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This book may be kept out

TWO WEEKS

only, and is subject to a fine of TWO
CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on
tlie day indicated below.

SFP '^ 1899

^ >

I M M

TRANSACTIONS

\^

Passaclusetts Jorticultural ^mi%

FOE THE YEAE 1892.

PART I.

BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

189 2.

CHAPEL uSHL-^-^

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent iu the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the " Boston Transcript." As
here presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions
are not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefully revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

0. B. Hadwen, "^ Committee on
William H. Hunt, > Publication and
J. D. "\V. French, J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

assac^itsrfts Portrcultixral Soctetg.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturdat, January 2, 1892.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

This being the commencement of the tenn of office of the new
board of officers and standing Committees, the President delivered
his annual address, as follows :

President Spooner's Address.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society: Standing expectant before the opening portals of an-
other year, let us, as we exchange our friendly greetings, remem-
ber with pleasure the gratifying results of our labor in the year
which has closed its record — although in our pursuits such records
cannot justly be said to have closed, because from season to sea-
son they link themselves together as the fruit follows the blossom,
and the attainment of any unusual development gives promise of
new opportunity for effort and new achievement.

In the review of the year's work, as it appears from the partial
reports of our standing committees and from personal observa-
tion, it presents a retrospect of phenomenal success ; and, while
we have felt each year that we had made marked progress, we
have even more than the ordinarj' ground for gratulation at pres-
ent. Our gain has been especially evident in the merit of the
weekly shows, some of which have been almost equal to annual
exhibitions of former years.

Our only regret is spent upon the Annual Rose Show, which
was far from creditable in some of its features ; affected in some

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

degree by weather, but also from what is, in my judgment, a mis-
take in the method of conducting it. I have always upheld the
idea that no exhibitor should be allowed to compete for the several
classes of prizes using the same varieties of flowers, the tendency
being to weaken the value of collections. There is a possible
temptation, if competition requires but few varieties, to strive for
prizes rather than for progress, and, under such a system, our
array of roses would present few novelties and almost monotonous
repetition. Our pride in the general standard should outweigh all
consideration of personal advantage.

We are much indebted to our Committee on Discussion for work
which was most faithfully performed, and which was far from easy,
the selection of subjects for papers, aud competent persons to
prepare them, requiring discrimination and study — a work which'',
for the greater part, was a labor of love, and the results of which
were exceedingly creditable. The method which was adopted of
notifying the public from week to week of subjects in advance
had the effect of filling our Library Room, so that we were
obliged to avail ourselves of the larger accommodation of the
Lower Hall. Meetings of this character, treating of practical
subjects, are interesting and instructive to all classes of cultivators.

Several weeks ago the name of Hon. E. W. Bull, of Concord,
Mass., was proposed here for honorary membership, and the Ex-
ecutive Committee will recommend the name today. One of our
members, at a meeting last winter, said he "would like to see in
Horticultural Hall monumental tablets to commemorate the ser-
vices, and to honor the names of noble discoverers or producers of
good things, such as E. W. Bull, the originator of the Concord
grape."

It seems to me that our associate struck the right chord. Mr.
Bull's case is an exceptional one ; he never has realized pecun-
iarily what his wonderful product deserved. Do we appreciate
what an achievement this was of Mr. Bull's, and what an immense
horticultural industry, with large revenue, it has been instrumen-
tal in developing ? Would it not be desirable for the Society to
give honorable record in some lasting form to their high consider-
ation of Mr. Bull, or of any other successful originator of horti-
cultural products?

Perhaps because it has become so common for our people to
travel in other ciimes where fruit can be used at all seasons, and

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT SPOONER. 7

also because so many vendors of fruit have migrated to our own
shores, that the taste has become grafted into our plain New Eng-
land fare, and fruit is used in quantities now which would have
amazed us fifteen or twenty years ago, the gain given to its cult-
ure by such eminent producers being thus brought daily before
every lover of these luscious delicacies.

In spite of former traditions of our rock-bound coast and shores
that were always jDoetically called "rugged," we are surprised to
find Cape Cod and the Buzzard's Bay section of the South Shore
unfolding wonderful results in gardening, Mr. Fa}' on the one side,
and Mr. Simpkins on the other, having shown the capabilities of
the'tuo extremes, and proved their ability to produce early veg-
etables and flowers quite in advance of growers in this vicinity.
A field seems opening in this direction for enterprising young
horticulturists, who are willing to exert themselves in bringing
forward the possibilities lying nearer our home market than the
distant lands of the South or West.

The report of the Committee of Arrangements is worthy of
careful consideration, as we shall learn from it what the several
exhibitions at which an admittance fee has been charged, have
actually brought into the treasury of the Society. This report
shows :

Receipts $3,520.62

Expenses for labor, advertising, etc. . . . 1,462.83

Leaving a balance of $2,057.79

This is exclusive of any recognition of the rent of the halls. If
this were added it would more than exhaust the surplus, amount-
ing as it would to $2, 133.33, and thus leaving a deficit of $75.74.
If we add to this the sum appropriated for prizes at the five ex-
hibitions (S4,165), it can justly be claimed that this Association
is a generous public educator. The exact statement of each
exhibition is as follows:

Receipts ol

Expenses.

Profit.

Spring Siiow . . . ,

$930.12

$320.34

$609.78

Hose and Strawberry Show

276.25

169.60

106.65

Plant and Flower Show .

498.25

244.29

253.96

P\-uit and Vegetable Show

138.25

217.73

*79.48

Chrvsauthemum Show

1,677.75

510.87

1,166.88

* Loss.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I make these statements to suggest the possibility of some
changes being desirable, which should combine a fair respect to
the pecuniary interest of the Society with the wisdom of adjusting
the prominent shows to the seasons when they would be best
appreciated.

The Committee on Prizes propose in the coming year to make
the Rhododendron Exhibition in June one for which an admittance
fee will be charged, and as the Rose and Strawberry Show occurs
during that month it might be made free to the public, especially
as the conditions of the ' season may compel exhibitions at
different dates.

In September so many persons remain at the sea-shore or
among the mountains that our Plant and Flower Exhibition
receives far less patronage than the outlay of time and money'
merits, and it might wisely be made a free exiiibition of less
magnitude. The Spring Exhibition and the Rhododendron and
Chrysanthemum Shows could then, perhaps, be enlarged by
offering additional prizes for plants.

We know how much the success of our exhibitions depends
upon the Committee of Arrangements, and how large a share of
its labors devolves upon its Chairman. I am sure we all sincerely
regret to lose the valuable services of Mr. Norton, wiio has filled
the position with marked ability for two years. We realize that
the duties are onerous, and perhaps the proposed changes might
lighten the load in some degree, so that Mr. Norton can be
induced to retain the office.

I desire also to bear witness to the faithful service of our
Secretary, his assistants, and the Treasurer, all of whose work
has been well done ; in fact, all the officers of the Society have
worked together with unanimity and zeal.

The new plan of dividing the Plant and Flower Committee has
been tried during the past year, and the distinct Committees work
very successfully. The new By-Laws have also been in force for
the past six months.

The attendance at our quarterly meetings has been greatly
increased by notification to members, but the adjourned meetings
have been too much neglected ; they are frequently as important
as the quarterly meetings, and deserve attendance to prevent
unnecessary delay in business.

The Transactions will hereafter be mailed to members, and

ADDRESS or PRESIDENT SPOONER. i)

should auy errors occur in the addresses the Secretary should be
notified. Those for the first part of the year 1891 have been
distributed, and form a publication reflecting credit upon their
careful editor, our Secretary. The contents are well worthy of
preservation for reference.

It will be noticed by the Schedule for 1892 that an addition of
$750 has been made to the premium list. If the financial
condition of our Society permits, it would seem a wise policy to
add to this list as circumstances demand.

We need to be constantly reminded of the importance of
increasing our young, active membership, upon which the
perpetuation of our institution so largely depends. In an ex-
amination of the records we find that Mr. Leverett M. Clias^, who
joined the Society in 1887, has since that time iiitix)dnced for
membership thirty-five names. Should not this example stimulate
us to similar effort and incite us to share with others the legacy
which the founders of this institution have left us?

Last January tlie drains of the building were thoroughly
repaired, and are now in excellent condition. There is an
immediate need of repairs upon and additions to the furniture of
our halls, such as would naturally be required in a building so
constantly in use.

The project of establishing a national arboretum at Washington
is attracting a considerable degree of public attention, and in that
equable climate fine results may be anticipated. It would educate
tree lovers wonderfully, and its advantages are too obvious to
require urging ; this Society might appropriately lend its influence.
I referred last year to the AVorld's Columbian Exposition to be
held in Chicago in 1893. What measures this Society will tal^e, if
any, is for you to determine, but whatever is done sliould be done
as early as possible, at least as far as the initiatory steps.

There have been several deaths among our members during the
year. John B. Russell died in Indianapolis. He was the last
survivor of the founders and corporators of the Society, and one
of the most active of its early members. Resolutions of resjjcct
to liis memory have been presented. Dr. George B. Loring, of
Salem, who, though not an active member of the Society, was
largely identified with the agricultural interests of the State and
nation, will be greatly missed in this department. P. .M. Augur,
of Middlefield, Ct., State Pomologist of Connecticut, a succt'ssful

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultivator of small fruits, especially the strawberry, and originator
of several seedlings of value, is dead. We remember witli
gratification tlie admirable paper which he read here last winter.
Allen V. Abbott, of Boston, for some years janitor of our building,
and who filled that position with great acceptance to members, is
gone. We have also lost Alexander Anderson, William C. Child,
T. O. H. P. Burnham, Eben Snow, Edward Burley, Horace
Richardson, and John O. Sargent.

Since writing the above, the sudden death of E. F. Bowditch, of
Framingham, has added another to our list of highly esteemed
members who have passed away. In the prime of life and full
activity, his genial nature made him a pleasant addition to any
association, and his loss will be deeply felt. His interest in
agriculture, and his intelligent understanding of all its branches,
formed a marked feature of his active life, and made him a
valuable member of the State Board.

It is my privilege again to report the finances of the Society as
in a prosperous condition. At the beginning of the year there
was remaining unpaid $15,000 of the mortgage debt. Since then
$14,000 has been paid, leaving a balance of $1,000 which was
assumed by our best of friends, the Chairman of the Committee
on Finance, who will hold it subject to the convenience of the
Society to pay. This was deemed best on account of certain
conditions in the Stickney Fund.

I would suggest as a precautionary measure that the Society by
vote provide that any individual, firm, or association which desires
to offer special prizes through this Society, shall, when such a
request is presented, accompany it with the amount in money or
its equivalent. It would also save a very considerable expense to
the Society if such requests could be made before the Prize
Schedule is printed in December.

The Treasurer's Report is not quite complete. It will show
gross receipts for the year of about $57,315.39, including a
balance on hand January 1, 1891, of $15,222.08. The total
expenditures have been $41,296.32, leaving a balance of 'ca-h on
hand December 31, 1891, of $16,0 1 9. (J7. The receipts from
M')unt Auburn Cemetery for 1891 are $5,312.32, included in the
above amount.

APPROPRIATIONS MADE. 11

The address was received with tokens of approval, and on
motion of C. M. Atkinson it was voted that it be printed and a
copy sent to every member of the Society.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman of the Committee on Window
Gardening, read the Annual Report of that Committee, which was
accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The appropriation of $7,550 for prizes, recommended by the
Executive Committee at the November meeting, came up for final
action, and was unanimously voted.

The President, as Chairman of the P^xecutive Committee, re-
ported, recommending the following appropriations, which were
unanimously voted :

For the Committee on Window Gardening, this sum to
cover all incidental expenses of the Committee, and
to be paid through the regular channels . . . §250

For the Library Committee for the purchase of magazines
and newspapers, binding of books, and incidental ex-
penses of the Committee ...... 300

For the same Committee, to contiuue the Card Catalogue

of Plates ......... 100

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover

all extraordinary expenses of the Committee . . 300

For the C-ommittee on Publication and Discussion, in-
cluding the income of the John Lewis Russell fund . 300

For the salaries of the Treasurer and Superintendent of
the Building, and the Secretary and Librarian and his
assistant ......... 3,300

The Secretary read two communications from J. M. Samuels,
Chief of the Department of Horticulture of the World's Columbian
Exposition, in regard to collective exhibits in that department
accompanied with a blank application for space, and, on motion^
the Chair appointed O. B. Hadwen, B. G. Smith, and L. M. Chase
a Committee to take the subject into consideration.

The follo^^ ing-named persons, having been recommended by the
Executiv^e Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society :

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hon. Thomas W. Bicknell, of Dorchester,
Hon. A. Shuman, of Roxbury,
Thomas A. Cox, of Dorchester,
Maurice P. White, of Roxbury.

On recommendation of the Executive Committee, Hon. Ephraim
W. Bull, of Concord, was elected an Honorary Member of the So-
ciety, and Edgar Sanders, of Chicago, a Corresponding Member.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced that the series of Meetings for the Dis-
cussion of Horticultural Subjects would be opened at 11 o'clock
on Saturday next, by Hon. John E. Russell, who would speak on
the " System of Irrigation in the Nile Valley," and that, as usual,
these meetings would be open to all, and that all were freely and
cordially invited to attend.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 9.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 9, 1892.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Francis H. Appleton, from the Committee on Large or Inter-
esting Trees, stated that the Committee had prepared a list of
such trees in New England, and moved that they be authorized to
print it at an expense not exceeding ten dollars. The motion was
carried.

On motion of Benjamin Gr. Smith it was voted that, in com-
pliance with the rules of the State Board of Agriculture, three
prizes of $10, $8, and $6 be given for the best reports by award-
ing committees, and that the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion be requested to award these prizes.

It was also voted that, to facilitate making the returns required
by the State Board of Agriculture, tlie awarding committees
record the residences of all persons to whom awards are made.

SOIL AND IRRIGATION OF EGYPT. 13

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported the appointment of Charles E. Richardson as Treasurer
and Superintendent of the Building, and Robert Manning as
Secretary and Librarian for the year 1892.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 16.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Soil and Irrigation of Egypt.

By Hon. John E. Russell, Ex-Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, Leicester.

The fixed population of Egypt live in the very bed of the
Nile. Much of the soil they till is submerged at the inundation,
though a much smaller part than is generally supposed, but all
of it is watered by irrigation. There is a wandering population
of 200,000 or 300,000 Bedouin, who roam at will in the desert,
pasturing flocks at the numerous oases, and maintaining a wild
independence.

The desert is always in sight, even from cultivated fields, some-
times approaching the green strip of land bordering the river in
undulating gravelly sands ; again in grit-stone mountains that
look* weather-worn and shah' and seem to be crumbling into the
all-devouring sands.

Looking toward the desert and the rocks, the scene is one of
ulter desolation. There is no sign of vegetable life — no seed
ever germinates in the sterility of that absolute, eternal drought.
As you pass into the desert you find it quite different from your
expectations ; instead of shifting sands sinking under the feet,
you walk upon a hard floor on which is scattered broken stone, as
if strewn from the mountain ridges ; there are abundant nodules,
pebbles of silex, and pieces of flint.

In the lower and middle Nile valley the color of the desert is
gray or yellow. Above the first cataract you reach the syenite
rocks, and the desert becomes reddish-brown and scattered with
stones of the same color.

The wind blows sweet and dry over these soils or sands ; there are
no disease germs in the free air ; malaria has no place in this purity ;
your lungs expand, your blood quickens in its flow ; you walk with
elastic step ; you run without fatigue ; your appetite is equal to
coarse food, and you feel sympathy with the love of the Bedouin

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for bis wide, bi-eezy, open waste of desert ; you know why he
loves its freedom and rejoices in its firm, smooth, gravelly track.
When the fit seizes him he can spur his horse and gallop over it
where he listeth ; he can see his enemies like spots on the far
horizon ; there is no hiding-place, no ambuscade, and whoever
breathes its dry, bracing air, or sees the blaze of stars over it,
will share the feeling of the Arab.

In the winter the prevailing winds are from the north and the
north-west. The temperature at about eight o'clock in the morning
is rarely above 55°. At mid-day it is from 60° to 70°. Later in the
season the wind gets into the south and becomes what is dreaded
under the name of a " Khamsin ; " this sometimes blows for sev-
eral days — a sultry, sickening wind, raising storms of sand that
blow in dark clouds, penetrating every crack and creating discom-
fort— even suffering, which words fail to describe. One readily
sees, in the effect of one of these storms, how the fertile land may
be ruined by the drift, and how temples and tombs have been
covered for ages until dug out by the zealous archeeologist.

Coming back to the life of the river, the fertile land is some-
times not over ten feet in width, and even this is cut off in places
by the desert mountains, through which the waters have worn
their channel ; but the average width of the middle and upper Nile
valley, assisted by canals and irrigating machines, may be two or
three miles. Over part of this the inundation takes effect.

Much water is retained in canals, which are extensive and im-
portant works of the Khedives, and is raised by machinery used
for constant irrigation. Large sugar estates, of which there are
many, and gardens of rich proprietors, are watered by steam-
engines that pump into irrigating channels.

One of the common methods, the " shadoof," has been in use
since tliQ days of the Pharaohs, or from before the beginning of
history. The other, tlie " sakia," is not an Egyptian invention.
It is Persian, and does not appear in the ancient tomb pictures.
It is a simple machine. A well, usually made permanent with
stone casing, is in the bank of the river or canal; in this a wheel,
from six to ten feet in diameter, is hung, over which passes an
endless chain of water-jars which descend, mouth downward,
when the wheel is turned, and come up filled with water, which is
emptied into a trough as they pass over the centre.

On the axle of the great wheel is a smaller one with cogs

SOIL AND IRRIGATIOX OF EGYPT. 15

This is geared with a lateral wheel, which is fixed upon an uprigiit
post, turned by oxen. This machine is never oiled, is ill made,
and badly fitted. It makes a wailiug, groaning, or shrieking cry,
that can be heard a long distance. When several of them are
grouped the noise is hideous. Tliey are not unfrequently worked
all night, and then, if your boat is near them, sleep is impos-
sible.

The ancient Egyptian machine for raising water, most
commonly used, is called the "shadoof." This primeval contriv-
ance was familiar to Joseph, Moses, and Abraham, or may go
back ten or twenty thousand years before them. It consists of
two upright posts, usually palm-tree stumps, or pillars of dry
clay, about thirty inches apart ; a cross-bar supports a pole ten
or twelve feet in length, the shore end of which is weighted with a
lump of clay ; from the other end, over the river bank, hangs a
pole to which is attached a leathern bucket, or a woven basket
lined with skin or cloth.

The man pulls down this sweep, fills his bucket, and the lump
of clay on the other end helps him to raise it swiftly ; he then
empties it into a channel which conveys it to the field.

If the bank is high, three or four of them may work one
. above the other, the lower ones raising the water from receptacle
to receptacle. This is most laborious. In the warm weather the
workers are quite naked, showing figures beautifully developed,
and they chant a wailing song in a minor key, always the same ;
like the song of birds it knows no change ; it was heard in ages
long ago before history began. It may have reached the sad
heart of the captive Hebrew, when, sick for home, lie stood in
tears amid the alien corn.

The people are not a meagre and ill-nourished race. The
young women are handsome, and have statel}' figures, with
dignity of movement, acquired from carrying heavy \^ater jars
upon their heads. They dress in long cotton frocks, and the
men wear a similar garment, but it is often taken oft", revealing
straight, muscular, springing figures, that are studies of manly
beauty. The games of Greece showed whiter and rosier forms,
but the difference between them and the Egyptians was only in
color.

Here the bronze Narcissus waters the field, unconscious of his
beauty. Antinoiis leads his camels without shame of his con-

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ditioD, and Mercury with slender heels, unwinged but light,
chases the stray asses or drives the wandering sheep from the
clover.

The severe labor of Egypt from the beginning until now has
been in irrigation ; the Nile is the source of all life, and its inun-
dation is as necessary to vegetation as is the heat of the sun.
This annual overflow is due to the prodigious rains which in their
regular season fall in the Equatorial region.

The river begins to swell about June 25th, and continues with
gradual increase for three months, when it reaches its limit. It
remains at flood twelve days, and then subsides with the same
gradual and gentle action. At Thebes and Luxor the rise is
thirty-six feet, flooding the temples of Karnak, and covering the
plain leading to the Ramesium, rising to the knees of the vocal
Meranon. In ancient days these works must have been protected
by dikes.

Though a great part of the life of ancient Egypt is detailed
with wonderful clearness on the walls of tombs, we have no
description of irrigation other than the rude machine now in
common use, which I have described. We know that there were
dikes, canals, and artificial lakes, and that great areas of land
were thus made available ; it is certain that the engineering which
moved the enormous obelisks from the quarries above the first
cataract to any part of the country desired, was also exercised
in controlling and utilizing the source of Egyptian life, but the
physical changes of thousands of years have left no remains of its
w.)rk in that direction.

At the time of the greatest power of Egypt — in the eighteenth
and nineteenth dynasties, from three thousand five hundred to
four thousand years ago, when their dominion extended to the
Soudan and over western Asia, and the most splendid temples
and colossi were raised — the source of their prosperity and
power was in their skill to control the flood of the Nile, and
lead its vivifying waters through the desert places.

Many centuries later the Greeks, learning civilization, manners,
and art from the decaying Egyptians, waged their unending strife
against the sandy waves of the Libyan desert, and one of their
mythological fables describes it. It is the story of the battle
between Hercules and Antaeus, Son of the Earth. The struggle
was long, for whenever the mortal was felled to the ground by

SOIL AND IRRIGATION OF EGYPT. 1<

the vigorous god, his force was renewed by contact with the
breast of his mother, and, springing to his feet, he recommenced
the never-ending strife.

The Nile flows for fifteen hundred miles without an affluent
and witliuut lain, wasted by a tropical sun, by the absorption of
the thirsty desert, and by the irrigation required for eight thou-
sand five hundred square miles of cultivated land. This continu-
ous waste has the eftVct, peculiar to this river, that it grows
larger as it is ascended, until between the rocky walls of its
Nubian bed it pours a torrent in volume far greater than that
which passes Cairo and joins the waters of the Mediterranean.

Tlie greater part of its course through upper and lower Egypt
is in a bed cut in its own alluvium, and the effect of this has
caused the banks to be higher than the ground back of them,
so that there is a transverse slope from them back to the desert ;
tliis is raised higher b}' dikes, which prevent overflow except
when water is intended to pass.

It has always been stated by travellers and is one of the
fictions of the guide-books, that the prodigious fertility of Egypt,
continuing from prehistoric ages up to the present time, is due to
the fertilizing depusit of silt brought down from the plains of
AUyssinia; this has its effect, not to be under-rated, but it is not
a sufficient cause, as maj^ be judged by the analysis of the water.

It contains traces of lime, magnesia, soda, potash, chlorine,
sulphuric acid, but less than is found in the Seine or in the
Thames at Hampton. It contains about the same material in
solution that is found in the rivers of Europe, — the Rhone,
Garonne, or Rhine ; but the Danube carries double and the
Mississippi six times the sediment that is found in the Nile. One
hundred parts of the deposit is found to contain :

Organic matter ......

Phosphoric acid ......

Lime ........

Magnesia ........

Potash ........

Soda ........

Aluminum .......

Silica ........

Carbonic acid .......

. 15.02

1.78

. 2.06

. 1.12

. 1.82

.91

. 20.92

. 55.09

1.28

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Thus it will be noticed that sand and clay make seventj^-six
parts in one hundred.

