather, and our
tables are now chiefly supplied by one or other of the descendants of
this potato-line. But this stock, after more than thirty years, has
begun, like that of the jMercer, to die out. Can any one now pro-
duce a true Garnet Chili? The value of the Early Rose, and its
adaptation to certain soils, still preserves it in some sections, as
in the State of Maine, where it appears to grow in its original
quality. But here, no doubt, we have history only repeating itself,
for those who are old enough will remember the Maine Mercers,
as they were sold in New York and Philadelphia long after their
failure in the Middle States.

The potato-rot of 1844 and 1845 started Mr. Goodrich in his
humanitarian scheme of obtaining hardiness by cultivating and dis-
seminating seedlings from wild potato stock, and such was his zeal
and activity during sixteen years prior to his death in 1864, —
although much of the time in poor health from lung trouble, — that
he produced from thirteen thousand to fifteen thousand tuber-seed-
lings. He unfortunately died before the Garnet Chili family could
be seen in its full development, and, sad to say, in poverty ; but
his country honors his name today for the great good he accom-
plished in his last years, and he is regarded in Europe as having
commenced a new era in potato culture. AYhen we consider that
the loss by the potato-rot in the British Isles alone was estimated
at $50,000,000 for its maximum year, and that the disease pro-
duced a famine in Ireland, we can learn to value the expedients
which restored a healthy condition of crops, and were thereby the
means of saving life.

To prepare for the future results of deterioration, the work of

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

raising new varieties from wild stock sliould be commenced at
once, and be undertaken by the younger horticulturists, as it will
be the labor of some 3'ears to effect a full fruition. Wild American
potatoes vary in size from that of a pea to that of a marble, and
first crop seedlings are as large as buckshot. The former will
generally require seven seasons to bring them to full size, and
the latter four seasons. The soil should be fed with the proper
materials to make the tubers enlai'ge, and for this purpose a
dressing of wood ashes will be found available.

Wild potatoes are early, late, and too late for our climate.
They are white-fleshed, yellow-fleshed, round, oval, and oblong.
The plants are erect, semi-pronate, and recumbent, spreading over
a wide surface ; bearing white or purple flowers, but chiefly white.
Some will bear seed-balls when cultivated ; others will not. Seeds
may produce varieties by accident, or as the result of hybridization
effected by hand or insect fertilization. " Sports " from under-
ground change will also produce changes upon the original tuber
planted. Such are liable to a repetition, and gardeners have less
faith in them. Potato plants that blossom but do not bear fruit
can be made productive by hand-fertilizing, or by planting another
variety in alternate hills ; the Early Rose has been made to bear
seed-balls in this latter way.

By a wise provision of the Creator wild potatoes always remain
very small in their native soil unless cultivated ; but for which
they would exhaust the land and die out. In South America
they grow on lofty plateaus like that of Quito (9,500 feet), or
Bogota (8,500 feet), on the sides of the Andes at suitable eleva-
tions, and often have a season of eight months' activity, after
which the newly formed tubers remain dormant for four months,
when they in turn sprout. The soil is largeh' replenished by the
dying of the old tubers and plants, just as that of a forest is by
the formation of leaf -mould.

The pecuniary value of a new seedling potato may be ver}^ great,
as is shown by the historj- of the Early Rose, which brought as
high as $2 for a single five-ounce tuber. As there would be one
hundred and ninety -two such potatoes — or sixty pounds — in a
bushel, the price would be equivalent to §384 for a bushel. From
S2 to $3 for a pound was often obtained, and 820 for a peck was
considered reasonable. These prices do not appear so extravagant
when we bear in mind that the five-ounce potato was made to pro-

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 215

duce one liundred and fifty plants, which yiekled four hundred and
fifty pounds, or seven and a half bushels, and that one pound
(four potatoes) has produced two thousand plants, and nineteen
hundred and eighty-two pounds, or thirty-three bushels of potatoes.
The second season of the Early Rose brought the price down to
810 per bushel, the third year to $3, and the fourth to an edible
valuation.

Yours very respectfully,

ROBERT P. HARRIS.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of
the Society.

Willi Ajr Thomas Park, of Boston.

Robert C. Winthrop, Jr., of Boston.

A. Chandler Manning, of Reading.

William O. Rogers, of Chelsea.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

- Saturday, July 5, 1890.
A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported a recommendation that the Society make an additional
appropriation of $150 for the use of the Committee on Window
Gardening, to be expended under the joint approval of the Presi-
dent and the Chairman of the Committee on Window Gardening.
The report was accepted and adopted, and the appropriation was
voted.

The Executive Committee also recommended to the Society the
adoption of the following amendment to the Constitution and
By-Laws : —

Add at the end of Section 1 the words " and provided also that
no person shall be eligible to the oHice of Treasurer or Secretary
who is not a member of the Society."

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

The following substitute for the amendment offered by the
Executive Committee was offered by Joseph H. AYoodford and
seconded by George W. Warren : —

In the last clause of Section 1, which now reads " provided,
however, that no person shall be eligible to the office of President
unless he shall have been a member for the three years preced-
ing," strike out the word "the" before "office" and insert
" any," and strike out the words "of President," so that the
clause shall read : —

" Provided, however, that no person shall be eligible to any
office unless he shall have been a member for the three years
preceding." •

The question was taken on the substitute offered by Mr Wood-
ford, and it, having been read twice, was bv a unanimous vote
ordered to be entered on the records, to lie over for considera-
tion at the quarterly meeting in October.

The Executive Committee further recommended that the Com-
mittee of Arrangements be authorized to hire Music Hall for the
Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, August 19-22, which recom-
mendation was unanimously adopted.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were on
ballot duly elected.

William Wallace Luxt, of Hingham.
James Rankin, of Dorchester.
Charles V. Whittex, of Dorchester.
W. Henry White, of Lowell.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 2, 1890.

BUSINP:SS MEETING.

Saturday, August 2, 1890.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, ihe President, William H. Spoonek, in the chair.

Ex-President William C. Strong presented, with some appro-
priate remarks, the following memorial of the late Patrick Barryj
and moved its adoption.

MEMORIAL OF PATRICK BARRY. 217

The INIftssachiisotts Horticultural Society desires to express and
to place on record its high appreciation of the services in the field
of horticulture, of the late Patrick Barry, of Rochester, N.Y.,
a Corresponding Member of this Society.

More than forty years ago Mr. Barry entered upon his work as
a nurseryman at a time when the business was in its infancy at
the West. Since then, in connection with his partner, he has
pursued the profession with such skill, enterprise, and integrity as
to place the house in the front rank, and to give it a world-wide
reputation. And this credit and success have been won without a
resort to extravagant descriptions of "novelties," but rather by
a judicious selection and production of articles of sterling merit
which might with reason be expected to benefit the public. Yet,
valuable as Mr. Barr3''s woi'k has been in the distribution of im-
mense quantities of trees and plants for so long a period, it is
probable tliat his public services will be regarded as of still more
importance. As Chairman of the Fruit Committee of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, Mr. Barry was called upon to catalogue
and arrange the entire list of varieties of fruits recommended for
general (;ultivation in North America. The ability and thorough-
ness with which he commenced and completed this task, embracing
every State in the Union, and also the Dominion of Canada, is
recognized by fruit cultivators as a permanent monument to his
praise.

As editor of "The Horticulturist," succeeding the honored
Downing, and as an author and frequent writer upon Fruit Cult-
ure, Ml'. Barry has also obtained a deservedly high reputation.
Of his success in other departments of life it is not our province
to speak. In whatever he engaged he played his part well. We
honor his memory while we mourn his loss. And while we extend
to his family our sympath}' in their sorrow, we must also add our
congratulations on their rich inheritance of his example — a well-
spent life.

Robert Manning seconded the motion to adopt the memorial,
and said that on the departure of a friend whom he had long
known, his mind always went back to the time of their first meet-
ing, and to a review of their long friendship. He had a vivid
recollection of the occasion when he first met Mr. Barry. It was
when the Pomological Garden at Salem — which was established
by the father of the speaker — was a place to which pilgrimages

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUL,TXIRAL SOCIETY.

of fruit growers were directed, — for there could be seen more
varieties of fruit trees in bearing, especially' pears, than anywhere
else in this country. It was then and there that he received a call
from Mr. Barry. It was not the less pleasant for being entirely
unexpected, and he knew that his guest was pleased with what he
saw in that garden. They met again soon afterwards at the first
Pomological Congress, and also from time to time, when they were
associated in labors connected with that Society, besides on occa-
sional visits of Mr. Barr}' to Boston. Mr. Manning recalled
especially a four weeks' journey in the South with Mr. Barry,
Col. Wilder, and Mr. Ellwanger. He did not believe a pleasauter
or more harmonious party ever travelled together. He always
thought of Mr. Barry as a true and sincere man, who never gave
forth an uncertain sound ; a man of quick perception and sound
judgment, — two qualities not always united in the same indi-
vidual.

Benjamin Gr. Smith said he had been much with Mr. Barry, and
thought that whoever had the pleasure of knowing him could never
forget him. He was a man of great individuality, — a mirror of
manhood. He was at the first meeting of the American Pomologi-
cal Society, and acted as its Secretary. He always manifested a
strong and active interest in that organization, and his labors for
promoting its welfare and objects ceased only with his life.

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The Secretary read a circular from the Illinois State Horticult-
ural Society, inviting all National, State, and other prominent
horticultural and floral societies and kindred organizations to
send two delegates each to a convention to be held in Chicago,
August 27, to consider and take action on the best method of
properl}' representing the horticultural interests of the country at
the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. It was voted to accept
the invitation, and the President appointed as delegates, Benjamin
G. Smith and O. B. Hadwen, with power to appoint substitutes.

Joseph H. Woodford stated that the expense of supplying moss
for the rose boxes, agreeably to the vote passed on the 7th of June,
had amounted to $18, — a larger sum than it was then supposed
would be required. On his motion the Treasurer was authorized
to pay the bill for the moss.

Ex-President Strong moved that thfe members of the Society of

APPOINTMENT OF NOMmATING COMMITTEE. 219

American Florists be admitted to the Exhibition of Plants and
Flowers in the Music Hall by their badges, which motion was
carried .

Patrick Norton moved that the same invitation be extended to
the Association of American Cemetery Superintendents, and this
motion was also carried.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President ap-
pointed the following Committee to nominate suitable candidates
for the various offices of the Society for the year 1891 : —
James F. C. Hyde, Chairman.
C. H. B. Breck, Benjamin G. Smith,

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Patrick Norton,

E. W. Wood, "Warren Heustis.

William J. Stewart, Secretary of the Gardeners and Florists'
Club, of Boston, stated that tlie Club would give a harbor excur-
sion to the Society of American Florists, and invited the P^x-
Presidents, and the present officers and chairmen of committees of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, with ladies, to join in the
excursion. The invitation was accepted, and the thanks of the
Society were voted therefor.

The Librarian laid before the Society ten volumes of works on
Forestry, presented to the Library by the author, John Croumbie
Brown, LL.D., of Edinburgh, Scotland, and moved that the thanks
of the Society be presented to him for his valuable gift. The
motion was unanimously carried.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 6.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 6, 1890.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

James F. C. Hyde, Chairman of the Committee on Nominations,
reported a printed list of candidates for Officers and Standing
Committees. The report was accepted, and it was voted that the
Committee be continued, and requested to nominate candidates in
place of an}- who might decline before election.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Joseph H. Woodford moved that the thanks of the Society be
presented to all the contributors of Special Prizes at the Annual
Exhibition of Plants and Flowers in August, as these prizes added
greatly to the attractions and success of the Show, and that the
Secretary notify each contributor of the above vote.

The motion was unanimously carried.

The Secretary read a letter from William C. Barry, of Roches-
ter, N.Y., acknowledging the receipt of the memorial of his father,
the late Patrick Barry, adopted at the last meeting of the So-
ciety, and conveying the thanks of the family for this expression
of sympathy and regard.

Also a letter from William J. Stewart, Secretary of the Society
of American Florists, communicating a resolution of thanks for
the use of the Society's halls for their late meeting, and for the
magnificent Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, which symbolized
their gatherinof as had never been done before.

Also a letter from John Simpkins, President, and F. C. Swift,
Secretary, of the Barnstable Agricultural Society, thanking this
Society for its courtesy in offering the free use of the Library to
aid in preparing papers to be read at the institutes of that Society,
and accepting the invitation, with the appointment of Mr, Nathan
Edson, of Barnstable, to be the representative of that Society for
the purpose above mentioned.

It was voted that these letters be placed on file.

Patrick Norton, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,
moved that the thanks of the Society be presented to His Honor
Thomas N. Hart, Mayor of the City of Boston, and to the City
Government, for the interest manifested by them in this Society
by granting to it the use of the Common for the August Exhibi-
tion, and that the Secretarj- notify the Mayor and City Govern-
ment of the above vote.

Also that the thanks of the Society be presented to the Press of
Boston for their kind and appreciative notices of the late Exhibi-
tion, which contributed largely to its success, and that the Secre-
tary communicate this vote to the various newspapers to which we
are indebted.

Both these motions were unanimously carried.

The meetina: was then dissolved.

ANNUAL ELECTION. 221

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 4, 1890.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the Annual Meeting for
the choice of Officers and Standing Committees, was liolden at
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spoonhr, in the chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that the requirements of the
Constitution and By-Laws in regard to notice of the meeting had
been complied with.

On motion of Edmund Hersey, Chairman of the Committee on
Large and Interesting Trees, it was voted that Francis H. Ap-
pleton be added to the Committee.

The amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws, changing the
last clause of Section 1 so as to read, " Provided, however, that
no person shall be eligible to any office unless he shall have been a
member for the three years preceding," which at the stated meet-
ing in July received a majority of votes and was ordered to be
entered on the records, came up for final action, and two-thirds of
the members present voting in favor of said amendment, it was de-
clared by the President to be adopted as a part of the Constitution
and By-Laws.

On motion of Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman of the Committee
on Plants and Flowers, it was voted as the sense of the meeting
that an additional appropriation of three hundred dollars should
be made for the use of that Committee the present year.

It was then voted to proceed to the election of officers and
standing committees for the year 1891, and that the polls be kept
open for one hour.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the Chair appointed
John C. Hovey, I. Gilbert Robbins, and William J. Hargraves a
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given and re-
port the number. The polls were opened at twenty-eight minutes
past eleven o'clock.

Tlie Secretary laid before the Society a letter from the Oxford
Agricultural Society announcing that the Hon. J. W. Stockwell
had been appointed to have the free use of the Library of this
Society, agreeably to the circular dated February 15, 1890.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Walter Raymond, of Cambridgeport,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, dul}^ elected a member of the Society.

The polls were closed at twent3'-eight minutes past twelve
o'clock, and the Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes,
reported the whole number of ballots to be . . . . IjOo

Necessary for a choice ....... 53

^ The report of the Committee was accepted, and the persons re-
ported as having the number of ballots necessary for a choice
were, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the
President to have a majority of votes and to be elected Officers
and Standing Committees of the Society for the year 1891.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 1, 1890.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 1, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported from that Committee a recommendation that the Society
appropriate the sum of $6,800 for prizes for the year 1891, this
amount to be apportioned among the several committees as deemed
best by said committees. The report was accepted, and agreeably
to the Constitution and BN'-Laws was laid over until the stated
meeting on the first Saturday in January next for final action.

Francis H. Appleton stated that the plate for Members' Diplomas
was much worn, and moved that the subject of repairing it or pro-
viding a new plate be referred to the Committee on Publication.
It was so referred.

The Secretar)' stated that when the amendment to the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws was proposed on the first Saturday in July, 1889,
it was itself amended so as to provide for a Committee on Plants-
of five members instead of three, and that this change having
been overlooked when the nomination of officers and committees
was made, two vacancies existed in the Committee. On motion of
Joseph H. Woodford, it was voted that the three members-elect of

DECEASE OF MRS. FRANCIS B. HAYES. 223

this Committee be requested to report to the Society at the next
meeting the names of two members whom they would recommend
to fill these vacancies.

Hon. William H. Haile, of Springfield, and
Thomas B. Fitz, of West Newton,

having been recommended b}' the Executive Committee, were, on
ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 6, 1890.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 6, 1890.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The President announced the decease of Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
and said that as a contributor to the weekly exhibitions of the •
Society no one was more constant ; she never needed urging. She
was also noted for her generous hospitality which she was specially
pleased to show to this Society.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, pre-
sented the Schedule of Prizes prepared by the Committee on Estab-
lishing Prizes, with the recommendation that it be amended by the
offer of Prospective Prizes for Herbaceous Paeonies, Tuberous-
Rooted Begonias, and Chrysanthemums ; that the Prospective
Prizes for Flowers be made uniformly fifty dollars ; that Chrysan-
themum plants exhibited for prizes be required to be single
stemmed, branching above ground ; and that in the prize for forty
Chrysanthemum plants in six-inch pots, the words " each bearing
a single bloom " be stricken out. These amendments were carried,
excepting the last.

On motion of Joseph S. Chase, it was voted that three prizes
for Herbert Grapes be offered at the October exhibition.

The Schedule was then adopted.

Frederick L. Harris, Chairman of the Committee-elect on Plants,
to which was referred the nomination of two members to fill the
vacancies in that Committee, presented the names of Azell C.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bowditch and William Robinson. The report was accepted and
adopted, and the gentlemen named were elected to fill the vacancies
in the Committee on Plants.

On motion of Francis H. Appleton, of the Committee on Publi-
cation, to which the matter of the Societj^'s Diploma was referred,
it was voted to continue the Diploma in its present form.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
was read by Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman, accepted and referred
to the Committee on Publication.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Fruits was read by
E. W. Wood, Chairman, accepted and referred to the Committee
on Publication.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
asked further time to prepare his report; which was granted.

On motion of William E. Endicott, Chairman, it was voted that
the Library Committee be authorized to employ such assistance as
• is necessary to complete the rearrangement and cataloguing of the
Library.

The Secretary read a letter from Frank Higgins, Secretary of
the Association of American Cemetery Superintendents, express-
ing the thanks of that Association for the courtesy shown to its
members and their ladies, in providing them with complimentary
tickets to the Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, held at Music
Hall during their Fourth Annual Convention in August last. It
was voted that the letter be placed on file.

The following-named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, dul}' elected members of
the Society : —

EvERELL F. Sweet, of Maiden.

Charles W. Quinn, of Roxbury.

Frederick C. Becker, of Cambridge.

George D. Wilcox, M.D., of Providence, R.I.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 20.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES READ. 225

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 20, 1890.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The President announced the decease of "Warren Heustis, of
Belmont, and spoke of him as a member of this Society for many
years ; a valued member of the Committee on Vegetables ; a
skilful cultivator of vegetables ; the originator of the Belmont
Strawberry ; a lover and grower of roses ; a good friend ; a pleas-
ant and honest man, and one of the class of men who have made
Arlington and Belmont the. market garden of Boston. It was
voted that a delegation from the Society attend the funeral of Mr.
Heustis, and that their expenses be paid by the Society.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Library Committee, read
the Annual Report of that Committee.

William C. Stroug, member from this Society of the Board of
Control of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, read a re-
port of the doings of the Station.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman of the Committee on Window
Gardening, read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and
Librarian.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

Joseph H. Woodford, from the Committee of Arrangements,
read a portion of the Annual Report of that Committee, which
was accepted and referred to the Committee for completion.

It was voted that a committee of three be appointed by the
Chair to prepare a memorial of the late Mrs. Francis B. Hayes.
The Chair appointed as that Committee, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs.
A. D. Wood, and Joseph H. Woodford.

The Secretary laid before the Society' a circular from the Michi-
gan Horticultural Society, accompanied by a classification of
objects to be exhibited in the Horticultural Department of the

'22i) MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

coming Chicago Exposition, which the Michigan Society deemed
so faulty that they asked the cooperation of sister societies in the
endeavor to secure a more proper classification. The subject was
referred to the Committee of Arrangements.

The Secretary also presented circulars from a committee ap-
pointed by the conference held on the twenty-fourth of Ma}' last
by persons interested in the Preservation of Beautiful and His-
torical Places in Massachusetts, asking the cooperation and assist-
ance of ever}' historical, improvement, and out-door societ}' in the
State. This subject was referred to the Executive Committee.

The meeting was then dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWEES,

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

By JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

The year which is now approaching its close has been a
memorable one in the history of our Societ}'. The season has
been favorable for the development of both plants and flowers,
and our stated exhibitions have been crowded with the very best
specimens of these we have ever seen.

The gardeners seem to have taken advantage of every known
method to improve and perfect the growth of their plants and
flowers, so that they have been enabled to exhibit them in their
most attractive forms and best conditions.

The " Boston Dail}' Advertiser " of August 7, said : "The part
that flowers play in life today is a striking and creditable feature
of modern civilization. The result has not come about of its own
accord. It is due in a great measure to the energy of a compara-
tively few enthusiasts who have labored to extend the beneficent
influence of floral beauty. In this work there is no one agency
that can look back on a more honorable record than the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society. Its founding, its growth, and its
vicissitudes during the sixty odd years of its existence, cover
about all that is worth knowing of the history of horticulture."
It is a very pleasant thing to have the indorsement of so able and
so venerable a newspaper as the " Advertiser."

One great stimulant with the gardeners this year to produce
superior cultivation, was the knowledge that the Society of Ameri-

228 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

can Florists would hold their annual convention in this city, and
that our Society had tendered to them the use of our halls for that
purpose. AVe had also arranged to hold our Annual Exhibition of
Plants and Flowers during the same week as the Convention.

To enable us to do so with credit to ourselves, we engaged
Music Hall in which to display the wonderful collections of plants
and flowers contributed from the private stoves and greenhouses
of some of our opulent members.

The combined collection was the most superb and beautiful of
any gathering together of plants ever beheld in this country, and
elicited unbounded praise from every visitor and florist present.

This season the number of contributors has largely increased,
and several of our members, who had in late years become weary
in well-doing, have returned to their former allegiance, and have
contributed from their abundance, so that our shows during the
past 3'ear have been complete, and have received the most favor-
able mention possible by the public press, and by distinguished
visitors from all pai'ts of our own country and from abroad.

This state of things is very gratifying to your Committee, and
it becomes a pleasure under such circumstances to chronicle the
events as they have developed themselves during the 3'ear now
closing. Therefore we will now specify some of the most notable
features of the exhibitions as they occurred.

On January 4, John L. Gardner showed a fine plant of Cattleya
Percivaliana and a Kalanchoe carnea, the latter of which was
awai'ded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

On Januar}' 11 and 18, James Comley showed fine blooms of
his rose Francis B. Haj'es, and on January 25, the seedling rose
Oakmount. John L. Gardner also showed some fine Orchids.

February 1, Jackson Dawson showed a cross between the
Hybrid Perpetual Rose, Gen. Jacqueminot, and Rosa Japonica
multiflora^ giving a miniature rose of a deep pink color, quite full
and very fragrant.

On February 15, James Comley again showed very fine blooms
of the seeding rose Oakmount.

February 22, Norton Brothers showed a new Tea Rose, Lu- '
ciole ; its color, a bright pink and yellow.

March 1, Jackson Dawson exhibited four seedling Indian
Azaleas, of good substance and clear colors ; also a box containing
about forty plants of Cypripedimn acaule in full bloom. This

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 229

was a fine exhibition of one of onr Laixly native orchids. Wil-
liam H. Spoouer showed the Tea Rose Hon. Edith Gifford. This
rose is after the style of the Gloire de Dijon, but lighter in color.

March 8, Charles J. Dawson sent in some branches of forced
hardy shrubs, Moss Pinks, and Mayflowers {Epigcea repens).

March 15, Augustus P. Calder exhibited a beautiful collection
of Roman Anemones, the finest specimens we have ever seen ;
and William H. Spooner and Mrs. Francis B. Hayes showed large
collections of forced Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses in perfect
form and condition.

SPRING EXHIBITION.
March 2G, 27, and 28.

This exhibition was superb, and there were more contributors
of plants and flowers than usual, so that nearly all the prizes were
awarded.

The Indian Azaleas exhibited by Nathaniel T. Kidder were fine
large plants, and well worthy of the Lyman Plate which they re-
ceived. Indian Azaleas were also shown b}' Joseph H. White,
Dr. C. G. Weld, and Edward Butler.

The display of Orchids was also very grand, coming from E. W.
Gilmore, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Jackson Dawson, John L. Gard-
ner, and Edward Butler.

The forced Roses displayed were of the finest quality and in
abundance, and were from Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Thomas H.
Meade, E. M. Wood & Co., Ernest Asmus, of West Hoboken,
N.J., Thomas Clark, Charles W. Galloupe, William H. Elliot,
Augustus P. Calder, and Norton Brothers. Mr. Asmus was
awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for the new Tea Rose
Madame Hoste, a very pale yellow rose of large size and good
form.

Denys Zirngiebel exhibited one hundred and fifty blooms of the
Bugnot and Gassier strains of Pansies, which were of superior
excellence.

The displays of Carnations by William Nicholson and Richard T.
Lombard were particularly good, and embraced a large number of
the best kinds.

The competition for prizes on Holland Bulbs was tlie most
marked for years, and all the prizes but three were taken. Al-

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

though we did not have the Holland medals as an incentive this
year, we were pleased to see so much interest manifested in these
plants, which give such good results with a minimum amount of
care.

The large number of plants contributed by Norton Brothers,
Frank Becker, William E. Doyle, and the Botanic Garden of
Harvard University, formed a splendid feature of the Exhibition
and elicited many expressions of commendation, as did also the
Lilium Harrisii shown by Dr. C. G. Weld, Thomas Clark, and
Thomas H. Meade.

April 12, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes presented a seedling Rhodo-
dendron, named William Power Wilson. The color is white,
tinged with pink, having a reddish-brown blotch, a good, large,
and compact truss ; it is said to be hardy. It was awarded a First
Class Certificate of Merit. It has been entered for the Prospective
Prize.

On April 26, Mrs. P. D. Richards made her first exhibition of
Wild Flowers, consisting of seventeen varieties of the flowers
which bloom in the spring.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 10.

The competition for prizes was not so marked at this exhibition
as is usuall}' the case, owing to the prevailing fine weather, which
was taken advantage of by the gardeners to get their grounds
ready for planting. Nevertheless, there was a very good show,
particularly of plants not entered for prizes.

A. W. Spencer was awarded the Society's Silver Medal for a
fine plant of Anguloa Clowesii; and Jacob W. Manning was
awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for Spircea astilboides,
a new herbaceous plant of great promise.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 7.

This exhibition fully realized the expectations which had been

formed in regard to it. The largest exhibitors were H. H. Hun-

newell, who showed sixty-four of the best varieties, all named,

besides a very large number unnamed ; and Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

REPORT OF COiLMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 231

whose contributions more than filled the whole centre table running
the length of the lower hall. Fine collections of trusses of Rho-
dodendrons were sent in by Joseph H. AVhite, John L. Gardner,
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Edwin Sheppard & Son, Joseph Clark, and
from Newton Cemetery.

Mrs. Hayes also showed several plants of Bignonia proBcox
superba, from Japan; a superb addition to the class of hardy
drooping shrubs. This was awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit.

John L. Gardner was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit
for Utricularia nelumhifoUa.

June 14, we had a continuation of the Rhododendron Exhibi-
tion, and the display made by Mrs. Francis B. Hayes fairly eclipsed
the grand show she made the Saturday previous. She staged more
than five hundi'ed trusses, comprising more than one hundred
varieties of the best kinds grown. We cannot say too much in
praise of this great exhibition of grand flowers, but, as a slight
expression of appreciation of their merit, she was awarded the
Society's Gold Medal, which is the highest award we can confer,
and well she deserved the honor.

ROSE EXHIBITION.
June 24 and 25.

It is gratifying to be able to record the fact that this Rose Show
was an unqualified success.

The arrangiement of the hall was such that on entering one
saw nothing in bloom but roses. " Taverner," the correspondent
of the " Boston Post," wrote : " I do not remember a finer collec-
tion of magnificent specimens." A contributor to "Garden and
Forest," also wrote as follows : —

" The Roses as a whole were distinguished b}' a remarkable
evenness of excellence which must have made judging a diflS-
cult matter; b}' good foliage and by flowers well colored, but not
of such enormous size as these shows have sometimes called out.
Not the least attractive part of this exhibition was the display of
Foxgloves grouped on the stage at the end of the upper hall, which
produced a remarkable and striking effect."

It is well to have our own opinions confirmed by such reliable

232 JIASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

authorities. There were other plants at this exhibition deserving
special notice, such as the Japan and native hardy roses and
shrubs contributed by Jackson Dawson, the Canterbury bells
(Dean's Strain) by R. & J. Farquhar & Co., and the display of
Foxgloves on the stage by Joseph H. Woodford.

WEEKLY EXHIBITIONS.

The weekly Saturday exhibitions began this year earh' in July
and continued into September. The shows have been very full,
and have been well attended. The prizes for herbaceous plants,
having been revised and made more nearly adequate to the labor
required in staging large collections properly, have again received
the attention of growers, and we have had especially fine exhibi-
tions of these throughout the season.

July 12 was memorable for the grand display of Japan Irises.
It was the best show of tliis beautiful plant we have ever seen.

July 19, the special object of interest was the great collection
of that old-fashioned flower, the Hollyhock. Joseph S. Fay, of
Wood's Holl, brought a large number of long spikes of the finest
varieties, filling the centre table in the lower hall, and he was
awarded the Society's Silver Medal for the grand display he made.

Jul}' 26, the place of honor was allotted for the display of
Native Ferns, and splendid collections were brought in by Mrs. P.
D. Richards, Walter E. Coburn, and E. H. Hitchings. Unless
one is familiar with this order little does he realize the beauty and
grace expressed in their varied forms. Mrs. P. D. Richards
staged fine specimens, comprising fifty species and. varieties.

August 2 was Sweet Pea Day, and the displays made by James
F. C. Hyde, George S. Harwood, and H. A. Jones were particu-
larly good. This is one of the most satisfactor}' flowers that a
person can grow, for it produces its beautiful, fragrant blossoms
continuously from early in July till the frost kills the vines.

August 9, Perennial Phloxes and Native Plants held the right
of way, and a hall full of charming flowers was the result.

August 30, the display of Asters was very good, notwithstand-
ing a new disease has attacked them.

September 6, Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills, N.J., showed
a hybrid Cypripediu7n, named by them ArnoJdianuvi, a cross
between Veitchii and concolor. It was awarded the Society's
Silver Medal.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 233

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

August 19, 20, 21, and 22.

The Annual Exhihition of Plants and Flowers was held this year
in August at Music Hall, so as to give the National Convention of
the Society of American Florists a chance to see some of the collec-
tions of choice plants as grown b}^ our opulent members for their
own gratification. One of the newspapers said : " The exhibit this
year is the largest and most complete in the history of the Society,
and is a well-nigh exhaustive exposition of horticultural art."
Another newspaper said : " Music Hall has presented the past week
a scene of exceeding beauty, and all adjectives expressive of
admiration could find no better work tlian to free themselves
amid the tropical charms of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society's beautiful exhibition."

There were several features out of the ordinary course connected
with this show which we must recount. The first, and one to be
commended, was the offering of prizes for Decorations of Diuing-
Tables and Mantlepieces. The four compartments devoted to these
displays were very beautiful and attractive, and gave all observers
an idea, or foretaste, of how delightful it must be to dine at such
lovely tables while listening to the strains of entrancing music.

But the most gratifying feature' of our exhibition was the very
friendly spirit manifested by the following-named persons and
firms in offering special prizes of plate, to the value of 8820, to be
competed for at this show, viz. : —

Abram French & Co., of Boston.
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., of Boston.
Marshall B. Faxon, of Boston.
The Society of American Florists.
American Florist, Chicago.
Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia.
Peter Henderson & Co., New York.
Parker & Wood, Boston.
American Agriculturist, New York.
J. C. Vaughan, Chicago.
Benjamin Grey, Maiden.
Siebrecht & Wadley, New York.

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

John Gardiner & Co., Philadelphia.
American Garden, New York.
BowKER Fertilizer Co., Boston.
George Johnson & Co., Boston.

Another feature which we must not omit to mention was the
delightful music, afternoon and evening, by the Gerraania orches-
tra. This was a charming and appropriate accompaniment to the
exhibition, and greatly increased the enjoyment of visitors.

George A. Nickersou brought in the best colored and finest
Croton — Queen Victoria — ever seen in our halls, and he was
awarded the Society's Silver Medal. Mrs. J. Lasell sent a splendid
new Alocasia which was brought into this couutrj' from the
Malayan Archipelago in the ^-ear 1884 by David Allan, and she
was awarded a Silver Medal. W. R. Smith, of the Botanic
Garden at Washington, D.C., brought a very large collection of
Carnivorous Plants, which were wonderfully curious and interest-
ing, and he was awarded the Society's Silver IMedal. Robert
Cameron, of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, brought in a large
collection of Cacti of most peculiar formation, and he also received
the Society's Silver Medal.

In fact, we might go on indefinitely enumerating the wonderful,
the curious, and the beautiful productions of nature which were
staged in Music Hall, but even then we should convey no adequate
idea of the floral loveliness revealed at this exhibition, unless the
reader had seen it.

CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

November 11, 12, 13, and 14.

The grand final exhibition of the floral productions of the year
is the Chrysanthemum Show, and this year gave us very marked
improvement in the size, style, and finish of the blooms. A new
enemy has appeared in the shape of a small beetle, which commits
such depredations on plants in the open ground that it is almost
impossible to protect them from total denudation of flower-buds. ,
Plants grown all summer in the house, where sulphur and tobacco
are used, come into flower as usual. But not every one has the
space indoors to accomplish this, therefore our exhibition did
not secure an over-abundance of plants, yet those we did have were

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 235

geuerally of larger size, and iu other respects finer specimens, than
were exhibited last year.

The arrangement of the lower hall, wherein the cut flowers were
staged, was excellent, and never in the history of our Society was
there a larger or better show of cut flowers.

The flowers grown 1)}' S. J. Coleman, gardener to Charles J.
Powers, and exhibited by himself and Galvin Brothers, were
the largest and best finished flowers ever seen in our halls. Mr.
Coleman was awarded the Society's Silver Medal for superior
cultivation of Chr3'santheinums iu general, and T. D. Hatfield re-
ceived the same for superior cultivation of the Chrysanthemum
Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, of which he showed a fine large plant
bearing upwards of one hundred large blooms.

Henry A. Gane, one of our most enthusiastic growers of Seed-
ling Chrysanthemums, exhibited a large number of seedlings, —
most of them of superior merit, — and he was awarded the Apple-
ton Silver Medal for his collection.

The more we become acquainted with the Nee Sima Collection
of Chrysanthemums, which were sent to Mrs. Hardy, the more we
are convinced that it is the very best collection ever sent out of
Japan.

A Seedling Orchid — a very beautiful Calanthe — was shown by
Richard Gardner. It is a cross between C Vfstita and C. vestita
rubro-ocidata, and gained the award of the Society's Silver Medal.

E. M. Wood & Co. have established a sport fiom the Tea Rose
Catherine Mermet, which they have named \Yaban. This is
vivid pink in color, and of the same form and comeliness as the
parent, and also its sister. The Bride. It received the Society's
Silver Medal.

The displaj'S of hardy herbaceous plants made by Jacob W.
Manning during the season have been very fine, and the manner
he has adopted in labelling them, with both the botanical and
common names, and adding the name of their native country, is
greatly to be commended. He won the award of the Appleton
Silver Medal.

The amount appropriated by the Society for the use of our
Committee was 83,300, and out of this we have awarded in Prizes,
Medals, and Gratuities, $3,272.

We cannot close this report without reverting to the great loss

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

our Society has very lately sustained by the death of Mrs. Francis
B. Ha^^es. She always stood ready to further our interests in any
manner most conducive to the progress of horticulture, and we
shall miss her genial presence and cordial welcome ; but the mem-
ory of her benevolence and kindly deeds will always remain with
us. May she rest in peace.

In taking leave of the Plant and Flower Committee the Chair-
man wishes to thank the other members for the courtesy and for-
bearance shown him during the 3'ears they have been associated.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Joseph H. Woodford,

F. L. Harris, j Committee on

M. H. Norton,

A. H. Fewkes, ) Plants and

VV. J. Stewart,
J. H. Moore,

E. H. HiTCHINGS,

Flowers.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 237

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

January 4.
Gratuity : —
John L. Gardner, Cattleya Percivaliana . . . . . . $5 00

January 25.
Gratuity : —
John L. Gardner, Orchids, Cattleya TriancB (two), Toxicophlcea
spectabilis, and Vanda Amesiana ; also Boronia mega-
stigma, and Violets ........ 5 00

March 1.

Gratuity : —
Jackson Dawson, Box of Cypripedium acaule, forty blooms . . 2 00

March 8.
Gratuity : —
Charles J. Dawson, Two plants of Pi/''"* ^^^'^^^^'^^^^ • • • 2 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 26, 27, and 28.

Theodore Lyman Prizes.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties, in pots, Nathaniel

T. Kidder, the Lyman Plate, value $35 00

Orchids. — Ten plants in bloom, E. W. Gilmore, the Lyman Plate,

value 30 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, the Lyman Plate, value . . 25 00

Society's Prizes.

Indian Azaleas. — Four distinct named varieties, in not exceeding

ten-inch pots, Joseph H. White 10 00

Second, Joseph H. White 8 00

Two distinct named varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Specimen plant, named, Edward Butler . . . . . 4 00

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Single plant, of any named variety, in not exceeding an eight-inch

pot, Joseph H. White $3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twelve cut blooms, of not less than
six distinct named varieties, excluding Gen. Jacqueminot,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes 6 00

Six cut blooms, distinct named varieties, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes . 4 00
Tender Roses in Vases. — Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet,

Thomas H. Meade 5 00

Second, Edmund M. Wood & Co 4 00

Twelve blooms of Cornelia Cook, Edmund M. Wood & Co. . . 5 00

Second, Thomas H. Meade 4 00

Twelve blooms of ^ Mme. de Watte ville, Ernest Asmus, West

Hoboken, N.J.' 5 00

Twelve blooms of Papa Gontier, Thomas H. Meade . . . 5 00

Twelve blooms of The Bride, Edmund M. Wood & Co. . . 5 00

Second, Thomas Clark 4 00

Twelve blooms of any variety of Yellow Tea, Thomas H. Meade,

Perle des Jardins ......... 5 00

Orchids. — Three plants in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . 12 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore 8 00

Single plant in bloom, Edward Butler . . . . . . 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ... .... 5 00

Third, E. W. Gilmore 3 00

Stove or Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen in bloom, other than

Azalea or Orchid, named, John L. Gardner . . . . 8 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes 6 00

Hardy Flowering Shrubs, Forced. — Four, in pots, of four dis-
tinct named varieties, John L. Gardner . . . . . 6 00

Second, Charles J. Dawson ....... 5 00

Cyclamens. — Ten plants in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld . . . 8 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 6 00

Three plants in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 2 00

Single plant in bloom, Thomas Clark . . . . . . 2 00

Hardy Primroses and Polyanthuses. — Ten plants, of distinct

varieties, in bloom, Thomas Clark . . . . . . 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Cinerarias. — Six varieties in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots,

Thomas Clark 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ... .... 5 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Violets. — Six pots, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . 3 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 2 00

Pansies. — Six distinct varieties, in pots, in bloom, Joseph S. Fay . 2 00
Fifty cut blooms in the Society's flat fruit dislies, Denys Zirn-

giebel 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 239

Second, Denys Zirngiobel $3 00

Third, " " 2 00

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than

six varieties, in vases, William Nicholson . . . . 5 00

Second, Richard T. Lombard 4 00

Centre Piece for Table. — Last day of the Exhibition, Mrs. E.

M. Gill 10 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 8 00

Spring Flowering Bulbs.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties in pots, one in each

pot, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . . . . 10 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 8 00

Third, Thomas Clark 6 00

Six distinct named varieties in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

John L. Gardner 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Three distinct named varieties in pots, one in each pot, in bloom.

Dr. C. G. Weld . . 4 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 3 00

Third, Thomas Clark 2 00

Single named bulb in pot, in bloom, Thomas Clark . . . 2 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 1 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, Nathaniel T.

Kidder 10 00

Second, Thomas Clark 8 00

Third, Dr. C G. Weld . . . - 6 00

Two pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, Thomas Clark . 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . . . . . 6 00

Third, John L. Gardner 6 00

Single pan, with ten bulbs of one variety, Thomas Clark . . 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Third, " " " " 3 00

Tulips. — Six six-inch pots, five bulbs in each, in bloom, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 5 00

Second, Arthur H. Fewkes 4 00

Three six-inch pots, five bulbs in each, in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld, 4 00

Second, Arthur H. Fewkes 3 00

Third, <. u ,< 2 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, John L. Gard-
ner 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder . * 5 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Fourth, W. S. Ewell & Son 3 00

Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in

each, in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld §4 00

Hardy Narcissus and Daffodils. — Twelve pots, not less than

six varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

General Display of Spring Bulbs. — All classes, Charles J.

Dawson 12 00

Second, Thomas Clark 10 00

Third, W. S. Ewell & Son 8 00

LiLiuM Longiflordm, or Harrisii. — Three pots, not exceeding

ten inches. Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Second, Thomas Clark 6 00

Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, W. S. Ewell

& Son 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 4 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 3 00

Anemones. — Three pots or pans, Thomas Clark . . . . 4 00

Freesias. — Six pots or pans, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . . 6 00

IxiA Crocata. — Six pots, John L. Gardner . v . . . . 4 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 3 00

Roman Hyacinths. — Six pots or pans, John L. Gardner . . 4 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 3 00

Gratuities : —
William E. Doyle, Display of Palms, Crotons, Lilies, Astilbe, and

Ferns 25 00

F. Becker, Display of Palms, Araucarias, Sweet Bays, etc. . . 20 00

Botanic Garden, Cambridge, Display of Agaves, Cacti, Ferns, etc., 20 00

Temple & Beard, Ten Plants 10 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Seventy Plants 10 00

William C. Strong, Thirty-two Evergreens . . . . . 10 00
Norton Brothers, Fourteen Rhododendrons and Orchids, and Cut

Flowers 8 00

John L. Gardner, Ten pots of Plants and Twelve pots of Bulbs . 5 00

Charles J. Dawson, Thirty pots of Hardy Herbaceous Plants . . 5 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Orange Tree 5 00

John L. Gardner, Eleven Orchids . . . . . . . 5 00

E. W. Gilraore, Twelve Orchids 5 00

Edward Butler, Cattleya amethystoglossa . . . . . . 1 00

William C. Strong, Eight pots Hydrangeas . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Twelve pots Primula ohconica . . . 1 00

Joseph S. Fay, Twenty pots Pansies . . . . . . 2 00

T. Rowland, Five pots Mignonefte 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Eleven pots Tulips 2 00

Dr. C. G. Weld, Seven pots Narcissus bulbocodium . . . 1 00

Thomas H. Meade, Three Lilies and Twenty-four Tea Roses . . 3 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Three Hundred Hybrid Perpetual Roses . 15 00
Norton Brothers, Two vases Roses, Gabriel Luizet and Ulrich

Brunner ........... 3 00

William H. Elliott, Four vases Hybrid Perpetual Roses . . . 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 241

C. W. Galloupe, Eight vases H^'brid Perpetual Roses and Pinks . $4 00
Ernest Asmus, West Hoboken, N.J., Five vases roses, Mme. Cusin,

Catlierine Mermet, Mme. Hoste, and Mme. de Watteville . 2 GO

Augustus P. Calder, Two vases Papa Gontier roses . . . . 1 00

Augustus P. Calder, Four vases Anemones and Ranunculuses . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 1 00

varieties.

Dr.

C. G

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 10.
Indian Azaleas. — Six plants in pots, named, John L. Gardner
Single specimen, Nathaniel T. Kidder .
Second, John L. Gardner .
Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots, John L. Gardner
Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Single plant. Dr. C. G. Weld
Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Tulips. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct named

Weld

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill .
Pansies. — Fifty cut blooms, in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Isaac

E. Coburn

Herbaceous Plants. — Jacob W. Manning, forty-seven species

Gratuities : —

Edwin Sheppard & Son, Pelargoniums, Pinks, etc
John L. Gardner, Azalea ....
A. W. Spencer, Calceolarias
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Gattleya intermedia
John L. Gardner, Cypripedium Haynaldianum
Norton Brothers, Deiidrobium Jamesianum
Joseph H. Wiiite, Gloxinias and Begonias
Dr. C. G. Weld, Erica Cavendishiana
William S. Ewell & Son, Lilies of the Valley
H. H. Hunnewell, Rose W. A. Richardson
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers .
E. H. Hitchings, Wild Flowers

$10 00

4 00

3 00
6 00

5 GO
2 GO
1 00

6 00
6 00
5 GO

4 00
4 00

8 00
3 00

2 GO

3 00
3 GO
3 GO
2 GO
2 00
1 GO
1 GO

1 00

2 00
1 00

Mat 24.

Gratuities :

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Flowering Trees and Shrubs
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants ....

3 GO
2 GO

Mat 31.
Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons and Azaleas

3 GO

242

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hardy Shrubs, etc.
Joseph Comley, Gen. Jacqueminot Roses .

82 00
1 GO

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 7.

H. H. Hunnewell Premiums.

Rhododendrons. — Twelve trusses, distinct hardy varieties,
named, in the Society's vases, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, a piece
of plate, value .........

Second, John L. Gardner, a piece of plate, value
Eighteen tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes
Ten tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes .

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes

Six tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes
Single truss of any tender variety, named, Joseph Clark
Hardy Azaleas, from ant or all classes. — Fifteen named
varieties, one truss each, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes .
Six named varieties, one truss each, the second prize to Benjamin
G. Smith

$20 00

15

00

8

00

5

00

4

00

.3

00

1

00

00

2 00

Socieiy\i Prizes.

German Iris. — Six distinct named varieties, one spike of each, tlie
second prize to Jacob W. Manning .....

Clematis. — Named varieties, display of cut blooms, with foliage,
Joseph H. Woodford ........

Hardy Ptrethrums. — Display, the third prize to Joseph H.
Woodford ..........

Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Largest and best col-
lection, named, cut blooms, Nathaniel T. Kidder .
Second, Joseph S. Fay

Basket op Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood .....
Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Herbaceous Plants. — Jacob W. Manning .....

Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, one vase
of each, Mrs. P. D. Richards .......

Second, E. H. Hitchings

Gratuities : —
H. H. Hunnewell, Sixty-four named Rhododendrons, and others
Joseph Clark, Rhododendrons ....
E. Sheppard & Son, Rhododendrons, Azaleas, etc.
John L. Gardner, " and Azaleas

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Indian Azaleas .
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of flowers
Newton Cemetery " "

2 00
4 00
1 00

6

00

5

00

5

00

4

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

10

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

10

00

5

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 243

Joseph H. Woodford, Three vases of flowers . . , . . S3 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, One vase " 1 00

Joseph Comley, Vase of Jacqueminot Roses 1 00

Leverett M. Chase, Paeonies ........ 1 00

June 14.
Gratuities : —

Miss Ellen M. Harris, Paeonies . . . . . . . 2 00

Benjamin D. Hill, Clematis 3 00

Joseph H. Woodford, Pyrethrums, etc 2 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.
June 24 and 25.
Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.
Hakdt Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties,

three of each, John B. Moore & Son $35 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 30 00

Third, William H. Spooner 25 00

Special Prize, offered by President William H. Spooner.
Ulkich Brunnek. — For the best twelve blooms, Mrs. Francis B.

Hayes 10 00

Regular Prizes.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Sixteen distinct named varieties,

three of each, John B. Moore & Son 25 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 20 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each, John L. Gardner . 20 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son . . . . . . . 15 00

Six distinct named varieties, three of each, Joseph H. White . 15 00

Second, John B. Moore «& Son 10 00

Three distinct named varieties, three of each. Dr. C. G. Weld . 10 00

• Second, Joseph H. White 8 00

Third, John B. Moore & Son 5 00

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, one of each, John L.

Gardner 15 00

Second, William H. Spooner . . . . . . . 10 00

Third, John B. Moore & Son 8 00

Eighteen distinct named varieties, one of each, William H.

Spooner 12 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes .... ... 8 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, one of each, Mrs. Francis B.

Hayes 10 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 6 00

Third, William H. Spooner 4 00

244

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICIILTUKAL SOCIETY.

Six distinct named varieties, one of each, Dr. C. G. Weld . . $6 00

Second, Joseph H. White . 4 00

Third, John B. Moore & Son 3 00

Three distinct varieties, one of each, Warren Heustis & Son . 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

Moss Roses. — Six distinct named varieties, three clusters of each,

John B. Moore & Son 6 00

Second, John L. Gardner 4 00

Third, Joseph S. Fay 3 00

General Display of One Hundred Bottles of Hardy Roses, J. B.

Moore & Son 10 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard & Son 9 00

Third, John L. Gardner 8 00

Fourth, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes 7 00

Fifth, Mrs. E. M. Gill 6 00

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — Two distinct named
varieties, in bloom, no Orchid admissible, Nathaniel T. Kid-
der 15 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 10 00

Specimen Plant in Bloom. — Named, other than Orchid, John L.

Gardner 7 00

Orchids. — Six plants, of six named varieties, in bloom, John L.

Gardner 20 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore 12 00

Three plants, of three named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gard-
ner 10 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 8 00

Single specimen, named, John L. Gardner . ... . . G 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Herbaceous Pjeonies. — Ten named varieties, Thomas C. Thurlow, 8 00

Second, William C. Strong G 00

Sweet Williams. — Thirty spikes, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, Edwin Sheppard & Son ....... 4 00

Second, L. W. Goodell 3 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. A. D. Wood 5 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Gratuities : —

Joseph S. Fay, Display of Hardy Perpetual Roses . . . . 20 00

Jackson Dawson, Japan and Native Hardy Roses and Shrubs . . 10 00 ■

Norton Brothers, One hundred bottles Hardy Perpetual Roses . . 6 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons . ..... 5 00

Edwin A. Hall, Kalmia 1 00

Thomas C. Thurlow, Red and White Kalmia 100

Joseph H. Woodford, Display for the Platform . . . . 15 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 245

Jacob W. Manning, One hundred varieties of Hardy Trees and
Shrubs .......

William C. Strong, Foliage Trees and Shrubs .
Benjamin D. Hill, Pjeonies ....

Miss Ellen M. Harris, PiEonies and Sweet Williams

Newton Cemetery, Irises and Sweet Williams .

Edwin Sheppard & Son, Pelargoniums, etc.

Walter E. Coburn, Pelargoniums

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Four Pelargoniums .

Richard T. Lombard, Pinks, etc.

Neale Boyle, Stock Gilliflower ....

William S. Ewell & Son, Campanulas, etc.
Marshall B. Faxon, Pansies ....

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Canterbury Bells (Dean's strain

Jacob W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants

Miss Sarah M. Vose, Basket of Flowers .

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Basket of Flowers .

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants ....

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants .

^5 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

July 5.

LiLiusi Candidum. — Twelve spikes, Leverett M. Chase
Second, Nathaniel T. Ividder ....
(jrratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Delphiniums

Anthony McLaren, " .....

William C. Strong, Iris Kampferi ....

Charles J. Dawson, Poppies ......

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Basket of Flowers . . . . ,

Miss Sarah M. Vose, " "....,

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

July 12.

Hardy Carnations. — Twelve cut blooms, distinct varieties, tree

or tender kinds not admissible, Charles Jackson Dawson . 3 00

Second, William C. Winter 2 00

Iris K^mpferi. — Fifteen varieties, three of each, in vases, John

L. Gardner 8 00

Second, William C. Strong 6 00

Third, Newton Cemetery 5 00

Six named varieties, three of each, in vases, John L. Gardner . 4 00

Second, William C. Strong 3 00

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood 5 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Vase or Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 3 00

Herbaceocs Plants. — Jacob W. Manning 4 00

246

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

William C. Strong, Irises

Newton Cemetery, " . . . .
Edwin Sheppard & Son, Irises and Hollyhocks
Dr. C. G. Weld, Hollyhocks, etc. .
Charles F. Curtis, " . .

Joseph S. Pay, "

John L. Gardner, Gloxinias

" " DendrocMlum filiforme

John Irving, Candytuft ....
Joseph H. Woodford, Two vases of flowers
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers .
Walter E. Coburn, " " . .

E. H. Hitchings, " " . .

July 19.

Hollyhocks. — Double, twelve blooms of twelve distinct colors
in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Joseph S. Fay

Second, Edwin Sheppard & Son .
Six blooms, of six distinct colors, Joseph S. Fay

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Parlor Bouquet. — Mrs. E. M, Gill

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood ....

Third, Joseph H. Woodford ...

Gratuities : —
Edwin Sheppard & Son, Display of Hollyhocks .
Charles F. Curtis, " "

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers
Dr. C. G. Weld, " "

Frederick S. Davis, Poppies ....
Walter E. Coburn, Native Plants and Pelargoniums
Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " ...

^2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

July 26.
Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.
Sweet Peas. — For the best Bouquet or Vase, and best arranged,
other foliage than that of Sweet Peas admissible, Mrs. Francis
B. Hayes ...........

3 00

Regular Prizes.
Gloxinias. — Display of Cut Flowers, John L. Gardner .

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Hydrangeas. — Pair, in tubs or pots, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Single plant, in tub or pot, Dr. C. G. Weld .

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 247

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. P. D. Richards

Second, Walter E. Coburn

Gratuities : —

Jackson Dawson, Hahenaria dliaris and Epidendrum odora

Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Hollyhocks ....

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers ....

E. H. Hitchings, Ferns, etc.

$4 00
3 00

August 2.

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling thirty vases, James F. C. Hyde

Second, H. A. Jones .....

Third, George S. Harwood
Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes .

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill ....
Herbaceous Plants. — Jacob W. Manning .

2

00

1

00

2

00

2 00

6

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3 00

2 00

4

00

August 9.

Perennial Phloxes. — Collection of twenty spikes, Edwin Shep-

pard & Son .......... 5

Ten distinct named varieties, Edwin Sheppard & Son ... 4

Vase of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill 4

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 3

Native Flowers. — Collection, Mrs. P. D. Richards ... 4

Second, Walter E. Coburn 3

Third, E. H. Hitchings 2

Gratuities : —

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli 3

August 16.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties in spikes, J. Warren Clark . 6 00

Ten named varieties, in spikes, J. Warren Clark .... 3

Six named varieties, in spikes, J. Warren Clark .... 2

Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred

vases, J. Warren Clark ........ 6

Phlox Drummondi. — Thirty vases, not less than six varieties,

L. W. Goodell 4

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 3

00
00

00

00
00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.
August 19, 20, 21, and 22.
Special Prizes, offered by IT. II. Hunnewell.
Coniferous Trees not Natives of New England. — Display in
pots or tubs, named, Temple & Beard .....
Second, Jacob W. Manning .......

$15 00
10 00

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTILTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prize, offered by R. ^ J. Farquhar ^ Co., Boston.

Annuals. — Display, filling not less than one hundred vases, Mrs.

E. M. Gill, a piece of plate, value $40 00

Special Prizes, from the Theodore Lyman Fund.
Floral Design. — For the best, and best kept for three days, and
prizes awarded the last day, O. A. Buggies, the Lyman plate,

value 35 00

Second, Galvin Brothers, the Lyman plate, value . . . 30 00
Third, James Comley, the Lyman plate, value . . . . 25 00

Special Prospective Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon, Boston.

Sweet Peas. — For the best display, other foliage than that of
Sweet Peas admissible, prize to be taken by the same person
or firm twice in three consecutive years : first year, George S.
Harwood, a silver vase, value 25 00

Special Prizes, offered by the Society of American Florists.

Decokation of Mantlepiece and Fireplace. — For the best ar-
ranged, David Allan, a piece of plate, value . . . . 75 00
Second, William E. Doyle, a piece of plate, value . . . 50 00

Special Prizes, offered by Abram French <5" Co., Boston.

Dinner Table Decoration. — For the best, of flowers, or plants

and flowers, William E. Doyle, a piece of plate, value . . 60 00
Second, Galvin Brothers, a piece of plate, value . . . 40 00

Special Prizes, offered by " The American Florist," Chicago.

Hardy Herbaceous Flowers. — For the best collection, named,
with foliage, from plants not having woody or shrubby stems,
and from all hardy bulbs, filling one hundred vases, with not
less than seventy-five varieties, Jacob W. Manning, a piece
of plate, value . , . . . . . . . 40 00

Second, Temple & Beard, a piece of plate, value . . . 30 00

Special Prizes, offered by Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia.

Gloxinias. — For the best collection of the flowers, by Amateur

Exhibitors, Dr. C. G. Weld, a piece of plate, value . . 15 00
Second, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, a piece of plate, value . 10 00

Special Prizes, offered by the ^^ American Agriculturist," Neiv York.

Ornamental Foliage. — For the best collection, from Hardy Trees
and Shrubs, filling fifty vases, William C. Strong, books,

value 12 00

Second, Temple & Beard, books, value . . . . . 8 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 249

Special Prizes, offered by Benjamin Grey, Maiden.

Nymph.eas and other Aquatic Plants and Flowers. — For the

best display, L. W. Gootlcll, a piece of plate, value . . .$25 00
Second, Fairnian Rogers, Newport, R.I., a piece of plate,
value ........... 15 00

Special Prizes, offered by Siebrecht ^ Wadley, New York.

Orchids. — For the best collection of plants in bloom, Frederick L.

Ames, a piece of plate, value . . . . . . . 25 00

Second, H. H. Hunnewell, a piece of plate, value . . . 15 00
Single plant, Frederick L. Ames, Lcelia crispa superba, a piece of

plate, value .......... 15 00

Special Prizes, offered by John Gardiner ^ Co., Philadelphia.

Gladioli. — For the best collection, filling one hundred vases, J.

Warren Clark, a piece of plate, value . . . . . 25 00
Second, Dr. C. G. Weld, a piece of plate, value . . . 15 00

Special Prizes, offered by the Society.

Palms. — Pair, in tubs not less than twenty-four inches in diameter,

H. H. Hunnewell 15 00

Second, Joseph H. White 10 00

Pair, in tubs not less than twenty inches in diameter, Joseph H.

White 12 00

Pair, in tubs not less than sixteen inches in diameter, Joseph H.

Wiiite 10 00

Pair, in tubs not less than twelve inches in diameter, Frederick L.

Ames 8 00

Second, Joseph H. White . 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — Six distinct named varieties,

two Crotons admissible, H. H. Hunnewell . . . . 30 00

Second, John L. Gardner 25 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 20 00

Single plant, for table decoration, dressed at the base, only one

entry admissible, the second prize to Nathaniel T. Kidder . 8 00

Third, John L. Gardner 6 00

Specimen Flowering Plant. — Single named variety, Joseph H.

White 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner 6 00

Ornamental Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties not offered
in the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dracasnas

not admissible, Nathaniel T. Kidder 20 00

Second, Joseph H. White 15 00

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Single specimen, variegated, named, not offered in any collection,

Frederick L. Ames $6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Third, George A. Nickerson ....... 4 00

Caladiums. — Six named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell . . . 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 10 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames ....... 8 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Adiantums. — Five named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen named, Dr. C. G. Weld . . 10 00

Second, Joseph H. White 8 00

Ltcopods. — Four named varieties, Natlianiel T. Kidder . . 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell . . . 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Ckotons. — Six named varieties, in not less than twelve-inch pots,

Nathaniel T. Kidder 10 00

Six in six-inch pots. Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Second, Johi*L. Gardner ........ 5 00

Third, George A. Nickerson ....... 2 00

Ctcad. — Single plant, named, Joseph H. White . . . . 10 00

Second, Joseph H. White 8 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, named, Frederick L. Ames . . . 6 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 5 00

Orchids. — Six plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick L.

Ames 12 00

Second, John L. Gardner . . . . . . . . 10 00

Three plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick L. Ames . 8 00

Single plant in bloom, Frederick L. Ames . . . . . 4 00

Second, H. H. Hunnewell 3 00

Gratuities : —
Frank Becker, Display of Plants on the platform
William E. Doyle, "
Thomas Clark, Plants ....

George McWilliam, Plants
Dr. C. G. Weld, Plants ....
George A. Nickerson, Plants
Botanic Garden, Cambridge, Plants .
John L. Gardner, Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Robert C Winthrop, Plants
David Allan, Anthuriums, etc. .
John L. Gardner, Agapanthus and Hydrangeas .
Joseph II. White, Monstera and other Plants

25 00

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5 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 251

William Patterson, Caladiums, etc §2 00

Fisher Brothers, Ferns, etc 2 00

Albert Scott, Begonias 2 00

Benjamin Grey, Nymphaeas . . . . . . . . 20 00

E. D. Sturtevant, Bordentown, N.J., Nelumbiums . . . . 5 00

Chipman Brothers, Pink Pond Lilies ....... 3 00

Denys Zirngiebel, Asters . . . . . . . . . 10 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers 2 00

Jacob W. Manning, Native Ferns 1 00

August 30.

Special Prize, offered by Marshall B. Faxon.

Asters. — For the best display of Cut Flowers, filling twenty-five of

the Society's glass vases, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . 4 00

Regular Prizes.

Asters. — Truffaut's Paeony Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than

twelve varieties, the second prize to Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . 4 00

Third, William Patterson 3 00

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve varieties,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes ........ 5 00

Second, William Patterson ....... 4 00

LiLiUM Lancifohum. — Collection, the second prize to Mrs. E. M.

Gill 2 00

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood . . . . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 3 00

September 6.

Special Prize, offered by Marshall B. Faxon.

TROPiEOLUMS. — For the best display, filling twenty of the Society's

glass vases, Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Regular Prizes.

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

Frederick L. Davis 4 00

Second, Nellie B. Cook 8 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes 2 00

Dianthus. — Collection of Annual and Biennial varieties, filling fifty

bottles, L. W. Goodell 4 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Jacob W. Manning 4 00

Gratuity : —
Benjamin Grey, Nymphseas, etc. ....... 8 00

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 11, 12, 13, and 14.
Special Prizes, from the Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Chrysanthemums. — Fifty blooms, S. J. Coleman, the Bradlee plate,

value $30 00

Fifty blooms, viz., thirty Japanese, ten Chinese, and ten Anemone,

Joseph H. White, the Bradlee plate, value . . . . 20 00

Special Prizes, offered by the Society.

Best Seedling of 1889. — The Second prize to S. J. Coleman, for

Albert Henry 5 00

Third, Joseph H. White, for Mrs. J. H. White . . . . 4 00

Regvlar Prizes.

Display of twenty named plants, all classes, distinct varieties,

Walter Hunnewell 60 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 50 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes 40 00

Display of twelve named plants, all classes, distinct varieties, Mrs.

Francis B. Hayes 40 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, the second prize to

Nathaniel T. Kidder 15 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Six plants. Large Flowered Chinese, in not over eight-incli pots,
distinct varieties, bearing not more than four blooms each,

the second prize to the Bussey Institution . . . . 8 00

Six Japanese, in not over eight-inch pots, distinct named varieties,

bearing not more than four blooms each, Dr. C. G. Weld . 10 00

Second, the Bussey Institution ....... 8 00

Specimen, Incurved, or Chinese, named variety. Dr. Henry P.

Walcott 6 00

Second, Walter Hunnewell ....... 5 00

Specimen Japanese, named variety, Walter Hunnewell . . 6 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes 5 00

Third, Dr. Henry P. Walcott 4 00

Specimen Pompon, named variety, Dr. Henry P. Walcott . . 5 00

Second, Walter Hunnewell ....... 4 00

Specimen Anemone, named variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . (5 00

Second, Walter Hunnewell 5 00

Specimen trained Standard, any class, named, Nathaniel T. Kid-
der 8 00

Second, Joseph H. White 6 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 253

Twelve cut blooms, Large Flowered, or Chinese, named, in vases,
E. A. Wood

Second, Kichard T. Lombard

Third, Patrick Malley

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, Joseph II. White,

Second, E. A. Wood .,,......

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld

Six cut blooms. Large Flowered, or Chinese, named, in vases,
Joseph H. White

Second, the Bussey Institution .......

Third, Kichard T. Lombard

Six cut blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, E. A. Wood

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Third, George B. Gill

Display of cut blooms, of all classes, filling fifty vases, Mrs. Fran-
cis B. Hayes ..........

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Third, Joseph H. White

Fourth, Mrs. A. D. Wood

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10

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Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of Chrysanthemums in pots (thirty
five plants) .........

The Bussey Institution, " " " " "

William H. Elliott, «' " " " "

Joseph S. Fay, " " " " "

Norris T. Comley, " " Seedling Chrysanthemums

Arend Brandt, Newport, R.I., Display of- Seedling Chrysanthe
mums ........

Miss Jennie W. May, Chrysanthemums of Open Culture

George Hollis, Chrysanthemums in vases .

Richard T. Lombard, " " " .

George M. Anderson, " " " . . .

Galvin Brothers, Display on the Platform, Lower Hall

William E. Doyle, " " " " Upper Hall

Norton Brothers, " of Plants and Flowers

Edward Butler, Orchid, Stanhopea oculata

C. V. Whitten, Tea Rose Mme. Hoste

Edmund M. Wood & Co., Five vases of Tea Roses

Azell C. Bowditch, Vase of La France Roses .

Galvin Brothers, Display of Carnations

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers

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254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDAL.

June 14. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of Rhododendrons and Azaleas,
five hundred blooms, one hundred varieties.

SILVER APPLETON MEDALS.

Chrysanthemum Show, Nov. 11-14. Henry A. Gane, Superior Seedling

Chrysanthemums.
December 31. Jacob W. Manning. Having taken all the First Prizes of the

year for exhibits of Herbaceous Plants.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

May Exhibition, May 10. A. W. Spencer, Orchid, Anguloa Clowesii.

July 19. Joseph S. Fay, Display of Hollyhocks.

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, August 19-22. George A. Nicker-

son, Croton, Queen Victoria.
Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, August 19-22. Robert Cameron,

Collection of Cacti.
Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, August 19-22. George McWil-

liam, Variegated Alocasias.
Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, August 19-22. William R. Smith,

Washington, D.C., Carnivorous Plants.
September 6. Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N.J., Cypi'ipedium Arnoldi-

anum, C. Veitchii, and C. concolor.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 11-13. Arthur H. Fewkes, Best Seedling

Chrysanthemum of 1889.
" " " " T. D. Hatfield, Superior cultiva-

tion of the Chrysanthemum
Mrs. Alpheus Hardy.
" " " " S. J. Coleman, superior cultiva-

tion of Chrysanthemums.
" " " " E. M. Wood & Co., New Rose,

AVaban.
" " " " Richard Gardner, Newport, R.I.,

New Seedling Calanthe, a
cross between C vestita and C.
vestita rubro-oculata.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.
January 4. John L. Gardner, Kalanchoe carnea.

Spring Exhibition, March 26-28. Jackson Dawson, superior cultivation of

Cypripedium acaule.
" " " " Ernest Asmus, West Hoboken, N.J., New

Yellow Rose, Mme. Hoste.
April 12. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Seedling Rhododendron William Power
Wilson, entered for Prospective Prize.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 255

May Exhibition, May 10. Jacob W. Manning, Spircea astilboides.
Rhododendron Show, June 7. John L. Gardner, Utricularia nelumhifolia.
" " " " Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Begonia prcecox

superba.
July 19. William E. Endicott, Gladiolus President Carnot.
" 26. John L. Gardner, Gladiolus Jolin Laing.
" ♦' " " " " Lainartine.

August 9. "William E. Endicott, Seedling Gladiolus, Kehydius.

" 30. Joseph T. Comley, Seedling Gladiolus, Eclaireus.
September 6. Botanic Garden, Cambridge, Cereus triangularis.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 11-13. George B. Gill, Chrysanthemum

sport, Mrs. Dudley C. Hall.
" " " " John McGowan, Orange, N.J.,

White Carnation, Lizzie Mc-
Gowan.

HONORABLE MENTION.
Rose Exhibition, June 24-25. R. & J. Farquhar, Annual Carnation.
July 26. J, Warren Clark, Seedling Gladioli.
September 6. Dr. C. G. Weld, CyHanthus hybridus.
" " Thomas Cox, Seedling Gladiolus.

" " Botanic Garden, Cambridge, Collection of Herbaceous Plants.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 11-13. T. H. Spaulding, Orange, N.J.,

Seedling Chrysanthemum, D.
D. Farson.
" " " " John McGowan, Orange, N.J.,

Yellow Carnation, Louise
Porsch.
" " " " Lathrop Wright, Carnation

Helen Galvin.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE TEAR 1890.

Br E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

The season opened favorably for the fruit crop, the vines,
shrubs, and trees having suffered little or no injury during the
winter; the mild weather in the early spring encouraged a strong,
vigorous growth ; the fruit buds on the peach trees had been less
injured than for several years, and, it being tlie bearing year for
the apple in this State, the prospect had seldom looked more
favorable for an abundant fruit crop.

The apple trees bloomed profusely, and there was a full average
bloom among the pears ; but it was noticed after the blossoms had
fallen that a comparatively small amount of fruit had set. In
some places the apple showed little or no fruit at all. Among the
pears some varieties seemed to be much more unfavorably afiected
than others. There was a full average crop of Bartletts and
Seckels. It will be remembered that during the time the apple and
pear trees were in bloom we had almost continuous cold storms,
which would seem to be the only unusual atmospheric condition to
affect unfavorably these two species of fruit.

Notwithstanding the partial failure of two of our most impor-
tant fruits, our exhibits, taken as a whole, have seldom, if ever,
been better than during the past year. They have been fully up
to the average in quantity and superior in quality.

RErORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 257

The Strawberry Show was more than usually successful ; the
competition was earnest and close, especially for the larger prizes.
While several past favorites have disappeared from our tables,
new varieties have taken their places, and the interest in seed-
lings and the practice of growing them are constantlv increasing,
and several promising new ones were shown at this exhibition.
Messrs. Campbell & Gowing showed on June 21 a new seedling
variety which very closely resembled the Jewell in size, form, and
color ; but they claimed that it is some ten days earlier, and that
the berries shown were among the last picked from the vines, and
they were unable to show any specimens at the Rose and Straw-
berry Exhibition on the 24th and 25th. Unless these were grown
in an exceptionally warm situation this new variety bids fair to
meet the demand of the market-growers, who have long felt the
need of a large-sized, early variety, thus extending the season
and furnishing what the trade demands — large-sized, handsome
fruit. Benjamin M. Smith showed a seedling from Miner's
Prolific, which he has named the Beverly, from the town where
it originated. It resembled the parent very closely, but was
somewhat larger in size, and, as grown by Mr. Smith, was a
strong, vigorous plant, and very productive. Among the recently
introduced varieties that seemed the most promising were the
Jessie, Bubach, Louise, and Crawford.

There has been the usual quantity of summer fruits shown at
the weekly exhibitions, and the quality has been above the
average. The Currant has generally been a partial, and in some
places a total, failure the past season, and those who were so
fortunate as to have a crop, realized about double the usual prices
for them. There were no new varieties of Raspberries or Black-
berries shown, the Dorchester, as usual, carrying off most of the
prizes for the latter. The fruit growers in this vicinity give less
attention to these two species of fruit, in proportion to their
merit, than to any others. Their liability to winter-killing, and
the consequent failure of a crop, prevents their more general cul-
tivation.

At the Plant and Flower Show held at Music Hall in August,
prizes were awarded for fruit, amounting to one hundred and five
dollars. This amount was not taken from the appropriation made
by the Society, but was contributed by private individuals.

At the annual exhibition in September a most interesting and

258 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

instructive exhibit was made by the Horticultural Department
of the Agricultural College at Amherst. Very careful experiments
have been made there in the application, by spraying, of the so-
called Bordeaux mixture to the grape vine, to prevent mildew.
The application has been made where there were duplicate vines
of the same variety growing side by side, upon one vine only, and
where there was a single vine upon a portion of it, and branches
of the vines, with fruit and foliage attached, were exhibited, show-
ing a ver}^ marked improvement in both fruit and foliage where the
mixture had been applied.

Another interesting feature of this exhibition was from Dr.
Jabez Fisher, who showed sample bunches of Concord grapes, all
from the same vine, one-half of which had been girdled. The
berries from the girdled portion of the vine were about one-third
larger than those from the part not girdled and fully ripe, while
the fruit from the other portion of the vine was not even fully
colored. There were also several bunches of Eaton and Worden
from girdled vines showing the same result.

As we were to have only fruits and vegetables at the September
exhibition, thus affording very much more space than has hereto-
fore been thus occupied, the Committee decided to invite some of
the largest dealers in preserved fruits to make an exhibit. With-
in the last few years the improvement in the methods of preserv-
ing fruits has been greater than in growing them, and the business
has been very largely increased. It is estimated that within the
circle limited by a radius of forty miles around the city of
Rochester, N.Y., there have been some years in which more than
six miUion bushels of apples have been evaporated.

Some fifteen years ago, when the export of green fruit was very
considerably increased, leading horticulturists thought the ques-
tion of how to dispose of an abundant crop was solved. But
here we have iu this limited area around Rochester a consump-
tion of fruit larger than all the green fruit exported from the
whole country.

The Royal Horticultural Society of London has recently held a
four days' exhibition, confined entirely to preserved fruits. We
found upon soliciting contributions in September, that it was the
most unfavorable time in the year, as the dealers had on hand only
the stock they had carried over, expecting to receive their new
stock later in the season ; but Messrs. S. S. Pierce & Co. and George

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 259

Johnson & Co. made very handsome displays, which proved of
mnch interest to visitors. With more time and a more extended
display of all kinds of canned and evaporated fruits, both
growers and consumers would be equally interested.

The fruit exhibits on the first Saturdays of October and No-
vember, as heretofore, were much better in quality than at the
Annual Exhibition. The fall and winter fruits were then in perfec-
tion. The show of apples at the last exhibition, considering the
season, was remarlcably good. Several plates of Northern Spy
were shown which were superior to any previously exhibited with-
in the remembrance of the Committee.

There have been more peaches shown this season than for
several years, and a verj' large proportion of them were seedling
varieties. Remarkably fine specimens of Crawford's Late, grown
under glass, were exhibited by D. B. Fearing, Newport, R.I.,
some of them measuring twelve inches in circumference.

Plums have been shown in less quantity than previously, and
there is little probability of any considerable increase until some
effectual means have been discovered to prevent injury to the
trees by the black wart.

The Committee have awarded in prizes and gratuities the sum of
$1,617, leaving an unexpended balance of $83.

In closing their report the Committee feel that the}' can congrat-
ulate the growers upon the general results of the year's work.
"While there have been partial failures in some lines, the prices
received through the season will make a full average showing on
the right side of the balance-sheet.

E. W. Wood, \
O. B. Had WEN, I Committee
C. F. Curtis, \ on

Sam'l. Hartwell, I Fruits.
Warren Fenno, I

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 26, 27, and 28.

Winter Apples. — Any variety, William T. Hall, Northern Spy, $3 00

Second, Warren S. Frost, Baldwin 2 00

Winter Pears. — C. A. Smith, Anjou . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall, Winter Nelis 2 00

Strawberries. — Cephas H. Brackett, Sharpless . . . . 3 00

Gratuity: —
Asa Clement, Apples 1 00

Jdne 7.
Oratuity : — ■
Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes 2 00

June 14.
Gratuities : —

Leonard W. Weston, Crescent Strawberries 1 00

William Doran & Son, Downing " 1 00

June 21.
Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Strawberries 1 00

Charles E. Grant, '♦ 1 00

Campbell & Gowing, Seedling Strawberries 1 00

William G. Prescott, " " 1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 24 and 25.

Special Prizes from the Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variety, Samuel

Barnard, Jewell, the Lyman Plate, value . . . . 20 00

Second, Varnum Frost, Belmont, the Lyman Plate, value . 16 00

Third, Artemas Frost, Belmont, the Lyman Plate, value . . 12 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

261

Special Prizes offered hy the Society.
For the best two quarts of any variety, to be judged by points,

Winter Brothers, Henderson $6 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Bay State . . . . 5 00

Third, John B. Burgess, Burgess Seedling . , , . 4 00

Fourth, Isaac E. Coburn, Jessie . . . . , . 3 00

For the best exhibition of a Seedling Strawberry introduced with-
in the last five years, Benjamin M. Smith, for the Beverly, Silver Medal.

Regular Prizes.
For the largest and best collection, not less than twenty baskets,
of two quarts each, and not less than five varieties, Samuel
Barnard ...........

Ten baskets of one variety, two quarts each, Samuel Barnard,
Jewell ,....,

Second, Varnum Frost, Belmont

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont
Five baskets of one variety, two quarts each, Isaac E. Coburn
Jessie .....

Second, Varnum Frost, Belmont

Third, William Doran & Son, Sharpl
Two quarts of Belmont, Varnum Frost

Second, George F. Wheeler

Third, Charles N. Brackett
Bidwell, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Samuel Barnard
Champion, A. B. Howard

Second, Samuel Barnard

Third, George F. Wheeler
Charles Downing, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Charles E. Grant .

Third, William Doran & Son
Crescent, Leonard W. Weston

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .
Cumberland, George F. Wheeler

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Third, Winter Brothers
Jewell, Samuel Barnard

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .
May King, Samuel Barnard .

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .

Third, George F. Wheeler
Miner's Prolific, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, George F. Wheeler

Third, Samuel Barnard
Sharpless, Samuel Barnard .

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262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Wilder, the second prize to "Winter Brotliers .....

Two quarts of any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Jessie
Second, Samuel Barnard, Parry .......

Third, A. B. Howard, Jessie .......

Collection of not less than six varieties, one quart each, Samuel
Barnard ...........

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder .......

One quart of any new variety, Charles N. Brackett, Louise .
Second, Campbell & Gowing, Seedling .....

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Oliver R. Robbins,
Black Tartarian .........

Second, Edwin Hastings, Black Tartarian .....

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Joseph H. White,
Black Hamburg .........

Second, Winter Brothers, Black Hamburg ....

Forced Peaches. — Six specimens of any variety, Winter Brothers,
Waterloo . ...

Second, Winter Brothers, Amsden ......

Gratuitiss : —
George V. Fletcher, Strawberries .
C. S. Pratt, " ...

Charles E. Grant, " ...

Samuel H. Warren, Crawford Strawberries
A. B. Howard, Seedling Strawberries
George Johnson & Co., Grapes on vine

June 28.
Gratuities : —

William Doran & Son, Sharpless Strawberries . . . . . 1 00
E. W. Howe, Red and White Wood Strawberries . . . . 1 00
Charles N. Brackett, Cherries 1 00

JULT 5.

Strawberries. — One quart of any variety, Benjamin M. Smith,
Beverly ...........

Second, Charles E. Grant, Longfellow .....

Cherries. — Two quarts of Black Tartarian, Charles F. Curtis
Two quarts of Downer's Late, Charles F. Curtis ....

Two quarts of any other variety, John L. Bird, Napoleon Bigar-
reau ...........

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, White Heart
Third, " " " Governor Wood .

July 12.
Cherries. — Two quarts of Black Tartarian, Leverett M. Chase
Two quarts of Downer's Late, Charles N. Brackett

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 263

Two quarts of any other variety, Charles F. Curtis, Hyde's

Black $3 00

Second, Marshall \V. Chadbourne, White Heart . . . 2 00

Third, Leverett M. Chase, Seedling 1 00

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Charles E. Grant, Cuth-

bert 3 00

Second, William Doran & Son, Highland Hardy . . . 2 00
Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety, Benjamin G. Smith,

Versaillaise .......... 4 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's 3 00

Third, William Doran & Son, Versaillaise . . . . 2 00
Two quarts of any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Trans-
parent 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, White Gondouin . . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

William G. Prescott, Golden Queen Raspberries . . . . 1 00

Joseph H. Woodford, Gooseberries ....... 1 00

Winter Brothers, Grapes and Peaches 2 00

July 19.
Raspberries. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two

quarts each, William Doran & Son . . . . . 4 00

Two quarts of any variety, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert . . 3 00

Second, William Doran & Son, Red Antwerp . . . . 2 00

Currants. — One quart of Versaillaise, William Doran & Son . 2 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

One quart of anj' other Red variety, Benjamin M. Smith, Fay's

Prolific - 2 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's Prolific . . . . 1 00
One quart of any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Trans-
parent 2 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, White Gondouin . . . . 1 00

Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Cherries 1 00

Marshall W. Chadbourne, Cherries and Currants . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " .... 1 00

Joseph S. Chase, Gooseberries 1 00

July 26.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son,

Red Antwerp 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert 2 00

Currants. — One quart of any Red variety, Benjamin G. Smith,

Versaillaise .......... 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's Prolific . . . . 2 00

Third, Benjamin M. Smith, " " .... 1 00

264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

One quart of any "White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Trans-
parent • . . §2 00

Second, Winter Brothers, White Grape . . . . . 1 00
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Dorchester 3 00

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Dorchester . . . . 2 00

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, Benjamin G.

Smith, Smith's Improved .... ... 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Downing . . . . . 2 00

Third, Joseph S. Chase, Smith's Improved . . . . 1 00

Gratuities : —

William Doran & Son, Raspberries . . . . . . . 2 00

Charles S. Smith, Alexander Peaches . . . . . . 1 00

Winter Brothers, Hale's Early Peaches ...... 1 00

mith

August 2.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Dorchester ........

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne ....

Third, S. M. Vose, Dorchester ....

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of Industry, Winter Brothers
Two quarts of an^' other foreign variety, Benjamin G. S
Bang-Up ......

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Whitesmith
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Benjamin G. Smith
Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third F. W. Payne

Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Giffard
Peaches. — Any variety, William P. Walker, Hale's Early
Second, John L. Bird, Hale's Early ....

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August 9.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Warren Fenno ....

Sweet Bough, Warren Heustis & Son .....

Second, William T. Hall

Third, George V. Fletcher

Any other variety, John L. Bird, Red Astrachan

Second, William T. Hall, u << _

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, " " . .
Pears. — Giffard, Charles N. Brackett

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid ......

Third, John L. Bird

Any other variety, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, Manning's Elizabeth

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Brandywine

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Jargonelle ....

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PKIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

265

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Natlianiel T. Kidder,
Dorchester ..........

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Dorchester . . . .

Peaches. — Any variety, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling

Gratuities : —
Josepli II. White, Peaches ........

Warren Fenno, Apricots .........

$3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

August 16.

Apples. — Oldenburg, Warren Fenno

Red Astrachan, C. C. Shaw .....

Second, William T. Hall

Third, John L. Bird

Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Aaron S. Mcintosh

Second, Leverett M. Chase . . . . ,

Third, E. J. Hewins

Manning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .
Second, Frank Ware .....

Any other variety, J. M. Sweet, Tyson

Second, John L. Bird, " . . . .

Apricots. — Warren Fenno ......

Peaches. — Twelve specimens of out-door culture, of any va
John D. Woodbury, Seedling . . . ' .

Second, Nathan D. Harrington, Crawford's Early
Third, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling
Six specimens of cold-house or pot culture, Joseph H. White
Noblesse ..... ^ . .

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Nathaniel T
der, Black Hamburg ......

Second, Joseph H. White, Bowood Muscat

Gratuities : —

Charles F. Curtis, Apples

Charles N. Brackett, Apples and Pears ....

riety

Kid

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August 30.

Apples. — Williams's Favorite, Reuben Handley

Second, C. C Shaw

Third, Artemas Frost .....

Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin

Second Varnum Frost, Gravenstein .

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Porter .
Pears. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Second, Varnum Frost .....

Third, Leverett M. Chase

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266

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Eostiezer, R. F. & F. L. "Weston 83 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett 2 00

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne 1 00

Tyson, John L. Bird 3 00

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

Any other variety, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Clapp's Favorite . . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Souvenir du Congres . . 2 00

Third, E. J. Hewins, Clapp's Favorite 1 00

Peaches. — Any variety, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, Foster . . . . . 2 00

Third, C. H. Johnson, Seedling 1 00

Plums. — Any variety, William H. Hunt, Bradshaw . . . 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Imperial Gage 1 00

Native Grapes. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Moore's Early . 3 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, " " . 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Champion 1 00

September 6.

Apples. — Foundling, Reuben Handley .
Gravenstein, Reuben Handley

Second, Warren Heustis & Son

Third, Artemas Frost
Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno

Second, E. R. Cook .
Porter, Reuben Handley

Second, E. R. Cook .

Third, E. H. Thompson .
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Alexander

Second, E. R. Cook, Fall Orange or Holden

Third, Jesse F. Wheeler, Summer Pippin .
Pears. — Andrews, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Arthur Timmins
Boussock, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Second, Charles F. Curtis .

Third, Leverett M. Chase .
Any other variety, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, Bartlett

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Bartlett

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh, "

Peaches. — Collection, Charles S. Smith

Second, Nathan D. Harrington .

Third, C. H. Johnson .
Plums. — Bradshaw, Leverett il. Chase

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

3 00
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PKIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 267

Imperial Gage, Mrs. Mary Langmaid $2 00

Second, William H. Hunt 1 00

Jefferson, William P. Walker 2 00

Lombard, William Christie 2 00

Second, Leverett M, Chase 1 00

Washington, J. W. Goodell 2 00

Any other variety, William H. Hunt, Pond's Needling . . . 2 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis, Seedling 1 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Cottage, William H. Hunt. . 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith 2 00

Moore's Early, Samuel Hartwell ....... 3 00

Second, William H. Hunt 2 00

Any other variety, William H. Hunt, August Rose . . . 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Lady . . . . . . 2 00

Gratuity : —

Robert Manning, Figs 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 17 and 18.
Special Prizes.

Samuel Appleton Fund.
Baldwin Apples. — Best twelve, William C. Eustis
HuBBARDSTON AppLEs. — Bcst twelve, Samuel Hartwell
Bosc Pears. — Best twelve, John L. Bird .....
Sheldon Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .

Benjamin V. French Fund.
Gravenstein Apples. — Best twelve, Jabez Fisher
Rhode Island Greening Apples. — Best twelve, Jabez Fisher

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Anjou Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . . . 4 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon . . . . . . . 3 00

Third, Cephas H. Brackett 2 00

Fourth, Leverett M. Chase 1 00

Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . . . 4 00

Second, Frank Ware 3 00

Third, C. H. Johnson 2 00

Fourth, Varnum Frost . . . ' 1 00

Concord Grapes. — Best six bunches, Arthur J. Bigelow . . 3 00

Second, William H. Hunt 2 00

Third, William Doran & Son 1 00

Moore's Early Grapes. — Best six bunches, Samuel Hartwell . 3 00

Second, E. A. Hubbard 2 00

Third, John B. Moore & Son 1 00

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268 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTTJRAL SOCIETT.

Theodore Lyman Fund.
Foreign Black Grapes. — Heaviest and best ripened bunch, not

less than six pounds, George McWilliam .... $10 00
Foreign White Grapes. — Heaviest and best ripened bunch, not

less than six pounds, George McWilliam . . . . 10 00

Special Prizes offered by the Society.

Anjou Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . . . 5 00

Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . . 5 00
Native Grapes. — Best twelve bunches of any variety, Arthur J.

Bigelow, Concord 5 00

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, E. R. Cook 4 00

Second, Reuben Handley 3 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 2 00

Danvers Sweet, Warren Fenno 3 00

Second, S. P. Buxton 2 00

Third, C. C. Shaw . . 1 00

Dutch Codlin, James H. Clapp 2 00

Second, T. N. Russell 1 00

Fall Orange, Reuben Handley 3 00

Second, E. R. Cook 2 00

Third, Asa Clement 1 00

Fameuse, Benjamin G. Smith ....... 3 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne . . ' . . . . 1 00

Fletcher Russet, John Fletcher 3 00

Foundling, Asa Clement 4 00

Second, Reuben Handley 3 00

Garden Royal, Oliver B. Wyman 3 00

Second, Reuben Handley 2 00

Golden Russet, Warren Fenno 2 00

Gravenstein, Reuben Handley 4 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 3 00

Third, J. H. Butterfield 2 00

Hubbardston, Reuben Handley 4 00

Second, William H. Hunt 3 00

Third, Jabez Fisher 2 00

Hunt Russet, William H. Hunt 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell .' 2 00

Third, Calvin Terry 1 00

Lady's Sweet, David L. Fisk 2 00

Second, Asa Clement ......... 1 00

Lyscom, Asa Clement ......... 2 00

Maiden's Blush, Jabez Fisher 2 00

Second, C. C. Shaw 1 GO

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

269

Mother, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, James H. Clapp

Tliird, E. W. Wood .
Northern Spy, George V. Fletcher

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, William C. Eustis .
Porter, Aaron S. Mcintosh .

Second, E. E. Cook .

Third, Reuben Handlej
Punij)kin Sweet, David L. Fisk
Rhode Island Greening, Nathaniel T. Kidde

Second, Reuben Handley .

Third. Charles E. Grant .
Roxbury Russet, E. R. Cook .

Second, John L. Bird

Third, Warren Heustis & Son
Tolman's Sweet, Artemas Frost

Second, David L. Fisk

Third, Asa Clement .
Tompkins King, Jabez Fisher

Second, Judson Hartshorn .

Third, Herbert Wilkinson .
Washington Royal, Charles N. Brackett
Washington Strawberry, Warren Fenno
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Alexander

Second, William T. Hall ....

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Gloria Mundi
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, C. C. Shaw .

Society's Prizes.
Pears. — Angouleme, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .

Second, A. H. Lewis ......

Third, Samuel G. Damon . .
Belle Lucrative, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .

Second, Leverett M. Chase . . . .

Third, Warren Heustis & Son . . . .
Bosc, J. M. Sweet

Second, Charles F. Curtis . . . . .

Third, John L. Bird

Fourth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . . . .
Boussock, Leverett M. Chase . . . .

Second, Arthur Timmins .....

Third, George W. Eaton

Clairgeau, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . . . .

Second, William T. Hall

Third, Charles F. Curtis . . . .

$3 00

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270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cornice, Charles N. Brackett

Second, William P. Walker

Third, Warren Fenno

Dana's Hovey, E. W. Wood .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, David L. Fisk

Diel, William P. Walker

Second, Charles A. Smith .

Third, Edwin A. Hall

Hardy, Aaron S. Mcintosh .

Second, J. M. Sweet .

Third, Arthur Timmins

Howell, Leverett M. Chase .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Lawrence, John McClure

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Louise Bonne of Jersey, Arthur T

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, Thomas M. Davis .

Marie Louise, Warren Fenno

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Edwin A. Hall

Merriam, Samuel G. Damon .

Second, Charles F. Curtis .

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh .

Onondaga, Leverett M. Chase

Second, Charles A. Smith .

Third, Arthur Timmins

Paradise of Autumn, Leverett M. Chase

Second, William H. Hunt .

Third, Warren Fenno

Seckel, William Doran & Son

Second, Thomas M. Davis .

Third, Leverett M. Chase .

Sheldon, Nathan D. Harrington

Second, Arthur Timmins .

Third, Leonard W. Weston

Souvenir du Congres, Benjamin H. Ober

Second, J. M. Wetherbee .

Third, Charles N. Brackett

St. Michael Archangel, Warren Heustis

Second, Tliomas M. Davis

Third, Benjamin G. Smith

Superfin, Leverett M. Chase

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Thomas M. Davis .

& S

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 271

Urbanistc, Aaron S. Mcintosh $3 00

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne 2 00

Third, John L. Bird 1 00

Vicar, Leverett M. Chase 3 00

Second, Charles A. Smith 2 00

Third, Edwin A. Hall 1 00

Winter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis 3 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall 2 00

Third, William P. Walker 1 00

Any other variety, Warren Heustis & Son, Bonne d'Ezee . . 3 00

Second, Frederick R. Shattuck, De Tongres . . . . 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, Adams ....... 1 00

Quinces. — An}' variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Rea . . . . 3 00

Second, George S. Curtis, Rea 2 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Orange 1 00

Peaches. — Coolidge's Favorite, the second prize to Charles S.

Smitli 2 00

Crawford's Early, William H. Hunt 3 00

Second, G. W. Goddard 2 00

Third, George W. Stevens 1 00

Foster, David L. Fisk 3 00

Second, John L. Bird 2 00

Oldmixon, Charles S. Smith 3 00

Third, W. A. Bemis 1 00

Stump the World, Charles S. Smith 3 00

Any other variety, W. D. Kelly 3 00

Second, G. W. Goddard 2 00

Third, G. W. Goddard 1 00

Peaches, Orchard House Culture. — Charles E. Grant . . 4 00

Second, Joseph H. White 3 00

Plums. — Lombard, Leverett M. Chase . . . . . . 2 00

Second, G. W. Goddard 1 00

Any other variety, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . . . . . 2 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith ....... 1 00

Native Grapes. — Brighton, Samuel Hartwell . . . . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Chase 2 00

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne 1 00

Cottage, William H. Hunt 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon ....... 2 00

Third, Benjamin H.Ober 1 00

Delaware, Joseph S. Chase ........ 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon ....... 2 00

Third, E. R. Cook 1 00

Eumelan, Benjamin G. Smith 3 00

Massasoit, Benjamin G. Smith ....... 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Chase ........ 2 00

272

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Niagara, Samuel Hartwell $3 00

Second, E. A. Hubbard 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson 1 00

Wilder, Benjamin G. Smith .

Second, Samuel G. Damon
Worden, F. J. Kinney .

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, E. R. Cook 1 00

Any other variety, "William H. Hunt, August Rose . . . 3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, Moore's early . . . . 2 00

Third, John B. Moore & Son, Hayes 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, George

McWilliam 10 00

Second, E. W. Wood

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Black Hamburg, two bunches, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, George McWilliam

Third, Joseph H. White .
Buckland Sweetwater, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Muscat of Alexandria, George McWilliam

Second, Josepli H. White .
Wilmot's Hamburg, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, George McWilliam

Third, E. W. Wood ....
Any other variety, George McWilliam .

Second, George McWilliam

Third, E. A. Hubbard

Gratuities : —

Edward B. Wilder, Pears

Winn, Ricker, & Co., Peaches

Caleb Bates, Figs

Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling Peaches

C. H. Johnson, Seedling Peaches .

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Collection of Apples, Pears,

and Peaches 10 00

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Educational display of Grapes

with foliage ......... Silver Medal

Robert McLeod, Newport, R. I., Peaches .... Silver Medal

S. S. Pierce & Co., Display of Preserved Fruits and Vegeta-
bles ........... Silver Medal

George Johnson & Co., Display of Preserved and Fresh Fruits

and Vegetables Silver Medal

8

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FIIUITS.

273

EXHIBITION OF AUTUMN FRUITS.

October 4.
Applks. — Gravenstcin, Reuben Handley

Second, Benjamin A. Moore

Third, William T. Hall
Fall Oranije, or Holden, Reuben Handle

Second, Asa Clement .
Mother, Asa Clement

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Porter, Aaron S. Mcintosh .

Second, E. J. Hewins
Any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Rhode Island Grei

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Fameuse
Pears. — Angouleme, L. A. Milman

Second, William S. Janvrin

Third, John McClure
Bosc, John L. Bird

Second, William P. Walker

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Clairgeau, William T. Hall .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Third, Willard P, Plimpton
Comice, William S. Janvrin .

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, William P. Walker .
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Thomas M. D

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, Arthur Timmins
Seckel, Arthur Timmins

Second, E. A. Hubbard

Third, William Doran & Son
Sheldon, George W. Wilkinson

Second, John L. Bird

Third, George E. Freeman
Superfin, MiclAel Finnegan .

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Urbaniste, A. D. Miller

Second, John L. Bird

Third, John K. Berry
Any other variety, Walter Russell, Howell

Second, Warren Fenno, Marie Louise

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, St. Michael Arcl
QcixcEs. — Any variety, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Charles S. Smith .