It is not a material that a Yankee farmer could afford to draw
from a distant swamp. But the Nile deposits are not the only
source of the Nile's recuperative power of soil which supported the
population of the valley twenty thousand years ago, and that stored
corn from which other people came to buy, in earliest history, and
that made Egypt one of the granaries of imperial Rome. There
is a subsoil below the alluvial deposit, whose active properties,
when brought to the surface by infiltration or by irrigation from
wells, are powerfully effective. Water taken from wells at a
distance from the river, and which has come from the river by
infiltration, differs greatly from the water of the river in chemical
elements, and contains much more soluble matter. I regret that
I cannot give you an analysis, but I know that there are four
times as much lime and magnesia, ten times as much chlorine,
and double the sulphuric acid.

Such land, near the desert, if thoroughly infiltrated, and the
water allowed to evaporate, sliows deposits of white salt on the
surface, and becomes sterile like the valley of the Dead Sea.
This land, if the water is drained by canals, or if protected by
dikes and irrigated from wells, is enormously productive.

I have said that we do not know how the ancient Egyptians
irrigated the land. We know that It supported a population more
dense than in any other part of the world.

We do not know how the work was done in the time of the
Ptolemies, or under Roman rule. The waste, sloth, and ruin that
came over the country under Mussulman dominion reduced the
people to utter misery and first principles. The work of irrigation
was done by the river and the rude machines upon its banks ; but
in the present century Mahomet Ali revived the productiveness of
the soil by digging a system of canals which drained the plains
and supplied water during the dry season for interior irrigation.
This permits continuous cultivation through the year, except in
basins which are filled during the inundation, and are only used
for an annual crop.

It will seem strange to my hearers to be told that until the
occupation of Egypt by the English all the public works were
carried on by forced labor, thousands of the Felliiheeu being
conscripted, taken to the canals, often at a distance from their

SOIL AND IRRIGATION OF EGYPT. 19

villages, and driven by the lash. Many of them died from ovi-r-
work and miserable food. Those who lived, when released, had
to find their way back to their homes as best they could. Indeed,
under the old Turkish and Khedival governments, the lot of the
peasants was worse than slavery, for they were sacrificed without
remorse or care on the part of their rulers.

All this injustice has ceased under the British I'ule. Public
works are carried on with system, carefully planned by competent
engineers, and the work is awarded to contractors, who have no
control over labor except to see that they get a day's work for a
day's pay. The old canals are kept clean and efficient ; many new
ones have been excavated, and a great quantity of land tliat had
been idle for lack of irrigation has been restored to agriculture.

The population of Eg3'pt to the square mile is more dense than
that of any part of Plurope, and entirely dependent upon agri-
culture, as a country without mines, forests, or commerce must be
The richest crops — those that can be turned into money to pay
taxes, which are very heavy, and to pay for imports — are sugar,
cotton, cotton seed, and wheat.

The sugar industry, though still large, has declined because of
the enormous supplies stimulated by the bounty systems of France
and Germany, but the increase of cotton planting is rapid and
is greatly encouraged by the English ; the supplies of wheat for ex-
port are small, according to our ideas.

The wliole revenue of the country is about $47,000,000. Of
this, 127,000,000 is derived from a land tax, and some $6,000,000
from other direct taxes. There is a monopoly of tobacco in the
government; the remainder is from customs duties. There is a
strong effort being made by the English administration to enfor(;e
economy and to refund the public debt at lower rates of interest,
and I think there is a great deal of hope for the future of Egypt.

In some prefatory remarks, Mr. Russell said that while his sub-
ject was not one of importance to the agriculture of Massachusetts,
it was a matter of curious interest from an agricultural point of view,
particularly as a proof of the value of water in agricultural opera-
tions on the one hand, and the necessity of drainage on the other.

In the course, or at tlie close of the lecture, the following addi-
tional facts and observations were given :

The conditions of the Nile valley are different from tiiose exist-

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICtlLTURAL SOCIETr.

ing in any other part of the world. The delta formerly included
several mouths, but there are now only two From the delta,
going up the stream from six to seven hundred miles, the valley
of the Nile averages not more than two miles in width, and in
some places is not above from ten to fifteen feet wide. Yet from
six to seven millions of people subsist on the products of that
area. They use the river as a highway at all times, and what
with the creaking of the sakia, or Persian water-raising machines,
and the swearing, shouting, and shrieking of the boatmen and
many of their passengers, for which the Arabic language seems
peculiarly adapted, the air is filled with an almost intolerable
confusion of discordant sounds. People may get used to it,
perhaps, as they do to electric cars, etc.

Speaking of the annual flooding of the lower Nile, the lecturer
stated that the spring rains were so continuous and abundant as
to fill the higher country in Equatorial Africa ; but that the area
so flooded was so great as to account for the gradual rise and fall
of the Nile through Egypt. He believed also that the oases of
the desert of Sahara are sustained by subterranean streams from
this high country. While the regular inundation of a large
portion of the valley of the lower Nile, and the consequent
possible irrigation of some other parts by means of large preserves
of this water in artificial lakes, are deemed of essential importance
to the productiveness of Nile lands, there are large areas on
which draining is a prime necessity, for the reason that either
flooding or irrigation would render them absolutely sterile.

The death of the Khedive brings up the question of the future
control of Egypt. The speaker went to Egypt with the usual
prejudice against British occupation ; but from what he saw and
learned otherwise of the condition of the people under the sway
of Turkish and Khedival governments, as compared with that
under British rule, he was convinced that the salvation of the
country and people depends on the permanence of British control.
Since the present system became established, there has been great
improvement in all departments of both public affairs and pi'ivate
interests. While taxes are enormously heavy, they are levied
upon a just system ; they are laid principally on land. Under
the old method, the tax-gatherer called upon the tax-payer for
such amount of money as he wanted, and if it was not forth-
coming, the delinquent was sometimes whipped on his feet.

SOIL AND IRRIGATION OF EGYPT. 21

Under the English system, the collector demands the tax, which
is levied upon all, on one basis. If the man is sick, or has lost
his camel, or from any cause cannot pay, his land may^ be sold for
the tax. He may drift downward into the " Fellaheen *' caste ; but
understanding that all his neighbors are taxed j^^'o Tata with him-
self, he quietly receives the blow of adversity as from a " stick
given from heaven." In his remarks upon the public debt of
Egypt, Mr. Russell stated that it would have been refunded long
ago but for French influence.

The productions include almost everything planted that the length
of the season is sufficient to mature. No winged or other seeds can
find lodgement in the desert, and in the Nile valley the inundation
would destroy most trees. Date-palms are everjf where in sight.
These and other fruiting palms are taxed. A small grove of fruit-
palms is a means of support as well as comfort to its owner. The
doom-palm or sycamore-fig (Hi/phcene thehaica), mulberry trees,
weeping-willow, tamarisk, cypress, and acacia are the chief trees.
Of the fruits, they have the apricot, peach, sycamore-fig, grapes,
both white and black, which have been cultivated ever since the
time of Pharaoh, oranges, lemons, figs, bananas, and melons of
various kinds. Of vegetables, they grow beans, peas, lentils,
vetches, spinach, parsley, leeks, onions, garlic, cabbages, lettuce,
cress, and cucumbers ; also red peppers, tomatoes, radishes, carrots,
turnips, etc. They also raise sorghum, wheat, maize, rice, millet,
magnificent clover, hemp, flax, and cotton. Among the flowers,
there were the rose, oleander, jasmine, convolvulus, chrysanthe-
mum, dahlia, geranium, violet, and varieties of lilies and poppies.
Hashish, oi" Indian hemp, is grown to a considerable extent, and
is smoked to a degree that causes very great injury. While in-
toxicating liquors are used but very little by these people, the
Mussulmans are not short of sins of almost any kind that average
people wish to commit. As an illustration of the force that bad
habits exert in a public way, the lecturer said the river-boat had
to stop at one landing to procure a supply of hashish from a point
several miles away. Such is the power a prevailing vice can
wield, even against public convenience.

Discussion.
In reply to a question as to rotations of crops, ]Mr. Rus^Jl'll
said that he was not in Egypt long enough to see for him-

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

self what the practice was, but he learned that wheat is
followed by clover, which is largely pastured. The animals are
tethered separately, with a very short range ; sheep eat the
clover down clean, and then they are moved by children to a
fresh range. The clover soon renews itself, the manure left by
the animals tending to reinforce the land, especially where the land
is subject to the inundation, or to irrigation by artificial means.
Such land will sustain cropping for an indefinite length of time.
He had a talk with one man, who had four or five acres in wheat
or clover. In February his wheat was just coming into milk, and
at the same time clover was in bloom. The cattle on the place
resembled the Jersey breed. The farmer used a crooked root of
the tamarisk tree for a plough, yet with such appliances he
gathered two crops annually, while we, with the best American
ploughs and other tools of equal excellence, can harvest but one
crop each year. He asked a farmer how much wheat he would
harvest on a piece of land containing something less than two
acres, and he replied eighty bushels. The speaker had to answer
the Egyptian that in his own country the yield would not be over
forty bushels. He felt that he must have shown his surprise, as
the man remarked, " God is great, and many things are not
revealed." Sorghum is grown mainly for its seed, which is largely
fed to animals ; the stalks are used for fodder and fuel. No
attempt is made to produce sugar from them. The stalks are also
used to make the walls of houses, the interstices being filled with
clay mud. This is entirely practicable, since rain seldom falls
there. At Thebes it is said, "• It rains but once in four years."
The lecturer thought the schemes pi-oposed here to cause a rainfall
would utterly fail in Egypt, where an absolutely clear sky prevails
continuously for long periods of time, not a cloud being visible.
There is a bright glow or flame about the sun at sunset. The
papyrus has entirely disappeared. The lotus also is very rarely
seen; the flowers are of three colors.. In the gardens at Cairo,
roses are cultivated, just as they are at Concord, or anywhere in
this State. These roses are of the Persian stock, and were brought
from that country with the peach and other plants indigenous in
Persia. Roses are sold to travellers and others by children, who
frequently offer very poor flowers to their customers.

Leverett M. Chase asked whether artesian wells were in use, or
were desirable in Egypt. He also enquired about the dikes and

SOIL AND IRRIGATIOX OF EGYPT. 23

arched dikes built by French engineers to keep the waters in re-
serve so as to insure two inundations in a year ; and cited a state-
ment that they were from four feet to forty-two feet high. He
desired also to learn tlie range of wages in Egypt.

INIr. Russell replied that, so far as he knew, there are no artesian
wells below the first cataract ; and that with the inundation
and artificial water-preserves such wells are apparently unneces-
sary. Furthermore, as far into the desert as men wish to go.
ordinary wells can be dug easily, the shadoof or sakia he estali-
lished, and ditches or dikes provided. Wages are very low, the
average rate paid in irrigation being but eight cents per day, and
the workmen board themselves. The laborers are worked in relavs
or watches. With English occupation wages in Egypt are im-
proving, and are paid in silver, but they are still very low as
compared with those of other countries.

Mr. Chase inquired whether dikes were in use at the delta.
Mr. Russell replied that dikes are of infinite value to the delta
lands. The engineering works there are very extensive and the
returns satisfactory. The same may be said of the upper Nile,
where the water has to be raised above the high banks of the
river. This feature of that region is of great interest to
travellers.

Mr. Chase said that in our own country we have similar con-
ditions, as in our great Desert of Death, where nothing novy exists
but some prickl}' pears and a few lizards. He had faith to believe
that that great waste may yet be found susceptible of cultivation
under correct, scientific treatment, and may prove to be our best
land, capable of sustaining a teeming population.

Henry L. Clapp spoke of the effect of saline matter on the
soil of Nova Scotia, where certain lands have been cultivated at
least two hundred and fifty years, j^et maintain a high condition
of fertility.

Mr. Russell said he had observed such lauds largely in our
own country ; also in the valley of the Dead Sea and the valley of
the river Jordan, near the Dead Sea. If not irrigated and thor-
oughly drained, vegetation dies out. He has always understood
that such lands were capable of very great fertility, much the
same as the valley of the Nile.

Mr. Clapp believed there is souietliing valuable as a ferti-
lizer in salt, which has not yet been discovered. Laud which

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was covered with kelp and other sea-weeds, to a considerable depth,
on farms within three miles of the sea-shore, in Scituate, Cohas-
set, and Marshfield, produced excellent crops of corn and grass,
thirty or more years ago, when he was a boy, living upon a farm
in Scituate. The continuance of a high degree of fertility in the
lands that once were under the sea in Holland, Egypt, Nova
Scotia. California, and elsewhere, cannot be considered a mere
coincidence. There must be a reason for it which is not yet rec-
ognized and appreciated.

Mr. Eussell remarked that there is something in water which
we cannot yet understand. Water taken from wells back from
the baoks of the Nile contains much more fertilizing matter than
does the river water. There must be something of value as a
fertilizer in this saline matter.

Col. Henry W. Wilson said that the topic as connected with
the subject of irrigation interested him very much, as he had
given a good deal of thought and labor in that direction. We
naturally think of the Nile valley as the great type of irrigation of
the whole world, whereas the fact is that there are other nations
with as great or greater areas of irrigable lands and methods of irri-
gation that are far better. The whole area of the lands in the valley
of the Nile in Egypt, whether under cultivation or not, amounts to
about 4,500 square miles, or 2,880,000 aci'es, while no one can
give an estimate of the area actually under cultivation b}' irriga-
tion. In Spain the amount of land under irrigation is 2,840,000
acres ; in Italy 1,600,000 acres. In Utah the area of lands ca-
pable of being irrigated amounts to about 1.500.000 acres, not far
from one-third of which is now under cultivation. In California,
twelve years ago, about 300,000 acres were under irrigation, and
the development o'' this kind of husbandry since that time has
been prodigious. In India the works of this nature have been
carried to their greatest perfection. It is not easy to give the
total area of irrigated lands, but one canal wns 900 miles long,
170 feet wide, and 10 feet deep, and irrigated 1,500,000 acres in
1868. Irrigating canals spread over the whole country, and the
aggregate area irrigated by fifteen of the principal canals — one of
which irrigated an area equal to or larger than one-half of the Nile
valley — amounted to 4,500,000 acres. The banks of all sediment-
bearing rivers are considerably higher than the country on either
side ; this arises from the deposits of sediment, which in times of

SOIL AND IRRIGATION OF EGYPT. 25

overflow are intercepted by the brush and bushes immediately
upon the banks, each flood adding its contribution to the elevation
of the banks, until the river actually runs on the highest ground
and the land slopes gradually away from the river out into the
country on either side, so that in the times of the rise of the river,
which with the Nile is not in the season of storms but in the
beautiful growing weather, the dikes along the river banks simply
restrain the waters from inundating the whole country and devas-
tating all of the crops, while a sufficient quantity of water can be
allowed to pass through properly prepared gates or openings into
the irrigating ditches and be by them distributed over the laud,
which is all lower than the river banks. When the rise of the Nile
does not reach above the normal height of the banks, the water
must be elevated into the irrigating ditches, the almost universal
contrivance for this purpose being the " shadoof," which is identi-
cal with the familiar well-sweep of our New England farms, and
was evidently the first device invented bj' man for elevating
water.

However and whatever scholars and theorists may maintain
with regard to the benefit of silt in irrigating waters, the husband-
man finds that if the water furnished him from the irrigating
canal contains silt or sediment, he must extract it before he uses
the water on the growing crop. Nothing is of value for the nutri-
ment of the growing crop that is not in solution in the water
applied to it, and the irrigator finds that although he has been
told of the fertility which sediment- bearing waters will give to his
laud, yet it is the crop and not the land that he is stimulating this
year ; he finds that the muds which settle uix)n the land cover the
surface witii a coating impermeable to the atmosphere, which is
as essential to the growth of the plant as water, and he is obliged
to extract these muds from the water before he uses it, b}' means
of settling basins through which the water is passed from the
canal. If silt-bearing waters are used upon forage plants, they
become coated with the mud which adheres tenaciously and ruins
the crop, for no animal will eat forage that is covered to any ex-
tent with these deposits. To give an idea of the amount of these
sediments it is only necessary to state that in one system of the
East India canals, irrigating less than 100.000 acres in 1M72.
2.300.000 cubic yards of silt were extracted from them during that
year.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

"Where water is abundant the people become careless and defeat
their own purpose b}' using it too profusely, aud, unless ample
arrangements are made for tiie drainage of the land, the crops
are injured and the land made swampy to the sacrifice of health
as well as the crop. In almost all irrigating countries, malaria
follows the introduction of the system.

Tlie temperature of tiie irrigating water is an important consid-
eration ; one can easily understand that water of the temperature
of 40° to 45" from deep wells must prove a very sudden check
upon a growing plant in the heat of summer, while surface water
at 80° would have a very stimulating effect.

The rapid decay of vegetation, which is increased by the too
profuse application of moisture, either by storms or by irrigation,
may be and is deleterious to health, but hardly so to the growth of
any useful plant. The gases evolved must be mainly CMrbouic,
and if we are to credit geologists, the atmosphere of the carbonif-
erous era was highly charged with carbonic acid gas.

Some of the most remarkable illustrations of the utility of
irrigation as an accessory of husbandry are to be found in the
Humboldt Valley in Nevada. This is the country of the sage-
brush, a plant that resembles in size and appearance the large
bushes of box that adorn old gardens ; for more than eight hun-
dred miles the country west of the Rocky mountains and east of
the Sierra Nevadas seems to be covered with this shrub ; its only
use is to afford cattle an apology for forage in the winter; they
will not touch it at any other time. The surface of the soil is the
picture of barren desolation — as brown and sterile as the walks
upon the common or public squares. Yet when it is cleaned of
the sage, ploughed, and seeded down, the waters of the Humboldt
river are applied to it with the most surprising results. Alfalfa
is the favorite forage crop in that country, and grows in three
months' time, when it is cut and cured. Irrigation is then applied,
which is all that is requisite for another crop, as a "stand" of
alfalfa is good for twenty-five years. In this way four crops of
from four to five tons per acre of dry hay have been taken from
the land in a year, selling readily at from eighteen to twenty dol-
lars per ton. Substantially all of the summer flow of the Hum-
boldt river is now used in irrigation.

On motion, a vote of thanks to Mr. Russell, for his interesting
and instructive lecture, was unanimously passed.

THE NEW ORCHARDING.

It was announced that the subject for the next Saturday would
be ^'The New Orcharding," by Dr. Thomas H. Hoskins, of
Newport, Vt.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 16, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

William Patterson, of Quincy, was proposed by Charles E.
Richardson ; and Rufns T. Tobey, of Roxbury, by Henry L.
Clapp ; both as annual members of the Society.

The Secretary read a letter from Edgar Sanders, of Chicago,
accepting the Corresponding Membership in tlie Society to which
he had been elected, thanking the Society therefor, and express-
ing a desire to serve it in aiiy way in his power.

•Adjourned to Saturday, January 23.

mi:eting for discussion.

The Neav Orcharding.

By Thomas H. Hoskins, M.D., Newport, Vt.

[The Committee on Publication and Discussion are able to give
only a brief summary of this lecture.]

Dr. Hoskins commenced by speaking of the history of fruit-
growing in Maine and other Northern States, making especial
mention of Dr. Benjamin Vaughn, of Hallo well, as one of the
pioneers in Maine. The orchards of early days were composed
entirely of seedling trees, and the favorite varieties were those
which would keep longest. Time has greatly changed this ; but
in northern New England orchards composed wholly of seedlings
are still to be found. The essayist spoke of his boyhood days in
Gardiner, Me., and of his father's growing fruits there on grafted
trees. He had one variety of pear, the Louise Bonne of Jersey,
and several kinds of apples grafted. It was a long time before

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

farmers would take hold of planting grafted orchards, because
the}'- supposed there was a mystery about it; but this impression
has been mostly dispelled by the wide dissemination of pomolog-
ical knowledge, derived from scientific investigations by both
private individuals and public institutions. To succeed in any
department of husbandry one must know the laws of nature which
control development in that department, and by experiment learn
the best methods of directing their application to secure a desired
result.

The increase of wealth stimulated the demand for not only more
fruit, but better fruit ; and with a better understanding of the
principles of improvement, this demand was met. The introduc-
tion of railroads, and of ocean steam-navigation, were the means
of extending markets by more rapid transportation. The recent
demand for American apples in England — more than a million
barrels having been sent there in a single season — shows that it
pays to raise good fruit ; and it also gave another impulse to the
fruit-growing interest, causing a large extension of the acreage
devoted to orchards, and multiplying new varieties of apples.

But before going abroad the home market should be carefully
studied and fostered, not only because it involves less risk, but
it will take many easily-giown varieties which cannot with profit
be sent abroad, especially some of the finer early sorts.

The essayist thought one great mistake made in planting
orchards was putting in too many varieties. The orchardist
should learn what varieties are best adapted to his land, and then
plant mostly of those sorts, and only in the fruit garden put the
varieties which his fancy dictates.

When the crop is mature and ready for gathering comes the
most difficult part of the orchardist's work, viz., the disposal of it
to the best advantage. The essayist thought the time will come
when apples will be generally sold on the tree, thus relieving the
grower of the trouble of marketing. At times there may be a
glut in the market, of apples as well as other fruits, and when this
is the case the best will always sell first. He was convinced that
no fruit of second quality would pay for marketing and it would
be better to feed it to live-stock, and he had made arrangements
to do this.

In growing apples it has been found that those raised in
northern New England and on the Canadian border keep longer

THE NEW ORCHARDING. 29

than those from the latitude of Boston. The essayist condemned
the use of flour barrels for packing apples, as too large. Apples
packed in egg boxes have been shipped from Montreal to Liver-
pool, and have returned four dollars i)er bushel. Smaller pack-
ages are especially desirable for early apples, which are generally
more tender and delicate than the later kinds. Thus packed they
can be transported longer distances without injury, and therefore
a much larger market demand secured.

Dr. Hoskins said that he raises his own trees, and he considers
budded and root-grafted trees equally good, provided they are
well grown. On level ground he plants them thirty-five by fifteen
feet apart, and at the end of twelve years removes every alternate
tree. His trees are largely of the "ironclad" varieties, which
come early into bearing, and he prunes so as to give them all the
light and air possible, as this adds much to the beauty of the
fruit. He aims to bring them into a fan shape as nearly as
possible.

h\ seeking desirable new varieties suited to his purposes he had
experimented to a considerable extent with the hardy Russian
apples, and found Ihem thrifty, vigorous, and productive, but
they are not suited to the latitude of Boston. Most of our fruits,
other than native varieties, have been introduced from the western
part of Europe ; but from what he had learned, the study of the
fruits of eastern Asia, and especially Mongolia, is very desirable.
The late Charles Gibb was engaged in this study when his la-
mented deatli occurred, and the speaker believed that if this work
were again taken up and encouraged some valuable acquisitions
might be made.

Discussion.

O. B. Hadwen said that he had been much interested in the
lecture, going back as it did to the early history of fruit-growing.
The Louise Bonne of Jersey pear first appeared at the exhibitions
of this Society about 1840, so that it is not an old variety, as
known to us. The Oldenburg apple was mentioned in Kenrick's
Orchardist in 1833, and the Tetofsky was described by him as
early as 1H43. Apples are very particular as to their soil and
location. The Yellow Bellflower does well in many sections of
New England. The Fameuse is not as good here as in Vermont
and Canada. Here it is an autunm api)le, but he saw it at an ex-
hibition at Ottawa in February. vVpples grown in grass land keep

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

longer than those grown in cultivated land, and if apples are
wanted to keep late they should be grown in grass ; but the land
must be kept rich enough for both crops, and the speaker found
that if he attended properly to top dressing he got good
crops of late-keepiug apples from grass ground. He plants his
trees forty feet apart each way, and finds that this gives oppor-
tunity for grass to grow and for teams to carry away the crops,
and consequently he advises this distance on good land. On less
fertile or hilly laud he would plant closer. If the orcliardist gives
his time to it he will succeed in keeping away insects, especially
the borer, which does not travel far or propagate rapidly. The
tent caterpillar has been very troublesome, especially for the last
two years ; their eggs should be looked for aud destroyed at this
season of the year. They do not all hatch out at once in spring,
and last season he spent three weeks in destroying their nests ;
but they are not always at home, and therefore in destroying a
nest one does not necessarily destroy all its tenants. The codling
moth is difficult to contend with ; he had never tried spraying, but
he keeps the biirk clean so that the larvae shall not harbor in it,
and picks up all the fallen fruit ; one j^ear he fed eleven hundred
bushels to cattle. Last year he tiied the experiment of keeping
sheep in his orchards to eat up the fallen fruit ; it did very well
early in the season, but later they were not equal to eating it all.

Dr. Hoskins said that the distance which he advised is that
which he had found best for the Russian and ironclad varieties
which he grows, for they do not make large trees. In land rich
enough it is just as well to seed down to grass ; he would use
June grass or Kentucky blue grass. He finds that it pays to grow
beans, either pea or yellow-eyed, between his trees; and he uses
the stalks for mulching. It is a delusion to suppose that varieties
which naturally bear only in alternate years can be made to bear
every year by high culture. Refuse apples bring nothing in the
market, and may injure the sale of the belter ones.

Benjamin P. Ware said that his experience generally coin-
cided with Mr. Hadwen's. Young orchards should be tilled, but
when of sufficient age they may be laid down to grass. He would
plant forty feet apart each way. Spraying witli Paris green is a
complete .remedy for the canker-worm and codling moth. The
latter lays its eggs in the calyx of the apple when it it small and
has the eye uppermost, a position in which the spraying takes

THE XEW ORCHARDING. 31

effect. Oue spraying did uot kill the tent caterpillar, but checked
it ; a later application was necessary to destro}' it completely.
He used the Paris green stronger than is commonly recommended,
one pound to one hundred and twenty-five gallons of water, and
it did not injure the trees. A new insect — the Bud-moth
{Tmetocera ocellana) — has attacked the apple tree, perforating
the leaves all over the tree, without, however, destroying it ;
spraying is a remedy for this and also for other insects.

It may cost eighty thousand dollars to destroy the Gypsy moth.
His land lies alongside of the Boston and Maine Railroad. One
caterpillar of the Gypsy moth came down on a train, and got off
at his place. When its transformation was complete it laid its
complement of eggs — from four hundred to eight hundred. His
raeu found the original nest, and later four others, — probably
colonies from the first. He was convinced that by spraying his
trees he killed all but those four nests, and that if those had not
been found before the worms had completed their transformation,
his trees might now have been fully stocked with eggs. But he
believes that all that were upon his premises were finally de-
stroyed. He considers it important that the work of destruction
of these pests should go on, and be done so faithfully, that the
insects may be exterminated, as they eat everything where they
go. There is one locality in Swampscott whire every green thing
was eaten, and he had friends in Medford whose premises suffered
in a similar manner.

E. W. Wood said that tlie title of Dr. Hos-kius' paper
had excited his curiosity, and he was unprepared for the revela-
tion that the fruits which succeed best in this State cannot be
grown in Vermont, though he knew that some of our best apples
cannot be grown in parts of Maine. It is well known, however,
tliat our winter fruits improve in quality as we go northward.
Maine and Canada apples bring the highest prices.

One great reason why farmers plant so few apple trees is the
long time before they give returns ; they must wait ten or twelve
years, and so many farmer's sons leave the farm as to add to the
discourugemeuts to planting orchards. Nothing improves the ap-
pearance and value of a farm more than young, thrifty orchards.
The speaker mentioned one man who bought a cheap farm and
planted twenty acres of orchard, and also a vineyanl. Now he
employs five men on his vegetables, and from five to twelve in

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gnthering apples in autumn. He raised last j'ear twenty tons of
grapes, and tifleeu hundred barrels of apples, receiving for both
$4,000. What crop could give better returns with the same ex-
pense? This farm would now bring $20,000 ; without the orchard
and vineyard it would not be worth more than $(:),000.

There is in New England a great amount of land suitable only
for orchards, so that farmers can have orchards without losing an
acre of land valuable for other crops. Rough sidehills, exposed
to air and sun, where no stagnant water exists, are eligible for
this purpose ; the roots will find their nutriment among the stones
as these disintegrate.

He thought Mr. Hadwen's location was remarkably favorable for
orcharding ; his orchards are on strong clay soils. Apple trees
are often planted in pastures where the sward is thick and close,
but to give the best results they must be grown where they can be
fed. They are generally an incidental rather than a main crop ;
when young the trees often have a hard struggle with cattle,
and then the farmer wonders why he cannot get better prices for
the fruit. The means of disposing of apples are constantly on
the increase ; the export in large quantities began about 1870.
Within a radius of forty miles around Rochester, N.Y., six million
bushels of fruit are evaporated annually ; every part is used, the
cores and parings being made into jelly. A dealer of whom the
speaker inquired said that three-fourths of his canned fruit is im-
ported, but there is no reason why it should not be grown and pre-
pared here. This great demand for the foreign canned goods
should encourage our own people to produce them more largely,
especially the finer class of preserved fruits and vegetables.

Rev. Calvin Terry said that his observations corresponded
with what had been said. Mr. Hadwen said the caterpillars are not
always at home. There are times when they are sure to be at
home : very early in the morning, before the sun strikes their
nests, and again at mid-day, from eleven o'clock A.M. until about
three P.M., they are always at home. Having eaten their break-
fast, they go in to take a nap. Again, during a cold, chilly storm
they will be found at home. Very early in the season — as soon
as the nests appear on the trees — begin to destroy them ; it is
then easily done. In the late fidl and during the winter the eggs
can be found — a little glutinous mass — usually on the twigs
of the last season's growth. They are then easily and surely

LATE EXPERIENCE AVITH INSECTS. 33

destroyed. Mr. Terry claimed that bis fruit is of superior flavor ;
be finds no Baldwins equal to bis own in tbat respect. The land
was bought of a butcher, and a gravelly knoll upon it was filled
with refuse from the slaughter-house, which gives permanent fer-
tility for fruit trees, so that in color and flavor the fruit is always
excellent.

Dr. Hoskins said that the apple maggot is much worse
than the codling moth ; for, while the latter makes but a single
short passage in the fruit, the former perforates every part, ren-
dering it utterly worthless. It preys mostly on early and sweet
apples. It is the larva of a fl}', the Trypeta pomonella. No
effectual way has 3'et been discovered of checking its ravag.es..

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussiou amiounced
that on the next Saturday Charles V. Riley,. Ph.D., Entomologist
to the United States Department of Agriculture, would give some
" Late Experience in Dealing with Insects Injurious to Fruits."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satuhday, January 23, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooneu, in the chair.

Frederick L. Harris, Chairman of the Committee on Plants,
read the Annual Report of that Committee, which was accepted
and referred to the Committee on Publication.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 30.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Late Expeuiexce in Dealing with Insects Injurious to

Fruits.

By Professor Charles V. Riley, Ph.D., Entomologist to the United States Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

While there is so much to be said about the various insects which
aftect our horticultural interests that to speak fully of any one
prominent species would require an ordinary essay, I have found
that the more informal the remarks given the more likely they are

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to draw out discussion and consideration, and thus interest and
instruct. I shall therefore adopt this plan, and under a series of
headings make such remarks as I deem of most interest and
advantage to you.

To understand some later efforts to destroy the Plum Curculio, it
is necessary to emphasize prominent traits in its life history.
Since 1869-70 — when by a series of experiments I established
the fact — it has been known that there is but one generation
produced annually. The beetles hibernate under leaves or bark,
in woods or other sheltered places near stone-fruit orchards.
They fssue from such winter quarters as soon as or before the
buds put out in the spring. Both male and female feed on the
tender foliage for some time before the females have a chance to
oviposit in the young fruit. While the nights are cool they hide
under any shelter within reach. Where the base of the tree is
kept clean, and the earth raked, chips laid round under the trees
form a most satisfactory trap for them, as in the early morning
they are somewhat toi'pid and easily killed. Later in the season
the jarring process is one of the most satisfactory ways of secur-
ing an uninjured crop of fruit. The arsenical treatment is based
on the habit of both sexes of feeding on the young foliage in the
early season, and, secondly, on the habit of the female of gnaw-
ing with her jaws a crescent-shaped mark in order to form a
deadened flap around the egg which she has thrust under the skin
of the fruit. But a survey of the experiments with arsenites for
the curculio will, I think, bear out my position, taken in 1885,
when I indicated their possible value, yet that they would never
be as effectual against the Curculio as against the Codling Moth.
One thing to be considered in the use of arsenites against this
insect is the effect of these mineral poisons on the different stone-
fruit trees. There has been a good deal of conflicting experience,
in reference to the peach particularly, and this conflicting experi-
ence is, without much doubt, to be explained in part b}' the
varying qualities of the poisons themselves ; by the methods of
application ; and to some extent by atmospheric conditions, and
also the pathological conditions of the trees so treated. But it
may be safely asserted today that spraying against the plum
curculio is only partially successful, and the same may be said of
other rhynchophorous, or snout-bearing beetles, which injuriously
affect fruit, viz., the quince and the apple curculio and plum gougers.

LATE EXPERIENCE WITH INSECTS. 35

Recent experiments made at a few of our experiment stations,
which have sufficiently competent entomologists, have thrown
much light on the comparative value of different arsenical mix-
tures as insecticides, and as to the relative injury they do to
the foliage of different trees. The testimony of some experi-
menters would indicate that the peach is more susceptible to the
influence of London purple than to Paris green, and that there is
less danger of injury when the leaves are young than when they
are old. The cause of injury by London purple is doubtless due
to excess of soluble arsenic. Professor Bailey found that heavy
spraying with one pound of Paris green to three hundred gallons
of water did not injure the foliage. But perliaps the most valu-
able results obtained are those given by Professor Gillette, who
states that London purple used with the Bordeaux mixture, in the
proportion of one pound to fifty gallons, was entirely harmless to
the peach and plum ; that the oldest leaves are most liable to
injury ; that dews and probably direct sunlight increase injuries
done by arsenites to foliage ; that leaves kept perfectly dry can
hardly be injured by them ; that leaves suffering from fungous
disease are more susceptible than healthy ones ; that freshly
mixed and applied London purple is most injurious, while freshly
mixed and applied white arsenic is least injurious to foliage, but
the longer the mixed white arsenic stands the greater the danger
of injury ; that lime added to London purple or Paris green in
water lessens the injury they will cause to foliage, while lime
added to white arsenic in solution increases the liability to injure the
same unless the poison is first wholly dissolved, when the opposite
effect is produced ; that London purple can be applied without
injury, eight or even ten times as strong if combined with common
Bordeaux mixture instead of water ; that arsenites cannot, by
ordinary methods, be mixed in a kerosene emulsion ; that they
mix readily in resin compounds and seem no more injurious than
when applied in water ; that when put into strong soapy water
the}' do much more harm than in clear water ; that they mix
readily in carbonate of copper solution and are as harmless as
when in clear water, and that London purple in sulphate of
copper solution is vastly more harmful than when in water only.

INIany experiments have been conducted with a view to combine
substances which are known to have both insecticide and fiuigicide
qualities. While the results have l)een variable, it would appear,

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on the whole, that the combination of an insecticide does not add
to the efficiency of a fungicide, but often detracts from it ; but the
reverse of this does not hold true, as experiments have proved
that while the Bordeaux mixture, combined with arsenites, does
not act well as a fungicide, it is decidedly beneficial as an insecti-
cide, as the arsenites can be used so much stronger. Professor
Maynard found that one pound of Paris green in five hundred
gallons of sulphate of copper solution proved very injurious to
his trees, but that one pound of Paris green in two hundred gal-
lons of Bordeaux mixture secured a very large crop of plums,
while other trees, not treated, lost their fruit from the curculio.
He also decided that the black knot was less upon the trees
sprayed with this latter mixture.

The experiments by the Department of Agriculture in 1880 to
1883 resulted in producing a satisfactory remedy for the worst
scale-insects and the orange rust mite of a large part of California,
in the proper use of kerosene emulsion and sulphur. But in
Southern California they have tougher insects ; the kerosene and
resin washes, though satisfactory, if properly used, in humid
Florida, are far less so in the dry climate of South California.
Now, Mr. Coquillett, an agent of the Entomological Division of
the Department of Agriculture, has experimented quite success-
fully with hydrocyanic acid gas. It has been found daring the
past year that by fumigating the trees at night, or in a darkened
tent, the best results are attained, and the least injury sustained
by the trees. The tree is covered with a tent, after which one part
of dr}' cyanide of potassium is placed in a generator — made of
lead in the form of a bucket — which is set near the base of the
tree ; two parts of water ai'e then added, and lastly one part of
sulphuric acid. The bucket is then quickly covered with a barley
sack, and the operator withdraws. PLarth is thrown upon the
base of the tent to prevent the escape of gas. After fifteen
minutes the tent may be removed and the work is done. A tree
fourteen feet high, with head ten feet in diameter, requires five
and a half ounces by weight of cyanide, eleven fluid ounces of
water, and four and a half fluid ounces of sulphuric acid, all cost-
ing less than twenty-five cents. I have no hesitation in recom-
mending this treatment, even where large orchards are infested by
surface-feeding insects.

The use of resin washes and their value against scale insects

LATE EXPERIENCE WITH INSECTS. 37

has been fully established in California, and will become so in
other parts of the country. The plants treated should be thor-
oughly coated over, which can be best done by a coarse spra3\
One of the best formulas is : Resin 18 pounds, caustic soda (70
per cent strength) 5 pounds, fish oil 2^ pints, and 100 gallons of
water. The first three are put into a large kettle and covered
with water, then kept boiling hard until all dissolved and for one
hour afterward. The due proportion of water can be added when
I'equired for use, and the mixture run through a strainer to insure
equality of consistency.

No more striking event has happened during the past two years
than the extermination of the Fluted Scale {Icerya p«rt7ias<'.
Mask.), most destructive to the orange-growing interests in south-
ern California. It is difficult for one unfamiliar with the facts to
realize that this scale, which two and a half years ago hung like
a blight and plague over leaf, branch, and trunk of all Citrus, and
many other kinds of fruit trees and shrubs of southern Califor-
nia, has been so effectually swept away by the little Australian
Ladybird, Vedalia cardinaUs, which was imported for this pur-
pose. In the language of Assistant Secretary Willits, " It
seems almost like an entomological romance." The history of
this scale, Irarya 2>^'''i'chasi, has made everything pertaining to
the same genus interesting, and during the past year four other
species have come to my knowledge, — the Icerya rosm, from Key
West, and limited in its range ; /. a'r/yptiacnm, from Alexandria,
Egypt ; I. montserratensis, which occurs on the island of Mont-
serrat, W.I. ; and Icerya pdbneri, found by Dr. Edward Palmer,
in 1887, upon a grape vine, in the province of Sonora, New Mex-
ico, but only on the Muscat of Alexandria variety. The practical
lesson to be learned is, that our fruit growers of Florida, Texas,
and California should take every care to quarantine all plants
from infected foreign points until examination shows them free
from such pests.

Professor F. L. Harvey, of the ]\[aine Experiment Station, has
made the most satisfactory investigation of the life habits of the
Apple Maggot — Tryj^eta pomonella. It is a native American, and
occurs on the wild haws and crabs throughout the ]Mississippi
valle}', but has not affected cultivated fruits there. It began to
prove injurious to cultivated apples in the Eastern States, and
this strain of the insect has spread west to Michigan, and has

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

now appeared in Ai'kansas. The larvae attain full growth in four
to six weeks ; they leave the fruit through peculiar openings of
the skin, and fall to the ground ; if this is grassy, they probably
hibernate in that protection. The larvae from fruits tored in bins
leave the apples, and assume the pupa state there. The perfect
female possesses a sharp ovipositor with which she perforates the
skin of the fruit and deposits her eggs — several in each apple.
She is probably capable of laying from three to four hundred
eggs. The remedy is frequent and careful destruction of nil
fallen fruit, and the burning of all refuse from bins and barrels.

It is a common remark of members of horticultural societies,
whose meetings I have visited, that their insect enemies are on
the increase. In one sense this is undoubtedly true, i.e., the
number of insects infesting our fruits and other crops constantly
grows as our knowledge of them becomes more complete ; but I
question whether more injury is done to our fruits today than was
done fifty or one hundred years ago. In fact, with the advances
made in n)ethods of warfare against fruit pests, the injury done is
relatively less ; still, as the area of fruit culture increases, so does
the aggregate amount of injury and the number of species with
which we must contend. To give you an idea of the vastness of
the subject of economic entomology for a country as great as
ours, I make a bare reference to the reports of insect injury —
either quite novel or of species hitherto unknown — that have
come to the Department within one year, many of which have
probably been at work for many years, and may have changed
their habits and begun eating cultivated plants ; but whatever the
cause that they have not been observed before, we call them new
insects. Uf these I shall mention :

A large, undescribed scale-insect of tlie genus Lecanium infesting
grape vines at Hudson, O., and in Pennsylvania, reported by J.
R. Adams.

An undescribed species of Phytopius, making a gall on plum
leaves, reported from Akron, O., and Pomponoosuc, Vt.

A new species of plant-louse, of the genus Myzus, reported as
on the cherry, in southern Indiana.

A leaf-folder, probably Cacoecm argyros2yila, was reported on
the apple and gooseberry, at Fort Collins, and Denver, Col.

A hairy caterpillar, of the genus Ilalisldota, reported on the
apple trees at Highland, N.C.

LATE EXPERIENCE WITH INSECTS. 39

Another hairy caterpillar, of the family Ardiidce, previously un-
observed, was injurious to the mulberry, pear, and apple, in
Winchester, Mass.

A new species of plant-louse, infesting the leaves of orange
trees, at Los Angeles, Cal.

An Allorhina — a large chafer belonging to the rose-bug
family — was quite injurious to fruits, at Tombstone, Ariz.

An undescribed Aphis reported on the pear, at Lafayette, lod.

An Aleurocles found on strawberry leaves in the District of
Columbia ; also a new species of plant-louse.

Sparthocerus diffasus has been very injurious to grape vines in
Waldo, Fla.

A large scale-insect, of the genus Lecanium, reported on straw-
berry leaves at Urbana, O.

A new leaf-roller, of the genus Semasia, was found on apple
trees near St. Louis, Mo.

A new " miner," belonging to the genus Lithocolletis, has
been found in the epidermis of peach twigs, at Napa, Cal.

A fire-blight beetle, Xyleborus disjjnr, long known in Europe
and our Eastern States, has been injurious to certain fruit trees in
Nova Scotia.

A new span-worm was found on apple trees at Lafayette,
Mich.

A small mite, probably Phytoptus pruni^ was injurious to
Damson plum trees at Berlin Cross Roads, O.

A little case-bearing, lepidopterous larva, of the genus Coleo-
phora^ was reported as destroying peach buds, at Akron, O.

A new species of Lecanium was found on twigs of plum trees
at San Jose, Cal. ; and another species of the same genus in-
jured the peach at Ithaca, N.Y.

Chrysochus cobaltinus was found injuring leaves of young
peach trees at San Jos(5, Cal.

An unknown lepidopterous larva, of the genus Ilyphantria,
was reported as damaging apple and some other trees, at Omaha,
Neb., and Brown wood, Tex.

Platypus comp)Ositas, a bark-borer, hitherto unknown to liave
such habits, was found boring into the trunks of orange trees,
in Lake county, Fla.

A saw-fly larva, Janus Jlavivent^'is, Fitch, has been found in tlu'
stems of currant bushes, at Adrian, Mich.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A case-bearer (undescribed) belonging to the genus Coleophora,
was reported on orange trees, at Los Angeles, Cal.

An undescribed mite of the genus TetremycJms, the same genus
to which the Red Spider belongs, was found on lemon trees, at
Los Angeles, Cal.

An undescribed Thrips has been found on orange trees, at
Los Angeles, Cal.

A leaf-hopper, Typhlocyha rosce, has been very numerous on
leaves of apple trees at Burlington, Vt.

A canker-worm, genus Anisopteryx, was found on the plum at
Elliott, Cal.

A snoufc-beetle, Cercopeus cJirysorhoeus, belonging to the same
family as Fuller's Rose-beetle, was found on the grape vine at
Paris, Tex. It is supposed to be the " grape curculio."

A currant stem borer, Oberea ocellata, was found breeding in
twigs of peach trees, in Harris county, Tex.

A new span-worm has been found feeding on the bark and
young twigs of plum trees, and doing considerable damage at
Mitchell, Ind.

A new case-bearer, genus Coleophora, was found on buds of
the blackberry, in parts of Indiana.

A beetle-larva, of the family Tenebrionidoe, and somewhat re-
sembling a wire- worm, has greatly injured the roots of peach and
plum trees in Southern California.

An undescribed bug, of the genus Trapezonatus, has been very
injurious to fruit trees in Lead county, Idaho.

A beetle, PtycJiodes Irivitatus. has been reported as girdling twigs
of fig trees at New Orleans, La.

Another snout-beetle, Tricolepis inornata, of the same family
as Fuller's Rose-beetle, has been devouring the foliage of young
prune trees at Salem, Ore.

A plant-louse — undeterminable — infested orange leaves badly,
at Santa Barbara, Cal.

A larva of some Heliothis, the same genus as the Boll-worm,
caused great injury to the leaves of the apple and quince, at
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.

A true bug, an undetermined species of the genus Lygus, in-
jured young pear trees at South Byron, N.Y.

Two leaf-eating beetles, Fidia longipes and F. murina, de-
stroyed the leaves of grape vines, at Vineland, Ark.

LATE EXPERIENCE WITH INSECTS. 41

Another leaf -beetle, Haltica villosa, was very injurious to grape
foliage, at Socorro, N.M.

A scale-insect, Chionaspis bidavis^ probably introduced from
Tahiti, was found on orange twigs, in California.

A leaf-hopper, Stidocephala inermis, has proved very injurious
to young peach trees, at Tehama, Cal.

Among the most important of the newer insect enemies of the
fruit grower is the flea-beetle, Haltica ignita, which has lately
proved very injurious to both the strawberry and the peach crops,
in Orlando and Lake City, Fla. ; in Waco, Tex. ; and in some
localities in Indiana.

Another pest is a new flat-headed borer, belonging to the
family Buprestidm, which has been quite destructive to the Sharp-
less strawberry at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. This is a remai'kable
fact, not only because the species with which it belongs have
hitherto been found boring under the bark of hard-wood trees
only, but because the specimen belongs to an undescribed
species of Chrysohofhris^ the same genus to which the flat-headed
apple tree borer belongs. lu company with it was an undescribed
lepidopterous crown-borer.

. The foregoing list shows that the number of species aunualh'
added to the long list of our fruit pests is great enougli, whether of
species hitherto unobserved, or of species which have transferred
their work from our wild to cultivated plants. But the number is
constantly augmented by additions from abroad, and these are
more to be dreaded than the native. I will call attention to two
which it behooves all peach culturisls to keep out. First, is the
Ceratitis capitata. This is the larva of a two- winged fly having
the same general habits as the Apple Maggot. It may not thrive
in our Northern States, but the peach crops of Georgia, and allied
fruits in Florida, are in danger from its possible introduction from
Bermuda, where it is extremely destructive. Second, the Japanese
Peach Fruit Worm. This insect, according to Professor Sasaki,
is a species of Carpocapsa, and very closely allied to our Codling
Moth; hence it is called by him " a new codling-moth, injurious
to the peach." During some seasons more than ninety per cent
of the peach crop of Japan is injured by this insect. No remedy
has thus far been found, but arsenical preparations ma}' yet be
made successful. But by the aid of competent customs oilicials
to inspect all fruiis and plants that arrive at our ports, the iutro-

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

diiction of these pests may be averted. Government aid should
be thus afforded.