Third, Joseph S. Chase

$3 00

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274

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Peaches. — Any variety, "William H. Hunt, Crawford's Late

Second, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling

Third, Charles E. Grant, Lemon
Native Grapes. — Brigliton, Benjamin G. Smitli

Second, T. H. Talbot

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Concord, Arthur J. Bigelow .

Second, C. F. Havward

Third, E. A. Hubbard
Delaware, C. F. Hajward

Second, Joseph S. Chase .

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
lona, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Henry W. Wilson .

Third, Benjamin G. Smith .
Isabella, Samuel G. Stone
Lindley, Benjamin G. Smith .

Second. Joseph S. Chase .
Massasoit, Benjamin G. Smith
Moore's Early, E. A. Hubbard
Pocklington, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George W. Jameson

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Prentiss, Benjamin G. Smith .

Second, Joseph S. Chase .

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
"Wilder, Benjamin G. Smith .

Second, Samuel G. Damon
Any other variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Barry

Second, C. F. Hayward, Niagara

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Jefferson

FoKEiGX Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Nathaniel T. Kid

der, Black Hamburg ........

83 00

2 00

1 00

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EXHIBITION OF TVINTER FRUITS.

November 8.

Special Prizes, Benjamin V. French Fund.
Baldwin Apples. — Best twelve, John L. Bird . . . . 5 00

HcBBARDSTox AppLES. — Best twelve, Reuben Handley . . 5 00

Society's Prizes.
Apples. — Baldwin, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, S. M. Vose

Third, George B. Gill . . . .

3 00
2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

275

Danvers Sweet, Warren Fenno

Second, Benjamin P. AVare
Hubbardston, Walter Russell

Second, Reuben Handley .

Third, Marshall W. Cliadbourne
Hunt Russet, William H. Hunt

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Lady's Sweet, Asa Clement .
Northern Spy, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, Mrs. Alfred E. Giles
Rhode Island Greening, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Joseph Lovell

Third, Willard P. Plimpton
Roxbury Russet, Cephas H. Brackett

Second, J. Warren Clark

Third, S. M. Vose
Tolman's Sweet, Artemas Frost

Second, Willard P. Plimpton

Third, Asa Clement .
Tompkins King, John Parker

Second, Warren Fenno
Any other variety, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Yellow Bellflower

Second, John R. Brewer, Murphy

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Gloria Mundi
Pears. — Angouleme, John L. Bird

Second, William S. Janvrin

Third, A. H. Lewis .

Fourth, Arthur Timrains
Anjou, Arthur Timmins

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, George W. Hall

Fourth, Aaron S. Mcintosh
Clairgeau, William T. Hall .

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Arthur Timmins
Cornice, William S. Janvrin .

Second, John J. Merrill

Third, Leverett M. Chase .

Fourth, John L. Bird .
Dana's Hovey, WifPard P. Plimpton

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, E. W. Wood .

Fourth, Warren Fenno
Glout Morceau, Edwin A. Hall

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276 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno . . . . . . $3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith 2 00

Third, John L. Bird 1 00

Diel, Edwin A. Hall 3 00

Second, William P. Walker 2 00

Third, Thomas M. Davis 1 00

Langelier, John L. Bird ... ..... 3 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis 2 00

Third, A. H. Lewis 1 00

Lawrence, John McClure ........ 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno 2 00

Third, William T. Hall 1 00

Vicar, J. M. Sweet 3 00

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh 2 00

Third, Leverett M. Chase 1 00

Winter Nelis, Mrs. Fanny Browning . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis 2 00

Third, Edwin A. Hall 1 00

Any other variety, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Urbaniste . . . 3 00

Second, William P. Walker, Bosc 2 00

Third, John J. Merrill 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Fisher Brothers,

Alicante 5 00

Second, E. A. Hubbard, Gros Colraan 4 00

Third, E. A. Hubbard, Muscat 3 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMIHEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1890-

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

In every human life — one ma}' almost say in every liuman un-
dertaking— there must come times devoted to what, in commercial
phrase, is called " taking account of stock." At such times, the
life or the undertaking finds itself almost, as it would seem,
involuntarily at a pause, and, like the mercantile world, it closes
its doors for a longer or a shorter period to outside interests, and
reviews its past failures and successes, settles their causes to its
own satisfaction, and, casting aside what have proved to be
impediments, prepares itself for a new and wiser start in its
chosen direction. Such a time as this seems just at present to
have come to us. The eve of a new year is proverbiall}' the time
for a critical survej' of the past, and the making of good resolu-
tions for the future.

The attendance at our weekh' exhibitions has been good during
the year, with increasing interest on the part of members, and a
better appreciation of the work of the Society by the public in
general. The Annual and other great exhibitions of the year
were largely attended and very successful, except when inter-
rupted by stormy weather. The interest shown by the public in
these exhibitions has been of the most encouraging kind, giving
evidence of the constantly increasing taste and love for Horticult-
ure, and showing that the work of the Society in promoting the
interests and objects for which it was established has pervaded
the communitv in its influence.

278 • MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTILTURAL SOCIETY.

A new departure at the Annual Exhibition this year was the
separation of the Plant and Flower Show from that of the Fruit
and Vegetables. By this arrangement the Fruit and Vegetable
departments at the Annual Show were left with both the halls of
the Society to fill. Some fears were entertained that we should
not he able to occupy so much space without the assistance of the
Flower Department, but the result proved that such fears w^ere
unfounded. The display of vegetables completely filled the lower
hall^ and taken as a whole, was one of the best exhibitions which
this department has ever made. We were indebted to the Bos-
ton Public Institutions at Long Island and the Boston Asylum
and Farm School for large and interesting collections at this
exhibition.

The show of forced vegetables, January 4, was not as large as
it should have been, only about half the prizes on the Schedule
being competed for. The specimens of varieties shown, how-
ever, were fully up to the average.

The season for out-door vegetables was opened, May 10, with
Asparagus, Edmund Hersey taking first prize with some very fine
specimens, and Leonard W. Weston the first prize at the follow-
ing show. The ravages of the Asparagus Beetle are now much
complained of, and threaten the destruction of this valuable crop,
unless some remedy is soon found for this pest. Several among
our contributors are largely engaged in the culture of asparagus,
having acres devoted to its production, and the loss of this crop
would be a serious one to them. A liberal application of air-
slacked lime, sown broadcast just as the shoots are about to make
their appearance, and repeated if necessary, has been recommended
and tried with success bj- one of our contributors. The remedy
is simple and cheap, if effectual. Rusts, blights, and mildews are
also subtle enemies of our fruit and vegetable crops, and how to
overcome or avoid them cannot be known until we have learned
more about them. A wide field is opened up to our scientists,
who are at present devoting considerable attention to this subject,
and it is hoped they may find the causes of these dreaded foes and
remedies to counteract them.

The show of vegetables, August 20, was the largest and decid-
edly the best of all the weekly exhibitions during the season.
The prizes were all competed for, and all but one were awarded.
At this exhibition, Joseph S. Fay exhibited fine specimens of his

REPORT OF COJEVIITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 279

new Ilvbrid INIelou, — Fay's Triumph, — weighing from eleven
and one-half to fourteen pounds each. This melon is a cross
between the Iroudequoit and Christiana, and of tine flavor. Mr.
Fay also showed extra fine specimens of Surprise, Christiana,
Emerald Gem, and Hackensack melons, besides a general display
of melons, consisting of twenty-one specimens, making the largest
and best collection of green and salmon flesh melons ever shown
in the Hall by a single exhibitor. Mr. Fay has been a large con-
tributor at our weekly exhibitions all through the season, and his
exhibits have attracted particular attention on account of their
excellence.

Among the novelties in the way of new vegetables introduced
the past season may be mentioned Burpee's Dwarf Lima Bean,
exhibited here for the first time August 30, by C. E. Grant.
This new bean should not be confounded with Henderson's Bush
Lima (noticed in our last report), which is a small bean, belonging
to the Carolina or Sieva class. Burpee's Bush Lima is a perfect
bush bean with pods and beans as large as those of the well-
known Large Lima Pole bean. The plants grow from eighteen
to twenty-two inches in height, with a strong and branching main
stem and thick leathery foliage, indicating a strong constitution.
Each plant will produce under ordinary field culture from twent}'-
five to fifty pods, each pod containing three or four beans ; gen-
erally three. In field culture of the Pole Lima, the cost of poles
and the labor of setting them adds considerably to the expense
of the crop, while in gardens they are anything but ornamental.
With the introduction of this new bean we now have both the
Large and Small Lima in bush form, which can be grown with no
more trouble or expense than common bush beans. We consider
this bean a great acquisition, and have no doubt it will soon become
a popular variety with market gardeners.

At the Annual Exhibition, in September, the show of vegeta-
bles was large and fine — a credit to any State or society. Market
gaidening, as carried on around Boston, is probably not excelled
in any other locality in the country. In Arlington, Belmont, and
other suburban towns, large areas are devoted to vegetable
houses, where all through the winter and early spring may be
seen immense quantities of finely grown vegetables under glass.
There are also, among these market-gardeners, specialists, who
devote their whole attention to the growing of either Celer}-,

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cauliflowers, Squashes, or some other siugle crop, which they grow
to perfectiou, aud derive huge profits therefrom. These and kiu-
dred crops must be well grown to command good prices ; for unless
of good quality the}' cau hardly be sold at any price. These es-
tablishments not only supply our own market with their produce,
but also ship large quantities to New York and elsewhere.

The Cauliflowers shown by W. H. Teele, Egg Plant by E. J.
Coolidge, and Watermelons by C. E. Grant, at the Annual
Exhibition, are deserving of special mention, as the specimens of
each were remarkably, fine and well grown. No competitors
appeared for the regular prizes for Boston Market Celery at the
Annual Exhibition. The first Special Prize for Celery was
awarded to Artemas Frost for Goldeu Self-Blanching, I. E.
Coburu taking the second with White Plume.

November 8, a new Seedling Potato was exhibited by E. L.
Coy, of New York, its originator, who has sent out many good
varieties, such as Beauty of Hebron, Empire State, Pin'itan, aud
others, which have a wide and well-established reputation. This
new seedling is of good form and size ; both skin and flesh are
white, texture mealy, and flavor delicate. Specimens were fur-
nished the committee for trial, and all who have reported agree
as to its superior quality. A First Class Certificate of Merit was
awarded to Mr. Coy. We have been informed since this potato
was on exhibition here that it has been named the Vaughan, aud
will probably be for sale under that name the coming season.

We have to record the great loss which this department has
sustained during the past year in the death of Mr. George Hill,
one of our largest and most valued contributors, who for thirteen
3'ears was a member of this Committee. We can also recall the
names of many other active and constant contributors who have
passed away within a few years, — Hatch, Pierce, Fillebrown,
Crosby, Hill, — all of whom served the Society faithfully aud well
for many years, as members of the Vegetable Committee, and con-
tributed largely to the success of our exhil)itions. But while we
mourn the loss of these tried friends, we also regret that we do
not see more of our young and enthnsiastic cultivators coming
forward to fill the gaps thus made in our ranks. The fact is
obvious, that the horticulturists of today must, iu the ordinary
course of nature, soon give place to younger men, and it is equally
true that if we scan the ranks of Horticulture toda\-, these coming

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 281

raen fail to materialize iu adequate numbers, so that it seems
necessary, if not even indispensable, that the rising generation
should, in some manner, be led to take a stronger interest iu tlie
work which this Society is doing. The question seenos to be,
How can this be best accomplished? The indications are that
the problem is not easy of solution.

A few brief weeks ago the various committees were all hard
at work making preparations for the Annual, and closing exhibi-
tions of the year. Now these exhibitions have passed into history,
with all that pertains to them : their successes, their failures, the
hard labor required, and their undeniable marks of solid progress.
The record of these exhibitions forms a chapter of more or less
interest in the story of the year's work ; an eloquent commentary
upon the men and women who helped make the record. And as
the years succeed each other in their rapid flight, as the annals
accumulate and become venerable from dust and old age, who
can turn back volume after volume, without wishing tliat the
beginning of his own life's story had been more earnest, and that
the chapters toward the end of it had been richer in results
achieved ?

The annual appropriation for this department was Si, 000. Of
this amount the Committee have awarded S914 in prizes and
gratuities, leaving an unexpended balance of S86.

With the annexed list of awards, this report is I'espectfully
submitted.

C. N. Br AC RETT,

Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 4.

Radishes. — Four bunches, George F. Stone .

Second, George F. Stone, White Tip
Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, Richard T. Lombard
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, George E. Sanderson
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tcnnisball, second prize, George F.
Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone

Second, George E. Sanderson .....
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Cephas H. Brackett
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brotliers, Essex

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, Champion

Third, Cephas H. Brackett, Essex ....

Gratuity : —
Cephas H. Brackett, Asparagus .....

. ^3

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Stone, 2

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2 00

February 1.

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, George F. Stone
Lettuce. — Four heads, the second prize to George F. Stone
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Cephas H. Brackett

Second, Oak Grove Farm .
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George E. Sanderson, Victoria

Second, George E. Sanderson, Monarch
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Charles Winter

Second, Cephas H. Brackett

Third, Winter Brothers

Gratuities : —

George E. Sanderson, Collection
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cress .
George F. Stone, Parsley .

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February 15.

Gratuity : —
George F. Stone, Collection

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

283

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 26, 27, and 28.
William J. Walker Fund.
Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, George F. Stone

Four bunches of Long Scarlet, Charles A. Learned
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, William Nicholson
Dandelions. — Peck, Edwin J. Coolidge
Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone
Second, John L. Gardner .
Third, Charles A. Learned
Parsley. — Two quarts, John L. Gardner

Second, George F. Stone .
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George E. Sanderson

.$3 00

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1 00
3 00

Gratuities : —
Edward J. Coolidge, Collection
Thomas Clark, Mushrooms
Tliomas Rowland, "

3 00
2 00
1 00

April 19.

Gratuity : —
Ernest E. Moore, Lettuce

1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 10.
William J. Walker Fund.
Asparagus. — Four bunches, Edmund Ilersey

Second, Varnum Frost ....

Third, Leonard W. Weston
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Varnum Frost

Second, Charles A. Learned
Spinach. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son
Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son .
Lettuce. — Four heads, M. E. Moore

Second, George F. Stone ....
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George E. Sanderson

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Third, Warren Heustis & Son

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes and Radishes
George F. Stone, Collection

2 00
1 00

284

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mat 24 .
Gratuity : —
Mrs. Francis B. Haj-es, Potatoes f 1 00

Mat 31.
Gratuities : —

Joseph S. Fay, Collection 2 00

C. W. Prescott, Asparagus 1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

JONE 7.

Theodore Lyman Fund.
Beets. — Twelve specimens, Warren S. Frost .
Second, Joseph S. Fay .....
Cakrots. — Twelve short scarlet, Joseph S. Fay.
Radishes. — Four bunches turnip rooted, Warren Heustis &

Second, Marshall W. Chad bourne
Asparagus. — Four bunches, Leonard W. Weston

Second, C. W. Prescott ....

Third, Charles E. Grant ....
Cucumbers. — Pair, Varnum Frost .

Second, Warren S. Frost ....
Lettuce. — Four heads, Varnura Frost .

Second, Warren S. Frost ....

Tliird, Warren Heustis & Son .
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Cephas H. Brackett (35

Second, Benjamin G. Smith (24 pounds) .

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Son

pounds)

Gratuities : —
Joseph S. Fay, Cauliflowers and Onions .
Warren Heustis & Son, Onions and Lettuce
Winter Brothers, three varieties of Tomatoes .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Tomatoes ....

June 14.

Gratuities : —
Charles E. Grant, Alaska Peas ....
John B. Moore & Son, White Spine Cucumbers

June 21.
Gratuities : —

Charles E. Grant, Peas

Samuel Hartwell, "

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

285

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 2-t and 25.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, Charles A. Learned

Second, Varnum Frost ........

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .......

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Joseph S. Fay . . . . .

Second, Charles A. Learned .......

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .......

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Varnum Frost

Second, Warren S. Frost ........

Third, Artenias Frost ........

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, Charles A. Learned, Henderson,

Second, Charles A- Learned, Wakefield .....

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .......

Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, Charles A. Learned .

Second, George F. Stone ........

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .......

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Cephas H. Brackett, American
Wonder ..........

Second, Joseph S. Fay, Maud S

Third, " " " Alaska

Gratuities : —
Winter Brothers, Tomatoes
Samuel Hartwell, Clipper Peas
Cephas H. Brackett, Hebron Potatoes
Joseph S. Fay, Potatoes and Carrots
Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes
Charles A. Learned, Collection

June 28.
Gratuity : —

Charles N. Brackett, American Wonder Peas .

$3

00

2

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July 5.

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Joseph S. Fay . . . . . 2 00

Second, Charles A. Learned ....... 1 00

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, Charles A. Learned, Henderson, 3 00

Second, Charles A. Learned, Wakefield 2 00

Peas. — Half-peck of American Wonder, Calvin Terry . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 2 00

Any other variety, John L. Gardner, Prodigy . . . . 3 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, .^.dvancer 2 00

Gratuity : —

Charles A. Learned, Egyptian Beets 1 00

286

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 12.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Joseph S. Fay, Hebron . . §3 00

Second, Calvin Terry, Rose 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Rose 1 00

Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Warren Heustis & Son . . 2 00

Beans. — Half-peck of String of any variety, Isaac E. Coburn . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Third, George F. Stone 1 00

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, George S. Harwood, Duchess . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Stratagem 2 00

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, " 1 00

Gratuities : —

"Winter Brothers, Tomatoes ........ 1 00

Charles F. Curtis, Collection of Beans, nine varieties . . . 3 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection . . . . . . . 3 00

George F. Stone, " 2 00

July 19.
Levi Whitcomb Prizes.
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, Joseph S. Fay

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....
Beans. — Half-peck of Cranberry, Isaac E. Coburn
Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Charles N. Brackett,

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Stratagem .

Third, George S. Harwood, "
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Joseph S. Fay

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Third, Charles E. Grant .
Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens, Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Gratuities :
Charles B. Lancaster, Potatoes
Charles N. Brackett, "

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July 26.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Joseph S. Fay, Charles Downing . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay, Hebron 2 00

Third, Charles B. Lancaster, Hebron . . . . . I 00

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Joseph S. Fay, Corey . . . 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner, Burbank . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Joseph S. Fay, Crosby 1 00

Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens, Varnum Frost,

Paragon .......... 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost, Emery . . . . . . . 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

287

Gratuities : —
Charles N. Brackett, Collection
Charles E. Grant, Heans and Potatoes
John L. Gardner, Nutting Beet

82 00
1 00
1 00

August 2.
Potatoes. — Any variety, twelve specimens, Joseph S. Fay, Savoy-
Second, John B. Moore & Son, Hebron ....

Third, Joseph S. Fay, Charles Downing ....
Squashes. — Three Marrow, Edward J. Coolidge .

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ......

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Charles N. Brackett, Stratagem

Second, Charles E. Grant, Profusion .....

Third, Charles E. Grant, Yorkshire Hero
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Joseph S. Fay, Perry's Hybrid .

Second, Joseph S. Fay, Crosby ......

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Crosby

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Varnum Frost, Emery

Second, Varnum Frost, Paragon .....

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Edgar's Seedling .

Gratuities : —
Calvin Terry, Corn and Potatoes
Charles B. Lancaster, Potatoes
Jolin B. Moore & Son, Cucumbers .
John L. Gardner, Cabbages
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Collection of Tomatoes
Charles E. Grant, Collection

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00
I 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

August 9.

Beans. — Two quarts of Goddard, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, George F. Stone .......

Third, Oliver R. Bobbins

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens of Acme, Charles N. Brackett

Second, George F. Stone .......

Emery, €. N. Brackett

Second, Varnum Frost ......

Third, Edward J. Coolidge ......

Any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Perfection

Second, Varnum Frost, Perfection .....

Third, George F. Stone, "

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge .

Gratuities : —
Joseph H. Woodford, Beans .......

Calvin Terry, Corn .........

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1

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288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles N. Brackett, Corn and Peas §1 00

George F. Stone, Parsley and Cucumbers 1 00

Charles E. Grant, Collection 2 00

August 1G.

Greenflesh Meloxs. — Four specimens, Varnura Frost . . 3 00

SALMoy-FLESH Meloxs. — Four specimens, Warren Ileustis & Son, 3 00

Sweet Corx. — Twelve ears, Charles N. Brackett, Excelsior . 3 00

Second, Varnnm Frost, Crosby 2 00

Third, C. N. Brackett, " 1 00

Egg Plaxt. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge . . . 2 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay 1 00

Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Tomatoes and Peppers 2 00

W. F. Reynolds, Celery 2 00

Charles E. Grant, Collection 2 00

August 30.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens of any variety, J. S. Fay, Hebron . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay, Rose 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Varnura Frost . . . . . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Third, Artemas Frost 1 00

Greexflesh Melons. — Four specimens, Varnura Frost . . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell 1 00

Salmox-flesh Melons. — Any variety, four specimens, Warren

Hcuslis & Son, Emerald Gem ...... 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay, Christiana 2 00

Third, " " " Surprise 1 00

Watermeloxs. — Pair, Charles E. Grant, Black Spanish . . 3 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Fordhook 1 00

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Warren S. Frost . . . 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith ; ] 00

Two quarts of Dwarf Lima, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Two quarts of Goddard, shelled, Isaac E. Coburn . . . 3 00

Second, X. T. Kidder 2 00

Third, William Christie 1 00

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, Charles N.

Brackett 3 00

Second, William Christie 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

289

Any other variety, William II. Hunt, Burr's
Second, Joseph S. Fay, Stowell's
Third, Samuel ITartwell, Crosby
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, C.
Second, George \V. Jameson
Third, Richard T. Lombard
Any other variety, Richard T. Lombard, Bull
Second, Joseph S. Fay
Third, Charles F. Curtis .

Brackett

Nose

Gratuities : —
Charles N. Brackett, Tomatoes, four varieties
William H. Teel, Cauliflowers .
Samuel Hartwell, Cabbages

Joseph S. Fay, Egg Plant

Charles E. Grant, Collection

George F. Stone, " ...

September 6.
Cauliflowers. — Four, William H. Teel

Second, A. M. Knowlton .....
Celery. — Four roots, L. W. Platts, White Plume .
Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost

Second, Warren S. Frost .....
Peppers. — Twelve Squash, Charles N. Brackett

Second, George W. Jameson ....

Third, George A. Lovell .....
Any other variety, George A. Lovell, Bull Nose .

Second, C. N. Brackett, Ruby King .

Gratuities : —

Charles E. Grant, Collection

Charles N. Brackett, "

Isaac E. Coburn, "

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

2 00
2 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00

3 no

2 00

3 00
3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
3 00
2 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 17 and 18.
Special Prizes.
Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens, William H. Teel
Celery. — Best four specimens, Artemas Frost

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ......

Regular Prizes.
Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Varnum Frost
Second, John L. Gardner ....
Third, George F. Stone ....

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290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, Joseph S. Fay . . . . §3 00

Twelve Intermediate, F. J. Kinney . . . . . . 3 GO

Second, Samuel Walker 2 00

Third, J. S. Fay I 00

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, Samuel Walker . . . . . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....... 2 00

Third, Charles A. Learned 1 00

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens each, Charles B.

Lancaster . . . . . . . . ' . . 5 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 4 00

Third, William Christie 3 00

Clark, Twelve specimens, F. J. Kinney . ..... 3 00

Second, William Christie • 2 00

Third, James J. H. Gregory 1 00

Hebron, William G. Prescott 3 00

Second, S. A. Merrill 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett 1 00

Rose, S. A. Merrill 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Third, Calvin Terry 1 00

Savoy, F. J. Kinney 3 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn 2 00

Any other variety, Albert Bresee, Leader . . . . . 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney, Essex ....... 2 00

Third, F. J. Kinney, Burbank ] 00

Salsify. — Twelve specimens, John L. Gardner . . . . 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

Turnips. — Twelve Flat, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Second, George F. Stone 1 00

Swedish, Joseph S. Fay . . . 2 00

Second, William Christie 1 00

Onions. — Twelve Danvers, George F. Stone 3 00

Second, Charles A. Learned . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Varnum Frost 1 00

Portugal, Joseph S. Fay 3 00

Red, .4 .1 ./ 3 00

Second, James J. H. Gregory . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner 1 00

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Samuel Hartwell . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00.

Watermelons. — Pair, Charles E. Grant, Black Spanish . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant, Fordhook 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Gold and Green 1 00

Squashes. — Tliree Hubbard, Joseph S. Fay 3 00

Second, Charles A. Learned . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, S. P. Buxton 1 00

PKIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

291

Hybrid Turban, S. P. Buxton
Second, Charles A. Learned
Marbleliead, C. A. Learned

Second, F. J. Kinney .
Marrow, Varnum Frost .
Second, F. J. Kinney .
Third, Warren S. Frost
Turban, P. G. Hanson .
Second, F. J. Kinney .
Cabbage. — Drumhead, Joseph S. Fay, Marblehead
Second, Oliver R. Robbins, Brunswick
Third, J. S. Fay, All Seasons
Red, Samuel Hartwell .
Second, S. P. Buxton .
Third, William Christie
Savoy, Joseph S. Fay .
Second, Samuel Hartwell .
Third, William Christie
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, William H. Teel
Celery. — Four roots, Artemas Frost, Golden
Second, F. J. Kinney ....

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, White Plume
Endive. — Four specimens, F. J. Kinney
Horseradish. — Six roots, F. J. Kinney

Second, Charles A. Learned
Beans. — Large Lima, two quarts, Varnum Frost
Second, Warren S. Frost ....

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill

CoKN. — Sweet, twelve ears, S. A. Merrill, Burr's
Second, P. G. Hanson, Stowell's
Third, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King
Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, William Christie
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge
Second, Warren Heustis & Son
Third, Joseph S. Fay

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelv
Brackett
Second, Varnum Frost
Third, Isaac E. Coburn

Acme, William Christie
Second, C. N. Brackett
Third, Charles E. Grant

Emery, Charles N. Brackett
Second, Varnum Frost
Third, Isaac E. Coburn

Paragon, C. N. Brackett
Second, Varnum Frost
Third, George Sanderson

specimens each

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MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Cardinal, Charles N. Brackett

Second, Varnum Frost ....

Third, Charles E. Grant ....
Any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Ignotura

Second, Charles N. Brackett, "

Third, George E. Sanderson, Red Cross
Peppers. — Tweh^e Squash, Charles N. Brackett

Second, George W. Jameson

Third, William Christie ....
Any other variety, Richard T. Lombard, Bull Nose

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King .

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Sea Kale

William C. Strong, Sweet Potatoes .

S. A. Merrill, Squashes ....

Charles A. Learned, Bay State Squashes .

Edward J. Coolidge, Egg Plant

James J. H. Gregory, Collection of Potatoes

Boston Public Institutions, Long Island, Collection

Boston Asylum and Farm School,

G. W. Goddard,

George Johnson & Co.,

Charles A. Learned,

John L. Gardner,

George F. Stone,

Charles E. Grant,

William Christie,

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EXHIBITION OF AUTUMN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

October 4.

Salsify. — Twelve specimens, Walter Russell

Second, Warren Heustis & Son

Third, George W. Jameson
Squashes. — Three Hubbard, Charles A. Learned

Second, S. P. Buxton ....

Marrow, Varnum Frost .....

Second, S. P. Buxton ....

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, S. P. Buxton .

Second, Oliver R. Robbins

Third, George F. Stone ....
Red, S. P. Buxton

Second, Samuel Hartwell

Third, Charles N. Brackett

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 293

Savoy, S. P. Buxton

Second, Samuel Hartwell .....

Third, Charles B. Lancaster ....
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, William H. Teel
Celery. — Four roots, Artemas Frost, Golden

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, White Plume

Third, Charles A. Learned, Arlington

Gratuities : —

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Tomatoes
Calvin Terry, Peppers
C. A. Learned, Collection
George W. Jameson, Collection
Charles E. Grant, "

Charles N.Brackett, "

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EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
November 8.

Cucumbers. — Pair, the third prize to Varnum Frost

Cabbages. — Three Red, S. P. Buxton

Second, H. A. Bagley ........

Third, Charles B. Lancaster .

Savoy, William Christie ........

Second, H. A. Bagley

Third, S. P. Buxton

Brussels Sprouts. — Half- peck, Joseph H. White ...

Second, William Christie .......

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, William H. Teel
Celery. — Four roots, Artemas Frost . .

Second, Walter Russell ........

Lettuce. — Four heads, the third prize to George F. Stone . . 1 00
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Winter Brothers . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —

Calvin Terry, Turnips ......... 1 00

Edward L. Coy, New York, New Seedling Potato Vaughan . . 1 00

William S. Janvrin, Tomatoes ....... 1 00

Walter Russell, Collection 2 00

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

March 2G. Benjamin K. Bliss, for new Squash Pride of the Amazon.

August 2. Joseph Tailby, for Hybrid Cucumber.

August 16. Charles N. Brackett, for Ignotum Tomatoes.

August 30. Charles E. Grant, for Burpee's Bush Lima Beans.

November 8. Edward L. Coy, New York, for New Seedling Potato, Vaughan.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOB, THE YEAR 1890.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

We again bring to the Society the report of our doings for the
past year. The applications for the various premiums have been
much less in number than we could have hoped. For years there
have been none for the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premiums.
Whether there is a lack of interest on the part of those who own
places of the size prescribed, or whether three consecutive vears is
too long a term to require a place to be kept in order, for the amount
offered, is more than we can tell, but this much we can safely
venture to suggest, that we should encourage as far as possible
not only the judicious laying out of small places, but a more
general desire to learn how to plant and maintain them in the
most economical manner. Our suburbs are fast filling up with
such places. Larger estates, with an abundance of glass-houses,
and everything on an extensive scale which wealth only can ob-
tain, are the exception and not the rule. When we look back
and think of the man}' interesting and well-kept places that once
existed near Boston, but are now no moi'e, we deeply regret the
change.

In too many instances a lack of interest is the reason why these
grand old places are entirely obliterated ; unlike the custom in
Old England, these estates are not handed down from one gen-
eration to another. But not unfrequently the march of progress
brings the railroad, and the well-kept garden must yield to the
public needs and the demands of the real-estate man ; and where

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 295

once the fruit and kitclien gardens were seen, the trees laden
with hiscious fruits, the vegetables in greatest abundance, the
flower-garden and pleasure-grounds the admiration of the passer-
by and the attraction of the many — now the new street is found,
and modern flats or cottage residences occupy the place of the
once well-kept gardens. Then the indefatigable, persistent, tree-
agent comes along and with his chromos bewitches the occupant or
owner of the place, who is induced to make a liberal investment,
being led to anticipate most flattering results, but who is too often
doomed to bitter disappointment. His trees and shrubs are de-
livered half dried up ; some scarcely live, more die altogether.
Although disappointed it may be that he tries again, but, succeed-
ing no better, gives it up, and future years find these small places
overgrown with weeds, and utterly neglected.

This is not an imaginary idea expressed for the sake of making
a report to you ; it is unfortunately true, and we deem it a subject
worthy of our best thought, and we ask if we have not some work
to do to produce a change for the better in this direction. Surely
the voice of the Society should be made louder and be heard
farther than it is on this and many other kindred subjects.
Unless we are aroused from the too evident conservatism which
seems to be fast taking possession of us in the work of the
Society, instead of a State Society we shall soon be merely a city
and suburban society — and the suburb a small one at that.

Progress has been made in some directions during the past year,
wliich is very gratifying indeed ; but when we consider that out of a
total appropriation of $6,000, the Garden Committee was allotted
for Flower Gardens, Greenhouses, Strawberry Gardens, and
Vineyards, the sum of $300 only — and part of that from the John
A. Lowell Fund, which the Society is bound to off"er — is it to be
wondered at that there is no more competition for the meagre
prizes we are enabled to offer? A well-kept Flower Garden, a
house of Orchids, a Market or Amateur Strawberr3' Garden, or a
Vineyard of one acre, requires time and money to establish and
maintain. Let us look at some of the prizes offered, in com-
parison with those in other departments. These are for 1891 :
For the best arranged and best kept Flower Garden, — hardy
perennial and biennial plants admissible, — $50; best Six Green-
house and Stove plants, S30. For the liest ari-anged and best
kept Stove or Greenhouse, during the month of March or April,

296 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

$60. At the Spring Exhibition in March: Six Azaleas, S20 ; one
Stove or Greenhouse plant in bloom, $8. At the Rose Show, two
Stove and Greenhouse Flowering plants, $15. For the best
Market Strawberry Garden, $50. For the best Amateur Straw-
berry Garden, S30. At the Strawberry Show : For the best four
quarts of any variety, from the Lyman Fund, $20. For the best
Vineyard of one acre, $50. At the Annual Exhibition : For the
best six bunches of native Grapes in all cases, 63. Now, how
does this look? Ten Greenhouse and Stove plants would equal a
whole Flower Garden. So far as regards the amount of the prize
offered, eighteen Azaleas would equal the best arranged and best
kept Stove and Greenhouse with plants. Ten of the best quarts
of Strawberries would equal an entire Market Garden, and six
quarts would equal the Amateur. One hundred bunches of Grapes
would equal the Vineyard of an acre. These are facts. We beg
your careful consideration of these comparisons of prizes, and we
ask for your suggestions after giving it. If we, as a Society, are
doing all we can, and the sum allotted to this Committee is suffi-
cient, then there is nothing to be said, and we have only to keep
along in the well-worn rut ; if not yet doing our best, let us get
out of this rut, — and the sooner the better, — and let us wake up
thoroughly to the real merits of the case, and in future strive to
work justly and to the full measure of our ability and opportunities
for usefulness.

The President in his annual address very properly alluded to
the meeting of the Society of American Florists held in Boston
last season. This event occupied a great deal of the time
of the active members of the Society, and at a season of the
year when this Committee usually make their visits to the vine-
yards. This and the meeting of the Association of American
Cemetery Superintendents kept us all busy, especially your
Chairman, with the last-named society. It may not be out of
place to say that this Association is only four years old, and if
it is small in number — only a trifle over one hundred active
members — it represents the whole country, and delegates were
present from most of the leading cemeteries in the United States ;
and among the eight honorary members, is one at Aarhuus, Den-
mark. The members have already realized the great benefit of
united effort, and the meetings that have been held were of in-
estimable value to all, but especially to those who are located at a

REPORT OF THE CO^OIITTEE ON GARDENS. 297

distance from the large cities. Not one of the members from
other States had ever witnessed such an exhibition as that at
Music Ilall, and many of them were so delighted that they said
that alone paid them for coming to Boston, while the visits to
Mount Auburn, Newton, and Forest Hills cemeteries, as well as
to tiie Arnold Arboretum and Franklin Park, were not only in-
teresting but very profitable, especially that to the Arboretum ;
and as the Horticultural Society is the originator of the Suburban
Cemeter3', you will doubtless be gratified to learn the progress of
this youthful organization. Its first meeting was held at Cincin-
nati ; the second at Brooklyn ; the third at Detroit ; the fourth at
Boston ; and the fifth will be at Chicago. Thus yoi> see the places
of meeting have been in cities where we could not only meet and
listen to a superintendent of large experience, but could see his
work, and that is what determines his rank in the profession. As
the plans of the Society for the future are developed and extended,
it is the hope and expectation of its members that this organiza-
tion will have a standing equal in public estimation with that of
Horticultural and other Societies, for usefulness and intelligence
of its membership in their calling, which they believe is second in
importance to none.

For the premiums offered for the best kept Flower Garden, we
had no application.

Orchid House of E. W. Gilmore.

For the liest House of Orchids in bloom in the month of March,
Thomas Greaves, gardener to E. "W. Gilmore, North Easton,
entered the house under his care. The visit was made March 22.
The cool-house orchids, which were the special feature, were in
admirable condition. The house is a small lean-to, and modest
in every way. The following varieties were in bloom at the time
of our visit.

Angrcecum sesquipedale. An extraordinarj- plant, and one of the
orchids in which Charles Darwin was especially interested, on
account of the exceptional length of the spur. The flowers are
ver}' fragrant, and will last nearly a month.

Cattleya citrina. A fragrant and beautiful orchid, having the
curious habit of growing its head downwards. The flowers are of
a soft lemon 3'ellow, the margin of the lip wavy and white. They
are delightfully fragrant, and hist a long time.

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. TriaiKe, in variety.

Cypripedium bellatulum.

C. Boxallii.

C. caUosum.

C. Harrisianum.

C. Hooker (B.

C. Low a.

C villosum. This and the six preceding are choice and select
species.

Dendrohium chrysotoxum.

D. Findleyanum.

D. FreenianiL There were seventy-two blooms on this plant.

D. heterocarpum.

D. Jamesianum.

D. Jiobile, and varieties, including a lovely white one.

D. Pierardii.

D. primulinum.

D. Wardianum. A very beautiful species, of which tliere were
fifteen fine plants, with from twenty-five to seventy-five blooms
on each.

Lycaste Skinneri is one of the most desirable of the orchids,
and should be in every collection.

Ma sdevaUia Re icli enbach ia n a .

31. tovarensis. The only pure white-flowered species.

Odontoglossum Alexandrce. About fifty plants were in bloom.

0. Cervcmtesii , in number.

0. (jloriosum.

0. luteo-purpureum.

0. CErstedii. A small aud very prett}' species.

0. Pescatorei. Thirty plants in bloom.

0. Rossii. In number ; one of the best of the smaller kinds,
and growing and flowering very freelv.

0. tripudiayis.

O. triumphans. A splendid lot; these are large flowered, easily
managed, aud deservedly the most popular of the genus.

0. Wilckeanum. Rare.

Onddiuiii papilio. A fine plant with ten blooms; this is the
beautiful Butterfly Orchid, and is a ver}* interesting species.

0. sarcodes. A very handsome variety.

Phalceaopsis Schilleriana, a verv desirable variety ; the foliage

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 299

and flowers are both extremely handsome, and there was a fine
show of bloom.

P. Stuartiana, also distinct and very handsome.

There was a total of two hundred and five plants in bloom, and
many varieties that were not in bloom. All the plants were well
grown and showed by their condition, which was excellent in
every respect, that much skill and care had been bestowed upon
them. The houses devoted to their cultivation were moderate
sized and what might be termed inexpensive, demonstrating fully
the incorrectness of the idea which was once entertained that ex-
pensive houses are requisite to tlie successful cultivation of this
beautiful and highly ornamental class of plants. Time will not
permit us to go into any further details, which might perhaps be
interesting to some, on the cultivation of cool-house orchids ; but
all who would like to study the subject can purchase one or more
of the following books, which are full of good practical informa-
tion, and cannot fail to interest such readers : " Cool Orchids, and
How to Grow Them," by F. W. Burbidge," and " Orchids; their
Structure, History, and Culture," by Lewis Castle. These are
both English works and can be had for about one dollar each. A
still later work, "Orchids; their Culture and Management," bj'
W. Watson, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, is a more extensive and
a very valuable work, costing about five dollars.

Oakley Park, "Watektown, the Residence of Robert M.

Pratt.
The members of the Society will undoubtedly remember the fine
exhibits of Orchids which were made a few years ago by David
Allan, the gardener at this place. It is not necessary to tell you
that what Mr. Allan does is well done ; proof of that is shown by
his works, and his skill as a cultivator we all acknowledge. On
the 20th of March your Committee were invited to visit Mr. Allan
and inspect his Dendrobiums, which were all arranged in a small
span-roofed house. Upon opening the door the sight presented
was truly magnificent, and it is not 'saying too much when we in-
form you that the Committee were enthusiastic over the rich treat
the\' were invited to enjoy. To give an adequate idea of it is
beyond our power. If by any description that we might be able to
give of that array of beauty we could rouse your imagination to
an appreciation of the scene, we would gladly do it. There were

,100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

about three hundred plauts, from the smallest in a thumb pot to
large basket specimens, some with hundreds of flowers on them.
TheDendrobiums are a lovely genus of orchids, easily grown, and
profuse bloomers, the well-known D. nohile being one of the best
winter flowering varieties and grown in large quantities. We are
reminded here of an answer to a question propounded to Louis
Menand, the well-known and greatly respected Albany florist.
"When asked which were the best three orchids to cultivate, he
gave as his choice D. nohile for all three. The unusual excellence
of this collection has induced us, as far as possible, to give de-
scriptions of the plants then in bloom, that you may form some
slight idea of their merits.

D. Ain.nvorthii. A hybrid between D. nnhile and D. aureum
{lieterocarptim) . A beautiful kind ; the flowers large, sepals and
petals French white, tipped with rose purple ; lip of a deep
amethyst red, with a white margin,

D. Beiuonioe. The flowers are lovely ; the sepals and petals are
milk white, the lip is white with an orange centre and ornamented
near the base with two large velvet}^ black blotches.

D. Cambridgeanum, with sepals and lip of a beautiful bright
yellow, centre dark brown, is one of the finest of all yellow
orchids.

D. crassinode has sepals and petals richly tipped with deep pur-
ple rose ; the lip white, with an orange-colored blotch at the base.

D. Dominiamim. A cross between D. Linawianum and D.
nohile. Flowers of a bright rosy purple, but white towards the
base of the sepals and petals.

D . Jimhriatum has rich orange-colored flowers, the margin of
the rounded lip being beautifully bordered with a golden moss-
like fringe.

D. Findleyanum is pinkish lilac in the sepals and petals, the
lip a rich orange yellow at the base, becoming a lighter and
brighter yellow at the margin.

D. Freemanii is an extremely beautiful orchid ; the flowers are
similar to those of D. nohile, but the color is far deeper ; the dark
purple blotch on the shell-like lip is margined with white.

D. Leechianum. A hybrid between D. aureum and D. nohile.
This is very near D. Ainsworthii, but larger and deeper colored.

D. Linaicianum. — Flowers nearly white in the centre, the outer
portion of the sepals and petals being a pale rosy lilac or cerise ;

REPORT OF THE COiMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 301

the lip is siutill, white, with two purple blotches in front, and is
wholly purple in the throat.

D. nobile and varieties. — Among the latter D. nohile nobilius
was very noticeable. It is a gorgeous flower, the sepals aad petals
colored a very rich glowing amethyst, paler towards the base ;
lip deep maroon, with a zone of milk white in front.

D. senile is a curious orchid ; the flowers, of a clear yellow color,
are about one inch across, and very showy.

D. Wardianum is remarkable for the size of the flowers ; the
sepals are a rich amethyst with a margin of white ; the petals also
white, tipped with amethyst, as is the lip ; the colors are very
deep and rich.

The following varieties of Odontoglossum were noted :
0. Alexnndne. — Sepals and petals rich deep lilac, rose, or
mauve ; petals white suffused with mauve ; lip prettily frilled,
white, stained with yellow at the base.

0. Andersonianum. — The blossoms resemble those of 0. cir-
rliosum in form and size, but the spots and markings, instead of
being a purplish blue, are of a reddish-brown color. It is a very
distinct and valuable variety.

0. cirrhosum is one of the most beautiful species in the white-
spotted pui'ple group.

0. Fescatorei. — Flowers large and pure white, with a blotch of
purplish crimson on the base of the lip.

0. Rossii. — Sepals white, barred with brown; petals pure
white, with a few spots at their bases only ; lip pure white, with a
lemon-yellow bi-lobed crest ; column white.

0. triumplians is a large flowered, easily managed species and
one of the most popular of the genus. Its sepals and petals are
bright yellow, blotched with deep brownish crimson ; lip oblong,
with a narrow tail-like tip ; the edges toothed, the front portion
being cinnamon brown, and the basal half pure white, with a yellow
centre ; the crest, which is usually white, has two long teeth.
Masdevallias are valuable, as some are always in flower.
M. Barkeami is a pretty species, scarlet ; very free.
M. Davisii is of rich orange yellow, distinct and handsome.
M. ignea is very bright fiery red, shaded with crimson or violet
rose, and is said to be unsurpassed for brilliancy in the vegetable
kingdom.

M. Veitchiana has the outer surface of the petals tawnj' yellow,

302 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the inner surface rich orange scarlet, and is said to be probably
the finest species jet introduced.

CaUleya citrina has been alread}' mentioned.

In other houses we noticed in bloom

Caltleya Triancp., var. Mendelii.

Cypripedium Harrisiamim.

C. insigne and its varieties.

C. Lawrenceanum.

C. cEnanthitm.

C. vexillariam superbum.

C. viUosum.

Our attention was directed to a fine lot of Staphylea colchica,
one of the very best plants for forcing.

A few Cyclamens were still in bloom ; the variety in the flowers
was particularly striking, the color varying from a deep magenta
to a pure white. The Cyclamen also is a specialty with Mr. Allan.

Adiantum Farleyense is another specialty. The great number
of plants, and the luxuriant fronds on each, were especially' notice-
able. This is Ivnown as one of the most magnificent Adiantums.

A large quantity of Lilium candidum promised well. Many
other things might be noted, but attention has been called to a
sufficient number already to give assurance that the excellence of
the plants grown at Oakley Park is still maintained. All the
plants showed care and skill in cultivation. After leaving the
houses we were taken to the cold-frames where the violets were
grown, and the same skill in cultivation was evident there ; they
were not grown very close together, but the flowers were un-
usually fine and produced in great abundance.

Although this was an impromptu visit, it was one of the most
satisfactory that your Committee have been permitted to enjoy.

Forcing-Houses of Hittinger Brothers, Belmont.
A hasty glance was given to the forcing-houses for early vege-
tables which are conducted by Hittinger Brothers, who informed
us that they had already (March 20) taken two crops of lettuce
from the large house, which is 635 feet long by '2b to 30 feet wide,
and is divided by a glass partition, and were now taking out
the third crop. In the other houses tomatoes were as large as
hens' eggs ; cucumbers were set, while radishes, parsley, and water-
cress, — all grown in the greatest abundance, — were ready for

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 303

use. Every department was in excellent condition, and we regret
that the darkness of the evening coming on prevented our making
a more thorough examination of the excellent arrangements for
growing winter vegetables so successfully used by these gentle-
men ; but we hope in the near future to be able to give more in
detail such facts as will be of -interest to the Society.

Market Strawberry Garden of Samuel Barnard.
In our previous reports we have called attention to the straw-
berry gardens of Warren Heustis & Son and Samuel Barnard, both
at Belmont. This season the Committee were again invited to
examine a bed of the Jewell strawberry at Mr. Barnard's, and it
is with an unusual degree of satisfaction that we can report that
this bed was a very superior one in every way, and that Mr.
Barnard continues rightfully to enjoy his well-earned reputation as
a leading cultivator of the strawberry. The Jewell has been
awarded a Silver Medal by the Society, and it is a satisfaction to
be able to note that it still proves worth}- of the award. It has
always been spoken of in the highest terms, and is considered one
of the most productive large strawberries ever introduced. It
is a fine grower, and has never shown any signs of rust or blight.
The berries are large, bright red, changing to crimson when very
ripe, firm and of good quality. It is said to be a seedling of the
JerscN' Queen.

A^iATEUR Strawberry Garden of Benjamin M. Smith, Beverly.
This was visited June 21. The one variety demanding our
special attention was the new seedling Beverly. For information
in regard to it we refer you to the report of the Fruit Committee
of this year, and for the mode of cultivation and management of
Mr. Smith's garden, to his statement, which is appended. This
is the first application that we have had to visit an amateur
strawberry garden, and we sincerely hope that others will follow.

Letter of Benjamin M. Smith.

Beverly, Nov. 18, 1890.
Mr. .John G. Barker, Chairman Committee on Gardens: —

Dear Sir, — Your letter of the 11th instant, requesting me to
write you my experience in growing strawberries, and also about
the new seedling, Beverly, I have received. My first experience was

304 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at Meredith, X.H., in 1863. Since then, at Newbury, Haverhill,
Salem, and Beverly, I have grown the Agriculturist, Charles
Downing, Bidwell, Atlantic, Mrs. Garfield, Prince of Berries,
Daniel Boone, Miner's Prolific, Belmont, May King, Crescent,
Jessie, Jewell, and last the Beverly. I have grown them in area
from a small bed to an acre. For- garden culture I prefer to
grow them in hills, with double rows, one foot between the hills
each way, two and one-half feet between the rows, and to keep
all runners cut off. The garden I entered for a prize is in size
about forty by ninety feet ; about two-thirds of it was set out in
August, 1888, and the spring of 1889, and the other third in
August, 1889, after harvesting corn and beans. The ground had
been well fertilized in the spring with stable manure and street
scrapings from the streets of Salem. After harvesting the corn
and beans, I spaded in ground bone and unleached ashes, — about
one-third bone to two-thirds ashes, — and used on the whole gar-
den, I should think, fift}' pounds of bone and four bushels of
ashes. I set out runner plants with what earth could be taken up
I'eadily with the trowel, and kept them watered until new roots
started. They were hoed as often as once in two weeks ; once a
week would be better. All the ruuners were cut off. About
December 1, I covered them with leaves and threw on a little
stable manure to keep the leaves in place. I got the best results
from plants set in August, as above, — as good as from plants set
in the spring. If one has plenty of land he should not grow
strawberries more than two years on the same piece of ground.

The history of the new seedling, Beverly, is as follows : In July,
1887, I sowed seeds from the Miner's Prolific. In June, 1888, I
got good specimens from them. Among those that bore fruit one
seemed very promising. In the summer of 1888 I set out what
plants it made, which formed a row about twenty-two feet long.
I cut oflJ" no runners, as I wished for plants as well as fruit. On
one side of this row, twenty-two feet long, I set a row of Belmonts,
and on the other side a row of Jewells, each fifty feet long.
Treated as well as the seedling, I should say that both rows did
not yield any more fruit than the space of twenty-two feet, where
I put out the new seedling, though I do not say it would ever do
that again. From that twenty-two feet row I got runners enough
to set out one-tliird of my garden, in August, 1889, as stated.
Last June vou and your Committee saw how they were bearing.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 305

the quality of the berries, and the vigor of the plants. Some one
of ihe Couirnittee asked me wiiat would become of all those green
berries that were set on tlie plants, and my reply was that most
of them would matuj^, which they did.

I will now briefly recapitulate the ease of the seedling Beverly.
In the spring of 1888 there was only one plant. In the summer
of 1890 I picked eight bushels and twenty-four quarts of berries
from the Beverly strawberry plants. The yield from the whole
garden was fifteen bushels and sixteen quarts.

The Beverl}' strawberry plant is the most vigorous, and the
most free from rust of any plant I ever saw.

I invite those who are interested to visit my garden in the
season of 1891, and see for themselves what it is.
Respectfully yours,

Benjamin M. Smith.

The Committee have made the following awards for the year
1890: —

To Thomas Greaves, for the best house of Orchids in

bloom during the month of March, the premium of . S60 00

To Benjamin M. Smith, for the best Amateur Straw-
berry* Garden, the premium of .... 30 00

To David Allan, for a very fine house of Dendrobiums,

a gratuity of - . . . 30 00

To Samuel Barnard, for a superior bed of Jewell

Strawberries, a gratuity of . . . . . lo 00

We again call ^'our attention to the changes in the amount to
be offered in prizes in 1891 by the Committee on Gardens.
If any one cannot compete for these, but has any other object of
interest to the Society or the public, it will be a pleasure to give
it our best consideration, and a request to the Chairman that the
Committee should examine any such object, will be gladly received
and cheerfully attended to.

This report was read at a meeting held Jan. 27, 1891, and ap-
proved by a majoritj' of the Committee.

John G. Barker, Chairman.
Joseph H. Woodford,
C. N. Brackett,
Henry W. Wilson,
C. W. Ross.

REPORT

COMMIHEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

By PATRICK NORTON, Chairman.

As the 3'ear draws to a close it becomes the duty of your Com-
mittee to make a report of their doings during the past season.

Nearly all of the exhibitions have been very gratifying and
satisfactory, and have met the hearty approval of the public.

Meetings of the Committee have been held during the year,
whenever it was necessary to make arrangements for the various
large exhibitions ; and with the cooperation of the other Com-
mittees, the various plans and methods adopted have been carried
out with credit to the Society and to the pleasure of visitors.

The Spring Exhibition was of unusual excellence, and so also
was the Rose and Strawberry Show. The arrangement of the
tables has been such as to display the exhibits to their best ad-
vantage, and in much better form than has usually been prac-
tised.

The Grand Exhibition in Music Hall, in August, entailed a
large amount of expense ; and the study in planning the arrange-
ment of the enormous quantity of plants and flowers offered, and
the labor of placing them so as to produce the best effect, were
ver}' considerable ; but the plans were so fully completed, and so
carefully carried out, that every one was accommodated in a satis-
factory manner. One of the great features of this Exhibition was-
the contribution, by outside parties, of silver plate to the amount
of S820, offered as Special Prizes to be awarded at this time.
This was entirely the work of the Committee of Arrangements,
and was a most important feature of this successful exhibition.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS.

307

The advertising, and the courtesy of the press in calling the
attention of the public to our exhibitions throughout the year, has
never been excelled ; and the economy of all this, as far as the
Society is concerned, is to be credited to this Committee.

Your Committee feel that great progress has been secured
during the year in the various interests pertaining to our Society,
and we confidently hope that it will continue in the future.

The expenses attending the exhibitions during the year have
been as follows : —

^249 44
133 36

2,460 51
289 04
293 81

83,426 16

$500 25

198 00

2,108 28

172 25

1,667 00

$4,645 78

showing a balance of SI, 219. 62 in favor of the Society, which has
been passed into the treasury-.

Out of the ai)propriation of $300, which was placed at the dis-
posal of this Committee at the beginning of the year, there has
been expended $296.50.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Spring Exhibition . . . . " .
Rose and Strawberry Exhibition
Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers .
Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables
Chrvsanthemum Show ....

The receipts were as follows : —
Spring Exhibition .....
Rose and Strawberry Exhibition
Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers .
Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables
Chrysanthemum Show ....

Patrick Nokton,
Jos. H. Woodford,!
C. N. Brackett,
E. W. Wood,

Committee

of
Arrangements.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING.

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

By HENRIETTA L. T. AVOLCOTT, Chairman.

At the close of the season of out-of-doors work, the Committee
on Window Gardening beg leave to report for the year the exhi-
bitions and their results.

Owing to a misunderstanding among the exhibitors of the year
1889, as to notification, but few windows were offered for exami-
nation in March, 1890. In those that were entered a most satis-
factory conditio^, as to growth under unfavorable surroundings,
was observed, notwithstanding the gas and furnace heat, which
usually proves fatal to free blooming. In cool apartments. Nar-
cissus— the variety lately introduced by the Chinese — and Ama-
ryllis seem as serviceable as Scarlet Zonale Pelargoniums and our
faithful friend, the Begonia.

During the winter months the Committee had considered the
plan of granting prizes in money, and the objections thereto.
Gratuities, even in small suras, and the prizes for excellence drew
perceptibly on the limited resources of the Committee. Yet the
example set by the Society, under whose autliority we act, could
not be entirely ignored.

The encouragement of the love of Jiowers in the community
was the acknowledged purpose of the founders of this Society.
They made no special note of the business element which so largely
obtains at present, and this love of flowers seemed in danger of
being overcome by the love of candy, the small gratuities often
serving to purchase the desired treat.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 309

Considering this plan then as at least open to criticism, the Com-
mittee substituted plants as gifts and prizes. Then came the ques-
tion, " How can plants of suitable age be secured for tlie later
mfentlis? " To keep cuttings or small plants three or four months
must add to the expense.

Througli the most cordial cooperation of George A. Parker, —
a member of the Society, and himself a lover of both plants and
children, — space in his greenhouses was offered for the growing
and caring for all the plants we needed.

Cuttings and seeds were purchased at wholesale prices, and the
results proved that the work was not commenced any too early to
meet the demands made upon us. Seven classes in Boston schools
were taking courses of lessons in Botan}', and at that season pre-
paring for an exhibition of their progress. The germination of
seeds, and the propagation of plant-life by slips, had been care-
fully noted day by day, and a record had been kept for future
reference. Your Committee were invited to be present. After
carefully observing their work, it seemed wise to furnish to those
who wanted to continue their investigations seedlings which were
then in fine condition. Most gratefully were they received and
distributed by teachers and pupils. About one thousand seedlings
of Asters, Coreopsis, Dianthus, Hardy Carnations, Lobelia, Sweet
Williams, Nicotiana qffinis, Candytuft, and Sweet Alyssum, were
the principal annuals, while Abutilon and Heliotrope were among
the hardier perennial plants. These were heard from during the
summer. Each collection was carefully labelled with the botani-
cal and common name. This was considered necessary to discour-
age the habit, among raisers of plants, of propagating error while
they propagate plants. Like all untruths, false names mislead,
perhaps not the dealer, but the seeker after knowledge. For in-
stance, the pretty white flower sold as Stevia is not that at all.
Its botanical name is Piqueria, from that of a Spanish botanist,
and it is very much more desirable for decorative purposes than
the Stevia, which has a stiff stem bearing a close cyme of blos-
soms at the head of the upright stalk. The true names can be
mastei'ed by persons of the average intelligence, as well as the
incorrect ones.

Previous to the Easter celebrations your Committee had been
asked to aid in arranging and presenting the flowers provided for
a mission school near Roxbury, and to present flowers and explain

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the plan of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Eight
schools were visited that day. When it is remembered that be-
fore the "Window Gaixlening Committee was formed but one school
in Boston had ever given pot plants, the contrast which was ob-
served in 1890 was encouraging. About 13,000 pot plants were
distributed in the various schools in the State.

In one or two instances the florist was authorized to put a
water-proof cover over tlie earthen pot, thus preventing many
untoward accidents resulting from carrying dirty pots.

The first exhibition of this year was held in June, at the Church
of the Good Shepherd, whose faithful pastor has interested him-
self in the work of this Committee since its formation Forty-
five plants were there, each and every one of which had been the
especial care of a child. They were well-grown and free from torn
or dead leaves or stems. The pots were clean, and the labels dis-
tinctly marked. One family of six children brought an astonish-
ing collection. A visit to their home later in the season revealed
the fact that the mother, while encouraging the children to water
and shelter the plants in the small enclosure called garden, — on
which the sun's rays fell with terrible effect in August and .Se|)tem-
ber, — had little leisure to help them. A sick husband, an infant in
arms, and the whole care of a family of nine, gave her enough to do.
The welcome addition of six other plants gave to the household
much joy.

In August, the second exhibition was held in the rooms of the
North Bennet Street Industrial School, which were kindly offered
to the children of the public schools in the neighborhood. Fifty
well-grown plants — Geraniums, Fuchsias, Tradescantias, and
Abutilons — were presented by the children, who came again later
in the day for them. One plant of Acacia Farnesiana, raised by an
invalid girl, was well-grown and handsome. Had it been in flower,
it would have had double the prize.

Owing to either the poverty or indifference of parents, some of
the plants requiring to be shifted from the two and one-half inch
pots in which the florist sold them, had been buried in ten-inch
pots, " because it was all there was in the house." The Commit- -
tee sent for a few four-iuch pots, and shifted them, thus giving a
lesson in thoroughness to the children, who watched the process
with great interest.

In the past three years your Committee had experienced diffi-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX WINDOW GARDENING. 311

culties in securing opportunities for exliibitious in the liall of this
Society, without encroaching on the customary claims of the
otlier Committees. We desired to secure results, not troubles,
and therefore held our exhibitions in such church parlors or
halls as were offered ; and as children could not be expected to
take long walks twice in one day, — and ttie only holiday they had,
— that plan was considered excellent. Endeavoring this year not
to interfere with the use of the halls for the Florists, or the Fall
Exhibitions, we decided to attempt an out-of-doors exhibition at
Franklin Park. This plan received the approbation of all in-
terested. The application for permission to assemble in the
grounds, so well adapted for the purpose, was granted, " said ex-
hibition to be held immediately following the opening of the
public schools." With the appointed day came the usual fall
rain, and so tempestuous was it that it might well have been
deemed a second deluge. The Committee were on hand to re-
ceive and arrange the five hundred plants, each in four-inch pots,
in excellent condition for winter growth and flowering. Alas,
for the plans of men, which " gang aft agley " ! The cars ceased
running up the hill to the entrance of the Park. The man whose
services had been granted by the Commissioners to assist in
unloading, failed to put in an appearance. The work was delayed
until help could be secured, thus adding materially to the ex-
penses in an entirely unforeseen manner.

After considering that should the ctouds roll by. as they did
later in the day, the condition of the grass would utterly pre-
clude games or strolling about the walks, the Committee arranged
for a postponement, sent the children, who were waiting at the
car-station, to their homes, gave a fine plant, brought by a school
girl from the extreme North end of Boston, into the charge of the
matron, and left the wet grounds in season to advertise in the
evening papers that due notice of the postponement would be
given in the Sunday-schools on the morrow.

The next Saturday came, but a dreary week of rain and steamy
atmosphere had made it no pleasanter for a floral show. The
plants, which had been grown in open air and sunlight for six or
seven weeks, felt the change to a cool, dark cellar, closely stowed
in the boxes. Their appearance cannot be adequately described
b}' any words in the P^nglish language — only the im:igination can
picture their wretched condition. The successful exhibitors of

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Jul}' and August had notified us that the}' could not exhibit
their plants if they were to carry home another, and their
parents Ihouglit it too stormy for the little ones to come. In
spite of the discouraging weather, all the plants were distributed
to glad recipients. Clergymen, teachers of mission schools, and
philanthropic workers among the occupants of cheerless tene-
ments, came and approved.

In March, by a vote of the Society, action on a paper on
" Horticultural Education for Children," read by Henry L. Clapp,
Principal of the George Putnam School, Roxbury, was referred
to this Committee.

General cooperation throughout the State among pupils of the
public schools was desired to secure the object in view. Cir-
culars were distributed generally, offering prizes for the best
collections of dried plants, ferns, or grasses, and giving all
details as to paper suitable for the work ; and the proposition
was made that all such collections, when correctly named, if not
classified, should be the nucleus of a town herbarium. Records
of the flowers, grasses, ferns, birds, and insects, found in each
town, would be of lasting benefit.

In response to this, two collections were offered, and the prize
of two dollars was awarded to Gilman H. Hitchings for ferns, and
the same to Phillips Barry for flowers. Please notice the fact that
these collections were cori-ectly labelled according to Gray, and
that the lads were under thirteen years of age. Young Barry also
received the first prize for a collection of native flowers, in forty-
nine vases. The correct naming of the Asters and Solid.igos
would have severely taxed the botanical ability of the majority of
the members of this Society. He also showed four plants rarely
grown here. On the label of a pot of Sedum honidulum, I
think, was this notice: " The bit of plant, from which these pots
have been grown, came from Europe in a botanical press. I
soaked it out and planted it." This thoughtfulness in so young
a lad is rarer than his plants, but much can be accomplished by
training the faculties to observe details.

Cordially desiring to find inexpensive plants easily grown in
windows, the Chairman attended, at some sacrifice, the sessions
of the Convention of American Elorists held in the halls of this
Society. But it was very evident that the writer of the paper adver-
tised, and his fellow-members, had little conception of the needs

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 313

of this Comuiittee. Palms, Aspidistra, Ficus elastica, and Ferns
are easily managed by a gardener's assistant in the conservatory or
large window in some favored sunny locality. They are expensive,
too large, and do not bear bright-colored blossoms. Color always
carries a fascination to a child. Gifts of two of the members of
this Society, comprising a valuable Begonia Rex, Poinsettia, and
Solanum cajisicastnan, which, on account of their size, were rele-
gated to older raisers, will take their places in the windows
offered for exhibition later in the season ; which windows must
not be subjected to a sudden fall of temperature when the maid-
of-all-work opens a window, or the neat housekeeper must secure
ventilation and thoroughly air the apartment.

The more hard}' plants — Ivy, Cactus, Sedum, and Allium,
with Narcissus, and occasionally a pot of 4Scilla or Oxalis, wtll
grown — will eventually lead to the care of more delicate plants.
This is what your Committee hope to accomplish.

Neither cast down nor discouraged, we ask for a continuance
of your cooperation. A real enthusiasm for flowers should be
divorced, for a time at least, from the consideration of the money
value which underlies many of the exhibitions weekly offered in
our halls.

If the Society deems the encouragement of children in the culture
of flowers to be only charitable work, we would ask whether much
of all work in the line of distribution of prizes is not open to the
same criticism. But we feel sure the Societ\- builded better than
it thought when it assumed the formation of a Committee to en-
courage Window Gardening. Put on to the Committee some of
the younger members — if there be such — who can out of their
experience help on the good cause. The absence of active young
members opens the question : AVhy is it ? Possiblj- the idea is
prevalent in the community that membership requires a business
education as a florist.

Allow the Committee the services of the paid attendants of the
Society the few times during the season when they are so
needed. If we can vote the use of our halls for days at a time
to strangers for their own advantage, do in justice see to it that
the funds appropriated for this Committee are not encroached
upon by such needs. At every meeting we hold in the State
the Horticultural Society receives heartily expressed recognition
from the Chairman and the Secretary of this Committee. We

314 :MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUIiTUEAL SOCIETY.

ask that the Society, through its Committee, aid schools to get
this plan started, feeling sure that like the ones at Greenfield,
and Harvard street, Boston, the}' will soon become self-sustain-
ing.

Respectfully submitted,

Henrietta L. T. "Wolcott,

Chairman^ for the Committee.

REPORT

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

By GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, of Fitchbcrg.

The work of the Massachusetts Horticultural Societ}' for the
year 1890 is completed, but not so the influence that it is having
on the Horticulture of this countr}'. The sum of six thousand dol-
lars was appropriated to be awarded in premiums and gratuities
during the season.

The year began with a course of Essays and Discussions on sub-
jects connected with the work of the Society, as follows : —

January 11. The Horticulture of California, hj Benjamin P.
Ware, Clifton.

January 18. Huckleberries and Blueberries, — Gaylussacia and
Vaccinium sp., by Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, Framingham.

January 25. Fruits and Flowers of Northern Japan, by Wil-
liam P. Brooks, Professor of Agriculture, Massachusetts Agricult-
uial College, Amherst.

February 1. Galls found near Boston, by Miss Cora H. Clarke,
Jamaica Plain.

February 8. Chrysanthemums, by W. A. Manda, Short Hills, N.J.

February 15. Cemeteries and Parks, by John G. Barker,
Superintendent of Forest Hills Cemetery, Jamaica Plain.

February 22. The Growth and Nutrition of Plants, by Profes-
sor G. H. Whitcher, Director of the New Hampshire Experiment
Station, Hanover, N.H.

March 1. Some Aspects of the Present Forestry Agitation, by
Joseph T. liothrock. Professor of Botany at the University of
Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pa.

March 8. Heating Cold Frames by Hot Water or Steam ; and

316 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Growing Black Hamburg Grapes under Glass that is otherwise
used in Winter, by William D. Philbrick, Editor of the Massachu-
setts Ploughman, Boston.

March 15. Horticultural Education of Children, by Henry L.
Clapp, Principal of the George Putnam School, Roxbury.
March 22. Dahlias, by William E. Endicott, Canton.
March 29. The Tour of the Grangers in California, by O. B.
Had wen, Worcester.

These essays and discussions are fully reported, and published
in the Transactions of the Societ}'.

The Annual Spring Exhibition opened in the two halls of the
Society, on the 26th of March, continuing three days, and rarely
in the history of the Society has a more beautiful display of
flowei's been seen at that season of the year. The large upper
hall presented a fine appearance ; the great variet}' of plants and
flowers, with all their varied colors, being so arranged as to show
all to the best advantage. The lower hall was devoted to the dis-
play of Vegetables, Fruits, and Greenhouse and Decorative Plants ;
also a rare collection of plants from the Cambridge Botanic Gar-
den, and the show of spring flowering bulbs — Hyacinths, Tulips,
Narcissus and Liliums — with the great variety of colors and the
sweet odors of that class. There were also the Cytisus, with its
bright yellow flowers ; the Azaleas, the Cinerarias, the Cyclamens,
and the Orchids. All the vegetables were of fine quality.

With the month of June we always associate the fragrant Rose
and the aroma of the Strawberry. The display of June 24 and
25, under the title of the Rose and Strawberry Exhibition, was
one that could not only vie with all its predecessors, but in some
important respects outvied them all, comprising an uncommonly
large and brilliant display of beautiful flowers and delicious fruits.
In these particulars this exhibition was, perhaps, in a fuller sense
than some in the past, a strictly Rose and Strawberry Show. The
upper hall was devoted to the floral, and the lower to the fruit dis-
play, and each claimed its due proportion of the attention of visi-
tors and admirers. The space allotte'd to the Rose was full, and
the exhiI)ition was complete. The Rose is ever making advances-
on its own record, both in excellence and variety.

The Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers was held in
Music Hall, beginning August 19, and continuing four days.
This far surpassed any that the Society has ever given. One

REPOllT TO STATE BOAUD OF AGRICULTURE. 317

could well fancy himself in some tmpical forest as he strolled
among Palms over twenty feet high, with large Cycads on either
hand, and the great platform covered with Tree Ferns, Arecas,
gavly variegated Crotous, richly colored Dracaenas, the beautiful
Anthuriuras, the Agapanthus, Allamanda, and Ixoras. On the
floor, besides the larger Palms, Cycads, Crotons, Dracjenas, etc.,
were large collections of other plants, including the fantastic
Orchids, the majestic Amazonian Lily, and many large exotic
shrubs, both of blooming and of ornamental foliage varieties.

The bronze statue of Beethoven never before looked down on
such a magnificent display of floral beauty in Music Hall. The
show of cut flowers was large, including Petunias, Tuberous Be-
gonias, Sweet Peas, Drummond Phlox, Zinnias, Dahlias, Gladioli,
Gloxinias, and a large collection of hardy herbaceous plants. One
of the most attractive features was found in the great tanks and
tubs containing the Nymphfiea and other aquatic plants, among
which were the Egyptian Lotus and the Victoria Regia. Another
interesting display was that of the floral decoration of mantels and
tables for a fashionable dinner party. Much interest was taken in
this department of the exhibition.

It is safe to say that never before has so choice and valuable a
collection of Stove and Greenhouse Plants been brought together
in this country. A representative of one of the leading Botanic
Gardens in England was present and expressed strong doubt as
to whether Great Britain could show so many rich and beautiful
products of the gardener's skill at a single exhibition. Never was
there such a profusion of these plants shown ; they overflowed into
the corridors, and even out upon the sidewalks leading to the hall.

No previous Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables made
by this Society has presented the precise counterpart of tliat which
opened September 17. It filled the two spacious halls with the
largest and most varied display of fruits and vegetables ever made
at an exhibition of this Societ}-. The upper hall was devoted to
the fruits, and the lower hall to vegetables. The Apples, Pears,
and Peaches were of large size and fine quality, notwithstanding
the short crop in many sections of this State. The show of
Grapes, Native and Foreign, was large. Several bunches of the
foreign grapes weighed between eight and nine pounds each. A
very intcx-estiug and instructive exhibit was made by the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural College, under the charge of Professor

318 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S. T. JMaynard. There were sixty varieties of hardy grapes,
arranged and nunibeied in the order of their ripening ; and side
by side were placed vines, fruit, and foliage of several sorts, one
free from all diseases, the other so badly affected with mildew as
to be worthless. This was to illustrate the value of spra3'ing the
vines with the Bordeaux Mixture as a preventive of mildew and
other diseases of the grape. The Arnold Arboretum also made a
fine display of seventy-one varieties of fruit-bearing shrubs, all in
fruit or flower. Near the entrance to the upper hall was a novelty
at these exhibitions, — a large collection of preserved fruits, meats,
and vegetables in glass jars and cans, — one hundred and forty-
three kiuds of P^Uiilish meats, forty-five of German goods, and a
large lot of French goods in glass.

The Chrysanthemum Show opened November 11, and continued
four days, the Queen of Autumn flowers being shown in great pro-
fusion. It was admitted by all to have been unsurpassed by an}'
exhibition of Chrysanthemums ever seen in Horticultural Hall.
The lower hall was devoted to the cut flowers, which were fittingly
crowned by the collection in vases on the platform. The upper
hall was devoted to pot plants, which, for large size, variety of
color, and perfect form of plants and flower, has not been equalled
by this .Society. The Committee in charge are entitled to much
credit for the admirable arrangement of the tables for the display
of cut flowers and the grouping of the plants in pots. New
colors are added from year to year ; besides the pure white and the
clear yellow there were the deep violet-pink, a peculiar lemon cohjr
with violet tips, the dark crimson, and the beautiful Mrs. Alpheus
Hard}', — white, with its feathery covering. A large number of
choice seedlings were shown for the first time.

When we recall the larger exhibitions of 1890, beginning with
the Spring Show in March, with its wealth of bloom, followed by the
Rose and Strawberry Show in June, with its grand display of fruits
and flowers ; the magnificent Exhibition of Plants and Flowers in
Music Hall, in August ; the large Fruit and Vegetable Show in
September ; and closing with the Grand Exhibition of the National
Flower of China and Japan, — it is safe to say that the exhibitions
of 1890 have never been equalled in any previous year in the
history of the Massachusetts Horticultural Societ}'.

George Cruickshanks,

Delegate.

BEPORT

ON THE

STATE EXPERIMENT STATION,

AT AMHERST.

Under the able management of Professor Goessmann the vari-
ous work more especiall}' related to agriculture is continued as
heretofore. The analyses of the numerous commercial fertilizers ;
the application of the same to the different kinds of crops ; the
different methods of cultivation ; the careful testing of various
rations for the production of milk, or for fattening purposes^ ; —
these arc some of the objects which are receiving attention.
During the past year land has been prepared and fruit trees of
various kinds have been set, with reference to future experiments.
This department of the Station has already exei'ted a most bene-
ficial influence upon the Agriculture of the State, and there is everv
reason to expect continued good results.

The work entered upon by Professor Humphrey will be of
special interest to liorticulturists. Confining himself to the inves-
tigation of the fungous diseases of plants, we may hope that such
thorough investigations will be made as shall reveal the nature of
the diseases and suggest practical remedies. It is reasonable to
expect an advance of knowledge in the vegetable kingdom equiva-
lent to that which has recently startled the world b}^ the discov-
eries of Professor Koch in the animal kingdom. By a very liberal
grant from the State, an admirable plant-house, together with
offices and laboratory, has been erected during the past year.
This will give to Professor Humphrey greatly increased facilities
for carrj'ing forward his investigations at all seasons of the j'ear.
For some time past he has had, and he still has, in hand the disease
known as " black-knot," most prominent upon the plum. The im-
portance of this investigation is so fully realized by horticulturists
that we shall be liable to be impatient for results. But this is

320 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

work which requires long and most minute observation, and we
can well afford to be patient, if we can be assured of diligent use
of the facilities now furnished. We have reason to believe that
an era of progress has fairly set in. The general government
has provided ample funds for the employment of experts in the
various States, and though some of the work may not be of the
highest order, yet it cannot be doubted that, in the aggregate, a
great amount of valuable original research will be made which will
be of inestimable importance to the nation. Let the good work go
forward, aud let us give it the support of our sympathy.

William C. Strong,
Member of the Board of Control.

REPORT

COMMITIEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

Nothing in the history of the Library during the present year
calls for much remark. As usual all the money available has been
expended. The number of books added from the income of the
Stickney Fund has probably been somewhat less than usual, be-
cause the Committee had an opportunity, earl^- in the year, to
purchase a copy of Gallesio's "Pomona Italiana " at a price ad-
vantageous to the Society. This is a truly magnificent work, and
one which we are very glad, after some years uf waiting, to have
obtained. It is not necessary to name others of our purchases,
as the}' will all appear in the list appended to this report; but in
variety they will be found about as usual-, covering the whole field
from Forestry- to Floriculture.

During the year the books have been rearranged upon a system-
atic plan, a change long desired but not possible until the recent
addition to our shelf-room. A glance at our well-filled cases
will show that the relief did not corue too soon ; another glance
will show that even now many shelves have a back row of books.

The botanical and horticultural periodicals have been continued
as in former 3'ears. These are p'aid for out of the Society's appro-
priation, as is the binding, of which a considerable quantity is still
in arrears. This is unavoidable, for the work of arranging for
the binder such books as Blanco's "• Flora of the Philippines," and
the "Pomona Italiana " just mentioned, takes a long time and much
study. A very noticeable feature in the matter presented to the
Library is the great number of reports of Experiment Stations from
almost every State of the Union and from Canada ; some of these
are virv interesting and instructive.

322 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Catalogue of Plates has made its usual progress, and has
been fouud useful by many searcliers. A high testimonial to its
value is the fact that the authorities of the Botanic Garden of
Harvard University have desired to copy it in part for their own
use.

In the great press of other work, little has been done on the
index of subjects and the much-needed catalogue' of books, but
we hope soon to make a fresh beginning upon it.

We are glad to know that the use of the Library is on the in-
crease, and we welcome all interested persons to the use of it in the
room, whether members or not, for it would be disgracefully illib-
eral to restrict the use of such treasures as are here collected
more than their safety requires.

For the Committee,

TV. E. Endicott,

Chairman.

IIEPORT OF THE LIBRARY C03IMITTEE. 323

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

The mensureiiieuts of the books iu the followhiir lists are in
inches and tenths of an inch, giving first the height, next the
thickness, and lastly the width. When a pamphlet is less than
one-tenth of an inch in thickness the place of that dimension is
supplied by a dash.

Books Purchased.

Meager, Leonard. The Compleat English Gardner : or, A Sure Guide to
Young Planters and Gardners. Tenth edition. Half calf,
7. 9 X. 7X6. 3, pp. 8, 150; 24 plates. London: 170+.
Miller, Philip. The Gardeners and Florists Dictionary : or, A Complete
System of Horticulture. 2 vols. Full calf, 7. 9X 1.5X5., pp. xvi
(dedication and preface) ; the rest not paged. London : 1724.
Hitt, [Tiiomas.] The Modern Gardener; or, Universal Kalendar. Selected
from the Diary Manuscripts of the late Mr. Hitt. Revised, cor-
rected, etc., by James Meader. Full calf, 7.2X1.3X4.2, pp. 532;
13 plates. London: 1771.
Stevenson, . The Gentleman Gard'ner's Director. Being Instruc-
tions for Phmting and Sowing Trees and Seeds, etc. With
Directions for the Management of Bees. The Second edition.
Full calf, G.6X .7X4., pp. ix, 273, iii. London : 1744.
Lawrence, John, A.M. The Clergyman's Recreation: Sliewing the
Pleasure and Profit of the Art of Gardening. In two parts. Fifth
edition. (Also) The Fruit Garden Kalendar; or, a summary of the
Art of Managing the Fruit Garden. "Second edition. To which is
added an Appendix of the Usefulness of the Barometer; etc. Full
calf, 8.2X1.1X5., pp. 10, 84, 18, 115, 2, 2, vi, v, 149; fi plates,
2 cuts. London: 1717 and 1718.
Quintinye, Jean de la. The Compleat Gard'ner : or, Directions for
Cultivating and right ordering of Fruit- Gardens and Kitchen
Gardens. Abridged, etc., by George London and Henry Wise.
Second edition. Full calf, 7.9X1.1X4.7, pp. xxxv, 4, 309, 7;
frontispiece and 10 plates. London : 1699.
Thompson, Robert. The Gardener's Assistant : Practical and Scientific.
New edition, revised and extended by Thomas Moore, F.L.S.,
assisted by eminent practical gardeners. Green cloth,
10.5X3.3X6.8, pp. iv, 23, Hi, 956; 32 plates, colored and plain, 402
cuts. London : 18S8.
Henderson, Peter. Garden and Farm Topics. Dark blue cloth,

7.6X .8X5., pp. 244 ; cuts. New York : 1884.
Hibberd, Shirley. The Garden Oracle and Floricultural Year Book.
1890. 32d year. Boards, green, 7. X. 5X4. 8, pp. 172; 2 colored
plates. London : 1890.

324 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Meader, James. The Planter's Guide : or Pleasure Gardener's Com-
panion. Etc., etc. Half brown morocco, 5.6X.6X11., pp. 7, 39,8;
2 plates. London: 1779.

Royal Horticultural Society of London. Journal. New series. Vol. IV.
(Parts 13-16.) Edited by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.R.H.S., and W. T. Thiselton Dyer, B.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. Four
pamphlets, tea, 8.5X .l-.2Xo.4, pp. ii, xl, 274; plates v-ix,
colored and plain ; cuts. London : 1873, '74, '74, '77.

The Philadelphia Florist and Horticultural Journal. Vols. 1-4, bound
in 2. Black cloth, 9.1X1.9X6.3. Vol. 1, pp. 376 ; G colored plates :
— Vol. 2, pp. 392; 11 colored plates: — Vol. 3, pp. iv, 380; 10
colored plates: — Vol. 4, pp. 288; 1 plain and 8 colored plates.
Philadelphia: n. d. [1852-1855?]

Robinson, W. The English Flower Garden. Style, Position, and
Arrangement; followed by a description of all the best plants for it;
their culture and arrangement. Forming Vol. I. of the " Garden
CyclopEedia." Second edition. Blue-green cloth, 9.3X1.6X6.1,
pp. X, 832; many cuts. London: 1889.

D'Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood, Editor. The Rosarian's Year-Book for
1890. Boards, blue-gray, 7. IX. 4X5. 3, pp. vi, 67; portrait.
London : 1890.

Harkness, John, F.R.H.S. Practical Rose Growing; A Guide for
Amateurs in the Cultivation of the Rose for Exhibition and
Decorative Purposes. Gray paper, 7.3X.3X5.4, pp. v, 63; 3 cuts.
Bradford, Eng. : 1889.

Lyons, J- C. A Practical Treatise on the Management of Orchidaceous
Plants, with a monthly calendar of work to be done, and an Alpha-
betical Descriptive Catalogue of upwards of one thousand species ;
with directions for their growth and flowering. Second edition
greatly enlarged. Dull green cloth, 8. IX. 7X5., pp. xvi, 17-234;
cuts. Dublin : 1845.

Warner, Robert, F.L.S. , F.R.H.S., Benjamin SamuelWilliams, F.L.S. ,
F.R.H.S., Henry Williams, F.R.H.S., and William Hugh Gower.
The Orchid Album, comprising colored figures and descriptions of
new, rare, and beautiful Orchidaceous Plants. Vol. 9, parts 99-
104. Colored plates 393-416, and descriptive text. London:
[1890].

Sander, F. Reichenbachia. — Orchids illustrated and described. Vol.2,
parts 7-12. Half green morocco, 21.6X 2. X 19.6, pp. 57-106;
colored plates, 73-96. Second series. Vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. pp. iv,
18; 8 colored plates. St. Albans, London, Berlin, Paris, and
Summit, N.J. [1890.]

Linden, J-, Lucien Linden, and £mile Rodigas. Lindenia. — Iconographie
des Orchidees. Vol. 5, 1889, parts 3-12. Half green morocco,
14.1X1.2X11.3, pp. 21-102; colored plates, 201-240. Vol. 6, 1890,
parts 1-3, pp. 28; colored plates, 241-252. Gand : 1889, 1890.

Fitzgerald, R. D., F.L.S. Australian Orchids. Vol. 2, parts 2 and 3.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY CO^DIITTEE. 325

Half mottled orange-colored cloth, 19.4X.2X 13.5, 11 and 10 colored
plates, and descriptive text. Sydney, N.S.W. : 1885 and 1888.

Castle, Lewis, Editor. The Chrysanthemum Annual. 1890. Pamphlet,
blue-green, 6.9X. 1X4. 5, pp. 22; 1 portrait. London : 1890.

SimkinS, James. The Pansy: and How to Grow and Show it; with the
best methods of Hybridization with a view to improvement, etc., etc.
Blue cloth, 7.3X.5X5., pp. 8, 112; 4 colored plates, 13 cuts. Bir-
mingham & London : 1889.

Qallesio, Giorgio. Pomona Italiana, ossia trattato degli alberi fruttiferi.
3 volumes (in 41 fasciculi). Half maroon morocco, 19.5X2.5X14.,
1 plain and 159 colored plates. Pisa: 1817-1834.

(Also) Gli Agrumi dei Giardini Botanico-Agrarii di Firenze dis-
tribuiti methodicamente in un Quadro Sinottico, etc. pp. 12 ; 1 plate.
Firenze: 1839. [Bound attheend of Vol. 3of the Pomonaltaliana.]

Maund, B., F.L.S. Orchard and Garden Fruits: their Description,
History, and Management. Green cloth, 9. X. 5X7.3; 24 colored
plates, with descriptive text. London : n. d.

French Gardiner : instructing how to cultivate all sorts of Fruit-trees, and
Herbs for the Garden. Together with directions to Dry, and Con-
serve them in their Natural. Written originally in French and now
Translated into English. By John Evelj'u, Esquire. Third edition.
Whereunto is annexed, the English Vineyard Vindicated by J. Kose,
etc. : with a Tract of the making and ordering of Wines in France.
Dark maroon cloth, 5. 7 X. 9X3. 8, pp. [G], 294, 48, [16] ; 3 plates.
London : 1G75.

Bonavia, E., M.D. The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons, etc., of India
and Ceylon. 2 vols. Blue-green cloth. Vol. 1, 8. 9X 1.6X5.5,
pp. xix, 384; Vol. 2, 7.7x2.4X9.9, 259 plates. London: 1890.

Diel, August Friedrich Adrian. Versuch einer systematischen Beschreibung
in Deutschland vorhandener Kernobstsorten. 21 volumes. Boards,
marbled blue, 6.4X.5-.8X4., 1 colored plate in No. 8. Frankfurt
a. M. : 1799-1819.

. Systematisches Verzeichniss der vorziiglichsten in

Deutschland vorhandenen Obstsorten, mit Bemerkungen iiber
Auswahl Giite und Reifzeit fiir Liebhaber bei Obstanpflanzungen.
Boards, marbled blue, 6.4 X -6X4., pp. xvi, 159. Frankfurt a. M. :
1818.

• . Sj'stematische Beschreibung der vorziiglichsten in

Deutschland vorhandenen Kernobstsorten. 6 volumes. Boards,
marbled blue, G.4X.6-.8X4., 1 colored plate in each. Stuttgart
und Tubingen, 1821-1832.

Meyer, H., Editor. Generalregister zu Dr. Aug. Friedr. Adr. Diel's Sys-
tematischer Beschreibung der vorziiglichsten in Deutschland vor-
handenen Kernobstsorten. Dull blue paper, 9.7X.3X4.3, pp. 130.
Braunschweig : 1834.

TrO'wbridg'e, J. M. The Cider Makers' Hand Book. A Complete Guide
for Making and Keeping Pure Cider. Maroon cloth, 7. 5 X. 6X5.,
pp. 119; 16 cuts. New York: 1890.

326 jiAssAcirrsETTS hoeticultural society.

ECvelyn], J[ohn], S.R.S. (Author of the Kalendarium.) Acetaria. — A

Discourse of Sallets. Boards, marbled brown, 6. oX. 6X4., pp. [38],

192, [49]. London: 1699.
Rustic Furniture, proper for Garden Seats, Summer Houses, Hermitages,

Cottages, etc. Half calf, 9.2X.5X5.9. 25 plates. London, n. d.

[1825?]
Decorations for Parks and Gardens. Designs for Gates, Garden Seats,

etc., etc. Half sheep, 9. 4X. 7X6.1, 55 plates. London, n. d.

[1770?]
Jager, H. Gartenkunst und Garten sonst und jetzt. Handbuch fiir

Gartner, Architekten und Liebhaber. Light brown cloth, 10. oX 1.3X

7.2, pp. 8, iv, 529; 245 cuts. Berlin : 1888.
Ne"whall, Charles S. The Trees of North-Eastern America. With an

Introductory Note by Nath. L. Britton, E.M., Ph.D. Olive-green

cloth, 9.5X1. X0.2, pp. xiv, 250; cuts 116 and a-t?. New York and

London: 1890.
Boulger, G. S., P.L.S., F.G.S. Familiar Trees. Second series. Gray

cloth, 7.2X1.1X5.2, pp. xvi, 168; 40 colored plates by W. H. J.

Boot. London, Paris, New York, and Melbourne : n. d.
Brown, J- E., F.L.S., etc. The Forest Flora of South Australia. Part 8.

Half red cloth, 21. 8X — X17., 5 colored plates, with descriptive

text. Adelaide, South Australia, n. d. [1890?]
Cleghorn, Hugh, M.D., F.L.S. The Forests and Gardens of South

India. Half green calf, 7.8X1.8X5., pp. xiv, 412; map, 13 plates,

17 cuts. London : 1861.
Bradley, R- A Survey of the Ancient Husbandry and Gardening, Col-
lected from Cato, Varro, Columella, Virgil, and others, the most

eminent Writers among the Greeks and Romans : etc. Full calf,

7.9X1.2X4.9, pp. 16, 373, 10; 4 plates. London : 1725.
Prothero, Rowland E. The Pioneers and Progress of English Farming.

Dark blue cloth, 7.7X1.1X5., pp. xiv, 290. London : 1888.
Our Country Home. Vol. 5. Nos. 8, 9, and 10. Vol. 6, Nos. 5, 6, and

7. Pamphlets, 15. 3X—X 10.6. New York : November, 1888-Octo-

ber, 1889.
Miller, Thomas. English Country Life. Consisting of Descriptions of

Rural Habits, Country Scenery, and the Seasons. Half calf,

7.1X1.3X4.8, pp. xiii. 479; cuts. London: 18-59.
Curiosities of Nature and Art in Husbandry and Gardening. Full calf,

7. 5X. 9X4. 5, pp. 352; 13 plates. London: 1707.
Griffiths, A. B., Ph.D., F.R.S.E., F.C.S. Manures and their Uses : a.

Handbook for Farmers and Students. Salmon-colored cloth,

7. 3X. 6X4.6, pp. xii, 159; 1 map, 12 cuts. London: 1889.
Lawes, -SiV J. B., Bart., LL.D., F.R.S., and Professor J. H. Gilbert.

LL.D., F.R.S. On the present Position of the Question of the

Sources of the Nitrogen of Vegetation, with some new Results, and

preliminary Notice of new Lines of Investigation. Buff paper,

11. 8X. 3X9., pp. 107. London: 1889.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 327

"Wrightson, John, M.R.A.C., F.C.S. Fallow and Fodder Crops. Green

doth, 8.3X1. X5. 4; pp. xii, 276. London: 1889.
Royal Airricultural Society of England. Journal.

Second Series. Vol. 25, Part 2. — No. 50, October, 1889. pp. viii,
381-792, xli-ccxxiv; cuts.

Third Series. Vol. 1, Part 1. — No. 1, March 31, 1890. pp. iv,
256, Ixiv ; cuts.

Part 2. — No. 2, June 30, 1890. pp. viii, iv, 257-472, Ixvi-xcvi ;
1 map, 6 cuts.

Parts.— No. 3, September 30, 1890. pp. iv. 473-672, xcvii-clxxxiv;
cuts.

Four parts, blue paper, 8. 4X. 7-1. 3X5. 5. London: [1889,1890.]
Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. Transactions. "With an
Abstract of the Proceedings at Board and General Meetings, the
Premiums offered by the Society in 1889, and List of Members.
Fifth Series, Vol. 1. Blue cloth, 9. X 1.2X5.6, pp. iv, 279, 65, 87,
57, iv ; cuts. Edinburgli : 1889.

Vol.11. 1890. Blue cloth, 9.x 1.4X5.7, pp. iv, 399, 62, 89, iv;
2 cuts. Edinburgh : 1890.
Gibson, W. The True Method of Dieting Horses. Sheep, 7. 7X .8X4.5,

pp. viii, iv, 4, 236, vii. London: 1721.
Church, A. H., M.A. Oxon, F.CS., F.I.C. Food Grains of India. Brown

cloth, 10.5X. 7X7.7, pp. xi, 180; 35 cuts. London: 1886.
Tropical Agriculturist. A Monthly Record of Information for Planters
of Tea, Cofifee, Cacao, Cinchona, Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco, Palms,
Spices, Rubber, Rice, and other products suited for Cultivation in
the Tropics. Vol. 8. Green cloth, 10.8X2.X7.3, pp. xvi, 868,
also supplementary pages on Sales of Tea, Coffee, etc. Colombo,
Ceylon: 1889.
Royle, J. Forbes, M.D., F.R.S. The Fibrous Plants of India, fitted for
Cordage, Clothing, and Paper. With an Account of the Cultivation
and Preparation of the Flax, Hemp, and tlieir substitutes. Light
brown cloth, 9.1X1.5X5.8, pp. xiv, 404. London and Bombay:
1855.
Tinaehri : Being the Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial
Society of British Guiana. New series.

Vol. in, Part 2, December, 1889. pp. 209-403; 5 plates.
Vol. IV, Part 1, June, 1890. pp. 186.

Two parts, light blue-green paper, 8.7X.7X5.5, Demerara and
London: 1889, 1890.
Todaro, Augustino. Hortus Botanicus Panorraitanus, sive plantae novae
vel eriticae quae in orto botanico Panormitano coluntur, etc. Tomus
secundus, fasciculus quintus. (In continuation.) Magenta paper,
19.x — X 13.3, pp. 33-40; plates 33, 34. Panormi : n. d. [1890?]
Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. Hortus botanicus Vindobonensis, seu plan-
tarum rariorum quEe in horto botanico Vindolionensi . . . co-
luntur. Three volumes in one. Half Russia, 19. 1X3. 3X 12. Vol.

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1, pp. 8, 44 ; 1 colored plan and colored plates 1-100. — Vol.2,
pp. 2, 45-95, ii; colored plates 101-200. —Vol. 3, pp. 4, 52; colored
plates 1-100. Vindobonae: 1770-1777.
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton. Institutiones Rei Herbariae. Editio altera,
gallica longe auctior, quingentis circiter tabulis aeneis adornata.
3 vols, bound in 2, including the Corollarium. Parchment,
9.6X2.3-2.9X7.2. Vol. 1, pp. 20, fi97, 6, 1, 54, 5 ; Vol. 2, plates
1-2.50,251-470,477-489. Paris: 1700-1703.
Plukenet, Leonard, M.D. Opera omnia botanica, in sex tomos divisa;
viz., I, II, III, Phytographia ; IV, Almagestum Botanicum; V,
Almagesti Botanici Mantissa; VI, Amaltheum Botanicum. 6 vol-
umes boundin 4. Old calf, 11.2X1.-2.1X8.3. Vol. 1 (I, II, and III),
pp.4, 6; 328 plates. — Vol. 2 (IV), pp. 4, 5,402, ii. — Vol. 3 (V),
pp. 4, 192, 28; plates 329-350. —Vol. 4 (VI), pp. 5, 214, 11; plates
351-454. Londini: 1691-1720.
Theophrastos, Eresios. Theophrasti Eresii de Historia Plantarum Libri
Decern, Greece. Cum Syllabo Generuni et Specierum, Glossario, et
Notis. Curante Joh. Stackhouse. 2 vols., full calf, 7.4X1.X4.9,
pp. Hi, 241, and 509; 4 plates. Oxonii : 1813, 1814,
Hooker, SirJ.'D., K.C.S.I., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., etc. Icones Plan-
tarum ; or figures, with descriptive characters and remarks, of new
and rare plants, selected from the Kew Herbarium. Vols. 8 and 9.
Buff paper, 8. 8X. 4X5.5, plates 1701-1900, with descriptive text.
London, Edinburgh, and Berlin: 1887-1889.
Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Monographie des Asclepiadacees, Con-
volvulacees, Polemoniacees, et Boraginacees. Blue paper, 10.9 X
.5X7., pp. iv, 221-402; cuts 157-300. Paris: 1890.
Baker, J- G., F.U.S., F.L.S. Hand-book of the Bromeliaceae. Blue-
green cloth, 9.x. 7X5. 7, pp. ix, 243. London : 1889.
Andre, Ed. Bromeliaceae Andreanae. Description et histoire des Bro-
meliacees recoltees dans la Colombie, TEcuador et le Venezuela.
Half black cloth, 12. 7X. 6X9. 7, pp. xi, 118; 40 plates. Paris:
n. d. [1889?]
Bolus, Harry, F.L.S. Orchids of the Cape Peninsula. [Transactions of
the South African Philosophical Society. Vol. V. — parti.] Buff
paper, 9.8X.7X6., pp. viii, 75-201; 36 plates, colored and plain.
Cape Town : 1888.
JaCObi, G. A. von. Versuch zu ciner systematischen Ordnung der
Agaveen. 4 pamphlets [to complete the work], 8.5-9.8X — X5.4-
6.3, pp. 4, 34; 297-315; 317-319, 12; 12. Hamburg & Breslau :

1854 to .