The introduction of the cyclone nozzle ; the discovery of the
value of the kerosene emulsion ; the resin washes, and the hydrocy-
anic acid treatment — all of which have resulted from my work for
the United States Government — together with the discovery of
the Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide, have virtually revolutionized
our methods of dealing with insect diseases ; so that the advance
in the last few 3'eiirs is unprecedented in the history of horticulture.
The first four discoveries resulted from previously conceived and
well planned courses of experiment having for their object the very
result finally obtained. They may be considered as illustrations
of results obtained by the scientific and experimental method,
while the Boi'deaux mixture was a chance discovery. The use of
these five discoveries is now almost universal. If we add to them
the spraying with arsenites, but little longer in use, we get a good
view of the great advances made in the last few years in combating
the insect enemies of fruits and fruit trees. Is that splendid prog-
ress to stop? I trow not. The truth is that fruit growing has
come to be a business involving much special knowledge based
upon scientific data, and the intelligent fruit grower will come to
look upon the insect hordes that attack his trees and fruits as a
not unmixed evil, but rather as a blessing in disguise, making it un-
profitable for his negligent or ignorant neighbor, and securing for
himself all the greater reward for his industry and intelligence.

Discussion.

William C. Strong wished to express how much he felt
that we are indebted to Professor Riley for his valuable services in
the study of the insect enemies of the fruit grower ; and also for
his success in discovering effectual remedies or preventives of their
destructive ravages. The whole country is under great obliga-
tions to him, because his work has included the pests of every
part of our laud. The speaker had during the past year used sul-
phate of copper alone with much success, and thought it sufficient.
He quoted from " Meehan's Monthly" the statement, in the
December number, that at Egg Harbor City, N.J., where the
whole prosperity of the population depends upon its grnpe crop,
mildew and black rot had become so destructive as to threaten the

LATE EXPERIENCE WITH INSECTS. 43

total ruin of tliis industrv. Under the advice of Professor Lam-
son Scribuer, sprajnng with the solution of sulphate of copper was
introduced, and it had proved remarkably successful. Mr. Strong
inquired why the addition of lime was recommended.

Professor Riley said he thought sulphate of copper was
undoubtedly sufficient in most cases. When in P'raace, in 1889,
he visited man}'^ vineyards which were treated with sulphate of
copper alone, and he noticed that the foliage presented a peculiar
glaucous-green appearance. He thought that with a small ad-
mixture of lime there was less danger of injuring the leaves. One
advantage of using the sulphate of copper alone is that a simpler
nozzle can be used. Still he thought the cyclone nozzle more
economical to use, especially if the Bordeaux mixture was likely
to be used at all, as these nozzles are so much more easily cleaned.

"William H. Hunt said he had used the Bordeaux mixture
to prevent black rot on grape vines, with a measure of success ;
but found some difficulty in applying it, the lime clogging the
nozzle. He considered tlie sulphate of copper much more easy of
application, and a pretty sure remedy for the Codling jNIoth if com-
bined with Paris green, and used at the light time. The use of
the Bordeaux mixture on potatoes was not a complete success in
preventing rot, but possibly he did not use it often enough.

Professor Riley said that in this part of the country there
are two broods of the Codling Moth — Carpocapsa pomonelli —
annually. The eggs are laid in the calyx or blossom end of the
apple soon after the petals fall ; and as soon as the egg is hatched,
the worm gnaws its way into the fruit, where it is safe from all
arsenites, or other poison- spraying. Therefore it is necessary' to
spray the trees as soon as the flowers begin to fall ; and if the
weather be rainy, to repeat the spraying some two weeks later, when
the flowers have all dropped, and the young fruit is forming. The
slightest quantity of arsenite will kill the newly hatched worm.
The second brood of worms remains in the larva state through the
winter, and will not amount to much if the first brood has been
checked. The Apple Maggot — Trypeta pnmonella — infests the
fruit throughout the summer ; there are several of them in each
apple. It was first described by Walsh in 1867.

J. W. Manning said he knew the apple maggot in Chelmsford,
in 1847, where it was then doing considerable damage.

O. B. Hadv.'en had listened to the address with great

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pleasure. He had never used poisons on his fruit trees, but to rid
his place of insect enemies of the worm sort he had all apples
containing the worms gathered up promptly and disposed of be-
fore the insects left them. He had never discovered where the
Apple Maggot entered the fruit, and asked if the essayist could
inform him.

Professor Riley answered that the female insect has a
very fine, sharp ovipositor, with which she pierces the skin of the
apple anywhere she pleases to deposit her eggs. Generally several
are deposited in eacli fruit attacked. The maggot, when hatched,
lives upon the juice and soft parts of the pulp of the fruit. The
wound made by the ovipositor appears to do no harm. The lect-
urer alluded to the fact that London (Eng.) purchasers of Amer-
ican apples feared that our practice of spraying fruit plants with
arsenites and other poisonous compounds threatened danger to the
consumers of such fruits. He said that by a most liberal calcula-
tion a man would have to eat forty barrels of apples to get enough
poison to do any harm. But it is diiierent with grapes, for in a
dry season some of the poison may cling around the stems or be-
tween the berries, although after the necessary handling which the
fruit receives in gathering and marketing it, there could be very
little left when the fruit reached the consumer, especially if the
spraying had been done early.

J. W. Manning asked why the effort initiated by the State to
exterminate the Gypsy Moth had so generally failed.

Professor Riley said that he had purposely avoided any
mention of the gypsy moth in his remarks before the Society, not
only because he had treated the matter fully in one of his Lowell
Institute lectures, of which quite a full report had been published
in the " Boston Commonwealth," but because it was a subject upon
which he could not speak without the appeaiance of fault-finding.
He believed that the mistake originally made was that the work
had not been directed in the beginning by a specialist. He be-
lieved that at least one of the commission should have been a
specialist familiar with entomological matters, and particularly
with applied entomology, and experienced in spraying. He
doubted whether at this time we could get rid of the gypsy moth.
It had, he feared, got beyond control. Nevertheless, while it
may continue its ravages, private effort would be able to keep it
in check. Unless some effort on a sufficiently extensive scale to

LATE EXPERIENCE AVITH INSECTS. 45

exterminate the insect were made, he could not see any justifica-
tion for further State effort. To continue as heretofore, without
exterminating, would, in his judgment, be to a great extent a waste
of time and money, and doing by special commission what should
be done by private parties concerned.

Francis H. Appletou, a member of the Committee of the
State Board of Agriculture on the Gypsy Moth, thougiit Pro-
fessor Riley had been misinformed. He stated tiiat the com-
mittee had selected scientific persons whom they judged competent
to give reliable directions. Whenever there came before the
committee any question bearing upon the scientific side of their
work, they always sought what they considered competent advice.
When they organized, it was uuderstood that the moth extended
over only a certain territory ; but when they commenced operations
they found that it was much more widely spread. They acted
upon their own judgment, under the advice of scientists, and be-
lieved they had greatly reduced the pest in the area infested.

Professor Riley spoke of the work done by the previous com-
mission on the Gypsy Moth. He had no desire to cast reflec-
tions on any of the members of the present commission, all of whom
he knew personally and believed to be animated by the proper
patriotic spirit. But the personal character of the members of
the committee had not atfected the faults to which he referred.
Errors had been committed wliich should have been avoided. He
had been invited by the members of the present committee to take
part in a conference on the subject held in Marcli, 1891, and had
freely given his views. He had made it a point since, from the
general interest he felt in the subject, to follow the course pur-
sued the present year, and had frankly spoken to Mr. Sessions, the
Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, of what he believed to be
shortcomings. Professor Fernald was, later in the season, in some
way connected with the committee, and the speaker had no doubt
that, if the work is to be continued, the present committee, with
the experience it has had, could hardly be improved upon under the
I)resent mode of appointment and if an entomologist is not to be
placed in active charge. The question in the mind of tlie speaker
was whether to go on in the present way, with no certainty of
extermination. He believed that with a view to the extermina-
tion of the pest a much larger approi)ri:ition than that now asked
for, say half a million dollars, would lie necessary, aud in his

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

judgment, only on the basis of a supreme effort being made for
extermination was a continuation of tlie work warranted.

Mr. Appleton responded by saying tlie present commis-
sion took liold of this work a year ago. Tliey consulted Professor
Fernald, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and were guided
by his advice. The speaker felt that this undertaking was some-
what of the nature of the suppression of an insurrection, and that the
best way was to use sufficient power to crush it at once. He
hoped the investigation now going on by the Legislative Com-
mittee would be thorough, and that it would bring to their
attention what is needful to do to secure the extermination of the
gypsy moth.

George M. Whitaker remarked that Professor Fernald had
stated that the farmers and gardeners are taxing tliemselves,
as nearly as he can estimate, $75,000 per year, on account of the
devastations of the potato-beetle — not to exterminate it, but
merely to keep it iu control. Now if it should prove that present
methods and expenditures do not succeed in exterminating the
gypsy moth, which preys upon practically ever?/ kind of vegeta-
tion, an investment of $75,000 per year, merely to keep it iu con-
trol, is certainly wise, and justified in view of the practice of the
farmers of the State in connection with the potato beetle, which
attacks only one kind of plant.

Benjamin P. Ware was glad to hear a word of encouragement
from Professor Riley to the effect that insects may be kept in
check. Farmers have thirty insect pests on each crop ; they
should be glad that they have not thirty-one.

Mr. Jackson asked about plugging with sulphur.

Professor Riley said that this was another of the ex-
ploded remedies which nevertheless continue to be advocated year
after year. He had tried the plugging of trees with sulphur, and
knew positively from experience that the sulphur remained indef-
initely without being taken up into the circulation of the tree.
The fact that a similar plugging practice can be permitted on the
Common, right here in Boston where there are so many natural-
ists, both botanists and entomologists, is a striking illustration of
the difficulty of inculcating scientific truths wherever politics have
anything to do with the matter. Since he had been in Boston
he had noticed, while crossing the Common, that many of the
trees had been very elaborately tied up to wooden stakes, in many

IRKIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. 47

instances in such a manner as to form splendid harbors for the
cocoons and egg masses of the Tussock Moth, notwithstanding the
difficulty which had been experienced in Boston during recent
years with this insect.

William Tailby asked if the hj^drocyanic acid gas fumigation
was not dangerous to the operator.

Professor Riley replied that he had been present at such
applications on a small scale, but had never known or heard of any
harm coming from its use. The operator always retires before
the gas is generated to a harmful extent.

Ou motion, a vote of thanks to Professor Riley for his able and
interesting address was unanimouslv passed.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Discussions,
announced for the next Saturday a lecture upon *' Irrigation with
Fresh Sewage," by Heury J. Barnes, M.D., of Boston.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 30, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, tbe President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Louville Curtis, of Tyngsborough, was proposed by Robert
Farquhar, as an Annual Member of the Society.

The President read a letter from Francis Brown Hayes, enclosing
fifty dollars, which he wislied to offer as a prize for the best fifty
trusses of rhododendrons, in not less than twenty-five varieties, at
the Rhododendron Show, ou the -Ith of June. The President stated
that the Executive Committee had accepted the gift with thanks.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 6.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Irrigation "vvitii Fresh Sewage.

By Henry J. Barnes, M.U., Boston.

In 1887 Mr. William D. Philbrick stated the three essential
things for a good market garden to be " nearness to a good

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mnrket, a good soil, and sufficient capital." To-day the control
of an abundant supply of water will be admitted as a factor of
equal importance to those he enumerated. I believe it was an
honored member of this Society who emphasized this in saying
that the three things necessary in the cultivation of strawberries
were water^ water, WATER ; and probably it is unnecessary for
me to remind you of its value in view of its recognition in the
earliest history of agriculture, and your own experience in the
arrest of growth and often destruction of crops in the absence of
this necessary element.

In the composition of fruits and vegetables it exists to the
extent of from fifty to ninety per cent, and, becoming charged
with the various soluble substances in the soil, is the vehicle which
conveys them from the soil to the vegetation.

Boussingault observed rich crops of maize on the plateau of the
Andes at Quito, in sand that was nearly moving, but abundantly
watered, and remarks that '' land which can be irrigated has only
to be loose and permeable in order to have the whole of the fer-
tility developed which climate and manure can confer."

At Edinburgh I have seen rich crops of vegetables, raised on
soil composed of sand and capable of furnishing only mechanical
support, under irrigation with sewage, and commanding an annual
rental of from $100 to $125 per acre ; and in the vicinity of Boston
we have ample proof of the value in the numerous water plants
set up and maintained by many farmers.

To ensure rapid growth a plant must be provided with all the
moisture it is capable of absorbing.

Water, carbonic acid, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia,
and a few earthy minerals in small amounts, are the well-known
elements upon which vegetation subsists. In solution througli the
roots, or in gaseous form through the respiratory process of
the foliage, nourishment is obtained, and as we cannot control the
food supplied in the air they breathe, our efforts are confined to
supplying the roots with water, carbonic acid, nitrogen, ammonia,
phosphoric acid, and potash, under the broad name of fertilizer,
the commercial value of which depends upon the amount of eacli
or all of these elements it is capable of furnishing ; and to the
plant it makes no difference, either in its structure or develop-
ment, from what source these inorganic elements are derived.
Artificial fertilizers, guano, night-soil, barn-yard products, or

IRRIGATION WITH FKESH SEWAGE. 49

sewage, must each and all be resolved into these simple com-
ponent elemiMits before assimilation is possible. (Dr. Carpenter
records a rare exception to this rule, having observed bacteria
passing through the rootlets of Italian rye grass, and disappearing
as if digested by the plant. The insectivorous plants should also
be excepted.)

Plant food must be decomposed before it can be recomposed,
and based upon this fact tlie composting of manure is practised.

Up to within a comparatively recent period, exposure to the
influences of the oxygen in the atmosphere was suppost-d to be
the essential factor in promoting decomposition of organic matter.
The study of bacteriology has broadened our knowledge, and
revolutionized a theory.

Tyndal demonstrated that a free atmosphere was insuflicient to
cause any change in meat extracts exposed in open mouth phials,
in a mountainous region of Switzerland, owing to the absence of
micro-organisms; and Schlnessing, a French chemist, showed, by
adding chloroform to sewage deposited on soil in a free atmos-
phere, the effect of arresting decomposition as often as applied,
by putting to sleep these organisms. By heat, the bacteriologist
destroys them and preserves the oi'gauic matter of his culture
fields for an indefinite time, in test tubes plugged with sterilized
loose cotton stoppers, which have the effect of excluding micro-
organisms, but freely admit air. in the preservation of fruits,
they are killed by boiling, and excluded by sealing. In the
preservation of timber, they are poisoned by a variety of agents
in which it is soaked. Thus the decomposition or decay of
organic matter may be prevented by aniesthetics, antiseptics, or
boiling. Their existence in the air may be recognized as floating
specks in the sun's rays admitted to a darkened room through a
narrow aperture.

The object in composting manures is to expose as much of the
surface as is possible to the action of these organisms which per-
vade the air, and exist very abundantly in the first few inches of
the surface of the earth where organic matter is present. In in-
organic matter, like gravel and sand, they are often absent, and
always very few in number. At the Lawrence Experiment
Station, it required several months to stock the filler beds, com-
posed of gravel and sand, during which period nitrification of
sewage did not take place. They subsist chiefly on nitrogenous

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

matter, and by digesting it convert it into matter capable of
combining with cliemical elements in the soil or air.

Mr. Cohn claims to have demonstrated that the redaction of
sulphates into sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphur, and nitrates
into nitrites, ammonia, and nitrogen gas, is accomplished through
the agency of microbes ; and another experimenter has shown
that certain bacilli have the property of changing ammonia into
nitrous acid, etc. Our State Board of Health recently have
reported the isolation of a nitrifying bacillus.

Reduction by physiological rather than by chemical processes is,
in a measure, confirmed by what we know of the origin of
natural nitrate beds, and long ago by feeding a falcon on flesh
alone Boussingault found the urine to contain scarcely anything
but uric acid ; and we may fairly conclude that the oxygen in at-
mospheric air has no office- in the processes of reduction, except
that it appears to be necessary to life, and takes up, or makes
combination with, elements set free in the reduction of organic
matter by living organisms. An exception should be made where
matter is burned by heat, in which event nearly all its fertilizing
properties escape into the atmosphere in the form of gases, leaviug
only the ashes containing the salts.

In the manure pile, reduction begins with the animal which
produces it, and in turn it serves as food for a great variety of
lower organisms, until its final conversion into inoi'gauic matter.
Here the volatile gases escape to a greater or less degree, as
illustrated in the ammouiacal odor of horse dung or urine. It has
been shown that nearly two-thirds the original amount of ammonia
may thus be lost in a pile of horse dung. In the more moist
manures, like cow dung, active change does not take place, except
on the outside of the pile ; the nitrifying organisms are excluded
in its compact condition as effectively as in the silo where ensilage
is preserved. In the compost heap, reduction is arrested at a
point where the elements set free are capable of combining with
those in the soil; for example, the strong affinity which ammonia
has for the alumina in all fertile soils fixes the ammonia in the
form of ammoniacal sidphate of alumina, and preserves it from
further reduction into elements possessing but five per cent of
its original value for agricultural purposes, according to Dr.
Carpenter's estimate.

Nitrate of potash is artificially produced by emptying animal

IRRIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. 51

refuse — more especially urine — into vats containing calcareous
earth, ashes, and loose soil. In composting manure, except tl)at
the greater part of that which furnishes the ammonia is lost
through no effort to save the urine, practically the same result is
obtained, namely, that valuable fertilizer, nitrate of potash.

Top dressing with green manure, if lumpy, is attended by a
loss of valuable gases imparted to the atmosphere, excepting
what the rain dissolves and washes into the earth.

Fortunately, in the economy of nature, nothing is lost. All
which is taken up in the air serves as nourishment for plants
through their respiratory action, or comes down with rain or snow
and is known as the poor man's manure. Thus an offensive
odor becomes an unconscious dispensation of charity by the person
responsible for its creation.

Liquid manure, if spread on the surface of permeable land,
immediately disappears, but capillary attraction retards the How
and holds it in suspension during a rapid process of nitrification.

Silicious sand will hold 25 per cent of liquid manure without
dripping ; sandy clay, 40 to 70 per cent ; strong clay, 50 per
cent ; arable soil, 48 to 52 per cent ; garden soil, 89 per cent.
No labor is required in this metliod of composting, except that
the flow on a given area of land must be diverted to another field
from time to time. By this method of enriching land, all the
fertilizing properties of the manure are retained in the soil for the
benefit of vegetation.

In consequence of the rich nitrogenous food upon which the
human race subsists, analysis shows its excreta to be richer in
plant food than that of other animals. In a pound and a quarter
of urine and a quarter of a pound of faeces the three per cent
nitrogen amounts to about 0.5."31 an ounce a day, or 12.815 pounds
per year. One hundred pounds of the urine of a man is equal to
one thousand three hundred pounds of the fresh dung of a horse,
according to Boussingault and Liebig. Experience with the use
of human waste, as ordinarily obtained, discredits the accuracy
of analysis, and today it is with some ditticulty in many phices
that farmers can be found Avho are willing to accept it as a gift ;
and they do not err in placing little or no value upon it, for long
before it reaches the farm, it has lost most of its fertilizing prop-
erties, either by complete decomposition, or by washing away by
floods of water into the earth or sewer, leaving only a sludge

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

composed chiefly of paper and grease. None of the urine, con-
taining most of the nitrogen and all the soluble salts, is saved. If
obtained from a tight cesspool, the volume of water renders
transportation impracticable. Where earth is used to absorb the
liquids of a vault, it is a valuable fertilizer ; but as a matter of
fact little night-soil is obtainable in this condition.

Of the various modern methods adopted in thickly settled com-
munities for the disposal of wastes, sewerage systems dischai-ging
on soil under cultivation offer the cheapest transportation, and
the best means of preserving the fertilizing properties. In transit
it loses little by decomposition, if the flow is uninterrupted, for
onl}' in stagnation do the micro-organisms find environments
favorable for propagation and work. Experiment in England
has demonstrated that a river carrying 10 per cent of sewage,
and running at the rate of one mile an hour, would not lose over
25 per cent of carbonaceous matter, and 33 per cent of the
nitrogenous in a journey of one hundred and ninety-two miles ;
and German authorities maintain that there is practically no loss
in covered conduits, a fact which your own sense woukl confirm
in the absence of offensive odors on entering a great sewer.
Based on this common observation, Dr. Carpenter asserts that the
sewage of London could be conducted a distance limited only by
the cost of construction which, in a measure, would be oft'set by
diminution in the cost of land more remote from the metropolis.

The name of Alfred Carpenter is well known as a high authority
in sanitary science. In 1856 his influence established the Croydon
farm, and it is now twenty- four years since he inti'oduced this method
of disposal to an assembly of men of science, especially called to
consider the subject of town di*ainage. At the annual meeting of
the British Medical Association in 1888, he said : '' It is ditttcult
to prove a negative. I assert that disease germs are of two
kinds, corresponding with active germs and resting spores — eggs
hatched and growing, and eggs unhatched. The hatched eggs are
rapidly destroyed by the physical conditions under which they
arrive at the farm. Exposure to air, a lower temperature than
that necessary for warm-blooded creatures, absence of pabulum,
and presence of injurious gases soon destroy their life ; but the
resting spores (unhatched eggs) are more persistent. They cer-
tainly arrive on the farm, and it might be expected they would do
misduef, and so they do (and would) if the sewage is not imme-

IRRIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. /)3

diately applied to the land. But then, if arrested, Nature comes
to our rescue, and destroys them by the sulphuretted hydrogen,
which is engendered as soon as putrefaction is rampant ; but putre-
faction destroys the chance of a satisfactory financial return from
the use of the sewage, and it is not to be encouraged. As soon as
the resting spores come in contact with the spongioles of plant
life, they ai'e taken up with avidity, and taken in as food most
energetically, much as human beings take in oysters when they
get the opportunity. Some classes of plants which I have pre-
sumed to name carnivorous, among which I place i*ye grass, do
assimilate these germs in the most rapid and satisfactory manner,
so that no particle escapes tlieir devouring power, and the effluent,
so far as my observation goes, is absolutely free from their pres-
ence. ... If sewage is kept moving it may travel any dis-
tance. The farm ma}' be forty miles from the town producing it,
but if so, the cost of transit will be large, which may be counter-
balanced by cheaper cost of land. . . . I earnestly recommend
sewage farming as applicable to all water-closet towns without
exception, and feel sure it will be far more satisfactorj' than for
it to be sent into the Thames, the Mersey, or tlie Clyde, to the
gradual destruction of our water-ways, and the removal from our
midst of that whicli will give sinew, muscle, bone, and marrow to
the people." In a long interview with Dr. Carpenter, he main-
tained these views with great force, but lamented tliat the manage-
ment of the Croydon corporation had been delegated to politicians
ignorant of sanitary science, who were wasting the products of the
farm by preventing consumption on the land and thus were playing
into the hands of the rich cow-keeper and others, to the pecuniary
disadvantage of the city. This he |)rouounced a monstrous per-
version of common-sense.