Gray, Asa. Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, includ-
ing the district East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina
and Tennessee. Sixth edition, revised and extended westward to
the 100th meridian, by Sereno Watson and John M. Coulter. Olive-
brown cloth, 8.4X1.5X5.4, pp. vi, 760; 25 plates, with descriptive
text. New York and Chicago : 1890. [2 copies.]

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 329

Hind, W- M., LL.D., assisted by tlie late Churchill Babington, D.D.,
F.L.S. Tlie Flora of Suffolk; A Topographical Enumeration of
the Plants of the County, showing the Results of Former Observa-
tions and of the most recent Ilesearches. With an Introductory
Cliapter of the Geology, Climate, etc., by Wheelton Hind. Red
cloth, 7.0X2. X5. 2, pp. xxxiv, 508; colored map. London: 1889.

Painter, Rev. W. II. A Contribution to the Flora of Derbyshire. Being
an account of the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Characea3 found in
the County. Olive-green clotli, 9. X. 7X5. 8, pp. vii, 15G ; colored
map. London and Derby : 1889.

Parnell, Richard, M.D., F.R.S.E. The Grasses of Britain. Faded
green cloth, 10. X2,X6.3, pp. xxvii, v-xxi, 311 ; 142 plates. Edinburgh
and London : 1845.

Pratt, .Vnne. The British Grasses and Sedges. Green cloth, 9.2X.9X5.8,
pp. viii, 130; colored plates 238-272. London: [1859].

Parlatore, Filippo. Flora Italiaua, continuata da Teodoro Caruel. Vol.
VIII, Part 3. Plumbaginacee, per Antonio Mori; Primulacee, per
Lodovico Caldesi ; Diospiracee, Stiracacee, Ericacee, Vacciniacee,
Pirolacee, Monotropacee. Blue paper, 9. 2X. 5X0.1, pp. 501-773.
Firenze : Ottobre, 1889.

Hooker, SirJ-D., C.B., K.C.S.I., etc. Assisted by various botanists.
The Flora of British India. Vol. 5. Chenopodiaceae to Orchides.
Dark blue-green cloth, 8.9 X 2. X 5.5, pp. 909, 10. London: 1890.

"Willkomm, Maurice. Illustrationes Florae Hispanic insularumque Ba-
learium. Livraison XVI. [In continuation.] Blue paper, 14. 2X
.1X10.2, pp. 85-98; plates 138-140. Stuttgart: 1889.

Pierre, L. Flore Forestiere de la Cochin-Chine, lo^ fascicule. Half claret
cloth, 22.x. 4X15.0, plates 225-240 with descriptive text. Paris : n. d.
[1890?]

Mueller, Ferd. von, K.C.M.G., M. & Ph.D., F.R.S. Iconography of
the Australian Species of Acacia and cognate Genera. Decades 5-
13. Buff paper, 12. IX. 2X9. 7, 10 plates in each. Melbourne:
1887, 1888.

. The Plants indigenous to the Colony of Victoria. 2 vols.

Half green morocco, 12.1X1.2-1.5X9.4. Vol. 1, Thalamiflor^.
pp. viii, 242; plates 1-12, and supplementary plates 1-11; Vol.
2, Lithograms. pp. iii ; plates 13-71, and suppl. plates 12-18.
London: 1800-1805.

Hooker, Joseph Dalton, M.D., R.N., F.R.S., and L.S., etc. Flora
Novae ZelandiaD. Part I, Flowering Plants; Part II, Flowerless
Plants. 2 vols. Half claret morocco, 12.0X1.9X9.7, pp. xxxix,
312, and 378; colored plates, — 70, and 71-130. London: 1853, 1855.

"Wawra v. Pernsee, Dr. Heinrich. Itinera Principum S. Coburgi.
Die Botanische Ausbeute von den Reisen ihrer Hoheiten der Prinzen
von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha. Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von
Dr. Giinther V. Beck. Zweiter theil. Half plum-colored cloth, 14. X
1.1 X 10.8, pp. vi, 250; 18 plates, colored and plain. Wien : 1888.

330 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bennett, Alfred W., M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S., and George Murray, F.L.S.
A handbook of Cryptogaraic Botany. Brown cloth, 8. 3X 1.1x5.5,
pp. viii, 473; 382 cuts. London : 1889.
Cooke, it- C. Illustrations of British Fungi (Hymenomycetes). To serve
as an Atlas to the " Hand Book of British Fungi," by M. C. Cooke.
Nos. LXVI to LXXIV. Blue-gray paper, 9.X.2X6., colored
plates 1035-1174. London: 1888-1890.
Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin. Index to Vols. 7-16. Compiled by
E. G. Britten. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. IX 5. 8, pp. xx, 31. New York :
1890.
Linnean Society of London. Proceedings. Vol. I. Nov., 1838-June,
1848. Vol. II, Xov., 1848-June, 18.55. 2 vols, in 1. Half green
morocco, 8.5X2.3X5.5, pp. xv, 401, and .xiii, 448. London: 1849,
1855.

. Journal. Botany. Vol. 25, No. 172, pp. 307-483;

plates 50-60, colored and plain. Vol. 26, Nos. 174, 175, pp. 121-
316 ; plates 3-6. Vol. 27, Nos. 181-184, pp. 332 ; 8 plates, 29 cuts.
7 parts, blue paper, 8.8X.2-.6X5.5. London: 1890.

. Transactions. Second series. Botany. Vol. Ill,

Part I. Blue paper, 11. 8X. 8X9. 2, pp. 139; 2 maps, 48 plates.
London: 1888.
Sorauer, Dr. Paul. Atlas der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Parts 3 and 4. Atlas,
boards, 16. X. 2X10.1, plates 17-24, and 25-32. Text, pamphlets,
lO.X — X6.5, pp. 13-18, and 19-26. Berlin : n. d. [1890?]
Ormerod, Eleanor A., F. R. Met. Soc, etc. Report of Observations of
Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests during the year 1888,
with Methods of Prevention and Remedy. Twelfth Report. Salmon-
colored paper, 9. 6X. 3X6.1, pp. vi, 130, 4: 1 plate, cuts, 1 chart.
London : 1889.

Report . . . during the year 1889. Thirteenth Report, pp. viii,
130; 1 plate, cuts. London: 1890.
Buckler, William (The Late). The Larvje of the British Butterflies and
Moths. Edited by H. T. Stainton, F.R.S. Vol. III. (The con-
cluding portion of the Bombyces.) Plum-colored cloth, 8. 9X. 9X5.6,
pp. XV, 80; colored plates xxxvi-liii, with descriptive text. [With
a List of the OflBeers, etc., of the Ray Society, and of the Annual
Volumes issued by the society, pp. 31.] London : 1889.
The Naturalists* Directory for 1890. Containing the Names, Addresses,
Special Departments of Study, etc., of Amateur and Professional
Naturaligts, Chemists, etc., etc. Compiled by Samuel E. Cassino.
Pamphlet, fawn, 7. oX. 7X5. pp. viii, 215, 70. Boston : 1890.
"Wheatley, Henry B., F.S..\. How to Catalogue a Library. Olive-green
cloth, 7.1X. 9X4.5, pp. xii, 268. New York: 1889.

EEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 331

Books, Etc., Received by Donation and Exchange.

Meager, Leonard. The New Art of Gardeninsr, with the Gardener's Al-
manack; containina: The true Art of Gardeninfj in all its particulars.
Half calf, 6. 2X. 7X3.8, pp. iv, 164, 4, 6. London: n. d. [1697?]
Mrs. Edward S. Davis.
Bailey, Ij- H. Annals of Horticulture in North America, for the year
1S81). Claret-brown cloth, 8.1 X .9X5.4, pp. 2, 249 ; 52 cuts. New
York : 1890. The Author.

— . Tlie Horticulturist's Rule-Book. A Compendium of Useful

Information for Fruit-Growers, Truck-Gardeners, Florists and
others. Completed to the close of the year 1889. Claret, flexible
cloth, 6. 5X. 6X4.5, pp. 236. New York: n. d. The Author.
Pitcher, James R., and W. A. Manda. Orchids for Beginners, being a
Descriptive List with Cultural Directions for the care of tiie best
Orchids, suitable for Florists or Private Gardeners. Pamphlet, buff,
(;.7X— X5.2, pp. 15. Short Hills, New Jersey: 1890. The Authors.
The Golden Flower, Chrysanthemum. Verses . . . illustrated with
reproductions of studies from nature in water color. Lithographed
and printed 'oy L. Prang & Co., Publishers. Old rose and yellow
cloth, 12. X. 9X10. 2, pp. 9, prologue and epilogue, and 18 pp. of
verses embellished with designs ; 16 colored plates. Boston: n. d.
[1890.] The Publishers.
"Wisconsin Florists' Club. Premium List for the First .Annual Chrysan-
themum Show and Floral Exhibition, l^ov. llth-13th, 1890. Pam-
phlet, 11.2X— X7., pp. 8. The Club.
Chrysanthemum Society, The National. Annual Report and Finan-
cial Statement. Schedule of Prizes for 1890. Pamphlet, fawn.
8.3X.2X5.3, pp. iv, 84. London :n.-d. C. Harman Payne, Honor-
ary Foreign Corresponding Secretary.
Veitoh, Harry, F.R.H.S., F.L.S. The Hippeastrum (Amaryllis). [Re-
printed from the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. 12,
Part2.] Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.4X—X5. 4, pp. 12. London: 1890.
James Veitch & Sons.
Calla Field, as grown by M. E. Walker of the Central Park Floral Co.,

Los Angeles, Cal., Pliotograph of. 8.5X5.2.
Krelage, J- H. On Polyanthus Narcissus. [Reprinted from the Journal
of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. XII, Part 2.] Pamphlet,
olive-buff, 8.4X— X5.5, pp. 8. The Author.
Lemoine, F. Les Glaieuls hybrides rustiques. Pamphlet, blue-gray,

<)..5X — X6.2, pp. 26. Nancy: 1890. The Author.
G-artenflora. Zeitschrift fur Garten- und Blumenkunde. (Begriindet
von Eduard Regel.) 38. Jahrgang. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr.
L. Wittmack in Berlin. 24 numbers. Pamphlets, yellow, 10. X. IX 7.,
1 plain and 24 colored plates, 97 cuts. Berlin : 1889. The Editor.
Lawson, William. A New Orchard & Garden ; or, The best way for
Planting, etc. Half calf, 7.7X. 4X5.8, pp. 6, 102. Cuts. London:
1C83. Mrs. Edward S. Davis.

332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Kenrick William. The New American Orchardist, or an account of the
most valuable varieties of Fruit, adapted to cultivation in the Cli-
mate of the United States, from the latitude of 25^ to 54°, etc., also
a brief description of the most ornamental Forest Trees, Shrubs,
Flowers, etc. Blue cloth, 7.4X1.2X5., pp. xxxvi, 25-424 ; 1 cut.
Boston : 1833. The family of C. M. Hovey.
LaPomologie Fran9aise. Bulletin de la Societe Pomologique de France.
Nos. 1-G, 1890. 6 pamphlets, yellow, 9. 3X. 2X6.2, pp. 407 ; cuts.
Lyon: 1890. Louis Cusin, Secretaire General.
United States Special Consular Report. Fruit Culture in Foreign Coun-
tries. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 8.9X1.2X5.7, pp. 391-937, xiii ; cuts
and diagrams. Washington : 1890. Hon. James G. Blaine, Secre-
tary of State.
[Victoria] Department of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 5. September, 1889.
Proceedings of a Convention of Fruit Growers, held on September
19, 20, and 21, 1889. Pamphlet, fawn-color, 8. 4X. 4X5.4, pp. 159.
Melbourne: 1890. D. Martin, Secretary of Agriculture.
Lombard, A. C, Sons of. Review of Exports of Apples from America to
Europe. Seasons of 1888-89 and 1889-90. 2 broadside circulars,
11.X8.5. Boston : 1889, '90. Messrs. Lombard. [2 copies each.]
Apple, part Baldwin and part Russet, Photograph of. 6.4X4.2. Professor

John Robinson.
Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. Twenty-fir.<t Annual Report,

1889. Black cloth, 9.8X.5X6.4, pp. xvi, 128; 5 portraits. Toronto:

1890. L. Wool verton. Secretary. [16 copies.]

Fruit Growers' Association and International Show Society of Nova Scotia.
Transactions and Reports. 1888 and 1889. Pamphlet, fawn,
8.5X4X5.7, pp. 129, 113. Halifax, N.S. : 1889. C. H. R. Starr,
Secretary -Treasurer.

American Pomological Society. Proceedings of the Twenty-second
Session, held in Ocala, Florida, February 20, 21, 22, 1889. Pam-
phlet, tea, 12.1 X. 5X9. 3, pp. 171, liv ; 1 portrait. 1889. Benjamin
G. Smith, Treasurer.

Maine state Pomological Society. Transactions for the year 1889.
Edited by the Secretary, D. H. Knowlton. Pamphlet, yellow,
9.1X. 3X5.7, pp. 172; cuts and portrait. Augusta: 1890. D. H.
Knowlton, Secretary.

Iowa Agricultural College, Bulletin of the. Revised Notes on some of the
Pears, Cherries, Plums, Apricots, Peaches, Ornamental Trees,
Forest Trees, and Shrubs, which have been tested on the College
grounds, and sent out fortrial, during the past ten years. Pamphlet,
8.5X — X5.7, pp. 32. Ames: 1890. Professor J. L. Budd.
United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Pomology.
Bulletin No. 3. Classification and Generic Synopsis of the Wild
Grapes of North America. By T. V. Munson. Pamphlet, tea,
8.9X.1X5.7, pp. 14. Washington: 1890. Hon. J. M. Rusk,
Secretary of Agriculture.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COIVOIITTEE. 333

Garfield, Charles W". Asparagus. Its Culture for Home and Market.
[Read before the Micliigan State Horticultural Society, July, 1889.]
Pamphlet, 8.2X— Xfi.5, pp. 7. The Author.

Rodigas, I'^mile. Une visite a retahlissement de I'Horticulture Interna-
tionale (Linden) au Pare Leopold, a Bruxelles. Pamphlet, green,
U.4X.1X10.», pp. 16; locuts. Gand : n. d. [1890?] The Author,

Parsons, S- B. L;indscape Gardening. I. Planting a small plot facing
south. II. Planting a plot 300X-t80 ft. facing south. [2 articles
from ShoppcU's Modern Houses.] 2 sheets, 14.7X1L3, 2 pp. each;
2 plans. The Author.

Baltimore Park Commission. Thirtieth Annual Report to the Mayor and
City Council of Baltimore, for the year ending December 31, 1889.
Pamplilet, terra-cotta, 8.9X.1X5.7, pp. 5fi. Baltimore : 1890. The
Commissioners.

!MoTint Auburn Cemetery. Fifty-eighth A.nnual Report. January 1,
1890. Pamphlet, drab, 9. IX— XG., pp. 20. Boston: 1890. The
Proprietors of the Cemetery.

American Cemetery Superintendents, Association of. Proceedings of
the Third Annual Convention, held at Detroit, Mich., September 17,
18, and 19, 1889, Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.7X.2X5.8, pp. 110;
frontispiece. Akron, 0. : 1889.

Fourth Annual Corlvention. Pamphlet, olive-buff, 8. 5X — X5.8,
pp. 47. Chicago : 1890. John G. Barker, President.

Barker, John G. What Trees and Shrubs are the most desirable for
Cemetery Decoration. (Read at the meeting of the Association of
American Cemetery Superintendents, at Detroit, Mich., Sept. 18,
1889.) Pamplilet, 8.8X— X6., pp. 8. The Author.

Cook, Moses. The Manner of Raising, Ordering, and Improving Forest
and Fruit Trees, and how to plant, make, and keep Woods, Walks,
Avenues, Lawns, Hedges, etc., 1679. [This title is copied from
Quaritch's Catalogue No. 90, No. 724, as the title-page to our copy
is wanting. The preface to our copy bears the date Nov. 16, 1675.]
Full calf, 7.9 X. 8X6.1, pp. 14, 204, 4; 4 plates. J. D. W. French.

Scliurz, Hon. Carl. The Need of a Rational Forest Policy in tlie United
States. [An Ad/lress delivered before the American Forestry Asso-
ciation and the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, at Horticultural
Hall, Philadelphia, Oct. 15, 1889.] Pamphlet, 9.1X— X5.8, pp.
12. Philadelphia: n. d. Professor J. T. Rothrock.
Brown, John Crourabie, LL.D., Compiler. The Forests of England
and the Management of them in By-gone Times. Brown cloth,
7.7X.9X5.1, pp. xvi, 263, 8. Edinburgh : 1883. The Author.

. Introduction to the Study of Modern Forest Economy.

Brown cloth, 7.6X.8X5., pp. xii, 228, viii, 6. Edinburgh: 1884,
The Author,
. Forestry in Norway : with Notices of the Physical Geog-
raphy of the Country. Brown cloth, 7.8X.9X5., pp. 16, viii, 227.
Edinburgh : 1384. The Author.

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BrO'Wn, John Croumbie, LL.D., Compiler. Forests and Forestry of
Northern Russia and hinds beyond. Brown cloth, 7.7X .9X5., pp. IG,
viii, 279. Edinburgh : iSS-t. The Author.

. Forestry in tlie Mining Districts of tlie Ural Mountain-; in

Eastern Russia. Brown clotli, 7. 7X. 7X5., pp. llj, viii, 182. Edin-
burgh: 1884. The Author.

. Forests and Forestry in Poland, Lithuania, the Ukraine,

and the Baltic Provinces of Russia, with notices of the Exports of
Timber from Memel, Dantzig, and Riga. Brown cloth, 7.7X.1X5.,
I)p. 16, viii, 276. Edinburgh; 1885. The Autlior.

. Schools of Forestry in Germany, with Addenda relative

to a desiderated British National School of Forestry. Brown cloth,
7. 5X. 9X5.1, pp. 16, vii, 232; 1 table. Edinburgh: 1887. The Au-
thor.

. School of Forest Engineers in Spain, indicative of a type

for a British National School of Forestry. Old gold cloth, 7.7X.fciX
5., pp. xii, 232, •!. Edinburgh: 1886. The Autlior.

. Hydrology of South Africa; or, Details of the Former

Hydrographic Condition of the Cape of Good Hope, and of Causes
of its present Aridity, with suggestions of appropriate Jieniedies for
this aridity. Green cloth, 8.9 X. 9 X6. 6, pp. vii, 260. London: 1875.
The Author.

. Water Supply of South Africa and Facilities for the

Storage of it. Green cloth, 9.1X2.X5.6, pp. xvi, 651. Edinburgh:
1876. The Author.
Smidth, .T[ens] H[ansen]. Arboretum Scandinavicum. Half maroon
calf, 6.6X. 6X4.9, pp. 160. Kjobenhavn : 1831. Charles S. Sargent.
Forest Leaves. July and September, 1886; April and November, 1887;
Fel)ruary, May, June-July, August-September and October, 1889.
Pamphlets, 10. IX — X 7.6; plates. Philadelphia: 1886-89. [Towards
completing the set. J Henry M. Fisher.
EailX et Foiets, Annuaire des, pour 1890. Gray flexible linen, 6. X. 6X4.,
pp. 4, 346. Paris: 1890. Publishers of Revue des Eaux et Foiets.
United States Department of Agriculture. Forestry Division.

Report of the Chief of- the Division for the year 1889. Pamphlet,
tea, 9.x. IX 5. 7, pp. iv, 273-330; cuts. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secre-
tary of Agriculture.

Bulletin No. -1. Report on the Substitution of Metal for Wood in
Railroad Ties. By E. E. Russell Tratman, C. E. Together with
a Discussion on Practicable Economies in the Use of Wood for Rail-
way Purposes. By B. E. Fernow, Chief of Forestry Division.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.x. 7X5. 7, pp.363; 30 plates. Washington: 1890.
Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.
American Forestry Association. Appeal. 1 sheet, ll.X 8.5. Philadel-
phia : 1890. Professor J. T. Rothrock.
California State Board of Forestry, Memorial of the. Pamphlet, pink,
8.'.JX — X5.8, pp. 7; 2 plates. Professor J. T. Kothrock.

EEPOKT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 335

Chapais, J. C, B.C.L. The Canadian Forester's Illustrated Guide.
Taniphlet, fawn, 8.5X. 5X5.2, pp. 199; 126 cuts. Montreal: 1885.
J. 1). \V. French.
Perrault, J. X. ]M6moire sur la mise en coupe reglee du Domaine for-
estier de la Province de Quebec. Presente a la Reunion du 2 Sep-
tembre 1890. [.Association Forestiere d'Anierique] Pamplilet,
8.2X— X5.4, pp. 8. J. 1). W. French.
"Worcester County Horticultural Society. Schedule of Premiums for the
year 1890. Pamphlet, yellow, 9. 4X. 1X5.8, pp. 40. Worcester:
1890. Edward W. Lincoln, Secretary.
Rhode Island Horticultural Society. Prizes to be awarded at tlie June
and November Exhibitions, 1890. Pamphlet, 4.5x— X6.U, pp. 8.
[Providence: 1890.] Thomas K. Parker, Corresponding Secretary.
Hartford County Horticultural Society. Programme for the year 1890.
Pamphlet, 9.X— X5.7, pp. 8. Hartford, Conn.: [1890.] C. H.
Pember, Secretary.

. Souvenir. Chrysanthemum Exhibition. List of

Officers and Members. Prizes given at its several exhibitions in
1890, etc. Pamphlet, 9. X. 1X5. 8, pp. 57; cuts. Hartford, Conn. :
1890. C. H. Pember, Secretary.
Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Thirty-
fifth Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, January, 1890. Pamphlet,
terra-cotta, 9. IX. 4X5. 9, pp. 192. Rochester: 1890. John Hall,
Secretary and Treasurer.*
New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Fifteenth
Annual Meeting, held at Trenton, N.J., Dec. 18 and 19, 1889.
Pamphlet, blue-gray, 9. IX. 4X5. 8, pp. 224; 1 portrait. Newark:
[1890.] E. Williams, Secretary,
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Programme for 1890. Pamphlet,
blue, 9. 2X. 1X5.7, pp. 18.- Philadelphia: n. d. Daniel D. L.
Farson, Secretary.

. Advance Sheet, giving List of Premiums for the Annual

Spring Exhibition and Bulb Show, March 17-20, 1891. Pamphlet,
9.2X — .5.8, pp. 8. D. D. L. Farson, Secretary.
Ohio State Horticultural Society. Twenty-third Annual Report, for the
year 1889-90. Pamphlet, olive, 9. GX. 5X6.5, pp. 240 ; cuts. Co-
lumbus: 1890. W. W. Farnsworth, Secretary.
Columbus (Ohio) Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol. 3, 1888, and
Vol. 4, 1889. Dark green cloth, 9. IX. 7X5. 7, pp. 2, 123, ii, and
viii, 109, ii; 2 plates in Vol. 4. Columbus, Ohio: 1889. Vol. 5,
parts 1-3, March-September, 1890. 3 pamphlets, blue, 9.X— X5.8,
pp. 78; 6 plates, cuts. Columbus: [1890.] Clarence M. Weed,
Secretary.
Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1889, being the
Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Session, held at Indian-
apolis, December, 1889. Black cloth, 9. X. 5X5.8, pp. 214; cuts.
Indianapolis : 1890. C. M. Hobbs, Secretary.

336 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1889;
being the Proceedings of the Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting, etc.,
etc. New series. Vol. 23. Green cloth, 8.9X1.3X6., pp. xviii,
421; 1 portrait. Alton: 1890. A. C. Hammond, Secretary.
[5 copies.]
"Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Annual Report. Vol. 20.
Black cloth, 9. X. 9X5. 8, pp. 257; frontispiece and cuts. Madison:
1890. The Superintendent of Public Property. [6 copies.]
Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year
1890. Vol. 18. Black cloth, 9.4X1. X<i.3, pp. 395; portrait,
1 plate and 9 cuts. Minneapolis : 1890. Samuel B. Green, Secre-
tary. [10 copies.]
Missouri State Horticultural Society. Thirty-second Annual Report, 1889.
Black cloth, 9.4X1.3X6.2, pp. 467, ii ; 7 cuts, 1 map. Jefferson
City: 1890. L. A. Goodman, Secretary. [Ten copies.]
Nebraska State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year 1889.
Containing the Proceedings of the Annual and Semi-Annual Meetings
held during the year 1889. Dark plum-colored cloth, 8.9X.7X5.9,
pp. 294; 30 cuts. Lincoln: 1889.^ F. W. Taylor, President.
Colorado State Horticultural and Forestry Association. Annual Rt port for
the year 1889. Vol. 5. Maroon cloth, 9.4 X 1.2X6.3, pp. 621, iv ; 1
portrait. Denver : 1890. Dr. Ale.x. Shaw, Secretary. [2 copies.]
Oregon State Horticultural Association. Address of Dr. J. R. Cardwell,
President, delivered at the Annual Meeting, held at Portland, Oregon,
Jan. 14, 1890. Pamphlet, light green, 7.X— X4.2, pp. 12. Portland :
1890. The Association.
California State Board of Horticulture. Annual Report for 1889. Black
cloth, 9.3X 1.2X6., pp. 536; 4 plates, 138 cuts. Sacramento : 1890.
B. M. Lelong, Secretary.
Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. Edited by D. Morris, Esq., M.A.,
F.L.S., Treasurer; and the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A., Secretary.
Vol. 11, Part3, October, 1889. pp. 131-350, xxxiii-xcii.
Vol. 12, Part 1, March, 1890. pp. 232, xciii-cliv ; cuts.
Vol. 12, Part 2, July, 1890. pp. 233-408, Ivi; 21 cuts.
Three pamphlets, blue-gray, 8.4X.6X5.5. London: [1889, 1890.]
The Society.
Joly, Charles. Notes sur la Societe d'Horticulture de Londres et sur la
Societe Pomologique Americaine. Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.5X — X
5.4, pp. 12. Paris : 1890. The Author.
Soci^t^ nationale d'Horticulture de France, Journal de la. 3^ serie.
Tome 12, 1890. Half claret morocco, 9.2X1.8X5.5, pp. 792. Paris :
1890. E. Glatigny, Librarian.

. Congres d'Horticulture de 1890 ii Paris. Regle-

nient. Pamphlet, 8.3X — X5.3, pp. iv. Paris: 1890. The Society.
Society centrale d'Horticulture du departenient dela Seine-Inferieure, Bul-
letin de la. Tome XXXP. — 3^ et 4"^ cahiers de 1889; Tome XXXIP.
— lef et 2"= cahiers de 1890. 4 pamphlets, lilac color, 9.X.2X5.7,
pp. 141-328, and 1-200. Rouen: 1890. The Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 337

Soci^t^ d'llorticulture do la Sarthe, Bulletin de la. Tome II. 1889, — 2*,
o«, et 4<' trimestres ; ISI'O, — 1" et 2"^ triinestres. 3 pamphlets, orange-
color, 8.8X — X5.7, pp. i>(u-GC,2. [Le Mans: 1881), 1890.]

R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura, Bullettino della. Anno XV. 1890.
(Vol. V. della 2." Serie.) Half brown leather, 11. XI. 7X7. 6, pp.
384; 13 plates, colored and plain, cuts. Firenze : 1890. The So-
ciety.

Soci^t^ d'Horticulture de Geneve, Bulletin de la. SG^e Annee. 1890. 12
pamphlets, pink, 9.4X — X6.2, pp. 236; plates (1 colored) and cuts.
Geneve : 1890. The Society.

Verzeichniss derauf derGrossen Allgemeinen Gartenbau-Ausstellungdes
Vereins zur Boforderung des Gartenbaues in den preussischen
Staaten, zu Berlin vom j5. April bis 8. ISIai 1890. Pamphlet, lilac,
8.GX— X5.8, pp. X, 32. Berlin : n. d.

Nachtrag zuni Programm fiir die Grosse Allgemeine Gartenbau-Ausstel-
lung des Vereins zur Bsforderung des Gartenbaues in den Preus-
sischen Staaten vom 25. April bis 5. Mai 1890 . . . zu Berlin.
Pamphlet, pink, 9.8X—X6.6, pp. 20. Berlin: 1890.

JacqXiin, Nicholaus Joseph. Selectarum stirpium Americanarum historia,
in qua ad Linneanum sj'stema determinatse descriptseque sistuntur
plantas illae quas in insulis Martinica, Jamaica, Domingo, alii.-iqr.e
et in vicinae Continentis parte, observavit rariores ; adjectis iconibus
in solo natali delineatis. Half calf, 14. 9X2. oX 10., pp. [6], 7, [5],
284, [14] ; 183 plates. Vindobonse : 1763. Charles S. Sargent.

Zuccarini, Jos[eph], Ger[hard]. Plantarum novarum vel minus cognita-
rum quEe in horto botanico herbarioque regio Monacensi servantur,
fasciculus primus. Also Fasciculus quartus of the same. Pam-
phlets, tea, 10.1 X. 6X8.3, pp. 219-254, and 287-396; plates 1-9 and
12-17. [Monachi: 1737-40.] Charles S. Sargent.

W atson, Sereno. Contributions to American Botany. XVII.

I. Miscellaneous notes upon North American Plants, chiefly of
the United States, with Descriptions of New Species.

II. Descriptions of New Species of Plants, from Northern Mex-
ico, collected chiefly by Mr. C. G. Pringle, in 1888 and 1889.

[From the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. XXV.] Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X.1XG.2, pp. 123-163,
and index. [Issued Sept. 25, 1890.] The Author.

Britton, N. L. A List of the State and Local Floras of the United States
and British America. [Contributions from the Herbarium of Col-
umbia College. — No. 14.] [Reprinted from the Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences. Vol. V.] Pamphlet, tea, 10. X -2X6.1,
pp. 237-300. [New York:] April, 1890. The Author.

Halsted, Professor Byron D. Notes upon Stamens of Solanaceas. [Extract
from the Botanical Gazette, Vol. XV.] Pamphlet, 9.X — X6.2, pp.
103-106; 1 plate. Crawfordsville, Ind. : 1890. The Author.

Macoun, John, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.C. Catalogue of Canadian Plants.
Part V. — Acrogens. [Geological and Natural History Survey of

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Canada.] Pamphlet, gray, IO.X.0X6.6, pp. iv, 249-428. Montreal:
1890. The Author.
Pearson, Wm. Hy. List of Canadian Hepaticae. [Geological and Xatural
History Survey of Canada.] Pamphlet, gray, !).7X -1 X<5.5, pp. 31 ;
12 plates. Montreal: 1890. Prof. John Macoun.
Britton, N. L., Ph.D. Catalogue of Plants found in New Jersey. [From
the Final Report of the State Geologist. Vol. II.] Half green mor-
occo, 9.5X1.4X6.6, pp. 27-642. Trenton: 1889. The Author.
Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin. Edited by Nathaniel Lord Britton and
• other members of the Club. Vol. 17, 1890. 12 pamphlets, tea,
9.1X.1X5.8, pp. 332; plates XCVIII-CX. New York : 1890. The
Club.
. . Index to Vols. 1-5. January, 1870 -Decem-
ber, 1874. Unbound, 9.3X—X6., pp. 10. Index to Vol. 6, Janu-
ary, 1875 - December, 1879. pp. 369-379. New York: n. d.
The Club.
Edinburg"!! Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol.
XIII, Parts II and III; Vol. XIV, Parts I, II, and III (complete);
Vol. XV, Part I ; Vol. XVI, Part I ; Vol. XVII, Part III. 8
pamphlets, tea and fawn color, 8.8X.5-.9X5.6, plates IV-XX
(1 colored) ; I-XIV (including III b.) ; I-IV; I-XI ; and VII, VIII.
Edinburgh : 1878-1SS9. The Society.
Missouri Botanical Garden. First Annual Report of the Director. 1889.
Pamphlet, light brown, 9.x— X 6., pp. 17. St. Louis : 1890. Wil-
liam Trelease, Director.

. Second Announcement concerning Garden Pupils.

November, 1890. Pamphlet, fawn, 7.3 X — X5.3, pp. 8. [St. Louis :
1890.] William Trelease, Director.
Ke'W Royal Botanic Gardens. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information,
1889. Half green cloth, 9. 3 X. 9X5. 9, pp. 306; 1 plain and 4 colored
plates. London : 1889. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Director.
Botanic Garden, Adelaide, South Australia. Report on the Progress and
Condition during the year 1889, by R. Schomburgk, Dr. Phil.,
Director. Pamphlet, fawn, 13.X— X8.3, pp. 20. Adelaide, South
Australia : 1890. The Director.
Collier, Dr. Peter. The Future of Agriculture in the United States. An
Address delivered at the Agricultural Fair of the South Jury Dis-
trict held at Ovid, N.Y., September 3, 1890. Pamphlet, light blue-
green, 9.1X — X5.8, pp. 15. The Autlior.
, . How to Make Dairying More Profitable. An Address de-
livered before the Holstein-Frie^ian Association of America, March
19, 1890. Pamphlet, tea, 9.2X— X5.7, pp. 15. The Author.
Harris, Joseph, M.S. (Moreton Farm, Monroe County, N.Y.) Essay
on tlie Use of Nitrate of Soda for Manure, and the best mode of its
employment. Pamphlet, drab, 7.7X. 2X5.1, pp. 96. 1890.
United States Department of Agriculture. First Report of the Secretary
of Agriculture. 1889. Black cloth, 9.3X1.6X5.8, pp. 560;

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 339

43 plates, colored and plain. Washington : 1889. Hon. J. M.
Rusk. Secretary of Agriculture.

. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture. 1890.

Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 1X5.7, pp. 52. Washington: 1890. Hon. J.
M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

. Report of the Superintendent of Gardens and

Grounds for the year 1889. Author's edition. From the Annual Re-
port of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1889. Pamphlet,
tea, 9.x — X5. 8, pp. 109-134. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of
Agriculture.

. Botanical Division. Special Bulletin. The

Agricultural Grasses and Forage Plants of the United States; and
such Foreign kinds as have been introduced. By Dr. Geo. Vasey,
Botanist; with an Appendix on the Chemical Composition of Grasses,
by Clilford Richardson, and a glossary of terms used in describing
grasses. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 7X5.8, pp. 148; 114 plates. Wash-
ington: 1889. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

. Section of Vegetable Pathology. Quarterly

Bulletin. The Journal of Mycology : devoted to the Study of Fungi,
especially in their relation to Plant Diseases. By B. T. Galloway,
Chief of the Section. Vol. 5, No. 4, December, 1889. pp. 181-
249; plates 13 and 14. Vol. 6, Nos. 1 and 2, March and Sep-
tember, 1890. pp. 87; 3 plates, cuts. Three pamphlets, tea,
9.x. 1X5.8. Washington: 1889, 1890. Hon. J.M.Rusk, Secre-
tary of Agriculture.

. Division of Chemistry.

Bulletin No. 24. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention of
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held . . . Sep-
tember, 1889. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 4X5. 7, pp. 235. Washington:
1890.

Bulletin No. 25. A Popular Treatise on the Extent and Charac-
ter of Food Adulterations. By Alex. J. Wedderburn, Special
Agent. Pamphlet, tea, 9.x. 1X5. 7, pp. 61. Washington: 1890.

Bulletin No. 26. Record of Experiments in the Production of
Sugar from Sorghum in 1889, etc. By H. Wiley, Chemist. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 112 ; 1 diagram. Washington : 1890.

Bulletin No. 27. The Sugar-Beet Industry, Culture of the

Sugar-Beet and ]N[anufacture of the Beet Sugar. By H. W. Wiley,

Chemist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 7X5. 8, pp. 262; plates, 11 cuts.

Washington : 1890. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

. Reports of the Statistician. New Series.

Nos. 69-79. On the Crops of the Year; Numbers and Values of
Farm Animals; Distribution and Consumption of Corn and Wheat;
Condition of Winter Grain; Condition of Farm Animals; Progress
of Cotton Planting, and Wages of Farm Labor; Acreage of Wheat
and Cotton; Condition of Cereal Crops; Area of Corn, Potatoes, and
Tobacco ; Condition of Growing Crops ; Condition of Crops in

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

America and Europe ; Yield of Grain per Acre ; Yield of Crops per
Acre; Freight Rates of Transportation Companies. 11 pamphlets,
tea, 9.x. 1X5.8. Washington: 1890.

New Series, Miscellaneous. Report No. 1. A Report on Flax,
Hemp, Ramie, and Jute, etc. By Charles Richards Dodge. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9.x. 2X5.7, pp. 104; cuts. Washington: 1890.

Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.
. Bureau of Animal Industry.

The Animal Parasites of Sheep. By Cooper Curtice, D.V.S.,
M.D. Dark brown cloth, 9.2X.8X5.9, pp. 222; 36 plates, colored
and plain. Washington : 1890. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of
Agriculture.
. Office of Experiment Stations.

Experiment Station Record. Vol. 1, Nos. 2-6, November, 1889,-
July, 1890; Vol.2, Nos. 1-4, August-November, 1890. 9 pam-
phlets, blue-gray, 8.9X. 1X5.7. Washington: 1889, 1890.

Experiment Station Bulletin. Nos. 3-6, July, 1889,-May, 1890.
(3.) Report of a Meeting of Horticulturists of the Agricultural Ex-
periment Stations, at Columbus, Ohio, June 13, 14, 1889. By
A. W. Harris, Assistant Director. (4 ) List of Horticulturists of
the Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States, with an
outline of the work in Horticulture at the several Stations.
Prepared by W. B. Atwood. (5.) Organization Lists of the Agri-
cultural Experiment Stations, and Agricultural Schools and Colleges
in the United States. (6.) List of Botanists of the Agricultural
Experiment Stations in the United States, with an Outline of the
Work in Botany, at the several Stations. 4 pamphlets, tea,
9.x— X 5. 7. Washington: 1889, 1890.

Farmers' Bulletin No. 2. Tlie Work of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Stations. Pamphlet, 9. IX — X5. 8. Washington : 1890.

Miscellaneous Bulletin No. 2. Proceedings of the Third Annual
Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges
and Experiment Stations, held at Washington, D.C., November 12-
15, 1889. Edited by A. W. Harris and H. E. Alvord. Pamphlet,
tea, 8. 9X. 2X5. 7. Washington: 1890.

Circular No. 12. Regarding the Library and Publications of the
Office of Experiment Stations. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X— X5.9.
Washington: 1889. Professor W. 0. Atwater, Director.

A^icultural Experiment Station Bulletins and Annual Reports have
been received from the Stations in the United States and Canada.

Ontario Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Industries. Bulletins 22-
35. Crops and Live-stock in Ontario, etc., etc. 14 pamphlets,
G.ix— X4.1. Toronto : 1888-1890. A. Blue, Secretary.

Maine Board of Agriculture. Thirty-third Annual Report of the Secre-
tary, for the year 1889-90. Black cloth, 9.5X1.6X6., pp. v, 242,
216, 176; plates and cuts. Augusta: 1890. Z. A. Gilbert, Secre-
tary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 341

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Thirty-seventh Annual Report
of the Secretary, together with the Seventh Annual Report of the
State Experiment Station, 1889. Black cloth, 9.1 X 1.8X.5. 7, pp.
xxiv, 383, 333; 8 plates, 2 maps. Boston: 1890. Hon. William R.
Sessions, Secretary. [50 copies.]

. Crop Reports for the months of May to October, 1890.

Bulletins 1-G. Compiled by William R. Sessions, Secretary of the
Board of Agriculture. 6 pamphlets, 9. X — X5.7. Boston: 1890.
The Secretary.
The Farmer's University. (Massachusetts Agricultural College.) A
sheet from the New England Homestead, Aug. 24, 1889. 1 p., cuts
and portraits.
Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 18S9, and Sixty-
seventh Annual Address, by Charles J. Peabody ; with Premium
list for 1890. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 5X5 7, pp. 219. Beverly, Mass. :
1889. The Society.
Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions for the
year 1889. Pamphlet, fawn, 9. IX. 1X5. 8, pp. 92. Edmund Hersey.
Marshfield Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions during
the year 1889. With the List of Premiums during the year 1890.
Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. IX 5. 8, pp. 25, 19. Plymouth: 1889.
W^orcester North Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1889,
together with a List of the Committees and Premiums for 1890.
Pamphlet, blue, 8.8X. 2X5. 8, pp. 90. Fitchburg : 1890. The Society.
Census of Massachusetts: 1885. Vol. 3, Agricultural Products and
Property. Prepared under the direction of Carroll D. Wright,
Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Black cloth, 10.1X2.3
X7.,pp. Ixii, 934. Boston: 1887. Bureau of Statistics.
Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry.
Seventieth Anniversary. Also Premium List for the State Fair to
be held at Narragansett Park, September, 1890. Pamphlet, cream-
color, 7.7X.5X5.2, pp. 198; 3 portraits and cuts. David S. Collins,
Secretary and Treasurer.
Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Twenty-second Annual Report of
the Secretary, 1888. With Annual Report of the Connecticut Agri-
cultural Experiment Station for 1888, and the First Annual Report
of the Storrs School Agricultural Experiment Station. Black
cloth, 9.1X1.5XG., pp. 3^0, vii, 1C6, 104, 13; 1 plate, cuts.
Hartford: 1888, 1889.

Twenty-third Annual Report of the Secretary, 1889. With Annual
Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station for 1889,
and Second Annual Report of the Storrs School Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, 1889. Black cloth, 9. X 1.8X6., pp. 378, vii, 280, 183,
20; 3 plates, 13 cuts. Hartford, New Haven, and Middletownt
1889, 1890. T. S. Gold. Secretary.

South Carolina State Agricultural and Mechanical Society. Premium
List for the Twenty-second Annual Fair, to be held in Columbia,

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S. C, November, 1890. Pamphlet, fawn, 9. 2 X. IX 5. 8, pp. 46.
Charleston : 1890. Thomas W. Holloway, Secretary.
Georgia Department of Agriculture. Circulars 124-133. New Series.
Crop Reports, Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, etc. 9 pamphlets,
9.X — X5.8. Atlanta: 1890. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner.
Louisiana Department of Agriculture. Circulars 1-5. Series of 1890.
Reports on Yield and Condition of Crops, etc. January to October,
1890. Pamphlets, 9.X— X5.8, pp. 93. Baton Rouge: 1890.
T. S. Adams, Commissioner.
Texas Agricultural Bureau of the Department of Agriculture, Insurance,
Statistics, and History. Second Annual Report, 1888-89. L. L.
Foster, Commissioner. Pamphlet, fawn, 9.1 X. 8 X*)., pp. xxiii, 387;
cuts. Austin : 1890. H. W. Nye.
Iowa State Agricultural Society. Annual Report of the Board of Directors
for the year 1889. Black cloth. 9. X 1.7X6.6, pp. 671. Des Moines :
1890. John R. Shaffer, Secretary.
Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. Annual Report for the year 1889.
Prepared byRobt. W. Furnas, Secretary. Black cloth, 9. X. IX 6. 2,
pp. 390; cuts. Lincoln: 1890. Hon. Robt. W. Furnas, Secretary.
[2 copies.]
Sociedad Rural Argentina Anales de la. Vol. 24. 1890. 18 pamphlets,
blue-gray, 10.8X— X7.3, pp. 816. Buenos Aires: 1890. The
Society.
Asociacion Rural del Uruguay. Vol. 19. 1890. 24 pamphlets, 10.3 X

— X 6.8, pp. 586. Montevideo: 1890. The Association.
Massachusetts Agricultural College. Twenty-seventh Annual Report.
January, 1890. Public Document No. 31. Pamphlet, blue,
9.1X.2X5.8, pp. 99; frontispiece. Boston : 1890. The College.
California, University of. College of Agriculture. Supplement No. 1 to
the Report of the Board of Regents. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9. IX
— X5.9, pp. 25; cuts. Sacramento: 1880. E. W. Hilgard, Direc-
tor of the Experiment Station.

. . Report of the Professor in Charge to the

Board of Regents, being a part of the Report of the Regents of (he
University. 1880. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 2X5. 8, pp. 108. Sacra-
mento : 1881. E. W. Hilgard.
Ward, H. Marshall, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. Diseases of Plants. [Ro-
mance of Science Series.] Dark dull-green cloth, 6.8X.9X4.7,
pp. iv, 196. London, n. d. [1890?] Waldo O. Ross.
Halsted, Professor Byron D. Rusts, Smuts, Ergots, and Rots. Some of
the Diseases that Seriously Affect Field Crops, Vegetables, and Fruit.
Remedies that have proved successful. [Address before the New
Jersey Board of Agriculture, at Trenton, Jan. 31, 1890.] Pamphlet,
blue-gray, 9.2X — X5.7, pp. 21 ; 4 plates. The Author.
United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Entomology.

Bulletin No. 21. Report of a trip to Australia made under direc-
tion of the Entomologist to investigate the Natural Enemies of the

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 343

Fluted Scale. By Albert Koebele. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X — Xo.6,
pp. 32 ; IG cuts. Washington : 1890.

Bulletin No. 22. Reports of Observations and Experiments in
the Practical Work of the Division, made under the direction of the
Entomologist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2 X. 5. 7, pp. 110. Wasliington :
ls90. Hon. J. M. Husk, Secretary of Agriculture.

New York, Injurious and other Insects of the State of. Sixtii Report.
By J. A. Lintner, Ph.D., State Entomologist. [From the 43d Re-
port of the New York State Museum of Natural History.] Pam-
phlet, drab, 9. IX. 2X5. 8, pp. 101-205; 25 cuts. Albany: 1890.
The Author.
Galls of Cynipidas. — Various Galls. Two volumes of Photographs taken
by Miss Cora H. Clarke. Half Russia, 10.8X1. X9.1. Miss Clarke.
New York IMicroscopical Society. Journal. Vol. 6, 1890. 4 pamphlets,
fawn, 9. 3X. 1X5.9, pp. 122; plates 21-25, cuts. New York : 1890.
The Society.
Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. 23, parts 3 and 4 ;
Vol. 24, parts 1-4. 6 pamphlets, tea, 9. 8 X. 3— .9X6.1, pp. 273-572,
and 1-597; 8 and 9 plates, cuts. Boston: 1888-1890. The Society.

. Memoirs. Vol. 4, Nos. 1-9. Pamphlets, tea,

ll.7X-.2-.4X9., pp. 472; 42 plates. Boston: October, 1885,-Sep-
tember, 1890. The Society.
"Worcester Natural History Society. Summer Camp for Boys, at Lake
Quinsigamond. Prospectus for 1890. Pamphlet, tea, 4.7X — X6.2,
pp. 12. Tiie Society.
Essex Institute. Bulletin. Vol. 14, Nos. 7-12, July to December, 1882;
Vol. 15, 1883, 1 colored plate, 19 cuts; Vol. 16, 1884; Vol. 17,
1885, 3 plates, 58 cuts; Vol. 18, 1886, 1 colored and 8 plain
plates; Vol. 19, 1887; Vol. 20,-1888; Vol. 21, 1889, 13 plates,
colored and plain, cuts; Vol. 22, 1890, Nos. 1, 2, 3; 1 plate. Pam-
phlets, 9. 7X. 2X6.1. Salem: 1882-1890. The Institute.
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Journal. 1889. Volume 6, part 2,
July to December, 1889. Pamphlet, light tea, 9. X. 3X5. 8, pp. 41-
161; 9 plates and cuts. Raleigh, N. C. : 1890. Vol. 7, part 1,
January-June, 1890. Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X. 1X5. 7, pp. 56 ; 2plates.
Raleigh, N. C. : 1890. F. P. Venable, Permanent Secretary.
Zoe — A Biological Journal. Vol. I, Nos. 3-6. May to August, 1890.
Pamphlets, olive, lO.X — X6.2, pp. 65-192; plates 2-6. San Fran-
cisco: 1890. Frank H. Vaslit, Editor.
Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. Ill, No. I.
Proceedings and Accompanying Papers, 1883-86. Pamphlet, light
brown, 9. 3X. 5X6., pp. 160; 2 plates. Minneapolis : 1889. C. W.
Hall, Editor.
Saint Louis Academy of Sciences. 1890'. Pamphlet, coffee-color, 8.5X

.2X5.8, pp. 62. The Academy.
Iowa State University. Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History.
Vol. I, Nos. 2, 3, 4; Vol.11, No. 1. Pamphlets, olive, 9.2X.3-.5X

344 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

6.1, pp. 97-304 and 98 ; 10 and 12 jilates, with descriptive text. Iowa
City: 1889, 1890. S. Calvin and T. H. McBride, Editors.

Ottawa Naturalist. The Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists'
Club. Vol. 3, No. 4, January to March, 1890. pp. 117-159, 70-73 ;
Vol. 4, Nos. 1-9, April to December, 1890. pp. 164, 74-77; 1 map.
Ottawa: 1890. W. A. D. Lees, Librarian.

Leopoldina. Amtiiches organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinischen
Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Herausgegeben unter
mitwirkung der sektionsvorstaende von dem praesidenten Dr. C. H.
Knoblauch. Fuenfundzwanzigstes heft — Jahrgang 1889. Pamphlet,
blue, 12.5X.3X9.5, pp. 220. Halle : 1889. Dr. C. H. Knoblauch.

Smithsonian Institution, Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Etiinol-
ogy to the Secretary of the. 1883-84. By J. W. Powell, Director.
Dark olive cloth, 11.6X2.1X7.8, pp. liii, 564; 23 plates and maps,
colored and plain; 76 cuts. Washington: 1887. Sixth Annual Re-
port. 1884-85. By J. W. Powell, Director, pp. Iviii, 675 ; 10 plates
and plans and 546 cuts. Washington : 1888.

Bibliography of the Muskhogean Languages. By James Constan-
tine Pilling. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 7X. 2X6.2, pp. v, 114. Washington :
1889.

Bibliography of the Iroqiioian Languages. By James Constantine
Pilling. Pamphlet, tea, 10. X.5X6.2, pp. vi, 208 ; tables. Wash-
ington: 1888.

Textile Fabrics of Ancient Peru. By William H. Holmes. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9.7X— X6.1. pp. 17; 11 cuts. Washington: 1889.

The Problem of the Ohio Mounds. By Cyrus Thomas. Pamphlet,
tea, 9. 7 X. IX 6., pp. 54; 8 cuts. Washington: 1889.

The Circular, Square, and Octagonal Earthworks of Ohio. By
Cyrus Thomas. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.lXo.9, pp.35; 11 plates, 5
cuts. Washington: 1889. The Institution.

Texas Geological Survey. First Annual Report. 1889. Pamphlet, fawn.
10.2X1.2X6.8, pp. xc, 410; plates and map. Austin: 1890. H.
W. Nye.

United States Bureau of Education. Special Report on Public Libraries.
Part II. Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. By Charles A. Cutter,
Librarian of the Boston Athenasum. Second edition. Pamphlet,
tea, 8.9X. 3x5.7, pp. 133. Washington : 1889. W. T. Harris, Com-
missioner.

Lawrence (Mass.) Free Public Library. Eighteenth Annual Report of
the Board of Trustees and Report of the Librarian. 1889. Pamphlet,
tea, 8.9X— X5.8, pp. 32. Lawrence: 1890. F. H. Hedge, Jr., Li-
brarian.

Salem (Mass.) Public Library. Address of Hon. John M Raymond, at the
Opening of the Salem Public Library, June 20, 1889. Pamphlet,
terracotta, 9.3X. 2X6.4, pp. 62; 2 plates, 4 cuts, and plan. Salem :
1889. The Trustees.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 345

Salem (Mass.) Public Library. First Report of the Trustees. December,
1889. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 9. 4X. 1X6.6, pp. 18. Salem : 1890. The
Trustees.
Astor Library. Forty-first Annual Report of the Trustees, for the year
1889. Pamphlet, light blue, 9. X. IX 5.8, pp. 49. New York: 1890.
The Librarian.

Quaritch, Bernard. Catalogue of Books on the History, Geography, and
of the Philology of America, Australasia, Asia, Africa. Red cloth,
8.7X1. Xo. 9, pp. 2, 2747-3162. London: 1886. The Author.

Hanbury, Frederick J., F.L.S. The late James Backhouse. A Biogra-
phical Sketch. [Reprinted from the "Journal of Botany" for De-
cember, 1890.] Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.5X — Xo.6, pp. 4; portrait.
[London : December, 1890.]

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Proceedings of the Thirty-seventh
Annual Meeting. Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.9X.3X5.7, pp. 113. Mad-
ison : 1890. Reuben G. Thwaites, Corresponding Secretary.

Kansas State Historical Society. Transactions, embracing the Fifth
and Sixth Biennial Reports, 1886-1888, etc. Compiled by F. G.
A(iams, Secretary. Plum-colored cloth, 9.3X1.8X6.7, pp. 819.
Topeka : 1890. The Secretary.

United States Bureau of Education. Report of the Commissioner for
the year 1887-88. Black cloth, 9.1X2.8X5.8, pp. xiii, 1209.
Washington : 1889.

. Circulars of Information, Nos. 2 and 3, 1889, and

Nos. I, 2, and 3, 1890. 5 pamphlets, tea and blue-gray, 9. X.2-.8
X5.8. Washington: 1889, 1890. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

. Bulletins No. 1, 1889, and No. 1, 1890. 2 pam-

phlets, 8. 9X—X5. 8. Washington: 1890. W. T. Harris, Commis-
sioner.

Bowdoin College and Medical School of Maine. Catalogue. 1890-91.
Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 8.7X.1X5.8, pp. 63. Brunswick: 1890.
The College.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Twenty-fifth Annual Cata-
logue of the Officers and Students, with a Statement of tlie Courses
of Instruction and a List.of the Alumni. 1889-1890. Pamphlet, buff",
9.x. 5X5. 8, pp. 207; 2 plans. Cambridge: 1889. The Iptitute.

. Twenty-fifth Anniversary. Commemorative Address

by Augustus Lowell, Esq., at the Graduation Exercises, June 3,
1890. Pamphlet, fawn, 9.1X — X5.8, pp. 24. Cambridge: 1890.

Cornell University Register. 1889-90. [3d edition.] Pamphlet, gray,
7.6X. 5X5.1, pp. 224. Ithaca: n.d. The University.

Illinois, University of. Catalogue and Circular. 1889-90. Pamphlet,
pearl-gray, 7.5X.3X5.2, pp. 104; 4 plates. Chicago: 1890. Tlie
University.

Education of the Colored Race. What Texas . . . has done . . . and is
. . . doing for the education and betterment of the colored race.
Pamphlet, 9.2X— X6.1. pp. 3. H. W. Nye.

346 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Consular Reports. Nos. 110-119, November, 1S89, to
August, 1890, inclusive. 9 pamphlets, blue, 9. X.3-l.lXo.7.
Washington : 1890. Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State.

. Index to Nos. 60-111 (Vols. 18 to 31). 1886-1889.

Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X. 4X5.7, pp. 192. Washington: 1890. Hon.
James G. Blaine, Secretary of State.

. Special Reports. Cotton Textiles in Foreign

Countries. — Carpet Manufacture in Foreign Countries. — Malt and
Beer in Spanish America. 3 pamphlets, terra-cotta, 9.X.l-.oX5.7,
pp. 1-237, and 269-390. Washington : 1890. Hon. James G.
Blaine, Secretary of State.
Interstate Commerce Commission. Third Annual Report, December 1,
1889. Dark claretcloth, 9.2X1.2X5.9, pp. 463. Washington : 1889.
W. G. Veazey, Commissioner.
United States Department of the Interior. Statistics of the Population
of the United States at the Tenth Census (June 1, 1880). Black
cloth, 12. X3. 3X10., pp. Ix, 961 ; maps and charts. Washington:
1883. Hon. Wm. Noble, Secretary of the Interior.
. Tenth Census of the United States, Com-
pendium of the. 1880. Revised edition. 2 vols. Black cloth,
9.2X1.9-2.6X6., pp. Ixxvi, 1-924, xxxix; and ix, 925-1771.
Washington : 1885, 1888. Hon. Wm. Noble, Secretary of the In-
terior.
Texas, Statistics and Information concerning the State of. Pamphlet, red,
7.5X.2X5.2, pp. 93; 1 map. H. W. Nye.

, Report of the Comptroller of Public Accounts of the State of. for the

year ending August 31, 1889. Black cloth, 9.4X1.X6.1, pp. 366.
Austin : 1890. H. W. Nye.

, State of. Governor's Message and Inaugural Address. Olive-brown

cloth, 9.3X.2X6., pp. 23. H. W. Nye.

, Biennial Report of the Secretary of State of, 1888. J. M. Moore,

Secretary. Pamphlet, fawn, 9.2X.6X6., pp. 297. Austin: 1889.
II. W. Nye.
Paris Universal Exposition, 1889. Official Catalogue of the United States
Exhibit. Red cloth, 7.4X1.X4.8, pp. xliii, 271; 1 map. Paris:
1889. U. S. Commission to the Paris Exposition.
North. Shore of Massachusetts Bay. 12th edition. Pamphlet, light blue-
green, 7. IX. 3X4.7, pp. 103; cuts, maps. Salem: 1890. B. D.
Hill.
Wootton. [A Description, etc., from Ashmead's History of Delaware
County, Pennsylvania.] Pamphlet, 5.3X— X3.4, pp. 48. D. D. L.
Farson, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
Grand Rapids as it is. 1890-1. Published by the Grand Rapids Board
of Trade. Pamphlet, green and white, 9. 2X. IX 12.1, pp. 52; cuts.
Tlie Board of Trade.
L'Afrique en 1890. Notice et Carte. (Carte extrait de I'Atlas de
Geographie moderne, par F. Schrader, F. Prudent, et E. Anthoine.)

REPORT OF THE LIBllARY COMMITTEE. 347

Taniphlet, gray, 9.7X — Xr).2, pp. 32; 1 colored map. Paris: 1890.
Charles Joly.
American Congregational Association. Twenty-seventh Annual lleport
of the Directors. Pamphlet, straw-color, 9.X— X5.9, pp. 24.
Boston: 1890. The Association.

Periodicals Purchased.
English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Horticultural Times and Covent Garden Gazette.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of Botany.

Grevillea.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et For^ts.

Journal des Roses.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et fitrangere.

Journal des Orchidees.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.
American. — Country Gentleman.

Garden and Forest.

American Naturalist.

American Journal of Science.

Zoe.

Periodicals Received in Exchange.
Canadian Horticulturist.
American Garden.
Popular Gardening.
Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.
Horticultural Art Journal.
American Florist.
Florists' Exchange.
Orchard and Garden.
Green's Fruit Grower.
Seed-Time and Harvest.
Forest Leaves.
Botanical Gazette.
Pittonia.

348 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"West American Scientist.
Maine Farmer.
New England Farmer.
Massachusetts Ploughman.
American Cultivator.
New England Homestead.
Our Country Home.
American Agriculturist.
Rural New-Yorker.
American Rural Home.
Farm Journal.

National Stockman and Farmer.
Germantown Telegraph.
Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch, Farmer and Fruit Grower.
Prairie Farmer.
Orange Judd Farmer.
The Industrialist.
Pacific Rural Press.
Cottage Hearth.
Boston Daily Advertiser.
Boston Morning Journal.
Boston Post.
Boston Daily Glohe.
Boston Evening Transcript.
Boston Daily Evening Traveller.
, Boston Commonwealth.

Boston Times.
New York Weekly World.
Jeffersonian Republican.

REPORT

SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN,

FOK THE YEAR 1890.

First, as Secretary. At the date of my last report, Part II of
the Transactions for 1888 had just been placed iu the hands of
the printer. This was completed as speedily as possible, and it
was then deemed best by the Committee on Pnblication to print
next the first part for 1890, leaving the Transactions for 1889 to
be brought up afterwards, which was accordingly done, and the
first part for 1889 has since been published. The second part for
that year is nearly ready for the printer, and will be pushed to
completion as early as possible. I regret exceedingly that with
the utmost diligence I have been unable to wholly fill the gap
existing, for nothing could be a greater relief to me than to feel
that this whole matter was cleared up and could be dismissed from
my mind until it is time to go to work oh the next one.

It requii'os no argument to show that to be done to the best
advantage the work on the Transactions should be continuous,
but thus far it has been impossible to command such time for this
work. I wish that I, or any of those who equally with myself
would like to have the publications of the Society appear more
promptly, could devise some way in which I could devote my
whole, or substantially my whole, attention to them until they
were completed ; but thus far this has not been effected, but on the
contrary the calls on my time in other directions are still on the
increase. As an instance, I may mention that when I commenced
editorial work on the Transactions, the Kose and Annual Exhi-
bitions of the Society occupied only six days, the Spring and
Chrysanthemum exhibitions being then merely " Saturday shows ;"
but the time devoted to " all day " exhibitions gradually crept up
to twelve days, at which it remained until the present season,

350 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

when four more clays were added. Now, it is impossible to count
on doing any editorial work during these exliibitious, and the
subtraction of four whole days from the time which can be given
to this work is not unim[)Oitant. Moreover, the Committee of
Arrangements have this year held twenty meetings (there having
never been more than nine in any previous year), and at all but
one of these I have been present and made the record. The
gratifying success of the exhibitions of this season has not been
attained without much incidental work in this department ; indeed,
it may be said that in whatever direction the operations of the
Society broaden, additional work in this department is involved.

Second, as to the Library. When my last report was presented
the work of systematically rearranging and cataloguing the whole
Library was before us. The arrangement and classification has
now been completed, and, though far from the ideal, is certainly
a great improvement upon the past, and has received the commen-
dation of those best qualified to judge. All the books on anv
given subject have been brought together as far as space permit-
ted, though it has been impossible to carry this to perfection
without wasting too much space. It was, however, not long
before the progress of this work disclosed the fact that the book-
cases, witli all the additions recently made, are not more than suffi-
cient properly to accommodate the books we now possess without
any allowance for their increase. It is true that some empty
shelves, or parts of shelves, may be seen, but these would be more
than filled if all the books now placed behind others were brought
into the front row. By properly accommodating, I mean allowing
all the books to be arranged in a single row so that all can be
seen without taking out books in front of them. AVhen books are
arranged in two rows on a shelf the usefulness of the Library is
seriously impaired for the reason that many readers do not consult
the Catalogue, and do not know that a book is in the Library unless
they can see it on the shelf. But with all existing imi)erfectioiis it
is a great satisfaction to know that for the first time for years we
can find any book belonging to the Library without going out of this
room, and I trust that unless some extraordinaiy addition should ■
be made to the Library, we may be able to accommodate them in
this room, as long as the Society shall remain in this building.

After the books were arranged a count was made, which gave a
total of 6,018 books and 5,889 pamphlets. The last previous

KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 351

count was made in 1884, and showed 4,800 books and 1,350 pam-
phlets. The extraordinary increase in pamphlets is due to the large
number of Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins collected ;
to a large number of pamphlets contained in the donation from the
famih" of our late President, Charles M. Hovey, received last
year, and mentioned in my last report, and to a large number
received as a donation from the New England Historic Genealogi-
cal Societ}^ Besides the six thousand books and nearly six
thousand pamphlets previously mentioned, the collection of
Nursery, Seed, and Florists' Catalogues has been arranged alpha-
beticall}^, and after rejecting duplicates, numbers nearly four
thousand. Among them are some of the earliest catalogues of what
is now the house of Joseph Breck & Sons, established in 1822, and
the first Seed Catalogue issued by Hovey & Co., in 1835,

The most valuable books added to the Library this year are
Gallesio's " Pomona Italiaua " in three folio volumes with colored
plates of the highest excellence, which was the greatest desider-
atum in the pomological department of the Library, and Hooker's
"Flora Novae Zelandiae," a very scarce and valuable work, which
we have for years been seeking as a companion to the '' Flora Ant-
arctica" and " Flora Tasmanise " of the same author.

The work of cataloguing the Librai'y was begun immediatel}'
after the arrangement was completed. The first thing was to
change the shelf numl)er in the books, and the greater portion of
this work is done. The next work will be to write on cards the
name, description, and shelf number of each book.

In my report for 1887 I mentioned, as an indication of the rapid
increase of books, that the record book of Library Accessions
(other than those purchased from the Stickney Fund) which was
begun in 1867, was filled in October, 1882, requiring a period of
nearh'^ sixteen years. Another book of the same size was then
procured, which was filled at the end of November, 1887, a period
of five years, showing that the additions to the Library therein
recorded had averaged fully three times as many as in the first
period. A third book of the same size has now been filled in
three years, showing that the rapidity with which books are added
to the Librar}', by donation and exchange, continues to increase.

Robert Manning,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in account current to December
31, 1S90, with W. Wyllys Gannett, Treasurer :

1890. Dr.

Dec. 31. To amount paid on account of the Library
during 1890, viz. :
For books, periodicals, and binding . $300 00
Income of Stickney Fund, expended

for books 700 00

To amount paid on account of Furniture

and Exhibition Ware during 1890
To prizes awarded in 1889 and paid dur-
ing 1890, as follows :
For Plants and Flowers . . . $2,802 55

Fruits 1,566 00

Vegetables 937 00

Gardens and Greenhouses . . 210 00
Hunnewell Rhododendron prizes . 105 00

Special Faxon prizes . . . 19 00

Window Gardening prizes . . 300 00

$1,000 00

22 62

5,939 55

To amount paid for Salaries in 1890

«' " Extra Assistance in Li-

brary toward bring-
ing up arrears of
work

«« «• Taxes in 1890 .

•« " Interest on mortgage

$25,000 at H%

«« '« City Water Rates

Amounts carried over . ....

$3,175 00

473 00

2,606 80

1,062 50

90 50

$7,407 80 $6,962 17

treasurer's report. 353

Amounts brought

over

$7,407 80

$6,962 17

To amount

paid

for Stationery, Printing,
and Postage .
Publications and Dis-
cussions

1,662 81
164 75

11

11
1 1

Card Catalogue of

Plates .
Expenses of Commit-

100 00

t

It

tee of Arrangements
of 1890

•

Heating

Lighting

Labor, including Sala-
ries of Janitor and
Fireman

Incidental Expenses

296 50

476 86

1,518 21

1,444 02

of the j'ear

633 47

15 7n^ io

To Investment of John Lewis Russell

Fund in $1,000 Bond of Kansas City,

Clinton & Spr. R.R. 5% 1,000 00

To Amount paid on account of Mortgage,

September 22, 1890 ...... 10,000 00

To Interest on Funds for Prizes, credited . . 1,892 72

Total Payments of 1890 . . . $33,559 31
To balance account, cash on hand,

December 31, 1890 15,222 08

$48,781 39
1890. Cr.
Jan. 1. By Balance from account rendered Decem-
ber 31, 1889 $113,620 56

Dec. 31. By Income from Building in 1890, viz. :

Rent of Stores . . $17,475 00
" Halls . . 9,639 05

$27,114 05

By Income Mount Auburn Cemetery for

1890 5,360 44

By Receipts from Annual Exhibitions,

gross amount . . $4,645 78

Less Expenses . . 3,426 16

By Receipts Admissions and Assessments
of members
" Massachusetts State Bounty,

Amounts carried over $35,134 11 $10,620 56

1,219

62

840

00

600

00

$35,134

: 11

354 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I

Amou7iis brought over $35,134 11 $10,G20 5G

By Interest received on Bonds, $422 50
By Interest received on Depos-
its in Bank . . . . 183 00

G05 50

By Bond of Illinois Grand Trunk R.R.,

maturing October, 1890, and collected, 500 00
By Receipts from sales of the History of

the Society 9 50

By Receipts from Marshall B. Faxon, for

Special Prizes of 1889 .... 19 00

By Interest credited the following Funds,
against charges opposite :
Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000,

at 5% . . . . $50 00
John A. Lowell Fund, .$1,000-,

at 5% .... 50 00

Theodore Lyman Fund, $10,000,

at 5% . . . . 550 00
Josiah Bradlee Fund, $1,000,

at 5% .... 50 00

BenjaminV. French Fund, §500,

at 5% .... 25 00

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $4,000,

at 5% . . . . 200 00
William J. Walker Fund,

$2,354.43, at 5% . . 117 72

Levi Whitcomb Fund, $500,

at 5% .... 25 00

Benjamin B. Davis Fund, $500,

at 5% .... 25 00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund,

$1,000, at 5%. . . 50 00

John Lewis Russell Fund,

$1,000, at 5% ... 50 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, $12,000,

amount .... 700 00

1,892 72
$38,1 GO 83

$48,781 39
W. WYLLYS GANNETT, Treasurer.
Boston, Decern er 31, 1890.

Audited January 7, 1891.

Frederick L. Ames, j Committee.

.}

treasurer's report. 355

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Balance Sheet, December 31, 1890.
ASSETS.

Real Estate, Ledger account value . . . §250,000 00

Furniture and Exhibition Wares .... 3,567 34-

Library 29,628 72

Stereotj'pe Plates and Copies of History . . 278 00

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R.R. 7% Bonds . 1,500 00
Chicago, BurUngton & Quincy R.R. 4% Bonds,

§5,000, cost 4,925 00

Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield R.R. 5% Bond,

§2,000, cost 1,980 00

Cash on hand December 31, 1890 .... 15,22208

§307,101 14

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage on Building §15,000 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, payable in 1899 to Harvard

College 12,000 00

Prize Funds, invested in Building, viz. :

Samuel Appleton Fund, §1,000 00

John A. Lowell "

Theodore Lyman "

Josiah Bradlee "

Benjamin V. French Fund,

William J. Walker "

Levi Whitcomb "

Benjamin B. Davis "

H. H. Hunnewell "

Prize Funds, invested in Bonds as
above :
H. H. Hunnewell Fund, §1,500 00
Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

John Lewis Russell " 1,000 00

3,500 00

23,854 43

Prizes of 1890 due and unpaid .... 6,300 00

57,154 43

Surplus §249,946 71

W. WYLLYS GANNETT,

Treasurer.

1,000 00

11,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

2,354 43

500 00

500 00

2,500 00

§20,354 43

356 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Membership Account, December 31, 1890.

Number of Life Members per last report . . . 573

" added during 1890 ' 12

585

Deceased 1889-1890 23

5G2

Number of Annual Members per last report . . . 220

" added during 1890 7

227

Deceased 1889-1890 ....... 5

Dropped for non-payment of dues 7

— 12

— 215

Present membership ......... 777

Income from Membership in 1890.

12 Life Members, @ $30 $360 00

7 Annual Members, @ $10 70 00

Assessments . . . . . . . . . . 410 00

§840 00

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY.

357

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358 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Massachusetts Horticultdkal Society

To the PROPRIEtORS OF THE CeMETERX OF MoUNT AcBURN, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures, for grading new lands for
sale during the year 1890 :

Glen Avenue.

188 days, men $423 00

109| days, man and horse . . . . . 411 56

$834 56

Birch Avenue to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.

$56 25

64 69

$120 94

$955 50

25 days, men

17^ days, man and horse

One-fourth part of $955.50 is $238 87

Mount Auburn, December 31, 1890.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1890, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH,

Treasurer.

assacbusetts liarticultural Society.

OFFICERS j\?iD STA.:XDi:\G COJUJMITTBES FOR 1891.

President.
WILLIAM H. SPOONER, of Jamaica Plain.

Vice-Presidents.
CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Brighton. FREDERICK L. AMES, of Xorth Easton.
BEr^fJAMTN" G. SMITH, of Cambridge. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
CHARLES E. RICHARD30K, of Cambridge.

Secretary and Ijibrarian.
ROBERT MARKING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANXIXG, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
E. W. WOOD, of West Newton.

Delegate to the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment

Station.

WILLIAM C. STRONG, of Waban.

• Communications for the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed
to him at Hortieiiltural Hall, Boston.

360 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

Executive.

The President, "WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.

The Chairman of the Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL, FX OFFICIO ;

WILLIAM C. STRONG, FREDERICK L. AMES, CHARLES H. B. BRECK,

JOHN C. HOVEY, CHARLES 8. SARGENT, BENJAMIN C. CLARK,

JAMES F. C. HYDE.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, op Boston, Chairman.

FREDERICK L. AMES. WILLIAM H. SPOONER.

Publication and Discussion.
O. B. HADWEN, op Worcester, Chairman.
WILLIAM H. HUNT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

Establisliing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND

GARDENS, FX OFFICIIS; CHARLES M. ATKINSON,

J. WOODWARD M^VNNING, Jr.

Library.

■V\T:LLIAM E. EJ^DICOTT, op canton. Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS;

J. D. W. FRENCH. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. GEORGE W. HUMPHREY.

• Gardens.

JOHN G. BARKER, op Jamaica Plain, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND VEGE-
TABLES, EX OFFICIIS; CHARLES W. ROSS,
HENRY W. WILSON.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, OP West Newton, Chairman.
BEXJAMIN G. SMITH. O. B. IIADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. WARREN FENNO. J. WILLARD HILL.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES. 361

Flowers.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES, OF Newton Highlands, Chairman.
MICHAEL U. NORTON. JOHN II. MOORE.

WILLIAM J. STEWART. E. H. HITCHINGS.

Plants.

FREDERICK L. HARRIS, or Welleslet, Chairman.
DAVID ALLAN. JAMES COMLEY.

AZELL C. BOWDITCH. WILLIAM ROBINSON.

Vegetables.

CHARLES N. BRACKETT, of Newton, Chairman.
CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. VARNUM FROST. CHARLES A. LEARNED.

P. G. HANSON. JOHN C. HOVEY. JOSEPH H. WOODFORD^

Committee of Arrangements.

PATRICK NORTON, OF Boston, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS, FLOWERS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, EX OFFICJIS ;
ROBERT FARQUHAR.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Members of the Society and all other persons ivho may know of deaths,
changes in residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly communicat-
ing to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose names are marked^ thus f.

Adams, Lnther, Brighton.

Albro, Charles, Taunton.

Alger, R. F., Becket.

Allan, David, Mount Auburn.

Ames, Frank M., Canton.

Ames, Frederick L., North Easton.

Ames, George, Boston.

Ames, Hon. Oliver, Boston.

Ames, Preston Adams, South Hing-

ham.
Amory, Charles, Boston.
Amory, Frederick, Boston.
Anderson, Alexander, West Hinghara.
Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
Andrews, Frank W., Washington,

D. C.
Andros, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis H., Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.
Augur, P. M., Middlefield, Conn.
Averj', Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M.D., Waltham.

Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfield, Francis L., M.D., AYorces-

ter.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.'

Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnard, Samuel, Belmont.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William H., Boston.
fBarney, LeA'i C, Boston.
Barratt, James, East Pasadena, Cal.
Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.
Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.
Bates, Amos, Hingham.
Bates, Caleb, Kingston.
Beal, Leander, Boston.
Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.
Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.
Bell, Joseph H., Quinc}'.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blake, Arthur W., Brookline.
Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.
Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.
Blaney, Henry, Salem.
Blinn, Richard D., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Boston.
Bocher, Prof. Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
Bond, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Botume, John, Wyoming.
Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

3G3

Bowditch, Azell C, Somervillo.
Bowditcli, Charles P., Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William H., Boston,
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N.j Newton.
Bresee, Albert, Ilubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.
Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
fBrigham, William T. , Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brintnall, Benjamin, Charlestown.
Brooks, Francis, West Medford.
Brooks, J. Henry, Milton.
Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S.
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
Brown, George Barnard, Boston.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Brownell, E. S., Essex Junction, Vt.
Bruce, Nathaniel F., Billerica.
Bullard, John R., Dedham.
Bullard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, .Joseph, Southborough.
Burnham, Thomas O. H. P., Boston.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfield, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cabot, Edward C, Brookline.
Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.
Cains, William, South Boston.
Calder, Augustus P., Boston.
Capen, John, Boston.
Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.
tCarruth, Charles, Boston.
Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington.
Cartwright, George, Dedham.
Chadbourne, Marshall W., Mount

Auburn.
Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston.

Cbapin, Nathaniel G., Brookline.
Chase, Andrew J., Lynn.
Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.
tChase, George B., Boston.
Chase, Hezekiah S., Boston.
Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Child, William C, Medford.
Childs, Nathaniel R., Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, Hon. William, Newtonville.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, Hon. Eugene H., Roxbury.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, J. Warren, Rockville.
fClark, Orus, Boston.
Clarke, Miss Cora H. , Jamaica Plain.
Clay, Henry, Dorchester.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, Henry Sargent, Brookline.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
CoUamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Mount Auburn.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Cowing, Walter H., West Roxbury.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston. .
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
Crowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Crowninshield, BenjaminW., Boston.
Cumniings, John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Gushing, Robert M., Boston.

fDaggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.

364

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dana, Charles B., Wellesley.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester.
Davenport, George E., Medford.
Davenport, Henry, Boston.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Day, William F., Roxbury.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.
Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston.
Dickerman, George H., Somerville.
Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W. W., Andover.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, F. J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.
Eldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
Ellicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston,
Elliott, William H., Brighton.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Eustis, William C, Hyde Park.
Everett, William, Dorchester.
Ewell, Warren, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Boston.
Falconer, William, Glencove, N. Y.
Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.
Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale.
Farquhar, Robert, Boston.
Faxon, John, Quincy.
Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.
Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.
Fisher, David, Montvale.
Fisher, James, Roxbury.
Fisher, Warren, Boston.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston.
Fleming, Edwin, West Newton.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont,
Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.

Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.
Flint, David B., Watertown.
Flynt, William N. , Monson.
Forster, Edward J., M. D., Boston.
Foster.Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.

Galloupe, Charles W. , Swampscott.
Galvin, John, West Roxbury.
fGardner, Henry N., Mount Auburn.
Gardner, John L., Brookline.
Gibbs, Wolcott, M.D., Newport, R. L
Gill, George B., Medford.
Gillard, William, Atlantic.
Gilmore, E. W., North Easton.
Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.
Glover, Albert, Boston.
Glover, Joseph B., Boston.
Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.
Goddard, Joseph, Roxbury.
Goddard, Mrs. Mary T., Newton.
Goodell, L. W., Dwight.
Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.
fGoukl, Samuel, Boston.
Gray, James, Wellesley.
Gregory, James J. H., Marblehead.
Greig, George, Toronto, Ontario.
Grey, Benjamin, Maiden.
Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.
Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.
Hall, George A., Chelsea.
Hall, George R., Fort George, Fla.
tHall, John R., Roxbury.
Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.
Hall, Stephen A., Revere.
Hall, William F., Brookline.
Halliday, William H., South Boston.
Hammond, Gardiner G., New Lon-
don, Conn.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

305

Hammond, George W., Boston.
Hammond, Samuel, Boston.
Hanson, P. G., Woburn.
Harding, Charles L., Cambridge.
tHarding, George W., Arlington.
Harding, Louis B., Stamford, Ct.
Hardy, F. D., Jr., Cambridgeport.
Harrington, Nathan D., Soraerville.
Harris, Charles, Cambridge,
Harris, Thaddeus William, A.M.,

Cambridge.
Hart, William T., Boston.
Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.
Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead. .
Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Salem.
Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.
Hayes, Francis Brown, Lexington.
fHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.
Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.
Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.
Heywood, George, Concord.
Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.
Hill, John, Stoneham.
Hitchings, E. H., Maiden.
Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.
Hoar, Samuel, Concord.
Hodgkins, John E., Boston.
Hollis, George W., Grantville.
Hollis, John W., AUston.
Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.
Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.
Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N. S.,

Georgetown.
Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.
Hovey, Charles H., East Pasadena,

Cal.
Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.
Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.
Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.
Hubbard, Gardner G., Cambridge.
Hubbard, James C, Everett.
Humphrey, George W., Dedham.
Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.
Hunnewell, H. Hollis, Wellesley.
Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.
Hunt, Franklin, Boston.
Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hyde, James F. C, Newton High-
lands.

Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.
Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W,, Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,

Cal.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G.., M.D., Milton.
fKent, John, Charlestown.
fKeyes, E. W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Kidder, Charles A., Boston.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
fKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., East Warehara.

Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lane, John, East Bridgewater.
Lawrence, James, Groton.
fLawrence, John, Boston.
Learned, Charles A., Arlington.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Joseph R., Newton Centre.
Lemme, Frederick, North Cam-
bridge.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.
Lewis, A. S., Framingham.
Lewis, William G., Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.

306

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Little, James L., Jr., Brookline.
Locke, William H., Belmont.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
tLoftus, John P., North Easton.
Lord, George C, Newton.
Loring, Caleb "W., Beverly Farms.
Loring, George B., Salem.
Lovett, George L., West Newton.
fLowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lunib, William, Boston.
Lyman, Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, Charlestown.

fMahoney, John, Boston.
Mann, James F., Ipswich.
Mann, Jonathan, Readville.
Manning, Jacob W., Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Brookline.
Marshall, Frederick F., Chelsea.
Martin, John S., Roxbury.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R. I.
McClure, Jolin, Revere.
McWilliam, George. Whitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. H., Lexington.
Merrifield, William T., Worcester.
Merrill, Hon. Moody, Roxbury.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Newton Lower

Falls.
Minton, James, Boston.
Moore, John H., Concord.
Morrill, Joseph, Jr., Roxbury.
tMorse, Samuel F., Boston.
Morse, William A., Charlestown.
Motley, Thomas, Jamaica Plain.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth, N. H.
fMunroe, Otis, Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Nevins, David, Framingham.

Newman, John R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfield.
Nickerson, Albert W., Marion.
Nickerson, George A., Dedhara.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.
tOsgood, James Ripley, Boston.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
Paige, Clifton H., Boston.
Ptilmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Park, William T., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parkman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.
Partridge, Horace, North Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, John E., Boston.
Peabody, Col. Oliver W., Milton.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, Lucius T., Dorchester.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, William G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Penniman, A. P., Waltham.
Perkins, Augustus T., Boston.
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
Perkins, William P., Wayland.
tPerry, George W., Maiden.
Philbrick, William D.,Newton Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, Henry L. , Boston.
Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Poor, John R., Boston.
Porter, Herbert, Maiden.
Potter, Joseph S., Arlington.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G., West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Mark W., Boston.
tPrescott, Eben C, Boston.
fPrescott, William G., Boston.
Prescott, William G., Quincy.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

367

Pringle, Cyrus G., Charjotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P., Jamaica Plain.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, Hosea M., M.D., Worcester.

Eand, Miss Elizabeth L., Xe^vton

Highlands.
Eand, Harry S., North Cambridge.
Rand, Oliver J., Cambridgeport.
Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.
Ray, James F., Franklin.
Ray, James P., Franklin.
Ray, Joseph G., Franklin.
Raymond, Walter, Cambridgeport.
Reed, George W., Boston.
Rice, George C, Worcester.
Richards, John J., Boston.
Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge.
Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.
Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.
Robbins, I. Gilbert, Wakefield.
tRobeson, William R., Boston.
Robinson, John, Salem.
Robinson, Joseph B., Allston.
Ross, Henry, Newtonville.
Ross, M. Denman, Forest Hills.
Ross, Waldo 0., Boston.
Ruddick, William H., M.D., South

Boston.
Russell, George, Woburn.
Russell, Hon. John E., Leicester.
Russell, Walter, Arlington.

fSampson, George R., London, Eng-
land.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Sargent, .John O., Lenox.
Saville, Richard L., Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
tScott, Charles, Newton.
Scudder, Charles W., Brookline.
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Seaver, Nathaniel, East Boston.

Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N. H.
Shimmin, Charles F., Boston.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.
Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.
Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.
Smith, Edward N., San Francisco.
Smith, George O., Boston.
Smith, James H., Dedham.
Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.
Snow, Eben, Cambridge.
Snow, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,

Me.
Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.
Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.
Springall, George, Maiden.
Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.
Stewart, William J., Winchester.
Stickney, Rufus B., Somerville.
Stone, Amos, Charlestown.
Stone, Charles W., Boston.
Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.
Stone, Phineas J., Charlestown.
Strong, William C, Waban.
Sturgis, Russell, Manchester.
Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M.D., South

Framingham.
Surette, Louis A., Concord.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Tarbell, George G., M.D., Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Boston.
Temple, Felker L., Somerville.
Thurlow, Thomas C.,West Newbury.
Tidd, Marshall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W. , Roxbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
fTolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
Tufts, Arthur W., Roxbury.
fTurner, JohnM., Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Dorchester.
Turner, Royal W., Randolph.

368

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICtTLTURAL SOCIETY.

Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vanderwocrd, Charles, Waltham.
Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.

"Wainwright, William L., Braintree.
Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
Walcott, Henry P., M.D., Cambridge.
Wales, George O., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C. R., Roxbury.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.
Wai'd, Francis Jackson, Roxbury.
Ward, John, Newton Centre.
Wardwell, William H., Brookline.
Ware, Benjamin P., Clifton.
AVarren, George W., Boston.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Waters, Edwin P., Boston.
Waters, George F., Boston.
Watson, Benjamin M., Jr., Jamaica

Plain.
Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica

Plain.
Weld, George W. , Newport, R. I.
Weld, Moses W., M.D., Boston.
Weld, Richard H., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.

Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
Wheelwright, A. C, Brookline.
Whitcomb, William B., Medford.
White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
White, Joseph H., Brookline.
fWhitely, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Whitten, Charles V., Dorchester.
tWhytal, Thomas G., New York,N.Y.
Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
AVilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D., Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury,
Wilson, Col. Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Winthrop, Robert C, Jr., Boston.
Wood, Charles G., Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, R. W., M.D., Jamaica Plain.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Woodward, Royal, Brookline.
Wright, George C, West Acton.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by prornptly communi-
cating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Abbot, Samuel L., M.D., Boston.
Abbott, Allen V., Boston.
Allen, Charles L., Floral Park, N. Y.
Arnold, Mrs. AnnaE., Newton.
Atkinson, Charles M., Brookline.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newburyport.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.
Badlara, William H., Dorchester.
Bard, James, Dorchester.
Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.
Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.
Beer, Carl, Bangor, Maine.
Benedict, Washington G., Boston.
Bigelow, Arthur J., Marlborough.
Bird, John L., Dorchester.
Bliss, Benjamin K. , East Bridgewater.
Bock, William A., Nortli Cambridge.
BoUes, Matthew, Boston.
BoUes, William P., Roxbury.
Bolton, John B., Somerville.
Bowditch, E. F., Framingham.
Bowditch, James H., Brookline.
Bowker, Albert, East Boston.
Boyden, Clarence F., Taunton.
Breck, Charles H., Newton.
Breck, Charles H. B., Brigliton.
Brooks, George, Brookline.
Brown, David H., West Medford.
Burley, Edward, Beverly.
Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Carroll, .James T., Chelsea.
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Carter, Mrs. Sarah D. J., Wilmington.
Chaffin, John C, Newton.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverett M., Roxbury.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.
Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury.
Clapp, Henry L., Roxbury.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Coolidge, David H., Jr., Boston.
Crafts, William A., Boston.
Crosby, J. Allen, .Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.
Davis, Frederick, Saxonville.
Davis, Frederick S., West Roxbury.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
De Mar, John A., Brighton.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E., East Cambridge.
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.

Eaton, Jacob, Cambridgeport.
Endicott, Miss Charlotte M., Canton.

370

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Faxon, Marshall B., Boston.
Felton, Arthur W., West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Revere.
Fisher, Sewall, Framingham.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Foster, Joshua T., Medford.
Frohock, Iloscoe R., Maiden.
Frost, Arteraas, Belmont.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Varnum, Belmont.
Frost, Warren S., Belmont.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Brookline.
Gilbert, Samuel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Gleason, Herbert, Maiden.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Guerineau, Louis, Cambridge.

Haile, Hon. William H., Springfield.
Hall, Charles H., M.D., Boston.
Hall, Stacy, Boston.
Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., AUston.

Hanks, Mrs. C. Stedman, Boston.
Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica Plain.

Harris, Frederick L., Wellesley.

Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.

Harwood, George S., Newton.

Hersey, Alfred H., Hingham.

Hersey, Edmund, Hingham.

Hews, Albert H., North Cambridge.

Hill, Benjamin U., Peabody.

Hill, Edwin S., Clarendon Hills.

Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.

Hobbs, George M., Boston.

Hollis, George, South Weymouth.

Houghton, George S., Auburndale.

Hunt, Henry C, Newton.

Huston, Miss Katharine W., Roxbury,

Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Jordan, Hon. Jediah P., Roxbury.

Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.
Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.
Kidder, Francis H., Medford.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lawrence, Henry S., Roxbury.
Lawrence, Sidney, East Lexington.
Lee, Francis H., Salem.
Lombard, Richard T., Jamaica Plain.
Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., North Andover.
Lothrop, David W., West Medford.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Loud, Mrs. Mary E., Chelsea.
Lougee, Miss Susan C, Roxbury.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Essex.
Lowell, John, Newton.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.

Manda, W. A., Short Hills, N. J.

Manning, A. Chandler, Reading.

Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.

Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.

Martin, William J., Milton.

Maxwell, 'Charles E., Boston.

May, F. W. G., Boston.

McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.

Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.

McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.

Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.

Merrill, Jolm Jay, Roxbury.

Merrill, Capt. S. A., AVollaston
Heights.

Muzzey, Rev. Arteraas B., Cam-
bridge.

Nightingale, Rev. Crawford, Dor-
chester.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Brookline.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

371

Park, William D., Boston.
Parker, George A., Halifax.
Parker, John, Medford.
Peirce, George H., Concord.
Peirce, Herbert H. D., Canlbridge.
Petremant, Kobert, Dorchester.
Pitcher, James R., Short Hills, N.J.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Prichard, Joseph V., Boston.
Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.

Randall, Macey, Stoughton.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.
Rich, William P., Chelsea.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Medford.
Richardson, Horace, M.D., Boston.
Robbins, Oliver R. , Weston.
Robinson, William, North Easton.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.

Safford, Nathaniel F., Milton.

Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.

Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.

Schmitt, George A., Boston.

Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.

Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.

Seaver, Edwin P., LL.D., Newton
Highlands.

Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.

Shattuck, Frederick R., Roxbury.

Shedd, Abraham B., Waltham.

Sheppard, Edwin, LowelL

Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.

Snow, Francis B., Dorchester.

Southworth, Edward, Quincy.

Spencer, Aaron W., Boston.

Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.

Squire, Miss Esther A., North Cam-
bridge.

Squire, John P., Arlington.

Stearns, Mrs. Charles A., East
Watertown.

Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.

Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.

Storer, Charles, Natick.

Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.

Swan, Cliarles W., M.D., Boston.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.

Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.

Teel, William H., West Acton.

Terry, Rev. Calvin, North Wey-
mouth.

Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.

Torrey, Bradford, Boston.

Tousey, Prof. William G., College
Hill.

Turner, Nathaniel W., Boston.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Walker, William P., Somerville.

Way, John M., Roxbury.

Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

Wellington, Miss Caroline, East
Lexington.

Wells, Benjamin T., Newton.

Weston, Mrs. L. P., Danvers.

Wheatland, Henry, M.D., Salem.

Wheeler, James, Brookline.

White, George A., Roxbury.

White, W. Henry, Lowell.

Whitney, Joel, Winchester.

Whiton, Starkes, Hingham Centre.

Wliittier, Hon. Charles, Roxbury.

Wilcox, George D., M.D., Provi-
dence, R. I.

Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.

Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.

Wilson, George W., Maiden.

Winter, William C, Mansfield.

Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T., Ded-
ham.

Wood, Mrs. Anna D., West Newton.

Wood, E. W., West Newton.

Woodford, Josepli H., Boston.
• Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.

Young, E. Bentley, Boston.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

372 INIASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI. — Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVIL — Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Everj"^ subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membebship.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual

ssessment shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer

shall erase his name from the List of Members. Any member may withdraw

from the Society, on giving notice to the Treasurer and paying the amount

due from him to the Society.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Membeys and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
linow of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that
the following list is iiiaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by
promptly communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Joseph
Maxwell, elected in 1830, and George W. Smith, elected in 1851. The names
of those known to he deceased are marked with a star.

♦Benjamin Abbott, LL.D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHX Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quincy Adajis, LL.D., late President of the United States,
Quincy.

♦Professor Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

*\ViLLiAM T. Aiton, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.

♦Thomas Allen, late President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society,
St. Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.

♦Hon. Samuel Appleton, Boston.

♦Hon. James Arnold, New Bedford.

♦Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M.D., late President of the Horticultural
and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.

♦Hon. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

♦Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Wash-
ington.

♦Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.

♦James Beekman, New York.

♦L'Abb^ Berlese, Paris.

♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.

♦Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.

♦Mrs. Lucy Bigelow, Medford.

♦Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire General de la Societe
d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.

♦Josiah Bradlee, Boston.

♦Hon. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.

♦Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,
Pa.

374 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*HoN. Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society,

Albany, N. Y.
*Hox. Edmund Bdrke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
*AuGUSTiN Ptramcs de Candolle, Geneva, Switzerland.
*HoN. Horace Capron, late U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

♦Commodore Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

*Ward Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

♦Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Henry Clay, Lexington, Ky.

H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.

♦Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

♦Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

*RoswELL L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

♦Caleb Cope, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

♦William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

♦John P. Cushing, Watertown.

♦Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

♦Hon. John Davis, LL.D., Boston.

♦Sir Humphry Davy, London.

♦Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxbury.

♦James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

♦Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

♦Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

♦Hon. Stephen Elliot, LL.D., Charleston, S. C.

♦Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washing-
ton, D. C.

♦Allyn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricult-
ural Society. St. John, N. B.

♦Hon. Edward Everett, LL.D., Boston.

♦Hon, Horace Everett, Vermont.

♦F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Peters-
burg.

♦Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N. Y.

♦Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg, Russia.

♦Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agricult-
ural Society, New Brunswick, N. J.

♦Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C.

♦George Gibbs, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Md.

♦Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Me.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 375

♦Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

♦Hon. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,

Canandaigua, N. Y.
♦Mrs. Mary Griffith, Charlieshope, N. J.
♦Gen. William Henrt Harrison, late President of the United States,

North Bend, 0.
♦S. P. Hildreth, M.D., Marietta, O.

♦Thomas Hopkirk, late President of tlie Glasgow Horticultural Society.
♦David Hosack, M.D., late President of the New York Horticultural

Society.
♦Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, O.
♦Joseph R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Piiiladelphia.
♦Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
♦Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

♦Jared Potter Kirtland, M.D., LL.D., East Rockport, O.
♦Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
♦Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.

♦Le Comte de Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society
of Paris.
Major L. A. Hcguet-Latour, M. P., Montreal, Can.
♦Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.
♦Professor John Lindley, late Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society,

London.
♦Franklin Litchfield, late U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
♦Joshua Longstreth, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, O.

♦Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
♦John Claudius Loudon, London.
♦Hon. John A. Lowell, Boston.

♦Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry von Ludwig, late Vice-President of
the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,
Cape of Good Hope.
♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
♦Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
♦Mrs. Charlotte Maryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

♦D. Smith McCauley, late U. S. Consul-General at Tripoli, Philadelphia.
♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorcliester.
♦James Mease, M.l)., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
♦Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.

376 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

♦Francois Andr:6 Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
*Samuel L. Mitchill, M.D., LL.D., New York.

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of tiie United States, Oak Hill, Va.
*Alfred S. Monson, M.D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural

Society, New Haven, Conn.
*HoN. A. N. MoRiN, Montreal, Can.
♦Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.

Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.
* Baron Ottenfels, late Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.
*JoHN Palmer, Calcutta.
*HoN. Joel Parker, LL.D., Cambridge.

Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.
*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*Antoine Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.
*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
*John Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.
♦Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.
*\ViLLiAM Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
*Rev. George Putnam, D.D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.
♦Archibald John, Earl of Rosebery, late President of the Caledonian

Horticultural Society.
♦Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
♦Don Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.
♦Henrt Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.
♦Sir Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

♦John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.
♦John S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.

George W. Smith, Boston.
♦Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural

Society.
♦Hon. Charles Sumner, Boston.
♦Hon. John Taliaferro, Virginia.
♦Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, New

York.
♦Gen. Zachart Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton

Rouge, La.
♦James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N.Y.
♦James W. Thompson, M.D., Wilmington, Del.
♦Grant Thorburn, New York.
♦M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.
♦Le Vicomte Hericart De Thury, late President of the Horticultural

Society of Paris.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 377

♦MoNS. TouGARD, late President of the Horticultural Society of Kouen,
France.

*Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Ttso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

♦Federal Vanderbdrg, M.D., New York.

*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M.D., Brussels, Belgium.

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

♦Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

♦Benjamin Vaughan, M.D., Hallowell, Me.

♦Petty Vaughan, London.

♦Rev. N. Villenedve, Montreal, Can.

♦Pierre Philippe Andr6 Vilmorin, Paris.

♦James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

♦Nathaniel Wallich, M.D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

♦Malthds a. Ward, M.D., lata Prof essor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.

♦Hon. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.

♦Hon. John Welles, Boston.

♦Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.

♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.

♦AsHTON Yates, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Members mid correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances shoiving that
the following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by
promptly reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Inform,ation, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. Reynolds, M.D., 1832, and Francis Sumraerest,
1833. The names of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Aguilar t Leal, late U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado,

Banda Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

*James T. Allan, late President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Omaha.

A. B. Allen, New York.
*Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, D.D., South Boston.

i^DouARD Andr^, Redacteur en chef de la Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Cotin.

Professor L. H. Bailey, Jr., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
*IsAAC Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.
*Patrick Barry, late Vice-President of the American Pomological Society,

Rochester, N. Y.
♦Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
*EuGENE Achille Baumann, Rahway, N. J.
♦Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.

*Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.
*Rev. Henry Ward Beeciier, Peekskill, N. Y.
*Louis fioouARD Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 379

Charles E. Bessf.y, Ph.D., Industrial College of the University of
Nebraska, Lincoln.
♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Societe Van Mons, Fleurus,

Belgium.
*Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.
Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.
♦Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. Brinckl^, M.D., Philadelphia.

♦George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.
♦John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.
♦Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

♦Arthur Bryant, Sr. , late President of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society, Princeton.
Professor J. L. Budd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society, Ames.
♦Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
♦Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.
William Bull, Chelsea, England.
♦Rev. Robert Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, Milton.
Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadelphia.
IsiDOR Bush, Busliberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.
George W. Campbell, President of the Ohio State Horticultural Society,

Delaware, O.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
♦Col. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
♦Rev. John O. Choules, D.D., Newport, R. I.
♦Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
♦James Colvill, Chelsea, England.
Maxime Cornu, Directeur du Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France.
Benjamin E. Cotting, M.D., Boston.
♦Samuel L. Dana, M.D., Lowell.
*J. Decaisne, late Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
♦James Deering, Portland, Me.
♦H. F. Dickehut.

♦Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
♦Hon. Allen AV". Dodge, Hamilton.
Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,

England.
Robert Douglas, Waukegan, 111.
♦Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
♦Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, England.
Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Cobden,
111.

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,

Cleveland, O.
George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.

Hexry John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Preston Hall, Cirencester, England.
*George B. Emerson, LL.D., Winlhrop.
*Ebenezer Emmons, M.D., Williamstown.
*Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.

William G. Farlow, M.D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.
*Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
*Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.
*WiLLARD C. Flagg, Lite Secretary of the American Pomological Society,

Moro, 111.
*MiCHAEL Flot, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York.
*JoHN Fox, Washington, D. C.
*HoN. Rcssell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.
*Henrt Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

Hon. Robert W. Fdrnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville.
*A0GusTiN Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Depart-
ment of the Sarthe, France.
*RoBERT H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
*Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
*Capt. James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.

*Charles Gibb, late Corresponding Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Abbottsford, Quebec.
♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.
Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D., Director of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Amherst.
*George W. Gordon, late U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro, Boston.
*Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.
Obadiah B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
♦Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of tiie New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
*Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeus William Harris, M.D., Cambridge.
♦John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 381

Ur. F. M. Hexamer, Editor of tlie American Agriculturist, New Rochelle,
N. Y.
♦Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
*J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL.D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
*Thomas Hogg, New York.

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Rochester, England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.L, Tlie Camp, Sunningdale, England.

Josiah Hoopes, West Chester, Pa.

Professor E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.

J. Host, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.
*Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

*Dr. WiLLiAii M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticult-
ural Society, Leavenworth.
*IsAAC Hunter, Baltimore, Md.
*Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, 0.

George Husmann, Napa, Cal.
♦Professor Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
♦Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
♦Edward Jarvis, M.D., Dorchester.

John W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.

William J. Johnson, M.D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Charles Joly, Vice-President of the Societe d'Horticulture de France,
Paris.

Dr. George King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
♦Samuel Kneeland, M.D., Boston.
♦MoNs. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

♦David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol.
♦Charles C. Langdon, Mobile, Ala.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Secretary of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Columbus, O.
♦Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi-
cal Society, Norfolk, Va.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.
♦E. S. H. Leonard, M.D., Providence, R. I.
♦Andr6 Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Hon. George Lunt, Scituate.

T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, Grand Haven.
♦F. W. Maco^dray', San Francisco, Cal.

Dr. p. MacOwan, Director of the Botanic Garden, Cape Town, Africa.

382 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*James J. Mapes, LL.D., Newark, N. J.

*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,
France.
Dr. Maxwell T. Masteks, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
♦James Maury, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.
George Maw, Benthall, Kinley, Surrey, England.
C. J. de Maximowicz, St. Petersburg, Russia.
T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
* William Sharp McLeat, New York.

*James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Thomas Meehan, Germantown, Pa.
*Allan Melvill, New York.
*JoHN Miller, M.D., late Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
♦Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.

♦Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.
♦Joseph E. Mitchell, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.
Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Ala.
♦Giuseppe Monarchini, M.D., Canea, Isle of Candia.
♦£douard Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Liege, Belgium.
D. Morris, F.L.S., Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, England.
Ch. Naudin, Antibes, France.
♦Horatio Newhall, M.D., Galena, 111.
George Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
♦David W. Offlet, late U. S. Consular Agent at Smyrna, Turkey.
♦James Ombrosi, late U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy.
♦John J. Palmer, New York.
♦Victor Paquet, Paris.

♦John W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
♦Andre Parmentier, Brookl3'n, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltliain Cross, London, N.
♦Sir Joseph Paxton, M.P., Chatsworth, England.
♦John L. Patson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.
Professor D. P. Penh allow. Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,
Can.
♦Commodore Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.
♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d'Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
♦Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
♦William Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.
♦Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, London, England.
♦William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.
D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss. .

Dr. Edward Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 383

S. Reynolds, M.D., Schenectady, N. Y.
♦John H. Richards, M.D., Illinois.

Dr. T. G. Richardson, University of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.
Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
*MoNS. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
♦Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, P^ditor of The Garden, London.
♦Bernhard Roeser, M.D., Bamberg, Bavaria.
*Dr. J. Smith Rogers, New York.
*Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
*Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
*George R. Rdssell, Roxbury.
John B. Russell, Indianapolis, Ind.
*Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦William Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
♦Henry Shaav, St. Louis, Mo.
♦William Shaw, New York.
♦Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
♦Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

♦Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
♦John Jay Smith, Germantown, Pa.
♦Horatio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.
Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan.

♦Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, II. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.
William A. Stiles, Editor of Garden and Forest, Deckertown, N. J.
♦William Fox Strangeway', late British Secretary of Legation at Naples,

Italy.
*Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
♦Judge E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
♦James P. Sturgis, Canton, Ciiina.
William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.
Francis Summerest.
♦Professor Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Naples, Italy.
♦James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
♦Robert Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
♦George C. Thorburn, New York.
♦Professor George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New

York.
♦John Tilson, Jr., Edwardsville, 111.

♦Cav. Doct. ViNCENzo TiNEO, - late Director of the Botanic Garden at
Palermo.
Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.
♦Llther Tucker, late Editor of The Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.

^84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Caret Trso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
*Alexander Vattemare, Paris.
H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.

Henrt Vilmorin, Secretaire de la Societe Nationale d'Agriculture de
France, Paris.
*Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
*JoHN A. Warder, M.D., late President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend, 0.
.Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
Sereno Watson, Ph.D., Cambridge.
*J. Ambrose Wight, late Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, III.
*Benjamin Samcel Williams, Upper Holloway, London, N.
*Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
* William Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. WiNGATE, Bath, Me.
*Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
*JosEPH Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Business Meeting, April 5, IS'jO; no quorum 211

Business Meeting, May 3; Letters from Hon. Heniy L. Dawes and the Hing-

ham Agricultural and Horticultural Society, p. 211; Six Members elected . 212

Business Meeting, June 7; Moss for Rose Boxes, p. 212; Additional Appropria-
tion aslied by Window Gardening Committee, 212; Letter on the Improve-
ment of the Potato, by Dr. Robert P. Harris, 212-215; Four Members
elected 215

Business Meeting, July 5; Appropriation for Window Gardening Committee,
p. 215; Amendment to Constitution and By-Laws, proposed, 215, 216; Com-
mittee of Arrangements authorized to hire Music Hall, 216; Four Members
elected 216

Business Meeting, August 2; Memorial of Patrick Barry, pp. 216-218; Dele-
gates to Convention concerning World's Columbian Exposition, 218; Moss
for Rose Boxes, 218; Society of American Florists and Association of Cem-
etery Superintendents to be admitted to Exhibition, 219; Committee to
nominate Officers, 219; Invitation from the Gardeners and Florists' Club,
219; Thanks to John Croumbie Brown, for Books 219

Business Meeting, September 6; Report of Nominating Committee presented,
p. 219; Thanks voted to Contributors of Special Prizes, 220; Acknowledg-
ment of Memorial of Patrick Barry, 220; Thanks from the Society of
American Florists and the Barnstable Agricultural Society, 220; Thanks
voted to the City Government and the Press 220

Business Meeting, October 4; Annual Election,- pp. 221,222; Member added
to Committee on Large or Interesting Trees, 221; Amendment to Constitu-
tion and By-Laws adopted, 221; Additional Appropriation for Committee
on Plants and Flowers, 221; Letter from the Oxford Agricultural Society,
221; ilember elected 222

Business Meeting, November 1; Appropriation for Prizes for 1891, p. 222;
Diploma Plate, 222; Vacancies in Committee on Plants, 222, 223; Two
Members elected 223

Business Meeting, December 6; Decease of Mrs. Francis B. Hayes announced,
p. 223; Schedule for 1891 adopted, 223; Vacancies in Committee on Plants
filled, 223, 224; Vote concerning Diploma, 224; Reports of Committee on
Plants and Flowers and Committee on Fruits read, 224; Further Time
granted to Committee on Vegetables, 224; Library Committee authorized
to employ assistance, 224; Thanks from Association of American Ceme-
tery Superintendents, 224; Four Members elected 224

Business Meeting, December 20; Decease of Warren Heustis announced, p.
225; Reports of Committees on Vegetables, Library, and Window Garden-
ing read, 225; Reports of Member of Board of Control and Secretary and
Librarian read, 225; Partial Report of Committee of Arrangements read,
225; Committee on Memorial of Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 225; Classifica-
tion of Horticultural Department of World's Columbian Exhibition, 225,
226; Preservation of Beautiful and Historical Places 226

11 CONTENTS.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Floweks; Introduction, pp. 227,
228; Weekly Exhibitions, 228, 229, 230,231, 232, 235; Spring Exhibition,
229, 230; May Exhibition, 230; Rhododendron Show, 230, 231; Rose Ex.
hibition, 231, 232; Annual Exhibition, 233,234; Chrysanlhennira Exhibition,

234,235; Prizes and Gratuities awarded 237-255

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 256-259; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 260-276

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 277-2S1; Prizes and Gratui-
ties awarded 282-293

Report of the Committee on Gardens; Introduction, pp. 294-297; Orchid
House of E. W. Gilmore, 297-299; Residence of Robert M. Pratt, 299-302 ;
Forcing Houses of Hittiuger Brothers, 302, 303; Market Strawberry Garden
of Samuel Barnard, 303; Amateur Strawberry Garden of B. M. Smith,

303-305 ; Awards . 305

Report of the Committee of Arrangements 306, 307

Report of the Committee on Window Gardening 308-314

Report to the State Board of Agriculture 31.5-318

Report on the State Experiment Station 319, 320

Report of the Committee on the Library, pp. 321, 322; Library Ac-
cessions,— Books purchased, 323-330; Books, etc., received by Donation
and Exchange, 331-347; Periodicals purchased, 347; Periodicals received

in Exchange 347, 348

Report of the Secretary and Librarian 349-351

Report of the Treasurer 352-356

Report of the Finance Committee 354

Mount Auburn Cemetery 357, 358

Officers and Standing Committees for 1891 359-361

Members of the Society; Life, pp, 362-368; Annual, 369-371 ; Honorary, 373-

377; Corresponding 378-384

Extract from the Constitution and By-Laws 372

TRANSACTIONS

as$acj)iisct{$ Jorliciiltural ^ocietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1891.

PART I.

BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1891.

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions are
not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefulh' revised b}' the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomemcla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

O. B. Had WEN, '\ Committee on

William H. Hunt, V Puhlication and

Fran'cis H. Appletox, J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

assatltusdtis p0i1inilt«tiil ^mltiv.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 3, 1891.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spoonee, in the chair.

This being the commencement of the term of office of the new^
board of officers and standing Committees, the President delivered
an appropriate annual address as follows :

Address of President Spooner.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticnltund
Society: — Another j'ear has passed, and we meet to exchange
friendly wishes for that which is before us, and to recall with
pleasure the successes in which we have all felt so much interest
during the months that have left their treasures with us. Three of our
principal exhibitions were remarkably fine ; that in March, of bulbs^
which were of high merit, and notably the Aimual Show of Plants^
which, even in the sultry mouth of August, aroused great enthu-
siasm among the lovers of the beautiful, long to be remembered.
The meeting of the National Society of Florists, at that time,
furnished a pleasant stimulus to our efforts in this direction, and
the opportunity was certainly improved to the fullest extent. The
members of that .Societ}', representing the most intelligent cultiva-
tors of the country and so strongly influencing its commercial
floral industries, were visitors who added greatl}'^ to the zest of the
occasion, and the Committees having all arrangements in charge
deserved high praise for their untiring energy in bringing together
so large a number of exhibitors with their magnificent collections-

b MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

of plants. Such opportunities as this furnish a good test of our
capabilities, and show what we have acquired ; each member is
ready to do his best, and those who visited Music Hall during the
August exhibition will need no reminder of the beautiful result.

In a financial point of view, the Chrysanthemum Show in
November was by far the best of its kind ever held by the
Society, and fully emphasized the fact that the public appreciate a
good exhibition if it presents something out of the regular course,
and is not a mere repetition of its predecessors.

A gratifying improvement has been apparent also in the weekly
shows of the season, man}' of them being of remarkable excel-
lence and giving the best incentive to our exhibitors to keep up the
standard, each one striving still further to excel.

One of our members has suggested the value of membership in
our Society, and how much he has enjoyed its privileges ; instead
of a membership of eight hundred, we ought to have on our list
twice that number. Can we not each endeavor to bring in one or
more new names to the list?

I am glad to notice by the report of the Library Committee, a
more general use of the books. Our privileges in this respect are
extensive ; we have one of the finest libraries of its kind in the
world ; the rooms are pleasant and convenient, and it would be
advantageous to promote social interchange and increase mutual
interest in this beautiful science. These privileges not being
restricted to members, and the competition for prizes being open,
to all, the liberality of the city and of the Commonwealth towards
our Society is repaid in kind.

And this leads me to emphasize the importance of the meetings
for discussion, as a branch of our work which deserves more
attention from memliers, and which ought to attract public interest
also. The papers read here are from practical and scientific men,
upon subjects relating to practical Horticulture and Agriculture,
and they deserve fuller notice by the press, which I hope our
Committee may make arrangements to insure. The Chairman of
the Committee says the Tkansactions will in time become an
eucycloptvdia of practical Horticulture. The delays which have
occurred in preparing these transactions have been unavoidable,
owing to repairs being made in the halls and library, during 1889,
necessitating frequent interruptions to our Secretary's labors.

ADDKE8S or TKESIDENT SPOONER. 7

From the report of the Committee on Window Gardening we
learn thtii its work has been actively continned, with a|)parent
success, showing" a gain in its missionary efforts which renders it
worthy of continned sni)))ort; its inflnences tend to increased
information on the snl)ject of our art, and ultimately perhaps to
an increase of our membership.

I desire to call your attention to the AVorld's Columbian Exposi-
tion, to be held in Chicago, in 1893, — a national celebration of
such magnitude that it should receive the support of all. Horti-
culture should be fully represented in all its branches, in a distinct
department, as such an Exposition could not be complete without
this beautiful feature. Its large commercial importance justly
entitles it to proper representation, and I trust that our Society as
one of the oldest, will take measures at an early day to secure the
opportunity of showing some, at least, of the achievements of
Massachusetts Horticulture.

This Society has a representation in the State Board of Agricul-
ture, and receives its annual bounty ; as the Board holds an
annual meeting of several days' duration in different counties of
the State it would be an appropriate act of courtesy on the part of
our Society to extend an invitation to the Board to hold its next
meeting in Boston, with the free use of our halls for the purpose.

During the year the Societ}" has lost from its memliership, by
death :

John S. Farlow, of Newton, an amateur cultivator on his large
estate, and a frequent and valued contributor to our exhibitions.
Mr. Farlow left by his will, a conditional bequest to this Society.

George Hill, of Arlington, one of our strong members, a man
of sterling character ; an exhibitor whose products were of the
finest and whose place here will not easily be filled.

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, widow of our late President, who was
a large and constant contrilnitor to our exhibitions, continuing to
encourage the pursuits in which her husband had shown so much
energy.

Warren Heustis, of Belmont, even within a few days has been
stricken suddenly from among us, and will be greatly missed. He
has been a valuable contributor in the department of fruits and
vegetables, and a most successful amateur rose cultivator.

Stiles Frost, of Newton and Hermann Grundel, of Roxbury,
were also members of long standing and of undoubted ability.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Also, Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, who became a member of our Society
only a few months before his death.

The vacant spaces left in our ranks admonish us that we need to
train up recruits for active membership. I am more forcibly im-
pelled to urge this by the discovery, from reference to the records of
membership, that less than one-half as many persons Avere admitted
as members of our Society during 1890, as there were in 1889. It
is, therefore, noticeable that while our exhibitions have greatly
advanced in merit, our members have not proportionately increased,
though it should, in justice, be said that the large accession in 1889,
was chiefly due to the efforts of one member.

The finances of the Society are in a prosperous condition ; the
stores are under favorable leases, and the halls have been in fre-
quent demand during the year, yielding good returns with judicious
management. During the past year $10,000 has been paid on the
mortgage debt, leaving a balance of $15,000 to be paid, and we
have in the Sinking Fund the sum of S5,000. The John Lewis
Russell fund, of $1,000, is permanently invested.

No expenditures of importance have been made upon the build-
ing, but some repairs to portions of the premises need immediate
attention. The Treasurer's report, which is delayed for examina-
tion, will show gross receipts for the year of $4:8,781.39, including
a balance on hand January 1, 1890, of $10, 620. 55. The total
expenditures have been $33,559.31, leaving a balance of cash ou
chand December 31, 1890, of $15,222.08. There has been received
from Mount Auburn Cemetery $5,360.44, included in the above
amount.

Joseph H. Woodford, from the Committee appointed at the last
meeting to prepare a memorial of the late Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
reported the following, which was unanimously adopted :

The Committee to prepare resolutions ou the death of Mrs.
Francis B. Hayes report the following :

It is with feelings of deep sorrow that we record the death of
our associate, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, which sad event occurred
ou the 20th of November, 1890, after an illness of a few months'
duration. Mrs. Hayes was a woman of great aetivit}', very
hospitable and social in her domestic life, and remarkably sym-
pathetic and benevolent toward the suffering and needy. She took
lip the grand work of Horticulture immediately after the death of
her good husband, our late President, and continued it with

MEMORIAL OF :M1{S. FHANCIS B. IIAYE.S. \f

unabated energy until the day of her death, being all the time a
constant and valued contributor to the exhibitions of our Society.

"We cannot, therefore, permit the great loss that has befallen us
to pass by without recording our appreciation of her many virtues
and the great satisfaction she alwa^'s experienced in contributing
so often to the cultivation of the social element in our Society.
Therefore :

Resolved, That by the death of Mrs. Hayes our Society has
lost one of its most valued members, ever active in promoting the
advancement of horticulture by her grand exhibitions at her own
beautiful home in Lexington and in our halls, and by the great
interest she always manifested in the social enjoyments of our
Society.

Resolved, That we will cherish the memory of her noble deeds, her
unselfish spirit, and her devotion to the interests of horticulture.

Resolved, That we tender to her afflicted family our sincere
sjmipathy in this time of their great bereavement.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered on the records of
our Society, and that a cop}^ thereof be forwarded to the family
by our Secretary.

Mrs. E. M. Gill, ^

Mrs. a. D. Wood, v Committee.

Joseph H. Woodford, 1

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens,
reported the awards made by that Committee for the year 1890.
The report was accepted and referred to the Committee on Pul;)li-
cation, and it was voted that further time be granted the Garden
Commitee to complete their report.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation that the Society make the folloAving
appropriations for the j-ear 1891 :

For the Committee on AVindow Gardening, this sum to
cover all incidental expenses of the Committee and to
be paid through the regular channels, . . . 82.50

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of maga-
zines and newspapers, binding of books, and incidental
expenses of the Committee, .... ;^00

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the same Committee, to continue the Card Catalogue

of Pktes glOO

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover

all extraordinary expenses of said Committee. . 300

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion, includ-
ing the income of the John Lewis Russell fund, . 300

For the compensation of the Secretary and Librarian, 1,500

These appropriations were uuauimously voted.

The appropriation of §6,800, for Prizes and Gratuities for the
year 1891, recommended by the Executive Committee at the meet-
ing on the first Saturday in November, came up for final action
and was unanimously voted.

The Executive Committee also reported approval of the addi-
tional appropriation for the Flower Committee of 1890, voted by
the Society at the meeting on the first Saturday in October, with
the substitution of 8272, in the place of S300, as it appeared from
the Report of the Committee that the lesser amount is sufficient.
This appropriation also was voted.

The Executive Committee also reported the appointment of
Charles E. Richardson as Treasurer and Superintendent of the
Building, and Robert Manning as Secretary and Librarian.

The Executive Committee also reported, in regard to the Circu-
lars concerning the Preservation of Beautiful and Historical
Places in Massachusetts, referred to that Committee by the Society
at its last meeting, a recommendation that the Society' pass the
following vote :

Voted, That this Societ}' expresses its hearty approval of the
movement for the Preservation of Beautiful and Historical Places
in Massachusetts, and will cooperate therein, and that a request be
made that this Society be named in the act of incorporation to be
asked for, for this purpose, and that the Society be represented
by the President at such hearings as may be held at the State
House on the subject.

This vote was unanimously passed.

Joseph H. Woodford moved that the Chairmen of the Commit-
tees on Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables Ite paid 8100 each,
per annum. This motion was withdrawn by the mover in favor of

AXXOIXCE.MENT BY COMMITTEE OX DISCUSSION. 11

a motion by Ex-President AValcott, that a Special Committee l)e
appointed to consider tlie subject of compensation of committees.
The hitter motion was carried, and tlie chair ai)pointed as the
Committee, Joseph H. AVoodford, Henry P. Walcott, and Charles
II. B. Breck.

On motion of E. W. "Wood, it was voted to invite the State
Board of Agriculture to hold its Annual Meeting, in December
next, in the City of Boston ; and to offer the free use of the
Society's Halls for that purpose, and that the Secretar}^ communi-
cate this invitation to the Board of Agriculture.

On motion of Charles N. Brackett, the Chair appointed Mr.
Brackett, Varnum Frost, and Charles F. Curtis a Committee to
prepare a memorial of the late "Warren Heustis.

On motion of Charles N. Brackett, the Chair appointed Mr.
Brackett, Joseph H. Woodford, and E. W. "Wood a Committee to
nominate a candidate to fill the vacancy in the Committee on
Vegetables, caused by the death of Mr. Heustis.

On motion of I. Gilbert Bobbins, it was voted that tlie President
appoint a committee of seven members, to revise the Constitution
and By-Laws of the Society. The President stated that he would
repoi't the Committee at the next meeting of the Society.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced that the Schedule of Prizes and Programme
of Meetings for Discussion were ready, and that a copy would be
mailed to every member of the Society ; also that the first of the
Meetings for Discussion would be held on the next Saturday,
when H. E. Van Deman, Pomologist to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, would speak on the work of his Division.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 10.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 10, 1891.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, "William H. Spooxer, in the chair.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to give expression to the feelings of the Society
on the death of TTarren Heustis, presented^ the following report,
which was unanimously adopted.

The Committee appointed to prepare a memorial of the late
Warren Heustis report the following :

The intelligence of the death of Warren Heustis, which occurred
on Wednesda}', December 17, came to us like one of those unex-
pected and startling calamities which occasionally arrest our
thoughts, and remind us how true it is that " in the midst of life
we are in death." Suddenly and without premonition, in the
fulness of his sti-eugth,, he has been called from the scene of his
earthly labors which he has so long dignified and adorned.

For thirty years he has been a constant and valued contributor
of Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables at our exhibitions, has been
frequently called to sei"%'e on important committees, and at tlie
time of his death was a member of the Vegetable Committee,
having served in that capacity for eight successive years. He was
a very successful cultivator, and was the orginator of the famous
Belmont seedling strawberr}-. Mr. Heustis was also very fond of
flowers, particularly the Rose, the love for which amounted, with
him, almost to a passion. He was a man widely known from the
interest which he took in agTiculture and all that pertains to its
kindred arts. His circle of friends was large and his loss will be
greatl}^ lamented. He Avas gentle and unassuming in his manners,
discriminating and sound in his judgment, and firm in his opinions,
though he never pressed them upon his listeners. He always advo-
cated what he believed to be right and just, without fear or favor
to anj'. He was fond of rural life and found his chief enjoyment
in the bosom of his family and in the congenial occupations of liis
farm.

It falls to the lot of few men to enjoy in this life a greater
measure of respect and confidence than Mr. Heustis secured from
those around him, and now that he has gone he leaves behind the
precious memory of an eminently pure, useful, and honored life.

In view of his long and useful services to this Society, his many
excellences as a man, and the interest he has always manifested
in the welfare of our association, the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society desires to place on record its appreciation of his services
and its high respect for his character and memory. Therefore,

.MEMORIAL OF WAKIJF.X IIEX^STIS. 13

Resolved. That iu the decease of Mr. Heustis there has been
removed from our circle an active and devoted friend of Horticul-
ture, whose interest iu the work of the Society continued through
a long and active life, and ceased onh' with its close.

Resolved, That these proceedings be entered on the records of
the Society, and that a copy thereof be sent to the family of the
deceased with the assurance of our warmest sympath}- in tJieir
great afHiction.

C. N. Brackett, ^

Varxum Frost, > Committee.

C. F. Curtis, )

The Chair announced the Committee on the Revision of the
Constitution and By-Laws provided for at the last meeting, as
follows :

I. Gilbert Robbixs, Leverett M. Chase,

Fraxcis H. Appletox, Johx G. Barker,

Hexry W. AVilsox, O. B. Hadwex,

Robert Maxxixg.

On motion of Ex-President "William C. Strong, it was voted
that the President be added to the Committee as Chaii'man.

On motion of E. H. Hitchiugs, it was voted that agreeably to
the rules of the State Board of Agriculture three pi'izes of SlO, 88,
and ^^^1 be given for the best reports of awarding committees, and
that the Committee on Publication and Discussion l)e requested to
award these prizes.

The Annual Report of the Treasurer, for the j^ear 1890,
approved by the Finance Committee, was read by the vSecretary,
accepted, and ordered to be placed on file.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 17.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The "Work of the Pomological Divisiox of the Uxited
States Departmext of Agricultire.

By H. E. Vak Deman, Poaiologist, Washington, D. C.

In accepting the veiy cordial invitation to address 3'ou on this
occasion I feel both honored and gratified at being able to meet
with one of the oldest and most useful Horticultural Societies in

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the country. Tlie subject suggested by your Committee is the
work which is phiced in my official cliarge as chief of the Pomolog-
ical Division of the United States Department of Agriculture, and
as I understand it, this is to be suggestive of a discussion of the
subject in general at this time. I do so with the more pleasure as
I feel sure that ideas will be advanced and criticisms made which
will doubtless result in good to the cause of Pomology. It is not
necessary that my paper should be long, but rather that I merely
touch upon some of the leading thoughts in connection with the
work.

It is but little more than four years since the establishment of
this Division and the appropriations for its use have thus far been
so very small that it has not been possible fulh' to execute many
plans begun, nor prudent to inaugurate others that I have long
had in mind. The original purpose of its institution and organi-
zation was to do work that cannot in the nature of things be done by
the pomological and horticultural societies of the country ; and this
has been closely followed. It is our constant effort to supplement
and assist wherever and whenever possible and thus further the
good cause which ennobles manhood, elevates our purposes and
makes more delightful the realities of every day life. The good
done to the world by Mr. Ephraim W. Bull, of your State, in
placing before the public the Concord grape, will never be more
than slightly appreciated. It has not only made that variety
plentiful and cheap in the markets but it has brought the high-
priced and higher flavored Delaware and Catawba within the reach
of the huml)lest daily laborer who toils in the factory or at the
forge. If the Pomological Division can be the means of bringing
from obscurity some fruit of even less value than the Concord
grape it certainly will not have existed in vain.

Among the things that we are trying to do is the investigation of
the wild fruits. No part of either temperate zone is so richly
endowed by nature with wild fruits of such intrinsic value and so
susceptible of improvement as the United States, and yet we have
only begun their improvement. Thr cultivation of only four of
the twenty-live species of our wild grapes has been attempted and
this in a limited degree.

For three years past Professor T. V. Munsou, of Denisou,
Texas, has been working in conjunction with the Division in
preparing a monograph which shall cover the entire genus Vitis, as

rOMOLOCJICAL DniSIOX U. S. DEl'T. OF A(;iHCrLTll!E. 15

found growing Avild in North America. Already a preliminar}'
report has been issued upon this subject, which I presume has
been received by all the members of this Society. The Avork upon
tlie complete monograph is progressing, but it is necessarily very
slow, as the preparation of the illustrations is exceedingly ditticult
and the field work necessar}' also requires much time. At the
present time we are nearly ready for publication, and the greatest
obstacle we meet is in obtaining the necessary appropriations to
defray the cost of publication. All the species will be represented
of life size and in life colors, including the fruit, wood, leaves,
flowers, seeds, etc., so that any person of ordinary intelligence may
identify such of the wild grapes as may grow in his vicinity. The
text will contain not only accurate scientific descriptions, but
cultural notes and suggestions as to the hybridization, etc., for the
purpose of enabling those who desire to experiment to proceed
more intelligently than without such aid.

The berries have, so far, yielded the most easily to the hand of
man, but the tree fruits are also well worthy of more attention
than has been bestowed. The whole genus Prunus, as represented
in North America has been only recently and l)ut slightly
improved, and this merely by the selection of chance wildings.
The few native plums thus o])tained give promise of much greater
tilings in the future, and to this end it is my purpose to monograph
this genus and not onh' describe and illu^strate each native species
but try to show what might be done by crossing them with each
other and possibly with the common cultivated plum of Europe,
P. domestica.

When we think of it, it is really surprising how little is known
of even our commonest fruits. Who can tell the season of the
Baldwin apple in Massachusetts, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas ; or
when the Concord grape will ripen in northern Michigan, Kansas,
and Florida ? If ten of the leading strawberries ripen in Connec-
ticut in a certain order will they do the same in Virginia and
California? Why are the same varieties of the orange thicker-
skinned and more acid in flavor grown in California than in
Florida? These are only specimens of thousands of such ques-
tions which are not only of interest to the scientific pomologist but
which would be of practical value to the grower if answered
from relial)le data. A beginning has been made, as no doubt
nearly all of you know, by issuing circulars calling for information

1() MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which will enable us to prepare special reports upon the apple and
the small fruits. Unfortunately the season was unfavorable to the
apple last year, over a large part of the country, and it will be
necessary to issue another circular this year on the same subject,
a.s it would be unwise to attempt a publication Avithout comprehen-
sive information, and this it has not been possible for our corres-
pondents to give during the past year.

The other fruits are to be treated in a similar way if my
purposes are carried into effect. All this requires much thought
in preparing the questions and collating the returns and getting
them into readable shape. The time and skilled labor necessary
in accomplishing this is expensive and could not be borne by any
of the state or national societies, and as it is public work it should
be paid for out of the public funds. What more legitimate use
could lie made of the taxes paid by horticulturists? The mere
clerical work is a burden that only the general government can
and should bear. It has been my invariable rule in selecting
clerks, to emplo}' oi^ly such as have a natural inclination to pomol-
ogy combined with a reasonable amount of education acquired
both in the class room and in the field of practice, that they may
know what they do and also be in love witli their work. So far,
all the six persons employed in the Pomological Division have
been reared in, and taken from the country, and so far as I control
the Division there will be none other.

The employment of special agents outside the office has onh'
been possible in a few cases but they have been eminently useful
in gathering facts. At present, Mr. John S. Harris, of Minne-
sota, is investigating the hardy fruits of the Northwest and
the Russian apples in particular ; also Mr. T. T. Lyon, of Michi-
gan, whom you all know as an able pomologist, is a regular
employe of the Division, and at the present is visiting the state
horticultural societies of the West, to assist in naming their fruits,
participate in their discussions, and endeavor to arrange a system
of reciprocitj' between the national, state, and local societies and
the Pomological Division. It is hoped that by this latter means, in
due time, much good may be done directly to the fruit growers by
collecting and disseminating information through our reports and
otherwise. It is especially desired to cooperate witli the societies
in all possible ways and if anything can be done in this direction
with and for j^our State, I trust it will be brought about.

I'O.MOLOCilC'AL DIVISION U. 8. DEl'T. OF AOKICULTUKE. 17

The proper nainiui>' of fruits is a matter wliich deinaiuls our
most strenuous ami intelliiieut efforts. Confusion abounds in the
field of praclieal poui()l(»<2,y, and if i)roper skill and authority cau
be brought to bear in an opposite direction, who will not be glad?
Your venerated Wilder, whom we all love to honor, did all he
could to simi)lify names and eliminate synonymes from the nomen-
clature of fruits. The reform which the American Pomological
Society has commenced is an outgrowth of his views, and is well
worth}' of extensive application. I have delivered before the
American Nurserymen's Association a strong appeal to have that
body take some action which shall lead unrser^anen to adopt in
their catalogues the approved names, and thus carry into effect
that which the American Pomological Society has so ably begun.
In fact, if the uurserj'men do not do it no one cau. Thej^ are the
teachers of the public in this regard.

The Nurserymen's Association in their meeting in Chicago, in
June, 1889, accepted the truth of the charge that nurserymen
often misinform the public as to the true names of fruits (and the
same is perhaps true of flowers) ; but they thought the task of
reform too great and no plan was adopted. Of course, whatever
is done must be largely or entirely advisory and not dictatorial,
and for the purpose of carrying the rules and corrections of the
American Pomological Society into practical application I have
promised to arrange to have every fruit catalogue corrected in my
office, so as to accord with the above idea, and return it to the
nurseryman for his approval and final adoption. Thus would
progress be made and simplicity and uniformity rule where chaos
now is. It would, however, remain to be seen whether the
nurserjnneu would accept the corrections as authoritative. If any
one can suggest a better plan I shall most gladly use my best
efforts to advance it.

One of the most arduous tasks which I have to perform in the
course of my official duties is the naming of varieties which are
sent in for identification from all parts of the country. Within
the past year more than ten thousand such specimens have been
received and passed upon and I am happy to say that in nearly all
cases it has been possible to make satisfactory answers. How
much of such work has been done by Downing, Warder, and
many others at their own cost of time ; and often of express bills,
small individually, but large in the aggregate, to say nothing of
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

postage. We have the free iise of the mails, and not only letters
but packages of specimens go under (jnr frank. I liave on hand
boxes and franks which will be sent to any person requesting
them, thus enabling him to forward any specimens appertaining to
to pomology which he may think of interest or may desire to have
identified.

One of the first things which I attempted otticially was to-
arrange and have adopted by the state horticultural societies,
especially those near each other or having common interests, a
system of holding their regular meetings in succession. It is
evident that such an arrangement can be onl}^ beneficial, as persons
wishing to attend the meetings of neighboring States can do so,
whereas, if they met at the same time this would not be possible.
It also affords opportunit}" for several societies to engage the
services of the same lecturer, whose abilities may l»e of such a
character that his presence is needed in more than one State. I
am happy to say that with few exceptions this plan met with
approval. In a few cases it was necessary to have the legislatures
pass special amendatory acts and in others the constitution of the
society had to be changed.

In the course of our official work we obtain information concern-
ing a great many mew seedling fruits that have never been heard
of except in their native localities. There are many others which
might have been found had we been a big to make th(£ necessary
investigations,. To bring these from obscurity and place them
where they will be tested is a work that all will agree should be
performed. In many cases very little expense would be necessary
either in the way of time or money.

I have long endeavored to secure an ai)propriation that shall
enable me not only to collect and distribute tltese nameless fniits,
thus placing them where they may be of some use to the world,
but to purchase scions, cuttings, plants, etc., of fruits that are
already someAvhat known, and distribute them in places where
they may be likely to prove valuable. I am sorry to say that so
far my efforts have been wholly in vain. The representatives of
the people in Congress are their publie servants, elected for the
especial jjurpose of serving their constituents, and it certainly
would hv in no wise improper for the fruit growers of this country
to suggest, and perhaps even deuiniid. that something of the kind
just mentioned be done.

I'O.MOLtHilf'AI, l)I\ ISION V. S. DEl'T, OF AOUICULTI UK. 19" "

It is with great i)lea.siire that I can state that withui \h:\ past
few years I have been able to introduce from foreiii'u eoua-
tries several iViiits which have never appeared on this side the
great oceans except in their manufactured forms, and which give
promise of success in tliis country. Among these I might name
the Citron of commerce, whicli until within the past year has only
been represented by an occasional seedling tree in the southern
parts of Florida and California. Not one ounce of American
preserved citi'on is to be found, and yet there is no good reason
why all that is needed by our pecjple may not be grown withiu the'
United States. Thirteen of the very choicest named varieties-
were procured from Palermo and Catania, on the Island of Sicily,
and from Naples on the mainland of Italy. These were budded
from bearing trees at my special order given through the Depart-
ment of State. Other varieties have been ordered from Bastia, on
the Island of Corsica, where, it is said, the very best citrous are
grown and shipped to Leghoi'u, where they are preserved and
whence the product is sent to market.

It may not be generally known that in the southern parts of
California, Arizona, NeAv Mexico, and Texas there are millions of
acres which can be made to produce Dates of as good quality as-
those grown in Arabia and Persia. Relieving this I sent to the ■
date growing regions fm' rooted suckers from the best named
varieties in existence, and within less than one year from the date
of this order, which was also given through the Department of
State, sixty-three plants were safely landed on our shores, and are
now planted in the region before mentioned, without the loss of a;
single one. In due time it is expected that others will be received.
All former efforts to secure rooted suckers of the date have failed,
for the simple reason that they Avere not planted in tubs of earth
and well established and then sent in this condition. All the dates
growing in the United States, previous to this importation, are
seedlings, and, as is the case with other fruits, there is no certainty
as to what variety of fruit will be produced in this way ; and not
only this, but as the date is a dioecious tree there is no certainty
as to which sex will be produced. One case, in Florida, has come
under my notice, in which five trees were carefully watched until
the}^ grew to large size, when all proved to be males. Aside
from this, it is certainly advisable, if we begin the culture of the
date as an article of commerce, to begin w^here the Arabs, the

20 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Persians, and the Syrians left off. by procurina; the varieties which
have come down to tliem throngh thonsands of years of careful
selections.

The Mango is anotlier fruit which has until recently been repre-
sented on this continent only by a few seedling trees, but I have
procured from India grafted plants of a number of their ver}'
choicest varieties. These are now in southern Florida, where they
are being propagated on young seedlings, and when ready for
distribution they will be placed in the hands of those Avho are likely
to succeed with them.

There is not a pound of Filberts in any of the stores of the
United States that has not been imported, and it has occurred to
me that our own people might produce Avhat our markets demand,
if the original stock were placed in their hands. With this pur-
pose in view I have endeavored to procure from Europe and the
British Islands plants and fresh nuts that a thorough test may be
made as to their adaptability to this country. The Puget Sound
region seems to be a suitable place for this experiment, as the
climatic conditions are fully as good as those in Kent, England,
where a large part of the filberts found in our markets are pro-
duced, and I think the soil is better. There are doubtless other
places where they will succeed quite well. These are onl}' a part
■of the new fruits which I have already been able to procure
through our foreign consuls ; and it may not be out of place to sa}'
in this connection that, although some critical persons may think
that our foreign representatives are gentlemen of only political
a1)ilities, I have been convinced by numerous practical demonstra-
tions that, as a rule, they are wide awake to the industrial interests
of this country. In every case in which I have niade application
to them through the Secretary of State, I have been able to secure
just what was desired or to get information that it was imprac-
ticable to do so.

It may seem to some persons that the central part of our
-country has been overlooked in the procuring of these foreign
fruits, but I assure you that this is not the case. Europe is the
principal field which can be worked to obtain such fruits as will
endure the climate of a large part of our country, and it has been
gone over and over for centuries past and very little remains there
worthy of introduction. Asia presents a much better opportunity,
and if possible we may yet be able to get many valuable things

rOMOLCHilCAL DIVISIO.V U. S. DEl'T. OF AGKICLLTLUE. 21

from there. Allow nie to say in this couiiectiou that although it
may seem a special favor to Florida, California, or Oregon to give
them a fruit which they alone can grow, it is, nevertheless, a
benefit to the whole country. Does the grower of the Washington
Navel orange at Riverside. California, monopolize its good quali-
ties, or does the citizen of Boston share with him? If the
Alphonse mango, which is the delight of the resident of India, as
he sips its sweet juices on the veranda of his bungalow, can be
gi-own at Lake Worth, Florida, will not the express ti-aiu land it in
New York or ^Minneapolis in good condition, and thus l)ring the
ends of the earth together? In these days of rapid and safe
transit for tender fruits, all sections of the country can be supplied
with such things as before were denied to all except those who
lived in the favored regions where they grew.

Tlie field opens as the work progresses. The Division of
Pomology is now firmly established as a part of the government
service and I trust that it may serve the fruit growers of our whole
country in a satisfactory manner. Upon them, in jtart. lies the
burden of responsibility as to its conduct, and I frankly invita
criticisms and suggestions which shall lead us forward.

Discrssiox.

O. B. Hadwen was much gratified to, hear Mr. ^'an Deman's
statement of the work of the Pomological Division of the United
States Department of Agriculture. It is a matter of surjirise to
many to learn how vast is the amount of fruit, and how almost
innumerable are the varieties now grown in our country. It is a
leading object of this Society to encourage the production and
general introduction of new fruits and vegetables, but perhaps we
have been remiss in bringing into notice some excellent new fruits.
Fair specimens of new seedlings can be produced in five years,
but we cannot depend upon their good qualities being established
without several years of trial. He declared his belief in a definite
terai of life in fruits as in other organic forms, and in this respect
some new fruits have too short a term of life to be of much value.

E. W. Wood was interested in the paper just read, but he did
not think it affected New England. The work of introducing new-
fruits here depends largeW upon amateurs, as those who grow fruit
for market do not find it profitable to go outside of the standard

.22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

kinds. The three apples most grown here for sale are natives of
Massachusetts. He holds as an axiom that varieties of fruits
most profitably grown for market succeed best in the places where
they originate. Alluding to the Concord grape, he said he was
convinced that this improvement upon the wild grape came from a
native. No grape crossed with foreign varieties is desh'able for
market purposes. The Concord is almost as reliable as any other
fruit, except when the season is very backward. The Wordeu is
somewhat earlier and is more popular. There is one advantage in
growing new small fruits in that they can be tested sooner.

Professor L. R. Taft, Horticulturist at the Michigan Agricul-
tural College, expressed great pleasure at being present at this
meeting. He was very glad to hear from Professor Van Deman
how well the work of the Department is being amplified in all
directions, and that the Division of Pomology is making such
progi-ess, especially in fruits for the different climates of the
United States. Through these efforts he hoped some new varieties
would be found that would prove valuable for Northern Michigan.
His state, he said, is an empire in itself, extending five hundred
miles from its southeast extremity to its northwest, and it is a
hard matter to find fruits suited to all its phases of soil and
climate. While the common standard varieties succeed admirably
in the southern half of the state, and in almost any section border-
ing on the lakes, ironclad sorts are needed for the northern penin-
sula, and for some fifteen counties in the southern.

The Michigan Agricultural College has been testing fruits of
various kinds, and has found some Russian apples which are
•certainly hardy and are said to be productive and to furnish
fruit of large size and high quality. These tests were made at
various sub-stations in northern Michigan, the principal one being
-at Grayling, Crawford County, where some fifty varieties of
apples, besides pears, plums, and cherries have been planted. At
the College they have just planted an experimental orchard of five
hundred varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries, and peaches,
and there are very complete collections of the newer varieties of
small fruits. In addition to a number of sub-stations in southern
Michigan, the station has at South Haven what is known as the
Lake Shore suit-station, conducted by T. T. Lyon, President of th-e
Michigan State Horticultural Societ}', and a special agent of the
Division of Poniolou^v.

I'oMoi.ociK'AL DiNisiox V. s. DKiT. OF A(;i;irrLTri;K. 2'd

In Strawln'i'r'u's. n very extciukMl list of vnrit'tics luis bcni tfstcd.
soiiu' of which appi'ni'i'd ri'iiiarkalilv successful. The speaker
mentioned liuhacli's No. .') (pistillate), as takinii" a liiuh rank, but
ivciuiring rich soil and good culture; Haverland (i)istillate), as
very prolific; Parker Earle (bisexual), from Texas, as an excellent
sort; and "Warfield (pistillate), as in the front rank at present.

The work of the Experiment Station in Michigan is in charge of
the President and six members of the faculty of the Michigan
Agricultural College, each of whom is responsible for the work
done in his own department.

As few persons are familiar with the scope of an Agricultural
College, he wished to say that in addition to the instruction given
by lectures and otherwise, in agriculture, horticulture, veterinary
science, etc., the students receive a thorough training in the
natural sciences, mathematics, languages, and literature ; and even
if they do not become farmers it will be of value to them in auj'^
calling. For an}^ practical business life, or even for the profes-
sional man, a course at some agricultural college, like those of
Massachusetts and Michigan, will be more valuable than one at
Harvard or Yale.

A unique feature of the Michigan Agricultural College is that
every student is required to work two or three houi's each day,
either on the farm or in the gardens, and thus practically work out
the subjects taught in the class room.

William C. Strong said he had enjoyed the paper very much.
He was glad to be so fully informed concerning the work and
methods of the Pomological Division of the Agricultural Depart-
ment at Washington, and he thought it would be well for us to
consider ways and means by which to forward that work. It
interested him to know that there is a central authority looking
over the whole field, to gather in and disseminate information in
all the divisions of this Department of our government. Such an
agenc}' can do very much to improve as well as to increase pro-
duction, and thereb}' largely promote the welfare and happiness of
the people. As an example, how much more abundant oranges
are now than formerly. This is a fruit which can be produced
easily, — perhaps more easih" in this country tiian in any other.
Through the lal)ors of this Division of Pomology Ave ma^^ expect
better knowledge of how to improve the quality and quantit}' of
our present fruits, and also the successful introduction of other

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTirULTUlJ.O. S0CIP:TY.

fruits, such as the maugo, etc., whicli are now ahuost unkuoTvn as
products of our own country.

Benjamin G. Smith did not agree with Mr. Wood. He differed
with him in regard to the Rogers Hybrids for amateurs. He has
fifty-five varieties of grapes, inchiding the Wilder, Barry, Salem,
etc. He wished to speak a word of encouragement to amateurs
'as to the treatment of choice varieties of grapes. He always
covers his vines in the winter, first pruning severely ; Init if these
vines are neglected they will certainly mildew. He had tested
fifty-four varieties of choice grapes, and his final decision is that,
all things considered, Moore's Early is the best for general culture.

Samuel Hartwell said that he has perhaps twenty varieties of
grapes, but not more than four or five of them are profitable to
grow for market. Moore's Early is most profitable, as every grape
in a bunch will ripen. The Worden is a very fine grape but it
will not ripen so evenly. Purple grapes sell better than white
varieties. The Hayes, Esther, and Pocklington are fine sorts ; the
Niagara is inclined to dr}' rot, and the Brighton, Amber Queen,
and August Giant, are liable to mildew. Some white grapes, the
Niagara for instance, come to maturity later and command prices
less than half that of Moore's Early. He intends to plant the
Woi'den between these white grapes and as the new plants come
on will cut out the old and less desirable white ones. He pro-
nounced the Gravenstein to be the queen of fall apples ; every one
is perfect and fit for market. He was pleased with the Red
Bietigheimer — for cooking only — its size and quality holding it
very much in favor. Oldenburg is very productive. The Baldwin
originated in this state long ago, and it seems to be deteriorating a
little.

William H. Hunt was very nmch pleased to know what the
Agricultural Department is doing. His own experience with
grapes had been similar to that of Mr. Hartwell. The statement
that fruits succeed better in the neighliorhood of the place where
they originate is true to a certain extent, although there are many
exceptions, of which the Gravenstein apple and Bartlott pear are
conspicuous examples.

Mr. Strong asked if we an- not liable to carry the question of
color a little too far. We sliould give the black a fair chance,
but should it have preference over the white? The reason might
be. in some degree, that we do not produce as fine bunches of Avhite

BLACK AND WTUTK (iKAI'ES. FILUKia-S. 25^

orapos as of black and this may partly aeeount for tlie preftTonce
in the market.

Mr. AVood said he has in his grape house eighteen foreign grape
vines, with one Golden Hamburg at the end of the row of seven-
teen colored. When he sends the crop to market, he finds the one
white grape vine has supplied (juite as large a proportion of the
fruit of that color as is desired.

Mr. Strong said that he formerly grew the Muscat of Alexan-
dria and always got the first prize for it. The Golden Hamburg,
however, is not of as high quality as the Muscat of Alexandria.

Mr. Wood considered the Golden Hamburg as good as the
Black Haml)urg or Wilmot's Hamburg. "He had found tliat wiiite
currants do not sell as well as the red varieties.

Mr. Van Deman held that the reason Avhite grapes are less
profitable than dark colored fruit, lies in the fact that although
white ones do not bruise au}^ more than the others they show their
bruises more, and look damaged while the dark ones appear fair.
This inference is based upon statements of dealers, — wholesale
and retail. In Florida they are planting the Niagara grape by ten
acre lots to supply the demand for this fruit. Some are sold to
wealthy persons at high prices to make a fine show on their tables,
but the general market does not seem to want them in large quan-
tities. As to quality they are quite as good as many dark
varieties.

Richard P. Walsh, who had had fifty-five years' experience in
gardening, said that while located about twenty miles south of
Boston, and ten miles from the sea, he received, with other trees
and shrubs from a Rochester, N. Y., nursery, a Purple Hazel,
grafted upon a plain hazel stock. The latter was very thrifty and
threw out suckers, which were at first cut away, but as the green
mingled with the purple foliage was a pleasing combination both
Avere allowed to grow. After two years the purple was choked
out, and then the stock produced nuts which proved it to he the true
Filbert, Corylus Avellana, and a crop of nuts was gathered each
succeeding year thereafter. From his observations of both stock
and scion, he was convinced that they were both perfectly hardy
there. He said they could be grown in hedge-rows, and required
but little cultivation, and he was confident that they would succeed
in the neighhood of Boston.

Robert Manning said that a few years ago he set out several
fill)ert bushes, one of which produced fruit last year. He showed

2() MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

some of the nuts at the Aiiiuial Exhibition of Fruits last Septem-
ber. The plants seemed perfectly hardy, and the success of the
experiment was encouraging, though one of the bushes had been
injured by what he thought was probably the same fungus which
has done so much damage in England.

• Mr. Van Deman's paper was listened to with close attention and
a vote of thanks to him for his interesting lecture was unanimously
passed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced that on the next Saturday, P>x-President William C.
Strong, of Xewton Highlands, would present a paper upon
*' Evergreen Trees."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 17, 1801.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

M. B. Faxon, Secretary of the Committee on AVindow Garden-
ing, read the tinaucial portion of the report of that Committee,
which was accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication.

E. W. Wood, from the Committee of Arrangements, to which
was referred a circular from the Michigan Horticultural Society, in
regard to the classification of the Horticultural Department of the
World's Columbian Fair, reported a recommendation that this
Society approve the classification recommended by the Michigan
Society. The report was accepted and the recommendation was
adopted.

Francis H. Api)leton, from the Committee on Publication, to
which was referred the subject of the Society's Diploma, reported
a recommendation that copies be made by the lieliotype process.
The report was accei)ted and the recommendation was adopted.

Adjourned to Saturdav, Jamiary 24.

EVEKGKEEN THEK8. 27

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

EVERGRKKN TrEES.
Hy William C. Strong, Newton Highlands.

In assigning this subject for discussion, it is presumable that
our C'onuuittee intended to limit the list to such trees as are hardy
and adapted to this latitude. What are commonly called the
broad-leaved evergreen trees, such as the American Holly, tlie
Kalmia latifolia, and Rhododendrons, would properly come within
tliis list, but the field is too broad to lie covered in the time allowed
for tliis session. Therefore, with the single allusion to the bright,
fresh, polished green foliage of the Kuhnia, which sliould l)e more
appreciated for its fine winter effect, I propose to confine my
remarks to such of the conifers as seem to be of promise for
culture in New England. Looking back but a few years, we
should find this list tpiite limited in numbers. But a marked
advance has been made within the present generation, including
numerous and valuable introductions from the western coast of our
own continent, as well as from Japan and other countries, so that
we now have a largely increased number, and also very distinct
colorings and habits of growth. What an immense gain it is to
us that in our cold, desolate winters, we can vary and enliven the
evergreen effect by tlie addition of the. glaucous sheen of some of
the newer Firs, with the richer green of the Nordmann, the
distinct form and color of the Sciadopitys, or the varying grace,
in form and color, of the family of Retinosporas ! By a judicious
use of such material as we now have, a warmth and variety of
A-erdure and a diversity of outline may be given to a landscape, or
to a country home, far surpassing the possibilities of a few years
ago. In saying this it is not to be inferred that the older kinds are
to be displaced, or even reduced to a subordinate rank. They are
still the basis of all good work in planting, but they are happily
supplemented b}- recent varieties of differing forms and colors, so
that much richer and more pleasing effects can now be produced.
Let us In'iefly mention some of the indispensable older kinds.

Our native AVliite Spruce {Picea alba), often called Blue
Spruce, is one of the hardiest and most pleasing of conifers. Its
conical, thick-set shape, and its light and more or less glaucous foliage
render it alwavs a favorite. Thouoh not so long;-lived or so valu-

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

able for timber as the nearly related species, the Black Spruce
(Picea nigra), it is far more desirable for ornamental purposes
and should be in every collection. Individual seedlings can often
be found which are quite distinct in form and color, Maxwell's
Golden being a good example.

The Norway Spruce (Picea excel sa), though a foreigner, has yet
become so common and is so perfectly at home with us that Ave
have come to regard it " as to the manor born." However common
and perhaps formal and monotonous when repeated in num-
bers, it is yet so hardy and vigorous in nearl}^ all soils ; so tine
in single specimens, with graceful, pendulous branches sweeping
to the ground ; so well adapted for hedge-rows or shelter l)elts, —
in short it has so many good qualities that it is not out-ranked by
any other conifer, for landscape work. It varies considerably in
hal)it and we have these sports perpetuated in such distinct forms
as P. inverta and P. pendula, or in grotesque habit like P. mon-
strosa, or as a dwarf like P. Clanhrasiliana, P. Gregoriana, and
P. pygmcea.

Our White Pine (Pinus strobus) is probably the most profitable
of all trees for timber, in our light soils. It does not thrive in a
wet soil. But we have thousands of acres of comparativeh' waste
land which should be planted with this species, and it would be a
wise economy to give government encouragement to this industry.
For decorative purposes the White Pine is also valuable, its soft,
silvery green foliage furnishing a pleasing contrast with the more
rugged and darker growth of other species.

The Bhotan Pine {Pinns excelsa) has longer, more graceful and
drooping leaves than the White Pine, but it is liable to blasting of
its leader and its branches. In other respects it is vigorous and
hardy and its superior beauty entitles it to an attempt to overcome
this tendency.

The Austrian, the Scotch, and the Cembran or Swiss Stone
Pines are each well-deserving the general use which they receive.
They will not vie with the White Pine for timber use, though in
conditions where the older growth continues healtliy they will
liave value in this respect.

The Red Pine {Pinvs resinosa), often, but incorrectly, called
Norway Pine, is a very hardy, native tree wliicii flourishes in a
dry, sandy soil, from the IMiddle States into Canada. Jij abounds
in resin, is of value for timl)er, and deserves a place in a collection^
as an ornaniental tree.

KVEHGKEEX TIJEES. 29

Our Pitch Pine {Plnns rigida), though veiy luudy and free-
growino", is scarcely deserving a i)lace in cultivation, in comparison
Avith better varieties.

Our native Hemlock, Tanga (Abies) Caiiadeyisis, when planted in
exposed positions is very apt to suffer from the winter winds. If
it were a recently introducetl novelty it would be pronounced one
of the most graceful and beautiful of conifers, but too tender for
ordinary positions. Yet it is in fact one of the commonest
timber- trees of New P^ngland and Canada. This shows to what a
degree hardiness depends upon proper conditions and how careful
we should Ije to make sure that these conditions are complied with,
before we pronounce judgment upon the question of hardiness.

Of the Silver Fir tribe, now classed as Abies, {Sapini of Veitch)
the native Balsam Fir is the only variety which may be said to be
common in New England. Young specimens are very beautiful,
especially in the northern sections of its growth. But it is sub-
ject to diseases in this vicinity, is short-lived, and must give place
to much more desirable varieties of this class of Silver Firs, of
receut introduction. A dAvarf Balsam Fir, named Hudsonica by
Dr. Engelmann, is found in the White Mountain region and in
Maine, which is quite prostrate in growth, and roots from its
branches like the prostrate Juniper.

The various forms of the Arl)or Vitse {Thuja occidenta lis) are
in frequent use and are essential in all collections. The so-called
Siberian variety is given by Veitch as Thuja plicatu, coming from
the ueighl)orhood of Nootka Sound and Siberia. Hoopes, how-
ever, quoting from '' Gordon's Pinetum " considers it as having
originated at Ware's Coventry nursery and therefore to be called
T. Warea)ia. In the latter case it is to be regarded as but a fixed
variation from T. occidentalism differing mainly in hardiness and
-compactness of growth, qualities wliich make it very desirable for
many purposes.

The Savin {Juiii2)erus Virginiana)^ varying much in form, color,
and habit of growth in different seedlings and often very attrac-
tive, will complete the list of conifers in common use up to a
comparatively recent date.

I will now mention some of the more desirable additions which
have been made within the past feAV years, without any attempt at
a complete list, and will then pass to consider a few points in
culture, which I deem to be important.

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICl'LTUEAL SOCIETY.

The Silver Firs will rauk as among the most desu'ablei orna-
mental trees. The European Silver Fir (Abies pectinnta) is
scarcely hartly with us, exce>i)t in protected places, but the closely
allied Nordmauniava is quite iKirdy and thrives well, with the
single fault of liability to lose its leader. Its stately habit and
dark, rich, glossy green foliage render it one of the handsomest
of conifers.

Abies concolor is a more recently introduced fir from Colorado,
its type in the Sierras af California being known under the names
of Insiocarpa and Loiviaiia. Its name concolor implies the like
silvery color on the upper and under sides of the leaf. It is one
of the stateliest trees of the Rocky Mountains, and retains its
beautiful color iu old age. As the type from Colorado seems to
be quite hardy and to be suited to our climate, it bids fair to
become one of the most useful and desirable of the recent intro-
ductions. A magnificent specimen may be seen at "Wellesley in
the collection of Mr. Hunnewell.

In the same collection is a fine specimen of the Japan Silver Fir
(Abies brachy phiflla ) . It proves to be one of the hardiest and hand-
somest of Firs, its two under silver lines being quite conspicuous.

Abies Cilicica is reported as not accommodating itself to the
climate of England. It has done well in this country, however, a
good example of it being also in Mr. Hunnewell's collection. Thi^
is proof that some varieties may be better suited to our climate and
therefore more hardy than even in England. It is only by trial
under various conditions that we can determine hardiness. This
rule will apply to the three following firs of our northwest coast.

The great Silver Fir (A. (/rcnidis) attains to the height of two
hundred feet and upwards, along the Eraser River and Vancouver's
Island, and at altitudes of four thousand feet. Its branches are
slender and less thickly set than iu most, and hence it has a light,
graceful, and airy appearance which is very desirable.

Abies amabilis is reported by Professor Sargent as growing
freely ou the Cascade ]\^untains and as far north as the Eraser
River in British Columbia, and as the most beautiful of the genus
with which he is acquainted. As it grows at altitudes of four
thousand to five thousand feet in this northern latitude we are not
without hope that it may be domesticated with us.

Abies nobilis has a more southern range, growing in Oregon and
California to the same immense height, and being very conspicuous
for its deep, glaucous-green, thick-set, crowded foliage.

KVKIKJKEEN THEES. 31

These three magnificent firs have a monntaiu liabitat and it is
too early to speak decisively of their fitness for onr climate, Imt
they are eminenth' worthy of careful trial.

The Douglas Fir {P.-iewJotsuga Douglasii) or false Hemlock is
another giant of the northwest, being a principal tree of the vast
forests of British Columbia, and attaining a height of two hundred
and even three hundred feet. It has had extended trial and may
be pronounced hardj^ and decidedly ornamental, when planted in a
moderately dry soil. The type from Colorado has never suffered
from the winter with me.

I am not aware wjiat trial has been made with Tsuga Alberticuia.
the Hemlock of British Columbia. The type is distinguished from
our common Hemlock only by its more robust and rapid growth and
spreading branches. It succeeds well in England, and coming
from such northern limits it is reasonable to hope it will prove
more hardy and desirable than T. Canadensis.

Of the family known as Spruces, now classed as Piceas, decidedly
the most promising recent introduction is Picea puvgens. It has
also been known as P. Eiigelmanni and P. Parryana. It has a
wide habitat, extending from New Mexico to the head waters of
the Columbia Eiver, its Colorado ty^pe being found to be perfectly
hardy and suited to our climate. Its growth is stiff, very thickly
covered with rigid, very sharp pointed leaves, from which it
derives its name. It varies considerably in color from deep green
to steel blue, or lightest silver. Its remarkable color and regular
outline render it one of the best of conifers for the lawn. Fine
specimens of this tree ma}'^ be seen at the Arnold Arboretum, and
also on the estates of Professor Sargent and Mr. Huuuewell.

Menzies's Spruce {Picea Menziesii) is a tree somewhat similar to
the last, though less in degree of characteristics. It deserves a
place in a collection.

The Oriental Spruce ( Picea orientnlis) of the Caucasian region is
quite hardy with us, its foliage being of a bright, gloss}^ green and
its slender branelilets giving it a distinct pointed outline.

Of the Pine family I will mention only the Corean pine (Pinus
Koraiensis) as being specially useful for decoration. It has long,
glossy green foliage, silvery within ; its habit is compact, divid-
ing into numerous branches when altout twelve or fifteen feet high,
rendering it most suitable for positions where taller varieties would
be undesirable.

■32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Umbrella Pine of Japau, as it is commonly called {Scia-
dopitys verticiUata) , is the most distinct of all the additions to our
list of hardy conifers. It is remarkable not less for its form and
habit than for the length and color of its leaves, which spread out
like the ribs of a parasol. It has gained in reputation for hardi-
ness, especially if somewhat sheltered, and since its effect is so
distinct and excellent it will douljtless become very popular. Its
habitat is limited to a mountain in the Island of Nippon. l)ut it is
being cultivated and distributed 1»y the Japanese, as also in Europe
flud in this country.

To the Japanese we are also indebted for the introduction of the
fainily of Retinosporas. This has now come to be a numerous
and important class, owing to the many garden sports from the
two original Japanese forms, obtusa and pisiferu. Most of these
are quite hardy in a moist and not too exposed situation. They
are of moderate size, or low growing, with the exception oi obtuau
and 2}isiftra, and since they give great variety in color and form they
are much in use for garden work. We have the graceful, pendu-
lous growth of Jilifera ; the soft, silvery dew of squarrusn ; the rich
green of plumosa; and the bright, golden colors of obtusa aurea
and pisifera aurea. For decorative purposes they are important
acquisitions.

From the same prolific source, the Islands of Japan, we have
received the Thujopsis dulabrata, a beautiful tree, resembling the
Thujas, as its name implies, with short, thick, imbricated leaves,
dark green above and glaucous beneath. It forms a conical tree
from fort}' to fifty feet high, with extending pendulous branches
sweeping to the ground. Though not generally distributed, it has
proved hardy in several exposures and it well deserves extended
trial.

Of the Junipers we may mention Cracovia as a desirable,
hardy, erect, rol)ust variety of Juniperus coniviunis, and also J.
Virginiana glauca as specially fine in color and form.

"Without dwelling longer ui)on the list of varieties let us pass to
consider some points in culture. First of all I wish to speak of
the

Time fok Planting. — The impression prevails that there is more
risk of loss in transplanting evergreen trees than deciduous trees.
This is undoubtedly true when trees of considerable size are taken.
The verv name indicates that these trees are ahvavs in full leaf.

EVERGREEN TREES. 33

Consequently there is an immediate draft upon the resources of the
tree, after phintino;. It is essential, therefore, that there should
be iunnediate root action, to supply this demand. It is then self-
evident that the fall is not a favorable time for this work.
Undoubtedly tliore are many instances where trees, with more or
less eai'th, have been removed late in the fall, and have lived.
But in our cold climate there is little or no root action from
November until May, and hence the tax upon the tree late planted
and exposed to the dr^'ing winds of winter and early spring is xevy
great, and frequentl}' fatal. There is a very general agreement
among planters that earl}' spring is also an objectionable time.
The ground in March and April is usually wet and cold and the
root action must necessarily be very sluggish and insutlicient to
sui)i)ly the increasing demand from evaporation.

But in the month of Ma}' the ground has become warmer and
all the organs of the tree are excited into activity. It has been
found by uniform experience that a most suitable time for removal
is just as the buds begin to swell and indications of returning life
appear. There is sap enough stored in the tree to sustain it until
the speedy action of the roots will continue the supply. Conse-
quently the great bulk of this work is confined in our latitude to
the month of May. It is unfortunate that this large work is con-
fined within the narrow limit of this busy mouth. There is also
a more serious objection that the inevitable check consequent upon
removal occurs just at the time when the tree is coming into its
active growth. It is, therefore, to be expected that this growth
will be enfeebled and the appearance of the tree affected, for the
first year. If a hot, dry spell occurs in June, the evaporation
from the young growth is excessive and losses frequently occur.
Still we must repeat that Ma}' is the month for removals. Is it
the only month? For many j'ears past I have advocated the
mouth of August as a most suital)le time. As an extensive
experience has confirmed this opinion and as considerable adverse
criticism has l)een advanced, I desire to state the case with some
fulness, in the hope that, so far from misleading the public, I may
help, by extending the time for doing this useful work, to contri-
bute a real advantage in the adornment of our homes and of the
landscape.

In the year 1871, I owned a nursery plantation of about forty
thousand Spruces, Arlior Vita?s, Pines, and Hemlocks, of varying
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sizes, from two to six feet in height. As I desired to convert the
land on wliieli they stood into an ice pond, I decided to remove the
trees dnring tlie month of August, to a lot a1»out half a mile
distant. It was a large experiment, but I reasoned that the
conifers make their growth by the first of July, and the rest of
the season is spent in maturing the wood, so far as the tops are
concerned. But the roots on the contrary are in a condition for
active growth throughout the season, and especially so if placed in
a new and mellow soil. The ground is warm in August, and when
newly stirred is friable and in excellent condition to encourage
quick root action. As the year's growth of wood is fairly well
matured by the 'tenth of the month, the tax from evaporation is
only moderate and this is met b}' the night dews and the moisture
which usually occurs with the dog-days. Upon theory then the
trees should easily sustain the shock of transplanting and speedily
commence the formation of roots, which should have a firm hold
in the soil before the ground freezes. The August and subsequent
fall of my ex})eriment proved to be exce})tionally liot and dry ; indeed
so severe was the heat and drought that our late President, Joseph
Breck, predicted a total failure. I hesitate to mention the facts
as a precedent, yet it is true that in the face of a broiling August
and early September sun, for week after Aveek the trees were
transferred, without the aid of any water or mulch to assist them.
In November following, I had the pleasure of taking up several
of the trees and showing to ]Mr. Breck the very abundant forma-
tion of new roots. The warm, fioury condition of the soil was
conducive to this growth. A wet fall would not have been as
favorable. But the new lot was on a northern, exposed slope and
the prophecy was that the Avinds of the following winter would
ruin the trees. Any one who had seen the new roots would know
that there was little danger of this result. The following summer
showed as fine a field of newly planted trees as I have ever seen,
with less than five per cent of loss, as I now recollect. The
success w^as so complete, on so large a scale, and under what would
be considered adverse circumstances, that I have ever since con-
sidered the question as settled. It has l)een my custom in subse-
quent years both to transplant myself, in August, and also to sell
trees, as ordered, and the results so far as I know have been
uniformly satisfactory. Indeed, I have removed at this season
trees of larger size than I should care to take in ]\Iav. And these

evki;<;i;kkn ikkks. ;?5

■were trees which had sto(xl so loiio- without previous removal that
a hirge percentaiie of k)ss should have ])een expected, yet it has
been an aiireeal)le surprise to nie to liud uiuch less loss than 1 liave
ever iiad Avith sucli trees in ]May. Nor is this all. The orowth
of the following summer has uniformly been better than with trees
planted in ]May. Pines, spruces, and other varieties stretch away
as if they liad not been stirred. In Auoust. IHSi), T planted a
hundred Norway Spruces, which Avere al)0ut eight feet high, in
a hedge-row and not one of them failed. At the same time I
removed over three hundred Picea pioiyens and P.seudotsuga which
were from two to four feet high and lost only one, and this
one was evidently in feeble health when taken. Last August I
transplanted about fifteen hundred Picea pnngens and other kinds
and they were as usual, without a single exception, so fresh looking
in Xovember, that I invited our Garden Connnittee to inspect
them, with the purpose of showing the new roots, but the early
freeze prevented the visit. I am confident that next summer's
growth will show much more vigor than could possil)ly be expected
if the trees had been planted in May. And I will allow any
failures to stand in the lot until the first of August next, so that,
any one who desires can see what liability to winter-killing there-
may be. I do not anticipate any. Let it be distinctly understood,
tliat this is August and not fall planting — not later than Septem-
ber l.j — which I recommend.

But I hear it said that all this applies to removals for short
distances and with special care and favorable weather. As to
weather I have tried all sorts, from excessive wet to excessive dry,
with uniform success, though a medium is of course the best.. As
to special care, this should always be given, — no more in August
than in May. And in regard to distance, it is to be said that it i&.
difficult to send large sizes long distances, at any season. They
are liable to heat when packed in boxes and also to become
exhausted by evaporation during the time required for transit and
before the roots can become re-established. Hence it is always
best to procure conifers of local gTowth, where this can be done,
especially if they are to be of some size. Undoubtedly early
spring is the best time for importing this stock from Europe, the
lial)ility of heating being less at this season. Care should be
taken, however, not to plant until the ground becomes warm. But
I have sent sizeable trees as far as Mount Desert, and varioua,

3(i 3IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other distances, in August, with excelleut results. lu the early
part of September, 1X.S!», I received a lot of wild seedlinos picked
up in the latter part of the previous August, from the high alti-
tudes of the Rock}^ Mountains. From such wild stock, with
growth more or less stunted, we expect, as a matter of course, that
there w^ll be much greater loss than from nursery-grown trees.
Last August I inspected this stock, after it had been planted a
jear, and the following results were shown :

Out of 2,800 Pi< ea pungevs received, 2,330 were alive.

Out of 3,220 Picea concolor received, 2,389 were alive.

Out of 500 Pseudotsxtga Donghisii received, 355 were alive.

I must also in candor mention another lot of 1,000 P. pungens
of larger size, averaging about a foot and a half, received from
another collector, and a good deal stunted, of which there has
been a loss of a little over one-half. I do not, however, consider
this last lot a fair example. It appears then that the loss on the
first lot of P. pungens was about sixteen per cent and on the
■concolor and Douglas Fir, about twentj'-five per cent. It has
been my experience that these last mentioned tAvo firs do not
transplant as surely as the Spruce. It is my opinion that Picea
■alba taken from the pastures of Maine in May Avould not give
better results than were shown by P. pungens which travelled
twenty-five hundred miles in August.

An extensive experience covering a period of over twenty years
leads me then to this general opinion that in cases where conifers
«an have quick transit it is safer to remove in August than iu
3Iay. Especially is this true with large sized trees, like Spruces
from eight to ten feet high, where distance does not forbid taking
them iu wagons. In all cases the growth of the first season after
transplanting will show a marked contrast in favor of the August
planted tree. If this opinion is sustained by the experience of
others it will prove to be a most important advantage iu extending
the time of planting to more than double its usual narrow limits,
and to a season when there is more leisure than in the hurry of
spring time. Tliis subject appears to me to be of such importance
that I am willing to bear the brunt of sharp adverse criticism until
the truth can be demonstrated.

Cui.Ti HE. — I will close with a few lirief suggestions in reference
to culture. It is wise to consider the habitat of each specimen
iind endeavor to supply similar conditions of soil and exposure, so

KVEIUJHEKN TIIKF.S. 37

far as is in our power. Because a tree succumbs in a given case,
it will not do to pronounce its varietj^ unsuited to our climate.
Forests of timber trees of the Hemlock flourish far to the north of
us and yet the Hemlock is undoubtedly too tender for exposed
positions in this vicinity. We should provide sheltering wind-
breaks for plants of doubtful hardiness. On the other hand we
would not naturally select a too warm and sunny position for such
dubious Firs of the Rocky Mountains as amabilis, nobilis, and
grandis. We should infer that they would receive too nuich
winter excitement and that a protected, but cooler and perhaps
northern slope would secure more nearly favoring conditions. It
is obvious that the Pines will take the lighter soils ; the Spruces,
Firs, and Junipers choosing the intermediate, while the Retiuos-
poras and Thujas will thrive in even a wet soil, though by no
means preferring this condition. Though there are increasing,
evidences of the hardiness of the Sciadopitys, yet I have observed
that in full exposure to the winter sun its foliage is liable to lose
its fresh, green color and to become brown. Specimens looking
north and shaded from the sun do not have this appearance.
There can be no question that the rich and varied colors of some
of the newer varieties depend in a considerable degree upon the
nourishment received from the soil. You have observed the deep,
luxuriant color of the Purple Beech under high culture, in contrast
with the dull brown of the same tree, in a poor soil. Similar
results may be expected with conifers. It is an exploded idea
that they will not endure enrichment. Fresh horse manure is
undoubtedly too hot for the surface roots, if applied in (juantityy
but cooler composts will heighten colors to a surprising degree.
Youthful vigor may also be thus restored to older trees. I have
found that the silvery sheen of the Picea puvgevs may be greatly
increased if removed from a lieavy soil to a floury, well-enriched
loam.

We are but beginning to appreciate how well-deserving of the
highest cultivation are these enduring products of Nature. They
are not limited to a brief glory of inflorescence ; they are not con-
fined even to an entire season. They are ever-verdant, furnishing
a cool and varying shade in the heat of summer, and a sheltering
warmth and cheerfulness, which can brighten and glorify even a
winter landscape.

AVhat a curious, strange, wise device, that these trees should
have been so constructed that their leaves can endure the freezing;

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of generally two and in one case, at least, the Finns uristata, of
sixteen winters, without losing their vitality I And the form of
the leaves is such as to offer as little resistance as is possible to the
winds and the snows. Surely the wisdom and the goodness of
the Creator are seen in this as in all His Avorks. Conifers were
created— not evolved.

Discussion.

Charles S. Harrison, of Franklin, Nebraska, said that in the
west great interest is being awakened in conifers. There their
■cultivation is beset with serious difficulties. The air of the west-
•ern plains registers only about 50° of moisture against 90° in the
Atlantic States. For this reason many eastern evergreens fail
■entirely. There is no use in planting the White, Black, or Noi'way
•Spruce near the 100th meridian. He had spent hundreds of
-dollars in finding out what he could not do.

The Pinus ponderosa is a graceful, hardy, heroic tree. It does
well anywhere west of the Missouri River. In form it resembles
"the Austrian Pine, but is of a deeper green and finer form. It has
long glossy needles, and when in a thrifty condition is crowned
with massive plumes, which render it very attractive. On his
■grounds, though the mercury averaged 100° in the shade for over
two months and the American siroccos blew like a blast of death,
:aud though the rainfall for the year was only seven inches, making
it impossible for any water to reach the roots, — in spite of all this,
these trees made a growth of a foot and more. They thrive in the
foothills of the Rockies, where their roots ma}' not be wet for
years. If pressed too hard by the drought, tliey will drop two-
thirds of their needles, and by thus taking in sail will live on.
'These trees which have been tested in the east have been from the
dry, hot foothills. He thought that if brought from an altitude of
nine thousand feet, where they lie much of the time under the snow,
they could be made to succeed. The Douglas Spruce, he thought
would be the most thrifty of all the evergreens. It is so in the
^eastern nursei'ies and on his own grounds. He saw it in the yard
■of D. Hill, of Dundee, where the ground was unfavorable, and it
was by far the thriftiest tree on the place. B. E. Fernow, our
Chief of the Forestry Division of the l- nited States Department of
Agriculture, says he saw on the western slope the greatest burden
of timber on earth, of this tree. In tlic liiuiicr altitudes it often

E\ KKCUKKN TKKES. 89

puts oil :i .silviT typr. and in tlu- distance looks like Picea pungens.
It has a wide diversity of form and foliage; some trees have short
needles like the hemlock : others have needles of great length ;
some trees have a graceful, pendulous habit ; others are more rigid.
The deeper colors with silver tints will be very attractive. But
from long oliservatiou Mr. Harrison believes that the Abies con-
color will l)e the tree of the future. Henry Ross, Superintendent
of Newton Cemetery, and Mr. Hunnewell have some fine specimens
gi'owing, but even from these one can hardly conceive of the
beauty and attractiveness they present in their mountain home.
While in old age both the pungens and the Evgelmanni revert to
the green and lose the silver, the concolor retains its unique beauty
down to its death.

]\Ir. Harrison said he had seen massive trees half dead, with
limbs 3'et alive, robed in all the beauty of youth. You can pick
out a grove of these trees miles away, from their rich contrast
with the neighlioring green. He would like to show the meeting a
grove in the fruiting season. Here is one tree of richest sheen —
silver and sapphire — the new growth being soft green. On the
under side of the limits are deep purple blossoms. The cones are
purple also and are massed in large numbers on the to*p of the tree.
The next tree of the same rich color, strange to say, has cones and
blossoms of light green. He had seen two Imnches from the same
stump, with this diversity of color. To add to the effect a gum
exudes from the cone, clear as crystal, which sparkles in the sun-
light. Now stand back and let the breeze and the light play upon
the branches, and mingle all the rich colors, and you have a scene
worth crossing a continent to behold. These trees are somewhat
hard to transplant, though T. C. Thurlow and ^y. C. Strong have
made about seventy-flve per cent of trees direct from the moun-
tains live.

Mr. Harrison spoke of the adaptability of the soil and climate
of Massachusetts to the conifers. He wondered that there is so
little attention paid to beautif^^ing the home and the farm when
such facilities were offered. It is a shame so many old farms are
deserted, and a further shame that man}' now worked are almost
as bleak and dreary as a western prairie, when a little effort would
make them charming elysiums. In the west one has great diffi-
culty in starting the evergreens, but where once established they
are doing well. Last spring the speaker planted over fifty pounds

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

of Rocky Mountain seeds, and thought that if Job, out on the
borders of the Arabian desert, had attempted to raise conifers from
seed and succeeded, he woi;ld have added to his reputation for
patience. In planting seeds of conifers in the west one must
observe the conditions of nature. First, have a screen to shut out
over half the light, and cover the seeds with fine sand ; but that is
not enough. Heat and damp both attack the crown of the delicate
plants and therefore they must be defended as in the forests bj'
moss or coarse leaf mould. The plants, growing up through this,
are protected so that some beds are defended even against a
raging sirocco of 110° in the shade.

Mr. Harrison thought that the best waj to secure the finest
colored trees would be to select them where they grow by thou-
sands in the mountains. For instance, in raising Picea praigens
from the seed, away from its native hal)itat, it does not average
as well for color as those mountain grown. He spoke of the
difficulty of having these trees, when shipped from the mountains,
retain their color. This will sweat out in transit and the planter
will often think he has been defrauded when the very choicest
specimens have been sent. Rich ground and good cultivation will,
however, in a* year or so restore the color to more than its original
beauty. He said also that there is otherwise a marked
change for the better under cultivation, — the needles become much
longer and the color much brighter. Of cours,e the sheen is dimmed
by winter weather, but is restored to its marvellous beauty in the
growing season.

Regarding autumn planting,— if he lived east he would practice
it, but uot in the dry air. of the west. He read Mr. Strong's
article in "Garden and Forest" while in Neliraska, and dropping
the paper went out and planted three hundred trees, most of which
died. But he concluded to charge it to the climate vnUier than to
Mr. Strong, for tliat gentlemiin certainly liad had wonderful success,
and his advice in the matter had been largely followed by nurser}'-
men east, and as far west as the Missouri Kiver. He said that the
planting of evergreens is now receiving much attention on the
plains and that the west would vie with tlie east in making our
whole country beautiful in forest, lawn, :ind landseai)e.

Jackson Dawson held that evergreens covild be transplanted at
any time in the year if proper care is given to the trees. Twelve
vears agolMr. l*;uil, of London, liad ;in order to furnisli several car-

EVERGREEN TIJE?:S. 41

loads of evergreens, and plant them in fair-grounds forty to fifty
miles away. A car-load was dug up, packed, transported to the
fair-grounds, and replanted. By such instalments the order was
filled in May. Before the end of June all these trees had to be
cleared from the fair-grounds ; therefore the same process was
repeated and the trees were replaced in Mr. Paul's nursery grounds,
without the loss of a single one ; indeed they made a fair growth
that season. Mr. Dawson thought well of home-planting of ever-
greens in August, but he did not think it proV»al)le that a case of
evergreens could he transported fifty to one hundred miles at that
season and come out well. If they did not suffer from dr^'ing of
the roots while out of the ground, a fungus would probably Ije
developed Avhich would destroy tliem. He believed the best time
to plant them was when the l)uds are swelling, or after they have
completed their term of growth. There are two sets of roots
formed in each year ; the first just after starting to grow in the
spring ; the other in the summer, after the short season of rest. If
a seedling or small plant is potted in July it will throw out new
roots in two weeks, which illustrates this law of the whole family.
Mr. Dawson's first work, after his return from the war in 1864,
was the removal of one thousand Arbor Vit« ti'ees, from six to
twelve feet high, which had to be done between the second of Juue
and the second or third of July. They are all healthy plants today.
In 1885, three hundred and fift}' white .pine trees were procured in
November in order to have them ready for use iu the following
spring. They were heeled iu and covered with leaves, which kept
them moist, and prevented heaving by frost. They were all
planted out in the spring Avithout loss. Not only conifers Init all
other evergreens are realh^ easier to transplant because the roots
are always in action, and loss from transplanting arises chiefly
from the careless, hap-hazard manner in which the work is generally
performed. Phius ponderosa is a good tree iu parts of the west, but
it does not appear to succeed here. He started to grow pine and
spruce seeds from western localities witli good success. He planted
out twelve or fourteen hundred seedlings of P. ponderosa from the
collection, but they have gradualh' died out ; a fungus attacked the
bark, and eventually destroyed them. There is a tree in the
Botanic Garden at Cambridge, grown from native Colorado seed,
which is a good plant. Pseudotsnga taxifoUa has sometimes
been called Pseudolsuga Douglasii, and Abies Doiiglasii ; Avhen

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

l)rought from Colorado, it is hard}-, but if seed is brought from
California tlie plants prove too tender for this region. There is
a ver}' beautiful false hemlock — a new form of Pseudotsuga taxi-
Jolia, introduced by Robert Douglas, of AVaukegau, 111., which
is a perfect weeping tree, and seems to be a most desirable acqui-
sition. Abies sub-alpina, a species brought from Mount Shasta, is
perfectly hard3% but is not a strong growing tree in Massachusetts.
Abies Eiigdtnanni is a promising but rather slow growing tree. It
is more compact and more conical than A. alba^ and a specimen in
the Arnold Arboretum, now seventeen or more years old, has
never shown sunburn or scald. A. concolor from Colorado and
Utah stands our climate well and is one of our best evergreens —
^rel•y beautiful and valuable. Mr. Dawson fears that Ficea
puiigens will not realize all that was hoped for it, as a fungus
has attacked the leaves of several trees ; but they Avere growing
upon rather poor soil, and the fungus may not become general
under more favorable conditions.

Jacob ^Y. Manning said that in 1872 ten Rock}' Mountain
evergreen conifers were added to his collection, including Finns
Jlexilis, F. ponderosa, F. coutorta, F. Murrayana, Abies Donglasii,
A. pungeiis^ Ficea concolor, and some others. J. T. Allan, of
Omaha, then Secretary of the State Horticultural Society of
Nebraska, collected in that season about 50,000 of these trees, in
the Colorado spurs of the Rocky Mountains ; and exhibited ten
of them, in tubs, in Boston, in September of 1873, at one of the
most successful meetings ever held bj' the American Pomological
♦Society. These trees were presented to Mr. Manning b}' the
■owner at that time, and they were planted in the Reading nurseries.
Abies puiigens, A. Doughisii, and Ficea cmcolor were successful,
iind were subsequentl}' sent out to some customer who could not l)e
identified afterwards. The speaker has ever since regretti'd their
sale, as the}- were about the first trees of the kinds that were
planted in New England. Mr. Manning next l)ecame interested in
sixty-two Abies pangens which Avere growing in the Botanic Gar-
den at Cambridge. It was in the year Professor Charles S.
Sargent became Director tiiere. The gardener in charge notified
Mr. Manning, that autunni, that it was proposed to sell those
trees, and he then thought one hundred dollars a fair valuation for
the lot. At that time they had no reputation here for excellence in

K^ KlUiHEEN THEKS. 43

auy respect ; therefore there w:is no deinuud for Kocky Mouutuiii
trees, but Professor Saroeiit said that if they were iu Englaud they
would eomniand a guinea apiece. Later ou they Avere distributed
to various poiuts arouud Boston, some l)eing sent to Fori'st Hills
Cemetery and the Bussey Institution, and some planted in private
grounds. They have served as object lessons in beauty of form,
color, and character, and have created a desire and demand for
specimen plants of those hnving the silvery green foliage. After
it was Avell known that the lieautiful evergreen trees of California
would not succeed in New England, full twenty years elapsed
before it was learned that the same species taken from their native
forests iu Colorado, or grown from seed brought from that region,
were hardy in the East. While either trees, or seeds from trees,
•of the same varieties grown upon the Pacific coast ranges in
California, uniformly failed here, both trees and seeds which
were carried from California to Englaud were growu successfully
tliere, but if brought from thence to New England they just as
uniformly failed. But those sixty-two trees before mentioned as
doing well in the Botanic Garden in Cambridge, were raised in
Englaud, from seed grown in Colorado, and were imported into
this country when quite small. This discovery, if not new, was
an important factor in leading to the present demand for Rocky
Mountain trees. Their number now in sight here can l>e counted
l)y hundreds of thousands, in seed-bed stock and larger growth.
Thus the Douglas Spruce, concolor, pungens, and Engelmcmni, are
l)ecoming more and more common in nui'series, and desirable iu
collections of trees, and their names are found easier to speak.

F. L. Temple said that the most valuable sorts of new evergreen
trees in this latitude, are those we get from the region of which
Mr. Harrison had so eloquently spoken to us. Most of the
conifers of Europe and Asia are already well known to us, and we
know pretty well what can be expected of them here. We cauuot
expect much more of special value, from those sources, unless, it
may be, in the way of new varieties of the species which we
already have. He had cherished very great hopes of the future
usefulness of the Ficea pnngens iu this latitude, and had been
enthusiastic in its propagation, but, while the blue form iu the
young trees is wonderfully beautiful, it appears to be a fact that
none of the full grown trees, even in its native hal)itat, hold the
full blue color so attractive in the vounoer trees. The plain.

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

greeu form of it is oue of the least beautiful of all our conifers^
aud he had seen it used by the thousand in an English nursery, in
trees from two to four feet high, to fill in roadways, as the greeu
trees could not be sold there at any price.

He thought Picea pungens, in its blue forms, would always be
used largely for ornamental planting, but it is well to know the
truth, which seems to be that its duration, as a blue tree, is only
for a period of, say thirty to forty years. He is more aud more
convinced, however, that we have, in Abies concolor^ a tree of the
very first rank as to permanent color and beaiity, and which is
destined to come into popular favor and be very largely planted to
give a rich touch of unusual color to our masses of evergreen trees
in ornamental plantations. Its great scarcity and high price are
the only obstacles to its immediate use in large quantities, and a
supply will soon be grown to meet the demand. The curious fact
of this tree having the upper side of its foliage of the same beau-
tiful, silvery l)lue as the under side, makes this superb silvei" fir
the most strikingly effective tree, even to casual ol)servers, of any
species whatever now known to our gardens.

On the question of transplanting evergreens, Mr. Temple agreed
pretty closely with Mr. Strong, although he believed that the larger
portion of losses sustained in this work are due more to careless
digging and packing, aud lack of attention afterward, than to the
supposed difficulties from planting at a wrong time of the year.
Another serious fault in such changes is the inattention to proper
selection of ground. Many trees set in moist ground live and
thrive, which if on a high and dry place would surely die. In Mr.
Temple's own grounds he has thousands of Balsam Fir and White
Spruce trees, put in between September 20 and the iiiiddlr of
October, which with few exceptions rooted well.

Mr. Dawson did not fully agree with ]\Ir. Tem])le in regard to
evergreens from the old world. He considered Abies VeitcliU as
the very best we have so far as lie had seen them. A. Sachaliensis,
A. bracliyphylla^ A. Cilicica, A. Mariesii, and A. CepJialonica, he
esteemed liiglily desirable. Of the pines he named Pimis Koraien-
sis^ P. mnnticola, and P. Pence, and of the firs, Picea omorika, P.
AJaneyisis, and P. polita, — all of a promising character. Ever-
greens may attain a good growth in a sand-bank, in from one
hundred to two hundred years, but when we plant them for orna-
ment the ground nmst l)e in the best condition in order to have
them make their urowtli in our own dav and generation.

E\ i:i;(ii;EEN twees. 45

Bt'ujaiuin CJ. 8iiiitli tiskod what fertilizers are best to use for
evergreens.

Mv. DaAvsoii replied that any good manure can be used. Cow
manure is preferable on high, dry land, — in fact anj^where except
on low. wet places.

Echnund Herse}' regarded the Hemlock as the most hardy and
i"eliable, as well as the most beautiful evergreen tree we have. On
his land he has no other tree of this family that will endure the
extremes of our climate so well. He has them in positions
exposed to the ocean blasts and the north and northwest winds,
iind they have sustained no injury during the last thirt}^ j^ears,
while some of his Eed Cedars, with the same exposure, and even
in more sheltered places, have been winter-killed. The hemlock
makes one of the most beautiful hedges, and it can be trimmed in
a manner to make a thick, close hedge to the ground, leaving no
•open space even after a period of thirty years.

Mr. Dawson said there are no other evergreens in Massa-
chusetts— perhaps in the world — so fine as the Hemlock and
White Pine. The hemlock loves moisture, as from a brook at its
foot, but not to stand in decidedly wet land. It Avill thrive if it
has an eastern, northeastern, or even north or northwestern expo-
sure, better than with a south or southwestern aspect. He
considered both as among our most noble and valuable trees.

Mr. Manning agreed with Mr. Dawson and Mr. Hersey as to
the hardiness of the hemlock. He referred to a certain slope or
steep hillside, in the Arnold Arboretum, at West Roxbur}-, Avhich
is well covered with a grove of fine specimens ; also to the
shore of Lake Kenoza, upon the grounds of the late Dr. James R.
Nichols, at Haverhill, and the east shore of Spot Pond in Med-
ford and Stoneham. One of the noblest specimens of this tree
known to him, is still growing in the west part of Wilmington ;
it is five feet in diameter, eighty feet high, and spreads its branches
over a diameter of sixty feet. The hemlock prefers a cool, damp
soil, but grows well on any deep soil in his own grounds, even
where the winds have ample sweep. In transplanting the hemlock
or any other species of conifer, drying between the digging up
and replanting should not be allowed. According to his knowl-
edge and experience the best thirty days in the whole year for
moving any conifers, in this latitude, are from April 20 to May 20.
He has long l)een known as an "evergreen" man, and has practised
close pruning of hedges and single specimens, but he is convinced

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTlTIfAL SOCIETY.

that a better hedge and a far more lastiug one cau be secured by
a general shortening-in of the shoots, from the top to the bottom of
the hedge, than by close shaving to a line, and the same principle
will apply to belts specimen trees. Contracting the growth of
these hemlocks may be ver}^ well where room is lacking to allow of
more natural growth and expansion of the trees, but otherAvise
their liealth and beauty are promoted by more liberal treatment.

E. PI. Hitchings spoke of riding from Dedham to Boston, over
the Dedham Brancli Railroad some tifty years ago, when he heard
a fellow passenger call attention to a group of evergreens, saying
that they always gave him pain, for they reminded him of the
Stoics, as they appeared so utterly indifferent to storms and all
other surrounding circumstances. Mr. Hitchings, on the contrary,
appreciated their many excellent qualities and enjoyed them
exceedingly. He mentioned a fine, double stemmed hemlock
standing in West Dedham, which, for its beauty and nol)le appear-
ance, was worth a walk out there to see.

Mr. Dawson alluded to Mr. Manning's remarks on Hemlocks for
hedges, and asked his views concerning the Arbor Vitae and other
evergreens for that purpose, and their treatment.

Mr. Manning said that among all our trees there is no other so
well adapted to use for a common hedge plant as the American
Arbor Vitj¥. It is one of our hardiest plants if well grown in
soil suitable for cultivation ; it can be dug up, and transplanted
with great ease, and will endure more hardship than almost any
other coniferous tree. If breaks occur in a hedge of it, even if
twelve feet high, the places can be filled in with trees of the same
size from the nursery rows and will soon be restored. He had
two thousand arl»or vitivs, from live to eight feet high, which stood
thickh' in nursery rows, and were transplanted to form a hedge
along a driveway upon his grounds, and oidy live of them died.
This hedge was pruned for eight years ; then three hundred feet of
it, making two carloads, was removed to Centre Harbor, N. H.,
and planted. Now, in 1891, it is one of the best hedges in
New Hampshire. In another case two hundred and fifty feet of
arbor vita* hedge, eight feet high, which had been set from eight
to twelve years, was taken up, carried from Reading to Lynn,
and planted there in May, 1890, and nearly every tree of it is
alive today. In the years 1872 and 1883 — eleven years apart —
evergreen trees, and notably hedges, were sufferers from winter-
killing to a remarkable extent. But the dead trees were mostly

EVEHCJUEKN TKKES. 47

fouiul wluTi' till' soil was very tliiii. over uimvl'L oi- a li'(l;uv, or
wliere tlu'v wi'rr Icick of ;\ liank-wuU — that is al)ove it — all
Iteing least sui)plie(l with the moisture necessary. l»ut few died
which stood in deep, moist soil. That most hardy native tree,,
so widely spread over our country, the Red Cedar {.Tunipcnis
Vmjinianfi), also dies more numerously when in dry, rocky situa-
tions. In the latter fatal year, I'S.s;], many of our native forest
trees died — lariie white pines, oaks, etc. This disastrous effect
was in each case caused b}' the prolonged summer and autunm
drought of the preceding j^ear, followed by an open winter, with
little rain, not nnich snow, many periods of intense cold, and
frequent extreme cold winds occurring during the winter and early
spring, and therefore very deep freezing of the ground. These
influences greatly weakened the vital force of all trees, as well as
other vegetation, before the winter set in, and the unusual winter
weather overtaxed the life force and produced the fatal results
recorded. After the winter-killing of 1872, some wn-iters declared
that the arbor vita^ was not a fit plant to use for hedges in dry or
open situations ; that its native habitat was damp, shady forests.
It is found in damp, even swampy, places, but it is also found
near by, growing on the dryest rocky upland, from seeds sown by
Nature, which have been wafted l)y the wind to points perhaps
many rods from the trees on which they grew. In fact, we have
no other tree, either native or foreign, adapted to so great a range
of soils and other conditions as the American arbor vitic, nor one
that will endure more neglect or abuse. In connection with the
statement of the winter-killing of evergreen and other trees iu
1.S72 and 1883, it should be added that no trees were killed in
places where the early snows fell and remained on the ground
through the winter.

Mr. Dawson said he believed it was one duty of the Society to
instruct the people in horticultural knowledge, and the object of
his questions put to Mr. Manning was to draw out from him some
of the facts relating to the choice of hedge plants and the necessity
of a proper selection and preparation of the ground before plant-
ing the hedge, in order to ensure the permanence of benefits for
which one does the work. He was pleased with the replies to his
questions, and hoped they would prove valuable to those present.

Mr. Temple believed that the reason why the Arltor \'itie is used
so much is its cheapness, its easy transplanting, and its beautiful
appearance when grown in a deep, moist soil. He considered it

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the least valua1)le of all the everjiTeen trees in New Englaiid. The
Red Cedar will flourish in lioht soils. The White Piue is desirable
when it can be allowed to grow naturally. The AVhite Spruce in
man}' cases is most beautiful, especially at from ten to fifteen feet
in height.

Mr. Manning esteemed the White Pine as lieautiful as any of
our evergreens. He did not approve of the close pruning to which
many subject it, but said he bad a belt of these trees, planted in
18G!), which had been " shortened-in " each year, about the tenth
of June, when the new growth is tender and easily broken with the
fingers. Buds soon start out just back of the break and thicken
up the outline beautifully. No other tree shows so complete a leaf-
surface as this pine when pruned in this wa}', whether a hedge,
belt, or single tree. Of other species, the Norway Spruce has
been a universal benefactor, although an imported tree. Fifty
years ago it was almost unknown here. The White Spruce is a
native of our northern forests, from Nova Scotia to the Black
Hills. Thirty-five years ago it was scarcel}' recognized b}' our
American planters. It is specially adapted for use on the sea-shore,
and may be seen close down to the rocky shores along the coast of
Maine. The Red Pine is a native of New England. The Scotch
and Austrian Pines are foreign trees but are desiral)le. All
these can be shortened-in when the new growth is succulent. The
Retinosporas are rich in foliage as evergreen trees, liut to show to
best advantage they require shortening-in, or they will disclose the
dead inner leaves.

Benjamin G. Smith spoke of a plantation of evergreens in his
grounds made fort}' years ago. It included White Pines, Scotch
Pines, Hemlocks, Norway Spruces, and others. The white pines
and hemlocks are still nourishing, and have attained the altitude of
from forty-five to sixty feet. The Scotch pines and Norway
spruces liave nearly all failed.

The reading of the essay engaged the attention of the audience,
by whom it was highly appreciated, and a vote of thanks to Mr.
Strong for his interesting and vnliialtle lecture was unanimously-
passed.

The President announced that on the next Saturday a paper on
" Roses," by John N. May, of Summit, N. J., one of the most
extensive and most successful growers of that flower, avouUI be
read by the author.

rosp:s. 49

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 24, 1891.

All adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday. January 31.

MEETING FOE DISCUSSION.
Roses.

By John N. May, Summit, IV. J.

Having been requested by your Committee to read a paper on
this subject, I have iu the foUoTviug pages endeavored to say
enough at any rate to open a discussion whereby I trust to learn
more than I can ever hope to teach by anything that I can say.
This subject has been so well and al)ly presented to this body so
many times before, by men much better informed and more able
to present it to you intelligently than myself, that I feel that I am
almost an intruder here, and Avould certainly much rather be a
listener than a talker on the subject; however, I will give my
experience with the Rose, and trust you Avill be lenient with your
criticisms.

The word Roses conveys to the rosarian a volume. It opens
an immense field for discussion. The subject of raising new
varieties alone, could be made most interesting if handled as it
deserves to be, but at this time I fear that it would hardly be iu
place, neither do I think that I could under any circumstances do
justice to this branch, though I certainly hope in the very near
future to see American seedlings rank with the finest productions
of the world, as we have every advantage for producing them, —
summers that will ripen the seeds as well as any other in the world
if not better ; varied soils and climates, suitable for all classes of
this large family, and lastly an appreciative public ever readj' to
admire and to buy them.

This, the queen of all flowers, has always reigned supreme for
me, and will till the end of time. My first experience with the
rose dates from the time I was eight and a half years old, when I
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUltAL SOCIETY.

borrowed (Avithout permission) three eyes of Souvenir de la
Malmaison, then a new rose. 1 am sorry to have to confess it at
tliis late day, but a clear confession, it is' said, is good for the
soul ; anyway, having watched an elder brother doing considerable
budding, and wishing to try my hand at it, I borrowed, as above
stated, three eyes from my father's garden and took them to a
neighboring hedge, where I found a Avild rose on which I budded
them. One of them grew and the next season produced three fine
flowers, and from that day on, the rose (and this variety in particu-
lar) has always held a charm for me.

During all these years I have seen many, very many, changes in
them, though some of the varieties that were then in their glory
have not yet been eclipsed and still retain their places in the front
rank. Among these are General Jacqueminot, Geant des Bat-
ailles, and man}' others too numerous to mention here. Among
the Tea roses, Niphetos, Lamarque, Gloire de Dijon, and others
still rank as first favorites ; the same may be said of all the
other branches of this family. But no one can gainsay that many
great improvements in the family have been introduced within the
last ten or twenty years ; take, for instance, the maguificen't
Ulrich Briinner, INIrs. John Laing, p]arl of Dufferin, T. W. Girdle-
stone, and man}' others of the same family. Among the Teas,
the most graceful of all, com])ining, as this class does, elegance of
form, beautiful color, and fragrance, stand preeminently Catherine
Mermet and her offspring. The Bride, the latter today recognized
all over the civilized world as the finest white Tea rose in cultiva-
tion ; and of this year's introduction, the glorious Waban now
before you, and its mother and sister grown and produced at the
celebrated Waban Conservatories here in your own State. These
clearly demonstrate the fact that the cultivation of the rose has
wonderfully advanced within the last decade.

It may not be out of place at this time to give a few remarks on
the cultivation of the rose here. Twenty years ago the principal
roses grown for our markets were Bon Sil^ne, Safrano, Lamarque,
and a few others of like character. The only roses of any size
then grown were Mar^chal Niel and Cornelia Cook; today they
are almost entirely supplanted by much superior varieties, such as
you now see before you, and many others of a like size and
beauty. To attain this end considerable skill has been brought to
bear on their cultivation. Twenty years ago possibly five thou-

ROSES. 51

sand roses per (.laj' vras the limit of the supply for New York
City; now us many as fifty thousand per day can often be found
there, and, according to m}' own estimate, based on the most
careful calculation. I think I am quite within the limit in sayingthat
it often reaches, in the spring of the year, uearl}' one hundred
thousand per day, which speaks volumes for the growth, advance-
ment, refinement in taste, and development of horticulture. Ta
meet the demands of the public many changes in the cultivation
have been brought about ; where from the old system one rose was
cut, ten at the present time are cut from the same space. Perhaps
you will ask how this has been brought about ; my answer is,
largely by superior cultivation. Formerly they were all grown on
the solid bed of the greenhouse ; now they are grown on raised
benches, beds, etc., and with the greatly improved style of green-
houses now at their command, growers are enabled to produce
large quantities with little expense compared to that formerly
involved. .

AYhen I began cultivating roses under this s^'stem many gTowere
predicted failure ; today ninety per cent of the florists in this
country are growing their roses on this principle, with, of course,
some modifications which experience lias taught. It was formerly
the practice to plant a house of Tea roses and grow them on for
years till the}' actually died from ovenvork; now the general
practice is to replant fine, healthy, new stock every year, or. at
most, every two years. Originally the prevailing idea was that
the roses must have a deep, rich border ranging from twelve to
twenty-four inches in depth to produce good roses ; now the finest
roses in the country are produced on benches, etc., with from two
and a half to four inches of soil. To keep plants in such a
shallow Ijench constantly bearing they must, of course, have
liberal treatment. After they are planted, say in July, and get
fairly started into gi'owth, thej' need a mulching of the best manure
they can have. This induces surface root action, and these roots
should never be disturbed. In the course of eight or ten weeks the
plants will have absorbed the coat of mulching. Our practice is to
give then a light dressing of pure, fine, ground bone, covering it with
another thin coat of manure. This is feeding the plants where it
will do the most good and, at the same time keep their roots where
they get all the benefit of the fresh air cu-culating through the
house. This process is repeated as often as required, and where

52 MASSACHUSETTS HOllTICLXTUliAL SOCIETY.

the plants are growing very strongly the application of other
stimulants, such as liquid manure, nitrate of soda, etc., is of great
benefit to them, provided, of course, that due care is used in their
application. To apph' such strong stimulants injudiciously,
simply means ruin not only to the flowers but to the plants also. I
do not hesitate to say that more plants have been killed by over-
feeding than by all other causes put together. One thing should
always be borne in mind in reference to plant life, and that is that
it is almost identical with animal life so far as their requirements
go. To maintain a plant in health and vigor requires careful
and judicious feeding, just as an animal does, and the harder it
works the more cai-e it requires. Those who ti-eat their plants or
animals otherwise than reasonably will pay dearly for their pains,
and reap the harvest for which they have sown.

Possiblj' some may doubt the soundness of such a doctrine and
say, as many have said to me, " How can you reconcile this state-
ment with our practice of growing roses in the open ground, where
we use immense quantities of manure, and the more we use the
better our roses grow and bloom ?" Very true, they do, but the
conditions are so totally different that there can he no comparison
whatever. In the open ground, the action of the air, the wonderful
poAver of absorption by the soil of unlimited depth, rains, dews
b}' night, and sun by day, all tend to produce such a vast
difference from the conditions of a greenhouse where every drop
of Avater or particle of manure has to be brought into direct
contact with the roots of the plants, that it would seem almost an
absurdity to make an}- comparison whatever.

For the successful cultivation of the rose under glass there are
a few simple rules to follow : first, to procure a suitable soil,
which should be, if possible, fresh sod from an old pasture ; that
having pleutj' of grass root fibre in it is generally the best. If
very heavy the addition of a liberal proportion of sharp sand will
improve it, but if of a very light, sandy character the addition of
some soil of a claj'ej' nature will be beneficial for most roses.
When carting together in the spring mix one part of good, clean
cow manure to six, eight, or ten of soil, according to the quality of
the soil. Turn it over two or three times and it is read}' to put
into the rose house.

The next thing is good, strong, clean and healthy plants, for
without such no one need expect the best results ; and the next is

ROSES. 53

to keep the house, after the roses i\\\' planted, in good condition
as long as they are in it. which nu'ans all the year round. This is
more important than many suppose, as no plant can reasonably be
expected to thrive where dirt, mud, and decaying vegetable matter
are allowed to lie unmoli'sted for weeks or months together.

Lastly, we come to the watering and general care of the plants.
Ou the subject of watering there is a wide diversity' of opinion,
mainly brought about by the different conditions of soil. The
only safe guide is a careful study of the nature of the soil one has
to deal with, using Avater in proportion' to its requirements. As a
general rule, a rose in full growth should never be allowed to-
become dust drj', neither should the soil be flooded with water till
it becomes almost of the nature of mud, but for nearlj' all soils it is
lietter to water the plants immediately when the soil shows the
least indication of getting solid or turning slightly light in color.

For the general care and management I am afraid I should tire
you all out if I even attempted to describe it in detail, Init even if
I did not do that I think it entirely unnecessary here — as much so
as it would be for a stranger to go to Rome and tell the Romans
what to do ; but in conclusion permit me to say that although I
firmly believe that in the past twenty years gi'eater strides have
been made in the cultivation of the rose than was ever done in
double that .time previously, yet I certainly think that much
greater advancement will be made in the next ten years than
has been done in the past twenty. Evidence of this is ver}^ clear
to au}^ one visiting the different parts of this country, and I trust
that after we have all passed away the "Queen of Flowers" will
still have as great a charm for our successors as she has for us.
Long may she reign supreme, and this hospitable city remain the
seat of her throne, to which pilgrims will ever come from all over
this broad land to do homage to her majesty in all her golden,
glory !

Discussion.

Michael H. Norton asked whether Mr. 3Iay found a read}' sale
for his roses, and for what class. There is no difficulty here irt
selling first-class roses.

^Iv. Maj' replied that there is no difficult}' in disposing of such
roses as those on the table, though you cannot always get the best
prices for them. There is no question that roses and other flowers'

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

are a luxury which eauuot be afforded In' all. He had seeu
37,000 roses of first quality iu the market at nine o'clock, aud at
eleven o'clock ouly 3,000 of them were left. A 3'ear ago roses
brought from fifteeu to twenty-five dollars per hundred, aud this
year not much more than one-half as much. When the market is
overstocked, the second quality have to be sold to street fakirs,
and some one gets the advantage. For his part, said the speaker,
he would never see a flower consigned to the ash barrel, but would
rather have surplus flowers sent to the hospitals, etc. He would
like to have ways and means by which growers could dispose of
.their surplus stock profitably ; one way to prevent an overstock is
to groAv better flowers. Nothing injures the flower market more
than to have a lady bu}' flowers from twenty-four to forty-eight
hours old, and which fall to pieces soon after she gets them home.

Patrick Norton said that Boston people like good roses, and
send the second quality to New York. He thought there was no
place in the country where so man}' floAver stores and flowers could
be seen in the same space as in Tremont street. He inquired of
Mr. May what are the most profitable varieties of roses and
suggested tlie names of 'Ma Capucine and Mme. de Watteville.

Mr. May said there is no room in New York for poor roses.
Which are most profitable depends very much on who raises them.
Ma Capucine is one of the most lovely, and brings in the most
money by twenty-five per cent. They have been a little disap-
pointed in getting the Wal)au iu New York ; it has not been
shown to the public in that city, though they have it in Orange,
N. J., and the ladies admired it very much. Florists from New
York who saw it in its home were very favorably impressed
with it.

President Spooner suggested that iuforuiation was desired upon
the best selection of Hybrid Perpetual roses for forcing — such
as Ulrich Briinner — and asked Mr. May's vicAvs upon that
department of the business.

Mr. May said that the New York market is a ticklish place.
General Jacqueminot was most popular for several 3'ears, and then
ladies took a notion to yellow roses, aud when the tide turned
again in favor of red roses, a neighbor of his who had hung on
to his old favorite (Jacqueminot) was the only one who hud red
roses. Ulrich Briinner has always been in demand in Xcw York,
but not quite so mncli tills year as in previous years. One

uosES. 55

groAvtT, who li:i(l :i liiu' hoiijsc. found soiiic (litliciilly in sellinii'
tbeni. From tlu' middle of Jjuiuan" onward there is no difficulty
in selling really line specimens of this variet}', but they must have
stems two or three feet long and the flowers must be four or five
inches in diameter. ]Mrs. .lohu Laiug is one of the most popular
roses iu New York ; it is fragrant and sure blooming, but cannot
be forced for Christmas without having a considerable portion of
the crop come deformed and short stemmed.

Patrick Norton said that the Ulrich Briiuuer rose finds a good
market iu Boston.

President Spooner said that the Ulrich Briiuuer is fine in the.
garden.

William C. Strong inquired how benches answered for forcing
hardy roses. His experience had been with them planted in solid
beds, two, three, or four j^ears, and he doubted whether it would
pay to plant ever}' year.

Mr. May said that the trouble comes here : if ladies get a fair
rose today they want one earlier next year, and these roses cannot
be forced earty in a solid bed, though for March blooming it will
do, and they will last for years. He had seen a greenhouse eigh-
teen feet wide and two hundred and ten feet long, filled with
General Jacqueminots planted eight or nine years, where 237 buds
were counted in a space tn-o feet square, and 37,300 buds were
cut from that house as one crop.

William J. Stewart inquired what" Mr. May's experience had
been in the introduction of new roses.

Mr. May said that twenty-five years ago he was growing roses in
England, and they used then to get their new varieties mostl}'
from France. One autumn lie went over to France and visited M.
Pernet, one of the great rose growers, who showed him several
new varieties to be sent to England, and some others, inferior to
them, which were thought good enough for the American market.
Two years ago he paid a French grower five hundred and thirty
dollars for new roses, at five dollars per plant, and they all went
on to the rubbish heap in six months. Once in a while we strike
such a gem as Catherine Mermet, the finest of all Tea roses, but
ninety-nine per cent of what we import are useless for our
purpose in this countr}-.

President Spooner inquired of Mr. May as to the value of
Magna Charta as a rose for forcing in New York, and what are
better.

50 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTl'KAL SOCIETY.

Mr. May replied thtit two roses, Auna Alexieff and Heiuricli
Schultheis, are better, aud that the former although almost as old
as himself is still, as grown around New York, most prolific for
early forcing. Heinrich Schultheis is one of the finest of all for
this purpose, though discarded in France and England. It is
every way superior to Magna Charta, which goes off in color when
forced and has failed to come early. Mr. Asnnis, one of the best
New York growers, has failed with Magna Charta for very early,
l)ut has fine ones coming on now.

President Spooner said that Heinrich Schultheis is very fine in
the garden. Anna Alexieff is not so good in the garden, bein<>
too short-petalled ; its only merit is its earliuess.

Patrick Norton asked Mr. May what Tea- rose he considered
most profitable.

Mr. May said that of Tea roses without any admixture. The
Bride is unquestionably the best. Of h3'brid Teas, the Duchess
of Albany is best; it is of magnificent color, clean all the way
through, and fragrant. If too much heat is given, it becomes
purple.

John G. Barker had hoped for a paper on the rose as a bedder :
he was more and more impressed Avith the view that we can make
our gardens more beautiful with more flowering and fewer foliage
plants. He had a bed last season planted with La France roses,
surrounded with Hermosas and Aggrippiuas ; it was not as satis-
factory as he hoped, but the field is still open.

President Spooner mentioned among the newer roses Gloire de
Margottin, of dazzling red color, and Gloire de Lyonnaise, of
lemon color, but a Hybrid Tea rather than a Remontant. He
then asked Mr. May how they ranked for forcing.

Mr. May said that he felt nuich enthusiasm over the Gloire de
Margottin when first sent out ; it is of a most glorious color. As
regards forcing, he was rather disappointed with it. It has a weak
stem but is one of the finest for sunnner bedding. All like the
color. Gloire de Lyonnaise was a disappointment to him.

Mr. Barker asked Mr. May if he Avould reconunend planting La
France on its own roots, or would prefer budded or grafted
plants.

Mr. May replied that he is a great advocate of roses on their
own roots. If a plant of La France on its own roots is killed
down it will sprout again from tlie root, but you cannot get so

ROSES. 57

large a plant the first yeav as if grafted. If a lady sets out a
dozen plants on their own roots she will have good bushes a dozen
years hence, Init if she sets out grafted plants slie will have in two
years a lot of Mauetti stocks. A neighbor of the speaker
planted thirteen years ago twenty-five La France on their own
roots ; they are now six feet high, and last July he cut two hun-
dred flowers from them. The great difficulty we find with much
the larger portion of the public is that they do not understand tlie
difference between the suckers from the Manetti stocks and shoots
from the graft ; hence it is much l)etter to give them plants that
will not be ruined by suckers.

Frederick L. Harris said that if we import roses budded low down
and plant them deep, they Avill stand our climate well and in one
year give more flowers than plants on their own roots will give in
two years. Once in a while we get suckers from the stock, but
anyone who studies the character of the shoots can remove them.
The speaker would not recommend purchasers to buy anj'^ roses
budded on stems five or six inches high.

President Spooner said that he is a strong advocate for
budded roses, if they are budded in the right place and properly
grown. They should be planted so as to have the stock three or
four inches beneath the surface, and the bark should be raised a
little on each side to enable them to emit roots more readily ; you
will then get a better plant in one year than in three or four years
if the}' are on their own roots. The Mauetti stock is the best for
light soils ; the brier sends up too man}' suckers. All the best
roses that come to our shows are from budded stocks. He does
not want to wait four or five years to get a strong plant.

Among the best summer roses are La France, and, for later,
Fisher Holmes or Prince Arthur (the last named a seedling from
General Jacqueminot). Heinrich Schultheis, and Lady Helen
SteAvart. For white. Merveille de Lyon and Mabel Morrison.
Gloire de Lyonnaise throws up fine shoots. ]Madame Victor
Verdier is a grand garden rose. Alfred Colomb is of globular
form and high-scented. 3Ime. Isaac Pereire. a Hybrid Bourbon,
is a good climbing variety. Earl Dufferin has a full flower and is
destined to be one of the best. Marshal P. Wilder is too much
like Alfred Colomb. Mme. Montet is a free flowering variety and
of very fine color. Mme. Gabriel Luizet is very desirable for this
purpose. Mrs. John Laing is almost as free flowering as General
Jacqueminot.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott asked the president if wbeu budded
plauts are set out as recommended by him, you do not vhtually
have a plant on its own roots after a year or two, to which he
answered, " 3'es." Mx's. Wolcott went on to say that a good while
ago she planted budded roses under the direction of the late
Hermann Gruudel, who advised her to lay them down so that they
would root from tlie grafts, and she saw them twenty years after-
wards, and never saw better bushes or a better show of flowers.

John S. Martin said that when he wished for bedding roses
many years ago, he asked Ex-President C. M. Hovey, as to the
relative value of those on their own roots, and those budded on a
stronger stock. His answer was : "-Never buy budded roses to
plant in the garden." and Mr. Martin now thought that was the
better rule.

Patrick Norton said that while La France is considered a
good rose, the Duchess of Albany is higher colored, and he
advised those present to recommend to their friends to give it a
trial for outside cultivation.

On motion of "William C. Strong a vote of thanks to Mr. IMay
for his instructive and valuable lecture was unanimously passed.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Discussion
announced for the next Saturday, a paper upon "Insects and
Fungi Injuring Our Fruits, and Remedies Considered," to be
read by the author, Samuel T. Maynard, Professor of Horticul-
ture at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satlrday, January 31, IS'.ll.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was hoUlen at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spoonkk, in tlie chair.

E. H. Hitchings moved that a committee of three be appointed
bj' the Chair to nominate a Committee on "Window Gardening, of
seven members. The motion was carried, and the Chair appointed,
as the Nominating Committee, Nathaniel T. Kidder. Artliur H.
FcAvkes. and Joseph H. AVoodford.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 7, 181)1.

REMEDIES FOll INSECTS AND FUNGI INJURING FRUITS. 59

MEETING FOR DTSCTSSTOX.

IXSKCTS AND FlXOI Ixjl RING OIR FlU ITS, WITH ReMEDIKS

Considered.

By Samuel T. JIaynabd, Professor of Botany and Horticulture in the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, Amherst. ^

At this season of the ^^ear fruit growers, market gardeners, and
farmers are making their plans for the work of the coming season,
and in their estimate of the income they hope to derive from their
crops, they reason, perhaps, something like this : One has one
hundred apple trees or one thousand grape vines, and if the apple
ti-ees are twenty years old they should yield at least three barrels
per tree, or the vines, if five years old or more, should yield ten
pounds per vine, or a total of ten thousand pounds, and reckoning
the prices at the average for a decade he gets upon paper very
satisfactory returns.

But how many of us make our plaus for the coming year with
any degree of certainty that the results will give us eveu a fair
return for labor and interest on the capital invested? AVe know
too well from bitter experience the chances the crops must run with
frosts, with storm and wind, with drought and wet, and al)0ve all
with insects and the many l)lights, rusts, mildews, rots, and smuts,
thai feed upon and destroy the plants we cultivate.

We have the authority of the Entomological Bureau of the
United States Department of Agriculture, for the statement that
the loss by insect depredations to the farming interests, including
all its branches, for the past year amounts to four hundred millions
of dollars. This almost inconceivable amount of money from the
destruction of our crops in one year I Yet who that has experi-
enced the loss of his grape crop liy mildew or rot, his apples 1)}'
the scab, his pears by the scab and blight, his plums by the Itlack
wart and rotting of the fruit, his cherries and peaches by rotting of
tlie fruit, his strawberries by the leaf blight, his potatoes by the
potato rot, his oats and grasses b}' the rust, his cabbage crop
b}' the club root, his celery bj- the leaf blight, his lettuce by the
mildew, and his cuttings and plants under glass by damping off,
will doubt that our losses are often as great from parasitic or
fungous plant growths as from insects, if not greater I

It is seldom that we get a crop of any kind without a valiant
fight for it. Fortuuatel}' we have learned to feel that we are
greater than the foes that assail us, and that with each new insect

60 :massachusett8 horticultural society.

or fuugous pest soon comes a remed}' with which we may protect
ourselves if we will.

AVheu the Colorado potato beetle first made its appearance amoug
us we thought we must give up this important crop, but now we
find that by proper vigilance the crop can be successfully and
profitably grown. So when we are almost discouraged in our
attempts to grow fruit or other farm or garden crops, relief seems
near us and we feel sure that we shall be able to combat all foes.

It is to the consideration of some of the most injurious insect and
fungous enemies and their destruction that I invite your attention
this morning.

In the growth of the apple we have to contend Avith the Codling
Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella), the Canker AVorm {Anisopteryx
vernata), the Tent Caterpillar {Clisiocamjya Americana), the
Apple Maggot {Tripeta pomonella) , and the Plum Curculio {Cono-
trachelus nenuphar) among the insects, and the Apple Scab
(Fusicladium dendriticum) , which also produces the Leaf Blight,
among the fungi.

With the pear we must contend with the Codling Moth, the Plum
Cnrculio, and the pear tree Psylla {PsyUa pyri) among the insects,
and the pear leaf blights {Entomosporum macnlatuni and Fusi-
cladium p^ri/<()i :iiid the so-called Fire Blight (Micrococcus amy-
lovnrus) .

The plum is attacked by the Plum C'urculio — about the only
insect seriously injurious to it — and the Plum AYart or Black Knot
(Ploivrightia morbosa), the Leaf Blight (Puccinia prunispinosce) ,
and the Brown Rot of the fruit {Monilia fracligenea) .

The peach is injured by the Borer {u^geria exitiosa). the Plum
Curculio, and the Brown Rot of the fruit.

With the cherry the Plum Curculio is very injurious and the Rose-
bug {Macrodactylis suhspinosa) sometimes destroys the leaves.

The grape perhaps has the greatest numV)er of fungous foes,
and among the most injurious are the Powdery Mildew [Peronospnra
oiticola), whicli is also the cause of the Brown Rot; the Black Rot
(Lcestedia Bidwillii) and the Rose-bug and Phylloxera (Phylloxera
vastatrix) among insects.

The strawberry is injured by the Leaf Blight ( Sphcerella fragarice)
and the Crown Borer (Tyloderma fragarice) .

For the destruction of the larger number of this great host we
have two remedies, the arsenites for the insects and copper salt in
solution for the funui.

i;i:>iKi)iKs Foi{ iNspx'Ts and Fr\(a injuuixg fkiits. 61

Perhaps we can best get at the most appiovi'd iiiethods of using
them Ity considering the enemies of each fiuit liy themselves.

The AiTLE. — The codling moth lays its eggs in the blossom end
of the apple soon after the petals fall and continues to lay them for
u period of perhaps two weeks or more. In some seasons and in
some sections a second brood of eggs is laid by the perfected
insects from the first brood.

The tent caterpillar and the canker-worm feed upon the foliage,
beginning to work as soon as the leaves unfold, while the plum
eurculio feeds upon the foliage and perhaps the fruit, laj'iug its
eggs in the crescent shaped cut it makes in the skin.

These pests may all be destroyed by the use of the arsenites —
Paris green, Loudon purple, and white arsenic. To destroy' the
tent caterpillar and the canker worm Ave must make the application
just as soon as the leaves unfold, and for the codling moth and the
eurculio as soon as the petals drop.

These applications must be made at intervals of from one week
to twenty days, according to the weather. If there should be no
rain after the first application for the tent caterpillar and canker-
worm, another application Avill not prol>ably he needed until the one
made to destroy the plum eurculio and the codling moth ; then the
applications should be made at intervals of from ten to fifteen days,
up to the first of July.

During this time we must also be combatting the fungous
growths, which under favorable conditions may begin work very
early in the season. The apple scab is a minute plant that grows
upon the surface of the apple leaf and fruit, and, while uot pene-
trating the tissues very deeply, stops the growth at the point
attacked and we have distorted or gnarly apples resulting from its
early attack ; or scabby, spotted apples when it appears later in the
season. Its effect upou the leaf is, if in large numbers, to destroy
its functions and it soon falls, or if onl}' a few are found on a leaf
it simply looks a little yellow and the whole tree has an unhealthy
appearance.

This fungous growth, like most other parasites attacking our
fruits, develops under conditions of warmth and moisture. The
spores or seeds, which are produced in large numbers, are
so minute that they may be carried long distances b}" slight move-
ments of the air, and coming in contact with their host plant, the
apple, under favorable conditions they grow very quickly.

G2 MASSACHTSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lu a cool dry seasou, there is very little development of rusts^
blights, and scabs, so desti'uctive in a moist warm one. For the
past two years fuugi of all kinds have developed in large nnmbers^
and many kinds of plants have been seriously if not permanently
injured by their attacks.

Tlie past season the apple scab was so abundant that many ti'ees
which blossomed and set a large crop of fruit were so injured In' it,
that they could not perfect their crop. Upon a large tree in front
of the house I occupy, so much of the scab appeared that the
leaves were dropping nearly all sunnner and the lawn had to be
raked several times to get rid of the litter.

To desti'oy this parasite, solutions of copper have been found
effectual, either in the form of the Bordeaux mixture, ammoniacal
carbonate of copper, or simple carbonate of copper solutions.*

While alone the ammoniacal carbonate of copper has proved the
most effectual, unfortunately it cannot be used with Paris green or
other arsenites, and if we wish to reduce the cost of the remedy for
both insect and fungous pests to the lowest figures — and all know
how little margin for profit there is even when we do not have this
difficulty to contend with — we must combine the two remedies and
apply them at one operation. AVith the Bordeaux mixture and
the simple carbonate of copper solution we can do this, and without
danger of injury- to the foliage.

It has been found by experiments made at several of the state
stations that Paris green and copper solutions can be used with
lime mixtures at the rate of from 1 lb. to 100 gallons of the mix-
ture, to 1 lb. to 50 gallons, without injury, some even claiming as
eoucenti'ated a mixture as 1 lb. to 25 gallons. AVe also know that
neither Paris green nor sulphate of copper solutions can be safely
used upon the foliage of our fruit trees, in the degree of concentra-
tion required to destroy the above mentioned foes, without serious
injury to the foliage.

I am confident that the reason why the use of Paris green has
been so unsuccessful in many cases for the destruction of insect
life, is that we have been unable to use it in a form concentrated
enough to reach all parts of the plants without injur}-. This will
also apply, in a measure, to the fungicides.

For the purpose of destroying both insect and fungous pests we
must make an application of the simple solution of sulphate of

•See formulae, page 65.

KK.MEDIES roiJ INSECTS AND FUNdl IN-HKINCJ FRUITS. 63

copper, called l)y the French eau celeste, to the t\vig>; and branches
before the leaves appear, to destroy any germs of the scab that
may be lodged in the crevices of the bark ; then as soon as the
leaves have unfolded the lime and Paris green mixture must be
applieil for tlie tent caterpillar and the canker-worm, aiul as soon
as the petals have fallen tlie second application should be made
for the codling moth and plum curculio. This application must be
repeated at the proper intervals — of one week to twenty days —
according to the weather, until the first of July. After this, the
Paris green not being needed, the ammoniacal carbonate of copper
may be used. The latter application is to be preferred from the
fact that it does not disfigure the fruit, while if the Bordeaux mix-
ture is used late in the season, it adheres to the fruit so as to injure
its sale unless washed. No substance has been found that can be
used in this way and at the same time for the apple maggot, a
little insect that -in many localities and upon some varieties, is
doing more injury even than the codling motli. The destruction of
the fruit before the maggot escapes is the oul}' remedy yet suggested
that promises to be of any value.

The Pear. — The insects attacking the pear that can be destroyed
by the arsenites are the codling moth and the plum curculio, and
the fungi that can be killed by copper solutions are the pear leaf
blight (Micrococcus aviylovorous, Burrill), and the pear scab
(Fusicladinvi p^?«»?tHi). The pear leaf blight is another parasitic
plant somewhat like the apple scab, but more minute and perhaps
working deeper into the tissues of the leaf, often causing all the
leaves to drop from the trees. This fungus also causes the scab
and cracking of the fruit so common on the White Doyenne and
Flemish Beauty. For the insects Paris green is effectual, and the
Bordeaux mixture has proved as efficient for the pear fungus as
for the apple scab. While the fire-blight (so-called) is not of such
a nature as to be affected by the outward applications of fungicides
after it has attacked the tree, we believe that this mixture will
destroy any germs with which it comes in contact, and that b}' care-
ful attention to the proper condition of soil, manuring, and cultiva-
tion we may very largely overcome this most destructive disease.

The Pll'm. — The plum curculio, the black wart of the tree, and
the rotting of the fruit have been found to succumb to the Bordeaux
mixtui'e and Paris green.

The only trees on the college grounds upon which the fruit was
not stung by the curculio or that did not rot as soon as it approached

■64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

maturity, were those treated witli tlie above eonibiuatiou, tiuil as
other stations report similarly favorable results we feel warranted
in urging its general use. The sulphate of copper solution should
be applied to the branches before the leaves unfold, to destro}' any
germs or spores of the leaf blight or plum wart that may be present,
and then from the time the blossoms fall until the first of July the
combined mixture should be used. After this, either the Bor-
deaux mixture or the ammouiacal carbonate of copper alone may
be used. The latter will probabh' be the most satisfactory^ as it
does not disfigure the fruit.

The plum wart we feel sure was largely prevented from develop-
ing liy this treatment, but the few warts that may secure a hold on
the branches can certainly be destroyed by the kerosene paste.*
This" should be applied with a brush in order to keep it from the
new bark, which it would destroy.

The Grape. — In the college vineyard the past season the l)ene-
fits derived from the use of the Bordeaux mixture — and we have
like reports from others wherever used — Avere such that there seems
to be but little doubt that this is a reliable remedy for about all of
the fungous diseases of the vine. The great objection to its use is
that it remains upon the fruit when ripe if applied late in the season.
But after the work of the rose bug has ceased I see no reason why
the ammouiacal carbonate of copper may not be used with equal
etfect.

In our experiments the destruction of the rose-bug by the use of
Paris green was not fully demonstrated, but other reports are more
positive ; and from the light we did gain by our work we believe
that, liy the use of a more concentrated solution, which it has been
proved we can apply with the Bordeaux mixture, this troulilesome
pest must succumb to this treatment.

The sulphate of copper solution was applied to the vines before
the leaves unfolded and the Bordeaux mixture at intervals of from
one to three weeks up to July 28th. Paris green was used only
from the time the rose bugs made their appearance to about the
first of July.

The Strawberkv. — During the spring and early sunnner, straw--
berry leaves in some localities are seriously injured by a small
brown beetle that feeds upon them. This little beetle is the crown
borer, the larvtt of which are at work during the summer eating

*See formulae, page 65.

KEMEinES FOR INSECTS AND FUNGI INJURING FKUITS. 65

the crowu of the phint and the larger roots. A serious disease,
known as the leaf blight, also attacks the foliage at about the time
the fruit ripens, and when both of these agencies are at work it is a
ditlic'ult matter to get rid of the trouble. It is thought that Paris
green will destroy the crowu borer, and it is certain that the Bor-
deaux mixture will lessen the iujury caused by the blight, if not
wholl}' prevent it.

An application of the combined mixture should be made as soon
as the leaves begin to increase in growth in the spring, and another
a little while before the l)lossoms open. Neither the Paris green
nor the Bordeaux mixture can be safely applied again uutil after
the fruit is gathered. By this time the crown borers have ceased
their work and only the latter need be used until August, when the
beetles again appear and Paris green must again be used.

The cutting and burning of the leaves of the old strawberry bed
or their destruction by dilute sulphuric acid, as recommended by
some, is undoubtedly valuable, but the Bordeaux mixture is
thought more effectual. If one fears to use the Paris green,
hellebore may be used, as it is reported as being an effectual
remedy.

Fungicide Formulae. — Bordeaux Mixture. Dissolve 6 lbs. of
sulphate of copper in 2 gallons of hot water ; slake 4 lbs. of fresh
lime in water enough to make a tliin lime wash ; when both are
cooled pour together, stirring thoroughly ; then dilute to 22 gallons
and it is ready to apph'.

Ammoniacal Carbonate of Copper. Dissolve 3 oz. of precipi-
tated carbonate of copper in 1 quart of ammonia (strength 22°
Baum6), and dilute with 22 gallons of water.

Eau Celeste. Dissolve 1 lb. of sulphate of copper in 25 gallons
of water.

Modified Eau Celeste. 2 lbs. of sulphate of copper, 2i lbs.
of carbonate of soda, 1^ pints of ammonia (22°Baume), and 22
gallons of water.

Kerosene Emulsion. 1 lb. of common soap dissolved in hot water,
1 gallon of kerosene ; stir or churn together until a smooth butter-
like substance is formed ; then dilute with 25 to 50 parts of water.

Kerosene Paste. Mix kerosene with any fine, dry material or
pigment, forming a thin paste or paint ; apph" with a small brush.

Insecticides. — In the discussion of insecticides I have men-
tioned only Paris green, from the fact that reports from all sources
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

agree that it is less iujurious to plant foliage tliau London purple,
and white arsenic is unquestionably too dangerous a material to
have about, from its color not being distinguishable from that of
many harmless substances.

Pumps. — Many forms of pumps are now to be found in the
market adapted to applying the fungicides and insecticides men-
tioned. Of those most in use perhaps the •• Field's Perfection,''
made at Lockport, X. Y., the " Gould," made at Seneca Falls,
N. Y., the "Douglas," made at Middletown, Conn., and the
"Nixon," made at Dayton, Ohio, are among the best. These are
made to be attached to a cask which is mounted on a stone boat or
wagon. The knapsack pumps which are serviceable for small
garden plots and small vineA'ards would be more useful if some
means were provided for filling Avithout removing from' the back
every time. The "Excelsior," recently advertised by "William
Stahl, of Quincy, 111., is made, I understand, after the design sent
out hy the United States Department of Agriculture. This is con-
structed after the pattern of those used by the French in treating
their vineyards, but will not be largely used by Americans when "the
horse can be made to do the heavy work of carrying the liquids.*

XozzLES. — A nozzle to distribute such liquids as the Bordeaux
mixture must have an adjustable opening at the end. Among
those to be found in our markets are the "Perfection," sent
with the Field pump, the "Nixon," the "Cyclone," and the
" Vermorel." Professor Bailey, of Cornell University, has con-
trived a clamp which is attached to the end of a common rubber
hose, by the pressure of which the size of the opening is quickly
adjusted. Whatever nozzle is used it is found that it nuist be
attached to a long pole to distribute the liquid most evenl}" at the
top of large trees.

Notes. — Many interesting facts have been brought out in tlie
work of the Experiment Stations of the country which could not
be referred to in tlie previous discussion, and I therefore intro-
duce them here, condensed under the heading of " Notes."

It seems pretty well settled that, of the arsenites, Paris green
gives the best results as an insecticide.

That the longer the mixture stands the greater is the injury from
soluble arsenic.

•Since this paper was read further tiial of the Stahl or Excelsior pumps has
proved that some of then?, at least, are of no value.

KK.MKDIKS r()l{ INSECTS AM) FlNiil I N.IIUINC FlU lis. 67

That tlio i)e:u'lK pliiiii. and fherry are more susceptiltle to injury
than the apple and ix'ar.

That the injury varies with the variety, some being much more
susceptible to injury than others.

That the leaves when young are less injured than when fully
developed, and those on Aveak trees more than those on vigorous,
healthy ones. Young leaves are covered with a natural bloom,
which wears off as they increase in size and their tissues become
more toughened.

That Paris green cannot be used alone with safety stronger than
1 lb. to 350 gallons, but with lime mixtures it may be safely used
at the ifite of 1 lb. to from 100 to 25 gallons of water.

That the foliage is most injured when kept constantly Avet by
light rains or foggy weather, Init that heavy rains lessen the
injury, the least harm being done in pleasant weather when the
liquid dries off most rapidly.

That the time of da}' when the application of either insecti-
cides or fungicides is made is unimportant.

The conclusions of this paper I have arrived at after a careful
sununary of the experiments made at the College and a careful study
of those of all of the stations of the countrj^ and I feel confident
that as soon as we master the details of the application of the two-
great remedies, Paris green and the copper solutions, so as to under-
stand the exact time to apply them and the quantity to use uudei'
var^'ing conditions, we shall be able to control the insects and fungi
attacking our fruits as well as we now control the " potato bug."

Professor Maynard's essay was illustrated by many mounted
specimens of fungi which destroy fruit plants; also by several
forms of nozzles made for use in applying liquid fungicides and
insecticides to infected trees, shrubs, etc. The reading commanded
the close attention of a larger audience than had l)een present at
any preceding meeting this season.

DiscrssiON.

William D. Philbrick questioned the essayist concerning the
disease affecting the violet.

Professor Mayuard replied that the violet disease is unques-
tionably of fungous origin ; that we often find masses of dust-like
spores upon d^'ing and dead leaves, but it cannot be determined
from this fact alone whether that fungus caused the disease which
destroyed the leaf. Mildews of this character generally develop
on decaying matter.

€8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

. Mr. Philbriok asked whether it could be easily decided what
fungus causes the disease and how it is disseminated.

Professor Ma3'nard replied that two species of fungus are found
on the leaves of violets, but apparentl}' the disease is caused
mainly by one. The spores when mature are exceedinglj' minute —
so light as to be thrown off by the slightest motion of the leaf, and
remaining suspended in the air a long time they are widely distrib-
uted by the varying currents of the wind.

Benjamin P. Ware asked if he understood the essayist ariglit,
that one pound of Paris green to three hundred aud fifty gallons of
water was generally the proper mixture to destroy insects without
injury to the foliage of trees. In his trials of this remedy he had
used only sixty gallons of water to one pound of Paris green, and
Jiad seen no injury come to the trees.

Professor Mayuard said there are many reasons for variations in
experience — different conditions of seasons, the weather, the
quality of the Paris green, and the chemical character of the
water. He had found that one pound of Paris green to three
hundred and fifty gallons of water had given fairly good results
•on an average. In some cases injury had been done to the leaves
by that mixture, but numerous experiments, and analj^ses of the
compound as prepared at different times, had led to the adoption
of that formula. If the mixture stands a while unused, some of
the arsenic may be dissolved in the water and thus render it
unsafe.

Mr. Ware said he had tried to get pure Paris green. Possibly
what he had used might have been adulterated, inasmuch as the
large quantity used did no harm to the trees, but it destroyed the
insects. He had supposed that Paris green was insoluble, and
that in the mixture it was only held in suspension.

Professor Mayuard said that water might contain some
ammonia, which would tend to free a portion of the arsenic ; this
would dissolve readily in the water and the mixture would become
harmful.

President Spooner referred to the Black Spot fungus {Actiiio-
nema rosoe, Fr.) which appeared on the rose leaves in the Durfee
Plant House, on the Agricultural College grounds at Amherst,
as reported in Bulletin No. 6 of the Hatch Experiment Station,
and asked about the sequel of the treatment with the eau celeste
compound.

REMEDIES FOR INSECTS AM) ITXiJI INJIUINC; FIJI ITS. 69

Professor Maj'nard did not kuow that any black spot on the
rose leaves had appeared in the Durfee Plant House since the use
of evaporated sulphur was adopted. He believed the fungus wa&
entirely destroyed by that treatment.

William C. Strong called for further information as to the
treatment of the Black Wart with kerosene.

Professor Maynard said that the black wart should hv treated
at once upon discovering its presence, by an application- of the
Bordeaux mixture, and followed up by another application of the
same remedy every two weeks, as a new crop of the fungus spores
(Ploiorightia morbosa) will generalh' mature in that time, and
continued until no evidence of fresh spores can be found. If
applied in the spring, the eau celeste liquid will destroy' these
germs, but if they become established the knife will have to be
used, and the wounds thus made should be covered with a coat of
paste, composed of some ochre or whiting, or any other of the
dry, earthy pigments, mixed thoroughly with kerosene to a con-
sistency that can be readily spread with a brush over the exposed
surface without running beyond the limits of the wound. This
would protect the surface from atmospheric action, kill the wart,
and prevent the development of an}- fresh spores which might fall
upon it. He had visited a plum orchard in Lancaster, which was
literally breaking down from the development of black wart. In
that case nothing could be done but cut off all the tops. Should
a dressing of hen manure and ashes be applied to the land the trees
would, iu due time, produce new and health}' tops. Allusion was
also made to the wild choke cherry as a much neglected propagator
or nursery of the black wart.

Nathaniel T. Kidder called attention to Professor Maynard's
remark about the wild cherry trees, which are infected with not
only black wart but sundry insect pests. He wished to impress
this fact upon the minds of all present, and would like to encour-
age a war of extermination against the wild cherry because of its
availability for the multiplication of these enemies to fruit produc-
tion.

Mr. Strong asked about the extent to which cutting out the
black wart should be carried.

Professor Maynard said the diseased portion should be cut out
clean. The rootlets (mycelium) penetrate deeply into the wood,,
and if not all removed the disease continues to extend ; therefore
a pai'tial cutting is a waste of time.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Strong thought that if that were the case, prevention, if
possible, would be much better than cure.

F. L. Temple inquired if the fungicides are not injurious to
the trees.

Professor Mayuard replied that it is only when the remedies
/fire too strong that any harm is done to the trees.

Mr. Temple related an experience in treating Prunus Americana
with salt. The ])lack wart was cut out and the wound covered
with cloth which was first dipped in pickle from a pork barrel.
The wetting was repeated often and followed up several weeks
•with such good effect that the trees were kept in bearing condition
for years by this method.

Mr. Philbrick spoke of a rust which had affected the leaves of
maple trees over a considerable area in this State, and asked for
information about it.

Professor Majmard replied that the rusts or lilights of many
forest trees are of similar nature to the apple scab, and referred to
the "Journal of Mycology," Vol. 2, page 13, 1886, where the rust
mentioned l)y ]Mr. Philbrick is shown to be caused by Phyllosticta
acericola, which was found in New England in 1874, and in
various other parts of the United States at sundry dates since ;
that it attacked Maples, and that other somewhat similar fungi
affected Poplar trees and some other sorts. The effect of their
presence in all cases is much like that of the apple scab.

AYilliam H. Hunt asked if white arsenic is just as good as the
crude form for use as a remed3\

Professor Maynard replied that white arsenic is just as effica-
cious as the other forms mentioned ; but if the preparation were
allowed to stand a while after being mixed, the arsenic, by the
evaporation of the liquid, would become very much stronger in
proportion and the longer it remained unused the greater would be
the proportion of arsenic. Tlien, if used again without the
necessary addition of Avater, it would be liable to injure the plants,
and might destroy all the foliage. But another objection to the
use of white arsenic for this purpose is that it bears so close a
resemblance to otlier and harmless substances that there is danger iu
having it about the house, where it may be used in place of one of
those, and produce fatal effects. Paris green mixtures also
become injurious by standing unused, and the more so in propor-
tion to the time thev staud.

1{f:mki)1ks Foi; ixsects and rrxoi injiking fijiits. 71

Francis II. Appleton asked if tlie blight on \nrch trees is of
insect or fungus origin.

Professor Maynard said tliat many birches turned brown last
autumn from the work of a minute insect which is protected by
a shell, probalily of its own making. This enemy has increased
to alnindance during the last tn'O years, but has not yet been
identified. Its work was manifest generally through the eastern
part of the State, but not so much in the western counties. He
would suggest that probably Paris green would destroy the worms
attacking the birch trees.

Mr. Strong asked if the remedy' would be adapted to rid the
trees of the red spider which now destroj^s their beauty.

Professor Maynard thought the sulphur and lime solution would
sutHce to remove the red spider. It punctures the leaves and
sucks out the sap. Arseuites destroy oul\- those insects which eat
the foliage, but the kerosene emulsion, the formula for which is
given in the essay, might also be an effective remedy' for the insect
injuring the Ini'ch.

O. B. Hadweu had noticed the discoloration of white birches at
the north of "Worcester, and beyond Concord, X. H., and west to
near Springfield, but not mi;ch at more southern points. If the
ravages of the new comer keep on, great injury will be done to
our fine cut-leaved birch trees.

At the conclusion of the discussion a vote of thauks to Profes-
sor Maynard for his able, interesting, and ver}^ instructive essay
was unanimously passed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced, for the next Saturday, a paper upon '• Chrj'santhe-
mums." by John Thorpe, of Pearl River. X. Y.

BUSIXESS MEETIXG.

Saturday, February 7. 18(U.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President. Williax H. Spooner, in the chair.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Conniiittee appointed at the hist meetiug to uomiiiate a
Committee on Window Gardening, reported the names of the
following members : —

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. AVolcott, Chairman,
E. H. Hitchings, Edmund Hersey,

Henr}' L. Clapp, George A, Parker,

M. B. Faxon, Miss Mary L. Vinal.

The report was accepted and the persons named therein were
unanimously elected.

The Committee appointed on the 3d of January to nominate a
candidate to fill the vacancy in the Committee on Vegetables,
reported the name of Joseph H. "Woodford, who was unanimously
elected.

The following named persons having been recommended by the.
Executive Committee for membership in the Society were upon
ballot duly elected.

William P. Pakk, of West Boxford,

Warren Howard Heustis, of Belmont,

Charles W. Prescott, of Concord,

Charles E. Weld, of Roslindale.

Adjourned to Saturday, Fel)ruary 14.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Chrvsantiiemums.

By John Thorpe, President of the American Chrysautheiuum Society,
Pearl River, N. Y.

If it had been predicted ten years ago that the Chrysanthemum
would attain to the position it now holds, it would have been said
that such a thing was impossible. Let us for a moment look about
for the cause of the cluTsanthemum's popularity. It did not come
in a night, a week, or a year, but it has taken twenty years to bring-
about what we are enjoying tod;iy.

When Robert Fortune sent to England his first consignment
from Japan it was there that the first spark was kindled. An
intelligent minority were far-seeing and wise enough not to be dis-
heartened or put down l)y the many who were wedded to the
paucity of form and color possessed by the puritanical varieties of

CIIRYSAXTHEMIBIS. 7S

that day. FmtlK'nnore, that uuuority was not confined to one
house, one city, or one continent. Many members of your Society —
the greatest horticultural society in the world — happily belonged to
Fortune's minority, one of the most prominent being your P2x-
President, Dr. Henry P. Walcott. It was the work of time, love,
and the expenditure of much money, to spread before the people
the feast which they uow annually enjoy, but everything comes to
him who waits.

It is but a few years since chrysanthemum shows were unknown
except perhaps in your city. New York, and Philadelphia. The
numerous exhibitions held last season, numbering nearly fifty, are
proof of the progress the chrysanthenuim is making.

I do not intend to give you the routine of general cultivation, as
I am sure many of 3'ou know how to grow chrysanthemums better
than I do. But there are a few points to which I desire to call
your attention.

One is, never neglect a chrysanthemum. This ought to be
written very plainly on every plant. No plant can be as success-
fully cultivated in as many forms ; it matters not whether the
plants are gi'own as massive specimens, tall standards, or on
1)enches a few inches apart. If they receive the proper atteutiou
the result is always commensurate. The thousands of plants that
are now required to produce fine flowers for sale have brought
about a system differing entirely from that followed previously.

The plants are grown continuouslj^ under glass and are treated
as follows. Good, strong cuttings are rooted in May. The
plants are potted into thumbs, from thumbs into three-inch, and
from three-inch into five-inch pots. In June or the early part of
July they are planted in benches, from sixteen to twenty-four
inches apart, according to size, the soil being the same as for roses
and from four to six inches deep. They are pinched back so as to
give from four to six shoots, carefully trained and well supported,
syi'inged often, and watered carefully. Air is given at all times,
provided no draught is created. The buds are selected at the end
of August or the beginning of September, one bud to each shoot;
the rest of the buds are rul)bed off, and all superfluous wood is
removed. As the plants grow the}" are tied, and as soon as the
buds are well in sight the feeding with liquid manure commences.
It is necessary to state that such plants require at least five feet of
head room ; otherwise they have to be bent down.

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Some cultivators do away with benches altogether, and plant in
the ground. Others do not plant until August, using smaller
plants, which they place closer together — often not more than six
inches apart. During the tiowering season air is kept on at all
times, and fire heat enough to keep the temperature at fifty degrees
at night.

The grouping and classification of varieties is now in a somewhat
ambiguous and unsatisfactor}' state, but is worthy of serious atten-
tion. Exactly how to bring about what is required is a difficult
matter, owing to the continual addition of new forms and the
merging of one section into another, thus often obliterating the
lines of demarcation.

Perhaps as a temporary relief the best thing to do is to accept
the classification (as far as it goes) of the National Chrysanthemum
Society of England, which is as follows :

Section I. Incurved, of which George Glenny and Queen of
England are the type.

Section II. Japanese. This is divided into three groups:
Flat petals ; type, Peter the Great.
Petals quilled ; type, Bronze Dragon.
Petals fluted ; type, Cossack.

Japanese incurved. Type, Comte de Germiny.
Japanese reflexed. Type, Elaine.
Reflexed. Type, King of Crimsons.
Large Anemones. Type, Georges Sand.
Japanese Anemones. Type, Fabian de Mediana.
Pompons. Type, Bob.
Section IX. Pompon Anemones. Tj'pe, Antonius.
Section X. Single Flowers.

But this does not cover all tlie ground; ^Irs. Hardy and her
type have no place, neither has Violet Rose nor Ada Spaulding.

The raising and distribution of seedlings has assumed propor-
tions bej'ond conception, from which we may expect startling
results. Of American raised seedlings to be distributed this spring,
the number is over one hundred and twenty. Taking into account
the number distributed last year, out of which tiiere are at least
fourteen that rank among the ver}' finest, we may expect that at
least twenty-four of this year's introduction will be among tlu' best
at next flowering time.

It is lioped that due care will lie exercised in the awarding of
medals and in the urantinu' of certificates, now that there are so

Grou]

l' 1-

((

2.

a

3.

vSection

III.

vSection

IV.

Section

V.

Section

VI.

Section

VII.

Section

VIII

CHKYSANTIIEJIUMS.

75

many to select from. A rule should also be made absolute, that
neither a medal nor certificate shall be given to any seedling unless
it is named, and that this name is not to be changed. The giving
of medals and certificates to seedlings bearing numbers only, is cal-
culated to mislead and confuse. I do not wish it to be understood
that I object to the exhibition of seedlings under numbers -when
they are placed there for exhibition only, but as soon as they enter
into any competition let them be properly named.

It is also hoped that in making awards to seedlings neither
Anemones, Pompons, nor any other type will lie overlooked or dis-
carded, as it is in the varied forms that so much interest lies.

It has l)een asked whether very early kinds are desirable. My
reply is that with one or two exceptions the very early varieties we
now have are not of great merit. Tliey lack either vigor, distinct-
ness, or brilliancy, all of which they should possess as decorative
plants. But suppose we have presented to us a group of robust,
compact growth, briglit and decidedly healthy foliage, flowers of
the type of and as large as President Hyde, and in desirable colors,
flowering from the fifteenth of September — Avhat could l)e more
attractive? VTe are promised such a group and they will be heartily
welcome.

Just as long as there are produced new types and new shades of
color, just so long will the interest in the cultivation of the chr^'san-
themum be kept up. We have but to -recall the interest which that
beautiful variety, Mrs. Hardy, and her followers created. Now we
are evolving a type which is certain to create further interest. Its
distinctive characteristics are the marked extension of the ray
florets beyond the body outlines of the flower. Examples are
Violet Rose, Ada vSpaulding, and Flora Macdouald. The ligulate
petals are broad, numerous, and incurving. Perhaps a good name
for this type would be "American." Yet another type, the original
of which is Laciniatum, one of Fortune's importations from Japan,
is being developed in all colors and in the largest sizes. Still
another form, distinct in every particular, is one where the flowers
present two distinct surfaces, the upper surface being composed
of broad reflexed petals, and the lower surface being a mass of
narrow segments which extend from either side of the base of each
floret. These are only a few of the newer forms waiting to be
brought forth.

That there is a constant addition to the already numerous shades
and tones is known t6 close observers. The pink shades are each

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

year beeomiDg clearer ; the reds and crimsons are getting lirighter.
The once undefined shades of purple are decidedly more brilliant
and effective. As to yellows and white we are yearly presented
with something different from what we previously had.

Coming now to the possibility of a Ijlue chrysanthemum, let me
say that I am convinced Ave shall have shades of blue as certainly
as we now have blue shades in pansies. It is within the memory
of a great many of us when there were neitlier red nor blue shades
as presented in the pansies of today.

Grave doubts have been expressed whether actual cross-fertiliza-
tion has ever been accomplished artificialh" in chrysanthemums.
I can say without the shadow of a doubt that it has been, but I do
not saj' that every variety can be so crossed. All flowers intended
to be fertilized must have their petals clipped off close to the stigma
before the flower opens. This admits of the development not only
of the stigmas but of the ovary also. Some varieties will be found
entirely sterile ; Grandiflorum has never yet given me a single seed,
and, so far as I am able to tell, the pollen grains are sterile also.
"Where cross-fertilization is carefullj' and successfully done, fewer
seedlings give better results.

The possibilities to be obtained by selection are just as great
with the chrysanthemum as with any other class of plants or
animals. In fact, wherever seedlings are raised it is by selection
that we retain any varieties, whether they be large flowered or small,
tall plants or dwarf. It is by selection that after a few generations
each raiser creates a standard of his own, bj^ which his productions
are known. It is simply this : You have different material and
different ideas from mine ; conseipioutly the result must be different.

From a strictly commercial point of view the chrysanthemum has
become of national importance.

The annual sale of plants is now over a million. The number of
cut flowers that were sold in open market last year is almost
incredible, man}' of the best flowers realizing fifty dollars per
hundred at wholesale. Some of the large growers around New
York had as many^ as fifty thousand flowers in sight at one time,
averaging a great deal better in quality than many of the winning
flowers that were to be seen on the exhilntion tables Init a few
years ago.

It has been said that the chrysanthenmm flowers interfere with
the sale of roses and carnations, but I notice tlmt imthiug interferes
with chrysanthemums in their season.

CHHYSAXTIIKMrMS. 77

Discission.

Leverett IM. Chase asked about the character of the uew, early
l)loomiug varieties advertised in Europe, particularly those raised
by M. Delaux, in France; also how they thrive in America, — a
point of importance to those who have no greenhouse.

INIr. Thorpe replied that with one or two exceptions, the earl}^
flowering varieties raised in Europe have not given satisfaction
here, owing to their being unable to withstand the excessive heat
of our summer. It is reasonable to expect that a few of the
many early varieties offered b}' Delaux, will succeed here, but how
many will have to be proved by trial. The moist and temperate
climate of France and England, where chrysanthemums do well
out of doors, is very different from ours. If we desire to succeed
in raising a series of earlj^ flowering varieties to withstand the
variations and vicissitudes of our climate, we must raise our oavu
seedlings and save none but those that stand the ordeal to which
they are subjected here. In other words they must be to the
manor born.

M. Delaux claims for his set that they will begin to flower as
•earl}^ as the fifteenth of July. "We have already several pompons
that would flower by that date provided that they could be made
to grow. The speaker thought that what we require is a series,
beginning to flower not earlier than the first of September, having
the characteristics mentioned in the essay. M. C. Nichols is a vari-
ety having some of these good points ; it is a sturdy grower and has
thick, leathery leaves ; the flowers are of medium size, rather unde-
cided in color, and bloom about the fifth of October. Harvest Queen
is a good white, as is also Mile. Lacroix ; these flower about the
fifteenth of October. The flowers of the last two are much better
when grown under glass.

Richard T. Lombard inquired what Japanese variet}^ Mr.
Thorpe esteemed the best for cut flowers, for market.

Mr. Thorpe said that depended on what color was desired. If
white, he named Jessica. The best yellow is Rohallion, blooming
the tenth of October, followed b}^ Gloriosum, about the fifteenth.
It is astonishing how much difference five days make.

In reply to a question as to what variety remains longest in
perfection, Mr. Thorpe said that it depends on the time of the 3'ear.
The duration of bloom varies from fifteen to twenty-five days.
By judicious selection and special cultivation chrysanthemums can

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be had in bloom from the first of January to the last of December.
Probably the blooms will not all be np to first-class gi'ade as to-
form, size, color, and quality, as when flowered iu th.e autumn,
but they will possess enough good points to make them acceptable.
For ten years he had never been without chrysanthemum flowers.
We have to remember that they are herbaceous plants which after
they start to grow keep on until they have produced buds, flowers,
aud — if they are natural — seeds, which completes their work.
But he did not think much was gained by interfering with their
natural time of flowering ; as we know that strawberries are best
iu June, so chrysanthemums are best in November.

Presideut Spoouer spoke of the practice of awarding medals or

other prizes for seedlings, upon the exhibition of their first flowers,

and asked Mr. Thorpe if he thought it wise to do so, or better to

postpone the awards until after a trial of two j^ears or longer had

■ proved the real merits of the new variety.

Mr. Thorpe replied that the first year his seedling, Mrs. Cleve-
land, flowered, he thought it a capital prize. It was propagated
aud sold the following spring, but when it flowered the second
year, instead of proving itself a gem of the first water, it came
down as low as third class. Yes, seedlings should alwaj's be
tested more than one season, and no prize should be awarded to
any until its superiority in character and habit is full}' established.
He said also that it is unwise for a grower to offer to the public
any new plant or flower until its merits are shown to be greater
than those of existing kinds, especially where varieties are so
numerous and in many cases so excellent.

E. W. Wood congratulated the company present upon this
opportunity to hear what Mr. Thorpe had to say upon this subject.
The essayist was the man of all men in this country who could tell
us most about chrj'sauthemums, their propagation and culture, the
production of new varieties, the selection of varieties for special
purposes, and all other important pouits. His paper gave but
little of wliat he knows about this matter. All he knows could
not be told in one lecture. We know that great progress has been
made recently in the improvement of the chrysanthemum. The
enthusiasm aroused in this work extends from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, and in view of late successes there is no prospect of its
decline in the near future. The great imi)rovement of these plants
has involved clianges in the methods of their culture as great as
are the changes in their character and the use made of them. To

(MIKYSANrilKMlMS. 7&

iiu'i't new nMiuiivuu'uts of nuirket :uul exhibition liotli tlio plants
aud flowers will, to ;i laru-ely iuereased extent, l)e t>rown wholly
under glass. But as in the past the ehrysanthenuun has been
mosth' grown in the open air, for home use in house and garden
decoration, we sliall like to eontinue that custom, and trust it will be
continued. For this jturpose smaller plants in larger numbers —
each of which will remain in bloom from two to three weeks — will
allow us great variety, improved quality, and largely increased
enjoyment. In conclusion Mr. Wood asked Mr. Thorpe about the
insect pest which prevents the perfect development of many
chrysanthemum plants and flowers.

Mr. Thorpe said that Professor C. V. Riley, of the United
States Department of Agriculture, had taken a great deal of
interest in the investigation of this insect, which attacks not only
chrysanthemums, but asters, golden rods, and other composites.
The female stings the plant when she deposits her eggs, causing a
disorganization of the sap which is shown by numerous ex-
crescences. The best remedy he knew of is a solution of one
ounce of bitter aloes in four gallons of water, with which to syringe
the plants twice a week, from the first of July to the middle of
August.

In answer to another question, Mr. Thorpe said that if one
desires to grow plants in the open ground, to be shifted into pots
for late blooming in the house, it is necessary to select such varie-
ties as can be Avell grown out of doors, — those having a compact
habit and bright, clean, healthy foliage that does not suffer from
the attacks of either white mildew or black rust. This black rust
is a Perouospora, closely allied to the potato fungus. Ada Spauld-
iug, H. E. Widener, and Violet Rose, are kinds having many good
aud desirable qualities as mentioned before.

There are many of the finest, old style, incurved flowers, —
which have representatives in Queen of England, Mrs. Shipman,
and Princess of Wales — that do not succeed at all well here,
while in England they are most popular and give great satisfac-
tion. He had yet to see a really first class dozen of these kinds
iu America. They have suitable conditions over there to make
perfect flowers on these varieties, which we have not here, and the
difficult}^ must be climatic, as we have as much skill and as good
appliances as the growers of any country.

In reply to the question whether there had been twenty-four
Chinese incurved flowers shown in America, that would rank ia

so MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Euglaud as first class, Mr. Thorpe did not believe there had
been twenty-four flowers shpAvn here in one stand that would rank
in England as second or scarcely third class. In regard to speci-
men plants of the old incurved kind, he said that they were not
equal in quality to the cut flowers of that famous variety. Mrs.
Eundle and her two sports, which alwa\'s appear in competitive
groups. In six varieties there are generally two out of the three
Rundles, and when nine or more varieties are exhibited it is
almost a certainty that all the Rundle varieties are shown among
them.

A question was asked where were the best twelve Japanese
varieties originated, — in Japan, America, France, or England?
Mr. Thorpe replied that at this date probably the best twelve were
direct importations from Japan, but added, that by next year, or
the year after at the farthest, twenty-four American-raised seed-
lings will be in cultivation that will beat an equal number from
iiny other country. From the fact that there are so many engaged
in raising seedlings, and also because the standard of require-
ments has been raised so high, there are now a great many seed-
lings on probation. If thej prove to be as good as Avhen seen last
season, they will give us these additional good varieties.

In reply to the question, what are the very best late kinds, to
have in flower at Christmas, Mr. Thorpe named Mrs. Humph-
reys, Ethel, Mrs. H. J. Jones, and Governor of Guernsey, as
ordinarily late flowering kinds ; but it depends a great deal upon
the manipulation of the plants. For instance, if the plants are
allowed to become very drj' in August, and the wood ripens, they
Avill flower the middle of November ; but if they are kept growing
and the wood remains soft several weeks later, they will flower in
December. The question is not so much when the cuttings are
taken, as it is how continuously they are kept gi-owing, from the
time the}' are rooted, up to, say eight weeks before they are
required to be in flower. Perhaps it would be better to take cut-
tings of late flowering kinds later, rather than very early.

Michael H. Norton asked for a list of names of the best half
dozen varieties for market.

Mr. Thorpe said he would not attempt that. He would prefer
to name one hundred — he did name fifty or more — and would
leave the more select choice to his questioner, who would doubtless
-want them coming into the market from September 1 , to January
1, consisting of all the popular colors, such as yellow, white.

CHRYSANTHEAILM.S. 81

pink, bronze, and red, and also a few fancy, or parti-colored
varieties. Then, as has been observed, ehr3'sauthemum flowers
last about fifteen daj^s, and as the tern) from the first of September
to the first of Jauuarj', is four months, or about one hundred and
twenty days, it would take eight varieties of one color alone to
cover the time. Thus it will be seen that for the five self-colors
above named, at least forty kinds are required to meet the demand,
and if parti-colored varieties are added, the number will be
increased proportionately. Mr. Thorpe then gave the following
lists — all of Japanese tj'pes — as being of great merit for market
purposes during tlie period named. Those of French origin were :

Alcyon, LTncomparable,

Belle Paule, Madame C. Audiguier,

Boule d'Or, Margot,

Ceres, M. Bernard,

fitoile de Lyon, Roi des Japouais,

Jeanne Delaux, Tal d'Andorre.

Next came as many of the English varieties :

Carew Underwood, Martha Hardiug,

Elaine, Mr. Matthews,

Eynsford White, Mrs. F. Jameson,

Fair Maid of Guernsey, Sta'ustead Surprise,

James Salter, Sunflower,

Joseph Mahood, "William Ro])insou.

The list of imported Japanese varieties included :

Christmas Eve, Louis Boehmer,

Comte de Germiny, Mr. H. Canuell,

E. G. Hill, Mrs. Alpheus Hardy,

G. F. Moseman, Robert Bottomle}',

Kioto, Volunteer,

Lilian B. Bird, ^y. H. Lincoln.

The following American list was given :

Ada Spaulding, Maudus,

Carrie Denu}', Minnie Wauamaker,

Cyclone, Miss Mary Wheeler,

Excellent, Mrs. Bowen,

G. P. Rawson, Mrs. M. J. Thomas,

Harry E. Widener, Violet Rose.
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ill reply to a question as to the possibility of producing a blue
cMTsauthemum, Mr. Thorpe said that a blue chrysanthemum was
exhibited at Philadelphia, but unfortunately it was made of paper.
However, he full}' Ijelieved that we should live to see a genuine
blue chr3'santhemum. The old botanists declared that we could
not have blue, yellow, and red in the same species of plant. But
we have blue, yellow, and red hj-acinths, and he saw no good
reason why we should not get the same colors in the chrysanthe-
mum. How limited were the original colors of the chrysanthemum
floAvers I They were a pale yellow, white, and a very weak lilac
shade ; and from these have been elaborated all the colors and
shades we now enjo}' in this flower. This has been accomplished
by very slow and persistent work, in selection and cross-fertiliza-
tion, and in the fixing of sports. Notice how intensified have
become the yellows and how many shades there are. The lilac
has become pink, of pure shading. Then as to red, CuUingfordii
oftentimes, when the flowers are closely shaded, presents us with
ueaii}' a pure tone of red. The most pronounced purple we have
today is a "sport" from the lightly tipped, incurved Princess of
"Wales. It is named Violet Tomlin and is really purple. Now we
cannot get purple without blue, and to those who are hard at work
in the field of development, a blue chrysanthemum would not be
a very great surprise. Raisers of seedlings frequently see signs
of a " new departure " four or five years before it actually takes
place. The blue chrysanthemum may first be obtained from a
sport.

Joseph Clark asked if the continual cross-fertilizing and high
culture required to produce the large flowers now exhibited does
not injure the constitution of the plants.

Mr. Thorpe said he did not believe that the constitution of the
chrj^santhemum had been impau'ed by continual cross-fertilization.
On the contrary the American .raised seedlings of the past three
3'ears have decidedly more vigorous habits than those of previous
years. The principal cause of this is that our raisers of seedlings
have now reached a point where they will throw awa}' all weakly
seedlings, except such as shoAv some new features which it is
desirable to develop in future generations. When his seedlings
are about four months old, then being generally iu three inch pots,
he discards all plants of puny growth and constitutional weakness,
thus doing away with all tlie bother of nursing them, and often
the temptation to keep a weakling when in flower.

CIllJVSANTIlK.Mr.M.s. 83

Rev. A. H. ^luzzey, said we were told that ^Ir. Thorpe had
devoted uiany years to the cultivation of the chrysantlu'inuiii ; we
expected, therefore, to learu from him a i>reat deal, and we had
not been disappointed. It had been shown tliat he had devoted
his attention and lalior to one flower; had thoroughly studied its
naturt'. its needs, and its capaliilities ; and in its treatment and
development he has been preeminently successful. In his showing
here today we see what can be done l)y taking such a course ia
an}' department of our work. If one would succeed in horticul-
ture, floriculture, or pomology, let him select some one object, fix
his mind on it, study it from every stand-point and master it. Let
it be in the spirit this man has shown today ; being fully informed,
he is ready to respond to all questions, on every point of his
subject. Should our members generally adopt this system, how-
ever well we have done in the past, we should in a few years
become a new Society. Let us always remember that patience is
genius, and persistency is success in any undertaking.

George Hollis asked. Is the degeneracy of plants inherent in
them, or is it the result of the treatment they receive at the hands
of the grower?

Mr. Thorpe replied that he believed all plants — just like
ourselves — have a natural period of existence, provided always
that they are surrounded b}' natural environments. The chrj'san-
themum is an herbaceous plant fulfilling- the purpose of its being
in one year's growth, and its constitution is generallj- not ouly
equal to its needs, but somewhat in excess. This enables us to
multiply plants by cuttings, a method which is simply an extension
of the life of the parent plant, and not a complete renewal of it as
in propagation by seeds. Plants not raised in America, and-
which are propagated here only by cuttings, must have alb the
weaknesses of the original stock, with a shorter prospective
existence. These remarks apply to plants that are to be used as
garden plants, — where no more artificial protection is given, tliaa
is provided for a geranium or other summer flowering plant. On
the other hand, in the raising of American seedlings for a given
purpose — as for instance, to produce a thoroughly reliable race-
of garden plants — we will suppose that at any time during May
five hundred seedlings are planted in the open ground and are
given fairly good cultivation. There will come a time when some
of these plants Avill begin to weaken, that is, they will make no
further progress, and as the trying summer lengthens many others

SA MASSACHUSETTS HORTICLXTURAL SOCIETY.

will drop bebiud. until — probably at the eud of September — your
five huudred seedliugs have dwindled to only fifty healthy and
vigorous plants. It will be these fifty then, that have the consti-
tution and the vigor you desire to propagate. He had often said that
we ought to raise American seedling plants for American gardens.
A great many of the European novelties of all kinds of plants are
failures here. It is not that they are worthless, but because the
conditions to Avhich they are subjected here are not to their lilving.

Mr. Hollis further inquired, if the best liealth of stock is to be
maintained, which course is best to pursue in propagation ; to
take cuttings from a plant which has Ijeen forced to its highest
capabilities in order to produce large specimen blooms, or from
another plant of the same variety which has received only such
culture as will ensure merely good ordinary flowers?

Mr. Thorpe said his experience had afforded him such positive
proof as to the growth of chrj'santhemums. that he believes that
when cuttings are taken at a fairly early time, it makes no differ-
ence whether they are cut from a strong plant or a Aveak one,
provided alwaj^s that they are properly treated afterwai'ds. A
cutting no thicker than a knitting-needle, if well cared for from
the start, should be as strong at tn^o months later date as one that
was originally as large as a pencil. Some believe that permitting
a plant to produce only a few flowers tends to strengthen the
plant. The fact is, it costs the plant less effort to elaborate one
flower than it does to perfect fifty. If a plant is allowed to carry
all its flowers without disbudding, what a task it has. A single
shoot of some varieties has as many as fortj" buds formed, and
when we consider that each floAver when open carries from one
hundred and fort}- to one hundred and fifty florets, we can perceiA'e
that the strain on the plant is a verA' seA'ere one.

Michael H. Norton expressed his pleasure that he had been
present and heard the A'ery able and instructive lecture, and he
moA'ed a A'ote of thanks to Mr. Thorpe, Avhich was uuanimousl}'
passed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion"
announced for the next Saturday-, a paper upon " Small Fruits,
particularly the Strawberry," by P. M. Augur, State Pomologist,
Middlefield, Conn.

EErORTS OF AWA1JI)IN(; Cc )AI.MnTi:KS. 85

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satihday, February 14, 1801.

An adjourned nieetiuo- of the Society was holdeu at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman, presented the following report:
The Committee, appointed to report recommendation of com-
pensation for the various Committees on Exhibitions, report :

One hundi'ed dollars to each of the six Chairmen, and one
dollar each for other members Avhenever they attend as required
by the Schedule ; an account to be kept by the Chairman.

J. H. Woodford, ^

H. P. Walcott, y Committee^

C. H. B. Breck, j

The Report was unanimously adopted.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion to which was referred the award of prizes for the best
reports of awarding Committees, presented the following report:

The First Prize to Joseph H. Woodford, for the Report of the
Committee on Plants and Flowers.

The Second Prize to Charles N. Brackett, for the Report of the
Committee on Vegetables.

The Third Prize to E. W. Wood, for the Report of the Com-
mittee on Fruits.

The report was unanimously adopted.

The .Secretary announced the receipt of a letter from the
Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, accepting the invita-
tion to hold its winter meeting in the Society's Halls, and stating
that the meeting would be held on the first, second, and third days
of December next.

Adjourned to Saturdaj^, February 21.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICLXTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Thk Strawberry and Its Culture; Theories and Methods,

By p. M. AucuK, Connecticut State Pomologist, Middlefleld, Conn.

The time was when the Strawberry was regarded as a hixury
for occasioual use oul}' ; now it is justly considered a necessity.
So much so is it, that a faihire of the strawberry crop would be
considered almost as deplorable as a potato famine, at least
during the season when we usually have them. Formerly a few
crates answered tlie demand in any one market ; now the daily
supply of our principal cities requires long, ponderous trains of
cars, loaded with this most delicious earlj' summer fruit. No
apology, therefore, is needed for devoting our thoughts todaj- to
the consideration of the current theories and approved methods
now practiced in the highest strawberry culture.

In noting the progress in this line, which has been made during
our recollection, Ave see a change as great as that between the little
packet ship of our boyhood days, and the great palatial ocean
steamer of todaj'. Again, when we compare a quart of selected
strawberries, of the best type we knew sixty years ago, with the
fine exhibition berries of the Sharpless, Belmont, and Jewell, as
they appear on your exhibition tables from year to j^ear, we are
indeed amazed ; and yet this is only in harmony with the rate of
progress we observe in almost every department of human effort.

Therefore, standing as we now do on the threshold of the last
decade of the nineteenth century, let us look forward and see
where lie the opportunities for higher development and more
•complete success in this interesting department of horticulture.

First, then, let us consider the subject of culture as having a
most important bearing on strawberry production, and being a
most important factor in achieving it. If we turn to mechanics
for an illustration we find that the same metal, under different
methods of handling, may be made into either a stone-hammer or a
watch-spring — the latter, of course, requiring a far higher degree
of skill than the former, with a consequent higher value. So also
ft given piece of laud may under a certain management yield a
crop of potatoes worth out' hundred dollars; the same land may
under very different management yield a crop of strawberries
worth ten times as much. Let it not be inferred from this that

TiiK sti;a-\\i',ki;i;v and its rrLTruE. 87

:i strawhorry crop iiiay lie rcuanlt'd as necessarily wortli ten times
as niiich as a good potato crop. This depends upon circuni-
stauces. The chances are, however, that under good management
the strawberry at its maximum will far exceed the potato in value.

The question then comes: ''What are the conditions, culture,
and surroundings needed for the highest results in strawberry
productions?

First, the soil. A very sandy soil is least desirable ; a strong,
retentive loam, well handled, the best. Taking the latter as our
beau ideal, let us consider the best mode of management. We
are aware that such soils have a tendency to become too heavy and
compact ; in a ver}' wet season they may be soggy with water,
and in extreme drought be hard and cracked. To avei't the
former tendency by removing surplus water, artificial draining is
ueeessar}', and at the same time it will give aeration and good
mechanical condition to the soil : these are prime conditions never
to be overlooked.

As the soil is the home of the plant, in order to achieve the best
results all the conditions must l)e most favorable. The soil also
being Nature's grand laboratory, we must remove all obstacles to
her work, at the same time carefully supplying every requisite
condition for speedy and most effective operations.

We will suppose a soil of good natural fertility but a little heavy
and tenacious. We will give thorough drainage by placing under-
drains thirty feet apart and three ftet below the surface, to be
laid on perfect grades running directly down the slope. The effect
of these will be to render the soil less adhesive and more porous
and friable.

For the immediate improvement of this soil both in fertility'
and mechanical condition preparatory to a strawbeiTy crop, sup-
posing it to have been preceded b}' a cultivated crop, apply from
twenty-five to fort}' cords of grain-fed horse manure, well
fermented but not burned. Let this be plowed in nine inches
deep, plowing across the drains, following in each furrow with a
sub-soil plow running nine inches deeper, thus breaking the soil
half-way down to the drains.

This operation will secure aeration from above and from below,
and with the fertilizing and mechanical effect of the horse manure
intermixed in the soil Avill furnish a most congenial home for the
strawberry, and furthermore we believe that decomposition and

S8 MASSACHrSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

niti'ificatiou will go ou eoujoiutly, through the agency of micro-
organisms, the whole becoming more digestible and available for
superb growtli and magnificent fruitage of the plants. Again,
such a soil so treated is in condition to withstand extreme vicissi-
tudes of wet and drought better than any other ; easily letting off
surplus water through the drains and as easily drawing moisture
through its numerous capillaries from the water table beneath.
The way in which lettuce growers prepare their beds is an ideal
way to prepare ground for strawberries.

Having a soil prepared as described, and nicely pulverized, plant
according to some definite system. Usually planters adopt the
matted-row plan, setting the plants at varying distances accord-
ing to the variety and the intent of the grower. "\Ye follow that
plan too, to a considerable extent, because of the demand of the
public for plants, having a double object, — plants and fruit. But
from the stand-point of fruit production alone we should discard
the matted-row sj^stem as both unphilosophical and unwise. What
grower would plant corn in the matted-row to secure good ears,
or beets in the matted-row to secure good roots ? Cobbett, the old
English gardener, said, " one or two cucumber plants in a hill are
better than more, and with fifty plants in a hill you get no
cucumbers." Unneeessar}- strawberry plants in a bed are as
injurious as weeds. The maximum yield of a well developed
strawberry plant may without doubt be placed as high as two
quarts ; I have excellent proof of this from my own experience.
But this cannot be reached without space for full development.

For spring planting for fruit alone, I know of no better plan
than to set in rows three feet apart and one and one-half feet in'
the row, allowing each spring-set plant to throw one strong runner
on each side, rooting a single plant opposite the intervening space,
thus : —

/^
a

\b

a, representing the spring-set plants, and b, the new plants from
runners, so that each plant in the trio a, b, 6, will stand at a
corner of a triangle. This method of planting is particularly
adapted to the Jewell.

For July planting select strong young plants and plant in rows
two feet apart and one and a half feet in the row. If trying for

/'^

A

/*

a

a

0

\b

^b

\i

THE STKAWHKiniV AM) ITS CULTURE. b^

the groatost luunbor of bushels I would plant a foot and a half
apart each way. Just after a rain each plant can bo taken up
with a ball of earth adhering. Iloe frequently and keep all
runners nipped otT. Cover with coarse hay as soon as the ground
is well frozen, removing as soon as the ground ceases to freeze iu
spring. Then give a shallow hoeing, and when the fruit begins ta
color mulch sutliciently to conserve moisture and keep the fruit
clean. By the last of May such plants should touch each other
both ways and yield on an average one quart per plant in June ;
thus showmg a possible yield of 472 bushels per acre for the July
planting, or 313 bushels for the previous spring planting, the young
plants b, having higher possibilities than the older plants a. I do
not intend to convey the idea that everyone everywhere can achieve
such a result, but simply that it is possible, with all the conditions
favorable, as we have ample proof to demonstrate. Fruit of the
best quality is never rejected in the market.

Before leaving the matter of culture, allow^ me to say that in all the
processes of stirring the soil, unnecessary tramping of the ground by
either teams or men should be avoided. In any horticultural oper-
ation there should be convenient paths for travel exclusively, and no
man or team should go elsewhere than in the paths when it can be
avoided. Man}' men in hoeing and weeding, by frequent and
unnecessary stepping actually do more harm than good. Imple-
ments for horse and man should be so constructed as to do the
most woi'k possible with a single passage or movement, and should
also be as light as possible, compatible with strength and
efiiciency.

To go into all the minutiw of mode or frequency of culture, I
think unnecessary before an audience of experts, such as is con-
vened here.

How shall we avoid deterioration of varieties, and keep our
stock good for continuous vigor, health, and productiveness ? We
may justly regard this as one of the most important points con-
nected Avith this subject ; and how to improve our stock is a
question of paramount importance.

The principles involved in developing and improving fine stock
in the animal econonn', hold with equal force iu the vegetable
kingdom. Hence, only plants having all the good points we
desire to carry or to develop further, should be selected for our
stock-beds, and if we see at any time a plant void of these, it
should at once be pulled out and discarded.

90 MASSACHUSETT,^ HORTICULTr'RAL SOCIETY.

Agaiu, plants which have once fruited heavily should not lie
used for propagatiou, either for home beds or for market, as they
have, of course, decreased vitality, and the use of such plants
would ensure speed}' degeneracy.

AVhen some one point in an otherwise valuable variety is lack-
ing, as for instance in the Jewell a disposition to throw runners
freely, this characteristic may be greath' changed l)y marking
those plants which are all right in this respect, and using only
their progeny for stock plants. Some of our best fruit growers,
among whom is T. T. Lyon, the respected President of the Michi-
gan Horticultural Society, however, do not regard this trait as
wholly objectionable, inasmuch as the tendency of a plant to
concentrate Nature's powers on itself, rather than in profuse
multiplication, lies right in the line of extreme fruitfulness. The
Crescent and Haviland make runners too freely. But where slow
propagatiou is manifestly a fault, it can be remedied by choosing
plants of good vigor, struck as late as September or Octolter,
rather than heavier plants struck in July, which are crowded with
fruit germs and hence have the preponderant tendency toward
heav}' fruitage rather than propagatiou. A plant that has the
germs of two hundred berries is less fit for propagation than one
that has fewer germs. I formerlj' made a mistake in sending out
large plants, but I did it ignorantly. So where there is any lack
in any habit of an otherwise valuable variety, it can in time be
greatly modified by the judicious selection of plants for the
stock-bed. To the lack of such care in the management of
varieties, and to injudicious propagatiou, is to be charged the
running out of varieties once highly esteemed. If we select weak
runners indiscriminate!}' for propagation we shall run down the
character of the variety. The purchasing public are largely
responsible for this, inasmuch as they will buy the most carelessly
grown plants, at ruinoush' low rates, when at double the price
they would secure carefully grown plants of high value. The
same thing is true, to quite as great an extent, in regard to the
propagation and sale of fruit-bearing nursery trees, which
accounts for the very uneven and miserable orchards we see all ■
about the countrj'. "We should prefer for trees the best seedlings
from the best developed seeds before the feeble stocks from cider
pomace, and they should be grafted at the collar, and the vicious
practice of cutting up roots should be avoided.

riiK s^l;A^\ r.KKKV and its crLTUitE. 91

You will oxcusc nil' if I nlltulc to experionce and observatiou
somewhat, as I pass along.

A cleroyman with decided horticultural tastes, said to me a few
years since, '*I raised a nice crop of beans on my land while
getting it stocked with strawberry plants." You have often seen
iu the agricultural press, notices of similar import, how some one
or other raised a fine crop of beets, spinach, peas or some other
vegetable, and at the same time was stocking his ground with
strawberry plants for the succeeding year. Of course I do not
dispute that something of that kind can be done with a measure of
success. With land of exceptional fertility it may be wise, but as
a rule I doubt the wisdom of so doing. A crop of early peas
may precede the setting of plants in Jul}', provided that a new
ploughiug up is given, and there is no lack of fertility iu the soil.
We are never to forget that our strawberrj^ crop is more than half
raised the preceding year, and the question is pertinent. Which
is better, a half crop of strawberries and a half crop of something
else, or a full crop of berries? As an instance of high culture
and its results, I will mention a case where three successive cover-
ings of good manure were ploughed in on one acre and fourteen
rods of laud, and iu July strawberry plants were set. When the
berries were ripe many of them brought forty cents per quart, and
the total receipts for the crop Avere 81,800. The secret of this
success was that the laud was full of manure and the best possible
culture was given throughout.

The apostle's utterauce, "This one thing I do," is a good
motto for a given piece of land, for the time being.

Varieties and Theik Manac^emekt. — The varieties of straw-
berries offered to and planted by the public are numerous, and it
would be beyond the limits of this paper to go much into detail in
their description.

The Wilson was once every man's berry ; the Crescent was
called the lazy man's berry, possibly because — as was sometimes
said — it would run outward and take care of itself, and perhaps
there is some ti'uth iu that. The Haviland is with us much after
the style of the Crescent. They are all rather too small to be
satisfactory.

The Black Defiance, Hervey Davis, Gold. Henderson, and
Wilder, are all claimants for high quality, but lack sufficient
productiveness to lie found largely in the market.

92 3IA8SACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On our grouuds the Middlefield, Sharpless, Bubaeh's No. 5, iiud
Jewell, take the lead, the last two being specially adapted to
hill-culture or the triple-roAv culture on rich soil.

For a soil of onh' moderate fertilit}' the Crescent, Havilaud, or
Middlefield, would be better adapted, the others requiring
richer soil and better culture. The law of adaptation has appli-
cation here ; you would not use a seventy-four pounder with only
an ounce of powder, neither a pistol with a mammoth charge.

As a rule we have found pistillate varieties most productive
when properly matched with suitable bi-sexuals, as we must have
pollen for the best blooms if we wish to have perfect fruit. Thus
three or four rows of the Jewell, with the Sharpless on one side
and the Belmont on the other, we consider well matched. Like-
wise the Jersey Queen with the Cumberland on one side and the
Charles Downing on the other have produced immensely. The
Belmont is a valuable match for the Jewell, because it furnishes
pollen even to the latest bloom.

I am strongly of the opinion that cross-fertilization for the
Sharpless or any other bi-sexual variety is better than to depend
on its own pollen, believing that plants, like animals, have a stronger
affinit}' for a different strain of blood (so to speak,) from their own.

Production of New Varieties. — The fact that varieties do
decline is a reason why we should make intelligent effort to pro-
duce new and better varieties. A few thoughts on this subject
may not be out of place.

The mother variety from which the seed is taken should be a
pistillate, chosen for its good points, with a good male parent in
close proximity, in which case a true cross is well-nigh inevitable.

A more precise method of procedure in crossing varieties is the
following which was a favorite plan with the venerable Seth
Boyden of honored memory. Set four bi-sexual plants of a select
variety in a small frame, thus : —

a

X

a

a

a

as at a, a, a, «, uml iu the center, x, set a well chosen plant of the
desired pistillate variety' for the mother plant. Let all these
plants be forced to their highest development, especialh' the
mother plant x. Just before the lilooming season cover tlie frame
with a sash to prevent insects from bringing foreign pollen.

THE STKAWBKUUY AM) ITS CULTIRK. 93

Remove early from the plaut x", all but three or four principal
fruit stalks, so that the strength of its vital forces shall be concen-
trated in them.

As soon as the most important blooms on x open, remove the
sash, and fertilize with pollen from a, o, a, a, using a camels' hair
brush. It is better to fertilize in two or three successive opera-
tions, to ensure completeness of the work. Then replace the
sash, which should be removed permanently as soon as the fruit is
well set, two days after fertilization l)eing sufficient. The finest of
these cross-fertilized berries only should be used for seed. At
perfect maturit}' luash the berries and wash out the chosen seed,
place the seed on ice a few days, then sow in a box placed in a
-greenhouse or conservatory and when the plants attain sufficient
size transplant to the open ground. These plants with good atten-
tion and culture will be large enough to stand the winter well, with
suitable mulching, and will speedily lie in bearing condition.

To all intelligent amateurs, to invalids, to ladies of horticultural
tastes, and especially to youth of either sex, there is a fascination
about this work, that is not only captivating, but also thoroughly
elevating. As a recreation of absorbing interest, it is almost
without a parallel. The possibility of a high degree of success,
is sufficient inducement to encourage the undertaking.

The principles involved in choosing parent varieties are : first,
to choose those having as many strong points as possible in
common. Second, when the mother variet}^ lacks in some one
essential, select the male parent having that missing quality most
fully. In short, aggregate in the prospective progeny as many
strong points as are attainable. Of course we cannot sum up all
the good points of both parents and knoio we have that aggregate,
but possibilities lie in that direction. As already intimated speci-
men berries for seed should be the very largest, finest, and of ideal
form and development ; and yet the seeds from a single berry will
produce a progeny of the widest variation, but in this variation
lies the hope of improvement.

The momentum of high culture and favoring circumstances adds
much to the possibilities for improvement in the new seedlings.
I believe we can so combine the forces of t«'0 varieties as to get
valuable results if properly handled. Circumstances of heredity
will have effect ; hence we cannot predict exactly what the final
progeny will be. "We want a Bartlett pear a month earlier than

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vre now have, and also a pear of tine quality ripening in March,
and I think we shall obtain them ; there is encouragement to make
the attempt to gain them, in the fact that we need them. These
are illustrations of the improvements which sliould be sought in
raising new strawberries. Furthermore, I believe that new varieties
as parents are more impressible — so to speak — than old varieties,
and will engender changes more readily, and that cross-fertilizatioa
and environment will effect them more surely.

The points of importance in a new variet}', are :

First, vigor, healthfulness, and large feeding capacity.

Second, a large flower, with a strong cone, whether pistillate or
bi-sexual.

Third, great productiveness.

Fourth, good quality' .

Fifth, good size, form, and color.

Sixth, sufficient firmness to keep well and ship well.

A variety with small leaves, and profuse in throwing runners,
will usually produce small berries and stands a small chance of
being retained.

A strong plant with a large, dark colored, leathery leaf throwing
heavy runners, indicates a strong root-sj'stem and large fruit.

A light colored leaf is nsually more tender and more sul)ject to
disease than a dark one.

All who raise strawberry seedlings will understand that the
rejected plants will probably be largely in the majority. ]\Iauy
•ma}^ properly be rejected while j^et in the seed bed. Mr. Boyden
said that as soon as the plant had three or four leaves he could
select all tliat he wanted to retain for testing. The lot of seed-
lings comprising the Jewell luimbered up to 500, but only a little
more than 400 were retained to test. The more promising should
be planted out in rows, staked, and numbered, so that notes can
easily be taken at blooming and at fruiting from year to year if
required.

Although we may have to reject ultimately 499 varieties out of
500, yet the possibility of that one choice variet}' will give zest to
the most painstaking efforts in this direction. That the near
future is to give us varieties of superior excellence, I have no
doubt.