Until sewage reaches its final destination, it remains fresh ; the
rotten-egg odor, peculiar to it when undergoing decomposition, is
absent, and if immediately applied to land, no otfeuce is expe-
rienced in its nitrification, as it is at once composted in the most
effective manner known ; and the well-known results from grazing
and folding sheep, where dung and urine are necessarily deposited
on the soil fresh, are indications of the benefits which may l)e
derived from the employment of what you would term a green
manure.

The richness of sewage in nitrogenous matter and fertilizing

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

salts depends cliiefl}' upon the amount of water consumed per
capita, the proportional number of water-closets, street washings,
and sink-drains conveying more or less to a sewerage system. At
best It cannot be estimated higher than the discharges of one
individual to sixty gallons of water. This is equiA'alent to about
two barrels of water in which is deposited a pound and a half of
material capable of supplying plant food. It is too dilute to be
transported profitably by any method except water carriage, and
an enormous volume must be employed in order to obtain sufficient
material to nourish crops, for you get only about one pound of
nitrogen in eight tons of water. On this basis of estimate, 500
persons would, in a year, produce 820 pounds of nitrogen, and
10,950.000 gallons of water, which, if applied to an acre of land,
would be equal to 30,000 gallons a day. This amount has been
considerably exceeded on the light porous soil of Gennevilliers,
near Paris, without overburdening the capacity of the land. At
the Lawrence Experimental Station, an amount equal to 60,000
gallons per acre per day has been nitrified for five consecutive
months, to such an extent as to produce an effluent containing
only five per cent of the original amount of ammoniain the sewage.

The capacity of land to dispose of sewage is fixed at a point
where it becomes waterlogged. It varies in accordance with the
character of the soil and relative amount of moisture in the at-
mosphere. For example, at Cro^'don, England, in a naturally
moist climate and a clay soil without underdrains, this capacity is
only equal to about 3,500,000 gallons per acre per year. At
Gennevilliers, in a dry climate, on a light sandy soil., underdrained,
12,000,000 gallons per acre per year, or the wastes of 550 persons,
have been advantageously employed.

Growing vegetation also contributes to the capacity of land to
dispose of water. A full-sized cabbage has been known to exhale
moisture at the rate of a pailful a day. Hales's experiment with
a sunflower showed it to be capable of throwing off an average of
twenty ounces of water a day, diminished at night or as the
air was moist; and Bailey Denton estimates the capacity of an
acre of growing wheat to be equal to ten tons of water each
day.

When land is waterlogged vegetation dies, as is noticed where a
sink-drain discharges wdthout interruption in a non-perforated
flower-pot, or where artificial reservoirs have been built ; and for

IRRIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. 55

this reason alone the number of persons whose wastes can be pro-
vided for ou an acre of land varies from one hundred to five
thousand. With this limitation sewage can be deposited on land
in sutHcient quantity to test its full capacit}' for the disposal of
water.

Plants for irrio-ation with sewage differ in no wa^' from those
established where pure water is employed, except that the open
carriers must, from time to time, be renewed, or the bed be dis-
turbed, in order to avoid offensive odors from the thin skim of
deposit. Under all circumstances, the discharge must be inter-
mittent, that the land may not become waterlogged ; and also to
provide for frequent admission of air ; as one writer expresses it,
"the land must be given a chance to breathe." Under such
conditions the land does not become clogged or choked. The
water causes it to swell, and in drying it shrinks, leaving more
space than exists where water is not apjjlied. The earthworms
contribute to making it more porous and light. In utilizing the
wastes of kitchen sinks, I have always found that old channels
. will carry a given amount of liquid only about half the distance
of those freshly made.

Irrigation is as effective in making garden soil light as is a fall
of rain.

No great amount of labor is required to conduct the distribution.
For tlie four hundred and fifty acres at Edinburgh under irri-
gation, only two men are employed, one by day and one by night,
grass being the chief crop, and sewage the only fertilizer. Where
vegetables are raised, the sewage is discharged on beds and finds
its way between the rows in the same way that pure water does
when employed for a like purpose.

During the long period when vegetation slumbers, it may be
discharged broiidly over fields at regular intervals with very little
attention : and during that time the land will accumulate and store
fertilizing elements for the succeeding crops. It must not be
discharged on the foliage of vegetation, as there is a liability of
arresting and conveying infectious germs to the consumer. In-
testinal worms are very common among the Chinese as a result of
the filthy practice of pouring slops on celery and other vegetables
used without cooking. For this reason a strawberry bed should
not he irrigated after the fruit has set.

^'ariation in the character of the soil, the climate, and the

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vegetation makes any fixed rules governing the application of
sewage impossible ; but in a general way it may be stated that
land which is benefited by irrigation with water can, b}' the use
of sewage, be made more productive ; and such soils as are capable
of receiving the wastes of five hundred persons in the course of a
3'ear need no other fertilizer to produce the best results under
intensive culture.

Frost does not prevent its application to land in winter. At
Dantzlc and Pullman it is continued throughout the winter with
the effect of keeping out the frost ; and at Edinbuigh, the first
crop of grass is cut on the irrigated field before a sign of fresh
vegetation appears on adjoining land.

In 1867 and 1868, Paris, vexed by the incrensing pollution of
tlie Seine which Beigrand's gTeat work of constructing intercept-
ing sewers along each bank had only succeeded in transferring to
a point lower down the river, was required b}^ national authority
to either purify or discontinue the discharge into the river. Im-
mense sums of money were spent in efforts to filter the sewage,
and to treat it chemically, but all were abandoned as inefficient.
An experimental field of a few acres was established near Clichy
for irrigation and utilization, with such happy results as to lead
to the adoption of this system of treatment on the plains of Genue-
villiers in face of the most violent opposition of the villagers, who
were apprehensive of total annihilation of the value of their prop-
erty on its introduction. Unfortunate experiments, resulting in
costly litigation, greatly retarded the work ; but the drains were
finally laid, and the object lesson presented in a field nearly
barren before the sewage was applied proved suflficient to
induce the villagers to gradually accept the system, and from
a field of less than an acre in 1868, it developed into an
area of over 1,275 acres in 1882; and now embraces all
available land in the district, and provides for the utiliza-
tion and purification of one-third of the sewage of the city,
or a little over 34,000,000 gallons per day. The population
increased 35 per cent in ten years, reaching 3,500, nearly
all engaged in agriculture. The land commands a rental
five times greater than adjoining land, or the same land
before irrigation was introduced ; and the authorities of Paris,
iKconiing so thoroughly convinced of the profitableness, de-
clined to extend the system further for the benefit of private

IRPIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. 57

land-owners, but acquired of the State sufficient land in the forest
of St. Germain, at an annual rental of about nine dollars and fifty
cents per acre, with the privilege of buying at three hundred
and twenty dollars per acre, for the utilization of sewage not
provided for.

Inside the fortifications of Paris, surrounded by beautiful exhibi-
tion buildings, including the Trocadero, which was but a few hun-
dred feet distant, the city exhibited a model of sewage farming as
conducted at Gennevilliers. A tract of land, about twenty-five by
one hundred and fifty feet, was prepared for this purpose. At
one corner an excavation enabled the visitor to descend a flight
of steps, and view the character of the soil through glass set in
the stone wall. Ten or twelve inches of the surface was black
loam ; then there was a stratum of yellow underlaid b}' beds of
sand and gravel. It was underdrained about five feet below the
surface. It was the normal soil in that vicinity, and you will
recognize the similarity to that of your own. From the under-
drain an open trap was discharging clear, cool, and sparkling
water, wdiich analysis showed to be equal to good spring water.
Drinking-cups were provided, and could one dismiss from his
mind the sewage from which it was derived, temperature, odor,
color, and taste would place it in estimation far above the average
town water-supply.

The surface was laid out in beds with rows of vegetafion, be-
tween which shallow ditches, four or five inches deep, which
might have been made with a plough, served to carry the sewage
which, at regular intervals, was discharged into these channels.
Garden vegetables, fruits, and flowers occupied the land, sur-
rounded by espaliers of apples, peaches, grapes, and pcnrs. It
furnished a wonderful example of what may be accomplished
under intensive culture by the use of sewage. Furthermore, it
was absolutel}'' inoffensive. The unsightly top-dressing with the
coarse products of the barn-j^ard, on Commonwealth avenue, and
the artificial fertilizers whose offensive odor I have often noticed,
suffer by comparison with this modern method of ferlilizing with
fresh sewage in the fashionable quarter of Paris.

The Germans recognized, in 1872, the advantages of this method
of disposing of sewage on the plain of Gennevilliers, and Avith
a part of the indemnity received from France, began the construc-
tion of a similar system for Berlin, under the advice of Vircbow

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and other distinguished sanitarians. Today the farms receive
all the sewage of the city, where all cesspools and privy vaults
have been suppressed. Public workhouses and convalescent
hospitals are established on the different farms, whicli net the city
from one to two and a half per cent above cost of operation and
interest on plant.

In England there are over two hundred cities and towns where
the sewage is thus utilized.

In conclusion, were I a garden farmer, and cultivating availa-
ble land, I would obtain permission to connect my pumping plant
with a sewerage system, and take the necessary supply of water
and manure from that source. Had I the authority, I would re-
quire all our public institutions to utilize their wastes, if suitable
land could be obtained.

Not long ago I visited one surrounded by light soil, for which
the superintendent was buying manure and emptying all the sewage
in a swamp, thus not alone wasting the best-known fertilizer, but
establishing paludal conditions which might at any time send all
the inmates to the hospital.

At Deer Island, where tliere are a thousand or more idle hands,
I would set them at work raising vegetables, fruits, and flowers
on land irrigated with sewage from the North Metropolitan dis-
trict which is soon to flow past their summer residence and dis-
charge into Boston's harbor. I would feed them on asparagus,
celery, lettuce, onions, and cabbages raised by the sweat of their
brow. The surplus fruits might be employed to tickle the palates
of the governing politicians, as a perquisite for their arduous
duties, and the flowers to adorn the municipal banquet table. I
am not romancing in drawing this picture, for I dined under similar
conditions, but in a country where men of science hold the posi-
tions generally occupied by politicians in our great and glorious
land.

At the close of his paper Dr. Barnes referred to the report of
the proceedings at the Seventh International Medical Congress,
held at London in 1891, and read the following extracts:
"•At the meetings of Section V. of this Congress, Dr. Alfred
Carpenter presented a paper which had for its object to show that
every locality has duties which it owes to the nation to which it
belongs. It should maintain public health by preventing disease.

IRKIGATION AVITH FRESH SEWAGE. 59

especially in the matter of disposal of sewage. He held that uti-
lizing that material in the irrigation of farming land was the best
possible method. "While the cost of such a system may exceed
the financial returns from the lands cultivated, and the locality
has to pay the deficit, the increased production of crops tends to
reduce the price, which is a national advantage. He believed that
density of population need not involve high prices, if the excreta
of that population be properly used in agriculture ; that it is the
duty of a nation to produce a sufficient amount of food for the
people, so as to be independent of foreigners in the event of war ;
that the non-utilization of sewage leads to conditions which pro-
duce disease germs, and the multiplication of epidemics. He
supports his arguments by the results obtained at Croydon, at a
two-penny rate, and shows that for this small outlay there has
been a diminished death-rate, illness correspondingly reduced, a
fivefold increase of production of the land, giving healthful em-
ployment to man}' people in the open country, thus withdrawing
them from the crowded towns, and a great production of meat and
milk ; thus to some extent ensuring the nation against the fear of
famine if war should break out and supplies from abroad be
stopped. He strongly protested against any measure being taken
that shall destroy the agricultural value of sewage, as being
opposed to national interests, and comparing the sewage of
London with that of Cr(>3'don, showed that it would be a national
advantage to utilize the sewage of London as that of Croydon is
utilized, and that the nation would be recouped for the expendi-
ture if the interest on the amount expended were guaranteed by
the State."

The following propositions which were prepared by Dr. Car-
penter were also presented :

" First, That the judicious application of sewage in close prox-
imity to dwellings does not depreciate the health of the occupants
of those dwellings.

" Second, That the judicious application of sewage to land will
satisfactorily cleanse the efilueut water fit to discharge into any
rivulet or brook.

"Third, That vegetables from fields continuously irrigated by
sewage are satisfactory food for man or beast, and that animals
fed mainly on such vegetal)les are as healthy as are those fed on
oidinary agricnltuial products.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"Fourth, That germs which spread infectious diseases are not
capable of reproduction on properly cultivated sewage farms, the
chemical and vital conditions behig contrary to their further
development.

" The author supported these propositions by reference to the
experience gained during the past thirty-one years on the Bedding-
ton Sewage Farm, proofs being adduced mainly from observa-
tions made during the last ten years."

Dr. Barnes remarked that in the paper from which he had read
additional evidence is presented of the beneficial results of sewage
farming, and tliat in the discussion which followed Dr. C. R.
Drysdale paid tribute to Dr. Carpenter's excellent work, charac-
terizing him as the father of sewage farming, and, alluding to
the success at Croydon, said that in consequence of a visit paid to
that farm by experts from Paris and Berlin, both those places had
adopted the system with the same measure of success. A resolu-
tion offered by Sir Henry Roscoe, to the effect " That in the o|)inion
of this meeting the best yet known method of disposing of the
sewage of towns is that of purification and utilization on the
land," WHS unanimously carried. Four days ago his death was
reported in the daily press. Historians will place his name among
the benefactors of mankind.

Victor Hugo, in " Les Miserables," describing the sewerage
system of Paris nearly thirty years ago, makes a vivid picture of
our American systems at the present time, as follows :

" Paris throws twenty-five millions a year into the sea. And
this without metaphor. How, and in what naanner? Day and
night. With what object ? Without any object. With what
thought? Without thinking. For what return? For nothing.
By means of what organ? By means of its intestine. What is its
intestine? Its sewer. . . . Science, after long experiment, now
knows that the most fertilizing and most effective of manures is
that of man. Tlie Chinese, we must say it to our shame, knew it
before us. No Chinese peasant, Eckeburg tells us, goes to the
city without carrying back, at the two ends of his bamboo, two
buckets full of what we call filth. Thanks to human fertilization,
the earth in China is still as young as in the days of Abraham.
Chinese wheat yields a hundred and twenty fold. There is no
guano comparable in fertility to the detritus of a capital. A great
city is the most powerful of stercoraries. To employ the city to

IRRIGATION WITH FRKSH SEWAGE. 61

enrich the plains would be a sure success. If our gold is filth, ou
the other hand our filth is gold. What is done with this fiUh —
gold ? It is swept into the abj'ss. We fit our convoys of ships at
great expense to gather up at the South Pole the droppings of
petrels and penguins, and the incalculable elements of wealth
which we have under our own hands we st^nd to the sea. All the
human and animal manure which the world loses, restored to the
land instead of being thrown into the water, would suffice to nour-
ish the world.

" These heaps of garbage at the corners of the stone blocks;
these tumbrils of mire jolting through the streets at night ; these
horrid scavengers' carts ; these fetid streams of subterranean slime
which the pavement hides from you — do you know what all tiiis is ?
It is the flowering meadow, it is the green grass. It is marjoram
and thyme and sage ; it is game, it is cattle, it is the satisfied low
of huge oxen at evening, it is perfumed hay, it is golden corn, it
is bread on your table, it is warm blood in your veins, it is iiealth,
it is joy, it is life.

'' ^Statistics show that France alone makes a liquidation of a
hundred millions every year into the Atlantic ocean from the
mouths of her rivers. . . . The cleverness of man is such
that he prefers to throw this hundred millions into the gutter. It is
the very substance of the people which is carried awaj', here drop
by drop, there in floods, by the wretched vomiting of our sewers
into the rivers, and the gigantic collection of our rivers into the
ocean. Each hiccough of our cloaca costs us one thousand francs.
From this follows two results : the land impoverished and the
water infected. Hunger rising from the furrow, and disease rising
from the river.

" A system of elementary drainage, as simple as the lungs of a
jnan, and which is already in full operation in several villages in
England, would suffice to bring into our cities the pure water of
the fields, and send back into our fields the rich water of the
cities, and this easy see-saw, the simplest in the world, would re-
tain in our possession ' the hundred millions thrown away.'

"The present system does harm in endeavoring to do good.
The intention is laudable, the result lamentable."

Before the discussion was opened. Dr. Barnes displayed a small
plan, showing a section of the city of Paris, with the suburbs of

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Clichy and Neuilly-sur-Seine, and extending be3'oud Clich3% to
embrace the district of Gennevilliers, with the sewage farms there
established ; also extending beyond Neuilly to include the forest
of St. Germain, the farthest section of which is also converted
into au immense sewage farm, owned or carried on by the city of
Paris. Another plan showed similar grounds located upon an in-
cline, where the sewage was delivered upon alternate banks.
Still another plan showed the city of Birmingham, England, with
its series of sewage farms, which extend eastward a long
distance on the northerly side of the Midland railway. A large
chart gave the Birmingham farms on a much enlarged scale show-
ing more details, all which illustrations were valuable additions
to the lecture.

Discussion.

Leverett M. Chase said that he was much interested in the
subject of the paper read today. It is one of the most important
questions of public interest, and is daily becoming more so. He
is a member of a Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the investigation of methods of sewage disposal.
He was convinced that the system of sewage irrigation, described
by the lecturer, is the best way yet presented, and was decidedly
in favor of having this foul, unwholesome matter used in produc-
ing excellent vegetables, luscious fruits, and beautiful flowers.

Col. Henry W. Wilson said that the subject of the paper had
occupied his attention professionally, at intervals for thirty- five
years. The difficulty in the treatment of the sewerage problem
is the danger of creating a local nuisance, prejudicial to health,
and the expense of obviating it. To avoid the outlay, half-way
measures are often resorted to, which in time are discarded, and
thus large sums of money are uselessly thrown away. Some-
times expensive schemes are thrust upon a community either from
a lack of correct infoi'mation or the desire of interested parties to
promote a large undertaking with its profitable contracts. The
popular notion with regard to sewage is that if it can be got into
the sea it is the most harmless, and therefore the most satisfactory
disposition of it. In reality, however, as soon as this material is
poured into the salt water, a reaction occurs between the ele-
ments in solution and the soda contained in the salt, and chemical
precipitation takes place, whereby an offensive and highly putres-

IRRIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. 63

cible deposit is made immediate!}" about the outlet, which the
action of the tide and waves ultimately throws back upon the
shore, creating a local nuisance of a bad type. It has been said
that in the arrangement of the adjuncts of a Portuguese house
the privy is placed on the street beside the front door. When the
city of Boston shall have its outlets of the Metropolitan Sewer-
age System, one for the north side at Deer Island, and the other
for the south side, b}' au extension of its present system from
Moon Island to Long Island head, it will afford a capital illustra-
tion of this arrangement, with the equivalent of a privy on either
hand of its front door. The beaches and shores of the tidal
basins of the lower harbor will, before many years, be rendered
vefy noxious from the filtiiy deposits which are being made today,
and which will be largely increased when the works now being exe-
cuted are completed. The magnitude of tlie subject will be better
understood when it is considered that more than 30,000,(j00 gal-
lons are now pumped daily into Quincy Bay, and that this large
volume will soon be balanced by an equal amount which will be
discharged at Deer Island when the great sewerage system is
completed. Filth has been defined as dirt out of place. The
drainage of a large city produces an immense amount of this
misplaced material ; the problem is how to dispose of it.

This subject is too broad to be discussed properly in an hour.
The best authorities concur today that ocean beaches which are
populated, or tidal basins, are not the proper places for sewage dis-
posal, until everything that chemical I'eaclion of the salt will
precipitate has been removed from it. Chemical precipitation is
now compulsory in many of the interior cities of this country and
Europe. In all of these instances the valuable elements contained
in the sewage are thrown away. From economical considerations
it has seemed to many thoughtful people that these elements
should be returned to the soil, and that by this means a nuisance
will be prevented, and whatever is of value will be saved. The
learned Professor Liebig many years ago computed from an anal-
ysis and estimate of the quantit}'^ of food consumed in London,
that the annual waste by the city sewerage was more than
£-2, ()()(), 000 sterling, and that the wealth of the nation was being
thrown into the sea. Calculations of this sort lead one into error,
from the fact that it is assumed that the animal waste contains all of
the elements of food, and no allowailce is made for the larger

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

portion that is consumed in supporting life and enabling the indi-
viduals to perform their daily labors. As well might we expect
to find the ashes in the pit to contain the valuable elements of the
fuel consumed in the furnace, after they have been expended in
producing heat or, its equivalent, work. At first it was readily
assumed that by the resources of chemistry, these valuable ele-
ments, which were supposed to remain in the sewage, could be
profitably extracted in the form of a portable fertilizer — a native
guano, as it was called. This proved to be illusive, but the ex-
perience cost the promoter more than a million dollars. The
conclusion has been finally forced upon those having to deal with
these matters that, where it is practicable, the only safe and satis-
factory method to dispose of this refuse is by irrigation. The
paper read today is a thoughtful and rational presentation of
tills subject ; it shows us what has been accomplished under
favorable circumstances. For more than a hundred years a por-
tion of the sewage of Edinburgh has been thus utilized upon the
Cragittiny meadows. At Gennevilliers one-half — perhaps two-
thirds — of the sewage of Paris is used in irrigating the market
gardens there, the material being delivered to the gardeners free.
Here the laud is a level plain, and the soil being a light, sandy
loam, and the climate mild, the conditions are the most favorable
that they can be. Thirty years ago it was pointed out to the com-
missioners in charge of the sewerage of London that the most
feasible plan of sewage disposal was to convey it in conduits to what
is known as the Maplin sands, at the north of the mouth of the
Thames, aud there use it for irrigation ; whether the irrigation
proved successful or not, the water of the river would have
been preserved in comparative purity. The commissioners de-
cided to pour the concentrated volume into the river just below
the city, that of the north side at Barking Creek, and that of
the south side at Crossness, nearly opposite. The worst predic-
tions of the result have been fulfilled. The water of the Thames
at the city of London is about one-half as salt as the sea, and as
soon as the sewage is discharged therein chemical precipitation
occurs. The Thames is a tidal river in which the ebb tide runs out
ten miles, and the flood sets back seven miles in every tide, so
that matter in suspension in the water will proceed towanl the sea
six miles in twenty-four hours ; this affords ample time for the
waters to be completely polluted, so that fish are destroyed, and

IRRIGATIOX WITH FRESH SEWAGE. G5

persons who unhappily fall into the river are speedily suffocated ;
the channels and shores are becoming choked with enormous de-
posits of the offensive sediment precipitated, and London is clam-
orous today for something that will ameliorate these evils, which
seem intolerable. What will be done no man can now predict,
but some remedy must be found. This question of sewage dis-
posal must be settled upon general principles, with due regard for
the laws of nature, into which considerations of expense must
and will enter.

Benjamin P. Ware thought we might assume that i.he
plan of sewage irrigation is the best from the sanitary point of view,
but that the expense it involves is a bar to its adoption. The
Boston system was very costly to begin with, and is carried on at
great expense. He asked Colonel Wilson if he thought it would
have been much more expensive if the city had sent it into the
country.

Colonel Wilson re[)lied that the onW increased expense would
be the cost of the additional length of conduit to carry the
sewage to the place of deposit, and the pumping necessary to give
the increased head to deliver it at the greater distance. The city
sewers are all below the street level, and in order to deliver the
contents in the country, they must be pumped sufficiently high to
give it the head to flow upon the higher ground. In a great many
instances sewage is treated chemically and the nitrogenous material
is precipitated by the use of cheap alkalies. Salt water contains
an inexhaustible supply of alkali, ready for this very purpose.
In every ton of sea-water there is approximately one hundred
pounds of soda, which readily combines with the elements in the
sewage and forms a precipitate. In the case of the Boston sew-
age, now poured into Quincy Bay, it amounts to four or five tons
of putrescible matter in twenty-four hours. Much of this matter
is brought to the shore by the action of the tide and waves, there
to decompose and pollute the air with its offensive gases.

The great obstacles in the way of the adoption of wise and
efficient methods of accomplishing desirable results in the treat-
ment and disposal of sewage, arise partly from a popular faith in
traditions, which are often baseless, and from a misunderstanding,
or rather a non-understanding, of the natural laws which control
these matters. There is no more skill or iutelligence in i)ublic
otlicials than there is in the average citizen, and rarely as much

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

honesty. All sorts of outrageous things have been proposed by
public boards of commissioners and trustees, the accomplishment
of which has only been prevented by the active opposition of citi-
zens. It has been proved, clearly and incontestibly, that soil —
not gravel or sand or earth, so called, but vegetable mould — is the
only substance that will extract all of the putrescible elements
frojn sewage and render it pure and innoxious. The only pi: ce
where it has been undertaken on a large scale, amounting to
thousands of acres, is at Gennevilliers, where it was at first
regarded with suspicion, but has slowly gained in confidence.
About Boston the only L'vel tracts of unoccupied land are the
broad expanses of salt marsh, but they are hardly suitable in
their present condition, and it is one of the gieat subjects fur in-
vestigation in this direction whether, by suitable diking, they may
be rendered so dry as to be adapted for sewage disposal.

Another difficulty aiises from observed facts that seem to be
inconsistent with natural laws, or at least with our preconceived
notions. For instance, a farmer was experimenting to learn the
benefit of using liquid manure on a given area of land. Incident-
ally he watered a similar piece of land, having the same crops,
with pure water, and obtained better results than from the liquid
manure. This might naturally follow if the composition of the
liquid manure was not adapted to the soil on which it was used,
but it would be apt to confound many people.

In reply to another question, Colonel Wilson said that the
sewage of Boston could undoubtedly have been carried just as far
into the interior of the country, for the same expense that it cost
to discharge it into the harbor at Moon head ; the appliances in
both cases would be similar, but it would be difficult to find any
place within the same or a reasonable distance of the city where
any considerable portion of the sewage could be utilized, and
certainly there is no place where the surplus, over and above what
would be used, could be allowed to run to waste. If a sufficient
area could be found, say three or four thousand acres, of good
loamy soil, where these waters might be utilized in irrigation, then
this system might be adopted and become a permanent method of
treatment, with the great advantage of a decided gain in sanitary
conditions and the absence of a great offence produced by the
present arrangements, which threaten to vex the inhabitants of the
city as they have the dwellers on the shores of Quincy Bay.

IRRIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. 67

Rev. Calviu Terry considered this one of the vital sul)jeets of
the age. It concerns every city, town, village, and hamlet in the
land. It seemed to him that oiir civilization had hvirdly dawned in
this resipect. Many persons appear to think that if a dead dog.
cat, fowl, or otlier offensive thing is thrown into the water, whether
it be the ocean, a pond, river, or brook, it is finally disposed of,
and if people below think such ol^jecfcs pollute the water they let
them fish them out and bury them. He was tired of having to
perform that oflflce. Our rivers are already polluted beyond en-
durance. The Merrimac river valley has typhoid fever established
— proved to be caused by the polluted water. Hartford formerly
took some of its water supply from the Connecticut river, but the
increased foulness of that large stream has obliged the city to
discontinue such use of its waters. It is not pleasant to think
what an immense volume of her filth Boston is pouring out into
the bay, and tlius providing a perpetual nuisance before each
and all the shore towns, and eventually for herself. Indeed, the
city must now be a sufferer, since the crop of clams, lobsters,
and some fish that come into her markets must be more or less
affected by this deposit upon their feeding-ground. This matter
of eft"ectually disposing of sewage should, and must, soon become
a prominent public question ; one to be considered, not raereh'
nor chiefly from the financial, but rather from the sanitary, point
of view. The value of sevt^age in agriculture has not yet been
fully computed. The speaker had tried it upon a little patch of
land which was producing nothing of any account, and it caused
grass to grow so dense and rank that it could hardly be mowed.
He said. Try it on a rod of ground and you will be astonished
at the results. It is well worth using for other crops. JSandy land
is plenty on Cape Cod, and in the whole Cape district. Thou-
sands of acres, which now produce only scrub pines and oaks,
could be made to produce iieavy crops of grass, and its value
would be increased from ten dollars an acre to hundreds. In a
matter of such importance as this, the expense of carrying sew-
age there should not be considered, even if there were no profit
in it, for the sanitary consideration should be held to be of the
first importance.

Hon. James J. H. Gregory spoke of the Danvers Insane
Asylum as having seven hundred inmates ; and that its sewage
was said to amount to four hundred thousand gallons per day.

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He described the soil as being a good loam, and asked whether
such laud could be profitably treated with sewage without being
underdrained.

Dr. Barnes replied that not so much sewage could be used on
such a soil as on sandy land, but it could be used up to the
point of waterlogging. He cited the case of Croydon, England,
whose sewage-irrigated farms could take but little over one-third
as much as the land of Gennevilliers, France.

Mr. Gregory thought that sewage would not be wbolly
wasted, even if it ran through watercourses to the sea. Sea plants
might be nourished by it, and these serve as food for fish, or be
used by the farmers as plant food.

Dr. Barnes rejoined that, as a rule, sea plants and clams are
killed by sewage. Still, if it could be given them in just the
right amount, it might induce a more vigorous growth. Rock-
weed makes a very slow growth near the shore, but a much more
vigorous growth is found in deep water, far out from the shore.

Mr. Chase remarked that his committee had been giving
attention to the subject referred to them. They had visited the
Bridgewater Normal School and found that the experimental use
of dry earth in closets had proved successful, apparently. This
system is not new, being known even in tlie time of Moses, as is
related in the Scriptures. On a moderate scale this is an econom-
ical method to prevent a nuisance. Speaking of the expense of
the Boston sewerage system he said the tunnel to Moon Island was
a very expensive part of the work. As to finding suitaljle sandy
soil in the vicinity of Boston to be used in sewage-farming, he
said there are very large areas north of Boston, and also at the
south, near Quincy. The matter of effectually disposing of filth
is of great importance. People do not realize the strength of the
gases exhaled by such substances. Not long ago he learned that
the color of a newly painted house at City Point was changed to a
dirty brown in a short time by the gaseous emanations from de-
composing matter being blown against it. If it could do this, what
effect must it have upon the health of the inmates of that house,
who must have breathed it ? It has been shown that constantly
dwelling in a city causes a people to decrease in stature, and also
in vital power ; which latter is probably the cause of the former
change. He had seen persons busy in gathering grease from the
surface of the Thames, near London, and had observed a black

IRRIGATION WITH FRESH SEWAGE. 69

scum floatino; near the shores as one goes down the harbor past
Moon Island.

AYilliam C. Strong asked if Colonel Wilson could tell him
whether Boston sewage has been correctly analyzed.

Colonel Wilson replied that the sewage of Boston is very
much like that of all great cities and is quite uniform in its anal-
ysis, phosphoric acid and nitrogen being about the only elements
of value — about three pounds of the former and thirty-five pounds
of the latter in five hundred tons, which would give a manurial
value of about one cent per ton if the nitrogen were developed
into the foi'm of a nitrate, which is not the casCf however.

An allusion being made to the use of sewage in Holland and
China for the purposes of agriculture, Colonel Wilson said that it
must be remembered that in both of these countries labor is very
cheap and economies are practised there which are not dreamed of
with us, neither would they be tolerated. In the former country
it is common for people to contract and save the chamber slops
of the house for the sum of ten cents per year, and it is collected
by women from house to house. Similar conditions exist in China.
Do any of us desire to see the population of this country in so
depressed, not to say degraded, a condition, socially and indus-
trially, that such a condition of things will or can be possible?
Do we desire to witness men and women, with pole on shoulder
and bucket at each end, passing through our streets collecting
this material. Some will say that more improved methods will be
contrived ; when they are, then it will be time enough to consider
them, but every contrivance and suggestion hitherto made lias
failed ; our people can obtain a more generous living and find more
profitable employment, and our social condition will not allow of
such customs.

In answer to a question whether sewage might not nourish
marine plants and thus be not entirely wasted. Colonel Wilson
said that it was barely possible that the growth of some forms of
marine plants might be promoted or benefited by the application
of sewage, but it had been observed that, in harbors and bays,
sewage killed all forms of sea-weeds and algjie, so that the
presence of sea-weed was considered as an indication that the
waters were not polluted by sewage.

A remark being made as to the feasibility of taking the sewage
of Boston to the sandy plains of Cape Cod, Colonel Wilson said

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that the nearest lauds suitable for such purposes are eighty miles
distant from the city. No area less than three thousand acres
would be adequate and there must be more for necessary enlarge-
ment ; but it would cost from four and one-half to five cents per
ton to take it there, and it would be worth only one cent per ton
when used for the fertilizing elements it contained. There is
no question that under certain conditions sewage farming can be
carried on profitably, and there are other conditions where it would
be good policy to carry it on at a loss, which would be offset by
the great benefit to the community from the purification of noxious
matter and the prevention of a nuisance. In most cases it
becomes the problem of the purification of a thickly settled
locality rather than the fertilization of so many acres of laud.

The city of Brighton, England, formerly discharged its sewage
into the ocean directly on the shore ; before long it was found that
the death-rate exceeded that of the city of Loudon, and it was
directly traceable to the pollution of the shore ; the conduits were
then extended nearly a thousand feet from the shore, into deep
water which was never less than eighteen feet at low^ tide ; still the
offensive deposits were cast ashore by the waves and the evil was
not materially diminished ; the sewers were then extended down
the coast about five miles at an expense of $500,000 to a
spot which was uninhabited, where the chalk cliffs rise abruptly
from the water, and there it now remains.

Dr. Barnes said that the discussion had drifted somewhat.
His endeavor had been to make his lecture practical, by showing
to those who could get sewage that they would not only get a ferti-
lizer, but water; that in the culture of any land, irrigation and
drainage being at command, production is in great measure under
ths control of the cultivator. By irrigation with fresh sewage,
one accumulates fertilizer, and has all the water desired. When
well managed, there is very little if any offensive gas arising ; but
if there is some, its being in free atmosphere may prevent any
injurious effect, although disagreeable to a certain degree. The
sewage delivered at Gennevilliers is diluted about the same as
Boston sewage. The authorities of Paris claim that the more it
is diluted the more easily it is transported. Dantzic, like Edin-
burgh, has in its suburbs large areas of sand which, by irrigation
with fresh sewage from that city, have become so productive as
to pay an annual rental of from twenty to one hundred dollars per

PllOPOSALS FOR 3IEMBERSHIP. 71

ocre to the owner. Precisely similar lands at Edinburgh now
pay rentals of from one liundred and twenty-five dollars to one
hundred and fifty dollars per acre. The speaker assumed that
farmers having light sandy soil would readily take town sewage
if they could get it for nothing. The most of our public institu-
tions have broad areas of laud. The State almshouse at Tewks-
bury lias upon its grounds considerable sandy laud. Some time
ago the sewage accumulated so rapidly that, as the usual methods
of disposal were inadequate, it became very offensive. Dr. Barnes
advised putting it into that sandy soil, which was done. The re-
sult was, that not only was the nuisance effectually abated, but
the productiveness of the land was much increased. He had
noticed a faint odor of sewage, when it was first applied on a
surface, but that was limited to a radius of a few feet and con-
tinued for but a little while, and it could be used on Commonwealth
avenue with far less offence than the present top-dressing of
stable manure. As an illustration of the ready assimilation of
sewage fertilization, he stated that on land so treated Italian rye-
grass has beeu known to grow two inches in twenty- four hours.

Colonel Wilson again spoke of the able and instructive lecture
given by Dr. Barnes, and moved a vote of thanks to him, which
was unanimously carried.

The President announced that the subject of the lecture on the
next Saturday would be " Road Making and Maintenance," by
Henry Irwin, A.B., C.E., of the Canadian Pacific Railway,
Montreal, Canada.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 6, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spoonek, in the chair.

The following-named persons were proposed for membership :

Joseph Whitney, of Cambridgeport, by Leverett M. Chase.

Arthur W. Young, of Hingham, by Starkes Whiton, as a Life
Member.

Kenneth Finlayson, of Brookline, by James H. Wheeler, as an
Annual Member.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following-named persons, having been recommended by the
Es;ecutive Committee for membership in the Society were, on
ballot, duly elected :

William Patterson, of Quincy,
LouviLLE Curtis, of Tyngsborough,
EuFus T. ToBEY, of Roxbury.

Adjourned to Saturdaj', February 13.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Road Making and Maintenance.

By Henry Irwin, B.A., C.E., Canadian Pacific Railway, Montreal, Canada.

This lecture was provided by the Bay State Agricultural Society
in connection with the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

The subject of the paper which I have been asked to read be-
fore you today is one which immediately concerns almost every
one in the State, for, .though there are many people who very
seldom travel by rail, there are very few who do not make use of
public roads at least two or three times a week, and some walk
or drive over them almost every day. Yet, while the facilities
and accommodations otfered by the railways in this country can-
not be surpassed, if indeed they can be equalled, in Europe, the
public roads are, as a rule, very inferior to those of the older
coantries of P^urope.

This, however, is what might be expected, for without railways
it would be absolutely impossible to transport produce over such
a lai'ge extent of country to its market, or to the seaboard for
export ; while on poor roads it is generally possible to draw, iu
dry weather, half what might be drawn on good roads.

Another circumstance that has doubtless helped to hinder the
development of public highways is the size of the farms, which
are, as a rule, much larger than those in Europe ; so that each
farmer has a much greater length of road to pay for.

It must also be remembered that new settlers are often so poor
aa to be unable to pay a heavy tax, and that this country lias de-
veloped so rapidly that the road mileage must be very large in pro-
portion to the population.

Before dealing with the question of construction it would

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 73

appear well to give some figures to show the loss which bad
roads entail and the advantages to be derived from first making
them properly and afterwards keeping them in good oi'der.

It would be of little use to lay before you any information based
on the conditions which obtain in the Province of Quebec, where
the roads, except close to the larger towns, are as bad as they
well can be ; because in that province the snow in winter is always
counted on to provide the farmers with easy means of bringing
iheir produce into market during about three months in the year.

It may be remarked, however, that, for some time after the
autumn rains have set in. and also before the frost has gone out
of the ground sufficiently to permit of farming operations being
carried on to any great extent, the farmer's horses are practically
useless, since the roads at those periods are almost impassable,
while at the same time no ploughing can be done.

The writer has seen a road on the Island of Montreal so bad
that it was almost impossible to walk on it, during a wet season,
and a horse was scarcely able to drag an empty cart along it.

The writer also remembers well that, at his home in Ireland, dur-
ing wet weather in winter, the eight farm horses were sent into mar-
ket with |>roduce and brought out a load of manure each, the usual
load being from eighteen hundred to two thousand pounds for each
horse, and the distance to the market being about seven and a half
miles, over a road with some pretty steep hills. Had the roads not
been kept in good order those eight horses would have been idle
during many a wet day.

With regard to the economical features of good roads in this
State the writer cannot give the results of any experience of his
own, but must quote from various articles which he has lately read
on the subject, relating to roads in various States.

In November, 1891, the following appeared in the " Birmingham
Age : "

" The best of it is, wherever these roads [alluding to the mac-
adamized roads] lead out from Birmingham the cotton patch is
disappearing and diversified farming is taking its place. That is,
a more profitable system of agriculture comes in with better roads."
In relation to this quotation the writer believes that if a proper
system of mixed farming, with a liberal use of manure, had been
always carried out in the Eastern States, there would have been
no impoverislied or abandoned farms about which one hears so

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

iiKich of late, and farmers would be much better off and better
able to construct good roads.

In January, 1891. Mr. Ira O. Baker, Professor of Civil Engi-
neering in Illinois University, read a paper on " The Cost of Bad
Roads " before the Illinois Society of Civil Engineers and Survey-
ors. Mr. Baker went very thoroughly into the subject, and an
abstract from his paper will clearly show the necessity of keeping
highways in good order.

He estimated that the average cost of drawing a load into mar-
ket was a dollar and twenty-five cents, or twenty-five cents per
mile, the average load for a team being about one ton (about
the same load one horse used to draw at home on a good road),
the average cost thus being twenty-five cents per ton mile.

He also assumed that a grade of one in twenty-five doubles the
resistance. Allowing, however, that three-quarters of a ton could
be taken up a long grade of one in twenty-five, on a road with
such a grade the cost of hauling would be twenty-five cents for
tliree-quarters of a ton, or thirty-three and a third cents per ton
mile : that is, the giade adds eight and a third cents per ton
mile, and as the average length of haul was found to be five miles,
the extra cost of the grade is forty-one and two-thirds cents per
load. In the Case of a town into which there were drawn an aver-
age of three thousand loads per year over roads within a half a
mile of the town, the cost of this grade would be $1,250 per
year. This, at seven per cent, represents a capital of $17,860;
which amount might be expended on improving the roads and yet
leave the tax-payer really no poorer. The estimated cost of twenty-
five cents per ton mile included driving, feed, and wear and tear of
horses, harness, and wagon. The capital of $17,860 above alluded
to would pay for making from three to five miles of Telford-mac-
adam road with a width of sixteen feet macadamized, according
to distance from quarries, rate of wages, completeness of work, and
nature of competition among contractors.

With regard to money saved by keeping roads in good order
Mr. Baker instanced the case of a town into which 14,000 wagon
loads were brought per annum. Had the roads been in good
condition this grain could have been taken in with only 10,500
loads, the load on good roads being taken as one-third more
than that on the existing roads. The total loads saved would
thus be 3,500, which at sixty-five cents per load would give an

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 7D

annual saving of $2,275. This amount capitalized at seven
per cent would yield $32,500, which might be borrowed and
spent on improving the roads.

Mr. F. Hodgman, of Climax, Mich., at the annual meeting of
the Michigan Engineering Society held in January, 1891, read a
paper of which the following is an abstract :

"There are about seventy-two miles of road in the township of
Climax. On one road a farmer once drew a load of 142 bushels
of wheat with two horses. This would be about 9,000 pounds
including the wagon. Allowing that each horse exerted a
pull of 125 pounds during the trip, this would correspond to a
tractive force of one thirty-sixth of the load, or the amount which
would be required, according to IMorin, on a good, level, macadam
road which was not moist or dusty, so that the load was not
excessive. On the same road eighty bushels can be hauled all the
year round on an aveiage. Throughout the whole township only
thirty bushels can be hauled. Supposing it to be forty bushels,
half the time spent in hauling is wasted. Thei'e are about 5,000
loads of produce taken to market in the township during the year,
of which 2,500 loads might be dispensed with on good roads.
Assuming the cost per load to be $3 it will be seen that
S7,500 per year is wasted on bad roads."

This amount, the writer would add, if capitalized at six per
cent, would bring $125,000, or $1,736 per mile of the roads in the
township. If to this were added the capitalized loss per annum
due to excess of cost of attempting to repair bad ronds above
the amount necessar}' to keep in order those which have been
properly made at first, and if there were also added the loss to
others than those who have to take produce to market, a sufficient
sum might be realized to put all the roads in the township in good
condition.

It should also be noted here that the direct loss to the farmer,
through not being able to draw full loads into market, is not all
that should be considered. The twie which could be saved might
l)e spent in putting in more crops, or in improving the farm in
various ways, which would directly increase the revenue, and
yield a profit on the labor thus saved from being wasted on the
road to market.

The writer wishes to give another example of the cost of bad
roads, as published in the " Engineering News," Feb. 7, 1891.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In January, 1891, a committee of the Engineer's Society of
Western Pennsylvania reported on the " Improvement of County
Roads." A part of their report is given as follows, viz. :

"In discussing the cost of handling the agricultural products
of the State the committee figures that about 3,250,000 tons must
be hauled an average distance of five miles to reach a market, or
steam conveyance to market. Two loads per day are assured,
and $2.50 per day is taken as the cost of a two-horse team. The
cost of moving this tonnage over ' clay ' and ' macadam ' roads
would contrast as follows :

Clay road. Macadam.

Load for two horses ' . . . . 1,400 lbs. 2.180 lbs.

Number of loads for 3,250,000 tons . 4,643,000 2,981.000

Cost at SI. 25 per load . . . $5,703,750 $3,726,250

Difference . . . . . $1,977,500

" The nearly $2,000,000 thus annually wasted is enough to keep
in i-epair 30,000 miles of turnpike at an annual expenditure of
$66 per mile. Taken as daj^'s work for a man and two horses,
we have 2.321,000 on clay roads, and 1.490,000 on macadam ; a
loss of 831,000 days' labor, that could be devoted to other useful
purposes."

In "A Move for Better Roads," published by a Pennsylvania
Committee on Better Roads, a writer, w'hose name is not given,
states that " In those portions of Ohio which have taken advantage
of the statute, an increase of fifty per cent in value is not
uncommon, and twenty- five per cent is the least estimate resulting
from the improvements. Moreover, the people of those sections
would not be deprived of their good roads at any price. Nor
would they consent to go back to the old S3'stem of mud roads.
They pay their tax cheerfully, and without any longing for the
annual picnic, commonly called ' working the roads.' Any enter-
prise which reduces the cost of transportation forty per. cent, and
increases the value of land from twent3'-five to fifty per cent,
should commend itself to the self-interest of every farmer in the
Slate."

The writer remembers to have seen a statement a few years
ago, published in a newspaper in one of the Southern States, to
the effect that, in a section of the State where the hay crop had
been a failure, the roads were so bad that it would have cost

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 77

more than the hay was worth to cart it into the section, and tliat,
in conseqnence, cattle were dying from starvation.

These roads must liave been about as bad us the '" tote roads "
made from tlie shores of Lake Superior to a railway under con-
struction, where hay sometimes cost as much as eiglity dollars per
ton, and where a contractor told the writer that sometimes the
horses would eat almost their entire load on their journey.

But apart altogether from the direct loss arising from bad
roads, or the direct profit to be made by keeping tiiem in good
order, the great inconvenience and discomfort caused by mud
and dust should not be overlooked. Many people who would
prefer to live in the country are forced to remain in town, and the
use of bicycles, now so common in England, is prohibited as a
practical metins of going to business cheaply and expeditiously,
and thus, for want of means of transport, land in the country
remains cheap, while town lots are excessively dear ; and since
none but farmers live in the country, there are no consumers to
whom they can sell except in the towns, whither all produce must
be hauled, no matter what the cost may be.

Having pointed out some instances of the loss the community
suffer through bad roads, wherever they may exist, and some of
the advantages which may be derived from making them properly
and maintaining them in good order, it remains to show how they
may be thus made and maintained. Before doing so the writer
would state that it is impossible to lay down hard and fast rules
to cover all conditions that may arise.

In building roads, as in all other engineering works, a good
deal must be left to the judgment of the engineer in charge.
There are often two ways of doing a particular work, either of
which may turn out as well as the other ; but when any plan of
operations has been decided on, the engineer in charge should
be allowed to have it carried out thoroughly and honestly, and no
otUcials, whether of State, county, town, or township, should be
permitted to interfere between the engineer and the contractor, so
long as the former adheres to the terms of the contract for the
work in hand.

The proper making and maintenance of roads requires careful
attention to details which appear petty and irksome to many, and,
even after the best has been done, the engineer gets more blame
than praise, as a rule, since the perfect road has not yet been made.