The Raspbekhy am> the BLACKHERin'. — With them as with
the strawberry, the tendenc}" is to over-crowding.

TUK STHAWHEKIIV AM) ITS (TLTIUE. 95

The laiul should be prepared as we have it for the strawl)erry ;
the more manure the better. Plaut strong pUmts of the raspberry
six feet b}' six feet; the blackberry eight feet by six feet.

When the canes reach three and one-half feet, nip oft" tlie tips ;
this will give strong laterals, and when those reach one and a half
feet, clip them. Such plants so treated should yield an enormous
crop of large berries. Few are aware of the possibilities of such
plants.

Every farmer, laborer, mechanic, artisan, or professional man,
may have these summer fruits in great al)undance. They not
only afford a rich luxury for the table, but the sauitar}- eft'ect of
such fruits is too important to be overlooked. AVe hope the time
is not far distant when every household may realize the advantage
of an ample home garden abouudiug with choice vegetables, fruits,
and flowers.

AVe are fully aware of the abiding interest this Society takes in
encouraging efforts to produce new and valuable varieties. This
is in harmony with the progressive age in which we live. Progress
in ever}' other department of industry is surely made. Horticul-
ture, Floriculture, and Pomology should iu no wise be behind.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society has a record of which
it may justly feel proud, being recognized, the world over, as in
the front rank of intelligent, progressive eft'ort. We feel assured
that the future of this Society will be in. full accord with the past,
and that the j'ounger members, and those who shall from time to
time be elected to so honored a membership, will strive faithfully
to keep up the high standard so well sustained by their seniors,
and by those well remembered pioneers who have gone before.

Discussion.

William D. Philbrick called attention to Mr. Augur's directions
as to a closed frame of plants for hybridization, and asked how the
frame was to be ventilated during the period of fertilization.

Mr. Augur replied that if the plants were protected from pollen-
laden insects from the time the flowers were ready to open, and
until the third day after the hand-fertilization was completed, the
seed could not be affected by any other pollen. The frame could be
protected from insect intruders by a gauze covering during that
period, if it was necessary to lift the sash meantime for ventila-
tion.

"96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rev. Calviu Terry asked for iuformatiou about a prize bed of
Jewell strawberries, grown b}' Mr. Augur.

Mr. Augur stated that one twenty-eighth of an acre of land was
prepared as recommended in the essay, and planted to the Jewell
strawberry, with occasional rows of Sharpless, Charles Downing,
and other bi-sexual varieties to fertilize them. A committee from
New York visited the grounds in June, when they requested that a
record of the plat be kept for subsequent reference. The crop
gathered averaged over one quart to each plant and there was not
a plant missing from the entire plat at that time, a reserve bed,
from which a few plants were drawn to fill vacancies, having been
kept. No difference was observed in the fruit to indicate that
fertilization Avas due to different bi-sexual varieties. The fruit
measured was gathered from only the Jewell plants.

Mr. Augur spoke a word of caution against planting straw-
berries in grass land just broken up, as it is apt to be infested
with the larvffi of the May beetle. He once ploughed up a piece
of grass land and planted it Avith strawberries, so many of which
were destroyed by the May beetle that the whole bed was ploughed
up. He likes to have grass land broken up two years before
planting the strawberries.

S. H. Warren asked if the lecturer thought it as important, as
most writers state, that staminate varieties must be set near pistil-
late kinds, in order to have the latter produce perfect fruit. He
said he had cultivated strawberries thirty-five years, and had
picked ver}' nearly perfect fruit fi'om Jewell plants (pistillate) in
October, where there had been no staminate variety in bloom
anywhere around so far as his knowledge extended.

Mr. Augur said that no variety of straAvberr}' produces flowers
absolutely destitute of stamens. He has had a plat of JcAvell
plants left OA'er, Avhich gaA'e many l)erries, but they Avere imper-
fect; also, some years the Crescent has yielded quite a crop alone.
But we must not presume to depend upon self-pollenizing in
pistillate A'arieties. He desired to add a Avord on the utility of
bees and other insects in pollenizing the floAvers of strawberries
and other fruits. He stated tliat by a Avise provision of Nature,
at the time the pollen-grains ripen, a saccharine substance exudes
within the flower and attracts the insects which, while busily
gathering sweets, are unconsciously made the agents for the more
complete pollenization of tlie pistils Avhich otherAA-ise might remain
undeveloped.

THE STRA^MJERKY AND ITS CULTURE. 97

Mr. "NVarreu had fouiicl that the Jewell requires more water than
auy other variety, and that when grown on laud moister than the
average garden soil it throws out plent}' of runners. He asked
the lecturer if he took but one crop of fruit from one setting of
plants.

Mr. Augur replied that time is mone}', and he was very decided
that it requires too much time and labor to weed an old bed ;
besides, the second crop is alwaj^'s much inferior to the first.
Therefore, it does not pay. He preferred to alternate with other
crops.

Mr. Warreu asked whether planting in hills is preferable to
planting in beds.

Mr. Augur thought he had better success as respects the fruit
when he planted in hills than in matted beds. In the first case he
got more and better fruit ; in the second he got some fruit, but
mauy more new plants, for which he has always a large demand.

E. AV. Wood remarked that we have had this lecture to teach us
about the varieties of the strawberry, and the theories and best
methods of practice in its propagation and culture. The essayist
had given us so much to think about, that others see no necessity
for talking. He is one who has done more than any other person
to develop this fruit, and show its capabilities. TVe notice that
most varieties do not long continue to be generally grown. Mauy
that were very popular not long ago are not now seen on our
exhibition tables ; in fact during the last ten years almost every old
variety has disappeared. The speaker did not know where to go
now to find au}' plants of La Constaute, Wilder, or Hervej' Davis,
although some were shown here less than two years ago. Taking
the experience of the past as a guide, it would appear that we
must depend upon new seedlings for renewal of our plants. How
manj' will carefully carry out the methods Mr. Augur has
described to us today? We want an earlier kind than May King
if possi])le, and larger also. The uew strawberry producers have
been concentrating their efforts on the increase of size regardless
of quality. The market demands the largest and best looking
fruit; consequently this is sold at the highest price, while
medium and smaller varieties have to be sold at about half price,
although they are of a far better quality and more productive.
While they are not profitable for the market, they are preferable
for the home garden, as they produce enough for the amateur.

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Augur's mode of growing plants for fruit is correct for him,
but few large growers would cultivate them in that form. The
Sharpless or Belmont would give enough work to keep off their
numerous ruuuers. The Belmont is quite productive of fruit even
when grown pretty thick. The only objection to the Jewell is that
it does not produce runners freely ; but it is the most prolific in
fruit, and it is best grown in beds. We have thought the growers
at Belmont, manured pretty freely when using twenty-five cords to
the acre for three crops, but the speaker took a long breath
when the lecturer told of using forty cords to the acre. He spoke
of an Arlington market-gardener having 24,000 feet of land, on
Avhich he set strawberr}" plants in rows five feet apart and eighteen
inches apart in the row*. Egyptian beets were then set fourteen
inches apart as an extra crop and the gardener claimed that he got
as many strawberries as if no beets had been growing there. The
next year his crop of strawberries brought $800, and he also
received 886 in prizes. The speaker thought the matted row
sj'stem of planting strawberries the best.

Mr. "Warren inquired if the plants wintered as well in hills, or
in beds where the runners have been cut off, as they did in matted
rows. His own opinion was that the plants in the first two cases
were more likely to be thrown out of the ground by frost, but in
the matted beds they were not so much exposed.

Mr. Augur answered that he likes to cover the plants pretty
well during the winter, and uses from two to three tons of coarse
hay per acre for that purpose. The plants do not suffer at all
when thus protected, while plants exposed are more or less
injured by alternate freezing and thawing. He stated further that
he accepted Mr, Wood's idea of matted rows, provided they are
not allowed to become too much matted. With any variety he
would set the plants three feet apart, which would allow sufficient
room for all needed new plants. This seems to call for a great
deal of work, in preparing the ground, but that is done rapidly.

O. B. Hadwen said that he had been very much interested in all
he had heard at this meeting. Mr. Augur has shown us how he
cultivates strawberries, and what the best culture produces. Mr.
Wood has told us of the liberal use of manure, from twenty-five
to forty cords per acre, and that the latter figure seems an extraor-
dinary amount. He could tell of an experience far exceeding
that. A gentleman in Connecticut, who is alile to do as he

TlIK STKAWHKUKY AM) ITS CULTURE. 99'

pleases, toUl him that he used one huiidred cords of uiuiiui'e i)er
acre, for strawberries, and in addition had applied li<iuitl dressing
which was obtained by leaching" a quantity of other manure. The
effect of such treatment was astonishing. Plants set in August
had made such a growth by the end of September, that a half
Inishel measure could not be put over one of them. Similar treat-
ment was applied to melons and other crops with equally surpris-
ing results. Mr. Hadwen also spoke of the longevity of varieties
of the strawberry, saying that with the exception of our native
and tlie Alpine strawberry, all those he knew in his boyhood are
now lost to sight. Perhaps Hovey's Seedling had the longest life
of any cultivated variety — about forty years. The type of this
berry changed in form both of leaf and fruit, even in Mr. Hovey's
own grounds. In 1840 the price of Hovey's Seedling plants was
twenty-five cents each. The Wilson held out only thirty years,
and most others have had but a short career. The essayist had a
great opportunity and knowing very well how to improve it, had
accomplished a valuable service to all growers of this fruit. The
speaker was convinced that we must depend on new seedlings for
future use.

Hon. Aaron Low being called upon said that many of the
lecturer's points agreed with his owu experience. He bought
Belmont plants aud set them on clay ground, and planted Jewells
alongside to grow runners. The Belmont made many runners and,
the bed was the handsomest of that variety he ever saw, but many
of the berries were imperfect. The Jewell plants were a great
success, but he thought a cross produced from Jewell and Belmont
would be very desirable. He believed Mr. Augur's theories about
cross-fertilization for new varieties are correct, but that a great
deal of experience is needed before one can expect much success
iu such operations. He was convinced that after a flower has
been fertilized by hand, bees cannot affect it very much. Iu
regard to producing new varieties of potatoes, he believed it
could be done only by planting the natural seed balls, as that is
the way Nature multiplies varieties in vegetables. The tuber of
a potato is not the seed, although the variety can be propagated by
the eyes of the tuber as it can by cuttings of the green stalk, as
many other kinds of plants can be multiplied. New varieties
must be produced by cross-fertilization of the flowers, and plant-
ing the seed produced from those flowers. As there will be great

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

variation iu the general characteristics of the seedlings thus
obtained, the operator should select such as show the greatest
development of the essential points desired in the new varieties to
be brought out. From these, bj' careful selection and traiuiug for
a few years, the much desired new variet3% superior to all others
will be established, and by continually using the best specimens as
seed-stock, it can be maintained pure, avoiding the natural
tendency to go back to the form of one or the other parent. In
producing new varieties of corn there is but little trouble, the
fertilizing pollen is so readily carried by the wind and falls upon
the silk of different varieties. Thus crosses are being made
continually from the kinds planted near each other. But to
pei'manently establish any desired point in quality or character
requires years of careful experiment, training and watchfulness,
as all such crosses have a natural tendency to "sport," and if not
grown at a long distance from all other varieties, they are liable to
accidental cross-fertilization.

Mr. Augur desired to state in regard to heavily manuring laud,
that he had never put fort}'^ cords of such manure as he recom-
mended upon one acre, but it was only because he could not get it.

Mr. Warren stated that he had invented a machine for cutting
off sti'awberi'y runners. It consists of an iron finger which
passes under the runners, and a circular knife — worked by the
wheel on which the machine is carried — which cuts off the runners
as fast as they are gathered up by the finger and as fast as a man
would walk. It is to be used after the runners have generally
struck roots, but he had not used it very much of late as he
thought the plants did not winter as well if so cut just before the
colder season came on.

On motion of Mr. Hadwen, a vote of thanks to the essayist for
his interesting and instructive paper, was unanimously passed.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a lecture upon
"The Geographical Distribution of Plants," by W. F. Ganong,
Instructor in Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge.

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. 101

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, P'ebruary 21, 1891.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The following report was presented and accepted :
The various Committees have voted to postpone the P^xhibitiou
of March 25, 26, and 27, to March 31, and April 1, 2, and 3, as
the first-named dates occur in the week preceding Easter, when
plants and flowers will be scarce.

Patrick Norton,

E. W. Wood,

F. L. Harris,
C. N. Brackett,
Arthur H. Fewkes,
John G. Barker.

Horticultural Hall, Boston.
February 14, 18!tl.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 28.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Geographical Distribution of Plants.

By W. F. Gaxoxg, Instructor in Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge.

The subject I am to present to you this morning, as you may
perceive from its title, is not horticultural. A Botanist trained in
the methods of scientific Botany today, does not necessarily know
much, or anything, of those practical details so essential to the
successful pursuit of the most delightful of avocations — that which
is the province and pleasure of the members of this Society. Yet
Horticulture ought to be, and is, a broadening study, and I am
sure that a short excursion into fields of more abstract science will
have more than a passing interest for you.

Certainly the field to which I invite you is broad enough and
scientific enough, being no less in extent than the earth's whole
surface, and the laws which govern the position upon it of every

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

living plant. I fear, should we attempt to cover in detail so great
a territory tliat we should not have ranged verj' far before all of
vay allotted time and your patience would be exhausted ; and we
shall therefore do well to concentrate our energies upon the charac-
teristics of its salient points.

It is undoubtedly the case, that the point of view from which the
Horticulturist regards the Plant, is very different from that of the
professional Botanist. For the former, the plant has its highest
interest in its adaptability, actual and possible, to the necessities
and enjoyments, both bodih' and mental, of mankind ; and its sus-
ceptibility to indefinite improvement along these lines is one of its
greatest charms. But to the scientific or philosophical naturalist,
the plant is more of au abstraction. It chiefly interests him for
what it represents of natural laws and phenomena. He regards it
as a being, filling a most important place in nature by virtue of its
very perfect adaptability to the conditions of that place, and each
of its parts exists for a similar reason. The root is an organ for
the absorption of liquids from the soil, the leaf for the manufac-
ture of organic from inorganic materials, and the stem to bring
these two into proper relationships with each other and with their
suiToundings. The flower is but a higlily-perfected device for
securing the co-operation of two parents in the production of off-
spring ; the fruit is the agency b}^ which is secured the necessary ripen-
ing and wide scattering of the seed, and the seed itself is but a spe-
cialization of tlie plant structure for holding the life of the species
for a time in suspension, so to speak, to enable it to continue exist-
ence over certain unfavorable periods. And these organs have their
immense variety of forms simpW to fit them better to perform these
functions, under the different conditions to which they are subjected.
That they are useful to man, or that they have beauty to delight
xis, is, from this point of view, but incidental ; and is either but
the happj' coincidence of our own needs and tastes with what is
best for the plant, or else the result of the gradual adaptation in
times past of our own needs and tastes to what there is in nature
best adapted to supply or gratify them. The plant is the creation
of its ancestrj^ and its surroundings, and represents the resultant
of innumerable influences acting upon it from these tT\-o sources.
The plant, indeed, from the scientific point of view, represents the
meeting point, or focus of an infinite number of forces or influences
acting upon it from varying directions and witli varying intensity,

THE (JEOGHAPHKAL DISTRIBUTIOX OF PLANTS. 103

and tliis focus or resultant is to the forces ver}' much wliat its
centre of gnivity is to a complexly irregular liod}'. It represents a
most delicately adjusted lialance of conditions — a state of uiistal)le
equilibrium, which may be altered by the slightest change in any one
of the forces ; and the jilant must become something different just
in proportion to the intensity of the change. These influences are
none the less real because so minute, and their study is the study
of plant life. To complete our conception of this kind of study,
it must be added that the scientific botanist believes, in his working
hours at least, in the uniform immutability of those series of con-
catenations of events which we call the laws of Nature ; and more-
over, leaving the unknowable for the use of the metaphysician, he
acts upon the belief that all things in nature are knowable, can
we but sufficiently refine our methods of investigation.

Now the point of these observations lies in the application thereof
to our present subject. Each and every plant has its place on the
earth's face fixed by a tremendously complex set of influences,
some strong, some weak ; some acting through heredity, some from
environment ; some from this, some from that ; the end and result
of all of them being to make the plant just what it is, and to place
it just where it is ; and any change in any of these influences will
disturb the balance, move the focus, and cause a corresponding
change in the plant, which will vary directly as the influence. And
in this brief survey of the field we can but consider the broader
pencils or groups of forces determining the geographical distribu-
tion of plants, taking time to resolve none of them into lesser
groups, much less into smaller details.

The great controlling or limiting phj^sical agencies in distribu-
tion then are these :

I. Heat and moisture, or in other words, climate.

II. The past geological history of places.

And this is true not only of great areas, but as well of the most lim-
ited, and there is not a square mile of land in New England which
will not furnish illustrations of this principle. The main cause which
confines the Cactus to the desert and the great Aroids to the damp
forests, is the same, but in lesser degree, which places on our dry-
est knolls our Saxifrage and P^verlasting, and in our marshy pools
our Iris and Calla. It is but the same cause in different degree
which allows the low Arctic herbs to exist upon the Himalaj^a,
and the white Potentilla upon our own most exposed and coldest

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

shores. Aud the extremes of these conditions are represented on
the one hand by the frigid barrenness of the Arctic zone, and on
the other by the rank luxuriance of the Middle Tropics, and there is
every gradation between. It is true that other influences are at
work also, — prevailing character of the soil, abundance and kind of
enemies, etc., but heat and moisture are undoubtedly the most impor-
tant of all those which belong to the physical surroundings.

Now the distribution of heat over the earth's surface is deter-
mined by several conditions, amongst which the most important
are these :

(1) Other things being equal, the greatest quantity of heat is
received from the sun by the earth at the equator, and the amount
diminishes regularly towards the poles, the whole being subject to
regular variations owing to the movement of the earth placing the
the sun alternately north and south of the equator. It is plain
that, were it not for the disturbing effects to lie mentioned below,
the earth would be divided into great latitudinal zones of tempera-
ture of uniform In-eadth, to which vegetation would tend to corres-
pond, and our problem from this point of view would be greatly
simplified.

But (2) the relative distribution of land and water powerfully
affects these zones. This includes the influence of cold and warm
currents, whose effects are marked enough. I^verybody knows how
the Gulf Stream raises the mean annual temperature of North-
western I^urope, or how the great Japanese current raises that of
British Columbia and Alaska. And on the contrary we are very
sensible ourselves of the way in which the cold Labrador current
keeps our mean annual temperature reduced below that to which
our latitude entitles us. Again the principle that great masses of
water are equalizers of temperature, and that great masses of land
permit of extremes, is one of much importance ; and abundant
illustration will occur to all in the case of the extreme range of
temperature to which the cities of the central states are subjected
as compared with the much smaller range of the mercury in the
seaport towns.* And its importance becomes still more manifest
when we compare the well-known evenness of the temperature range
of oceanic islands, with the conditions prevailing at Yakutsk in
Siberia, which lies well within the greatest body of land in the world

*The cliraate of Boston does not afford a fair illustration. It is so near the Cape
Cod Peninsula, which is the great natural boundary between the colder northern and
warmer southern waters, that it is exi)osed to a set of very unusual conditions.

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. 105

and which has tlie greatest extremes of temperature of auy pU\ce
iu which observations of this kiml have been made.

(3) The height of land above the sea-level alwaj's causes, ceteris
paribus, a direct variation in temperature, this falling as the height
increases, and of course rising as the height diminishes. From
this cause it happens that we find upon high mountains, a series of
stages in the vegetation, the characters of which indicate succes-
sively colder and colder zones. And usually, as all botanists know,
the vegetation of these successive zones of altitude corresponds
closely to the vegetation of those places farther north, which at or
near the sea level have the same mean of temperature ; in other
words we have zones of altitude corresponding very exactly to zones
of latitude, and wherever the late geological history of a region has
permitted of it, the vegetation of these two kinds of zones corres-
ponds not only in general characteristics, but is composed of
identically the same genera and species. Hence it is that we find
arctic plants upon the Alps and Rockies, sub-alpiue plants upon
the White mountains, and Antarctic plants upon the Andes — a
subject soon to be referred to again.

The influence of the first of these conditions, must be prodigiously
altered by the second and third, and the effect will be to make the
zones of temperature extremely irregular. Humboldt invented a
verj' simple method of graphicall}" representing the boundary lines
of these zones ; that of drawing upou a map isotherms or isother-
mal lines ; and any map upon which these are drawn will show very
clearly the effect of the second and third of the conditions mentioned
upon the first. And it is important to notice that all of these con-
ditions operate as well upon a small as upon a large scale, though
in diminished degree, and therefore distinguishable with more diffi-
culty.

It is necessary to note, in connection with this subject of tem-
perature, that the whole matter is complicated somewhat by the
fact that the distribution of plants depends quite as much upou the
average temperature of the growing and reproducing mouths as
upon the average annual temperature — perhaps, indeed, a good deal
more. This serves to explain those cases iu which grains will
thrive iu regions very far north of where, from their mean annual
temperature, we should expect ; this seems to occur wherever the
actual average temperature of the actual growing time is high, even
though that of the remainder of the year is disproportionately low, as

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

happens in parts of northwestern Enrope and of the Canadian
northwest.

The distribution of moisture depends of course chiefly upon
rainfall, which in turn depends upon meteorological conditions of
which the discussion is not in place here. It is enough for our
present purpose to note that in general the tropics hare the greatest
rainfall and that there it is extremely regular. All readers of Mr.
Wallace's remarkable book, "Tropical Nature," will remember his
most graphic account of tropical rains and their effect upon tropical
vegetation. "With an abundance of evenly distributed solar heat
and an abundance of evenly distributed moisture, it is no wonder
that tropical forests are so luxuriant. Just outside of the trop-
ics comes a great rainless belt which includes nearly all of the
desert regions of the earth, and beyond this again, both north and
south of the equator, we come to the regions of varialile rainfall,
with which purely local conditions have so much to do, and passing
which we come to true Arctic conditions. Amongst the important
local causes influencing rainfall in the temperate regions are the
proximit}' of the sea, direction of the prevailing winds, and the
presence or absence of mountain ranges. The latter always tend
to cause precipitation on themselves, and between themselves and
the sea, and to shut off from the blessings of the rain the region on
the side away from the sea. It is, for instance, owing to the
presence of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges that the region
to the west has so much more abundant a rainfall than has the re-
gion on the east of them. Upon this side of the continent, the Alle-
ghanies are not high enough to produce more than a partial effect
in this direction.

And secondly among the controlling" agencies in distribution comes
the geological history of plants : geological historj' in this connec-
tion means simply the story of the changes in the distribution of
land and water in past times as compared with the present — and the
consequeut migrations plants have been forced to make, not always
into regions the most favorable to them. Hence it has come to
pass that plants toda}' are not all placed on the earth's surface just
where the conditions are most favorable to them, and many of therri
when introduced into new lands, often find there conditions more
congenial than in their old homes. But geological histor}' is of
more importance as a distributing agency, and we shall in a few
moments consider it in that connection.

Now these two, I must ask von to notice asain, are the limitins:

THE GEO(rRAl'lIICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. 107

or controlling agencies ; they are not the distributing agencies.
And the}' are the controlling agencies for this reason : every species
of plant, withont exception, has certain definite maximum and
minimum points both of temperature and moisture within the range
of which it can live, outside of which it must perish ; and moreover
each has within those limits a certain optimum point of temperature
and optimum quantity of moisture at which it flourishes best, and
each plant, other things being equal, could flourish anywhere on the
earth's surface where these best conditions are realized, were the
field open for it and couhl it hut get there. But that is the great if ;
plants have comparatively very small powers of travelling them-
selves, and geological history, with its forced migrations, has driven
them into the regions where we find them and kept them out of
others to which they are equally well fitted. You can understand
better now what I meant at the beginning when I said that a plant
is the creation of its history and its surroundings, and that these
have operated to make it just what it is and to place it just where
it is. And I trust you will understand it still better before I shall
have finished this lecture.

These being the limiting agencies, we are now prepared to look
at the distributing agencies and to note what effects have been pro-
duced on vegetation by their combined action. These distributing
agencies are three : —

I. Natural methods of dissemination.
TI. Influence of man, direct and indirect.

III. Geological changes — the changes which have in past times
compelled groups of plants to migrate from place to place.

The first and second of these deal chiefly with single species,
and are therefore of less significance. The third has to do with
great masses of species historically connected, or Floras.

The subject of the natural dissemination or scattering of seeds is
one of the most interesting topics in botany, and I am sure a pre-
sentation of it would prove of great interest to you.

Plants have developed the most remarkable devises to secure a
wide scattering for their seeds. But their bearing upon our present
subject is limited by the fact that these devices are rarely adapted
to carry the species beyond a limited distance, and very rarely
indeed are they of a character to enable the plant to surmount the
natural barriers imposed by mountain ranges or wide seas. Of the
exceptions one of the most important is found in the coconut.
This fruit has a thick but very light coating, which is unusually

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

resistant to the action of salt water. The pahn whieii bears it fre-
quents the sea margin, and the fruits falling into the water are
carried immense distances by the action of winds and currents.
Hence the coco palm is one of the first plants to appear upon coral
islands, and it has even been said to be the only palm tree common
to both hemispheres. Again, there are certain species of which the
seeds or fruits have developed plumes or tufts of fine hairs which
make the total bulk of the seed or fruit very large in proportion to its
weight, thus enabling the wind to carry it very long distances.
Such is the case with many Composita?, as for instance the dande-
lion, the plumose fruit of which is known to everybody. This can
be carried by the wind for hundreds of miles, and hence is widely
scattered over North America and Europe, and very probably much
beyond these limits. And many other instances of a like character
could be cited. A most interesting and important branch of this
inquiry is concerned with the natural return of plants to localities
from which climatic changes have driven them. Thus the glacial
ice-sheet drove all plants before it to the South, but when it in turn
retreated back to its home in the frozen North, these plants tended
to follow it and re-occupy their old haunts. Now there is every
reason to believe that those plants having methods of rapid dissemi-
nation and therefore an advantage over their less fortunate relatives,
travelled more quickl}' and occupied the ground, and that the slower
moving forms are still with ditticnlty making their way back whence
they came. This seems to be well illustrated by the trees. The
forms which have light-winged seeds easily scattered b}^ the wind,
such as birches and willows, extend very far north, and the same is
true in lesser degree of the elms and maples. But the heav}^ seeded
trees like beeches, oaks, chestnuts, etc., are not so far advanced as
their constitutions will allow, and they are slowl}' but steadily
moving north, a point which is well argued by Professor Shaler of
Cambridge. And the extremely different rate of the natural spread
in this way of the various species, when a new land connection is
formed with another district, must be taken into account in all these
studies.

Another method of securing dissemination, of wide prevalence and
effectiveness, is found in those fruits which by bright colors are
made conspicuous, and by juicy pulp palatable to birds or animals —
a very large class, including nearly all of our edible fruits. In such
cases the seeds are swallowed Avith the fruit and being provided

tup: geographical distribution of plants. 109

usually with indigestible coatings are carried long distances, ofttinies,
before they are left by their carriers. The widest distribution by
this agency is undoubtedly secured through the birds, for birds can
cover a much greater area within a limited time after a meal than
can animals, and moreover they can pass readily over those natural
barriers — hill ranges and smaller arms of the sea — which animals
cannot. But we must not over-estimate the importance of this
agency, for birds of the longest tlight are generally carnivorous,
and can only occasionally and accidentally get some seeds into
their crops when other birds are their prey. Still a wide dissemi-
nation of certain species is secured in this way, and some of our
edible berries are good examples. Those seeds which cling to the
hair or wool of animals also secure some scattering in this waj%
but it is limited, as mammals do not as a rule range as far as
birds. There is one peculiar case, however, in which a certain very
modest species is believed to be the most widely distributed in the
world (for modesty is no liar to success in the vegetable kingdom),
and this has been brought about by the agency of Inrds. That is
the case of our very common water-shield, Brasenia peltata ^ which
is scattered Avidely not only in North America, but is found also in
ponds in Asia, Africa, and Australia. As the species has not an
edible fruit, it is supposed that the ver}^ sticky fruits cling to the
feet of aquatic birds and are hence carried over greater distances
than would be possible in the case of edible fruits of the ordinary
kinds. In all of these cases of course the distribution is ultimately
limited by the purely ph3"sical conditions of which we have spoken,
and the competition from the forms already occupying the ground
to which the new seed is carried.

The next great influence that we must consider is that of man.
Man is always prone to over-estimate his own importance, and
this applies with particular emphasis to his relation to the remainder
of Organic Nature. His influence upon the Plant Kingdom has
been far less than appears at first sight, and almost uniformly un-
favorable, and it is a fact that the remainder of the world would get
along better if he were to drop out of it altogether. We have to a
slight extent altered nature ; I doubt if we have improved it.

The direct influence of man in carrying plants from place to
place will occur to you first. But this includes for the most part
forms cultivated for food or for ornament, and the majority of
them, if left to themselves in their new homes would soon be

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

exterminated, and hence produce no lasting effect upon plant distri-
bution. Such is the case with grains and most European garden
flowers introduced into this country, which rapidh' die out as soon
as cultivation ceases. Cultivation largely consists in keeping away
from a plant its natural enemies ; and most plants when carried la
a new home cannot, unaided, compete with the native forms, Avhose
constitutions have been acclimatized by centuries of residence.
Hence the transfer from place to place by man, however extensive
it may be, of plants which could not exist in the new region with-
out his constant care, has but little to do with our present subject.
But there are some plants which he transfers, generally unintention-
ally, which often find in their new homes conditions favorable to
their rapid growth and spread ; and they frequently make them-
selves at home to such an extent that they become great nuisances.
Such are most of our weeds. As is well known, nearly every
troublesopie weed in our own regions, for instance, has been intro-
duced either from Europe or from the open lands of the West.
The reason for this appears to lie in the direction pointed out
by our greatest botanical philosopher, the late Asa Graj'. The
native weeds are all forms which have developed in or with the
woods, and when the latter were removed in the processes of
cultivation, the}' found conditions to which the}' were unaccus-
tomed and for which their constitutions were but poorly fitted.
The European accidentally introduced forms, however, after their
centuries of struggle with European civilization, hardy and self-
reliant as our own street urchins, found here a field not only
just such as they were adapted to, but occupied by no forms which
could offer them vigorous competition. Hence, they multiplied
and occupied the earth. In a lesser degree the conditions were
favorable to plants from the west accustomed to open ground. It
is along these lines that man has produced his greatest effects
upon plant distribution. You notice that we are considering now
the question from the Naturalist's stand-point, not from the Horti-
culturist's. To the latter the transfer of Cinchona from South
America to India, of Eucalyptus from Australia to California, of
the Maize to Europe and China, is a large matter in comparison
with his accidental transfer of a few troublesome or ugly weeds
from the old world to the new ; but to the naturalist the question
of the weeds is of as much if not more interest and importance, —
certainly it is to the organic world which the naturalist ought
honestly to study.

THE (iEOCiRArillCAL DISTRIBUTION OF I'LAXTS. Ill

In fact, the cases in which man has produced any considerable
effect upon the vegetation or flora of a region are extremely few,
and the effect is nearly always destructive. He often clears aAvay
an entire forest leaving in its place hideous, naked barrenness, but
where has he made a wilderness to blossom as the rose, — with
wild plants which could sustain themselves after his watchful care
is removed? The Island of St. Helena is a case in point, in
which by the combined action of the axe and of introduced
browsing animals, principally goats, a rich vegetation, peculiar to
that island, has been nearly exterminated from off the face of the
earth.

And now we approach that part of our subject which I am sure
wiU prove the most interesting to you, — the distribution of the
great floras of the earth. A flora is simply a great group of
plants which have had a common history. There is no fact better
established in geology than that -the earth's crust is not stable but
is constantly undergoing extensive elevations and subsidences ;
this brings it to pass that land and water surfaces are not constant
but changing, and that many regions now separated by the sea
have in former times been connected, and many now connected
have but lately become so. These changes have forced vegetation
to perform migrations which have been small or extensive, slow or
rapid, just in proportion to the change, and these have been
accompanied by great changes in climate, including even such
extreme conditions as prevailed in the glacial period.

In looking at the Distribution of Plants in a broad way, the
first feature to strike attention is the constancy with which upon
higher mountains we find plants characteristic of regions far to the
north of them in the northern hemisphere, and far to the south of
them in the southern — and in all cases cut off from their brethren
by many valleys and plains occupied by totally distinct species.
Thus, upon the Rocky Mountains, the Alps, the Himalayas, and
others, are little herbaceous plants which are found growing at the
sea level around the Arctic ocean. Farther down these mountains
come plants which grow in more southern parts of Alaska,
Labrador, northern Scandinavia, and Siberia. Now it is plain
why they can live there — the conditions of heat and moisture
upon the mountain side and at the sea level farther north, are
similar, as we have seen ; but how did the plants get upon the
mountains from the North? The natural means of spread of

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICtTLTURAL SOCIETY.

the species themselves is hardly ever sutficieut to explain this.
But the solution is undoubtedly found in late geological historj'.
In the glacial period, geologically very late, as you know, there
descended from the north a great ice sheet of enormous thickness,
which drove all vegetation before it. It came so far down that
Arctic plants were driven to the south of the region in which we
are now living and arctic plants flourished all across the United
States just south of a line from about 40° north latitude on the
Atlantic coast, running diagonally north- wes toward, and in corres-
ponding regions in the eastern hemisphere. Along the high
mountain ranges these plants extended much farther south, finding
upon them their natural conditions of heat and moisture. Then
the ice-sheet retreated ; the arctic plants followed it, and they in
turn were followed b}' the north temperate, — they by the warm
temperate, and so on, each tending to return to its own latitudes.
But along the high mountains the 'conditions did not change much,
and the arctic plants found upon them, as they find todaj^, congen-
ial homes, where the species of the lowlands could not compete
with them. In the valleys, however, the more southern species
were more at home and soon drove out the arctic intruders. So
wide-spread and definite was this agency that there has not been a
mountain range explored in the northern hemisphere upon which
traces of these arctic plants have not been found ; moreover, the
lower ranges, those, like our own White Mountains, not high
enough to reach the line of perpetual snow, have not the extreme
arctic forms upon their tops, but sub-arctic or very cold temperate
forms, and these extend south along the hill ranges, ascending as
they go. A very interesting point in connection with this is the
fact that in the glacial period some of the arctic and sub-arctic
forms managed to cross the equator along the highest mountain
chains of the old and new world and establish themselves in the
southern hemisphere, and are there found on the mountains at the
present day. Hence we have a great natural group of plants
called the Arclic-alpine Flora, consisting chiefly of low herbs, the
distribution of which is all around the northern part of the
northern hemisphere upon the shores of the Arctic ocean, aiid
southward upon nearly all mountains high enough to reach the
limit of perpetual snow, and even extending sparingly on the great
ranges into the southern hemisphere, at length reaching the sea
level near the Antarctic ocean.

THE GEOGRArHICAL DISTRIIJUTIOX OF PLANTS. 113

Secondly, in the Southern hemisphere, we have a very simi-
h\r, though much less abundant Anlarciic-alpine Flora, which
is found near the sea level on the islands of the southern ocean,
and extends northward upon the mountains of Ghili, Australia,
Tasmania, and New Zealand, and even up to Borneo. The
phenomena of distribution of this Flora are so similar to what is
found in the Northern hemisphere that it is believed its distribu-
tion can be best explained by a southern glacial period.

Proceeding next to Temperate regions, we find a most marked
contrast between the northern and southern hemispheres. In the
former we find the plants, the ordinary trees, shrubs, and herbs
which we all know, all across Europe, Asia, and America, are
much alike in character, and the differences between the plants of
different regions is rather one of relative richness or poverty in
forms than of differences in the forms tliemselves, — a point which
I will refer to" again immediately. Hence, with the exception of a
specially rich assemblage in the Caucasian and Western Meditera-
neau region, all the plants of the northern temperate zone are
grouped into one Plora called the Intermediate or Temperate
Flora, and the rich exception of which I speak is appropriately
called the Mediterraneo Caucasian Flora. This latter is exceed-
ingly rich in species, six-sevenths of those of Europe belonging to
it. Now the uniformity of this Northern Temperate Flora is very
fully explained b}^ what is known of its history. Around the
Arctic ocean, at several points, in Greenland, Spitzbergen, Siberia,
and other places, there are found abundant fossil deposits of
plants in Tertiary rocks, which fossils are undoubtedly the
remains of the ancestors of our living north temperate vegetation.
Not only are the species of fossil and living forms very similar,
but in manj' cases they appear to be identical. Our North Tem-
perate Flora then, in the Tertiary Period, lived and flourished all
around the Arctic circle and within it, and probably extended to
the pole itself. Then great climatic changes drove it southward,
and it peopled all f^urope, Asia, and America with a similar flora.
This was subsequently driven to the south by the Glacial period,
as we have noticed, and in the changes attendant upon that
process and its return northward, parts of it suffered severely.
Thus, in Europe, this flora is for the most part a poor one, having
far fewer species than our own. This is explained doubtless by
the fact that in Europe the mountain ranges run east and west,

114 ^lASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and as the glacial sheet advanced southward, the plants of central
Europe were caught between it and the increasing local glaciers
from the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, and Caucasus ; there
being little chance for escape mau}^ of the forms were extermi-
nated, particularly those not having natural means of wide
dissemination. And many of those which escaped the icy jaws of
the glaciers were pushed across the Mediterranean. This they
were unable to recross when the glacial ice-sheet retreated, and but
few of the exiled forms could return to their homes again. That
this was the true course of events is rendered nearly certain by
the fact that these missing forms are found fossil in late deposits
in central Europe, showing that they existed there anterior to the
Glacial epoch. Central Asia has to some extent suffered in a
similar way, and Greenland has its flora swept off into the deep
sea, and it has not now the plants to which the climate of its
southern part entitles it. But the conditions Avere very different in
eastern America, and in eastern Asia. Here the mountain ranges
run north and south, or nearly so, and in Asia the great ranges
end before they reach the sea. Thus a free passage was open
along which the plants travelled south out of harm's way, and
north again when the enemy had retreated. Hence the floras of
eastern America and eastern Asia are both exceedingly rich in
species and most strikingly alike, each having preserved nearly all
of its species through the vicissitudes of glacial times.

But why is not the flora of western America rich and like that
of eastern America? This question is not so easy to answer. It
is true the Rockies run north and south ; why were not all the
western plants preserved? Several causes have doubtless con-
tributed to destroy them, one of which is the extreme narrowness of
the region west of the great mountains, and, hence, the crowding
and extermination of some species, and another the fact that the very
uniform climate of California is not so favorable to the northern
species, accustomed to more variable conditions, as it is to the
more southern forms of Mexico ; and these latter have travelled
in large numbers into California and possibly by direct competi-
tion have exterminated some species. Certain other geological
conditions have doubtless contributed somewhat to the same end.
But the fact remains that like that of Europe, the flora of the
Californian region is poor in temperate species, while those of
eastern America and Japan are rich and nuich alike.

THE oe(1(;rapiiical nisTniiu'Tiox of plants. 115

In tbe southern hemisphere, "we find a very different state of
things. There the great continents, separate from each other from
a most remote period, possess floras strikingly distinct from each
other, so that it is necessary to assign to each great body of land
its own distinct Flora. This gives us

The Australian Flora, showing some slight traces of connection
with the region to the north of it and with New Zealand. Aus-
tralia has been so long separated from the other bodies of laud,
that its flora has had time for a great deviation from that of other
countries. Indeed it is notorious for its uulikeuess to that of any
other country.

Next the Andean Flora, that of South America, which shows
some very slight connection with that of New Zealand and
Australia.

Then the Mexico^Califoryiian, which extends up the west coast
of America from Chili to Mexico and even iuto California, being
the source of many of our present Calif ornian species.

Lastly the South African is very rich in species and remarkably
varied. And just as our North Temperate plants have representa-
tives far south of them on the mountains, so these Southern Floras
have some of their members on mountains away to the North. ' ' The
plants of Fuegia extend northward along the Andes, ascending as
they advance. Australian genera reappear in Borneo and even
cross to China and Japan. New Zealand forms are on the
mountains of New Caledonia ; South African in the Lake Region of
Africa, in North Africa, and even to the Canaries and Asia Minor."
And in all these cases, the southern, like the northern, forms ascend
the mountains as they approach the equator, and descend toward
the sea level after they have crossed it.

Now what is the history of these widely separated regions?
There seems every probability that in times far back all these
floras came, not from the south but from the north ; and the
time when they had a common home there is so remote that the
floras have had time to diverge greatly. That this is the correct
view is sustained by the fact that these southern floras are much
more like those immediately to the north of them than they are
like one another ; that there is no evidence of a southern continent
from which they could have come ; that while most peculiar
species of the South have relatives either living or fossil in the
North none of the northern forms have fossil relations in the
South.

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lastly come the tropical floras, characterized by great abundance
of all kinds of vegetation and with a preponderance of succulent
moisture-loving plants. Of these there are three, markedly dis-
tinct, if "we consider the relationships of the plants of which they
are composed ; very similar if we consider their general appearance.
They are

The American, reaching its highest development in the Valley of
the Amazon. It is excessively rich in species and luxuriant in
growth. Secondly comes

The African, still imperfectly known but also very rich. Many
■of its general physical characteristics have been vividly sketched
for us in Mr. Stanley's latest work. And third is

The Indo-Malayan, including India and all the East Indian
Archipelago with the Malay Peninsula, and extending even to
Australia and Japan.

The relationships of these three are sufficiently well-known to
indicate that while they differ much from each other, they are
more alike than are the floras of the South Temperate Zone which
we have considered, — a fact tending to show that the former may
have been connected with each other more recently than the latter.
From this the step is but a short one to the theory some years ago
propounded by an English naturalist, that all the floras and, there-
fore, all the plants of the earth have originated in the northern
hemisphere, and that they have spread southward in successive
great waves, the more southern and older floras being the most
ancient of these, and the more northern floras later in time.

And in conclusion, to sum up the whole matter, I hope I have
shown you that while the causes controlling the Distribution of
Plants are many and rendered exceedingly complex b}' their
interaction, we can separate out the principal agencies and trace their
effects ; that the agencies limiting distribution are the needs of
plants with reference to the amounts of heat and moisture to which
the}" have respectively become adapted, and also by the past
history of each plant placing it in some one region, and not in all
to which it is adapted ; and finally that the active distributing
agent, aside from the comparatively feeble efforts of the plants
themselves and man's insignificant effects, has been the successive
migrations compelled by past climatic and geological changes, and
that these migrations have resulted in the distribution of all plants
over the earth's surface into those definite groups or floras which

THE GEOGKArHICATv DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. 117

Tve have just considered, — which groups probably all came in a
series of great waves from the north.

Discussion.

William C. Strong said the lecturer had spoken of the transpor-
tation of plants by glacial action and of the gradual distribution
of species, and asked him whether he regarded the law of evolution
as applicable to plants in such manner as to increase their hardi-
ness, enabling seedlings of species belonging in the flora of a
warm climate, ultimately, by a long process, to become inured to a
colder climate.

Mr. Ganong replied that the gradual modification of the
character and habits of plants was so general and so necessary ta
fit them to their surroundings in localities where they may be
placed either b}" design or seeming accident, that the known facts
could not be explained without supposing it, and it may be taken,
to start with, as almost axiomatic.

F. L. Temple inquired whether the plants that were driven
south, by the glaciers, far into the tropical zone and had returned,
by Nature's slow process, to their original home, were then iden-
tical with their ancestors growing thei'e in pre-glacial times.

Mr. Ganong replied that practical!}' they were identical ; that,
although somewhat modified by the various influences to which
they had been exposed during their absence, the intervening time
had not been long enough to extinguish the characteristics of the
species, some of which indeed are very old and are found fossil in
the Tertiary strata.

Mr. Temple asked the reason that plants brought from the
southern extremity of South America will not live here in our
climate, or in the degree of latitude north, corresponding to their
native habitat.

Mr. Ganong suggested that if plants were rightly selected in.
Fuegia they might live here. But the chances are against it in.
such cases, unless a gradual acclimatization can be effected. Special
conditions, other than those mentioned of moisture and tempera-
ture, even if so slight as to be invisible or unknown to us, may
become, in the case of wild plants, of vital importance in the face
of the intense competition between species each striving to occupy
as much ground as possible. The native plants are in possession
and the foreigners are not sufficiently adapted to our climate to

1 1 8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cope with them. In case of cultivated plants, difference iu condi-
tions of moisture, etc., may be so different here as to prevent
their growing even under cultivation. The great evenness of the
Fuegian climate and the great extremes of our own, prevent many
plants acclimatized to the former, from living in New England. This
is proven by the fact that certain plants from the southern part of
South America will grow on our Pacific coast, where the climate
is much more even than our own.

Mr. Strong spoke of the lecture as one of great interest, and
said that its full value will be better appreciated when it comes to
us in print. We may not understand the bearings of so profound
a subject, or be able to discuss it upon the simple hearing. He
then moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Ganong for his instructive
lecture, which motion was unanimously adopted.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced for the next Saturday a paper on "School
Insti'uctiou in Horticulture and its Advantages," by Dr. Charles
C. Rounds, Principal of the State Normal School, Plymouth, N.H.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 28, 1891.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting, it adjourned to
Saturday, March 7.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Study of Horticulture in the Public Schools.

Ky Dr. Charles C. Roixds, Principal of the State Normal School, Plymouth, N.H.

Dr. Rounds prefaced his essaj^ by the remark that he was not a
horticulturist nor a naturalist, but that what he should sa}' would he
spoken out of the depths of his feeling of his own needs in youth,
and of the needs of tlie children of the present da}'. If his

THE STl DY OF I lOKTK TLTrHE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 119

message should prove not exactly litted to the needs of the mem-
bers of this Society, the defect must be attributed to his want of
technical knowledge. He then read his lecture, as follows :

The demands so earnestly and widely made for revision of
courses of study, from the lowest class in the primary school to
the university, is not a freak. These demands are to be met, they
nuist be calml}' considered, and reasonable claims must be
granted. There can be no fixed course of study best for all
persons and in all times. Revisions are compelled by changes in
the circumstances of the individual, by new demands which new
times make upon the citizen, by discoveries in science and the
arts, by new social and civil conditions ; and educational systems
must be judged, not by their fitness to meet conditions which have
passed awaj^, but by their adjustment to the demands of their own
time.

If the tremendous inertia of whatever has become institutional
be borne in mind, there need be little apprehension of wide-spread
disaster from too rapid or too radical changes in courses of study,
though such apprehension is not unnatural to those whose field of
view is limited. The realized dreams of the wildest visionary
could hardly effect so great a change in the schools of the present
day as has been effected in passing to the great University of
1891, from the Harvard College of the middle of the seventeenth
century, where it was prescribed that "when any scholar is able
to read Tulh'^ or any like classical Latin author ex temjwre, and
make and speak true Latin in verse and prose, and decline
perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs in the Greek tongue,
then may he be admitted to the college, nor shall any claim
admission before such qualification;" when the conversational
use of Latin was obligatory upon all within the limits of the
college, in place of the mother tongue, which was " to be used under
no pretext whatever, unless required in public exercises;" when it
was ordered that "ever}' scholar that on proof is found able to read
the originals of the Old and New Testaments into the Latin
tongue, and to resolve them logically, withal being of godly life
and conversation, and at any public act hath the approbation of
the overseers and master of the college, is fit to be dignified with
his first degree."

The immense changes that have been effected in the higher
education since the year 1800, are well known to those now living.

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The elder Silliman, elected professor of chemistry at Yale, in
1801, visited Professor Maclean, a yoiino- Scotch medical grad-
uate at Princeton, and there for the first time witnessed a chemical
experiment. Professor Cleveland, called to teach science at
Bowdoin, took a small box of mineralogical specimens to Philadel-
phia to find a man to name them. Elective studies were adopted
at Harvard in 1824, "against the judgment of the faculty."
"With the advent of Louis Agassiz, in 1848, Professor Picker-
ing's Physical Laboratory at Harvard, in 1867, the general
extension of laboratory' work in chemistry, and later in biology,
we have the laboratory method firmly fixed in science teaching,
and slowly making its way downward.

The common school of the early part of the ceutur}-, I need not
describe. Some here probably knew it by personal experience. —
more by tradition. Its type still survives in the back districts,
though it would hardly be recognized in what we should now style
the model school. Yet it may be doubted whether in its best form
the transformation has been so complete as in the higher institu-
tions, and whether the common school of the present day furnishes
so complete a solution of the prol>lems present to the people of the
time as did the school of the earlier day.

All the conditions which have been enumerated as compelling
revision of studies have l>een found prevailing with constantly increas-
ing force for the last half century. Population is rapidly passing
from countr}' to city ; the urban population of Massachusetts is
now seventy per cent of the total. John Ericson, who died so
recently in New York, was a working mechanical engineer in Eng-
land, at the birth of the railway system, and a competitor for
the prize offered for the first locomotive engine. Henry and
Morse made the telegraph possible and actual in the second
quarter of the century, and Edison is still in tlie prime of his
mal•^'ellous powers.

The discoveries and inventions which have so increased the
power of production and communication, have correspondingly
increased the powers of intelligence. In the morning paper we
read the most recent histoi'y of remote countries ; combinations of
forces in all departments of human action are speedily made on the
most extended scale, and the range of the exertion of directive power
is only limited by the powers of the individual mind. There is great
significance in the statement of Francis Galton, that the average

THE STUDY ()F HORTICULTURE IX PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 1:^1

iutcUeet of the present day is not equal to the problems presented
to it. This cannot be from a diminution of natural mental
capacity, but from some failure in training.

It is a legitimate subject of inquiry, even though there be no
ground for present apprehension, whether there are any but
educational forms to remove the possibility of the world's seeing
repeated the supremacy of the few and the subservience of
millions marked by the ruins in the valleys of the Euphrates and
the Nile.

The educational and social ferment of the present day is a
necessary result of the instinctive effort to adapt one's self to the
universe in which he is placed, an effort which becomes intelligent
and volitional so far as the true relations to that universe are
clearly perceived. Mighty civilizations have flourished and have
then been overwhelmed and lost in the revolutions and destruction
of empires. To trace the causes of their triumph and decadence
is a legitimate exercise of the intellect, but this exercise is one of
the luxuries of scholarship. Something else is needed to make a
people citizens of their own time and participants in the culture of
their own generation. However many lost arts there may have
been ; whatever the character of the sciences the knowledge of
which may have disappeared, the sciences and the arts — not the
art — which mainl}^ give shape and direction to the civilization of
the present day, are the growth of the last one hundred years, and
most of the education which possesses real power at the present
day is new education. There are only degrees of newness. As a
necessary result of the newness of scientific and practical culture,
there are gaps to fill out in the system, — there is imperative
demand for improvement in method.

In this general discussion it has been my purpose to emphasize
the fact that the question which the Horticultural Society this day
raises is a part of that larger question of educational advance now
moving the thought of the world. And now I would state some
grounds for the conviction that the introduction of the study of
horticulture into the common school course will supph^ a force still
lacking in our means of culture ; that such introduction is easilj'
practicable in country and city schools, and that there is good
reason to believe that such an extension of the course of study
will sers'e, in some measure at least, to palliate, when it does not
remove, economic, moral, and social ills, the existence of which
we deplore.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As a rule uew studies are introduced iuto courses of study on
the ground of their practical value, and they maintain their
ground therein unquestioned so far as they prove efficient as
means of culture. Passing over for the present the discussion of
the practical value of the study of horticulture, I will crave your
forbearance for a brief discussion, somewhat technical — I fear
somewhat drj' — of the s^jecial culture to be gained from the study,
and of its true place in a system of education.

In libraries we have the garnered results of the wisdom of the
ages. If Roseukrantz be right in his statement that it is the
end of education to build up in the mind of the pupil a picture of
the universe as mature minds have painted it, the library may
suffice ; if it be the true expression, as I must believe, that the
aim should be to build up a picture of the universe as God has
made it, we must supplement the study of the word by the study
of the thing — the library by the universe itself. It is not the fixed
forms of things alone which must be studied, but the powers by
which things are produced and maintained, and the processes
through which these powers work. If the thing is a pause in the
Divine thought, the process is the Divine thought in working.

It is but a low type of mental exercise, yet an essential one,
which consists in the mere transference to the memory of words
and of notions of things. Real thinking is a more complex
process, and knowledge is the result of thinking in a larger sense.
The mind grows only hy exercise, and care must be taken that it
be exercised in the right way and in all essential ways. All
processes of thought consist in the separation of wholes into their
constituent parts, or the combination of parts into a whole.
Since all thinking deals with real things or with previously
acquired ideas, we have, as the essential forms of thought, analy-
sis and synthesis, dealing directly with real things or with previously
acquired ideas, or, in other words, real and ideal analysis and
s^'nthesis. To illustrate from your own special field: — in passing
from the real plant as a whole to the observation of its parts, the
process is one of real analysis ; in following the development of
the plant from the seed, the process is one of real synthesis. If
the mind, reproducing previouslj- acquired ideas of similar plants,
drops specific differences and combines common features to form
ideas of genus, order, etc., it is engaged in ideal analysis, as
soins: from the concrete thins: to the abstract idea ; if the mind.

THE STUDY OF HORTICULTURE FN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 123

Starting from the general abstract idea, plants adds to it the ideas
of class peculiarities in order — the process of the botanist in
classification — the process is one of ideal synthesis.

This sketch covers in outline the field of intellectual education,
and an educational system must supply the appropriate subject for
each of these classes of mental exercise. All are essential to
complete culture, and each has its appropriate place and peculiar
efficiency. Every mind must start with the real, and most will
find here their appropriate field of exercise. Only philosophers
and scientists work easily in the the ideal region, and it has been
the bane of our education that abstractions have for so long ruled
the field, and have been the main exercise of minds but poorly
prepared to deal with them.

If it were enough to study one branch of science, if the object
were merely to illustrate a process of thought, the work of the
teacher would be simple indeed, and the years of study might be
few. It does not require argument to prove that the study of all
the forces acting through matter is essential to anything like com-
plete culture ; hence the divisions of physics according to the forces
considered. In addition to the physical forces, vital forces, as
acting in plant and animal, must be studied for essential
knowledge and also for discipline. The predominance, in our
courses of study, of the study of the animal organism, is
probably due to the interest excited by the evolution theory.
There are apparently insuperable obstacles to the general teaching
•of this department of biology in the common school. It requires
a training and skill bej^ond the reach of most teachers ; the subject
in some of its aspects is repulsive to many children, and the
study of the processes and laws of the development of animal
life is often unfit and impossible for the child. The knowledge
of facts alone, however interesting and important in themselves,
is not science, which must always sweep full circle. The astron-
omer studies the laws of planetary motion by comparing the
■observations of past centuries with his own. The geologist
deduces the laws of his science from comparison of stone records
reaching through the vast periods of geologic time ; the biologist
traces the laws of animal development through successive genera-
tions. In the study of the plant the circuit of development may
be complete in one season ; modifications are easily produced and
observed, and the subject is at all times and stages beautiful.

124 :massachusett8 horticlxtural society.

To recapitulate : — The four essential processes of thought — real
and ideal analysis and synthesis — must all be made subjects of
exercise in a system of education. If man is to be at home in
the world which he inhabits, he must know not merely things, —
he must also be trained to observe the action of the classes of
forces by which things are produced. The study of physical
forces must be supplemented by the study of these as combined
with life forces in the study of plant or animal. The laboratory
method must be adopted. The biological laboratory is often
impossible ; the garden is the botanical laboratory.

Can the means of such teaching be supplied ? I must leave it
for you, gentlemen, to decide how much good ground is essential
to the school garden. There is surely ground enough in the
country, and attached to the city school there may be. I found a
fine collection of plants on the roof of a school house built for
the poor of East London, the boy's playground being also on the
roof, and those who have seen the beautiful flower garden on
the roof of the market house on Princess street in Edinburgh,,
will have a vivid idea of the possibilities in this field.

Is such an extension to school work anywhere found? Yes,
and as part of a national system, I will read the course in horti-
culture prescribed by law for the common schools of France,
and the course by which teachers are to be prepared in the Normal
Schools for the direction of this work. In France, whatever is to
be in the education of the people must be in the normal schools.
The problem of manual labor was solved there by putting it into
the normal schools.

Horticulture takes a place beside agriculture in the courses of
study of the normal schools and of the elementary or common
schools. The course for the third year of the normal schools for
male teachers lays doAvn the following as the subjects treated,
under the title, Fr%ut and Vegetable Horticulture.

1 . The site (for garden) ; preparation of the soil ; planting.

2. Special culture of trees and shrubs: The vine, the peach
tree, the cherry tree, the plum tree, the pear tree, the apple tree,
the rose, etc.

3. Grafting.

4. The vegetable garden. The teacher will give special atten-
tion to the modes of cultivation and the varieties of plants most
important in the section of country in which the school is located-

THE STUDY OF lIORTICrLTlRE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 125

lu the uorinal schools for female teachers, the instruction in
horticulture constitutes a part of the course in domestic economy
for the second year, and the subjects are treated in the following
order :

The Garden. — General arrangement of the garden: walks,
borders, walls, trellises, garden work and use of the various
garden tools.

The Fruit Garden. — General principles of the culture of fruit
trees, with application to the varieties best suited to the region.
Diseases of fruit trees. Destruction of noxious animals.

The Vegetable Garden. — Varieties, cultivation, and harvest-
ing" of vegetables. Harvesting, sorting, keeping of grains.
Forced cultivation — the hot-bed, the frame, the bell-glass.

The Cultivation of Flowers, — For ornament or for the making
of perfumes.

The course for the elementary schools is in general as follows :

Primary Course. — (Pupils 7 to 9 years of age.) Fundamen-
tal ideas gained in the school garden.

Middle Course. — (Pupils 9 to 11 years of age.) The instruc-
tion bears upon the elements of agriculture : principal kinds of
soil, fertilizers, tools, etc.

Superior Course. — (Pupils 11 to 13 years of age.) Horti-
■culture : principal processes of multiplication of the most useful
vegetables. Arboriculture ; grafting^.

The completeness and comprehensiveness of the course in the
young ladies' normal schools is especialW noteworthy. In the
normal schools for young men there is also a course in agriculture,
and when it is borne in mind that in each of the eighty-six depart-
ments of France there is a normal school for young men and also
one for young women ; that the education of the common people
is a national concern ; that the schools are in session for more
than ten months in the year ; that the courses of study are pre-
scribed by the superior council of public instruction ; that school
attendance is compulsory from the age of seven to fourteen, and
that trained teachers must be employed, the prosperity, the
contentment, and the patriotism, of the country people of France
can be understood.

The care taken to prepare teachers in France for instruction in this
line may be shown by some extracts from a report by M. Boutan,
Inspector-General of Public Instruction ; speaking for a commis-

12() MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUI.TUR.y:. SOCIETY.

sion of iuquiry regarding instriictiou in phj'sical aud natural
sciences, he says: — .... "The garden of the Normal
School should alwa3'S have a nursery of fruit trees, and a square
reserved which we will call the school of Botany. The pupils will
themselves graft the trees in the nursery from their entry into the
school, under the direction of a capable gardener ; they will thus
learn during their three years' course, to train the trees of the
garden. They will familiarize themselves with the most usual
processes of pruning, and, without a great effort of memory, they
will come to know the species of fruit ti'ees which succeed best in
the region, — those which, for the general good, should be propa-
gated and made known. Later, when the Normal pupil has
become a teacher in a rural community, and shall have a garden,
he will take to the school some of the trees which he had formerly
grafted, aud will transplant them into his little orchard. We
wish, in short, to reach this result — that the teacher's garden may
be the best kept garden of the town, that it may serve as a type
and example. Our country" people are opposed to all ideas of
reform aud of progress when presented as theory aud pure science,
j^et they will become zealous imitators and obedient disciples when
example is added to precept — when they are presented with results
obtained, — with palpable facts. If the teacher obtains fine fruits
and good vegetables in his garden, we are sure that the farmers of
the neighborhood will not delay in adopting his processes ; that
they will take his advice ; that they will ask him for grafts, and
that soon, and without the need of any other propaganda, good
processes of arboriculture will become general. "We can cite
several departmeuts in which, thanks to the happy initiative of the
teachers, the wealth of the country has increased from year to
year, and from which the exportation of fine fruit has become the
source of considerable profit.

" The little school of botau}', during all the pleasant season, will
furnish to the teachers and pupils the living plants necessary for
lessons aud for practical work.

' ' TVhat we have just said regarding arboriculture applies as Avell
to market gardening. It is no more ditficult, in a soil properly
prepared, to produce good vegetables than good fruits. It is
always during his residence in the Normal school that the future
teacher will become acquainted with the traditions of intelligent
practice. We note, as excellent to adopt, the custom followed in

THE STUDY OF HORTICULTURE IN rUHLIC SCHOOLS. 127

some of the establishments which we have visited, of dividiug the
pupils, for garden work, into several groups. Each group,
instead of devoting itself to labor without a result, continues to
the end the kind of cultivation which it has commenced. It
passes then to a different kind of cultivation, and follows this,
too, from the sowing of the seed to the harvest. Following this
course each group, during the three years' study, can become
acquainted with all the processes relating to the cultivation of the
difTerent products of the market garden.

" This important question has been discussed b}^ the commission :
Shall the professor of agriculture be asked to consider horticulture,
properly so called, as annexed to his course, or must the teaching
of horticulture be given to a special teacher? The decision was
unanimous for the second plan, for this reason : many teachers of
agriculture, very able as agriculturists and as chemists, cannot
give good instruction in horticulture ; they have never thoroughly
studied it ; they have never practised it. The pruning and train-
ing of trees is known to them only in theory ; market gardening is
but little less strange. Their only resource, if required to give
this instruction, would be to place a book in the hands of the
pupil, and to explain the book. The final, inevitable result would
be that instruction in horticulture, which we wish to see prosper in
the Normal schools, would be sacrificed.

"Hence, w^e demand that a master-gardener be attached to each
Normal school."

The school study of agriculture and horticulture is not peculiar
to France among the continental nations, but in several others it
receives prominent recognition, how^ever strange this may seem to
America.

In this we have another illustration of our educational poverty
as regards our contributions to educational theory and practice.
Manual training in our schools took its real start from the exhibit
of the Moscow^ Technical School at Philadelphia in 1876, the
great value of the theory and method of which was at once recog-
nized by President Runkle, of your Institute of Technology, and
others ; for the present form of manual training in the common
school we look to Sweden, and the adaptation of the Swedish
" .Sloyd" to the primary school is now brought to us by two sisters
— one I believe in Chicago and one in Boston — from Helsingfors
in far away Finland.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For ph3'sical traiuiug iu school, Boston has adopted the Swedish
system as the best ; aud the name of kindergarten, and of its
author, Froebel, alike show its origin. Until America can show
one important contribution of its own, there should be no objec-
tion to the adoption of one more educational feature from abroad.

The economic advantages have been briefly stated iu the French
report from which I have quoted.

The physical advantages in furnishing relief from the stress and
strain aud a remedy for the dangers of school life aud work, as
well as of sedentary occupations, are patent. Like advantages
may be expected from the furnishing of needed changes in the
food aud hours and habits of life, of many of our people. One
advantage of the study of horticulture iu our schools would be
that it might change the hours of the active life of each day, even
in our cities, by substituting morning hours for those of the late
evening. On a larger field the benefit would be felt, in its trans-
formation, in some important respects, of the character of country
life.

The transference of population from country to cit}' is one of
the most marked characteristics of modern civilization. Accord-
ing to the last United States census the urban population of
Massachusetts is, as before remarked, now seventy per ceut of the
total. Many of our States are apprehensive of their future in
view of the large and increasing number of abandoned farms.
Often sadder thau the abandoned farm are the abandoned parents
who are going down to death alone on the old place. It is b}' no
meaus always true that the children who have gone from country
to cit}' have bettered their fortunes by the removal ; too often they
have bankrupted fortune and morals alike. Yet flight was and is
inevitable, — it is an instinctive attempt to save the soul alive.
To the bright boy and girl on the country farm comes day by day
wonderful music from the wondrous world beyond the horizon's
bar. In former days the lumbering stage coach brought news —
a little — from abroad, as it had slowly travelled the length of the
land aud been slowly wafted across the seas. Now the express
train, the ocean racer, and the magic wire over the mountains and
under the seas, make the whole world kin, and iuflame the
imagination of the youthful watchers iu the valley and on the
hillside. The magazine comes with its reproductions of art, aud
its revelations of the beauty which cities have to show. The

THE STUDY or ironTirT-LTiRE IX rrnLic schools. 129

summer traveller and the summer boarder come to disturb the
dreams of the country maiden, and to emphasize the contrast
between the actual and the ideal. With awakened intelligence and
quickened taste the mind reaches out for appropriate stimulus as the
flower turns toward the sun. And this actual life, so full of toil,
so bare of charm — the home with no adornment within or
without — you know it, for in j-our travels you must have seen it.
In a daj^'s ride across country so rarely can one see around the
country house any hint of garden in the true sense of the term,
that when once seen the sight will sigualize that day's journey.

The summer homes of those who with more ample means seek
gratification of the innate love for the real delights of country life,
are marvels of beauty ; but these being the creation of wealth and
taste are quite bej'ond the reach of those who live on in the same
old way, for lack of the training which is so easily attainable and
so strangely withheld.

For another reason are the farms abandoned : their cultivation
has become unprofitable. Under proper cultivation we know that
fields are fertile after centuries of culture ; many of our farms
liave had their wealth exhausted in three generations. The
colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, with their four
years' courses of scientific study, do not meet this necessity.
The people are not given in the common schools even the stones
of scientific culture. A large proportron of the farmers in this
country have not learned that fertilizers can be taken up by crops
only when in solution. They allow the rain to leach away all the
virtue of the stock of manure, and put the sticks and straw upon
their lands. In the country school not even the simplest laws of
plant growth are taught. When in the academy or high school
some most elementary knowledge of botany is offered to the few
who reach these schools, the study usually covers only a part of the
field. In our schools it is geuerallj'^ the case that botany is taught
only in the spring ; fruits are not studied at all, and the best
methods of preserving them are unknown. Some seeds are
sprouted in the school-room to illustrate the process of germina-
tion. The school grounds are never desecrated by the growing of
plants ; the kind and preparation of the soil, the selection and
action of fertilizers, climatic conditions and their influences, the
selection and use of tools, and the actual manipulations of the art,

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

remain to most of our farmers mysteries still, and generation
follows generation in the same dull round.

The facts few will deny ; the results we must deplore ; relief
must be sought and found, if not on this line then on some other,
but what?

The economic advantages which would be derived from a wider
diffusion of horticultural knowledge and a better horticultural
practice need not be detailed before this audience. The physical
advantages which pupils in school would derive from spending
some time each day in these out-door lessons and exercises, it
needs no ai*gument to enforce, and if thus a love for the garden
and its better and finer products could become wide-spread, there
must result an influence of infinite value upon the habits and
lives of our people.

Above and beyond all this, however, there are relations to the
higher life of man which should not be left out of the account.
In the physical laboratorj^ the scientist deals with forces almost
entirely under his control ; in the garden the thoughtful pupil sees
himself working with forces beyond his control, — forces running
toward grand, harmonious, beautiful, beneficent ends, on lines
laid down by an intelligence infinitely beyond his own. If the
" uudevout astronomer is mad," the gardener who cannot discern
the spiritual significance, the infinite suggestions, of that with
which he deals, must be akin to the clod he turns. There is some-
thing in the culture and study of plants that carries the mind
outward and upward toward the Infinite. I shall never forget the
look, deep beyond his years, of a little boy, nuich in love with
plants, as he broke in upon the conversation in the garden, as the
sun was setting, with the question, '*Do not plants think? I
thought they did." That boy, before taking any lessons in botany-
had three hundred specimens in his herbarium. The bo}' has
become a man, and a lawyer in New York, but his love for
Nature is as strong as ever, and his vacation rambles and studies
keep his thoughts fresh and young.

The beauty and the grandeur of natural scenery are beyond the
appreciation of many ; they often appeal to us with a power which
exhausts while it uplifts ; we can read their deepest meaning only
in our rarest moods. An added meaning and an added grace is
given to Nature by the skilful and loving hand.

In the course of study in our common schools no provision has
been made hitherto for cultivating a taste for natural beaut3\

TIIK STUDY or lIOKTltULTlKK IN I'lBLIC SCllOULS. 131

Although wide districts of our country have been occupied for
generations by farmers and their families, mau}' of these dwellers
in the midst of our uiost beautiful, and even grand scenery, have been
quite unaware that it possesses such characteristics. A cultivated
citizen of Philadelphia discovered North Conway, and his an-
nouncement of its charms led to its becoming a fashionable
resort for summer boarders. A party of summer tourists wander-
ing over the White Mountain district noticed at one homestead
that the barn was so placed as to completely prevent the house
from coumianding a view of Mount Washington. The farmer,
on being asked why his barn was thus located, replied: "When
that barn was built Mount Washington hadn't been discovered."
The cultivation, in the rising generation, of appreciation of the
beautiful in Nature and art would add greatly to their capacity to
perform better work in every vocation, especially rural, as well as
to their ability to see and enjoy the charms, not only of fine produc-
tions of art, and of beautiful and grand scenery, but of all created
things. Furthermore, their development in this direction would
exert a reflex influence upon the present generation and thus
increase the happiness of the Avhole race.

We read in the beginning of the divine record that God planted'
a garden eastward in P^den, — and that he placed man therein to
keep and to dress it. On the cross the Saviour of mankind said
to the penitent, "This day shalt thou be- with me in Paradise," —
a pleasure garden. Were there more gardens along the way, the
course through this world to a beautiful hereafter would be
straighter and smoother.

Dr. Rounds remarked during his lecture that by the exten-
sion of courses of instruction in natural science to young women,,
the fact has been recognized that it is a study entirely appro-
priate for them.

It is remarkable that, so far as he knows, farming and garden-
ing are the only occupations carried on for fun. Wealthy men go
back to their homes or farms in the country and spend money
for beauty, but merchants and teachers do not go back to their
occupations.

If we take a piece of natural scenery and work it up by the aid
of man and it is controlled by man, a new life is given it.

Whatever may be said in the city we know that in times of
trouble help is sought from the country. Solitude makes a coun-

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

try boy thoughtful if he has the capacity for thought. He is
brought in contact with a power beyoud his reach. The deepest
religious sense of the world is connected with comnmniou with
nature.

Discrssiox.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that if the presentation of this subject
had taken hold of others as it had of him, it was a happy circum-
stance that they could attend this meeting. When he saw this
subject in the list for the season, he thought it the best of them
all ; it strikes at the root of all the operations of this Society.
He would throw no discredit on those who follow the business of
horticulture for profit ; but he was amazed to see how much some
men care for the accumulation of money while they care nothing
for beauty. They appear not to comprehend the love of Nature.
He stood not long since talking with a man successful in business
and possessing a large property, and expressed to him his admira-
tion for a fine orange tree full of fruit, near which they stood.
The man replied that he thought the oranges could be raised for
seventeen cents apiece. Now that man could not see anything in
the plant beyond its market price ; l>ut his remark gave the
speaker a shock from which he had as yet hardly recovered. He
would have every child so educated as to be able to appreciate
beauty, especially the beauty of Nature, from that in the com-
monest things around us, up to the beauty and grandeur displayed
in the order and glory of the heavenly bodies. How can a mature
person see nothing in the objects around him but their pecuniary
value ? He was glad to have lived to see a special effort made to
interest children in gardening, but even yet there is not enougli
interest taken in it. The love of beauty should be called forth and
developed in the rising generation. The young no less than the
middle-aged of the present time should be led to put their hearts
into this work, as one of the most effective means of elevating
the present, as well as coming, generations. It should be done
unitedly, and by all means and methods, up to calling the
attention of government to the matter. While children should be
trained intellectuall}^ we ought no longer to neglect a culture of
the love and appreciation of the beautiful.

Henry L. Clapp asked, What is the object of these discussions?
If not intended as a means of education he did not know their

TIIK STIDV OF lIOKTirULTURE IN I'lHLIC SCHOOLS. 133

purpose. It has been said, "If you would teacli art, Boston is a
good place to begin"; but how about horticultural education?
We are a Society with a large property aud a large income, of
which a round sum is annually offered and paid out in prizes. In
view of this many people come here and take prizes year after
year, and yet, when it is proposed to spend any money to instruct
children in horticulture, they say this is not a charitable institution.
He believed that Boston is the place to begin the work of teaching
children horticulture, and not only the theories, but the practical
art of it ; and that this Society is the most proper organization
to initiate that work. In reply to a question b}^ the President, as
to whether the Sloyd system should not include horticulture, Mr.
Clapp said that the Sloyd system pertains solely to working in
wood, with the object of gaining dollars and cents at the end of it,
and from its adoption would come only danger of suppressing
horticulture.

Leverett M. Chase was pleased with the suliject presented and
gratified by the essayist's method of treating it. He stated that
the movement in this matter, commenced by this Societ3% had
resulted in an application to the City Government to have the
arable portion of the school grounds put in charge of the City
Forester, and the question would come up before the City Council
very soon. He would ask the aid of others here. It is painful to
know that so much thought is given to getting money, or devoted
to material things, and to see how far the infinite energies of the
.soul are wasted. While these things are not to be despised, they
should not take the first and best thought. There is too little
thought bestowed upon spiritual welfare — upon the cultivation of
soul life, that it may be elevated aud that we may ])e the better
fitted for this life and for the life to come.

Caleb Bates remarked tiiat being past three score years and ten,
he was neariug the end, but always felt an interest in the proceed-
ings of these meetings ; that he did not know when he came here
today what was to be heard, and would have liked to have a few
moments to collect his thoughts ; but he saw by the remarks of
the last speaker that the audience felt the elevating tone of the
essay, which had affected him greatly and he would like to say
what was unusual in meetings of this character. All are willing
to acknowledge that all the natural things in our gardens were
made by God, and therefore must be images of principles in the

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Diviue Mind, aud the original must be in the Paradisiacal garden,
and what we see here are but imperfect clay models of the original.
Thus if we put aside old blinding dogmas we could look through
these things right into the spiritual world and see in a degree
the things to which the}' correspond.

By correspondence our growth is represented in the first Psalm
as the growth of a tree ; a godly man as a thrifty tree growing
by a river, and depicted as a well-developed being, able to appre-
ciate the good, the true, and the beautiful ; but the ungodlv
are not so, but are like the chaff, undeveloped. Were the j^ouug
taught the art of horticulture, the love of nature thereby engen-
dered would be elevating, helpful in cultivating the faculty of
appreciation, and would sometime enable them to see and love the
good, thus preparing them for the better world.

Rev. Calvin Terry was much interested in the essay ; it pointed
in the right direction. In former times it was common talk that
people did not need much book-learning to become farmers. Now it
Tvould sometimes seem that a farmer to be successful, needed
all the wisdom and all the learning in the world. But of all the
branches taught there are none that give breadth and solidity to
character like these horticultural studies. He said the Life of
George Washington was one of the first books he read, that he
remembered. Everybody has read or heard tlie story of George
and his little hatchet, but he would call attention to another.
George once found in the garden, his own name, growing up out
of the soil, and ran to his father for an explanation of the wonder.
This was given in a religious lesson, illustrating the beauty and
wisdom of Divine planning, as well as its necessity, and the
omnipotent power of God as displayed in all things. Such
experiences in his childhood did more to make the immortal
Washington, than all the political influence that was exerted in his
favor. Everything that has life in it thinks after its fashion, for
God is in it, and he is all thought. "All things in Nature are
beautiful types to the soul that reads them."

"Cities groAv west," but the speaker was happy to say that
he had always grown toward the east. In his garden there is
nothing to intercept the rays of the rising sun, and he liked
to be there and see their first glimmerings. He wished that all
children could be taught to appreciate the first hour of morning
with all its fresh beauty, music, and brightness. He thought

THE STUDV OF HOirnCTLTrKE I\ ITHLIC SCHOOLS. 135

such ohihlrt'U, whoii grown to mature years, would not V)e apt to
run aw'ay with the funds of saviugs banks, or other trusts ; for
tliey would see God in everything and be impressed always with
the thought, "Thou God seest me," and would not dare to sin.

Mr. Clapp said that he had been interested in all the preceding
discussion, but was far .more interested in the work of educating
the people in horticulture ; that one stroke of work in that direction
was worth nvore than all the expressions of theory that could be
uttered. The saying that this Society is not a charitable institu-
tion may he true, but it is an educational organization, and he
would suggest that if the Society should spend a thousand dollars
in establishing scliool gardens it would do more to promote the
objects for which it was founded than could be accomplished in any
other way.

Dr. Rounds held u}) two small books published in Paris, costing
to import, one thirty cents, the other forty cents. One, a first-book
of agriculture and horticulture, " Le Petit Agronome," was a text-
book for the elementary school. It treats of soils and their man-
agement, of plants and the modes of cultivation, of domestic
animals, their hygienic treatment and their diseases, and of
various other matters of great importance to the farmer. The
other book was a story of country life, showing the sure reward
which comes to the boy who by industry and frugality makes the
most of his opportunity on the farm, and the miserable loss which
attends the opposite course. One of the characters in the story,
M. Barron, after accumulating a fortune in business in Paris,
attempts the rdle of gentleman farmer, and wastes his capital in
experiments which a practical knowledge of farming would have
prevented. His wife and daughters scorn the duties of the new
position, and persist in continuing in the country the employments
and the styles of Paris. The inevitable result, financial ruin,
speedily follows. This little book is illustrated with a hundred
and sixty engravings, and weaves into the interesting story of life
on the farm a systematic treatment of rural economy, and presents
a course of illustrated object lessons on the plants, insects, and
animals which the farmer needs to know. He knew of no books
within the reach of our schools of the character of these, or
approximating to them. There is nothing in our common schools
adapted to give a love for country life or such knowledge as the
farmer needs. On the contrarv, our teaching tends almost exclu-

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sively towards mercantile pursuits. Nearly all the practical proV)-
lems in our arithmetics are mercantile, — there is hardly ever one
relating to manufacturing, and it maj' be said never one relating
to agriculture. The examples in the text-books on book-keeping
are drawn from the store, the bank, and the railroad. It is easj'
to see that with such text-books the school training and general
instruction now given must tend strongly to draw our youth away
from the farm, the garden, and Nature, notwithstanding the
almost universal natural inclination of childhood to enjoy working
in the soil and seeing and cultivating flowers and other crops.
Under these circumstances there exists a great need that a strong
movement be made to secure the introduction into the schools,
of a newly arranged course of study, in which the interests of
agriculture and horticulture should have the full share of attention
to which their relative importance entitles them.

William H. Bowker alluded to the query, Is it expedient to put
more into the curriculum of our schools ? and then declared he was
heartily in sympathy with Dr. Rounds, and not at all so with the
objection that the school course is already crowded. He had
with him at his farm last summer, two bright Boston boys, now
going through the Latin School ; one his own son, the other the son
of a city friend. He was one daj- going over the farm with them,
accompanied also by five English bo^'s — sons of his foreman — of
whom two were of the same ages as the American boj's. As they
passed along he would ask questions about various objects they
saw, — plants, rocks, water, air, etc. The Boston-taught boys
knew nothing about them, but the P^nglish lads answered nearly
every question. He then asked the names of the capitals of the
countries of South America, — also questions about the regions in
Africa in which Stanley had travelled so widely. The New Eng-
land boys were quite ready to give answer to these questions, of
Avhich the English boj's had not been taught. They had, however,
been taught to observe and study Nature, — the things they could
see ; the Boston boys, on the contrary had not been taught to
study things around them, but to stud}' about things distant from
them. Even our country-bred boy or man does not appreciate the
great resources of the countr}' for enjoyment ; beautiful scenery
in combination, — mines of knowledge and exquisite pleasure if
studied in detail. He was glad to hear of a proposed course
of training in "art appreciation," and believed it would be well to

THE STUDY OF HOKl'ICULTURE IN PUBLIC S(M1()()LS. 137

introduce such a course into agricultural colleges and also into
other higber institutions of learning. Indeed, be approved the
idea of Mr. Clapp, that this Society should appropriate money
to begin such training among the school children. He once
offered to pay the Boston boys to make collections of bugs and
plants to learn about them, and soon found that a little girl of four
years had developed an interest iu the pursuit, and followed the
example of her elders. He asked why can we uot teach the
children of this country to know the common things around them
before we try to teach them abstract principles.

In reply to Mr. Bowker, Mr. Clapp said there was no need of
taking out any studies in the present course of instruction in
Boston for the purpose of teaching horticulture, because tlu'
School Board had directed that two hours each week should be
given to the study of natural history in the three lower grades of
the grammar schools. The time had uot been spent as directed,
but had been given to those studies which seemed more likely to
result in dollars and cents.

Mr. Chase said that examination papers contain uo reference to
these studies. Our system of education pushes the attention
of children to the outward and downward, toward the getting of
money. Our boys are brought up to worship the "almighty
dollar." We must educate the people better, giving more atten-
tion to observation of the beautiful and sublime, as well as the
useful in the world of Nature. He remembered that when
making the passage over Lake Champlain, there were a man and
his wife iu the party. The gentleman took a good position for
observations of the fine scenery and any other attractions which
were visible, while the lady established herself in a comfortable
seat, and devoted her attention exclusively to a ten-cent Beadle
novel. She was fashionably dressed, and had the air of one
whose husband was a successful money catcher, but so far as
any pleasure or other benefit which the trip afforded her was con-
cerned, she might as well have been at home or in an attic parlor
of a sixteen-story hotel in the city, with the book in which her
mind was wholly absorbed. We are, as a people, getting developed
in body and mind by pursuing low roads. Most of our people
seem to prefer to amass money enough to spoil their children,
instead of so educating and training them as to fit them to make
an independent living for themselves. As a consequence, the

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

children think, " Fatlier has moue}^ enough," and therefore thej'
will do no work. Labor is the primal blessing, and although
the speaker believed in teaching arithmetic and the other useful
branches in the school course, he would have more time given to
out-door culture, as in the French, German, and Swiss schools.
Upon the introduction of School Gardens, it might be necessary
to call the first boy to take a lesson in it, but the next boy would
go right in. Boys should not be taught as if they were all to
be college professors. Now, when they go to Harvard, they are
not examined to see what they know about plants, but about Greek
exceptions.

Dr. Rounds referred to the French system again. The school
authorities there, decide what the branches taught in each school
shall be, and assign a certain proportion of time for each. A
place in the programme must be found for each, and it is found.
It is no infliction upon the pupils of a French school to say ' ' Now
we will go into the garden." More time is given to school work
there than here, but the pressure is not so great and the children
are not over-taxed under this system. If horticulture and manual
training are introduced into our American schools, they could
be added to the course as rewards of merit. He could not
believe it would be any worse for our boj's to be busy in the
school grounds than to be standing around the streets. As matters
now stand he could see no way to effect this object except to
convert the school committee, and get them to say that a certain
portion of time shall be given to these studies, and see that it is
done, for they are quite as important as true discount or common
multiples.

Mr. Clapp said that our educational institutions and business
enterprises gave foreigners the impression that if they came to
this countrj', the}' should be pretty sure to get rich, and, therefore,
they came here every year by hundreds of thousands. He added
that our national emblem is the American eagle, bearing in his
beak a ribbon upon which is written "E Pluribus Uuum," which
means little or nothing to foreigners ; but if the inscription should
be changed to "The Land of the Almighty Dollar," it would be"
full of significance to them. The ruling ambition, prevailing
everywhere in this country, that children shall be educated so as
to earn their living as soon as possible in the first place, and make
as much money as possible afterward, is so strong that most

THE STUDY OF in^RTICULTURE IN PURLIC SCHOOLS. 139

teachers are intlueuced to spend the time Avisely set apart b}'
the School Board for natural history work, upon other studies,
more in line with mercenar}' motives. So they do not carry out
the authorized programme.

Herbert H. Bates, being called upon, said he had been much
interested in all the proceedings of this meeting. He thought Dr.
Rounds struck the riglit chord when he said that in gardening we
are dealing with forces over which we have no control. To
correct a misunderstanding — as he was introduced as teachei' of
physical sciences in Cambridge — he said there was no provision in
the course of study for teaching elementary science in the schools
of Cambridge. But there is in Boston, although it seems that it
is not observed.

Dr. Rounds remarked that new buildings were being erected for
the State Normal School of which he is the Principal, and he
hoped to succeed in persuading the Trustees to allow one portion
of the property to be used in the interest of horticulture. He had
no doubt time would be found for teaching the branches in that
department. How beautiful it would be if we could generally
have provision made for school grounds of sufficient extent, which
in time Avould form school parks. He then referred to the Reform
School at Red Wing, Goodhue County, Minn. The grounds of
this institution are ample, and are enclosed by a substantial fence,
but the gates are never locked, and there is no appearance of a
prison about the premises, yet there is seldom any trouble from
efforts to run away. The inmates, both boys and girls, are
trained in horticulture, and such is the interest they take in their
duties that they find the establishment a very happy home. They
boast that in one department of the work, the production of
plants, their sales amounted to $1,500 in one season. A fire
occurred there some time ago, which caused great excitement among
the inmates, and they ran about in wild confusion at first, and
people who came to assist in extinguishing the flames, declared
that these young prisoners were escaping ; but the Superintend-
ent said : ''We must put out the fire the first thing." After the
flames were sulxlued, the roll was called and not one of the
number was missing. Of course hereditary influences are often
manifested, but such is the effect of the system of treatment
while there, that, as the records show, less than ten per cent of
the graduates fall into the hands of the law after leaving the

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

school, although without this training not ten per cent woukl
be able to avoid that fate. As much time is given to training
them to work as to book instruction, but the elevating influences
of the institution are educational and prove very advantageous
and beneficial to every one sent there. Dr. Rounds eonsidei'ed
it a model of its kind.

0. B. Hadwen moved a vote of thanks to Dr. Rounds for the
valuable lecture he had delivered Itefore the Society, which was
unanimously passed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced for the next Saturday, a lecture, under the John Lewis
Russell Fund, on "Diseases of Trees Likely to Follow Mechanical
Injuries,'' by William G. Farlow, Professor of Cryptogamic Bot-
any, Harvard University, Cambridge.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 7, 1891.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 14.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Diseases of Trees Likely to Follow Mechanical Ixjiries.

By William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany in Harvard
University, Cambridge.

Ladies and Gentlemen: — On several occasions you have
listened to addresses on the subject of diseases of plants and the
nature of blight, mildew, rust, and smut, and the habits of
the fungi which cause them must now be more or less familiar to
you all. I, therefore, shall not attempt, today, to speak in detail
of any of the diseases just mentioned, l)ut I am glad that I have
been able to accept your invitation to address you at this particu-
lar time, because there is anotlu'r sul>ject of great importance, as

DISEASES OF TREES LIKELY TO FOLLOW IX.TURIES. 141

it seems to me, especially for the people of Massachusetts, on
which there is wide-spread ignorance and general indifference. If
I can succeed, even to a small extent, in diminishing popular
ignorance of the matter to be discussed here^ it is to lie hoped
that the present indifference will gi-adually disappear, for, as has
been the case hitherto, the members of this Society can be trusted
to do missionary work in arousing the public to a sense of what
should be done to remove existing evils.

As far as the diseases of fruit trees and garden plants are
concerned, the public have their ej'es open and they require little
urging to lead them to seek proper means for checking the growth
of the fungus-parasites which affect the pocket by injuring the
crops, or diminish our .'esthetic enjoyment by disfiguring our gar-
dens and greenhouses. But with regard to our shade trees and
forest trees there is general indifference and, although what I have
to say may appear to be more appropriate for a forestry associa-
tion than a horticultural society, I have confidence that my hearers
will allow me to use the word horticulture in a large sense, and will
recognize that this community looks to them as the authorized
promoters of all that tends to the welfare, not only of fruits and
flowers, but also of our shade trees, which, if well cared for, are
both beautiful and useful.

It is a mistaken notion that shade trees do not need care and
protection. Nevertheless most persons believe that, unless a tree
is to bear marketable fruit, it can be left to take care of itself.
Those who live in the remoter country districts might perhaps be
pardoned for holding this belief ; but those of us who live in
thickly settled towns ought to know by this time that the life of
shade trees, exposed as they are to the unfavorable or even inju-
rious conditions of the soil and atmosphere of manufacturing
districts, is a precarious one. We have all seen the older trees
killed off, and know that with each succeeding generation the
younger trees are inferior to the older, for those which escape
the injurious action of the soil and air are too often injured y^y the
wilful violence of men.

Theoretically, if one is asked what the trees in our streets are
good for, he would say, to serve as shade in summer and to
beautify the town at all seasons. Practically, however, many
people believe that the great use of the trees is to serve as
supports for telegraph wires, as ladders for telephone workmen, or

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as coiiveuieut places for fasteuiug horses. lu short, that a tree
should be so treated that it may develop a symmetrical form and
luxuriant foliage is nobody's business, while, on the other hand, it
is assumed that it is the right of every one to fasten his horse to-
any tree he pleases or to use the branches as supports for wires.
The march of improvement, as it is called, never respects the
trees. If a sidewalk is to be widened, down go the trees, or their
roots are chopped off in such a way as to injure them. If some
enterprising man wishes to build a new house on the site of an old
one, the old house is sold for a song and is moved off to some
distant part of the town, being dragged along through narrow
streets crushing and maiming the trees on the way, just as if these
public ornaments were of no account compared with private gain.
In fact, it sometimes seems as if a good many people believed
that one could not do anything to a tree which really would injure
it, and that a tree is so constituted that it can grow on in spite of
all obstacles.

We should begin by recognizing that a tree is a living thing
which is not only readily affected by the soil and atmosphere, but
is also sensitive to mechanical injuries to a degree which might not
at first be suspected. An animal tells us by its actions when it
has been injured. We know the injuries done to trees only by the
after effects, which may not be evident for mouths or even a few
years, and it is my special purpose today to call 3'our attention to
some of the injurious effects which follow mechanical injuries.
The subject is rather complicated and implies some knowledge of
the microscopic structure of trunks and branches, but I sliall
endeavor to avoid technicalities as far as possible.

Before we can understand the harm done by mechanical injuries
we must first consider briefly the normal structure of the trunk.
If we examine with a microscope a cross-section of a very young
twig, we find that the surface is composed of a single layer of
thin, colorless cells called the epidermis, beneath which are several
layers of larger cells, many of which contain green coloring
matter. Then come the vascular bundles arranged in a ring,
although they are not really in contact with one another but are
separated by what we may call the rays, which pass from the pith
to the outer green cells, and are composed of cells not unlike
the latter in shape, that is, spherical or polyhedral, or some
simple modification of these forms. A longitudinal section

DISEASES OF TREES LIKELY TO FOLLOW INJURIES. 143

through the vascular buudles shows that the cells of which they
are composed are, iu great part, very much elongated, so that
they maj' be called fibres, ducts, or vessels. When seeu in cross-
section, each vascular bundle is wedge-shaped, and, if carefully
examined, is found to consist of an outer and an inner part ; that
is, in respect to the circumference of the tree. The inner portion
develops into the bard wood of the stem, while the outer part
becomes a portion of what, for want of a better expression, we
may call the inner bark, or bast. Between the outer and inner
parts of the vascular bundle is a thin layer of small, colorless,
brick-shaped cells, the cambium. The cambium is the most
important part of the stem, since its cells during the season of
growth are constantly forming new wood cells on the inner side,
while those on the outer side are forming new cells of the inner
bark. The cambium itself does not vary much in thickness at
different ages, and, extending continuously throughout the length
of the stem, forms the circumference of a cylinder whose diameter
increases from year to year. It is important to bear in mind that
it is essentially the cambium which is the growing formative part
of the stem, whereas the wood cells formed constantly on its inner
side soon cease to grow and, although their walls become thick
and hard, the cell contents disappear, so that the cells of the hard
wood are practically dead and unable to produce new cells. They
form a series of hard tubes very important iu the economy of the
plant, by giving strength and rigidity and serving as means of
passage to liquids and gases.

We must consider especiall}' the action of the epidermis and the
cambium. As has been said, the colorless epidermal cells differ
from the cells beneath them in being thinner and flatter. The
latter include the chemicalh' active cells which in the younger
parts of plants transform the food elements into special substances
of use to the plant.

The epidermal cells, on the other hand, form merely a thin,
protective membrane. The}' serve in the first place to check
evaporation and, furthermore, their outer wall is usually trans-
formed into a cuticle which is nearly impervious to water and
is unaffected b^^ a good many substances which would injure the
walls of ordinary cells. An important property for us to consider
iu this connection is their ability to resist the growth of the
mycelium of many fungi, which, when the epidermis is removed,

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are able to make their way to the more delicate aud succulent cells
beneath, a point to which I shall refer later.

As the cambium constantly increases in circumference and the
new wood and inner bark increase correspondinglj- in bulk, it is
plain that the epidermis, unless endowed with the power of
increasing in circumference, must soon be n.ptured, thus exposing
the more delicate cells beneath. The epidermis does not possess
this poAver except to a very limited extent, but to avoid the
danger which must follow an exposure of the sub-epidermal cells
to the air after the rupture of the epidermis, which must inevitably
take place earl}^ in the life of a plant, nature makes provision for
the transformation of the sub-epidermal cells into a zone of cork
cells, which act as a protective sheath after the epidermis proper is
ruptured. The way in which cork cells are formed is seen on a
small scale when a potato tuber is cut in halves. The wounded
cells shrivel and die, but the more or less spherical cells beneath
become divided into a series of thinner, flatter cells by the forma-
tion of uew cell walls parallel to the cut surface, and the walls
themselves become tough and resistent. The epidermis of the
stems and branches in reality remains intact but a short time,
usually only one 3'ear, and then is ruptured and soon disappears ;
but, meanwhile, the sub-epidermal cells, having been changed into
a series of cork cells like those mentioned in the cut potato but on
a larger scale, form a new protective covering which replaces the
epidermis. Furthermore, the new cork layer itself is only to a
moderate extent capable of extension, and as the inner parts of
the stem continue to increase it is in turn ruptured, and the breaks
are closed bj' the formation of a second laj^er of cork cells
beneath. This process is repeated indefinitely, so that in stems
several years old, we have what is in popular language called the
bark, composed of several different layers of cork cells more and
more split up and cracked externally.

If we now recognize the structure of the normal stem or trunk
in its essential points, we can next consider the primary effects of
wounds. In the first place, whenever a trunk or branch is
wounded, no matter whether l)y the action of wind or snow, by
the bites of animals, by pruning, or l)y wilful violence of man,
nature itself attempts to heal the wound if possible. If the
wound is not too great, it heals l)y natural processes, but many
wounds are so large or so severe that even in the course of several

DISEASES OF TREES LIKELY TO FOLLOW INJURIES. 145

years nature cannot close them. In such wounds disease is likely
to arise, which will infect the whole tree, unless man comes to the
aid of nature. Let us then consider the question of the manner
in which nature acts and to what extent. The two natural protec-
tive processes when trunks and branches are wounded are the
formation of tork ,"£lls and the formation of a callus. The two
processes may go on -together. If the wound is slight, as when
the outer bark is scraped or gnawed off, so as to expose the more
delicate cells beneath, a new formation of cork may be sufficient
to close the wound. But when, as is very frequently the case,
both the outer and inner bark are torn away, exposing the wood,
or when a good sized branch is cut off or broken off, the healing
process is quite different. You have frequently seen the scars left
when branches have been cut away and know that the edges of the
wound swell and form a thick, rounded rim which in course of
time seems to contract around the wound, and, if the wound is
of moderate size, finally covers it. This thickened rim is what
is called the callus, and it originates mainly in the cambium which
was exposed when the wound was made, and to some extent in
the adjacent cells of the inner bark.