<8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

The first, point to be considered in making a road is its location.
As the roads in the older States are, as a rale, already laid oat
and open for traffic, there does not seera to be any necessity for
dealing with this subject except under the liead of change of
location. This would seldom be required, except to avoid a hill
when the expense of cutting it down would be too great.

There can be no question but that hills should be avoided by
going round them instead of crossing over thein. It takes a very
considerable detour to add twenty-five per cent to the length of
a road between two points, say four miles apart iu a straight
line. An extra mile in length, so long as it does not reduce the
number of trips per day which can be made to market, is not
nearly so great a disadvantage as a few steep hills which reduce
the load at each trip by one-third or one-half.

But admitting that hills should be avoided as far as possible, it
will seldom happen that a practically level road can be obtained.
The maximum grade to he permitted on any road has theiefore to
be decided on.

It is generall}'^ admitted that the average cart horse can exert
a pull of from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and twenty-
five pounds during a working day at the rate of about two and one-
half miles per hour. One hundred and twenty pounds at a rate of
two and one-half miles per hour is equal to 26,400 foot pounds per
minute. One hundred and twenty-five pounds at a rate of three
miles per hour is equal to 33,000 foot pounds per minute, or what
is called '• one-horse power." It is also usually assumed that a
horse can double his average rate of working for a short lime, at
intervals during the day, but that he cannot be counted on to do
much more without overtaxing his strength. Admittmg this
assumption, it is evident that no hills should be allowed on a road
steeper than would double the average tractive force required on
the level. Now the extra pull required on a hill varies directly
as its steepness, and the tractive force required on the level varies
according to the firmness and smoothness of its surface.

Mr. Morin's celebrated experiments as to the power required
to draw loaded vehicles on various kinds of roads give the
following results as to the relation between the load and the
force necessary to haul trucks with two-ton loads ; viz. :

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 79

Tractive force
Description of Road. divided by

total load.

Earth road covered with gravel . . . . . j\

Very good earth road ....... ^

Macadam road with deep ruts and thick nnid . . -^l

Macadam with ruts and mud ..... ^L-

Macadam moist or dusty ...... gL

Macadam very dry and smooth . . . . . ^,

54

The conditions last quoted are very seldom attained to except
for a short time during the year. Mud cannot ahva^'s be removed
as fast as it accumulates, ruts require to be fiBed in with new
macadam, and ridges require to be removed. These and similar
causes always increase the average tractive power required, so that,
even on well-kept roads, it is probable that a force of about one-
thirtieth of the entire load will be required to haul four-wheel
trucks with a load, including the truck, of about two tons. Now
a grade of one in thirty will also increase the necessary force by
one-thirtieth, therefore, assuming that horses are not to be forced
to exert more than double their pull required on the level, a grade
of one in thirtv is the greatest that should be allowed on a aood
macadamized road.

Where the roads are not kept in very good order, grades as
steep as one in twenty might be allowed. Such grades, however,
should not be long — not over about three hundred feet if possible.
In the case of all long hills it would be well to divide them up by
having a level piece of road about one hundred feet long, say in
every three hundred feet, as a steady pull up hill is very tiring to
a horse.

In no case should a steeper grade than one in twelve be allowed,
and that should not be more than about one hundred feet long.
Ju making farm bridges over the railway with which the writer is
connected, if they are not more than about one hundred feet long
the grade is usually one in ten, but when it is much longer the
grade is usually reduced to one in twelve ; but it mubt be remem-
bered that these bridges are planked, and that the tractive force
required on them is about one-fiftieth, due to the surface, and
about one-tenth, due to the grade, or about six-fiftieths of the
load altogether. Supposing the total load to be two tons or four
thousand pounds for two horses ; each would have to exert a pull

80

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of two hundred and forty pounds, or about double the average
force which a horse can exert daily. It should be remembered,
however, that in hauling a load up a steep hill, there is another
item to be taken into account which is often omitted ; viz.,
the loss of power apparently due to want of weight on the horse
to enable him to grip the ground securely with his feet. The
writer has no doubt you have all noticed that a driver will often
sit on the end of the shaft of a one-horse cart, and thereby help
the horse considerably in going up hill. In addition to the loss
from this cause, there is a further loss, due to the pull not being
exerted in the best direction in going up hill. From the strained
position of the horse his pull is generally directed lower than
parallel to the hill, instead of higher, so that the tendency is to
force the wheels into obstacles instead of lifting them over.

The followiug table, based on the experiments by Morin already
referred to, on the assumption that the average tractive force ex-
erted by a horse is one hundred and twenty pounds, and that the re-
sislance on grades up to one in twenty varies directly as the grade ;
but that a further deduction of five per cent should be made in
the case of grades of about one in twelve, will serve to show the
necessity for keeping grades down as low as possible.

Estimated loads which can be drawn by one horse on various
kinds of roads, both on the level and on the grades specified :

Description of Road.

Dry pavement

Muddy pavement

Macadamized roads, very dry and
smootb

Macadamized roads, moist or dusty . . . .

" " with ruts and mud ,

" " with deep ruts and

thick mud

Earth road in very good order

Earth road with li inches of gravel

Stone trackways, from MacNeil

H o^

Loads in Pounds.

7,800
6,000

6,480
4,560

2,880

1,680

3,480

1,320

21,480

Gbades.

Level. 1 in 30. 1 in 20. 1 in 12

2,460
2,256

1,836
1,716

2,316 1,752
2,016 I 1,572
1,600 i 1,308

1,140

1,800

960

3,084

984
1,416

840
2,160

1,152
1,106

1,117

1,037

912

741
969
650

1,288

From this table it will be seen that in the case of an earth road
in very good condition, only about one-half of the load that can
be htiuled on the level can be taken up a grade of one in thirty.

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 81

with the same exei'tion, while little more than one-quarter could
be drawn up a grade of one in twelve under the same conditions.
Wliile the disadvantage of grades is thus clearly shown, it is
not well to have a road perfectly flat, for, since the water tables,
or small drains at the edges of the roadway, must, according to
old French and P^ugiish authorities, have a fall of at least one in
one hundred and twenty, they would soon sink too much below the
general surface of the road, were it perfectly level. Another
reason why a perfectly level road should be avoided is, that when
the road is slightly rutted, water will lie in the ruts unless it can
flow off longitudinally to the end of the rut, whence it can escape
to the side of the road. The writer is of opinion, however,
that this minimum grade of one in one hundred and twenty is
Sfldoin adhered to, and that a minimum grade of one in two
hundred is ample to provide for the longitudinal drainage.

The location and grades of a road having been decided on, the
next point to be settled is the drainage. This is one of the most
important items in construction, for unless the pavement or
macadam be laid on a dry foundation, or unless a strong concrete
foundation or some similar expensive method be resorted to, it
will invariably work down, and the mud below will work up to
the surface.

Were all road-beds properly drained they would never be
heaved up when frost thaws out in the spring, nor would mac-
adam be so often seen sinking under the traflfic and mixing with
mud from below into a shifting mass with appai-ently no bottom.
As a rule, except in towns or villages, roads should have an
open ditch from three to four feet deep on each side, except in the
case of deep cuttings, where the extra width required for open
ditches would entail too much expense.

These side-ditches should be outside tlie fences, to obviate the
danger of driving into them at night. They might be one foot
wide at the bottom, unless a considerable stream has to be pro-
vided for, in which case it would be necessary to calculate the
required width. The sides in good ground will generally stand at
one and a quarter to one.

In addition to these side- ditches, covered drains under the road
are often necessary :

F(rst. When there are springs or patches of swampy ground
under the road-bed, and

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second. When the ground is of a clayey or vei-y compact
nature, so that the side-ditches will not drain the wliole of the soil
under the road-bed.

In the first case a French drain shovild be made from the wet
spot directly to the side- ditch.

In the second case a French drain may be made along the
centre of the road-bed with outlets into the open ditches at suita-
ble places ; or V-shaped drains may be laid starting from the
centre of the road and leading to the ditches.

The best system to be used can only be determined after the
examination of the ground.

When the soil is open and gravelly the open side-ditches are
sufficient, as they will act from twenty-five to thirty feet on each
side.

In the case of a marly loam, drains will act about twelve or
fifteen feet on each side ; while in the case of stiff clay they will
only drain about eight or nine feet on each side.

French drains may be from three to four feet deep, six or eight
inches wide at the bottom, and eighteen to twenty inches wide at
the top. They are sometimes made with stones from two inches
to six inches in diameter, the smaller stones being laid on the top,
tlie depth of the stones being from fifteen to eighteen inches. It is
much better, however, to lay pipes of unglazed earthenware from
three to six inches in diameter at the bottom, covered with stones
from two to four inches in diameter, to a height of about eighteen
inches from the bottom of the drain. The stones should be cov-
ered with a layer of small brushwood, coarse straw, corn stalks,
or sods, in order that the soil when filled in again may not fall in
between llie stones.

When flat bedded stones, which will split up easily into straight
pieces, can be obtained, they may be used instead of tiles, by
putting in a row of stones vertically along the sides of the trench
and covering them with other flat stones.

In deep cuttings, or through villages, French drains should l)e
put in on each side instead of open ditches. In a paper read at
the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Illinois Society of Engineers and
Surveyors, Mr. T. S. McChanahau recommended laying tile-drains
on each side of a road instead of macadamizing it, on the ground
of their cheapness. The district referi-ed to was not closely pop-
ulated, and it would seem that open ditches would be much

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 83

cheaper, could be more easily inspected, and would not be in dan-
ger of being clogged up with the roots of the trees along the road-
side, and in addition, numerous connections would have to be
made from the water-tables to the tile-drains at the sides to carry
off the surface water.

However, where thei'e is danger of the water in the side-ditches
being polluted with drainage from houses, it would be better to
substitute covered drains.

In the case of cuttings over four or five feet deep, where the
original ground surface is level, or slopes towards the I'oad,
catch- water drains should be made along the top of the bank to
keep the surface water from flowing over the banks on the road-
side. Such drains should be about five feet back from the edge of
the cut, and should have a good fall, to prevent the water from
lodging in them and soaking through to the face of the cutting.

As great a fall as possible should be given to drains, and the
bottom should be brought to a uniform grade by the use of " boning
rods," three being used, about four inches wide, and four feet
long, with a cross-piece at the upper end about twelve or fifteen
inches long, set square on the part which is held vertically.

In a newly made drain, water will flow freely on a grade of one
in two thousand four hundred or one-half inch per hundred feet : but
after a time, when grass and weeds begin to grow in the bottom,
the flow Avill not be nearly so good, and for this reason it would be
well to give all open drains a fall of not less than two inches per
hundred feet, or one in six hundred.

Culverts to carry water across the road should be made, if possi-
ble, either of stone or glazed earthenware pipes.

In all cases they should be made larger than would be required
to carry off the greatest estimated amount of water that might
have to pass through them ; they should be set low enough to
allow for the clearing out of contributing ditches, but not so low
as to let the water lie in them. They should have a good fall —
say of one in two hundred to one in one hundred and twenty — so
as to discharge the water coming to them rapidly, and prevent
material brought down by the water from being deposited in them.

Stone culverts not more than about two feet six inches square
might be made without mortar, provided that there will be no great
run of water through them, in w^hich case they should be built
with cement or hydraulic lime mortar, to prevent the water from

84

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

washing away the earth under or behind the stone work. It is
advisable that such culverts should be not less that two feet by
one foot six inches to allow a boy to pass through them to clear
them out.

The stones on the top should have a beaiing of about six
inches on the side walls, and should not be less than nine inches
thick over a two-foot culvert, and one foot thick over a three-foot
culvert, as heavy rollers or extra heavy loads of machinery have
to be provided for.

The walls of the culverts should be about two feet thick and
not bonded in any way into the pavement of the waterway.
The ends of the pavement should have stones about two feet
deep, set vertically acruss the full width to keep water from work-
ing under the pavement.

Where they can be procured, glazed earthenware tile pipes will
generally be found much cheaper than stone, as they require
much IcbS labor to lay them.

The writer recently examined eighty culverts of inaported
glazed tile pipes, twelve inches in diameter and one inch thick, on
one of the Canadian Pacific railway lines near Montreal.
.These culverts were put in during the year 1886 ; sixteen were
under the railway track, and sixty-five under farm-crossings.
Several of the latter had only three feet of eai'th over them.
Only one, which had about eighteen inches of earth over it, was
broken in and choked up, and thirteen end pipes were cracked or
partly broken ; eleven of these were under farm crossings. None
had failed in the centre. The ends were not protected by either
masonry or wooden covers as they should have been ; or all but
the one which had too little earth over it would have been per-
fectly sound. The following table, copied from '' Engineering,"
^STov. 20, 1891, shows the strength of vitrified drain-pipes, as
found by Mr. M. A. Howe.

Average diameter
A'verage thickness
Concentrated load
Uniform load ....

4 in.

6 in.

8 in.

10 in.

0.64 "

0.76"

0.82 "

0.90 "

4,100

2,700

2,400

2,200

17,300

12,000

5,900

4,600

12 in.
1.05 "
2,700
5,000

The loads given are in pounds. The uniform load was applied
on a sand cushion. Even with a load of fifteen tons, the pipes

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE.

85

did uot collapse. When using these pipes, the following precau-
tions should be adopted :

A hollow shouM be made in the bed of the trench to receive
the faucet end of the pipe, so that the whole length of the pipe
may lie evenly on the trench.

In using the larger-sized pipes, a small hollow should be cut
out along the centre of the trench to give the body of the pipe a
good bearing.

No stones should be allowed immediately under the pipe, and in
back-filling some fine earth should be well rammed all round the pipe.

The ends should be protected with small masonry or wooden
end-walls. Where at all possible, the top of the pipe should be
three feet below the surface of the road, and on no account less
than two feet.

The following are the " list prices" of pipes as furnished bj'
the United States Fire Clay Company, of Cleveland, O.

Calibre.

Price per foot.

Bends and elbows,
each.

Number of feet in car-
load of 24,000 lbs.

9 in.

.fO.55

$2.25

900

10 "

0.65

2.75

750

12 "

0.85

350

550

15 "

1.25

4.75

400

18 "

1.70

6.50

320

20 "

2.25

7.50

270

22 '«

2.75

9.00

200

24 "

3.25

11.00

180

For double-strength culvert pipe, ten per cent less discount is
allowed than for standard pipes. The thickness of those of fifteen
inches diameter and 0%'^er is one-twelfth of the diameter.

The following table gives further information as to culvert
pipes :

Calibre.

Price per
foot.

Weight per
foot.

Thickness in
inches.

Area in inches.

Feet in load of
26,000 lbs.

12 in.

$0.85

50 lbs.

Uin.

113

COO

15 "

1.25

74 "

1| '•

177

420

18 "

1.70

100 "

U "

2.54

2". 10

20 "

2.25

125 "

If "

314

250

22 "

2.75

135 "

13. .<

345

240

24 "

3.25

185 "

2 "

455

180

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The present discount is jjrobably about forty per cent. As being
closely allied to the question of drainage, it may be mentioned
here that it would be advisable to have trees on only one side of
a road, and that should be the northerly or the easterly side,
in order that the sun and wind may dry the surface as much as
possible.

Cuttings and embankments have next to be considered.

Ordinary earth or gravel will stand very well at a slope of
one and a half horizontal to one vertical. Stiff clay requires a
slope of about two to one. Very soft greasy clay will gradually
slide out to a slope of three to one or even flatter unless the toe
of the slope be held back by a small, dry wall.

Rock will stand in cutting at one-quarter to one ; but when
tipped loose into a bank will roll out to about one and one-half to
one.

Cuttings or embankments not more than five feet high, of good
earth, might be made with slopes of one to one if sown with grass
and not liable to be washed with surface water.

Before making an embankment all trees, stumps, and small
bushes should be cleared off, and clay should not be used to form
the tilling.

On sidelong ground the surface should be cut into steps, and
care should be taken to cut off all drainage on the upper side,
since the bank might slide down hill if it were satui-tited with
water.

Wliere a road has to be made on clay, especially in the case of a
bank, the stone might be laid on three-inch plank, placed across
the road, which would prevent the stone from sinking into the
clay while it is soft.

Where extra width of land cannot be obtained at a moderate
cost, it will often be cheaper to build dry walls to hold back the
banks on each side, and thus save not only in width of land re-
quired but in quantity of excavation or embankment.

In embankments on swampy land, drains will be required on
each side to keep the foot of the bank dry.

It will often be found economical in the long run to sow the
slopes of all banks with grass and clover seed, as a good sod
keeps the frost and rain from cutting away the surface.

The next subject to be considered is the cross-section of the
road.

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 87

Before discussing this, it would be well to adopt terms to dis-
tinguish between the full width of the road and the paved portion.

In what follows, therefore, the entire width of the land used for
road purposes will be styled the " road-allowance ;" the portion
between the water tables and under the pavement will be called
the " road-bed ; " and the surface, whether paved or not, will be
referred to as the " roadway."

Where there is no need for cutting or filling, the crown of the
roadway should be raised at least a foot above the general surface
of the ground with the material taken from the ditches, which
should be sufficient for that purpose, as well as for raising the
space set apart for the sidewalk ; before this filling is done all
vegetable matter should be removed from the surface, and none
should be allowed in the filling.

The transverse slope of a well-kept macadamized road should
be about one in thirty-six from the centre towards each side ; in
the case of a road which is not to be constantly looked after
slopes of from one in twenty-five to one in twenty will be neces-
sary. The slope for the last four or five feet should be made a
little steeper than that of the central part. Where the roadway is
over thirty feet wide, less slope than one in thirty-six would be
sufficient. The practice in New York, according to Messrs. Her-
schell and North's " Book on Roads," seems to be to give a slope
of about one in sixty^ for a forty-foot roadway, and one in eighty
for an eighty- foot roadway; not counting in the depression of the
water-tables.

Countr}' roads, however, do not require to be made quite so flat
as those in cities, since the traffic is more confined to the centre of
the roadway. A transverse slope of about one in forty to one in
fifty is sufficient for wooden or stone blocks, and about one in
fifty for asphalt.

For a thirty-foot roadway in the country, a slope of from three
to four inches for the first nine feet on each side of the centre, one
and one-half inches to two inches for the next three feet, and the
same amount for the next two feet, should keep the road surface
quite dry if it be kept in fair conditi<m.

With regard to the transverse slope on hills, very different
opinions seem to be entertained. Some hold that, on account of
the longitudinal slope, the transverse slope should be flatter than
on the level ; others maintain that it should be steeper, to prevent

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the water from running along the road instead of across it. Cer-
tainly, unless a long grade is kept in very good order, and free
from ruts, the surface water will tend to run down the centre of
the road, and thereby loosen the macadam, and in such a case
either the centre must be raised a little, or flat paved gutters
made diagonally across the road at intervals to carry the water
to the sides.

The next question to be settled is the width of the roadway.

When the road-allowance is of the usual width of sixty-six feet,
the two side-ditches, with a berine of a foot on each side, will
require at le:ist eighteen feet ; then, allowing two feet for the two
fences, seven feet on each side for sidewalk spaces, and two feet
for slope from sidewalk margin to water-table, there will remain
thirty feet for roadway where there is no cutting or filling ; that
is, including the water-tables.

Where there is not much traffic it is well to reduce the width of
roadway to about twenty to twenty-four feet, to have one side-
walk on the north or east side of the road, so that the sun and
wind may dry it as much as possible, and to leave the extra width
all on the opposite side, to be used for storing stone or for de-
positing road scrapings until they are taken away ; and farmers
would generally benefit themselves were they to take the scrap-
ings for their farms, as the}^ make first-rate top-dressing, either
alone, when the macadam is made of limestone, or mixed with
lime when the macadam is of trap or similar rock.

Having decided on the width of the road-bed, it should be
formed with the same transverse slope as the future surface, the
portion to be macadamized being excavated to the proper depth
to receive it.

Wliere there is very little traffic, and it is desirable to spend as
little money as possible, the central portion only might be stoned,
for a width of eight feet, the whole roadway being left about
twenty-two feet wide, so that vehicles may pass on each side of
the central eight feet.

Where there is much traffic at the same time in both directions,
the road-bed should be macndamized for the width of sixteen feet,
which is about the least width necessary to allow two vehicles to
pass easily without getting off the paved portion. From twenty-
two to twenty-four feet is required to allow three vehicles to pass
abreast.

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 89

In deciding on the width of the macadamized part, it should
be remembered that the narrower it is the more it will cut into
ruts, especially when it is only eight feet wide, so that it may turn
out very false economy to reduce the width too much.

Having determined on the width of the portion to be macadam-
ized, and having brought it to the proper grade and transverse
slope, it should be well rolled, if possible, with a steam-roller not
less than ten tons in weight. All places which sink below grade
during rolling should be filled in and rolled again until the entire
surface is well consolidated. In all cases the road-bed should be
left a few inches higher than the finished grade, to allow for
settlement under the roller.

The next question to discuss is the nature of the road surface,
and the manner of laying it.

In large towns tlie cost of keeping macadamized roads in good
order is so great, that it is fast putting them out of use, and no
doubt, before long, where tratiflc is heavy, stone blocks, brick,
wooden blocks, or asphalt will be exclusively used w^herever
capital can be raised to pay for them. In the case of side streets
where the traffic is light, of streets in small towns, and of country
roads, macadam, either vvith or without the Telford foundation,
must be used very largely for many years to come.

Before discussing the question of macadamized roads, however,
a few remarks might be made with regard to earth and gravel
roads.

Where earth roads are a necessity, drainage is a most important
point. The transverse slope of the surface should be about one
in twenty-four, and the water-tables should be from ten to twelve
inches below the level of the crown of the road. It should be
remembered, however, that when the roadway gets badly cut up,
no amount of transverse slope, or raising of the crown above the
water-tables, will keep the surface dry. The material of which it
is formed seems to get worked up into an impervious puddle, in
the ruts of which the water will lie till it evaporates, and this is
also true of gravel roads badly made. The writer saw a piece of
road, a few weeks ago, on which the centre was at least two feet
higher than the water-tables, yet this central part, only about ten
feet wide, was a soft, wet mass of mud and gravel, full of water,
while the water-tables were perfectl}' dry.

In repairing earth roads, no large stones should be used in

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

filling the ruts, neither should sods or vegetable matter of any sort
be used for filling.

In this case, as in that of all kinds of roads, the material
should be of a uniform nature. A little clay may be used to
advantage on sandy roads, and sand, charcoal, broken bricks, or
slag, would help to keep the clay roads from getting sticky in wet
weather. It would appear, however, that money expended in
trying to improve earth roads would be more profitably spent in
gradually macadamizing them.

Continual use of a ten or fifteen ton roller would improve earth
roads considerably.

In making gravel roads it would be well to screen the gravel,
putting on a layer four or five inches thick, of the part which
is over two and one-half inches in diameter first, and rolling
it until it is well compacted, then another layer of the same tliick-
ness should be spread and rolled, and finally a third layer about
two inches thick of the finest gravel, free of earth, may be laid
and well rolled. Watering each layer will make it bind much
better, but it must be remembered that round gravel cannot bind
into a solid mass like good cubical macadam, as the tendency of
the particles is to roll over each other under heavy traffic. Under
light traffic, no doubt, a gravel road will answer very well, if care-
fully attended to, and if ruts are filled in as fast as they appear,
so as to keep the surface dry, and also to prevent the lower layers
from being driven down into the earth below.

Messrs. Herscliell and North, in their prize essays on roads,
describe some very good gravel roads in New York. These
were made, however, on a Telford foundation, and with a great
deal of care, so that it would appear that gravel was used rather
to make a smooth surface for pleasure driving than for the sake
of econom}'.