To understand what takes place it will be best for us to suppose
a simple case of wounding, such as that of a branch six inches in
diameter, let us say, which has been carefully sawn across so as
not to loosen the attachment of the bark to the wood. The
greater part of the exposed surface here would consist of the wood
proper with a comparatively narrow circle of the coarse outer
bark and the more delicate inner bark. Between the wood and
the bark is, of course, the cambium, represented by the circum-
ference of a circle quite insignificant in thickness compared either
with the bark or the wood.

Of the exposed parts the wood itself is practically unable to
take any active part in the process of healing. It presents a
series of open tubes, which are incapable of producing new cells.
The cells of the cambium and, to a less extent, those of the inner
bark and of the rays which lie near the cambium, are able to
produce new cells, and hence, in the case we have chosen as an
illusti'ation, there would arise a ring of new growth just around
the wood and beneath the bark. This raised ring of new growth
is the beginning of the callus.
10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is a well-known fact that where the cambium is exposed in
wonucls, it produces new cells more vigorously than the cambium
of uninjured stems. The reason for this, at first sight, anomalous
state of things Avill be easily understood if we call to mind the
tension of any normal trunk. A trunk may be regarded as a
cylinder composed of a solid axis of Avood whose circumference is
formed of the actively growing cambium encircled by the inner
and outer bark, which taken together we may now, for con-
venience's sake, call the cortex. The different parts of this
compound cylinder grow under different tensions. On the one
hand, the inner parts, as they grow, exert a strong outward
pressure on the cortex, while, on the other hand, the cortex acts
as a sheath which exerts a strong pressure on the parts within.
That when the normal pressure is interfered with, the relative
growth of the different parts of the stem is changed, is well sliown
if a slit is made through the cortex to the region of the cambium.
The cells of the cambium thus freed from pressure from without
grow more rapidly than before in the direction of the slit, so that
the wound thus made is rapidl}^ filled by the new cells thus formed,
and the new growth may even be so great as to more than till the
gap, and cause a slight protuberance on the wounded side.
Furthermore, when the tension of the cambium is relieved by the
removal of the cortex, its function of producing new wood cells
on its inner side is altered, and microscopic examination of the
new wood formed in wounds shows that the wood cells are shorter,
and the vessels decidedly less numerous than in normal wood.

The description which I have given of the wa}' in which the
callus arises, although you may perhaps think it somewhat compli-
cated for a popular lecture like the present, is, in realit}', a brief
attempt to sketch the process in its main points onl}^ omitting
many details which are of interest to specialists. AYhat I have
described is the normal mode in which the healing process begins,
and is to be seen in those seasons of the year when the cambium
cells are active. During the colder months of the year, however,
the cambium is in a dormant condition, and if wounds occur at
such seasons, the cambium is not able to form a callus at once,
and the process just described does not begin until the season of
plant growth returns. Meanwliile the exposed parts will probably
have been more or less affected by weathering, and the closing of
the wound by natural processes is made more difficult. In the

DISEASES OF TREES LIKELY TO FOLLOW IX.IlIMEs. 147

case of largo woiiuds the callus continues to increase and overlap
more and more the old exposed wood, but its activitj^ diminishes
from year to year. As soon as the callus ring has begun to form,
its outer cells undergo the cork-trausformation, and thus the delicate
cambium cells are soon covered with a protective bark similar ta
the normal bark of the stem, and, as this bark increases in thick-
ness, it exerts an increasing pressure on the cambium cells
beneath, which sufficiently explains why the, at first, luxuriant
production of new camlnum cells gradually diminishes. The
function of the cambium in the normal trunk, you will recollect, is
to produce new wood cells on its inner surface and new bast cells
on its outer surface, and the same function is retained when it
grows into a callus. "We find, therefore, that in the callus itself
new layers of wood are formed and overlap the old wood, and, if
the process goes on long enough, it happens that the old wood is
entirely covered by new layers of wood and a cortex somewhat
similar to that of the uninjured trunk.

So far, we have supposed that we were dealing with a wound
made by cutting directly across a branch. What is true in this
case is essentiallj' true of other wounds, and we cannot noAv stop
to consider in detail the innumerable modifications depending on
the form of the wound. As a matter of fact it more frequently
happens, as when branches are broken by the wind or snow or by
external violence of any kind, that the wound is irregular or
splintered, and in such cases the cortex is often torn awaj' from
the branch below the wound and the cambium is crushed or injured.
Consequently the healing process is very much hindered. Again,
when ti'ees grow thickly together, or for other reasons, the lower
branches often die and break off at a certain distance from the
main trunk. In such cases the stumps of the branches ver}- often
die and remain projecting as dead plugs or pegs. This is in part
owing to the disturbed nutrition of the stumps, a subject toa
complicated to be described here. The fact is evident, however,
that such pegs do not heal over but rot away, and must be consid-
ered open wounds.

Up to this point I have dwelt upon the nature of wounds and
the healing process adopted by nature, and you will now ask. Why
are all these elaborate changes necessary? What is the harm if a
wound does not heal over? As a rule it is safe to sa}^ that the
provisions of nature are alwaj^s adapted to some special end. and

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"we should naturally infer that, since nature always does her best
to heal wounds, it must be because the plant would otherwise
suffer. Experience certainly shows that open wounds are danger-
ous in plants as they are in animals, although I Avould not go so
far as to say that they are inevitably dangerous. There is no
•doubt, however, that in most cases they are dangerous. Every
surgeon recognizes the dangers attending open wounds in animals,
and, before the days of the antiseptic treatment, the dangerous
and often fatal results of operations were due in many cases to
the entrance of germs from the air into the system through open
wounds. In the same waj^ wounds of plants are dangerous,
although a fatal result may not be reached before the expiration of
several years. Naturally the intact epidermis of the younger
parts of plants and the corky bark of the older branches and
trunks prevent the access of the spores and mycelium of fungus
parasites to the more sensitive tissues beneath. Where the bark
-has been removed, they may and often do work their way into the
interior, and cause, at first, a local and, later on, a general decay
of the trunk. The fungi which are the agents of destruction in
such cases are not the rots, smuts, or mildews, which affect rather
herbaceous plants than trees, but fungi of the toadstool family.
Those of 3^ou who have watched the larger wounds of trees must
have often seen clusters of toadstools of different kinds growing
out of the wounds. They are most frequently seen in the warmer
mouths, but there are a few species which are to be found even in
the mild weeks which sometimes come in midwinter. Besides the
fleshy toadstools there are many species of punk-fungi, belonging
technically to the same family as the toadstools, which infest
wounds, and they are so tough aud hard that they can be found
throughout the year.

The question might arise Avhether these toadstools aud punk-
fungi grow in wounds because the exposed wood is already dead
and therefore furnishes food for the fungi, or whether, on the
other hand, the death and decay of the wood are brought about by
the presence of the fungi. In a certain sense both these questions
may be answered in the athrmative. When the exposed wood
dies, it furnishes a soil in which the spores of the toadstools aud
punk-fungi can germinate and grow, and it is also true that when
they have once begun to grow, many species are able to make
their way dowjiward and upward into the health}' parts of the

DISEASES OF TKEES LIKEEY TO FOLLOW ENJLTIEES. 149

branches and cause them to rot. It is a very common experience
that the rotting which began in a wound gradually extends to the
main trunk, so that although the bark, except where the wound
exists, appears to be perfectly sound, on cutting the tree down,
the whole trunk is found to be rotten or hollow.

What happens, except in very small wounds which heal at once,
is as follows : The porous wood takes up moisture from the air in
greater or less amount according to the season, but in almost all
cases enough to cause the outer exposed part to decay in the
course of from a few weeks to a few months. Not onl}^ is water
absorbed from rains and mists but dust and other organic sub-
stances gradually collect on the surface and there is thus formed a
sort of soil, in a thin layer to be sure, but enough to support, at
first, the growth of bacteria, which help on the decay of the solid
parts, and, later, offer a favorable field for the germination of the
spores of toadstools. A ver}' small amount of damp soil is suffi-
cient to start the growth of these toadstool- fungi. Their spores,
when they germinate, give out a series of branching threads, the
mycelium. The threads gain sti'eugth as they grow, and, in a
good many species, they at length acquire the power of dissolving^
the walls of the sound plant cells, even if they do not in the
beginning possess this power. Aided by the increased moisture,
which is favored by the presence of a damp, earthy layer on the
surface of the wound, the destructive threads make their way
slowly along the interior of the trunk, the process of destruction
causing an increase of moisture and sliminess, which only makes
the ultimate destruction of the hitherto sound wood the more
certain. While all this is going on within the trunk there ma}' be
no definite indication on the outside of the harm done. The toad-
stools, as we call them, are the fructification of the fungi, of Avhich
the threads are the organs of A'egetatiou, and it is not until after
the latter have attained a somewhat advanced development that the
toadstools themselves appear on the surface. Their appearance
almost invariably indicates not that trouble ma}' be expected, but
that the disease has already made considerable progress.

The toadstools and punk-fungi, of which I have spoken, are
usually not limited in their growth to any one species of tree, but
may grow on a good many different kinds. There are some species,
however, which attack only particular kinds of trees, and among
the number are forms which are more virulent and rapid in their

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

action, especially those that attack the roots Avhen they are
wouiuled. It is not my pnrpose, nor would the limited time allow
me, to give an account of these special parasites. Enough, how-
ever, has been said to demonstrate the danger of open wounds
and the necessity of aiding Nature in her efforts to heal them. In
the natural course of events many wounds must occur from the
violent action of the wind and snow, and we should do what we
can to remedy them. But it is perhaps more to the purpose that,
recognizing the danger, we should use our influence to prevent the
avoidable and wilful maiming of our shade trees by careless and
ignorant people.

As far as the treatment of wounds is concerned, our object
should be to coveT the exposed surfaces, so that moisture, which
would cause them to rot, may be excluded, and that the spores of
fungus parasites may not find an entrance. A useful hint as to
to what should be done is given us by nature herself. In some
respects the coniferous trees suffer less from wounds than other
trees. The reason is that in the wood of conifers there are canals
or passages which contain resinous substances, and when the
ATOod of such trees is wounded they exude and form a close
varnish of resin over the exposed surfaces, Avhich are thus kept
dry and protected from weathering. As a result, the wood is less
likely to rot than in the case of other trees whose wood contains
no resin. In trees of the latter description, when wounds occur
b}' accident or design, the indication, to use a medical expression,
is to coat the cut surface with tar or some similar substance.
There are several practical considerations to be borne in mind in
applying the tar. If the wounded surface is rough and splintered,
it should in the first place be made as smooth as possible, and
where branches have been broken off a few inches from the axis
from which they sprung, they should be sawn off close down to
the main axis.

AYhen branches are to be pruned, it is of importance that it
should be done at the right season. It might be inferred from
what was said previously that the summer months would be the
best time, because the cambium is then active and the callus'
begins to form at once. There are, however, other points to be
considered. Unless the branch is small, it will take several years
for the callus to cover the whole wound, and, meanwhile, the
exposed wood may rot unless well coated with tar. The important

DISEASES OF TKEES UKELV TO FOLLOW LN.IURIES. 151

question then is not so niueli to select the season when tlie cam-
bium is most active as that when the coating can be most securely
applied. During the warmer months the cut surface is kept moist
because the cells are then more succulent than in late autumn aucl
early winter, and it is not ahvays easy to apply the tar closely
under such circumstances. The pruning of deciduous trees
should, when possible, be performed in the late autumn or even in
early winter, rather than in summer, since the tar then adheres
better. Another important point is to saw off the branches carefully,
so that the cortex ma}' not be torn away from the wood, leaving
the latter projecting. This is always a more or less difficult
matter, because unless the cut is made in a horizontal direction,
which is seldom the case, the weight of the branch itself, during
the process of sawing, tends to tear away the cortex on the lower
side of the cut. Where it is possible, the branch should be
propped up during the cutting, and special care should be taken
that there is no tearing of the cortex on the lower side. Even
under favorable conditions, a pocket is apt to be formed on the
lower side of the Avound, and the application of tar at this point
should be made with great care, since wounds are almost always
vertical or oblique rather than horizontal, and rain and moisture
naturally collect at the lowest point of the wound, just where the
pocket is unfortunately made in cutting. It is evident that too
great care cannot be taken in covering this part thoroughly.

After this sketch of the nature of wounds and of the danger
with which the life of trees is threatened, I trust that what I have
said in regard to treatment will appear rational and practical. I
must not, however, close my remarks ou this subject without
uttering an emphatic protest against the Avay in which the shade
trees of our cities and towns are treated. The responsibility rests
not only with those who, perhaps unintentionally and ignorantly;
are directly guilty of what an enlightened public opinion should
regard as vandalism ; but it rests in part on ourselves, if we do
not in all possible ways seek to give to the public, information, and
attempt by all legal means to secure the enforcement of such
regulations as shall assure proper protection for our trees. As it
is, the care of the trees in our public grounds, parks, and streets
is too often placed in the hands of those who are ignorant of the
principles of vegetable physiology, and their efforts to prune and
€ut down trees are guided only by what seems to them temporary

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

conveuieuce, or by what commends itself to their not infrequently
perverted sense of the beautiful. When the whim seizes them
and they wish to get rid of a stately tree, it is only uecessai-y for
them to say that it is rotten, and dangerous because likelj" to fall.
Many times I have seen trees whose shade could ill be spared, cut
down because their trunks were rotten, when examination after
they were felled, showed that they were sound and would have
lasted many years. It ought to be considered a crime to cut down a
handsome tree — certainly in public grounds — unless compelled by
absolute necessity. When it is thought necessary for the public
safety to destroy animals supposed to be suffering from contagious
diseases, there is, at least, a consultation, and the opinion of
experts is asked. I hope that the time will come when it will not
be allowed to cut down trees Avhich are public property, except on
the advice of those whose training entitles them to be called
experts.

If one is amazed sometimes at the abuses of trees on the part
of those who are their authorized guardians, it must be admitted
that the poor condition of our trees is principally due to the reck-
lessness of the public. The streets of Boston and the suburban
towns are notoriously narrow, as are also the sidewalks, and in
consequence the trees are more subject to injury than in regions
where the streets are wider. In most of our streets the trees are
very near the edge of the sidewalk, if they do not project into the
street itself. Those on the corners of the streets are almost sure
to be grazed by passing vehicles, and as wagon after wagon
passes along, the grinding process is kept up until the wood is
exposed. It is perhaps fortunate that such trees are short-lived,
for the}^ become very unsightly, and when they die, the curbstone
can be replaced as often as is necessary.

Walk along any of our streets where the trees are placed on the
edge of the sidewalk and notice the effects due to our general
negligence. In some instances 3'ou will find that the house-owners
have placed guards around the trunks, and the trees are symmet-
rical and have attained a good size. But in most cases, they have
been left to take care of themselves. Bright and early the milk-
man comes along and jumps off with his can, leaving his horse to
make a scanty breakfast by gnawing the bark of the nearest tree.
Later on come the butcher and the grocer, whose horses lunch
upon what was left by their predecessor, inflicting an amount of

DISEASES OF TREES LIKELY TO FOLLOW INJURIES. 153

damage to the tree limited oul}^ by the length of time which their
owners are pleased to spend in conversation with the girls in the
kitchen. Last of all comes, perhaps, the doctor, whose visits, if
they are not freqnent, are proportionally long. He, at least,
ought to know that trees cannot be wounded with impunit3% No
wonder that the bark is not only soon removed and the wood
exposed, but since the horse is an animal which prefers the softer
bark to the harder wood, the fresh borders of the wound are
repeatedly attacked until deformities of enormous size are pro-
duced, and apart from the danger of fungus groAvths, the nutrition
of the tree is seriously deranged. A visit to Oxford Street,
Cambridge, where on one side of the street the trees have not
been protected, and wounds more than two feet long have been
made by horses, will show that I am not exaggerating. If I
mention this particular street, it is because I have to pass through
it every day. Other equally bad instances might be named.

Surely there can be no excuse for such senseless and wholesale
violence, especially since the remedy is so simple and so inex-
pensive. The trees planted along the streets are not the private
property of the house-owners, with which they can do what they
please. The public has the right to demand that the trees be
properly guarded and protected, since otherwise it is not pos-
sible to secure the requisite shade in summer. But apart from
the public rights in the matter, it is for private advantage as well
that our trees should be kept in good condition, since the attrac-
tiveness of any street as a place of residence depends largely
upon the beauty of the trees. Not a few of our New England
towns owe their prosperity as summer resorts to the arching elms
and well-rounded maples, whose loss no money could replace. It
would be both just and wise for every thickly settled town and
village to have laws compelling house-owners to place proper and
sufficient guards round the trunks of trees growing b}' the road-
sides, or if it be considered inexpedient to place this apparently
slight burden on private individuals, it is at least the duty of
municipal and town governments to provide guards and railings at
the public expense. It is strange that there should be any person
who lives in his own house, who would not willingly do all he can
to beautify it by keeping the trees near it in the best condition.
But, unfortunately, there are many such persons. Where houses
are rented, the tenant is naturally little inclined to any expenditure

154 MASSACHU."^ETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

however small, for the benefit of the laudlord, and the latter is
less inclined to spend nionej' Adhere he does not see that he is
getting a direct benefit for himself. To let the trees become
shabby or go to utter destruction is a short-sighted policy for any
individual or community.

In short, an effort should be made to secure legislation which
shall make compulsory the placing of guards around trees in
exposed places. Furthermore, the care of the trees in public
grounds should be entrusted only to persons specially trained for
the purpose. An engineer may be admirably qualified to construct
good roads, but it does not, therefore, follow that he knows how
to manage trees, and even those who have attained great skill in
the cultivation of flowers and the arrangement of flower-beds are
not necessarily the best persons to look after trees. The desirable
legislation can probablj^ be secured just as soon as the public
understand why it is desirable and necessary. It is all very well
to talk about the protection of forests and the formation of
national parks in distant states. But we have our own forests,
which are the trees in our streets and public grounds, and before
turning our eyes in other directions we had better see what is
needed at home. It devolves upon you, ladies and gentlemen, so
to educate the public in this matter that they shall soon learn to
recognize that a tree is something to be respected and protected.
It is not enough that we erect commemorative tablets before a few
historical trees, and take strangers to see, not so nuich the trees as
the tablets. Historical association may lend an additional
interest, but every well-developed tree has that within itself which
should command our respect and admiration, — its beaut}" and its
utility.

The lecture was illustrated by views, thrown upon a screen, of
wounds caused by the gnawing of horses ; specimens of skilful,
and of careless pruning; stumps of broken branches, etc., show-
ing the progress at different stages of Nature's efforts to heal
them. Several kinds of fungi which are found upon and in Such
wounds were also shown, with the method of their growth and
appearance at different stages of development. This exhibition
included front, side, and sectional views, which, with Professor
Farlow's explanations, afforded a very clear and complete idea of
the subject.

DISEASES OF TREES LIKELY TO FOLLOW INJURIES. 155

Discussion.

Rev. Calviu Terry said that lie appreciated the subject of this
lecture. From what the speaker had told us the logical couclusiou
"would appear to be that special legislatiou is necessary. There
should be a special Board of Commissioners in each town as well
as city, who should have entire control — with due regard to the
rights and wishes of the abutters — of all ornamental trees and
shrubbery' in the streets and public grounds. Such officers should
be experts, or persons who are well fitted bj^ education and exper-
ience acceptably to discharge the duties of that oflice. At present
these matters are mostly left to the discretion and mercy of the
knights of the pick and shovel, who know little or nothing of
the needs of such plants and are more apt to damage than to
protect them. He spoke from sad experience, — he could not
forget his feelings when he reached home on one occasion and
found some of his trees seriously damaged and permanently
disfigured.

O. B. Hadwen said that he had been delighted with the lecture,
as he appreciated highly the importance of protecting and taking
good care of trees. He had been one of the Park Commissioners
of Worcester since 1867, and with his colleagues had had manj^
encounters with the Commissioners of Streets, whose workmen
seem determined to injure trees which impede their progress iu
setting curbstones. However, they have improved somewhat, as
there is less damage done now than in former times. Referring to
injuries from other causes, he spoke of a fine tree that was consid-
erably burned on one side daring a conflagration in 1842. The
tree was about two feet in diameter and in vigorous growth at that
time, and directly began the work of repair. This has been
continued ever since and the wound is nearly closed over although
there is a cavity behind the new growth. It bids fan- to live many
years, and he thought it a rare instance of such restoration. The
speaker recommended that when private citizens set trees in front
of theii" premises, they put them within their own lines, in order to
retain control of them, and avoid a great deal of annoj'ance from
man}' sources. Trees add largely to the beauty of our villages as
well as cities, and the people take pride iu such adornments, but
they need protection and should have it.

156 MASSACPIUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Leverett M. Chase had beeu much pleased with the lecture. He
felt a deep interest iu the subject aud believed there was need of
some action to educate the people up to a love for trees that will
ensure their protection. In foreign countries he had seen with
delight the trees which adorn the streets ; not only ornamental
varieties, but rows of fruit trees, the fruit of which the owners can
gather, their rights being protected aud respected, even by
mischievous boys who take delight in stealing fruit. Often certain
trees are marked to show that the public are welcome to their
fruit. The protection of owners' rights is an encouragement to
the extension of such planting upon the streets. As a contrast
to this system, he cited a case in this city, where a man bought an
old barn, for fifteen dollars, and moved it three-fourths of a mile,
over streets lined with old shade trees. Of these, thirty-one were
mutilated more or less ; in one case, a branch about eight inches
in diameter was cut off, disfiguring that tree greatly aud perma-
nentl}'. The aggregate damage on that route amounted to very
man}' times the value of the building, and all might have been
prevented had the authorities in that case received a right educa-
tion, and possessed a true appreciation of all the circumstances^

The selection of trees for street planting is also very important.
Mr. Chase said his favorite was the maple : and among others,
he liked the American elm and birches. He would have all prun-
ing of trees done by trained men. Ignorance of proper times and
methods of doing this work causes the destruction of many fine
trees and shrubs. By pruning fruit trees without due regaixl to
the time of year and also to the balance between roots and foliage
— the latter serving as both lungs and stomachs — not only the
quality and quantity of fruit has often been diminished, but many
valuable trees have been destroyed. ~\Ve, as a people, are far
behind the ancients in love and reverence for trees. Xerxes
placed golden ornaments upon a fine plane tree, and detailed a
guard to protect it while his army was passing by, in order ta
secure its preservation as an ornament, and its grateful shade for
that place in coming time. Even in the old mythology we often
read that trees and gi'oves were held sacred, and the gods are repre-
sented as punishing those who wantonly destroyed, and rewarding
those who strove to save or protect, these vahied productions of
Nature. The cases of Erisichthon and Rhwcus were cited as
illustrations which perhaps were not wholly embodiments of mere

DISEASES OF TREES LIKELY TO FOLLOW INJLTRIES. 157

fancy. The speaker believed that we have need of oruamental trees
to promote the best moral and esthetic development of the people.

Mr. Hadwen, in answer to an inquirj^, stated that the "Worcester
Park Commission consists of five members, each holding his office
five years. One member is elected ^ach year, and all serve
withont pay. Some members have been re-elected contiunouslj^
for a long time, while others have served bnt one or two terms.
As a rnle thej'^ take a strong interest in their duties, which
include the planting and care of trees in streets, and the control
and direction in the management of the parks of the cit}', which
are now ten in number. They must be consulted if a building is
to be moved on any street ; and if au}- action of the street com-
missioners interferes with their department, the former must
respect the suggestions of the park commissioners. He said that
Ex-Governor Lincoln had a high regard for the trees in the streets,
and on one occasion, when he saw a stranger about to tie his horse
to a ti'ee, he remonstrated. The stranger said his business was
urgent and that he had no time to find different accommodations,
whereupon Mr. Lincoln proposed to hold the horse while its owner
was engaged, and he did so, thus preventing the injury to the
tree, which had been threatened.

William C. Strong thought it was apparent that we ought all to
labor to get Park Commissions in our own towns. He then
asked the lecturer about washes for exposed places where branches
had been cut off, or accidental wounds made upon the stem of a
tree. He had used a compound of wax and alcohol, and inquired
if alcohol was injurious to the trees.

Professor Farlow said that a mixture of grafting wax and
alcohol, so proportioned that upon its application the wax would
harden at once, he should consider good, and that the alcohol in
■such a compound could not of itself be injurious. He recom-
mended pine tar, although some other preparations might serve the
purpose as well.

Robert Manning considered tar poisonous to trees. His father
used a mixture of tar and red ochre, but his observation was that
it injured the trees — mostly pear — to which it was applied. For
his own use he pi'eferred a paint of linseed oil, which he believed
harmless and quite as serviceable as any other yet named. Yellow
ochre had proved very effectual in preserving the wood, but he
liked to have the paint as near the color of the bark as possible,
and used lead as a basis.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICtTLTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. .Strong did not approve of paint or shellac, and believed tar
to be injurious. He had used grafting wax dissolved in alcohol,
with good effect, but would like to find a better compound for the
purpose.

Jacob W. Manning said that in training young trees for plant-
ing in streets he would advise pruning the lower branches away to
ten or twelve feet from the ground, rather than allow, as Ave
sometimes see in older trees, large branches to start out from five
to seven feet from the ground, which eventually have to be cut
away, not only destrojnng all beauty of form, but leaving a
wound that may never be healed. He thought the American elm
one of the very best trees we have for street planting.

Mr. Hadweu was called upon to answer the question : AVhat is
the best time to prune apple trees? In reply he said playfully
""VYhen your saw is sharp." For young trees any time that they
appear to need it is suitable ; but for fruit-bearing trees he should
prefer to do it in April or May, when the branches are more readily
bent without breaking. The older the trees, the more surely they
should not be pruned in autumn. When pruning in May great
care must be taken not to start the bark from the wood, and,
as one safeguard in this respect, it is always better to cut the
under side of a branch before cutting the upper side. To the
question: ." AVill not spring pruning damage buds?" he replied
that if the workmen are careful no harm need be done.

Mr. Chase said he thought the lecture was one of the most
interesting and valuable we have heard this season and moved a
vote of thanks to Professor Farlow, which was passed unani-
mously.

Mr. Hadwen announced that on the next Saturday, Charles L.
Allen, of Floral Park, N. Y., would read a paper upon the
"Scientific Education of Gardeners."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 14, 1891.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooxer, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 21.

Till-: SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION OF GAUUENERS. \d\)

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Scientific Education of Gardeners.

By Charles Linn.kus Allex, Floral Park, N. Y.

Edueatiou is the developmeut of the human faculties and the
traiuiug of them in such a manner that all the forces of the
intellect act in harmony in whatever direction reason or taste
dictates. Education, when united with industry- and perseverance,
enables a man to reach the highest social, political, professional,
or business position.

All that there is or can be gained in life is proportionate to the
development and application of our natural gifts. As a rule,
intelligence, the fruit of education, combined with industry,
invariably wins ; while ignorance as surely fails in solving the
great problem of life, — how to secure success. This principle is
universal in its application. It applies to all men and to all con-
ditions of life. It does not affect the principle that some men of
rare intelligence do not succeed in business, or that some ciuite
illiterate or ignorant men are prosperous. There are many causes
of failure other than educational, but there is one fact which can-
not be disputed, namely, that no business ever prospered unless
talent, trained or untrained, stood at the helm. The occa-
sional success of a man in business who rarely reads and never
writes anything more than sometimes to sign his name, shows us
a man of natural talent who would have been a power for good in
the land had his mind been properly educated or disciplined. The
well educated man is, relatively, a great many men, for, besides
his own natural resources, he has the experiences and observations
of other men to guide him. It is onlj^ the liberal-minded man who
will profit by the experience of others ; he learns both b}' their
successes and failures:

The greater our natural abilities, the more important it is that
they should be properly trained. Talent should be wisely
directed. Untrained talent is a dangerous element ; it is like a
spirited but unbroken horse, quite as liable to go wrong as right.
Confucius said, " Learning Avithout thought is labor lost. Thought
without learning is perilous." This truism frequently confronts us
in our business relations. That all men should be educated in
order to develop their full capabilities, does not admit of a doubt,
the only difference in opinion being as to the degree.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICtHLTURAL SOCIETY.

The subject for diseussiou today is "The Scientific Education
of Gardeners." The term "scientific" seems to stagger many
men, particularly our practical gardeners, who, as a class, are men
of great natural shrewdness and superior ability, close observers,
and men of keen perception, with an innate love of the beautiful in
form and color — men whose noble instincts make them liberal to a
fault. Such men are quite apt to think there is a conflict between
science and practice. This is a great mistake. The}" are simply
cause and effect. The general impression appears to be that
science is a degree in the scale of knowledge that is only conferred
by some institution of learning ; that scientific men dwell in a
peculiar atmosphere and possess some hidden facts not easily
attained. Let us refer to AVebster for a true definition of the
word :

"1. Knowledge; penetrating and comprehensive information;
skill; experience, and the like.

"2. The comprehension and understanding of truth, or facts;
investigation of truth for its own sake ; pursuit of pure knowl-
edge.

"3. Truth ascertained ; that which is known."
A simple definition of the word "science" would be, exact fact,
which is alike applicable to industry, general intelligence, order,
manhood, and correct business habits. The only difference
between a scientific and any other fact is, that the one is exact,
methodical, punctual, and critical; the other not.* This difference
is seen also between two gardeners having the same general outfit
as to appliances, and tools or implements ; the one has everything
orderly and in its place ; the other, everything in a heap.

With these simple definitions of science, let us make a few
applications in the order named, first stating that when a 3'oung
man chooses an occupation for life, he should have three distinct
objects in view : First, to establish himself in business that will
with industry and ecofeomy provide him with a home and a compe-
tence in old age ; second, to be a leader in whatever profession or
business he may choose, honored and respected b}^ all men ; and
lastly, to pursue some line of thought or study allied to his busi-
ness, the influence of which will make old age beautiful through the
pleasant memories of a life well spent.

Success is, or should be, the warp and woof of ever}- j'oung
man's ambition. He naturally wants to tread the path that is the

THE SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION OF GARDENERS. 161

shortest and most direct to wealth, honor, and distinction. There
is not a young man of fair intelligence and with an ambition that
knows no failure, avIio will not be ten times more likely to succeed
in the horticultural field than in any oilier walk in life. He will,
moreover, satisfy all the desires of his ambition. It is to be
supposed that he has no capital at the start other than strength
and determination, and these are all that will be required if he is
scientific in liis methods. If wise he will consider well every step ;
he will estimate the chances of success and the possibilities of fail-
ure. Because the life of the gardener is one of toil, he should
not be discouraged and get enamored with city life. The excite-
ment that evolves from the whirl of active business, and the honors
that are shown those who attain high distinction in their profession,
are trul}- fascinating, but we would caution every young man
against indulging in hopes that so rarely ripen to fruition.

If a gardener wishes to reach distinction, he must become
scientific in everything that relates to his business. His industry
must be proverbial ; he must never be in haste, but never idle.
To accomplish the most in a given space of time with the least
possible expenditure of labor is the science of industry. His
intelligence should know no limit. There is no other field so
broad or so beautifully diversified as the garden. A thorough
knowledge of plants and their requirements is the key to success.
The old truism that "knowledge is power" is more plainly
exemplified in tlie life of the gardener than in any other calling.
No man who commences to build up a business career without
capital, will be so greatly benefited by a complete knowledge of
his work as he. A gardener who has a thorough knowledge
of every plant he handles, has an education that his employer
covets ; it brings them together in harmony ; they converse freely
over a favorite plant upon terms of human equality. The more
the gardener knows, if he is willing to impart it, the more impor-
tant he is to the position he fills, and the greater will be his
chances for advancement. Many gardeners get a very wrong
impression when they enter upon a new situation. They feel as
though interests instead of being mutual are antagonistic, that
the conditions are as master and servant, while such a feeling
never enters the employer's mind, — that is if he is a man and has
a garden to gi-atify a love for the beautiful — and I pity the
gardener who has charge of a place where flowers are only grown
11

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as external evideuces of wealth. Flowers should never bloom, or
fruit ripen, for such men, for they have not the slightest apprecia-
tion of the gardener's work and worth, or the respect they owe
their fellow man. The gardener's home is with the man who has a
bond of sympathy in his heart, rather than sympathy only with his
own wealth. Many gardeners get to feel that the owner of a place
has no right to do as he likes with his own, — that if he wants a
flower or fruit for a friend it must be taken only with the gardeu-
ei''s consent. We know this feeling is common, but we do not
think it is by any means general.

Every true lover of flowers, and the gardener more than all
others, knows that they who see a flower only with their eyes see
but little of its real beauty. It must be seen through the under-
standing to be appreciated. It is the life in the plant that is truly
beautiful. Each and every plant is a teacher, and they who
understand "plant talk," can impart to others information far
more fascinating than the work of the poet's imagination. Let the
gardener make it a rule to show his emploj'er, every time he enters
the conservatory, some of the hidden beauties of the plants, — some
fact in relation to the phenomena of plant life ; how it feels and
understands ; let him point out those wondrous facts with which
his mind is stored, as though he were a brother or a friend, and
there will soon be established a mutual and endearing friendship.
This is the scientific way of managing an employer and it is a sure
stepping-stone to success. There are but few gardeners filling
responsible positions in our country, who, if they will unite with
this disposition habits of industr}^, integrity, and good nature, will
not find in their employers never failing friends, — friends who
will gladly assist them, if need be, in establishing a business of
their own.

The opposite of this is too often the case. We have known
instances where conservatories have been sold and places given up
because the owner and the gardener could not work together in
harmony. Now we do not for a moment think the gardener
intends a wrong, — far from it: it is simply a mistaken idea of his
rights and duties and if it were not for this, there would be man}-
more employers than there are now.

There is a science in manhood and honor with which the gar-
dener should become familiar. As facts are scientific, we wish to
state a few very plain ones that every one can apply to himself or

THE SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION OF GAKDEXEK8. 1 62P

rojoct. according' to the facts iu the case. It is the almost
universal practice in some countries, and sadly too common in thiSy
for gardeners, — and they are not a particle different from other
employes, to expect, yes, to demand, a commission on all pur-
chases made for their employers. This method of getting extra
compensation from an employer, without his knowledge, is a sad
injury to one of the most beautiful and honorable pi'ofessions that
man ever followed — that of the gardener — not only in the break-
ing down of manhood and common honesty, which entails the loss,
of character, but in creating a lack of confidence on the part of the
employer which will not permit him to make the advancement in
wages and position that he would otherwise be glad to make.
Some of the English seedsmen have repeatedly told me that most
of the head gardeners in that country bought, annually, fifty
times more seeds, in value, than the}' could possiblj' use, simply to
get the commission. Our observation shows that this practice i&
on the increase in this country. We have been asked for the
commission frequently, the parties claiming it as a right, saying
"all seedsmen allow it." But all do not. No man Avorthy the
name of seedsman will compound a fraud of this kind and no man-
worthy of the name of gardener would do otherwise than reject an
offer which would disgrace himself and cast a blight on the whole
fraternity. We know many gardeners who feel keenl}^ the dis-
grace heaped upon them by their dishonorable associates. A
gentleman who owus a large place recently told me that he shcRilcC
be glad to give me his order but he dared not, for if he did his-
garden would be ruined for the season. He knew wh}' seeds were
bought elsewhere and said it was cheapest to keep quiet and
submit to the imposition, and further, that but for this he would
largely extend his area of glass, — in fact would be glad to start a
commercial place and give his gardener the lion's share of the
profit, but he could not trust a man who would practice such little
irregularities. Now, I do not think a large proportion of our
gardeners are dishonest in this respect, but the few work great
injury to the whole. It should not be so, but it is, and the young:
gardener looking for success in his profession should reject with
righteous indignation all emoluments of this chai'acter, which, I
am sorry to sa}', will be freely tendered him.

But to return to the question of practical education. Where
can it be obtained ? Taking it for granted that a voung man has

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

fit the start a fair rudimentary education, the garden is the school
to attend, where every plant, animal, and insect is a teacher.
These must all be learned ; they are the elements of that education
■which will lead to distinction. As science is the exact knowledge
of things, here are the objects to be learned and loved. These
terms should be reversed in the order given, because if the object
is not loved it can never be thoroughly learned. And we would
say here that if a young man does not love the garden and all
therein, he should enter some other profession, for there is no more
pitiable object in life than a man following a profession that he
does not enjoy.

Systematic Iwtau}" need not necessarily enter largely into the
gardener's education, but though he can do without it he will
he far more proficient with it. A genuine love for plants will
create in him a desire for a knowledge of their systematic order
and arrangement ; he will then seek that information as a pleasant
pastime, rather than as a branch of his education. The phenom-
ena of plant life are far more important to understand in order to
know the plant's necessities ; why and how plants grow, how they
feed and what they feed upon ; the cause of failure as well as
success. The gardener is the only man who knows how to develop
a plant to its greatest perfection ; how to improve upon old tN'pes
and create new ones. He does not want to learn from the
professor ; on the contrary, he should compel the professor to
learn from him. As a rule, professors are not scientists ; they are
simply the distributors of the facts termed ''scientific," that have
been obtained by the observations and experiments of other men.
The scientific man is he who has discovered some fact not pre-
viously known, and can reduce it to practice. And among our
sj'stematic, intelligent gardeners more of such men will be fouud
than in any other walk in life. Their operations are so varied that
they come in contact with more obstacles that are to be overcome,
than any other class of men. They are compelled from the very
nature of their business to know more. The mechanic of today
learns but a small part of one branch of his business, and this is
being coustantl}' repeated without the slightest variation. He is a
part of a machine. The gardener must, in a great measure, be gov-
erned by the elements, which are very capricious ; he must perfectlj'
understand all the conditions of soil and climate and be governed
accordingly. Impossibilities are not unfrequently required at his

THE SCIENTIFIC EDUCATIOX OF GARDENERS. 165

bauds aud should he nieutiou the elenieuts as opposing forces, it
would not always be accepted as a valid excuse for the failure of
a crop.

"While gardeners, through methods strictly scientific, have
succeeded in producing more novel forms or t^'pes in vegetable,
fruit, or flower thau all other men, they rarely profit from it
financially as well as they ought, because they are not S3'stematic
iu business methods. They do not apply their gifts to their own
profit; they let other men reap where thej'' have sown.

Let us state a few facts in support of this assertion. Nearly
every prominent seedsman iu our country annually sends out some
"novelty" in plant, fruit, vegetable, or flower. The seeds or
plants of these are sold at no small profit. From whence does he
obtain these valuable acquisitions? Invariably from the gardener^
whose keen discrimination has detected some little variation in.
form, color, or marking of a flower ; either a sport, a chance seed-
ling, or. perhaps the result of systematic cross-fertilization. He
may have discovered a plant remarkable for its vigor, and with
flowers larger, of more substance, and of a deeper color, than
the type. He selects the seeds from these aud, by careful,,
systematic selection, after years of patient, pleasant industry,,
establishes a type of superior merit. And W'hat is the result? He
shows the fruits of his industr}' at an exhibition and is justly
proud of the certificate or medal he has earned. His favorite
seedsman gets the stock for a mere song and creates a sensation
by the introduction of a "novelty" and makes a good profit, which
the gardener should share but rarel}'^ does. \Ye have known very
many instances of this kind ; in fact have profited by them, and
we can truly say that we do not know of an instance (and we have
followed seed growing for many years) where a seedsman ever
originated any one of the new varieties of vegetables or flowers
Avhich he has disseminated. It is the gardener, or agriculturist, to
whom we are indebted for all that is valuable in the way of new
varieties.

The same is true of scientific knowledge in its relation to plant
culture, growth, or development. We are indebted to the gar-
dener for all the facts pertaining to these subjects, Avhich the
professional scientists are teaching. Practical knowledge can be
gained from no other source. If a man wants the real knowledge
of plants, he must go to the garden and learn it of the plant. He

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

'must be a gardener. It matters uot whether he is to teach the art
or practise it ; the garden is the school and Nature the head
teacher. However much the science may be disseminated after-
wards, it is born in the garden and cradled by the gardener.

A man may be proficient in systematic botany ; his herbarium
may be complete ; and yet he may not truly know orchids or
«onions. There is a great difference between Tcnowivg a thing and
Jcnowing about it. To know is to be educated ; to do is to be
scientific. A man is not necessarily a musician because he can
render perfectly one of Beethoven's symphonies. He rrnxy be only
a performer or imitator. A musician is he who has assisted in
perfecting the modulation of sound. So too, a man is not a
gardener who simply talks al)out the garden and describes the
plants. He may kuow their luimes and origin without knowing
them. He is not a scientific gardener who can repeat every word
of some scientific treatise on gardening. The scientific gardener
is the one who, through his owu observation and industry, has
gained some facts in regard to plants and their culture, or devel-
oped some forms, uot previously known. He is a man who can
make a garden and have in it all that is desired in the greatest
perfection. Such gardeners teach our professors.

If a man should call upon one of the professors of botany or
horticulture at Harvard, the fountain head of education, and make
some inquiry regarding trees, he would soon be filled to overflow-
ing with the contents of their text-books and he would very likely
exclaim, " I do not want the tree in the abstract; I want it on the
lawn, in the orchard, or by the roadside." The professor would
then say, "if trees are what you want, go to the Arnold Arbore-
tum and see Dawson. He knows them all ; they sing for him and
talk to him in their way. He knows their language because he is
in sympathy with them. Every fibre of a tree is a musical chord
that is in harmony with his nature. A seemingly lifeless branch
will bud for him when it would not live for another." If a man
wanted roses, he would be directed to Moore of Concord, or
Wood of Natick. If chrysanthemums, he would be directed to
Dr. Walcott. If orchids were desired, he would be told to visit
Eobinson or Allan. If he wanted lessons in landscape pictures
combined with everything else relating to horticulture, he would
be advised to take the first train for Wellesley and have a chat
with Harris, who knows vegetables, fruits, flowers, as well as trees

THE 8CIKXTIFIC EDUCATION OF GAUDEXEKS. 167

of all kinds, ami can make of tliein pictures with which, for real
beauty, uothing in the way of art can compare. He knows all
about them while we only know what he has done.

So miH'h to show that the professor is dependent ui)on the
gardener for scientific truths, and the gardener is entirely indepen-
dent of the professor.

The gardener should be educated not only up to the times but
far ahead. The plants of forty years ago have no place in the
garden of today ; while those of a hundred years ago may have,
as novelties. Change, the universal law of Nature, is the order
of the da}'. This is not due to fickle caprice, but is neeessar}' to
satisf}' the increasing demand for the beautiful, — a demand that
is imperative and exacting. Not that we tire of old forms or
colors in the flowers, or the delicious qualities of our vegetables
and fruits ; but the spirit of progress which marks this era is
reaching far and wide for the perfection in development that
knows no limit. This spirit should stimulate the gardener to more
constant, sj'stematic, and noble effort in his profession. It is to
him and to him alone that we are indebted for the garden of today
in contrast to that of Mty years ago. In thiS country, flowers
were then regarded as luxuries ; today they are necessities. The
desire for a good garden is now so nearly universal that the excep-
tion only proves the rule ; and there can be no gardens without
gardeners. Some of the best — at least the most enthusiastic —
are amateurs, and to them we are largely indebted not only for the
improvement in floral forms but for the development of taste that
makes gardening a profitable profession. Though amateurs, many
of them are wealthy, but still they are gardeners if they love and
work in the garden, and if there is one influence more powerful
than another in removing that distinction in society which wealth
creates, it is a love for and a common interest in the beautiful.
This love united with other elements of character, will bring into
harmony all classes of men having congenial tastes, and cause
them to become warm and congenial friends. These signs of
human equality rarely appear in any other walk in life. There is
no bond of affection between a merchant and his clerks, manufac-
turers and their emploj'^es, such as is frequently seen between the
owner of the garden and the toiler in it.

The gardener, whether private or commercial, should always be
on the alert for something new. His success will be proportioned

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to his clevelopmeut of uew and rare forms. He who introduces a
new rose, if it has merits not ah'eady possessed by others, and if
it be the result of the hibor of his own head and hands, has estab-
lished an enviable reputation which is quite as important, in a
business way, as the direct profit that will accrue from its intro-
duction. There never was a time when wealth contributed so
liberallj^ to taste as the present. Any new floral form, of merit, is
eagerl}^ sought and liberally paid for ; it matters not whether it be
superior to existing forms — if it has distinctive characteristics it
will find a place in ever}' garden and add to the fame of the
originator.

But the old should not be neglected for the new. The perpetua-
tion of old varieties is quite as important as the development of
the new ones and, perhaps, more so. All depends upon the skill
of the gardener in getting from the plant all that it is capable of
producing. There is, oftentimes, more difference between a
variety perfectly developed and the same neglected, than between
an old and a new, though similar, variety. The scientific gardener
will make the old appear as new because of perfect culture, while
the unscientific ga'rdeuer will make the new appear old from care-
lessness and neglect.

System, which carries with it order and neatness, is a good
working capital for any gardener. A neat garden is almost
invariably a good garden, and the manager of such an one is sure
to be successful. The plants he grows will bring twice as much in
the market as those from the sloven's hand. All that makes a
plant valuable is its beauty, and beauty is never associated with
filth. I would, therefore, urge every gardener, amateur or profes-
sional, private or commercial, to encourage and stinuilate a love
for the beautiful ; it is an antidote for all the asperities of life ; it
softens the hours of labor and sweetens the acerbities of our
natures. A study of the beautiful, whether in the plant, the tree,
or the flower; whether in the conservatory or the vegetable
garden ; in field or wood ; in fact wherever found, will have a
tendency to elevate and strengthen and refine character and mater-
ially assist in promoting happiness. The gardener, more than any
other man, is a child of Nature, whose gifts, united with his
industry, his experience and observation, will make old age
beautiful and pleasant. The love of the beautiful never wearies
nor urows old ; on the ct)ntrarv it increases with our vears.

THE SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION OF GARDENERS. ICD

When the active duties of life are over, the gardeuer has a rich
fund of enjoyment and constant companionship in the plants he
loves.

I would sa}' in conclusion that financial success in life is within
the reach of every gardener who will truly and nobly seek it.
There is room and opportunity for all. There is abundance of
work for those who are anxious to find it. Our country is broad
and rich and made richer ever}- day by those who are willing to
work. A small business can be started with but little capital
other than energy, industry, and intelligence, united with sound
morality, that will rapidly elevate a man to a comfortable and
honorable position. The lower walks of horticulture may be full
to overflowing, but in the language of your great statesman,
"There is plant}' of room up here." In this country, where men
are measured by their worth, and not by the accident of birth,
distinction only comes to those who work for it, and there are no
men more likely to reach it, than well-informed, honest, and
industrious gardeners.

Discrssiox.

F. L. Temple asked what ought to be done to stimulate the
production of new varieties of hardy trees and shrubs. He
thought the efforts to improve our stock of plants have been for a
long time directed to bench or bedding plants almost exclusively,
and he felt that there is need of a cTiange to things of greater
permanence, which are far more valuable than any other class of
plants.

Mr. Allen said that through this country young people are
mostly uneducated in regard to plants, and until they are properly
instructed in this direction, knowledge and taste in relation to
these things cannot become general. Today the followers of
fashion in New York would as soon wear a caulifloAver as a
Cattleya, if it were only fashionable. A man came to him once
with a large order for forced ox-eye daisies, and willingly paid
seventy-five dollars per day for three weeks, during which time the
suppl}" was furnished. It was merely caprice which made the
flowers valuable. As soon as the people become educated to see
something beautiful in plants besides color, trees and shrubs will
be better appreciated. In the old countries, they cultivate old
flowers because they love them. Plants that were pictured in

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1G12, are just as much prized over there today, as they were
iu those old times. When the people are educated aright they can
see as much to admire in a well grown plant, even without a
bloom, as in a fine flower.

Jackson Dawson remarked that a new plant receives the same
expression of approval from this Society, if it shows any superi-
ority over the older varieties, Avhatever class it may represent.
He wanted to call attention to the greater length of time required
to get satisfactory results when one attempts to produce a new and
decidedly superior rhododendron or other shrub, and especiallj^ a
tree, compared with the time required in such attempts with
herbaceous plants, and particularly with annuals. In the former
case the work covers a term of from three or four years to perhaps
ten years, while in the latter one year may complete it. But, on
the other hand, the bedding plant is in perfection in a year or two,
while the shrub or tree will not onlj' continue many years, or
perhaps a lifetime, but will increase in beauty and value every
year. Moreover this work must be done b}^ a person who has had
a thorough training in gardening operations, and who has a
natural taste for such work. Societies do not look at these things
from this point of view, and, therefore, do not appreciate them as
they deserve.

Mr. Allen agreed with Mr. Temple's view, that the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Societ}" should recognize plant values iu
proportion to tlieir cost. He added that he should like to live to
see the time when the producer of a valuable new variety' of tree
or shrub — a choice azalea for instance — will be paid liberalh' for
the skill and knowledge as well as the time devoted to bringing it
out.

Mr. Temple thought that the horticultural societies of this
country had, during the past twenty-five years, given too nuich of
their attention to the improvement of annuals and greenhouse
plants, and too little to the production of better trees, shrubs, or
permanent things generally. He believed that these societies had
lost influence by that course. There is no firm iu this couutr}'^
doing the work for us that Lemoine is doing in France, or John
Laing in England. Almost nothing is done here to encourage
effort iu that direction. All can see fine roses, and many appre-
ciate them ; but hardy things of high value are either not seen, or
if seen are not understood. But few prizes and those small are

THE SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION OF GARDENERS. 171

tiwarded to things iu this line, and many reall}^ choice plants
are consequently allowed to go back to oblivion. This is not a
personal matter, but it is an important one to the country at large.
This work requires the possession of great knowledge and judg-
ment, the result of long and peculiar education, and where it is
already acquired it should not be permitted to pass away and be
lost through lack of due appreciation and encouragement.

LeverettrM. Chase said he had been many years a teacher of
boys. He had tried to induce them to experiment with fruits, for
the purpose of producing new and better varieties, especially
pears, and most of them enjoy it. He thought it desirable that
more of us should take up this work, both iu fruits and many
other hardy plants. They have been too much neglected. The
study necessary to prepare for it should be introduced into the
schools. Now, happily, it seems probable that something may be
done in this direction ; at least the prospect is better than heretofore.
He would like to see, in Horticultural Hall, monumental tablets
to commemorate the services, and to honor the names of such
noble discoverers, or producers, of good things as E. W. Bull,
the originator of the Concord Grape, and Francis Dana, that
single-minded, earnest seeker after better fruits, who produced so
many choice varieties of pears. We should recognize and honor
such laborers for they are benefactors of our race. We should not
take the fruits of their study and toil as matters of course —
which may not yet be styled robbing them — but should show
appreciation by rewarding them.

President Spooner, called attention to two hardy plants. Vibur-
num plicatum and Andromeda speciosa, which were brought in
from the Arnold Arboretum, and exhibited in bloom today, by
Jackson Dawson, the gardener there, who is doing more than any
other person to bring out the beauty and other desirable qualities
of hardy trees, shrubs, and vines, and to make known their
availability for garden, lawn, or park adornment.

John C. Hovey considered annuals and bedding plants as
valuable as shrubs. A great advance has been made in these
plants; new ones have been introduced and many new varieties
have been produced, and most old sorts have been improved. We
all know that asters and zinnias, geraniums and other bedding
plants are invaluable for decorative purposes, as we see in the
Public Gardens, at Mr. Hunnewell's country seat, and other similar

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

places, and uo hardy trees or shrubs could possibly serve as
substitutes. Moreover a large variety of bedding plants bloom all
summer, while shrubs, with few exceptions, are in flower only a
short time.

Mr. Temple did not mean to say that too much encouragement
was given to the culture and improvement of bedding plants, but
that too little had been given to efforts applied to hardy trees,
shrubs, vines, etc. When he spoke of cheap annuals, he meant
only those which are easily grown, and require little knowledge
or skill.

Mr. Hovey believed that everybody could grow annuals.

William C. Stroug said that it is natural tiiat plants which are
easily and therefore cheaply propagated should be more prominent
in commerce than those propagated with difficulty. Also that,
as compared with trees, shrubs would be much the same. That
this is the case, is not so much the fault of the Society as of
dealers, who every year make a specialty of the trade in quickly
grown plants. He did not think this Society had been remiss in
its duty, nor even backward in its encouragement to growers
in any department. It has been accustomed for a long time,
to offer Prospective Prizes to the originators of improved fruits
and vegetables, and these have been productive of fairly good
results. He thought it would be well for the Committee for
Establishing Prizes to consider the propriet}' of giving additional
encouragement to the production and introduction of new varieties
of ornamental trees and shrubs. It certainly is a much slower
process to obtain these, than a new seedling strawberry, for
example, and the introducer of these should receive proportionate
encouragement. The speaker said he was in full accord with the
essayist in regard to the honor and dignity of the gardener's
profession. Old gardeners are held in honor in England. This is
relatively a new country, but it is only right that we should desire
our gardeners to be as well trained, and be held in as high esteem
and honor as those in the old countries. A thoroughly trained and
accomplished gardener should be regarded as one of the family or
of the firm, for he is, properly, a most interested party to the-
progress and success of the estate or the establishment with which
he is identified. But there is an influence in our country which
leads men who have ability, to think they should use it in some
purely money-making scheme, or occupation.

THE SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION' OF GAllDEXERS. 173

Robert INIanniiio- rofervod to the establishment of an Experi-
mental Garden, at Mount Auburn, by the Society, and said that,
in connection with it, General Dearborn, the first President, had
planned an "Institution for the Education of Scientific and Practi-
cal Gardeners." Tlie course of instruction was intended to cover
three years, and to embrace the sciences of Botany, Vegetable Phy-
siology, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Architecture, Hydraulics, Mechan-
ics, Entomology, and such other branches as are applicable to
Horticulture, the culture of fruit, forest, and ornamental trees,
shrubs, flowering plants, culinary, and such other vegetable pro-
ducts as are emploj'ed in the industrial arts ; also training in the
composition of landscape and picturesque gardens. Although this
portion of the plan was never carried out it showed the compre-
hensiveness of General Dearborn's views of horticulture that he
shoidd have devised such a plan.

In answer to an inquiry as to how far the Experimental Garden
progressed, Mr. Manning said that at the close of the year 1832,
General Dearborn reported that the garden had been laid out, the
paths and avenues constructed and bordered with turf, and that
the whole would be in readiness for planting fruit and ornamental
trees in the spring. In May of the next year he reported that
under the direction of Mr. Haggerston, the gardener, more than
thirteen hundred fruit, forest, and ornamental trees had been
planted, and hot-beds had been prepared, and that among the seeds
sown were four hundred and fift}' varieties which had been sent
to the Society from Europe, Asia, and South America. The
reports of the meetings and exhibitions of the Society during that
and the next year, show that plants of vegetables were sent to the
Society's rooms for distribution to the members, and that a consid-
erable variety of flowers and vegetables were exhibited. When
the establishment at Mount Auburn was disposed of the garden
was necessarily given up, but this was regretted less than it would
otherwise have been, had not the experience of two seasons shown
that the soil was not adapted for an experimental garden.

J. W. Manning referred to the Bussey Institution as the greatest
object lesson in America. It is a place where one can study
hardy tree and shrub growth from the originals, as the collections
include many forms not found elsewhere in this country, and not
in nursery catalogues. He mentioned as among other things, that
ihe apple is seen there with fruit which attains only the size of

174 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

small currants. These small apples were doubtless the original
apples, proving that the sin of Adam and Eve was based on the
eating of very innocent looking small fruit, and also that we still
have the means of original sin. He added, however, that both
apples and sins have since grown larger as conditions admitted.

On motion of 0. B. Hadwen a vote of thanks to Mr. Allen for
his very mteresting and instructive paper was unanimously passed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced that on the next Saturdaj', Thomas C. Thurlow, of
West Newbury, would read a paper entitled, "A Plea for Protect-
ino- Our Native Birds."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 21, 1891.

An adjourned meeting of the Society Avas holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The President announced the decease, at Indianapolis, Indiana,
on the eleventh instant, of John B. Russell, the last survivor of
the founders and corporators of the Society. John G. Barker
moved that a committee of three be appointed by the Chair ta
prepare a testimonial to the memor}^ of Mr. Russell. The motion
was carried and the Chair appointed as that Committee, Mr.
Barker, C. H. B. Breck, and Robert Manning.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 28.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

A Plea for Protecting our Native Birds.

By Thomas C. Thurlow, West Newbury.

It is said of the Pilgrim Fathers that, during the first long and'
severe winter in this country, their hearts often failed them, and
they more than once decided if they lived till spring to take ship
and go back to the mother country-, leaving this cold, bleak coast in
the undisputed possession of wild beasts and savages. The fickle

A TLEA FOR rROTKCTING OUR NATIVE BIJiDS. 175

climate, so different from that of England, so confused their
minds that they more than once supposed spring had come, only
to be disappointed by the return of winter in a more dreadful
form, until hunger and exposure had hxid more than half their
number beneath the sod. At last, we read that their hearts were
made glad, for "The birds sang in the woods, and there was a
steady rain," and then they knew that spring had come, and they
" thanked God and took courage." Not one of them it is said
returned to England, but on the contrary, as spring advanced and
the birds increased in number and variety — as the wild trees
blossomed in the woods, and hill and vale were fragrant with the
breath of flowers, they speedily forgot — and no wonder — their
troubles and the sorrows of the winter, and when June came —
the New England June, w'hich no country on earth can equal for
loveliness and beauty — then was their cup of joy full ; and instead
of writing to their friends at home of the terrible winter they had
just passed through, their letters were filled with such glowing
descriptions of this new w'orld, that many, very many, were in-
duced to come over to these rugged shores, the result of w^hich we
are all perfectly familiar with. Now this is my first plea for the
birds. If this baud of despondent fugitives was so cheered and
encouraged by their loving and happy songs, shall not we, their
descendants, inherit this same love for the birds which bring
us the first tokens of returning spring, and the first assurance of
milder and more genial skies? What country child but is thrilled
with joy and ecstasy at the first sound of the bluebird, returning
from his southern home, or the familiar peep of the dear old robin >
as he hops about our yards or flies from tree to tree, telling us in
unmistakable language how glad he is to return, and stop with us
another season? And later on, what farmer's lad does not stop in
the furrow, to watch the shining blackbird, stepping proudly on the
upturned soil, or to listen to the song of the thrush as he tells him
it is time to "plough, harrow, plant, and pull it up?" A little
later, what child of any age is not enraptured and amused at the
incomparable song of the bobolink, as he rises in the air perfectly
intoxicated with mirth? And last of all, the low, plaintive notes
of the cuckoo tells us that the hot days of summer are upon us,
and we must be up and doing. It does appear, that if we, as a
nation, need the presence of the American Eagle to remind us of
our country's greatness and power, and the children in our schools

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are to be coustautly vemiuded of the stars and stripes to teach
them patriotism and the love of countrj^, — that the love and care
of our country's native birds, should fill the young mind not only
with a love of country, l)ut also with a desire to be kind and
loving and good.

In the second place, the usefulness of birds, in destroying
insects, is established beyond a doubt. Experiments to prove this
have been made over and over again, and no intelligent, observing
person can deny that our common birds devour myriads of insects,
which if left unmolested would increase, as the season advances, to
an alarming extent. Many of our liirds, during the spring mouths,
live entirely on insects. Some of these insects, such as moths and
millers, are captured on the wing ; others in the larva or chrysalid
state, and still others as they appear in early morning as worms,
grubs, borers, etc. Those birds especially, classed as Insessores
or perchers, and Scansores or climbers, are all insect-eating birds ;
but may later in the season take a little fruit or grain as a dessert.
Those classed as Raptores or robbers (including owls and hawks)
subsist partly on insects and reptiles, but the damage done in
killing other useful birds, is probably greater than all the good
they do. Other native birds, such as the waders, swimmers, and
scratchers, are commonly classed as game birds, and although it is
positively stated by ornithologists that many of these birds subsist
largely on insects, still the laws are against them, aud they are
protected for certain months, in order that sportsmen may have
the pleasure of killing them during the remainder of the year. Sup-
posing they do live wholly on grain and seeds, as some obstinately
assert when asked not to destroy them, then the farmer has the
honor of fattening them in his grain fields, in order that the "city
chap" with dogs and gun, may have the "sport" of tramping
through his fields and pastures to shoot them.

For several seasons, a flock of quails has visited our home,
and during the summer have become so tame that we could
whistle them to within a few rods of the buildings. Every one on
the place treated them as they would a flock of tame chickens, and
they were permitted to run through the garden and nursery unmo-
lested ; but they are spotted and after a certain day in October,
are killed by the sportsmen.. We try to protect them, but "rainy
days and Sundays" are generally taken by those who destroy
them. Within my remembrance, the marsh birds have been quite

A TLEA 1-OK rKOTECTING OUK NATIVE BIRDS. 177

plenty on our coast between Cape Ann and Hampton, but now it
is a rare thing to see a yellow-leg, plover, snipe, or sandpiper. In
the meantime the grasshoppers have increased, as the birds have
decreased.

I am told that in the State of Illinois the laws are such that
there is a heavy penalty for killing a prairie chicken or quail until
a certain day iu the fall, and that no farmer or farmer's sou is
allowed to kill any of these birds, even on his own land, till the
day arrives, when the sportsman, ever on the alert, speedily
secures the birds which have been fattened by the farmer. As a
result, grouse, which were formerly plenty in several of the West-
ern States, are disappearing like the buffalo on the plains, and it
will soon be known only by picture.

It is a singular fact that the game laws of this country generally
favor the sportsman, and more singular and painful still, that
some of our agricultural and horticultural periodicals should cater
to the sporting gentry, and even recommend planting certain trees
and shrubs for parks and game preserves. I have not had time to
inform m3'self fully on the present game laws of Europe, but my
impressions are that, years ago, the German government, thinking
the birds destroyed their fruit and grain, recommended the promis-
cuous killing of all birds ; but in a few years the insects so
increased, as to threaten the destruction of all their crops, and
strenuous laws protecting birds were at once made, which con-
tinue iu force at the present time. If I mistake not, Spain has
learned that the destruction of her forests has so diminished the
number of birds, that great losses to crops have resulted. I will
not pretend to say that if the birds had all been permitted to live
there would have been no damage done by insects ; but it must be
admitted, that at the settlement of this country, when the primeval
forests protected thousands of birds which now have no such
protection, nature preserved the balance of power, and birds and
insects must have lived together for generations without either
gaining materially on the other. Since that time, no new species
of insects have been created, though some have been imported ;
but through the the cutting off of our forests, the converting of
immense tracts of wild land into corn and grain fields, and the
multiplication of vegetable and fruit farms, the balance of power
has been turned in favor of the insects, till today the formidable
host is the terror of all agriculturists throughout the land.
12

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICtTLTURAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Harris in his work on Insects, in speaking of canker-worms
says: "But since onr forests, their natural food, and our birds,
their greatest enemies, have disappeared before the woodman's axe
and the sportsman's gun, Ave are left to our own ingenuity, perse-
verance, and united efforts, to contrive and carry into effect other
means of checking their ravages."

Of the English sparrow, I can say nothing from experience. As
our place is somewhat retired these foreigners have never visited us,
and with my present convictions I do not regret their absence.
"Without doubt they were introduced from purely philanthropic
motives, but would it not be well for our government to establish a
wise and prudent commission to prevent such mistakes as the
importation of noxious weeds, the P^nglish sparrow, and the gypsy
moth? Of other birds I can speak from experience. Our house
and out-buildings are every year at the service of large flocks of
chimney, barn, and eave swallows ; the pewee and robin rear their
young with all confidence under the covings and brackets of our
house ; the bluebird looks every spring for her box in the apple
tree ; the oriole, the cat bird, and the thrush, all build in their own
chosen spot within easy call of our home, and the sparrows have
become so domesticated that they daily look for food Avithin a few
feet of our doors. As a result the tent-caterpillar is fast getting
to be a thing of the past on our place ; the canker-worm has nearly
disappeai'ed, and the cut-worm and the June-bug, formerlj' abun-
dant, are now seldom seen. An abundance of evergreens and
hedges about the place, while the}^ serve to beautify the landscape,
and form barriers against winds and cold, become a retreat for
birds in which to build and rear their j'oung, comparativeh^ safe
from the attacks of their enemies. Piles of brush, left in the pas-
tures and orchard, although presenting a slovenly appearance, are
the places generally chosen by the thrush, and often by the cat bird
and robin. One serious obstacle in discussing this subject as we
do today, is the prevailing, and, I fear, of growing, opinion that these
same birds do moi'e injury by eating fruit, than they do good in
destroying insects. I have met in a fruit growers' meeting, appar-
ently intelligent and observing men, who would declare that the
robin was a nuisance and a thief and deserved extermination. 1 am
aAvare that a flock of birds Avill often despoil the fruit on some
favorite earlj^ pear, cherry, or peach tree and that a few Delaware
grapes, currants, or raspberries Avill quickly disappear, but the

A PLEA FOK PROTECTING OUR NATH E lURDS. ITO*

exteusive orowcr of small fruits, cherries, or pears, will find very
little, comparatively, destroyed. My father formerly raised over a
hundred bushels of cherries annualh\ No perceptible damage
was done by the birds, except to the earliest and latest ia
ripening. We always expected the birds to eat what they wanted,
and never thought of frightening them from the trees. Why thia
great outcry against the robin, I cannot tell, but with your per-
mission will quote briefly from others who are high authority.

Mr. Samuels, in his "Birds of New England," in speaking of
the robin says: "Perhaps none of our birds are more unpopular
with the horticulturists than this ; and I will give the observations
of different scientific men, and my own, to show that the prejudice
against the bii'd is unjust and unfounded."

Professor Treadwell, of Cambridge, reports: "The food of the
robin while with us, consists principally of worms, various insects,
their larva> and eggs, and a few cherries. Of worms and cherries-
they can procure but few, and those during but a short period ;:
and they are obliged, therefore, to subsist principally upon the
great destroyers of leaves — canker-worms, and some other kinds-
of caterpillars and bugs. If each robin, old and yonng, requires-
for its support an amount of these equal to the weight consumed
by this bird, it is easy to see what a prodigious havoc a few hun-
dred of these must make upon the insects of an orchard or nursery.'*'
Further on, Mr. Samuels says, " Wilson Flagg, an acute and care-
ful observer of the habits of our birds, gives some of his experi-
ences of the robin, as follows. He says, ' . . . the more I
have studied his habits, the more I am convinced of his usefulness^
Indeed, I am now fully persuaded that he is valuable beyond all
other species of birds, and that his services are absolutely indis-
pensable to the farmers of New England. Some persons believe
that the robin is exclusively a frugivorous bird, and that for fruit
he will reject all other food that is within his reach. Others believe
that his diet consists about equally of fruits and angle-worms, but
that he is not a general consumer of insects. The truth is, the-
robin is almost exclusively insectivorous, and uses fruit, as we do,
only as a dessert, and not for his subsistence, except in the winter,
when his insect food cannot be obtained. He is not omnivorous
like the crow, the jay, and the blackbird. He rejects farinaceous
food unless it is artificially prepared, derives almost his entire

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

support from insects and grubs, and consumes, probably, a greater
variety of species than any other bird. I am entirely at a loss to
account for this very prevalent and mistaken notion respecting the
frugivorous habits of the robin.' "

Ther€ is also a prejudice against many other insect-eating birds,
though it may not be as strong as that against the robin. The
oriole has been accused of eating green peas. The cat bird and
thrush have been known to eat raspberries ; and some farmers
shoot the red-winged blackbird and hire boys to break up their
nests, because they say they have been caught in the very act of
pulling up a hill of corn. But alas for the poor bobolink ! I have
heard it positively asserted that these birds would destroy the
whole rice crop of the south, unless active measures were taken for
their destruction. There is no doul)t that large flocks of these
birds have been known to hover over and light down upon the rice-
fields ; but I cannot but think that the amount of damage done by
them has been greatly exaggerated, and would kindly suggest to
our Southern friends that this whole matter be carefully examined,
to see if the damage done by the host of constantly increasing
insects is not very much in excess of that ever done by the birds.
One thing is certain ; if something is not speedily done to prevent
the wholesale destruction of this, and several other species of birds,
they will in a few years become entirely extinct.

I will try to name, as briefly as possible, what are some of the
enemies to our small, or insect-eating birds. The common crow,
in my opinion, does more damage by destroying the eggs and
young of other birds, than he does good in devouring a few
insects. I have watched him for years, and have seen hundreds
of robins' and other birds' nests destroyed, the eggs eaten, and the
young taken away. Hence the robin has learned to seek shelter
near the habitations of men. Last season a crow came into a small
tree not three rods from our house, and killed two out of a nest of
young robins, before he could be frightened awaj'. I would
reconnnend that all crows' nests in the vicinity of our farms be
destroyed, and perhaps, also, that the state offer a small bounty
on his head, as is done in other New England states.

I am sorry to believe that the beautiful jay is often guilty of the
same mean business. Cats are useful animals, if well treated and
trained, but a superfluity of uncared for, hungry cats, is a very
great nuisance, and often destructive to young birds. Owls and

A TLEA FOR rROTECTlNG OUR NATIVE BIRDS. 181

hawks, if plenty, will kill small IMrds ; therefore keep them at a
distance. The red squirrel is destructive of man}- species of young-
birds, and I should advise shooting them every time they are
seen. The increase and improvement in fire-arms, has proved
a temptation to mauj' a man and boy, Avho for a few dollars can
now buy an improved breech-loading gun, such as few of us ever
dreamed of forty years ago. Unless educated to the contrary,
thousands of school-boys will thoughtlessly indulge in this exciting
sport, causing the destruction of vast numbers of birds every year.
It maj^ be necessary to kill a few birds for the cause of science,
but it is to be hoped that no taxidermist nor any other person will
indulge in this sport for mere profit, or their own gratification.

But saddest of all is it, that in this Christian and enlightened age,
thousands of beautiful little singing birds should have been
slaughtered to ornament ladies' hats and dresses. What a blot
upon our times for the future historian to record. But a gleam of
light is breaking, when the Princess of Wales, with noteworthy
courage, gives orders "that nothing need be submitted for her
inspection, or that of her daughters, in which birds are used as
trimming," and it is to be hoped that this noble example will be
followed everywhere, especially in our own country, where every-
thing "English," whether good or bad, is copied so quickly by our
own people.

But by far the most alarming thing at the present time, is the
practice, in some of the Southern States, of killing these birds dur-
ing the winter for game. Last summer, a lady assured me that
over a bushel of robins were brought one day, into the hotel where
she was stopping, and served up for dinner ; because she declined
to taste them, the remark was made, — "That is all these Yankee
birds are fit for." My neighbor who spent the winter in Florida
two or three years ago, says he was offered twenty-five cents each
for robins, at one of the large hotels. I believe most of the
northern and middle states have laws to protect useful birds, but
it is useless to protect and foster them at the north, to be killed in
winter at the south.

It is very evident that the time has come, Avheu there should be
strong and effectual national laws for the protection of our birds,
and also that we should have the sympathy and cooperation of all
adjoining countries and islands.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This Massachusetts Horticultural Society has enjoyed a long
and honorable record ; whatever it advises and endorses commands
the attention and respect of the whole country. What better
record could we make today, than to pass a resolution advocating
;and approving of strong and effectual national laws for the preser-
vation and protection of all our insect-eating birds ; also asking
the cooperation of all kindred horticultural and agricultural
societies, to help on this good work. »Such an influence brought
to bear from all quarters upon our representatives in Congress,
.-might speedily bring about the desired result.

Discussion.

President Spooner in calling for remarks upon the subject of
'Mr. Thurlow's paper said it was one of the most important that
•<could engage the attention of liorticulturists, and he hoped there
"would be a free expression of thought upon it.

Rev. Calvin Terry said he loved the birds, and had always
loved them from his childhood. When a small boy he knew all
the kinds in the region round, and knew their habits and their
nesting-places ; he could interpret their songs or notes, and imitate
them so that they would come at his call. But he grew up with
•prejudices, derived from older people, concerning many birds, and
•classed them as mischievous, — wrongfully as he had since learned,
for his observations had taught him to drop one species after
another from the black list, till now but very few remain on that
list. It is true, as the poet says in the old school books, that
•"kites, hawks, and owls deserve their fate," but not so with the
warblers around our homes. There is not much for us to do in
■destroying the native birds in order to check their too great
increase ; Providence has taken care of that, for birds destroy other
birds, their eggs, and their j^oung ; and cats are worse than birds
as destroyers, so that their number is kept quite uniform. From
lack of close observation, people are often mistaken in their opin-
ion as to the mischief liirds are doing. The brown thrush, the
■o row-blackbird, and others are charged with pulling up corn, when,
in fact, they are digging for grubs, cut-worms, etc., which are
"bred in the stable manure placed in the corn hills at planting time.
They may bite off or pull up a little corn, but the holes made in
the ground are oftener those made to get the worms. As to the
crows, bounties have been paid for their destruction because of

A PLEA FOR PROTECTING OUH NATH E BIRDS. Ib8

the mischief they do iu the corufields. They are really the most
useful birds we have ; the}' are great scavengers ; the}' carry off
ever}' dead suake, frog, and mouse — every kind of carrion, which
would breed pestilence were it not thus removed. And as to
pulling up corn, they can be educated out of that. The speaker
said that they do not pull up his corn, and have not for thirty
years. When he first came to the place where he now lives they
pulled up his corn some, but he taught them better. Generally
they do not pull up much except in a very cold, rainy day, when
they will do more harm than in an entire week of fair weather.
But just set a steel-trap baited with a rotten egg and catch one of
the crows, and all the crows in the region will see it, and shun that
field, especially if you hang up the dead crow iu the field.

He has in his home a painting made by the artist of the family,
representing a venerable crow, slightly gray, holding in one foot a
wild turkey quill pen, and standing upon a large, dilapidated book,
such as were made two or three hundred years ago. The idea of
the artist was to represent an ancient historian, with his record
of colonial times brought down to date. The crow is a very
bright and wise bird, long-lived — a century or more — and could
it .speak our language it could doubtless tell us many things
which would be interesting to hear. A little back of the speaker's
house is a grove of evergreen trees, in which are the homes of
about eight crows all the year round. Alike in summer and
winter their cheerful notes ring out even when no other living
thing can be heard, making the gloom of winter brighter. There
they build their nests and rear their young every year ; but though
he never knew of any person destroying a nest or killing a bird,
the number remains the same from year to year, the young, proba-
bly, being sent away to colonize other regions, while the parent
birds remain. These, daily, and especially in winter, fly over to
the beach to feast upon dead clams and other refuse from the sea.

Mr. Terry's observation as to robins is that they feed, not upon
insects as the essay has it, but upon earthworms, angle-worms,
cut-worms, etc. True they take some cherries, and where there
are but few grown they will take all ; but if there is a great
abundance they will not seem to diminish the quantity much, and
as a Connecticut writer says, "Who can grudge them a few
cherries as a relish with the worms they destroy for our benefit?"
And who can describe their wakiug-up carols iu the first blush of

184 • MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a May morning ! In his experience the cat bird is a much worse
cherry thief than the robin, and the oriole is bad. But none of
the birds are as bad as the mischievous boj^s and girls (some of
even larger growth) who break off the branches and damage the
trees in their efforts to steal the fruit. There is great need that
these should be educated to better things and ways in relation to-
their neighbor's fruit; and also as to the destruction of our
valuable birds.

Yesterday the speaker heard the cheer}' notes of the bluebird
and phebe, and this morning a quail whistled near his home,
saj'ing "Spring has come!" They are better indicators of the
seasons than is the weather bureau at Washington.

Mr. Terry had a little stor}- about the crow, and as his children
used to say, "tell us what you know j^ourself, then we shall know
'tis true," he would relate it. When he was a small boy there was
a tame crow in the village, which was allowed free access to the
houses, kitchens, parlors, sitting rooms, etc., and it became a
great thief and nuisance, carrying off thimbles, spectacles, spoons,
scissors, etc. He himself had a brood of eleven young chickens.
One day as he went to feed them there were only two alive ; the
little feet and other remnants of the rest were lying around to tell
their fate. The next day that crow came again to finish the brood.
Now it wore a red feather ^ taken from a military cap, directly over
its crop. Mr. Terry took his little gun and just put a shot
through that red feather and that crow did not steal any more
spectacles or chickens. And he heard that the good women in the
village said he deserved universal commendation. The moral of
this story is that crows, as well as all other creatures — men and
women included — should be kept in their proper spheres as
Nature ordains b}' her laws.

Francis H. Appleton said the subject under discussion was
brought before the Massachusetts House of Representatives last
year, and the result of its consideration was the adoption by that
body, on May 28, 1890, of the following resolution :

Resolved^ That the Board of Agriculture of Massachusetts be
and they are hereby requested to make inquiry and investigation
as to the birds that inhabit the State, and report thereon as to
their character, habit, and value as insect destroj'ing and grain and
fruit destroying birds, and advise on such legislation as may be
necessary for the protection of private and public interests.

A TLEA FOK ri;OTECTIN(} OUR NATIVE lURDS. 185

In accordance with this rcsoUitiou, the Board of Agriculture
emploj'ed Dr. B. H. Warren, State Ornithologist of Pennsylvania,
to prepare and deliver a lecture on the birds of Massachusetts, at
their public winter meeting in Worcester, December 3, 1890.
This lecture and the lengthy discussion which followed it will be
found in the report of the Board of Agriculture of Massachusetts
for 1890. In addition, the Board, by its Secretary, made careful
inquiries of intelligent persons in our own State, and corresponded
with ornithologists in other States and foreign countries. As a
result they reported that, as a whole, the native birds of Massachu-
setts are benefactors. The small losses occasioned by the raids
of some species upon our fruit trees, gardens, grain fields, and
poultry yards are I'epaid man}^ fold by the benefits resulting from
the destruction by them of injurious insects, field mice, and other
vermin that are a detriment to agriculture. It is, however, the
opinion of ornithologists that crows cause a greater loss in the
cornfields, and by destroying the eggs and young of useful birds,
than they are capable of repaying by the exercise of their good
qualities. But most of our birds of prey, as hawks and owls, by
their services in the destruction of field vermin, are thought to
more than make good all damage they cause in the poultry yard
and otherwise.

The English sparrow, {Passer domesticus) was the subject of
extended inquiry, and it seemed well substantiated that its character
is wholly bad, and that it should be exterminated. This led to the
consideration of methods to secure that desirable object. The
system of state bounties was quite fully discussed in Dr. Warren's
lecture, and thoroughly condemned, as an utterly futile expedient.
He quoted many facts from reports of investigations made in
Pennsylvania, which proved that great frauds were successfully
practiced under the bounty law of 1885, styled the "Scalp Act,'*
under which about 6150,000 were drawn from the public treasury,
as bounties for the destruction of wild-cats, foxes, minks, weasels,,
hawks, and owls other than the saw-whet {Nydea Acadica) ; the
rate being two dollars for each wild-cat, one dollar for each fox,,
and fifty cents per head for all others. Their investigations con-
vinced the inquiry commission that about $80,000 of this money
was paid for the " scalps and ears" of hawks and owls, and mostly
of species more beneficial than harmful. Furthermore, the igno-
rance of officers who dislmrsed the mone}^ in many cases subjected

186 3IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

them to most barefaced frauds, as it was shown that among the
scalps of birds brought in, and for which the regular bounties were
paid, there were " heads of common domestic fowls, partridges,
<?uckoos, and butcher-birds ; and, strange as it maj^ seem, even two
heads of English sparrows, which the officers were made to believe
were heads of blood-thirsty, fowl-devouring hawks or owls." "In
one county upwards of two thousand dollars were paid to a party
of hunters for a mule's skin and a buffalo robe, which were cut
into pieces and ' fixed up ' so that they passed for ' heads ' or ' ears '
of predator}' mammals, or possibly the wise (?) magistrate accepted
a portion of them as the heads of hawks or owls." Also " a red
fox was slain in one of the mountain districts, and its pelt was cut
into sixty-one parts, from which, it is stated, the enterprising
hunters realized sixty-one dollars for their work. Birds of prey,
as well as other animals on which bounties were allowed, were
shipped to Pennsylvania from neighboring states ; in this way
large amounts of money were fraudulently obtained. As one
instance, Crawford County, one of the western districts, joining
the State of Ohio, paid over ten thousand dollars, and of this sum
it is said about seven thousand dollars were paid for hawk and
owl heads." Dr. Warren, in connection with Dr. C. HartMerriam,
Ornithologist of the United States Department of Agriculture,
*' carefully examined the contents of the crops and stomachs of
over three hundred and fifty hawks and owls on which bounties
had been paid." They found that "ninety-five per cent of the
matter consisted of the flesh of mice, other destructive quadrupeds,
grasshoppers, and many injurious beetles." This Avas done early
in 18SC, and this evidence, in addition to that of the many frauds
perpetrated, caused the repeal of the bounty law of 1885. Dr.
Warren recommended that permission be granted for poisoning the
English sparrows during the winter season, when nearly all of our
native birds are absent.

Mr. Appleton stated that the present legislature have under con-
sideration the establishment of a commission, to meet a like com-
mission from each of the other states, for the purpose of concerting
measures which would, if adopted by all the states, secure, through-
out the country, uniformity in methods of dealing with the subjects
which should be brought before this joint commission and reported
upon by that body. He suggested that, as the English sparrow
has become a recognized evil in all the more thickly settled parts

A PLEA FOK ^ROTECTl^'G OUK NATIVE BIRDS. 187

of our country, the question how to exterminate it might possibly
be referred to this eomniissiou if, as is now hoped, it is established
in the near future.

Edmund Ilersey's experience had in the main been different from
that related by Mr. Terry. He never has au}^ trouble from the
■crows. As long as he treats them well thej' treat him well. lie
generalljT " lines " his field, and they build their nests within ten
rods of the cornfield. One year his corn was quite near the house,
and one morning he felt sure the crows were there pulling up his
corn. He therefore killed one, but upon examination was con-
vinced that he was mistaken. However, the dead crow was hung
up in the field, and lines strung around the whole area. Notwith-
standing these supposed preventive arrangements the crows came
and pulled up corn, even within a few feet of the dead crow. Mr.
Hersey could not understand why they did so, unless they believed
that having the name of doing it they might as well have the game ;
or that they reasoned as some human beings do and pulled the
corn to avenge the death of their comrade.

J. W. Manning believed that crows possess the gift of commuui-
■cating ideas to each other. He knew of a case where crows were
poisoned with arsenic because they had pulled up corn, and dozens
of them died. No crows pulled up corn on that farm again for five
years. When crows came there later it was believed they were
either of a strange race, or of a generation so many removes from
the original mourners as to have lost respect for the tales or tradi-
tions of their ancestors.

Leverett M. Chase regarded the crow much as the old deacon
did his young wife — ' ' Not a very great saint but a mighty fine
little sinner." He had tamed two of them and found them most
delightful and interesting pets — bright, intelligent, and teachable,
but busy thieves. The crow seems more human than any other
bird, especially in his vices — avariciousness, suspicion, greediness,
cruelty — and in one case he had observed a sad inebriate. He
had long made our native birds a study and believed that with one
exception they do far more good than harm. Their preservation
is well included among the interests our Society was founded to
foster and advance ; for their destruction means the destruction of
our fields, forests, and gardens. As birds grow fewer, the labors
of the husbandman increase, and the rewards diminish.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Losing our birds means not alone the loss of the jewels of the
landscape, beautiful in form and color, — not alone the exquisite
melody, so harmonious and sweet that good Saint Isaac Walton
exclaimed, "Lord what music hast thou for saints in heaven, when
thou hast such music for bad men on earth !" Not alone examples-
of conjugal affection, sacrificing parental devotion, gratitude,
cheerfulness, intelligence, architectural skill, — not alone are the
finest sensibilities outraged ; we suffer in physical comfort, finiin-
cial advantages, and in our general well being. Forty years ago
one could see a thousand birds while taking a summer drive ; now
we may travel miles and not see a bird, unless it be the pestiferous
English sparrow.

The poor innocents have indeed found this an unkind world and
are fast disappearing before the birds and beasts of prey ; the boys
and men armed with breech-loaders ; the destruction of our forests ;
the electric wire and lights ; the pot-hunter and market man, and — •
worst of all — Christian women ruled by the dictates of thought-
less, ridiculous fashion. The Audubon Society of New York finds
that more than 25,000,000 of our most beautiful birds are annually
slaughtered, their skins stuffed with arsenic and worn, entire or in
pieces, by females who claim to be gentle, tender, sensitive women.
Shame on a cruel and barbarous fashion which was, as is well
known, established by a Parisian harlot and which no decent women,
can knowingly imitate ! We can but think of that Roman matron
who had great sport in seeing two hundred and forty Christian
men, women, and children torn piecemeal by lions on a single day.

The extent of the traffic in bird skins is shown by a few facts.
In 1880 a New York house received au order from England for
600,000 ox-eye sandpipers. A single ball dress worn in New
York City in 1883 was covered with a thousand Brazilian humming
birds. A friend of undoubted veracity told the speaker that he
saw more tlian three bushels of birds, — none larger than the
robin — brought at one time to a hotel in Florida at which he
was a guest.

We are encouraged by the fact that the best men and women
are now doing a great work in preventing this destruction. Queen
Victoria and the Princess of Wales have emphatically expressed
their disapproval of the use of birds in any manner for personal
decoration ; the latter having ordered that no designs for her own
or her daughter's costumes shall include any birds or parts of birds.

A PLEA FOR PHOTECTIXG OUll ^■ATI^ E BIRDS. 181^

IVIr. Chase highly praised those earnest, humane persons, Henry
Bergh of New York, his associates and successors, and C4eorge
"T. Angell of Massachusetts, who have labored indefatigablj' to
prevent all cruelty to animals, and to preserve to us our native
birds. He believed much could be done in our schools by having
all the pupils taught to understand not only the economical but
the .Tsthetic value of our birds. It would seem that Mr. Angell
and others engaged in like beneficent labors, were specially raised
up to devote themselves to works that appeal to, and develop the
better side of our nature in behalf of the helpless of either the
human race, or the lower animals.

Robert Manning asked whether the cat could not be trained to
.hunt and kill the harmful kinds of birds, and leave the useful ones.
He spoke of a neighbor's cat which was seen to spring into the
midst of a group of chickens that were feeding from a dish ; but
"when puss left the spot she had an English sparrow in her jaws
instead of the chicken the lookers-on expected to see.

Mr. Hersey said a cat could be cured of the habit of killing
'Chickens or birds by securely fastening a dead one under her chin
for a few days.

Mr. Chase spoke of the robins as great favorites of his. Beside
their tunefulness they are ver}" useful in destroying cut-worms and
manj^ other kinds of injurious insects. It has been estimated that
the robins alone, by their consumption of insect pests, save crops
in the United States to the value of 820,000,000 annually. They
are in the garden and the field early in the morning getting the cut-
worms which a little later are hidden in the earth. Then they seek
other worms or some variety or form of other insects, almost their
entire food being of this character. The thrush is the best of all
scavengers, feeding upon the ground, collecting and devoui'ing
great swarms of insects with much waste matter beside.

Mr. Chase said he knew the character of the English sparrow,
in Europe, before it was brought here to make trouble for us.
Several of the countries over there are trying to rid their lands of
the nuisance. He said he did all he could to prevent its introduc-
tion into the United States. They are most pugnacious and
persistent in their attacks upon other birds, a cat, a dog, or even a
child. They will gather in large numbers, twitter incessantly, and
make feints of attack from all sides, thus harrassing the object of
their dislike until, to be rid of the annoyance, the victim will leave

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the place to the successful sparrows. Thus they have driveu out
nearly all of our native birds, which are sorrowfully missed from
our gardens, fields, and woods. These sparrows go courting in an
interesting way. Sometimes twenty gallants will come after one
female, paying their attentions like other bipeds, ruffling up their
feathers to show themselves off to the best advantage, chattering,
fluttering back and forth about her, promising deathless devotion,
flattering, pleading, bowing, scraping, but Miss Unwed seems in
no haste. When an undesirable party comes too near, she gives
him a sharp peek, and he is off, with a sore head and aching heart.
But as soon as she makes her choice, the rejected parties all retire,
probably congratulating themselves upon their fortunate escape.
Wedding festivities are short, and, sad to sa}^ immediate prepara-
tions to raise a family are entered upon. Sometimes several broods
are raised in a season. They are seen building their nests as early
as the last of February, and half-grown birds have been found as
late as the last of November. The speaker had often noticed albinos
and part albinos among them. This tendency to albinism is far
stronger in America than in Europe, especially in the northern
parts. It will probably increase, because white specimens are
held in high esteem by the female birds. Government reports
show the universal disti'ibution of this saucy, quarrelsome, sturdy
little rascal, who, like some of our Knights of Labor, will do no
useful work himself, and wishes to expel those who are willing to
do any. A fight must be carried on continually all along the line,
to keep him in check, as we can have no hope to exterminate him.

On motion of E. W. Wood, a vote of thanks to the essayist for
his timelj' and ver}^ interesting paper was uuanimousl}' passed.

Francis H. Appleton, of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced that on the next Saturday, George E.
Davenport, of Medford, would present a paper upon "Ferns."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 28, 1891.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooxer, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it was
Dissolved.

FERNS. 191

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Ferns.

By George E. Davem-ort, Medford.

The propriety of this moruiug's discussion in connection Avith
the legitimate work of this Society may perhaps be questioned, as
the relationship is not at first apparent. I am confident, however,
that it Avill appear, as we go on, that ferns constitute an important
factor in our natural and social economy, and are entitled to be
considered as something more than mere botanical specimens for
the herbarium.

One of the most gratifying features in the growth and develop-
ment of our Society during the past few years, has been it&
increasing disposition to encourage artistic taste and feeling in the
different branches of its work. It was for this reason that those
somewhat anomalous table and mantel decorations shown during
the grand exhibition given by the Society in August, 1890, were
justifiable. Such decorative exhibitions call forth the highest
artistic faculties of the exhibitor, and awaken corresponding
faculties in the minds of the observers. The keener the competi-
tion, the broader is the outcome, reaching out to the cultivator,
who becomes animated with the desire to improve still further and
in every way he can, the material upon which the exhibitor
depends for his selections.

If, happily, the exhibitor cultivates his own material, as many
do, then is he continually seeking for, and studying choice combi-
nations of color and form in order to produce the most artistic and
pleasing effects possible, and in this way he becomes a public
benefactor and educator.

You cannot fail to remember the prevalence of ferns in that
exhibition, and will readily call to mind the pleasing effects
produced by the free use of the graceful and delicate maiden-hair
ferns in some of the table decorations, and see at once how closely
associated ferns are Avith the florist's art. So that here at the very
outset we trespass upon the florist's province and demonstrate the
right of these elegant and beautiful plants, the ferns, to become
members of our horticultural fraternity.

The florist finds his colors among the flowering and foliage
plants, but is obliged to seek for the highest perfection of form

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

aucl grace among the ferns, which in those characteristics are
preeminent. Here we have at least one incentive for the study
and cultivation of ferns, which must inevitably develop artistic
taste and refinement.

I hold it to be quite as mucli our duty to cultivate the aesthetic
side of our nature as it is the practical, and I care not what the
strict utilitarian may say ; any pursuit which leads us into closer
communion with Nature and teaches us to appreciate and love
God's works, whether it be a quest for wild flowers, ferns, or any
other branch of natural histor}^ deserves encouragement and
approbation. The spirit which inspired the great Linujvus when
he fell on Iiis knees and thanked God for bestowing so much
beauty on a tiny, wild flower, dear to us all, is one that is worthy
of our constant emulation.

I recall with feelings of pleasurable emotion the enthusiasm
shown by our revered Master in Botany, Dr. Gra}^ over the
tiniest blossoms gathered during an ever to be remembered field
day on Bear Hill, in Stoneham — an occasion memorable also from
the presence of one whose memory' is dear to all lovers of ferns —
that pure soul, John AVilliamson, of Kentucky. The unbounded
love and enthusiasm which filled the soul of that great and good
man, Asa Gray, kept him alwaj^s young and overflowing with the
exuberant spirits of a boy, and I can never efface from my
memory the cheery voice, the buoyant step, and the kindly greet-
ing which always met me when studying ferns at the Cambridge
Herbarium.

The study and cultivation of ferns is one of the most delightful
of recreations, whether pursued in the spirit of scientific inquiry,
or from an aesthetic point of view, and is to be encouraged in both
directions ; in the first, as contributing to our knowledge of plants
and the relations which the}^ bear to other forms of life, and in the
second, as increasing the enjoyment and happiness, not only of
those who engage in their study, but of others as well, through
the refining influence of their beauty.

Ferns are to be distinguished in a general way, from other
plants by the following aggregation of characters : their erect
leafy habit and generally finely cut foliage ; the presence of woody
bundles of fibres in their stalks ; the production of fruit, either on
the under surface of the leafy portion, or in spike-like racemes
on separate stalks, and the arrangement of the young fronds in
the bud.

FERNS. 193

They have also in a general way a strong family resemblance
one to another, so that one becoming familiar with a few forms
may readily distinguish other ferns by their' general likeness, even
if unable to determine any particular species without close study.
There is, however, a great diversity of minor characters by which
different species, and even genera, are to be determined, and
which require careful stud}'.

Some are evergreen, often with glossy foliage, some are thick
and leather}' in texture, while others are herbaceous, thin, and
almost transparent. Between these extremes there is every grada-
tion. !Some are smooth, while others are more or less covered
with scales, avooI, glands, or powdery substances.

These special characters, for the most part, bear some relation
to the situations in which they grow ; so that, given the special
characters of any particular species, one may not only be able to
indicate the localities where it is most likely to be found, but
to point out the best mode of treatment for its cultivation.

Thus the larger and coarser ferns, as a rule, grow in moist,
shady situations, such as damp woodlands, bogs, swamps, and
ravines, while the smaller ferns, and are generally to be looked
for along mountain ranges, in dry, exposed situations, and those
with a woolly or farinaceous covering, especially in regions where
they are subject to long periods of great heat and drought.

Ferns vary no less in size than iu the-ir minor characters. The
smallest known fern is a southern species which grows in masses,
like a moss, on dripping rocks in Alabama, with fronds only from
one-half to three-fourths of an inch in height. In striking contrast
to this minute fern are the magnificent tree ferns of tropical
regions, some of which grow to the extraordinary height of from
sixty to eighty feet with immense spreading fronds.

Ferns are widel}' but uuequall}' distributed in the proportion to
flowering plants of about one to eight, to one to two hundred,
according to the climatic conditions of the various countries Avhich
they inhabit.

As they most abound where shade, warmth, and moisture
prevail they reach their highest state of perfection in the humid
atmosphere of the tr-opics. Here their growth is luxuriant and
wonderful, attaining the enormous proportions of gigantic trees
with huge trunks rising to a great height, and surmounted with
correspondingly enormous fronds. As we pass into cooler and
13

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

more temperate climates their size and number sensibly decrease,
until in colder and extreme northern latitudes they become rare or
disappear altogether.

The total number of species in existence cannot be exactly
stated, partly on account of the different views held by different
authors as to what constitutes a species, but an approximately
correct estimate may be given as about thi*ee thousand.

In the United States they are in the proportion to flowering
plants of about one to forty, this being merely an approximate
estimate. The actual number of undisputed species at the present
time is 160, all of which are represented in the Society's Her-
barium. If to this number Ave add the 450 or more Mexican
ferns not found, as j^et, within the limits of the United .States, we
shall have not far from 620 or more species of ferns belonging to
our North American Flora, this being a little more than one-fifth
of the whole number in existence.

In former geological periods the relative proportion of ferns was
apparently much greater than at the present time, nearly four
hundred so-called species of fossil ferns having been described
from the coal regions of the United .States alone. But some of
those determinations are, it seems to me, to be received with a
great deal of caution. The best pteridologist will not alwaj's
venture to name a living plant from the insutHcient data of a
mere fragment, or from a single frond, if it be imperfect, know-
ing well from observation on living material constantly passing
under his eye, how great is the tendency on the part of living
species to vary, even in their most important characters ; how
much greater then must be the difficult}' of determining species
from the too often unsatisfactory data of the geological period,
Avhen oftentimes one can have nothing more than a simple tracing
of a mere fragment in the rock to judge from. Even the one
character, which of all others might be considered as the most
reliable, i. e., the venation, or nerve-structure, is known to vary
greatl}' in living species ; so that if we were to apply the same
method to living species as is applied to fossil specimens, we might
easily swell the number of our ferns to much greater proportions
than we are now willing to give to them. ,

I propose now to give you a partial review of the life-history of
a fern, as distinguished from that of a flowering plant, in order
that you may understand more clearly the differences between

FERNS. 195

them, and then to consider briefly the uses for ferns, to offer some
suggestions for making selections for purposes of cultivation, and
to point out some of their special characteristics and requirements.

I have here some fronds of Asju'dium Boottii, a fine, partially
evergreen fern, which was first discovered by that excellent
botanist and courteous gentleman, William Boott, an honored
meml)er of this Society, and named for him by Professor Tucker-
man.

If we examine the backs of these fronds we shall find them to
be covered with numerous dark dots collected into groups, each
group consisting of a number of small, round, or oblong, capsules
borne on minute stalks.

These capsules, which are somewhat analogous to seed vessels,
though morphologically very different, — are technically called
sporangia, and are the spore-cases of ferns, being filled Avith
spores which are the germinating agencies b}^ which ferns are
reproduced.

Each group, or cluster of sporangia is called a sorus, and,
collectively, the clusters are called sori, — meaning the fruit dots.

If Ave examine such ferns as our present one before they have
fully matured their fruit we shall find the sori protected b}' a
special membraneous covering, or shield, which is technically
called an indusium. Ferns having indusia covering the sori are
called indusiate ferns, and those without are called non-indusiale
ferns.

The presence or absence, and sometimes the form, of the
indusium, gives generic distinction to different groups of ferns,
and their division and sub-division into sections and species is often
based on the character of the indusium alone.

It is now proper to state that the fruitage of a fern plant is to
be found collected in the clusters of sporangia, either on the
under surface of leafy fronds, like our present one, or in spike-
like racemes at the top of distinct stalks partially separated from
the leafy portion, as in Osmundu regnlis, or wholl}' so, as in the
Ostrich fern and our common Sensitive fern. Ferns like these
last are said to be dimorphous, ?. e., having two distinct kinds of
fronds. But in all cases, however much the different kinds of
ferns may and do vary in their manner of producing sori, the
sporangia are filled when mature with a fine almost impalpable
powder, which a microscopical examination shows to be composed

196 ^lA^SACHUSETTS HORTICtTLTHRAL SOCIETY.

of innumerable grain-like bodies termed spores, the production of
which is the ultimate end toward which the Avhole life-work of a
fern is directed.

The enormous quantity of spores which a single fern plant
produces annually is something almost Iteyond computation ; but
it is so great that if all the spores produced by all the ferns in
^existence for one year only were to germinate and consummate the
purpose for which they are created, they would speedily overrun
the earth. But here, as in other directions, are seen the wonderful
provisions of nature for equalizing the distribution of life forms.
It has been estimated that a single fern will produce in one season
one thousand million of spores, and that a siaagle frond of Aspid-
■iictn Filfx-mas is capable of producing eighteen millions of plants.
Now if we consider the number of fronds which a thrifty plant
will support we shall begin to form some idea of the enormous
increase which a single plant might be capable of. If we consider
further how gTeat a number of individual plants there are in
existence, we may well be amazed at the almost inconceivably vast
number of ferns whicli a single year's dissemination of spores is
<!apable of producing. But it is not until we consider still further
how infiuitesimally small a fractional portion of the whole all this
is that we begin to realize, or form an intelligent conception of the
magnitude of this grand universe and its marvellous creations.

If we shake gently a mature fern frond, spores will be seen to
fall in a showery mass of dust-like powder which very inuch
resembles in general appearance the pollen of flowering plants,
such, indeed, as one sees every spring distributed over the surfaces
of sluggish pools and streams from willow and alder aments.

But this resemblance goes no farther. Pollen grains in them-
selves have no germinating power whatever, and remain inert until
the3" perish, unless they come into contact with some stigmatic sur-
face. Per contra, every spore has within itself the power of ger-
minating, and under favorable conditions is capable of producing
A plant organism. "We shall see, however, in a moment, that the
plant organism which its germination produces is not a fern, and
bears no resemblance Avhatever to tlie parent plant from which the
spore was produced.

Herein lies the fundamental distinction between a spore and a
seed. A seed contains, plainly visible within itself, the rudiments
of a new plant, which develops at once, whenever germination

FERNS. IdT

occurs, into a plant similar to that from which the seed was itself
produced. But a spore does not contain an embr^^o, l)eing filled
with a thick gelatinous matter instead. On germination taking
place this gelatinous matter swells, and expands the elastic inner
membrane until it ruptures the outer covering of the spore, and
the spore cell protrudes in the form of an elongated sac.

Development then proceeds, through the process of cellular ex-
pansion and division, until a flat, leaf-like body is produced, which
in its turn, by a new process of growth, develops special fertilizing
organs through whose agency the young plant is brought into
existence. This form of plant life, so utterly unlike that which is
destined to arise from it later on, is technically called a prothallus,
or prothallium, meaning thereby an elongated, fliat, cellular struc-
ture preceding the formation of some plant structure of a highei*
order. This condition, in some of the lower orders of plants, is in
itself the perfected plant structure, as those of you who are
acquainted with the Marchantias, and similar plants, know.

I will not weary you with a description of the special organs
which are evolved from the substance of the prothallium, nor with
the technical points involved in the gradual development of the fern
plant itself. Those of you who care to pursue inquiry in that
direction further Avill find the subject carefully elaborated in the
series of text-books by Hofmeister, Sachs, DeBary, Bessey, and
others. I have dwelt upon it thus far only that you might see how
very different from the life-history of a flowering plant, the life-
history of a fern is. In the one case we have a plant producing a
seed which in its turn reproduces directly the parent plant ; while
in the other we have a plant which produces an organless cellular
body, which produces an entirely different and independent plant
form, which in its turn reproduces the original parent plant. So
that the cycle of generations runs thus : the fern produces a spore,
the spore produces a prothallium, the prothallium produces a fern.

I have here two fine charts, from Dodel-Ports' magnificent work,
which illustrate fern reproduction admirably.

In Part 2, plate I, figure 5, we have a portion of a frond of
Aspidium Filix-vias, one of the shield ferns, a magnified portion
of a pinnule showing the sori, or fruit dots. Figure 1 shows a
cross section through a sorus wherein the arrangement of the
sporangia on the receptacle is plainly seen, with the over-arching'
indusium. Figure 2 shows a detached sporangium. The elastic

11)8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ring surrouuding the outer edge is called an aunulus. The sudden
contraction of this aunulus ruptures the ripened sporangium,
causing it to split open, when the spores escape, as seen in figure 3 ;
figure 4, spores.

In Part 3, plate IV, figures 1, 2 and 3 show the appearance of
a spore shortly after germination. Here we have the protruding
spore-sac which continues to grow in the manner previously de-
scribed, until a prothallium is formed, as seen in figure 4. Figure
5, shows to us the young fern just starting on its life's work.

We have now seen the ultimate results of spore germination, and
you have, no doubt, already discovered a partial reason why ferns
do not increase more largely by means of spores. For while every
spore may produce a prothallium, all prothallia will not produce
ferns. A very large proportion prove abortive and perish. Others,
being dioecious in character, and becoming separated, or being
developed at different times, fail to complete their work. Even
mona^cious prothallia are subject to so many accidents that only an
exceedingW small proportion of them ever succeed in consummating
the purpose for which they were designed.

Nature has, however, endowed them with some remarkable prop-
erties by which destructive agencies are sometimes counteracted.
Smith states that a prothallium may be divided into two or four
parts, and each part will produce a plant bud, while Dr. Farlow
has shown that prothallia sometimes produce fern plants by a pecu-
liar process of budding Avithout the aid of reproductive organs.

I pass over, as too intricate for demonstration here, the elabora-
tion of reproductive organs on the prothallium, and the subsequent
evolution of the young fern, and for its further elucidation refer
you to the standard text books previously mentioned. There is
also a very careful and elaborate paper by Henfrey, in A"ol. XXI
of the "Transactions of the Linnean Society," page 117, which
may be advantageously consulted.

Hofmeister states that the young plant bears no resemblance at
first to a fern and only gradually develops its real character. He
also states as a remarkable fact in the life-history of a fern, that
wliereas the young fern will produce as many as a dozen fronds
during the first year of its existence, after it has reached maturity
only a single frond will l)e produced annually, and that a period of
four seasons' growth is necessary for the full development of that
frond.

FERNS. ID'J

From this time on we shall have a great diversity of rootstocks
and fronds to characterize the different species and genera of ferns
that present themselves to our notice. Tlie structural characters
of the most prominent groups of these are represented by the
specimens on the screens. I will endeavor to explain them to
you briefly b}' means of some actual specimens which I have
selected for this purpose.

While it is theoreticall}' true that all the varying rootstocks of
ferns are morphologicall}' related, and are all simply more or less
modilicatious of a true stem, it is also true that these modifications
have resulted in certain structural types that fix the habit of the
species to which they belong. Two of these types are so marked
and distinct, that if we were to base our classification of ferus
upon habit alone we might separate them into two large groups,
one having upright rootstocks and the other horizontal. But other
important considerations enter into our system of classification, so
that it often happens that both- of these types of rootstock are
represented in one and the same genus. The first of these is
properly designated by the term caudex, meaning an erect stock or
stem, and the second by the term rhizome, or rhizoma, meaning a
running or creeping stock or stem with a horizontal growth. There
are various modifications of these types which must be passed over
for want of time, but most of them may be seen among the speci-
mens on the board, and are designated on the tickets.

The example which I have here is the nearest approach to the
true caudex of a tree fern yet known to our United States Flora,
and belongs to a variety of Aspidium conterminam^ growing in
Florida and first found by J. Donuell Smith of Baltimore. In this
species the caudex rises nearly a foot above the surface of the
ground. Professor Robinson has noticed some indications in this
direction in our common Rock Shield fern, Aspidiuvi marginole,
and a very clever and acute lad}^ botanist of the Pacific slope, Mrs.
Braudegee, recently called attention to some remarkable develop-
ments in the caudex of Osmunda in California.

The best examples of a rhizoma we shall find in Pteris agrnlina,
our common Brake, and Woodivardia Virginica, the Chain fern.
In both of these ferns the stout rootstock extends under ground
for a distance oftentimes of from ten to twelve feet or more.

In summing up the structural characters of ferns we have only
time to say that the rootstock is the true stem of the fern, and the

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY,

fine or coarse fibres growing downward from the rootstock are the
true roots. The leafy branches growing upward from the root-
stock are the fronds, a frond being an entire leaf, whether divided
or undivided, and with or without a special stalk. AVhen undivided
and without a stalk it is said to be entire and sessile ; when having
a stalk the latter is called the stipes, and the expanding green por-
tion, whether entire or compounded, the lamina; when the lamina
is divided the central stalks or ribs, running through the divided
portions, are called the rachises ; all of these terms being merely
special ones for designating the different parts of a frond. The
term frond is generally used in a double sense which is often con-
fusing and misleading, but I think that it ought to be used onW in
one, and that the sense in which I use it here, — that is, to mean
the entire leaf, whether with or without a stalk, and not in a sense
that would lead one to suppose that it is at any time distinct from
its own stalk.

AYe have seen that reproduction among ferns occurs naturally
through the medium of spore dissemination, but there are other
ways no less interesting. Many ferns multiply by means of what
are called viviparous buds evolved from the epidermal cells of the
lamina, or rachis, and such buds develop directW into new plants.
The Walking fern is a well-known example of this, the prolonged
apices bending over and rooting at their tips, and forming close
mats as the young plants creep along.

A Mexican variet}^ of Aspleyiium Trkhomanea is remarkably
proliferous in this way, as you will see b}' the illustration of it
among the fern photographs on the board, and the late J. Warren
Merrill, Avho was an ardent lover and cultivator of our native ferns,
succeeded in multiplying his plants of that rare and curious fern,
Asplenium ebejioides, by taking advantage of this habit. Indeed,
among the Spleenworts the occurrence of these adventitious buds
is not onlj' frequent, but some species are especially proliferous in
that direction. I have counted as many as twenty or more tiny
plantlets sprouting from such buds on a single frond of Asplenrwm
Ghnnei, a small fern not over five inches tall.

Still another mode of propagation is by means of small bulbs
produced on tlie fronds much in the same way as the bulbs are pro-
duced on the common tiger lily of our gardens. A notable instance
of this is seen in our liladder fern, CystojUeris bidbifera, which pro-
duces small bulbs that fall off when matured and, germinating,

FERNS. 201

produce directly new plants. Sometimes bulbs germinate while on
the parent plant, and specimens may often be gathered having young-
ferns growing out from different parts of the old fronds.

Still another mode of increase is by underground runners, or
stolons, extending from the old rootstock, and foi-ming new crowns
from which new plants arise. The best example of this that I
know of is the Ostrich fern, an old rootstock of which will send
out runners to start new plants, which, in time, will send out new
runners radiating in all directions until a whole colony of plants
springs up and takes possession of an extended area. From a
single plant of this species set out in my own grounds some ten
years ago, T counted last season over forty crowns all of which are
probably connected together by means of these stolons. It will be
seen from this how readily such species may be propagated by
separating the crowns, and as the Ostrich fern is one of the noblest
and most attractive of our native ferns, every lover of beautiful
forms having a place for it should cultivate it.

This brings us to the most vital part of our subject to those of
you who may be interested in ferns otherwise than botanically.
Of what use are ferns, and why should we regard them witli any
special favor?

We have already seen that they are of use to the ilorist in fur-
nishing him with graceful forms to add charm to his decorations,
and I claim further for our native ferns that they not only equal
exotic ferns in loveliness but that they may be cultivated as easily
and made to render our homes and gardens more attractive.

We have only to glance over some of the foreign catalogues of
plants to see how highly prized our ferns are abroad, and how ex-
tensively they are cultivated, and then to wonder why they do not
receive more attention here. I am under no necessity for making
a plea for them as beautiful objects in nature, capable of inspiring
the liveliest emotions of pleasure in the minds of those Avho seek
them out for the enjoyment derived from a contemplation of their
many graces and the study of their peculiarities for botanical or
scientific purposes, but I press upon you their claims to a more
favorable consideration as desirable plants for your gardens and
your homes.

Many species of our larger ferns with a little careful attention
may be grown into grand and imposing specimens alternating Avitli
other plants along garden borders, or in suitable places here and

"202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

there on our lawns, bj' giving to them a rich bed of natural soil,
no manure, but plenty of water, and spraying occasionally with
hellebore to keep off the insects which are liable to prove the only
real difficulty in the way of cultivating tine specimens. I have
-only time to mention as among the finest of such ferns, beside
the Ostrich fern already mentioned, Aspidium Goldianum and A.
Filix-mas, Aspleniiim Filix-foemina ^ and the Osmundas. These,
and similar ferns with stout caudiciform rootstocks forming large
crowns, will thrive better in garden soil than those ferns with
running rootstocks like the Chain ferns, the Sensitive fern or the
Brake, and others, which require more moisture and consequently
thrive best in wet places.

The one guide of all others to follow in cultivating our native
ferns is to observe carefully the conditions under Avhich the species
reaches its highest development and to endeavor to supply them as
far as possible when transplanting.

Among the smaller ferns are many hardy species well adapted for
rockeries, which mn.y be so cultivated, readily, by giving to them
as nearly as possible conditions similar to those of their native
habitats. Even those not hardy may be so grown during the
summer months, and afterward taken into the conservatory or
house, for the ferner}^ during winter. Among the latter are some
■of our loveliest ferns, some species having fronds beautifully and
delicatelj^ cut into numerous bead-like segments, or more or less
■covered with differently colored scales, or powder, like the Gold
and Silver ferns of California.

"We are now approaching the best time of all the yexix for begin-
ning the study of ferns. A few weeks more and they will be push-
ing up their graceful fronds everywhere in woods and ravines.
From their moss}' couches on springy hummocks in swampy
meadows the noble Osnumdas will shortly rise and cast aside the
-downy coverings which have enveloped and protected them during
their period of rest ; while along the stony brooksides the Maiden-
hair and Lady fern will be unfolding their beautiful tresses that
have been bound up in tiglit coils so long. You will have to search
carefully among the stones for the young fronds of the IMaiden-
hair as they are scattered along underground rootstocks, but 3'ou
may know the Lad}' fern by her bronze or ebonj' crosiers — a name
given to what we might call the nests of young fronds as they lie
snugly tucked up in their winter beds, on account of their fancied
resemblance to a bishop's crook.

FERNS. 203

Wherever you find one of these crosiers, you may Ivuow that you
have found a fern, and by watching the oradual uncoiling and
growth of the fronds from day to day you may become acquainted
with the general habits and characteristics of ferns, and so gain a
practical knowledge of them.

But I have trespassed upon your time too long, and I must
bring this paper to a close. The subject is one that presents
itself in so many different ways that it is well-nigh inexhaustible,
and might bo prolonged through a series of such papers. I am
bj' no means sure that I have presented my paper on this subject
in the best possible manner but I have been anxious to avoid any-
thing like a strictly scientific technical treatment, and to make my
paper merely as suggestive as possible. Beyond this I must refer
you for general investigation and stud}' to Professor Eaton's
splendid work on our North American Ferns ; to Professor Under
wood's admirable hand-book of '"Our Native Ferns"; to Professor
Robinson's invaluable book on "Ferns in Their Homes and Ours,"
and to John Williamson's precious legacy to fern lovers, the
*' Ferns of Kentucky" and "Fern Patchings." These works cover
general grounds quite thoroughly, but if a more scientific study is
desired yon will be obliged to resort to the text-books previously
mentioned.

Of one thing I can assure j^ou. In whichever direction you
may choose to follow out this study you will find it a delightful
one. There is an indescribable charm and fascination surround-
ing ferns that no other plants possess. They represent the highest
types of graceful forms, and so long as the human mind retains its
susceptibilit}' to the influence of the beautiful in nature so long
will ferns continue to attract and interest mankind.

I need say no more, but let the ferns shown here this morning
speak the rest for themselves, and I am sure that you will agree
with me when I say that they are more eloquent than any words
of mine. For however much one ma}' feel the inspiration which
emanates from them there is yet something wanting in the power
of speech to give it utterance. We may, indeed, describe in
impassioned words their outward charms, but the essence of all,
like the aroma of the pine woods and the odor of spring flowers,
escapes into that rarer atmosphere which bathes the soul in
unspeakable delight. There are times when the overpowering
mastery of our feelings prevents all outward manifestation, and

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

we can only bend in silent reverence for that Supreme Being Avha
has surrounded us with so many things to make life Avorth the
living, and endowed us with capabilities for their appreciation and
enjoyment.

Discussion.

Thomas Harrison inquired about methods of multiplying fern
plants.

Mr. Davenport replied that he had never attempted propagation
of ferns ; he had not even tried spores. He recommended divi-
sion of the roots and separation of crowns.

Mr. Harrison asked whether in propagating ferns they always
produce the same variety, or sometimes sport.

Mr. Davenport doubted the possibility of cross-fertilization ; as
to sports, it is a common trait of many ferns to vary in the course
of development.

Mrs. P. D. Richards said she had young fern plants coming up
in the pots. AYliile she saw no opportunity for the cross-fertiliza-
tion of ferns, she was aware that spores were readily taken up by
air-currents and carried to distant points where their germination
and growth were effected, perhaps to the surprise of the person
who thus obtained these beautiful ferns. She had found unex-
pected treasures growing among her collection of choice ferns,
which proved identical in kind with specimens in her herbarium.
She said an idea prevails widely that ferns cannot be grown in our
dwellings, and she wished to state that it was erroneous. She had
an Ostrich fern at a west window, where it grew in vase form very
successfully ; she had hoped to keep it growing longer by
having it in the house, but she gained only two or three weeks of
extra' time. She recommended AsplenivTn eheneum for house
culture.

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner was glad to emphasize the lecturer's
suggestion that ferns should be more generally cultivated b}' the
people. She knew they were more easily cultivated than the
flowering plants.

Another lady stated that she had successfully cultivated the
Maiden-hair fern and also the Ostrich fern. Her own experience
prompted her to say with the essayist, that if any present wished
for pure enjoyment at home they should cultivate ferns. «

Mrs. Horner desired to say she had cultivated ferns for many
years, and had enjoyed them in-doors in winter but had usually

FERNS. 205

put thorn in the ground for summer. Most of them grow best in
shady places, but Adiautum grows equall}" well in suu or shade.
If she had not given away a large number she would now have a
square rod of this beautiful fern. She thought the Ostrich feru
another desirable species, if one has plenty of room.

E. H. Hitchings wondered that no more interest was taken in
the cultivation of ferns, especially our native species and varieties.
Many of them are perfectly hardy and will bear more hard treat-
ment than any other plants that he knew. Some time in the
winter of 1883, he received from Charles G. Pringle, of Vermont,
fl package of ferns, natives of the Pacific Slope, and among them
were I'elkea Breiveri, collected September 27, 1882. He was busy
iit the time and laid them aside in a drawer, to be mounted and
placed in his herbarium when convenient. The convenient time
<lid not arrive until about two years after the ferns were collected.
Then, after placing some of the fronds in his herbarium, he put
one of the roots in water for a week or two, and then planted it in
a pot, where it grew, and he now has several fronds from it in his
herbarium. Perhaps this may not seem remarkable, because those
ferns have to endure the long, dry season of the Pacific slope ; he
therefore gave another case, nearer home. On September 2, 1888,
he went with a friend to Lexington and took up a number of
plants of the Ostrich fern, intending to set them out in the woods
near home. They were left in a basket in the cellar until May 28,
1890, — nearly twenty months — when he found them still alive
and growing. He then set them out and they grew well during
the season. Besides the Osti'ich fern, he had planted the
Osmunda regalis and 0. cinnumomeci, Aspidium Thelypteris, A.
Nnveboracensf, A. spinulosuvi, Woodwardia angxibti folia and
others. They need but very little care if planted in a suitable
place, which should be in the shade, in rather rich soil, not wet,
except for a few species. He thought some of our native ferns
were improved when grown under glass. He said the late J. "W.
Merrill, of Cambridge, was very successful in cultivating manj- of
our rarer species. Some of them are also grown at the Botanic
Garden, Cambridge. David Allan, gardener to Robert M. Pratt,
Oakley Park, Watertown, has grown some very fine specimens —
handsomer than any the speaker had ever seen growing in their
own homes. John Robinson, of Salem, recently Professor of
Botany and Vegetable Physiology to this Society, has successfully

20(5 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

cultivated rare native and foreign varieties, both under glass and
in the open air. In this connection Mr. Hitchings recommended,
for any one interested in the subject, Mr. Robinson's book —
"Ferns in Their Homes and Ours." The book is very interesting,
even if one does not intend to cultivate the ferns. Another book
he would recommend is an English work, "The Fern Garden," by
Shirley Hibberd.

A few of our rarer ferns that have been successfully cultivated
are :

Acrostichum aureum, Cheilanthes tomentosa,

Adiantum tenerxim, Nothokena sinuata,

Anemia Mexicana, Fellcea Jfexnosa,

Aspidium trifoliatiim, Polypodium aureinn,
Asplenium ctcutarium, " PhyllitidiSy

" ebenoides, " phimida,

" myriophyllum, Wondwardki radicans.

Ceratopteris thalictroides,

Some of them vary a great deal in cultivation; the Scolopen-
drinm and Asplenium Filix-foemina he thought more than most
others, the former having one hundred named varieties. Some of
our own ferns vary a great deal in their native habitats, others
scarcely any. He has specimens of Phegopteris Dryopteris from
England, Ireland, Switzerland, Maine, New Hampshire, and the
Middlesex Fells, and he had never seen the slightest variation
among them except in size. But Phegopteris polypodioidcs and
P. hexngonoptera vary a great deal in form ; so much so that it is
sometimes hard to decide whether a specimen should be called
polypndioides or hexagonoptera ; in fact some persons think they
are simply variations of the same species.

A few years ago Mr. Hitchings met Professor Eaton at the
Harvard Herbarium rooms, and asked him where he drew the line
between these two ferns. He replied: "If you find a frond that
measures one-sixteenth of an inch wider than it is long, call it
hfxagonoptera, if one-sixteenth narrower call it polypodioides."
[The speaker exhibited specimen fronds of each variety, which
clearly showed the points he had stated in regard to these
varieties.] But the fern that varies most is, he thought, Botry-
chium tematum. You may collect a hundred specimens and no
two of them will be alike ; Init you may be sure they are all varie-
ties of Botrychium ternatum.

FEUXS. 207

[To illustrate this statement Mr. Hitchings showed twentj'-four
sheets, from his herbarium, containing one hundred and forty
specimens of Botrychium teriiatuvi varieties, a curious and
interesting exliibition.]

But to get the most satisfaction from ferns one should collect
them. Shirley Hibberd, in his "Fern Garden," says, "I believe
no one can thoroughly enjo}^ or understand ferns until after having
actually hunted for them in hedgerows, woods, and amongst
rocks, and rivulets, and waterfalls. The . . fern may be allowed
to sing . . . :

Through the woods, through the woods,

Follow and find me.

Search every hollow, and dingle, and dell,

I leave but the print of my footsteps behind me ;

So those who would find me must search for me well."

If this were written of the little Adder's tongue fern, or some
of the smaller Botrychiums, there would be a great deal of truth
in it. Mr. Hitchings then quoted from Robinson's "Ferns iu
Their Homes and Ours," as follows :

"There is a large class of persons who . . . have to do
oul}' what they choose. This class must have a ' hobby,' or they
will rust out. Another class are engrossed by incessant profes-
sional work which leaves them every day cross and tired. These
should have some outside hobby, or they will become one-sided
and crabbed, and wear out." For illustration he says : " Dr. Jacob
Bigelow, of Boston, being a hard and earnest worker iu his
profession, determined, for his own good, to select some sensible
form of recreation ; and chose the study of botany, as necessitat-
ing long walks and refreshing thoughts. The result was the publi-
cation, in 181-i, of his ' Florula Bostoniensis.'" "All this came
from a hobby," says Robinson, who further writes : " Every person,
old or young, outside of an asylum for the insane, should have some
one thing in which an intellectual interest is taken, — some hobby,
or something that ma}' grow into one." And while he would not
" claim that the fern-mania ... is a hobby superior to most
others, ... he does claim, that, properly guided, it can be
the means of stimulating pure and healthy exercise and study ;
and . . . may be the cause of great and permanent good."

Mrs. Piper remarked that if one would transfer a Maiden-hair
fern from its native spot to the fern garden, it should be done

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

before the fruit had appeared, otherwise it would be too far
exhausted to establish itself there.

Miss Nichols inquired if the feru garden could he protected
from devouring insects.

Mr. Fernald spoke of a small insect, of a new kind, which has
of late infested ferns. It draws the leaves together in a loose
bunch, and then feeds upon them. The ouW treatment he advised
was to open the bunches and kill the insect.

Interest was added to Mr. Davenport's paper bj' herbarium
specimens, some of which were mounted on screens, as well as by
the plates from Dodel-Ports' ' ' Anatomical and Physiological Atlas
of Botan3^" The latter and the other books referred to can be
seen in the 8ociet3''s Library. On motion, a vote of thanks to the
essayist for his interesting and instructive paper was unanimously
passed.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion stated that the regular course of Meetings for Discus-
sion closed with Mr. Davenport's lecture, but he was happy to
anuounce that another was promised for Saturday, April 11, by
Col. Henry W. Wilson, of Boston, upon his recent "Visit to the
Bahama Islands, and the Character of their Horticulture and
Aoriculture."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 4, 18',)1.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The following named persons were proposed for membership :

Everett W. Raddin. of Cambridgeport, proposed by James T.
Carroll.

Dudley F. Hunt, of Reading, proposed by George Heywood, as
a Life member.

George Murch, of Milton, proposed by Edwin A. Hall, as an
Annual member.

Maurice P. White, of Roxbury, proposed by Leverett M. Chase.

John Davis, of Lowell, proposed by Edwin Sheppard, as a Life
member.

KE VISION OF COXSTITUTIOX AND RY-LAWS. 209

The President, as Chairmau of the Committee on the Revision
of the Constitution and By-Laws, presented a majority and a
minority report of that Committee. The report having been,
agreeabl}' to a vote of the Committee, printed and sent to every
member of the Society, it was voted that the reading be by title
and that the Secretary state the changes from the Constitution and
By-Laws now in force.

Joseph H. Woodford moved that the report be accepted and the
Committee discharged.

Benjamin P. Ware moved the adoption of the majority report.

I. Gilbert Robbius moved to adopt the whole report, both
majorit}' and minority. After some discussion by Francis H.
Appleton, Mr. Robbins, Benjamin P. Ware, William C. Strong,
and J. D. W. French, this motion was withdrawn.

Mr. Robbiiis then moved that the amendments offered by the
minority of the Committee be adopted in place of the report of
the majority.

Mr. Woodford moved to amend the motion of Mr. Robbins so
that the Superintendent of the Building, and the Librarian should
be chosen at the annual election. This amendment was accepted
by Mr. Robbins. The vote was then taken on his motion, as
amended, and it was negatived.

Henry P. Walcott moved to amend Section VI, by substituting
"second" for "first" in the last line. of the second paragraph;
but accepted an amendment substituting "third" instead of
"second." Dr. Walcott's motion, as thus amended, was then
carried.

The question was then put on Mr. Ware's motion, viz., that the
majority report, as thus amended, be adopted, which was carried,
and the revised code was ordered, by a majorit}' vote, to be
entered on the records, for final consideration on the first Saturday
in July.

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were on
ballot duly elected.

Alfred P. Gage, of Arlington,
Mrs. Lewis J. Bird, of Roxbury,
Charles S. Young, of Newton Centre,
Saiviuel Henshaw, of Thompson, Conn.

Adjourned to Saturday, April 11.
14

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satikday, April 11, 1891.

An adjoarned meeting of the Society' was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, "William H. Si'OOxer, in the chair.

Francis Campbell, of Cambridge, was proposed by David Allan,
as a Life member of the Society.

John M. Keyes, of Concord, Avas proposed by John H. Moore,,
as a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 2.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
A AYiXTER Visit to the Bahama Islands.

Bj' Col. Henry W. Wilson, Boston.

This interesting group of islands is often confounded with the
Bermudas, even by persons otherwise well informed. The latter
are in Lat. 32° N., Long. 66° W., while the Bahamas extend from
Lat. 22° to 27° 20' N. and from Long. 72° 30' to 79° 20' W.
Nassau, the principal commercial point, being in Lat. 25° 0.5' N.
and Long. 77° 21' W., is about 800 miles southwest of Bermuda,
lOoO miles, almost due south, from New York and about 350 miles,
a little north of east, from Key West.

It is to some of the experiences and observations of a winter's
visit to these islands, last February, that the attention of the
Society will be called for a brief hour.

Not often can a midwinter voj^age be made with bright skies
and unruffled seas, with no more motion than one would meet on
an excursion boat on a June day in Boston Baj'. You soon fall
into a regular routine of life which lasts just long enough to avoid
tedium. You cannot fail to be an early riser in order to view th6
sun emerging as from a bath in the wilderness of waters ; breakfast,
and then pace the deck, fore and aft for an liour, as exercise ;
consult the patent log hourly, if not oftener, to assure yourself that
you are going along all right ; speculate as to the distance run for

A WINTER ^■IS^T TO THE BAHAMA ISLANDS. 211

twenty-four hours ; superintend the captain and first officer as they
take the sun and wonck'r why it takes thirty minutes to figure out a
five minute problem ; hineli ; admire tlie great persistence of a;
Hock of sea-gulls that for forty-eight hours and for five hundred
miles hover over the track of the steamer ready to pounce upon
whatever the cooks may throw overboard ; wonder whether they
can have any abiding place but the deep sea, or whether it may not
be a handy thing after all to be able to make yourself comfortably
at home wherever you may happen to be ; count the sti'okes of the
engine and estimate the revolutions of the screw to make the pas-
sage ; dine ; discuss the McKinley Bill and lose your patience, if
not your temper, as you try to make your companion understand
how a tariff is a skilful device for making foreign nations pay your
own taxes for support of the Government ; find quiet for your per-
turbed spirit in looking upon the glories of the sunset as the fiery
ball drops gently below the horizon ; as the twilight deepens
into night and darkness draws her sable curtain over the deep and
pins it with a star, you linger at the taffrail to watch the fascinat-
ing phosphorescence of the wake which the steamer is leaving
miles astern. This experience is repeated day after day, varied
only by an occasional sail, a flight of flying-fish, pursued by a
lazily rolling dolphin, or a jaunty nautilus sailing by in its buoyant
bark. At last the steamer is brought to anchor in forty-five
fathoms of water, off a low-lying shore, where a stuffy little steamer
comes alongside to take the freight and passengers ashore, and you
realize that Nassau has a prohibitory bar which effectually closes-
her harbor to all steamers or vessels that draw more than fifteen
feet of water. This bar is not of shifting sand, as frequently
occurs, but good hard coral limestone which would effectually
settle the fate of any vessel going upon it.

Approaching the wharf one is easily persuaded that about all of
the floating population of the town has gathered there to greet him,
but, on considering that there are but three or four hundred out of
twelve thousand or more, he modifies his conclusions, as he does
concerning the importunate beggars that beset him on every hand
and clamor for alms. In his vexation the traveller will say these
people are all beggars, but when he reflects that there are but a
score or two of the persistent pests, and these only about the
wharves on steamer days, he concludes that mendicancy is not so-
common and gives credit for there not being more of it.

^12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first public functionary one meets is the custom-house officer,
who is obliging and discreet, and who receives and passes 3'ou with
so much courtesy and dispatch that a pleasant impression is left on
your mind which goes to relieve your vexation at the volunteer
porters who have persisted, unbidden, in pawing over 3'our luggage
and making their needless exertions the basis of a claim for a
shilling. If every traveller could bear a frown, or say no, this
fruitful source of irritation would soon cease. Arriving at the
hotel, which like everything else in a British colony is a Royal
Victoria, and which is roomy, comfortable and excellentl}^ managed
by a Connecticut hotel-keeper, you speedil}^ make yourself at home
iind begin to look about you.

One observes, particularly about Nassau, the quaint and
'Colonial aspect of the enclosures and buildings ; the peculiar walls,
breast-high, formed of pieces of coral limestone laid dry and then
well plastered over with lime-mortar, giving to each enclosure all
of the effect of exclusive proprietorship that would be given b}' a
tight board fence. Most of the buildings, both public and private,
are built of regular blocks of limestone which is easily quarried
and dressed into any desired form with a hatchet and saw.

The streets of Nassau are regular, clean, and well laid out. The
abundance of trees which line the streets tend greatly to relieve the
bright glare of reflected sunlight, which rather oppresses the
Northerner when experienced for the first time.

One of the agreeable features of a Avinter experience in these
islands comes from the uniformly equable temperature of air and
water. During the entire month of February, 1891, the thermom-
eter fell below 70° on only one occasion, toward the end of the
month, when for a part of the day it fell to 65°. The temperature
at sunrise averaged from 70° to 72°; at noon from 78° to 82°; at
sunset from 74° to 76°. The temperature of the ocean was, in the
morning, 70° to 72° and at evening from 74° to 76°. It was
claimed by old citizens that the lowest temperature ever known
was 64°. The bitterly cold wave which passed over the whole of
the United States and covered Florida with frost, had only refrig-
eration enough left, when, in the last week of February, it crossed
the Gulf Stream and reached Nassau, to reduce the temperature
for a short time to 65°. Such an equable climate is not only
beneficial to invalids but is a source of enjoyment to those in
Jiealth. It enables a careful gardener to suppl}^ the table with a

A WINTKK VISIT TO THE BAHAMA ISLANDS. 213

constant succession of delicious vegetables the" year round.
Instead of there being a dry and a rainy season, as is the case in
most tropical and semi-tropical countries, the showers hero fall at
intervals and the rainfall of the year is quite as uniformly
distributed during the several months and seasons as at the north,
and averages about two and a half inches per mouth, which is
fully adequate for perfect success in agriculture.

The extreme transparency and brilliancy of the atmosphere and
sky is in great contrast to what we are accustomed to see at
home. The clouds soar high and are broken into fine masses with
magnificent contrasts of color. Even the waters combine to
challenge our admiration by the gorgeous hues which they present
to the delighted beholder. Looking from a height upon the broad
surface of the bay I have seen its waters' striped with creamy
white and brilliant pink, with broad areas of iutensest blue,
flecked with bright spots, till it has almost seemed to me that the
eye that designed our starry flag had at some time tarried among
these kaleidoscopic views and drawn its inspiration from their
glowing scenes.

The harbor of Nassau is formed by a long, low, narrow island,
called euphoniously Hog Island, which lies to the north and
nearly parallel with the island of New Providence, the channel
between being from one-third to one-half of a mile wide, the
westerlj' end of which, having a depth of from fifteen to seventeen
feet, constitutes the proper harbor of Nassau. The bar before
mentioned, which projects to the Avestward, in a continuation of
Hog Island, and upon which the surf breaks constantly, will
ever be a serious impediment to modern commerce, although small
vessels enter without difficulty.

The Bahamas comprise eighteen principal islands having a total
area of about 3,310,000 acres or pretty nearly three-fourths the
area of the State of Massachusetts. There are several hundred
small islands, or cays, of limited area, many of which are little
better than bare rocks. Of these islands the largest is Audros
Island, with a length of 90 miles, and an area of uearlj' 2,475
square miles. Abaco, Eleuthera, Great Bahama, Inagua and
San Salvador, have each an area of more than 100,000 acres.
The population of the whole group of islands was 43,521 in 1881,
New Providence has an area of perhaps 85 square miles and
according to the enumeration of 1881, a population of 11,650, most

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICrXTUEAL SOCIETY.

of which is concentrated in and about Nassau. The present
population is estimated at 14,000 of whom about one-sixth are
white, the remainder being negroes, mostly born on the islands,
and, of course, descended from the victims of the African slave
trade. Close observation will enable one occasionally to distin-
guish in the negro quarters of the town, faces that bear in the
tribal marks and scars unmistakable evidence of African nativit}'.
These have been rescued from slave ships and liberated on these
islands.

The original inhabitants at the time of the discovery by Colum-
bus were a peaceable and inoffensive race ; they were all carried
into slavery by the remorseless Spaniards and their lives were
sacrificed in the mines of San Domingo or the pearl fisheries of
Cumana. They were of a proud and independent spirit, not
yielding readily to slaver^', and by the time a generation had
passed away not a descendant of the Lucayau Indians remained,
and for more than one hundred years these islands remained
desolate and uninhabited. The negroes have a tradition that there
is a remnant of these aboriginal natives yet living in the depths of
the forests on Andros Island, and no negro can by any means be
persuaded to venture from the coast into the forests which cover
the island, for fear of the wild men, whom they call "Yahoo;''
but no good foundation could be ascertained for this belief.

The white population, as stated, comprises perhaps no more
than one-sixth of the whole. Many of them are descended from
the same stock as our best New England population, to which
there is quite a strong resemblance both in speech and manner ;
nor have we far to go for the explanation. A large part of the
emigration to the Carolinas, in the early part of the eighteenth
century, was of Scotch extraction from the north of Ireland and
the same that furnished much of the hardy j^eomanry of New
England.

Singularl}" enough, while in the North these people were the
staunchest patriots, in the South they were among the most ardent
Loy^alists and at the close of the American Revolution they
emigrated in large numbers to the Bahamas. Great Britain had
purchased the rights of the Lords Proprietors and made large
grants of lands to these Loj'alists on which were soon established
man}^ prosperous plantations. The energy and industry of these
people are plainly evinced today in the clearings, enclosures and

\

Mi

Cocoa Nut Tree.

Showinsj fruit at various stages of growth.

A WINTEII VISIT TO THE BAHAMA ISLAXDS. 215

buildings wliieh were made uuder adverse circumstances. The
mace which was used as the symbol of Royal authority in the
assembly of South Carolina, was carried to Nassau and now does
service as such in the Colonial House of Assembly.

The structure of their social and industrial systems was based
upon slavery and, upon its abolition in 1837, every department of
industry' and trade was rudel}' arrested and has since languished,
excepting during the brief years of the American Civil War,
when the facilities which the islands afforded for blockade-running
gave such an unnatural stimulus to trade and speculation that
everybody plunged in, to be hopelessly stranded when the bubble
of disunion was broken.

Andros Island, Avhich is larger than all of the others put to-
gether, was named for Sir Edmund Andros who was Governor of
Massachusetts from December 20, 1G86, until April 18, 1689.
When the news of the abdication and flight of James the Second
reached the colonies, (xovernor Andros was seized by the men of
Boston, deposed, imprisoned and sent to England. No judicial
decision was ever made in his case, as the authorities were on the
horns of a dilemma whether they condemned him or acquitted him
of tyrannical proceedings in the Colonies, but he was subsequently
appointed Governor of Virginia, where his conduct was marked by
more moderation and was generally acceptable. He was subse-
quently one of the Lords Proprietors of the Bahamas and died in
England in 1714.

William Shirley was Governor of Massachusetts from 1741 to
1756, and was, possibly, until his ill-starred military operations of
1755, one of the most popular Royal Governors Massachusetts
ever had. Point Shirley is a reminder of the esteem in Avhich he
was held in Boston, and of the grand celebration on the 8th of
September, 1753, when all Boston seemed intoxicated with the
prospect of the establishment of glass-making at the Point, — a
prospect which never materialized. In 1759, Governor Shirley was
appointed Governor of the Bahamas and so continued till 1767.
The rambler around Nassau cannot fail to pass through Shirley
street, one of the principal thoroughfares, also named after the
Governor. From these considerations, as well as others that
might be added if time permitted, Nassau is peculiarly interesting
to a New Englander but especially to a Bostonian.

To one who has never visited the Tropics, the strange condi-
tions and species of vegetable life seem most remarkable ; familiar

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICIILTURAL SOCIETY.

as be may be, by iiieaus of narratives or prints, with such things^
still the beholding moves one with a new emotiou. There is a
curious interest in witnessing the peculiar growth of the Cocoa
Palm ( Cocos nucifera) , with its constant presence of blossoms and
fruit. We were permitted to see this fine tree in all stages of it&
growth, first as a germinating nut with its fronds of green leaves
bursting through its husky envelope ; then as a young tree not so
tall but that I might pluck the fruit from the ground, and maturer
trees, from forty to forty-five feet in height, that would require the
dexterity of an agile boy or monkey to climb to seek the fruit.
The trunk of the cocoa palm is from six to ten inches through ; it
is endogenous, growing at the end of the stem and, therefore, has
all of its foliage at the extremity of the truuk. Every month a
new leaf or spathe expands itself from the fibrous integument in
which it is enfolded and discloses a spadix of bloom and so it
happens that there is always to be seen, on a healthy and growing
specimen of this species, the blossom, below this the small nuts,
the size of walnuts ; beneath them a cluster of from six to ten
larger ones the size of the fist ; and below these the ripening nuts,
each hanging by a slender stem, not so large as a lead pencil.
It is claimed, I cannot say how truly, that from a thrifty tree one
may pick a ripened cocoa-nut every day in the year. The plant-
ing of this picturesque tree is so simple a matter as the excavation
of a shallow hole in the sand and placing therein a sprouted nut,
covering it and leaving it to care for itself. If at a distance from
the salt water, it is the custom to place a quart of coarse salt in the
hole with the nut, as the tree is said to be partial to the salt water
and grows with the greatest freedom near to the seashore. It
fruits at the age of four years.

Another remarkable and striking tree is the silk-cotton tree,
Bombax Ceiba, which, when a young tree, has a clear, round
trunk of a gray color but thickly covered with stout spines or thorns
projecting from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch. At this
stage of its growth it is called tlie monkey teaser as it must greatly
perplex the monkey tribe to climb its prickly trunk in a hurry and
not get badly scratched. As the tree increases in size it throws
out huge buttresses around the base of its stem, as if to brace
itself for the terrible tempests Avhich sooner or later it must
encounter. The largest tree of this species is in the rear of the
Public Building on Bay Street at the corner of Parliament Street.

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A WINTER VISIT TO THE BAHAIMA ISLANDS. 217

It is fiftj' or sixt}' feet in height aud is a medium-sized tree. The
spread of its limbs is about one hundred aud twenty feet in one
direction by about ninety in the other and its buttresses project in
a helical manner fully fifteen feet from the base of the main
trunk. It is a native of South America, deciduous, and bears
an exuberance of long pods filled with a silky fibre, whence comes
its name, and it is a favorite custom with visitors to have themselves
pliotographed among its spreading buttresses, as a souvenir of
their visit. The native colored people of the West Indies are
very superstitious concerning this tree and think not only that the
goblins sport in its branches by night, but that any indignity
shown to it, such as the casting of stones at it, will be certainly
resented bj' some calamity, as sickness or death, being visited
upon the family or friends of the offender.

Some stately specimens of the African Palm, called in Nassau
the Royal Palm, are to be seen with their smooth, swelling trunks,
having a gray, stony appearance as if turned in a lathe out of
stone, and of a great height. The upper portion of the trunk is
smaller in diameter, smooth, and green, generally wdth an abortive
attempt at the production of fruit hanging withered just below the
feather}' foliage which crowns the summit of the tree.

The Leguminosae — the great family of pod-bearing trees, of
which the acacia is the type — are common and striking objects in
the streets, parks aud private grounds. The pods are of all kinds
and colors from bright, golden 3'ellow to jet black ; some are small
and light, others large and heavy enough to serve as formidable
weapons and require much force to tear them open. Of this
kind is the Poinciana tree. The Tamarind (7\imarindus occide^it-
alis) is also of this family ; it is not so flue in fruit as the T.
Indica, which has a large pod with a fine pulp, but nevertheless
a tolerable preserve is made by packing in layers of sugar the
pulp extracted from the pods. It has a pleasant acid flavor and
makes a grateful, cooling and nutritious drink in sickness.

Orange trees are quite abundant and the fruit is excellent and
cheap, the highest price being one dollar per liundred at Nassau,^
while at other places on the out-islands it was to be obtained
for fifty cents per hundred and in some instances was to be had
for the asking, — nice, luscious fruit. Limes were common, fine
and cheap. They were obtained for twenty-five cents per half-
peck.

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICLXTURAL SOCIETY.

The Sapodilla is a striking and interesting tree to the New
Englauder, being when full grown, large and of fine shape,
something like a well-pruned pear tree, and when loaded with its
large, russet-colored, ovate-shaped fruit, is very ornamental. The
fruit has a soft, pulp}- flesh with a sweetish taste, described by
those who are fond of it as being like sugared honeJ^

Of the so-called Cabbage Palms there are several fine types to
be seen. This tree receives its name from the use that is made of
the young and succulent leaves which form a head and sometimes
also of the terminal bud, which are cooked and eaten as a salad.
Whether these trees were the Ai-eca olerncea^ a true palm, or the
Sahal Palmetto which is a similar tree and used for a similar pur-
pose, I was not botanist enough to determine nor did I find anyone
who was. However, as the palmetto is a common tree and the
Sabal serrulata or Saw Palmetto is universal^ found in the thickets
or scrub, as it is called, very probably the so-called palm is merely
a palmetto.

Tune will not permit the enumeration of all of these interesting
forms of vegetable life, but I will allude, in passing, to the India
rubber tree, the Si'ijhonia Cahuclm of South America, of which
there are fine specimens to be seen. It is, of course, an exotic,
but thrives and might doubtless be easily propagated. Its kindred
tree, the Ficus elastica, which is a source of the elastic gum in the
east, is a sort of connecting link between the Cahuchu and the
wild fig which is indigenous to the Bahamas, and has the habit
peculiar to the oriental Ban3'au tree, Ficus Indica, of throwing
down shoots from its branches, which upon reaching the earth
take root and form additional supports for its spreading top. A
fine specimen of this tree stands near the highway, a short distance
to the eastward from the centre of the town, and is commonly
called the Banyan tree, although there has alwaj^s been a contro-
versy as to its identity with the true East Indian Banyan.

In order to understand or appreciate the agriculture of these
islands one must know something of the peculiar formation, texture,
and condition of the soil. The uuderljing rock throughout the
Bahama Islands is a coralline limestone. This is formed of the"
oomminutcd fragments of coral and shells, torn to pieces and worn
by the ceaseless agitation of the ocean, thrown up into ridges
twelve and fifteen feet in height and intermingled with enormous
masses of alga? torn from the ocean's bed by the tempest ; blown

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A ^VINTEi: ^'ISIT TO THE KAIIA.^IA ISLANDS. 219

by the trade-winds into sand dunes thirt}^ and forty feet in lieight,
to be .crested and covered Avitli a profusion of trailing leguminous
plants, notably the Batatas litloralis, with various grasses and
shrubs, among which the scrub!)}- Palmetto (Sabal serrnlata) is
common. These all serve to retain the sands in place, prevent their
shifting, and arrest new deposits through which they continue to
grow with surprising luxuriance. These great sand dunes in time
become indurated b}- the continued action of the rains from the
well-known effect of the carbonic acid, prevalent in rain water,
which cements the grains of oolitic sand into a dense and even
crj'stalline limestone rock.

These masses of algw, as well as the foliage and stems of the
shrubs, decompose in the places where the sands have buried them,
the result being that the solid and compact oolitic rock is penetrated
through and through with apertures, channels, crannies and cavi-
ties that are filled with decomposed vegetable matter, so that
while to the uninformed eye the surface of the ground may seem
as bai'e and hopeless of sustaining vegetable life as are the tops of
our Quincj' ledges, the fact is that one has but to break a hole
into the surface of tlie rock, put in a little soil which may be
scraped together, insert the seeds or plants and leave them to their
own devices, with the certaiut}' that thej- will germinate and thrive,
pushing their roots out and around into these various interstices
that have been filled, by the processes of nature, with just the kind
of material best suited for their sustenance and growth. In most
fields that have not been artificially prepared, the natural surface
covering of soil is but slight, and in some that I saw the surface
seemed to be nothing but honey-combed rock, entirely destitute of
soil, and yet it was covered with a vigorous growth of shrubs and
trees. Upon such gi'ound there is no chance to use either spade or
plough, neither do you see them in use anywhere, the principal and
most effective implements of husbandry being the crowbar, pickaxe
and sledge-hammer.

To make a fruitful vegetable garden all that is required is to
pulverize the surface of the limestone rock, which becomes mingled
with what vegetable matter there is, Avhile more is speedily added
from the rank growth of vegetation which invariably follows, and
a good friable soil of sufficient depth is the result. Thus it is
apparent that land which would well sustain a thrifty growth of
trees and shrubs would not, by any means, auswer for a vegetable

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUI.TURAL SOCIETY.

garden ; but by the expenditure of time and strength one may be
prepared in the manner indicated, at the rate of about two square
rods for a day's work, and at fifty cents per day, which is the pre-
vailing rate for Avages, the cost of the thorough preparation of the
soil for the highest culture would be about S40 per acre.

Owing to the facility with which this limestone rock is quarried,
it is cut out in square blocks and the floor of the quarry is easily
left with a fair surface and but little unevenness. This, of course,
is covered with the pulverized rock and debris — the result of
working the stone — which soon forms a mellow soil that is readily
put into the finest' condition for the orchard or the garden, so that
in some of these worked-out quarries can be found a luxuriant
growth of fruits and vegetables. In such situations the growth of
vegetable life may be made perennial. One can supply the table
every day in the year with every desirable vegetable, but it Avould
be essential to constant!}^ renew the supply of seeds from the north,
owing to the natural tendency to deterioration, the inferiority of
the vegetables seen in the market, compared with those of the same
sorts to which we are accustomed at home, being quite noticeable.

This market was a study and a revelation. It is well situated on
the main street and extends to the harbor. The stalls are put u]>
at public auction at intervals of three months, and the renter may
sell everything except hardware, crockery, dry goods and liquors.

Outside of the market, around the passageways and on the
wharf, persons, mostly women, are allowed the privilege of selling
poultry, crabs and vegetables upon the payment of sixpence per
day — about twelve cents. These people will walk in a mile and a
half or two miles from Grant's Town, which is peculiarly the negro,
community, at a very early hour of the morning bringing their little
stock of vegetables in a basket borne upon the head. On arriving
at their allotted space at the market, they spread their goods upon
a box, a board, or the head of a barrel. A few potatoes or yams,.
onions, tomatoes, martjmias — a few beans, beets, turnips, radishes,
or some little sticks of sugar-cane — are grouped together in small
lots to the value of a ha'-pennj'^, a pennj^ or a check, which is a
penny and a half. One parcel that was noticed particularly, con-
sisted simply of one small tomato and half an onion and was valued
at a ha'-peiniy. The purchaser, generally a negro, lays down the
coin, sweeps tlie allotted portion into the basket without uttering a„
word, and passes on.

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A WINTER VISIT TO THE BAIIAAFA ISLANDS. 221

Outside the market, on the sidewalk, will be a line of men and
boys sitting upon the curbstone, each with a bundle or two of
fodder or a few faggots of firewood deposited in the gutter.
Horses are not common on any of the islands, the customary beast
of burden being a diminutive mule or donkey. It did not seem as
though the sales of these people could average more than two or
three sliillings per day, which would indicate the putting forth of
considerable effort for rather meagre returns.

Here it ma}' be fitting to give the results of some observations on
the labor problem as viewed in Nassau. The price of wages for
an able-bodied man is fifty cents per day, women receiving less, —
barely half. It is not correct to represent these people as being
averse to labor, as is sometimes done without reflection. They
seemed to be as willing to work as anybody else. It has been onl}'^
in rare instances that any people have been observed to labor for
the enjoyment it gave them. A gentleman, largely concerned in
the canning of pineapples, gave the assurance that when his hands
once thoroughly understood what he desired of them and the way
it was to be performed, he liad no difficulty whatever in obtaining
regular and willing service which was fairly satisfactory. They
seemed ready and anxious to please and would linger around the
premises when their stint was performed. As the work in this
case proceeded by stages some had to begin earlier than others,
who of course wrought later to finish up, but all seemed eager to
work and contented when busy. The day's stint for a woman
was the paring of one thousand pineapples for which she received
thirty cents. Any person who voluntarily assumes such a contract
cannot be said to be averse to labor.

It was a part of the programme of excursion to spend two or
thi'ee weeks cruising among the islands and visiting some of the
outlying settlements. A complete camping outfit, even to tent-pins
and frj'ing-pau, was taken from home ; stores Avere procured in
New York — 600 lbs. of them ; a circular letter was thoughtfully
provided by His Excellency Governor Shea, which ensured a cordial
welcome from the magistrate at every settlement visited. A sloop
of about ten tons, the Sophia Maud, was secured, with a white
conch for skipper and a black conch for pilot and cook, stores were
transferred from the custom-house warehouse, the water cask was
-filled, and the expedition sailed.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is not proposed to follow the haps and mishaps of this unique
cruise, but simply to introduce a few of the observations which it
afforded to illustrate our present topic. The first landing was
made at Current, a small settlement on the northerly end of the
island of Eleuthera. Here was found a people truly Arcadian in
simplicity. In a population of four or five hundred not more than
one-tenth were pure white and there Avere all shades of color, from
the Caucasian to the darkest African, of a race so pure that they
still cling to the native African hut with its wattled, mud-plastered
walls and are as shy and coy as partridges. None but women,
children and aged men were found at home, the able-bodied men
being away sponge lishing, either among the Cays or at Key West,
where there is more profit to be obtained. The best house in the
settlement was a modern looking dwelling built of wood, new, com-
fortable, and with glazed windows, which were the only ones in the
settlement. It belonged to a young white man who had built it at
the cost of about 8750, married a proper wife, and then returned
to his sponge fishing. This matter of glazed windows is more
important than would appear until it is understood that all houses,
great or small, furnished with glazed windows are taxed five dollars
per year. Owing to the extreme salubrity of the climate the win-
dows of most houses in the settlement and those of the negroes in
Nassau, are only closed at night or during violent tempests, which
sometimes rage, and then with wooden shutters or blinds.

There was neither almshouse nor pauper, lock-up nor tramp,
court nor criminal, but there was a clean white stone chapel and a
school-house filled with bright looking children. Highways there
were, ample and grass-grown, but no horses or carriages ; cocoa-nut
and orange trees in abundance but no connnerce, manufactures, or
trade. This was the counterpart of some of the old towns on our
own cape where fisherman and sailor simply dwell.

Harbor Island, which has a mixed population of about two
thousand, is a picturesque spot, to the east of Eleuthera, enclosing
an excellent harbor between its shores, and there was more activity
in the way of ship and boat building. Upon the substantial stone
pier was a shipment of tomatoes ready to load for Nassau and New
York. This industry of supplying tomatoes for the winter market
in the north has languished of late years, partly from the uncertainty
of connecting with the steamer at Nassau, but more particularly
from the failure of the growers to maintain the relative excellence

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A WINTER VISIT TO THE EAIIA.MA ISLANDS. 223

of their product and from their persisting in sending tlie same
qualities and varieties wliich they shipped twelve and fifteen year&
ago, all unconscious of the fact that during that time there has been
a marked improvement in the quality of the varieties cultivated —
so nuich so that the best of former times are discarded ; and also
of another important fact that, owing to the great progress in the
winter culture of the tomato at the north, the consumer has become
more exacting as to the ripeness of this vegetable and rejects those
that are packed green to ripen in the crate during transportation.

The pineapple is pretty generally grown in this district, but some
peculiarity in the tenure of the land, which is more or less held in
common instead of in severalty, has served to discourage cultiva-
tion, men being unwilling to assume the risk and responsibility of
a plantation where they do not possess the individual ownership of
the soil. This would seem to be an object lesson in the social
problem that is now discussed and would indicate that these people
are not sufficiently trained in sociology to appreciate the advantages
of communism, nor so far advanced as to look backward.

At Governor's Harbor was found a thriving settlement of per-
haps fourteen hundred people with about one-tenth Avhite. The
bulk of the population is concentrated in a rocky cay, of about
three hundred yards in length and one hundred yards in width,
which is joined to the main island by a sandy beach, forming the
harbor. Here the culture of the pineapple is conducted under the
best auspices ; the lands are owned by the planters and every
effort is made by them to improve the quality and increase the
quantity of their crop. Of the lands in these islands only on those
having a red soil will the pineapple grow with the greatest suc-
cess, although it may be grown of an inditferent quality on the
gray soil, which is more common. This red earth owes its color
primarily to the iron in its composition, and its greater fertility
to the decaj'ed algiie which were thrown up by the sea in those
remote cycles when these islands were forming. This decomposed
vegetable matter is rich in potash and is found in holes and
pockets, crannies and caves in the rock all through the islands
and under the name of cave earth, it is sought after and
applied to add fertility to the soil. Thus a limit is placed
upon the area of land which is most desirable for the cultivation of
the pineapple and good available land is correspondingly appre-
ciated, selling readily at from eighty to one hundred dollars per acre.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAI. SOCIETY.

There were exported from Governor's Harbor and Tarpuni
Ba}', two adjacent districts, in 1890, 295,3-i5 dozens of pineapples
for which Avas received £23,000, or 811o,000. In addition to
these there were consumed in a canning factory 22,000 dozen,
which were returned at a value of $2,500, but which were prob-
ably more nearly worth, and doubtless realized, more than S6,000
for the pineapples, aside from the expense of packing. These
were all exported to Baltimore and New York.

The red or Cuban variety is the one mostly cultivated, it being
much preferred for quality and size. The plants are propagated
by offsets or suckers, taken from the older plants after the fruit is
cut. They are set out in August and sometimes bear the next
j-ear, but a full crop is not obtained until eighteen months after
planting. The cutting season begins in May and from that time
until the harvest is ended is the active season of the j^ear with the
gathering, packing and shipping of the fruit. The fields are not
immediately contiguous to the settlement but are planted up and
down the island, where the soil is propitious. Mau}^ of them are
several miles away and the field hands go to and from their work
in small cat-boats, thirtj^-five of which were counted in Governor's
Harbor one morning. They go out with the dawn and return at
sundown. The plants grow so thickly that, after the first year,
but little cultivation is required and their serrated leaves form a
prickl}' thicket that it was found impossible to penetrate, without
injur}' to person or clothing, and yet the negro field-hands, with a
better understanding of liow to do it, would easily pass through it
Ijarefooted, without harm or ditficultj".

The crop will vary greatly being from eight hundred to fifteen
hundred dozen per acre. It has been doubled in recent years by
the use of commercial fertilizers especially prepared for this crop,
ot which a thousand barrels were used in 1890 in the district of
Governor's Harbor, costing about seven dollars and a half per
barrel. Formerly it was the practice to plant a field and crop it
for three or four years and then, as the soil became exhausted, let
it come up to scrub and after laj'ing fallow, as it were, for ten or
twelve years clear it up and go through the routine again. Now,"
however, under the present use of fertilizers, the soil does not
become impoverished and the plantations can be renewed for a
much longer time, and so far none have been allowed to return to
the wild state.

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A WINTIOU MSIT TO THE liAllAMA ISLANDS. 225

A new aud appnroiitl^^ a prosperous industry seems in a fair
Avay of being created in the cultivation of Sisal hemp, whicli, if it
proves as successful as it now bids fair to be, will afford a certain
aud remunerative employment for large numbers of willing hands
that can now find employment for not more than half the time.

What is known as the Sisal fibre of commerce is the product of
the "Henequen" plant of Yucatan, which was introduced into
Florida as the Agave Sisniana, but is probably the Agave
Americana. The plant which produces a similar but better
quality of fibre in the Bahamas is there called the Pita plant. It
is an Agave growing to the height of six feet, with stout, fleshy,
pale green leaves, smooth upon the edges, with the characteristic
stout thorn upon the end ; it is entirely different from the Sisal or
the Cuban fibre-plant, the Sanseviera.

The Pita plant is indigenous to all the islands and has hitherto
been noted as a prevalent, obnoxious, and persistent weed which
grew anywhere, with or without encouragement, even on the tops
of old walls aud, wheu once established, dominated and crowded
out all other plants. These are exceedingly desirable qualities, as
most useful plants require care and constant cultivation to pre-
serve them from the encroachment of others that are useless or
noxious.

Individuals aud stock companies have entered with much enthu-
siasm and apparent success upon the cultiyatiou of this plant, and
there are now 4,200 acres in growing plantations stocked with
2,633,000 plants, with 1,330,000 plants in reserve in nurseries.
The plantations brought more particularly to my attention were
those of the Munro Fibre Co., Abaco, with 1,100 acres at Green
Turtle Cay and 200 more on the Island of New Providence,
planted with 750,000 plants and 300,000 more in the nurseries ;
and that of Mr. D. D. Sargent, at luagua, with nearly 200 acres
planted with more than 100,000 plants aud as many more in
nurseries, with several hundred acres in preparation for planting.
Capt. H. C. Lightbourn, of Nassau, has a fine plantation of
several hundred acres, having cocoa-nut trees mingled with his Pita
plants. He has probabl}^ 250,000 growing plants and is success-
fully producing an excellent quality of fibre.

The next season's crop in the Bahamas should exceed 2,500
tons, wheu it will be demonstrated whether the culture is to be
commercially successful.
15

220 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

The plants are set at from six feet by six feet, to ten feet by
ten feet, according to the caprice or understanding of the cultivator.
Six feet appears to be too near for the perfect development of the
mature leaves, to say nothing of the requirement of sufficient space
for passage between the plants, without interference or injury.
About eight feet by ten feet appears to be a satisfactory compro-
mise and will afford room for five hundred plants per acre. With
the exception of weeding and reduciug tlie lateral shoots and
suckers during the first year, little care or culture is required.

Recorded experience is not yet sufficient to enable one to form a
correct judgment as to the bearing life of the plant or its maximum
product, but it seems to be pretty generally conceded that under
ordinary circumstances the plants are in a mature and bearing con-
dition at from four to five years of age ; that about forty leaves can
be cut from each plant annualW, weighing about sixty pounds ;
that it is better for the plant, as well as the crop, to make the
cutting at intervals of three or four months than to make it once a
year, as the leaves thus obtained will be taken at full maturity and
are not so liable to be over-ripe and comparatively worthless.
When the leaves assume a position horizontal to the trunk they
are sufficiently mature to cut. and if taken either before or after
are of diminished value. When cut, the leaves are tied into
bundles and taken to the machine, which is simple and easih'
operated, and are passed, one bj^ one, through it. They are
crushed and the fibre is stripped of the pulp which constitutes
fully ninet3"-five per cent of the weight of the leaf. P'rom eight
hundred to one thousand pounds of fibre can be obtained from
each acre at a cost, including cultivation, cutting, stripping, and
drying, of about three cents per pound.

These plants are very tenacious of life and one has been known
to grow nicely after having been kept dry in a tight box for eigh-
teen months. When the plant arrives at its full maturity it has a
tendency to run up a flower stalk called a "pole," which grows
from sixteen to eighteen feet high with a diameter at the base of
from five to seven inches and bears, instead of blossoms, as many
as one thousand young plants, perfectly formed and ready to
maintain an independent existence. This occurs probabU^ when
the plant is from ten to thirteen years old, according to the
luxuriance of its growth, but, singular as it may seem, although
this plant is indigenous all over these islands and the natives have

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A wiNTKi; \ isir TO riiK kahama islands. 227

IxHMi familiar with it all their lives, yet no one seems to know
ilelinitel}' what is the average life of the plant or whether that
term can be prolonged by cutting out the stalk or pole, and pre-
venting its growth.

The colonial government no longer makes large grants to
companies, as it has hitherto done at reasonable prices. It is
thought that enough has been done by such grants to encourage
the development of the industry and demonstrate the practicability
of the cultivation in a comprehensive manner. If permanently
successful it will be deemed wise to sell the remaining suitable
lands in small fields of ten acres, or thereabouts, to individual
owners, that the people of small means, or even of no accumula-
tions whatever, may be able to obtain their own individual
holdings and produce their own crop instead of working exclu-
sively for wages for others. This they may secure at one dollar
per acre, to be paid out of the first crop raised, and it is hoped
that by this method of sale a large portion of the laboring people
who now obtain employment but a moiety of the time, at indiffer-
ent wages, may be induced to capitalize their lost time and thus
soon become independent and self-sustaining.

The sponge fishery was an exceedingly interesting study.
Probably four thousand of the islanders are engaged in gathering
and curing the sponge. It is not the most attractive calling by
any means. The sponges are fished from the bottom of the sea,
sometimes in thirty-five and forty feet of water, either by the aid
of long poles or by diving. Being secured they must be allowed
to decay and then be freed from th(,' resulting offensive animal
matter, by thorough washing and drying. They are then brought
to Nassau and exposed for sale at auction in a large open shed,
called the Sponge Exchange, where they are sold to the highest
bidder, he being a broker. No one can bid but a broker and
sponges cannot be sold elsewhere than at the Sponge Exchange,
so that this guild of brokers appears to have pretty much of a
monopoly of the sponge business of the Bahamas. The proceeds
of the sale are divided between the owners of the vessel, who are
generally the outfitters, and the crew. Great complaint is made,
and to an outsider it would appear to Im with some reason, that
between the outfitters and the brokers but little remains for the
crew who perform this unpleasant and laborious toil, for they
can hardly earn seventy-five dollars per year besides a very poor

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fare. The outfit of provisions cannot be very extensive, for,
^vhile the Sophia Maud was lying under the lee of Pelican Cay,
several sponging vessels also came into the little harbor for shelter
and anchored. By the morning of the second day it was judged
that provisions had run short among them, for the boats were out
and they were making a lively hunt for conchs for dinner. Two
men in each boat, stripped to the pelt, both ready to dive on the
instant, sculled easily about, peering down into the water with a
water glass made of a long box, eight inches square and twelve
inches long, with a glass bottom. With this they could see the
shell-fish in quite deep water and to see one was to dive for it. A
•civilized man is in pretty great straits for food when his appetite
will enable him to feast on the IJesh of the conch, Strontbus Gigas.

The cruise of the Sophia ]\Iaud had a most auspicious termina-
tion. The interior waters among the islands form delightful
cruising grounds, where one may generally look for a fair wind
and make a safe anchorage ever}'' night. The last two days of the
trip proved to be the only calm weather of the entire cruise ; there
"was barely air enough to move the yacht along ; the water was
smooth as glass and the bottom of the ocean could be seen, at the
•depth of seventy feet, as clearly as if nothing intervened. The
'wonderful transparencj'^ of the water was difficult to understand
«,nd impossible to explain. The sun shone with great brilliancy,
the atmosphere was clear and bright, and when the shadow of the
great mainsail was thrown upon the surface, the water seemed to
■disappear as if the little vessel was by some mysterious means
borne or hung suspended in the air. On the bottom could be
iclearly seen the different moUusks moving slowly about, the peri-
"winkle as well as the conch ; the varied and beautiful forms of
coral, and the sea-plumes of all shades of color, waving gently in
the current.

Fishes of all sizes and colors were swimming lazih' around ; the
«and-fish, about the size and appearance of a good robust chub,
•shy and timid fellows, on being startled would bury their noses in
the sand and waving their tails slowly to and fro seemed to simu-
late the motion of the sea-plumes about them ; the barracouda, a
-species of shark, lying stationary thirt}' or forty feet away, like a
>clipper-built pirate as he is, waiting for his prey, seemed to ask
what we were there for and what we proposed to do ; the turbot
with its varied colors of yellow, green, and blue, a nice fish for pan

A wixTEi; \ isrr to the haiia.ma islands. 229

or ehowdtM-; the bine fisli, true to its name, of a bright ultramarine
blue, with pink spots about its head, as it swims deep down in the
water, seems to have a halo of color all about it and declines your
most insinuating piscatory art. The trumpet fish, angel fish,
mutton fish, parrot fish, swell fish, and a multitude of others of
which there is neither time nor opportunity to learn the names, of
all colors, shapes, and sizes swim lazily beneath you or sport among
the mazes of marine plants with which the floor of the sea is
covered. These days seemed like one continuous dream, so strange,
so varied and unreal were all of our experiences both in the air and
water.

As we leave these isles of summer the conclusion is inevitably
forced upon us that the practical hand which is now directing their
concerns will at no distant day secure for them a good and increas-
ing measure of prosperity, which feeling seems also to impress the-
reflecting business men of the colony ; that the native negro popu-
lation possesses the same desires for accumulation that distinguish
the most favored people of the world, and that when the way is
shown them to utilize their industry they will eagerly pursue it ;
that the}'^ are as sober, orderly, and peaceable as those in other com-
munities will average, not excepting the new New England ; that the
native white population are intelligent, courteous, and as enterpris-
ing as we could expect from their surroundings. They realize fully
today that the flush times of blockade running during the American
Civil War, were but, a delirium of prodigality which has been
followed by years of exhaustion and prostration. There seem to
be better and more prosperous days at hand, which, let us. hopa
will be more substantial and enduring.

Col. Wilson's lecture was illustrated by a large number of photo-
graphs, some of which, through the kindness of Mr. James H.
Stark, in whose companj' Col. Wilson's journey was made, and
who has freely given to the Society the use of the plates from his
recent Avork on the Bahamas, are reproduced here, and also by
specimens of the Sisal hemp. The lecture was received with
applause, and at the close a vote of thanks to him was unanimously
passed. A vote of thanks was also passed to the Committee on
Publication and Discussion for the exceedingly interesting series
of meetings which they had provided, of which this was the last.

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Committee on Publication Iiave mueli pleasure in adding to
the Transactions the following paper, kindly offered to the
Society by the author :

Notes on the FrN(;L"s Causing Damping Off, and Other
Allied Forms.

By Thomas Walton Galloway, Marshall, Mo.

I. Damping Off. — The damping off fungus has been known
for a number of years through its disastrous effects upon seed-
lings. The peculiarities of the disease and the approved methods
of treating it have been described by several contributors —
gardenei'S and botanists — in the "American Garden," June, 1890.
A more extended account is to be found in "Diseases of Plants,"
by H. Marshall Ward. In these papers various opinions are
given with regard to the probable botanical character of the plant
or plants causing the malady, some of the writers regarding it
not as the work of a parasite but as the direct result of certain
conditions of moisture and temperature ; others deeming that the
disease is caused by a growth of algae about the subterranean
portion of the plant, resulting in a suspension of the functions of
the roots, and a consequent destruction of the seedling.

Notwithstanding the frequency of its occurrence in greenhouses
and plant beds where seedlings are grown, there is the greatest
latitude among gardeners concerning the application of the term.
Many apply it to any conspicuous mycelium which ma}' grow over
the sand and weaker seedlings, without any reference to the effect
produced b}' it. Others use the term in a much more restricted
sense, distinguishing by it certain manifestations of disease on the
part of the seedling, rather than any external fungous growth.
This is the interpretation given b}' the most careful gardeners with
Avhom I have talked, and is the one which I shall adopt in my
study of the disease.

The behavior of seedlings suffering from an attack of damping
off presents the advantage of being very characteristic, and when
once seen may always be recognized. Its first appearance is
indicated by a slight paleness and drooping of the seedlings. If
these be carefully removed, it will be seen that the root, either
throughout its length or in portions, is beginning to shrink and

DAMPING OFF FUXGUS AND ALLIED FORMS. 231

■deony, and tliat the root-hairs are destro3^e(l. J.ater, if the plant
is not vigorous enough to resist the fungus and to put forth
seeoiuhiry roots, the disorganization of tissue extends to the stem,
resulting ultimately in the toppling over of the plant and its
thorough decay, although in some instances the plant remains
green for several days after falling. This extends from one plant
to another until onl}' a few or none of the seedlings in a bed may
be left. From the nature of the growth and method of attack of
the parasite, it will be seen that it is naturally more fatal to deli-
•cate seedlings and those which get their growth slowly than to
others. Such plants as Gilia, Viscaria, Lobelia, etc, are much
more likely to be injured than more robust forms. The conditions
^hich are most favorable to its growth are moist atmosphere, high
temperature, Avith shade, or cloudy weather.

At the suggestion of Professor W. G. FarloAv, upon the
appearance of the disease at the Botanic Garden of Harvard
College, I undertook to ascertain the exact botanical character of
the cause, or causes, of damping off. I soon became convinced
that the conjecture which had been offered, — that a Pythium was
the real parasite, — was correct. The features above given being
accepted as characteristic of the malady, many seedlings so
affected were examined. The tissues of such plante, especially in
the roots and in the stem just above the surface of the ground,
are readih" seen to be permeated by the hypha? and reproductive
bodies of a species of Pythium. The- same fungus was found in
considerable abundance running over the sand, and in the dead
leaves of Sphagnum which covered portions of the bed. I col-
lected some of the Pythium from the moss and sand, — because
there it could be obtained more free from bacteria and hyphomj^-
cetes than in the tissues of the living plant, — and sowed it upon
tender bits of plant tissue placed in Van Tiegham cells, in a
hanging-drop culture. By transplanting from cell to cell, I
secured Pythium as free as possible from other forms of fungi.
This, while growing freely and under the most favorable artificial
conditions which could be secured, was sown upon seedlings of
Gilia tricolor Avhich had been germinated and grown in sterilized
earth, and which had shown no signs of damping off. Within
five days after the addition of the Pythium, seventeen plants out
of twenty-three had been attacked by it, and fourteen of these

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

finally succumbed, and were wholly destroyed. The three remain-
ing ones were removed before this occurred, to furnish comparison
with the more advanced cases. Similarly, seeds were germinated
in a pot of sterilized soil, without being artificially infected.
These, subjected as nearly as possible to the same external condi-
tions, did not show any' signs of the malady.

The fungus, according to my observation, always attacks the
plant through its roots. The hyphiie penetrate into aud lietween
the cells of the root, causing a complete breaking down of the
tissues. In an advanced case of the disease it is almost impos-
sible to make out any cellular structure in the lower part of the
stem and root. The dissolution of the cellulose cell wall before
the advancing h^^phae is very rapid. The root-hairs and sub-epi-
dermal growing parts are first affected, the former drooping and
becoming functionless even in regions not immediately attacked.
The h3'phj>? extend into the stem, and in some instances I have
found the mycelium densely matted in the tissues of the leaves,
although this does not usually take place until the plant has fallen
to the ground. The vegetative hyphie grow with vei'y great
rapidity under favorable conditions. I placed within a Van
Tiegham culture cell, a plant which showed only a few filaments in
its roots ; in eighteen hours it was thorouglilj' covered and pene-
trated by the hyphte without having formed a single oogonium.
Twelve hours later, owing, probably, to the exhaustion of the food
supply and the removal of some of the moisture, oogonia appeared
in great numbers in ever}" part of the plant. This illustrates to
what an extent the fungus may spread in a single night, and how
quickh" it responds to changes in the conditions of food, tempera-
ture, aud moisture.

The hyphixj of the Pythium are much branched, and mosth^
unsegmented, except in regions where reproductive bodies occur ;
at such points one or more septa are formed. [Fig. 1.] They
\ary in diameter from i^f^ to 6^* when mature, and are usuallj'
dark with densely granular protoplasm. The walls are very thiu
in comparison with the lumen, making the hyphiv very fragile.
The reproductive bodies are of two kinds, — the oogonia aud
antheridia, aud the non-sexual zoosporangia. The oogonia are

* The Greek letter ju, denotes the unit of microscopical measurement, one-thous-
andth of a millimeter, or about one twenty-five thousandth of an inch. [En.

DA^IPINTr OFF FUNGUS AND ALLIED FORMS. 233

formed chiefly as enlargements of the terminal portion of the
lateral branches. Each of these is separated by a septum from
the hypha supporting it. There are usually in each case tAvo
septa, cutting off two cells from the main branch. The terminal
one of these becomes spherical and forms the oogonium ; the
proximal cell gives off a secondary branch -which results, in a single
antheridium. [Figs. 1 and 2, a.] The oogonia, however, are not
confined to this terminal position. It is frequently the case that
a portion of the filament, anywhere along its length, becomes
separated from the remainder by two^ septa, and becomes an
oogonium. [Fig. 3.] The oogonia are 20-26/^ in diameter.
Each contains one oospore which measures 16-20/*. The oospores
have two walls, (1) the exosporium, quite thick {2-2^f^), and (2)
the eudosporium, pi-esenting only a single contour. In the early
stages of the formation of the oospore, spherules of protoplasm
segregate in a manner verj' similar to the condition seen in the
formation of zoospores. [Fig. 2.] These masses are variable
in size and number, and flow together again at a later stage. In
addition to the oogonia and antheridia, there are other terminal
swellings which are somewhat smaller (12-15/^), each of Avhich
forms a tube in ji manner entireW similar to that described by
Hesse and others as the commencement of the formation of
zoospores. According to Hesse's description, the protoplasm of
the sporangium passes through this tube into a thin- walled en-
largement at the end, where the separation into zoospores takes
place. I regard the structures represented in Fig. 4 as being
zoosporangia, although I have not succeeded as yet in procuring
functional zoospores from them. There are other enlargements of
the hypha which must be considered purely vegetative. They are
short portions of the filament which are cut off by two septa from
the remainder, as in the case of the non-terminal oogonia ; but
they are not accompanied by antheridia. [Fig. 5.]

The oospores germinate b}' the rupture of the thick exosporium
and the protrusion of a tube from the endosporium. The exten-
sion of this tube results immediately in the normal hypha? of the
plant. [Fig. 6.]

The character and position of the zoosporangia, the mouosporous
oogonia, the measurements of oogonia and oospores, and the
very ramose mycelium seem to indicate that the plant is the

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pythiam described by Hesse under the name P. De Baryanum.
Saccardo gives as synonymous with it,

P. equiaeti, Sadeb.

Liicidium pythioides, Lohde.

P. vexans, De By.

The destruction of the fungus may be effected very readily by
subjecting the soil to conditions favorable for the germination of
the oospores before the time when it is desired for the reception
of the seeds. If, .in a few days, the soil be exposed thoroughly'
to a very dry, hot atmosphere, the very fragile vegetative hj'phie
will be destroyed, and a practical sterilization of the soil will
result. With proper subsequent care the likelihood of attack
will be very much diminished. Several methods of treatment to
be followed after the disease makes its appearance are given in
the " American Garden," as cited above.

Since completing my observations on damping off, the notes of
Professor Humphrey, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, have reached me. The two series of observation
were independently made, and inasmuch as they agree lend mutual
support.

Bibliography.

Damping Off. — American Garden, Vol. XI, No. G, June, 1800.
H. Marshall Ward: — Diseases of Plants.

Pt/thium De Baryanum, etc. — De Bary : — Pythium vexans.
Botanische Zeitung, 1881. Hesse: — Pythium De Baryanum.
[Inaugural Dissertation, 1874.]

II. Sapkolegnia monoica, Pringsheim. — It will perhaps not be
inappropriate to include with my brief notes on Pythium the results
of some observations on an allied genus, Saprolegnia.

In the Autumn of 1890 I made a collection of material from
different localities in several states, with the purpose of securing
species of Saprolegnia which would present the most favorable con-
ditions for observing the nuclear action in the maturation of the
reproductive bodies. Of the forms obtained, S. monoica seemed
most suited to my use. The absence of thickenings on the wall of
the oogonium, and the possibility of obtaining depauperate sporan-
gia with only one or two oospores make the observation of iutra-
.sporangial conditions more easy.

DAi\rPING OFF FUNGUS AND ALLIED FORMS. 235

The nuclei of Saprolegnia are very small (l-lj f^), vascular, for
"the most part oval, and have a well marked nucleolus. They are
usually so enveloped by granular protoplasm that their observation
is a very difficult matter ; this is especiallj' true in the sporangia.
The ordinary dift'ereutial stains seem wholly inadequate to demon-
strate them. The following treatment was the only one by wliieh
satisfactory results were secured. (1.) Fix with corrosive sub-
limate (satd. aq. sol.). (2.) Grade to 90% alcohol. (3.) Stain
thirty minutes in dilute alcoholic solution of iudulin (nigrosin),
and rinse in 70% alcohol. (4.) Stain in Grenacher's alcoholic
borax-carmine twelve hours or more. (5.) Mount in glycerine
and acetic acid, or gWcerine and alcohol.

This treatment very well differentiates the nuclei in the hyphne
iiud in the earlier stages of the oogonia. In the mycelium of the
plant the protoplasm is arranged in a peripheral C3'linder, from the
inner surface of which extend projections into and across the central
vascular region, forming a rather complicated net-work.

The nuclei are situated, for the most part, in these projections
and at the crossings or enlargements of the protoplasmic strands.
fFig. 7.] In the young oogonium, one readily sees the persistence
of the same general arrangement after the septum has been formed,
the nuclei being clustered along the inner border of the dense pro-
toplasmic investment. [Fig. -S.] In no case was I able to see
their migration into the, central vacuolar region, to the position
-occupied by the vacuoles with which Hartog considers them identi-
cal. This alone is not conclusive ; but taken with the observations
of Dangeard (Le Botaniste, April, 1890), with which my own
accord in some degi'ee, there seems to be ground for serious doubt
•concerning the accuracy of Hartog's interpretation. The nuclei
are much smaller than the vacuoles are when the}^ first appear, and
are considerably more numerous. Dangeard further claims to have
secured nuclei and vacuoles in the same preparation with sufficient
clearness to preclude belief in their identit}^ In addition to this it
must be noted that Hartog's idea, that the nuclei unite two by two
to form the so-called vacuoles, which in turn unite until all the
iiucleine is contained in from two to four masses, which resolve and
reunite to finally distribute nucleine to each of the oospheres, is
thoroughly at variance with what is known of the behavior of
nuclei in general. Aside from the union of male and female pro-

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nuclei, and the mingling of cell contents in couingating forms —
where sexuality is doubtful, we find nothing parallel to this com-
mingling of nuclei, — and nowhere do we find it so thoroughly
promiscuous, and succeeded by an almost equally indefinite separa-
tion and distribution of nucleine.

It is my purpose hereafter to continue more fully the study of the
action of the nuclei in the formation of the oospores.

While at work on Saprolegnia, my attention was especially drawu
to what have been called resting zoosporangia. These present a
mouiliform series of enlargements at the free end of the hypha.
[Figs. 9 and 10.] They are formed by from two to six repetitious
of the process described by Rothert in his account of the formation
of the simple zoosporangium. The hypha ceases to grow in length,
while the protoplasmic contents continue to press toward the free
end of the hypha. This results in a terminal enlargement. The
protoplasm aggregates in this swelling and becomes densely gran-
ular. About the point where the hypha begins to enlarge, the dense
protoplasm grades into the thinner sub-sporangial protoplasm. In
this region a liyaloplasmic disc is formed A:)y the withdrawal of the
granules. From the basal portion of this disc a septum is pro-
duced, probably b}' material which is taken up and deposited by
the " cellulin corpuscles " which Rothert states accompau}' the for-
mation of the septum. In the meantime that portion of the hj^pha
immediately below the septum begins to enlarge, passing through
the same stages. This is repeated a variable number of times
(from two to six), the zoosporangial swellings growing snudler
proximal]}'. Portions of the filament are not infrequently cut off
without becoming enlarged at all. The protoplasm in these sporan-
gia arranges itself as an investment of variable jthickness about
the periphery of the cell, with granular strands or sheets extending
across the lumen, forming two or more vacuoles. This protoplas-
mic layer becomes finely granular and very dense, especially on its
external aspect. The surface bordering the tube is mucli more
coarsely granular, and contains nuclei. At this point the develop-
ment is arrested, and the zoosporangium has the power of remain-
ing quiescent for a considerable length of time without losing its
vitality. In several instances growth was induced after more than
a fortnight of rest. When stimulated to renewed activit}' by the
addition of fresh nutriment they showed capability' of developing.

DA.MI'INCi OFF Fr.NGL'S AM) ALLIED FORMS. 237

zoospores [Fiii". 11], or of giving off vegetative- tubes which grow
very rapidly. [Fig- !-•] lu the former case the regular process of
zoospore foniiation seems to be taken up just where it was inter-
rupted, passing through the "partial segregation" (spore-origin)
stage, the "homogeneous" stage, and finally the protoplasm separat-
ing again, — this time permauentW — forming zoospores. When the
tubes are formed instead, they ma}' spring from any portion of the
sporangium, usually one to each. The parietal protoplasm of the
zousporangium occupies a similar position in the germinal tube, the
lumen of the latter being continuous with the cavity of the former.
[Fig. 18.]

A physiological consideration of the resting zoosporangia is
interesting in showing the conditions under which they are formed,
and taken in connection with their structure may show their origin,
use, and homology. In my cultures of Saprolegnia monoica I used
mosquitoes as a substratum, as they were of convenient size and
seemed to furnish sufficient nourishment for a complete generation
of the fungus, without offering extra material to decay and attract
bacteria. After getting cultures started I secured new ones by
transferring escaping zoospores only, thus being enabled to obtain,
asexually, generation after generation of the plant. My observa-
tions in this particular do not accord with the statement of Hartog,
that "on the whole it appears that cultures from successive genera-
tions of zoospores tend to produce oospores more readily." On
the contrary, I found that, after ten "or fifteen generations of
zocisporic reproduction, there Avas a decided diminution in the num-
ber of oosporangia formed, as well as in the number of oospores
which they contained. In addition to this there was manifestly a
tendency toward the disappearance of the antheridia even when
oogouia were produced. Finally there was a total cessation in the
production of oogonia, and only resting zoosporangia with two or
three enlargements appeared. The disappearance of the oogonia
and antheridia, and the decrease in the number of oospores point
to a deterioration of the fungus.

The formation of the resting sporangium at such a time must be
interpreted as an attempt on the part of the plant to produce
something of a reproductive nature longer-lived than the very
transient zoospores, after it becomes too degenerate to produce
■oospores. Practically the same features were observed in experi-

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

meuting witli the supply of food. In cases where an amouut of
food was giveu which seemed inadequate to the needs of a com-
plete generation of zoospores and oospores, veiy few of the
normal zoosporangia and oogonia were formed, but the energy of
the plant was directed toward the production of the resting
sporangia. Thus it is evident that the insufficienc}^ of food may
directly prevent the appearance of oospores. It is not impossible
that the amount of the food supply and the prospect of immediate
support — or the reverse — ma}' at least regulate the formation of
zoospores as well.

"When a new supply of nutriment is added to a culture which
has developed resting sporangia, the manner of renewing growth
depends somewhat upon the amount of nutriment added. If the
nutriment be supplied gradually, as by the decay of another tly in
close proximity, one finds that the tendenc}" is to jield zoospores
b}" the normal method, whereas, if a sudden addition of food is
made, as bj^ a decoction of flies or flesli, the vegetative tubes are
put forth in a manner essentiallj' similar to the germination of an
oospoi'e, and with a similar rejuvenescence of the resulting plant.
These considerations lead me to conclude that the resting zoospor-
angia are intermediate in function and structure between the
normal zoosporangium and the oogonium ; and, taken in connec-
tion with their similarity of position, and the remarkable parallelism
of the protoplasmic changes in the formation of their products,
offer much reason for considering the three structures as really
homologous.

In conclusion, I would express my thanks to Dr. ^Y. G. Farlow
for valuable suggestions and the use of his library.

Bibliography.

Busgen : — Die Entwickelung der Phycomycetensporangien. II.
Saprolegniagruppe. Pringsheim's Jahrbucher, XIII, 1882.

Dangeard : — Le Botaniste, April, 1890.

Hartog : — On Formation and Liberation of the Zoospores in the
Saprolegnieae. Quarterly Journal Mic. Sci. Vol. 27. March, 1887.

. Recent Researches on Saprolegnieje (a critical abstract

of Rothert's paper). Annals of Botany, \'ol. 2. August, 1888.

. Recherches sur la structure de Saprol^gnees. [188'.).]

Rothert : — Die Entwickelung der Sporaugien bei der Saproleg-
nien. Cohn's Beitrjiafe. 1890.

0m fi'^

/-^

DA.AiriNC; OFF FUNGUS AM) ALLIED FOH.MS. 239"

Explanation of Plates.
Plate I. Pythiiim DeBaryanum, Hesse.

Fig. 1 . IIj'plui showino- method of branchiug and youug oogoiiia
(a).\700.'

Fig. 2. Terminal oogouia, a, b, and c, progressive stages in
formation of oospore, o, oogoninm. p, antheridium. Xll<^'<*-

Fig. 3. Non-terminal oogonium, with antheridium. XHOO-

Fig. 4. Stages in formation of zoosporangium. e, empty
zoosporangium. X58().

Fig. 5. Gemnue. X8<W.

Fig. 6. Germinating oospores. XlOOO.

Plate II. Saprolegnia monoica, Pringsheim.

Fig. 7. Hypha showing arrangement of protoplasm and nuclei.
X1500.

Fig. 8. Young oosporangium, with nuclei. Xl-'***-

Figs. 9 and 10. Stages in the formation of resting zoosporan-
gia. v, vacuoles. X'^oO.

Fig. 11. Resting sporangium forming zoospores after quiescence.
X2o0.

Figs. 12 and 13. Other resting sporangia putting forth
germinal tubes after quiescence. X250.

i

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Prefatory Note, 3

Business Meeting, January 3, 1891 ; Address of President Spooner, pp. 5-8 ;
Memorial of Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 8, 9; Awards of Committee on
Gardens reported, and further time granted, 9; Appropriations for
1890 and 1891, 9, 10; Appointment of Treasurer and Secretary, 10; Pres-
ervation of Beautiful and Historical Places, 10; Compensation of Com-
mittees, 10, 11 ; Invitation to State Board of Agriculture, 11 ; Committee
to prepare memorial of Warren Heustis, 11 ; Committee to nominate
successor, 11 ; Committee on Revision of Constitution and By-Laws,
11; Announcement by Committee on Publication and Discussion, . 11

Business Meeting, January 10; Memorial of Warren Heustis, pp. 12, 13;
Committee on Revision of Constitution and By-Laws announced, 13;
Prizes offered for Reports of Awarding Committees, 13; Annual
Report of Treasurer read, 1.',

Meeting for Discussion; The Work of the Pomological Division of the
United States Department of Agriculture, by H. E. Van Deman,
Pomologist, pp. 13-21 ; Discussion 21-2C

Business Mee^ting, January 17; Part of Report of Committee on Window
Gardening read, p. 26; Classification of Horticulture at the World's
Columbian Fair, 26 ; Report on Society's Diploma, 2(;

Meeting for Discussion; Evergreen Trees, by William C. Strong, pp. 27-38;

Discussion, 38-48

Business Meeting, January 24 49

Meeting for Discussion; Roses, by John N. May, pp. 49-53; Discussion, 53-5S

Business Meeting, January 31; Committee to Nominate Committee on

Window Gardening, 5^

Meeting for Discussion; Insects and Fungi Injuring Fruits, with Reme-
dies, by Prof. Samuel T. Maynard, pp. 59-67; Discussion, . . 67-71

Business Meeting, February 7; Committee on Window Gardening elected,
p. 72; Vacancy in Vegetable Committee filled, 72; Four Members
elected, 7.'

3IEETING for Discussion; Chrysanthemums, by John Thorpe, pp. 72-76;

Discussion, 77-n}

Business Meeting, February 14 ; Report on Compensation of Committees,
p. 85; Awards of Prizes for Reports, 85; Acceptance of Invitation to
State Board of Agriculture, 85

II CONTENTS.

Meeting for Discussion; The Strawberry and its Culture, by P. M.

Augur, pp. 86-95; Discussion, 95-100

Business Meeting, February 21; Postponement of Spring Exhibition, . 101

Meeting for Discussion; The Geographical Distribution of Plants, by W.

F. Ganong, pp. 101-117; Discussion, 117,118

Business Meeting, February 28 118

Meeting fob Discussion ; The Study of Horticulture in the Public Schools,

by Dr. C. C. Rounds, pp. U8-132; Discussion, 132-140

Business Meeting, March 7, 140

Meeting fob Discussion ; Diseases of Trees Likely to Follow Mechanical

Injuries, by Prof. "William G. Farlow, pp. 140-154; Discussion, . . 155-158

Business Meeting, March 14 158

Meeting foe Discussion; The Scientific Education of Gardeners, by

Charles L.Allen, pp. 159-169; Discussion, 169-174

Business Meeting, March 21 ; Decease of John B. Russell announced, . 174

JIeeting foe Discussion; A Plea for Protecting our Native Birds, by

Thomas C. Thurlow, pp. 174-182; Discussion 182-190

Business Meeting, March 28, . 190

Meeting for Discussion; Ferns, by George E. Davenport, pp. 191-204;

Discussion, 204-208

Business Meeting, April 4; Five Members proposed, p. 208; Revised Con-
stitution and By-Laws reported and ordered to be entered on the

records, 209, 210; Four Members elected 210

Business Meeting, April 11 ; Two Members proposed 210

Meeting for Discussion; A Winter Visit to the Bahama Islands, by Col.

Henry W. Wilson, with 11 plates, 210-229

Notes on the Fungus Causing Damping Off and Other Allied

Forms, by Thomas W. Galloway, with 2 plates, 230-239

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