In discussing tlie question of roads coated with broken stone
the first point to be taken up is that of the use of the Telford
foundation. Opinion differs very much in regard to this. Mr.
Herschell is very strong in his condemnation of the idea of using
broken stone without a foundation to keep it from sinking into the
ground. Mr. North also seems to be in favor of the Telford
foundation, but many other writers think it unnecessary. The
writer's opinion, elsewhere previously expressed, is, that except
where a road is to be made on rock, hard pan, or very compact

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 91

gravel, the Telford foundation is necessary, and will be found as
cheap in the long run as using broken stone alf)ne. No doubt, on
a good dry soil, where the traffic is not too heavy, a good road
can be made without the foundation course, but in wet weather,
under heavy traffic, the earth from below will almost invariably
work up to the surface in the shape of mud.

The writer has seen, during the last fifteen years, a large
number of macadamized streets, without a foundation course,
opened up for pipe laying, and has noticed that, with but one ex-
ception, where a large quantity of quarry chippings had been
placed under the macadam, the broken stone was mixed up with
altogether too much earth, and these roads always got extremely
muddy in wet weather. Unless the road-bed is exceedingly well
rolled, and the broken stone so well compacted and so thick that
its bond will not get broken up, the earth below will not prevent
the small stones from sinking into it; and when this once begins, a
yielding, muddy roadway is the result. In the county in Ireland
where the writer had charge of the roads of a district, the Telford
foundation was always used. A.nd it should be remembered that
the Telford system does not cost much more than the other, as a
good road, of broken stone only, must be nearly as thick as that
with a foundation course, which, when laid, costs about the same
per cubic yard as broken stone ; while the road with a Telford
foundation will generally cost much less for the removal of mud,
and will be more likely to have a firm, compact surface.

The Telford foundation should be laid by hand, with the larger
surface of the stones downwards, and the larger crevices shoidd
be closed up with quarry chippings well wedged in. The whole
surface should be well xammed to give all the stones a solid,
uniform bearing on the road-bed. The smaller crevices between
the stones will serve to carry down the Avater that may soak
through the broken stone above. The wedging and ramming
above referred to should not be carried out close enough to the
end of the paving to displace the stones. Generally about fifteen
feet would be near enough to come to the face. The stones for
the pavement should be about five to eight inches wide and from
eight to twelve inches long, seven or eight inches deep at the
centre, and six or seven inches deep at the sides of the roadway,
and laid with the length across tha road. Where the pavement
does not extend across tlie full width of the roadway so as to bear

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

against the curbing, it would be well to set the outside row of the
foundntion course on each side on edge, so as to keep the stones
from getting spread out of place. This pavement, which has not
to stand any wearing action of the wheels, need not be of such good
stone as the macadam should be made of, but should be strong
and not liable to split up under the pressure from the traffic.

For making the macadam a good, compact, fine-grained basalt
or whinstone is probably the best, but a similar quality of syenite
is very suitable. Granite is not so good, as the mica in it makes
it liable to disintegrate. Quartz rock or flint is rather brittle and
difficult to break up into proper shape, but it is very hard. Gneiss,
slaty rocks, mica schist, and sandstone make very poor macadam.
The harder kinds of limestone break easily into well-shaped frag-
ments, but the}'^ wear away easily and make a very fine dust, which
seems to be more or less burnt into quicklime under a hot sun
and the grinding of wheels. Tlie writer's opinion is that hand-
broken stone is better than that crushed by a machine, since it is
more cubical in shape nnd binds more easily into a solid mass, stone
broken by machine being generally in rather thinner and longer
pieces.

It would be impossible, however, in many places, to get enough
stone broken by hand at a reasonable price. The cost of break-
ing stone by hand varies from 80 cents to $1.50 per 3'ard, accord-
ing to the hardness of the stone and the rate of wages. In get-
ting stone broken by hand, however, it would be well to pay for
it by the cubic yard.

Breaking stone with a machine will cost from about 3.5 cents
to 75 cents per yard, including interest on the cost of the ma-
chine, and wear and tear.

The above prices do not include the royalty on the stone at the
quarry, the quarrying, or the carting to the machine. The cost
of quarrying and hauling would be from about 45 cents to 65
cents per yard.

In the district in which tlie writer had charge of the roads, the
best stone-breaker could break up about a yard and three-
quarters per day of two-inch macadam of hard basalt; the
average being about a yard and a quarter. From $1 to $1.25
per yard should be a good price for breaking good hard basalt or
syenite ; and in the winter, when work is scarce, it should be
done for 90 cents.

ROAD MAKING AXD MAINTENANCE. 93

The broken stone should be laid in two layers, tlie lower to
be "well rolled before the upper is put on, as, if the full thick-
ness be spread at once, the stones will not be so easily compacted,
but will roll on each other, and get woiu round before binding
together.

The stones of the lower layer need not be finer than w^ould pass
through a two and one-half inch ring, and the layer should be
about four inches thick, and a quarter of the stones might be
three inches in diameter.

For the upper layer none of the stones should be larger than
would pass through a two-inch ring, and none should be less than
one inch in diameter in any direction, except in the case of soft
stone, such as limestone, which should not be less tlian two
inches in least diameter, nor lai'ger than will pass through a two
and one-half inch ring in any direction.

The upper layer, before being rolled, should be covered with a
coat of clean screenings of broken stone, and well watered. It
should then be rolled with a steam-roller from ten to fifteen tons
in weight.

In deciding on the weight of a roller the weight per inch of face
should be considered. A cart-wheel two inches wide will often
carry a load of one thousand pounds, or five hundred pounds per
inch of face ; a roller, therefore, weighing from four hundred and
fifty to five hundred pounds per incli of face will be more likely to
consolidate the road-surface so that it will not sink under the
traffic than one which will weigh only half as much, as would be
the case with a horse-roller. Another disadvantage in horse-
rollers is that the horses, in drawing a heavy load, will tear up
the macadam with their feet.

Steam-rollers will cost about $5,000 or $(5,000 ; taking the lat-
ter figure and ten per cent for interest and depreciation, there
would be a fixed charge of $2 per working day ; assuming the
cost of running at $8 per day, the total cost for rolling would
be 010 per day if used all the year round, which is much less
than the cost per day of a horse-roller with enough horses to draw
it without tearing up the macadam.

The older method of consolidating the surface under traffic, be-
sides being very inconvenient, could not make the macadam bind
together until after it hail worked about so much that the angles got
more or less rounded off, whereas a heavy roller, with its wide sur-

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

face, presses the stones into their place without working into and
scattering them about.

When coarse screenings caunot be obtained for binding, very
coarse, clean sand may be used ; but soft, earthy material should
never be substituted, as it will be washed down among the stones
and prevent them from binding properly.

If broken stone of larger size than has been described above be
used it will be impossible to get an even surface, and long stones
are always liable to be tilted up and kicked out of the surface.
The disadvantage of rough roads may be better understood from a
statement of tlie fact that for a weight of one thousand pounds the
additional force required, when the wheel is about to roll over
a stone only two inches higher than the average level of the road,
would be about four hundred and thirty-six pounds, or nearly four
times the average pull of a horse.

Since wide tires will sink less than those that are narrow, in
proportion to their width, it would be advisable to have as wide
tires as possible, up to six inches.

Such tires are much less destructive to roads ; they do not scat-
ter freshly laid stones about, but help to consolidate the surface ;
and they get a better uniform bearing on the average surface, and
do not crush the macadam, as their weight is distributed over a
larger surface. Widths of tires should be regulated by law and
should not be less than say :

3 inches wide for loads of 1,000 lbs. to 1,500 lbs. per wheel.

4 " " 1,500 lbs. to 2,000 lbs. "

5 " " 2,000 lbs. to 2,500 lbs. "

6 " ■ " 2,5U0 lbs. to 3,0U0 lbs. "

or at the rate of at least one inch in width for each five hundred
pounds, no wheel to be less than three inches wide for a vehicle
without springs. When springs are used the tires might be an
inch narrower, since the springs reduce the pounding action of the
wheels, and also render the traction easier by reducing the shocks
in passing over obstacles, and by giving more time to lift the
weight over inequalities.

After a road has been completed and opened for traffic it should
be well attended to. Should vehicles drive too much in any par-
ticular track, obstacles should be placed on it to divert them from
it, loose stones should be gathered otf and used to fill in any ruts
that might be made, or stored along the side of the road for

ROAD aiAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 95

future use, aud all hollows which may be formed in weak places
should be levelled up.

To keep a road in good order it should be attended to from time
to time throughout the whole year.

When the traffic is very light one man for a day per week will
keep a section of two or three miles in length in order, with the
help of a man and team to draw^ stone when it is required. "When
the traffic is very heavy two men will often be required for full
time all the year round, on a section from two to three miles long.
In such a case it would generally be much cheaper to pave the road
with brick if they can be got thoroughly well burnt. Two men,
all the year round at one dollar and a half per day, will cost, say,
nme hundred dollars per annum, which, if they have charge of three
miles, would be three hundred dollars per mile ; to this would have
to be added, say, three hundred and sixty dollars per mile for three
hundred tons of stone at one dollar and twenty cents per ton ;
making a total of six hundred and sixty dollars per mile. Sup-
posing the roadway to be twenty-four feet wide, there would be
fourteen thousand and eighty square yards per mile, so that the re-
XJairs alone would amount to twenty-one and one-third cents per
square yard per annum. This would be about the interest on three
dollars at seven per cent ; and as good brick pavement, of two layers
set on sand, can be laid for about one dollar and seventy-five cents
per square yard, it would pay well to borrow money to lay brick pave-
ment in place of macadam, the cost of keeping the former in repair
being very small in comparison with cost of keeping macadam in
order.

With regard to spreading fresh stone, the manner of doing so is
generally quite different in tovvus from the custom on country
roads.

In towns a complete coat of macadam is usually spread at once.
This should be coated with nothing but clean, sharp, fine gravel or
screenings from stone-breaking machines, then well watered and
rolled.

Previous to laying the macadam in all cases the surface of the
road should be picked up one stone deep, so that the new macadam
may bind better into the old surface.

In country roads where only small patches of stone are required
they should be spread in such a way that the traffic ma}' gradually
work over the edges of the patch, until it has been all consolidated.

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If the wheels of vehicles be allowed to drive all over a small
patch they will scatter the stones about so that they will not bind
together.

No road scrapings should be put on for binding. If clean
screenings or gravel cannot be obtained the patches will do better
without anything, provided that they are not made too wide or too
much in one line along the road. If mud be put on the patches
the stones may keep together for a short time, but they will never
bind properly, and will eventually work up into a soft mixture of
mud and stonts, and the most of the stones will ultimately be
carted off with the road scrapings. Patches of stone may vary
from ten feet to about sixty feet long, and from three to six feet
wide, according to the width of the roadway. They should not be
more than about three inches thick ; a layer only as thick as the
diameter of one stone will not have enough stone to bind together
properly. If the patch be thicker it would require a roller to make
it bind together. Patcliing should be done as far as possible
during wet weather.

For cleaning the mud of roads in towns, revolving brushes drawn
by horses are the cheapest ; but if the surface be brushed too hard
and clean, the stones are liable to be loosened. On country roads,
where two men work together, scrapers mounted on wheels with a
face about five feet wide, the face being divided into a number of
sections about tliree inches wide, will get over much more surface
than the ordinary scraper used by one man. When dust has to be
swept off it could be more effectually removed if it were watered
first. In removing either mud or dust it is well not to clean the
surface too closely lest the surface stones should work loose for
want of sufficient binding material. The stones below the surface
layer can bind among themselves, since they are surrounded by
others, but those of the top layer only wedge into those below them,
and if the surface binding be removed they are liable to work
loose. For this reason watering in dry weather is very useful.

Water-tables, and tlie outlets from them into the side-ditches,
should be kept clean, especially during wet weather, and any
hollows shown by water lying in them should be filled up.

The ditclies and culverts should be cleaned out both in spring
and fall, and the drainage generally should be carefully attended
to.

The writer has seen it stated in one or two papers that a road

ROAD MAKING AXD MAINTENANCE. 97

laid on a Telford foundation is more expensive to keep up tlian
a simple macadam road ; for the reason tliat the foundation is
liable to be laid bare, or to work up througli the macadam.

Now, in any place where the road-bed is so soft that the founda-
tion would work loose, broken stone would sink out of sight in a
very short time ; and were a macadam road worn as much as a
Telford-macadam road would require to be to lay bare the founda-
tion, it would need as much broken stone to put it in order as
would the road with the foundation.

When in England, lately, the Avriter saw some narrow roads
paved with cobble-stones along the centre, apparently with the
intention of preventing the horses' feet, always going in the
same track, from tearing up the surface. The wheels being wide
they did not have so much tendency to work the road into ruts.
The writer also saw some streets in Manchester where tar, or
probably a mixture of tar and pitch, was used to bind the stones
on the surface, for which purpose it seemed to answer very
well.

A few remarks may be added with regard to asphalt, block
stone, brick, and wooden pavements.

These will all last better and give more satisfaction, and
prove cheaper in the long run, when laid on a concrete founda-
tion.

Asphalt and block stone should never be laid on anything else,
as their first cost is high. Wood is sometimes laid on gravel or
on tarred boards, but experience shows that it lasts longer and
wears more evenly on concrete.

The writer has never seen any brick pavements made with
hard paving bricks, burnt specially for the purpose, but from re-
ports of various western engineering societies, from a periodical
entitled "Paving and Municipal Engineering," published in
Indianapolis, and from C. P. Chase's pamphlet on " Brick
Pavement," it would appear that a hard-burnt brick, almost
vitrified, makes a clean, durable roadway which is not so noisy
as block stone, probably due to the fact that the bricks can be
made with more uniform faces and squarer angles, so that they
can be set much closer than stone blocks. Recent records seem
to show that hard-burnt brick, made of suitable clay, containing
very little iron so that it will not fuse easily, will last under
heavy traffic from fifteen to eighteen j'ears. The principal ad-

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vantages of brick seem to be, less noise and jarring than with
block stone, and much less cost ; greater durability and less ab-
sorption of moisture than wooden blocks ; and less cost and better
foothold for horses than asphalt. If brick can be got which
will last twenty years under moderately heavy traffic, it would
seem to be advisable to lay it on a concrete foundation, the same
as would be used for asphalt, stone blocks, or wood.

In Montreal a concrete foundation six inches deep, made of
one part of Portland cement, three parts of sand, and four
and a half of broken stone, has stood severe frost and heavy
traffic for about four years without failure.

In laying stone blocks, a layer of sand about two inches deep
is spread over the concrete, and on this the blocks, which are
about four inches wide, six to seven inches deep, and eight to ten
inches long, are laid lengthways across the street, and well
rammed to an even surface, the joints being afterwards filled up
with cement grout or hot pitch, and the surface covered with
fine gravel, small enough to work in between the joints. While
block stone lasts probably longer than any other kind of pave-
ment it is very noisy and disagreeable to drive over.

Asphalt is sometimes laid in two courses, the lower, called the
cushion course, containing more bitumen than the upper or wear-
ing course.

Tlie Val de Travers asphalt is laid in one course about two
inches thick ; it is broken up into powder, heated, spread over the
concrete foundation, well rammed with hot iron rammers and
rolled. A guarantee of from five to ten j^ears should be required
from the contractor, to preveut the possibility of bad material
being used.

Asphalt should be kept well swept, for it is so smooth that the
wind blows up the dust on it very readily.

The great advantages of asphalt are that it is very smooth, does
not absorb moisture, is easily cleaned, and almost noiseless ; its
disadvantages are that it will not stand very heavy traffic and
that it is very slippery after a frost or when slightly wet.

Wooden-block pavements are not so slippery as asphalt, nor so
noisy as stone blocks, but they absorb the moisture on the surface,
and do not wear so long as asphalt or stone, though they can be
laid cheaper. Tamarack, 3'ellow-pine, and cedar seem to last the
best. The latter is generally used rouud, but it is very liable to

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 99

wear down round the edges, when it becomes as rough to drive
over as cobble-stone.

Tamarack and yellow-pine are used square, about three inciies
wide, eight or nine inches long, and six inches deep. Tamarack
is sometimes creosoted, apparently with good effect, but opinion
seems divided on this point. The usual practice used to be to leave
the joints between the blocks from about three-eighths of an inch to
one inch wide, the joints being filled in with pitch. The blocks then
wore down at the edges very quickly, making a rough road.
When laid with much closer joints the blocks seem to wear better.
The writer thinks that, if the blocks were coated round the sides
with pitch and driven as close together as possible, they would
wear still more evenly and last longer. A coating of clean, fine
gravel is spread over the surface when finished. Defective blocks
should be replaced at once and the surface well watered during
dry weather.

Wooden blocks are sometimes laid on rolled gravel or macadam
and a layer of sand, or on boards coated with tar; but there can
be no doubt that a concrete foundation is by far the best, as,
when well made, it is almost indestructible, and it could be used
for laying brick or stone blocks afterwards.

Brick pavements are laid on a rolled gravel or broken stone
foundation ; on this a layer of sand from two to three inches deep
is spread and, for one course, the bricks are set lengthways across
the street, and well rammed to an even surface ; sand enough to fill
in between the joints is then spread on and swept in, and the
surface is well rolled. When two courses of brick are used, the
lower course is laid on its side instead of on its edge, and length-
ways along the street ; on this another layer of sand is spread and
the upper course laid as before. •

Bricks are also laid on tarred boards and sand, one layer above
and one below the boards, the bricks being laid herring-bone
fashion, 'i'hey are also laid on concrete foundation, which will,
no doubt, last longer in good condition than any other, and give a
smoother road, but it is more expensive.

Bricks for paving which will stand as much compression per
square inch as granite are now being made ; suitable clay cannot,
however, be got in all localities. There seems to be a great
increase in the amount of brick pavement laid in some of the
western States, and it appears to give satisfaction for cleanliness,
durability, and cheapness.

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion,

William C. Strong said that he was much interested in that
science of road-making. The subject had been treated here,
today in a very interesting and instructive manner. He thought
all were agreed, in theory at least, that to have the roads made
in the best manner possible under existing circumstances is the
truest economy. The subject has been considered in its practical
bearings for purposes of travel. It would be out of place, at
this late hour, to divert the thought to the aesthetic construction
and care of our roads ; but he would be glad, at some proper
time, to have this side of the question considered.

J. D. W. French considered good roads a most impor-
tant matter and that the "gospel of good roads" ought to be
preached in every Farmers' Institute. AVhile the highways have
no special reference to the future life, they do exert a great
influence upon the present. There is an especial need of good
roads in the country, and if all our towns would make it a point
to improve their thoroughfares, and then keep them in good
condition, we should have fewer abandoned farms to report.
Farmers are necessarily true economists in some things, but in
others they are prodigals. He spoke of reading an article in
uhich the direct tax of bad roads was estimated as fifteen dollars
on every horse and mule in the country. In France, Italy, and
Belgium the principal roads are maintained at the expense of the
State, under the supervision of educated engineers. The great
interest developed by the building of railroads has caused the
people to forget, for the time being, the importance of the feeders.
Were it not for the common roads, or highways, the railroads
could not live. Farmers often complain that their products do
not bring paying prices ; but they sometimes overlook the fact
that a dollar saved in producing their crops, or in tlie transporta-
tion, is as good as — if not better than — a dollar earned. If they
can save ten or fifteen cents of cost of producing and carrying to
market on a bushel of wheat, that becomes so much added to
their profits. The wheat and corn grower calculates the expense
of raising his crop, but often omits the cost of transporting it to
market, and therein finds a considerable deficit of profit. The
speaker believed that the principal roads — the main arteries of
public travel between the towns — should be maintained at the

ROAD MAKING AND MAINTENANCE. 10 L

joint expense of the State, the countj^ and the towns, under the
supervision of a State Engineer, who should be a man educated
for the business.

Professor William "Watson had listened with great pleasure
to the interesting and valuable paper given today ; it recalled many
things he had observed in Europe respecting public works. In
Holland, in driving from The Hague to the mouth of the Meuse,
over a tract formed entirely of loose sand, the road was made
wholly of brick placed edgewise, and he was surprised to find
how pleasant and comfortable it was to ride over. Mr. French's
idea of having State roads and county roads under the care
of State and county officials was one which had worked very
well in Europe and he would welcome its introduction here.

Francis H. Appleton remarked that we must bear in mind
that in the older countries the population is large, and the territory
omparatively small. The case is reversed here, and with so large
a mileage of roads compared with population, it is difficult to
make the roads thoroughly at first, or to keep them always in first-
class repair. He was glad to hear Mr. French's idea ; it would be
a movement in the right direction, which in time might effect
great improvement. Committees are now at work at the State
House iu this direction, and it is to be hoped that they may report
recommendations looking toward an improved system of building
and maintaining thoroughfares ; and that those who are interested
will appear before those committees to favor the plan.

Charles W. Mann said that European ideas in road -mak-
ing are being taken up and applied in our own country ; and that
in the city of Elizabeth, N.J., where this has been done the
effect was to increase the value of real estate to such a degree
that the cost of the improvements was hardly felt.

Leverett M. Chase spoke of the width of tires as affect-
ing roadways. "While a six-inch tire with a two-ton load might
easily pass over a road, a three-inch tire with a ten-ton load
would prove destructive to an asphalt road as ordinarily made.
Asphalt roads are very easy to ride upon, but there are objections
to them. In summer, being black, they absorb heat, and are
disagreeable to walk upon, and sometimes give off an unpleasant
odor. He suggested that flat rails, twelve inches wide, could be
laid down on a common road, thus providing for heavy traffic,
except wlien two heavy loads met. Streets through which much

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

heavy freight passes should be well prepared for such use.
As a good material for the surface of such streets or roads, he
raentioned irou-slag. He had seen it where there was constant
travel, and it stood well for seven years ; it is a hard and tough
material, well adapted for the purpose.

Mr. Irwin stated that in England, some towns regulate the
width of tires, as recommended in his paper.

Mr. Appletou, who had been a member of the Massachu-
setts Legislature two years, said that a good thing generally
succeeds if its merits are impressed on the minds of the people.
But it often happens that a proposed measure, which if carried
into effect would prove greatly beneficial, fails to be adopted
merely because those best informed in regard to it neglect to
appear before the Legislative Committee, at the advertised " hear-
ing," to show the advantages it would secure, and urge its pas-
sage. He hoped individuals and organizations would be sure
both to attend and to take part in the proceedings at every such
hearing in which they are interested.

Mr. Chase claimed that no other city expends more money
on its streets than Boston does ; still, there is more or less neglect
manifest the greater part of the time. A portion of Centre
street is now in bad condition ; it greatly needs to be gravelled and
rolled. But where a large amount of travel and much heavy
traffic are the rule, gravel in many places soon becomes mud,
which is hard to cart away again.

O. B. Hadwen expressed a strong interest in the subject
presented today. Cities, as a rule, take good care of their
streets, but good roads are a great want almost everywhere in
the country towns. While they are in fairly good repair a portion
of the year, they are often bad, and even very bad, during the
spring of the year. But with all the care a city can give to its
streets, he finds it necessary to give some personal attention to
the matter in his own district. Stones work up in the roadway,
:uid get in the way of horses, carriages, and — boys. For this
reason he goes around and picks up loose stones. Indeed, it be-
comes the duty of each individual to see that those little stones
are picked up.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Irwin, for his valuable and interesting
address, was unanimously passed.

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 103

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced that on the next Saturday the subject of " Fungous
Diseases of Phmts, and their Remedies " would be presented by
Prof. James Ellis Humphrey, S.B., Vegetable Physiologist to
the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 13, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven o'clock,
the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Charles N. Brackett moved that the resignation of Patrick Nor-
ton, as Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, be taken
from the table and referred to a committee of three, to be ap-
pointed by the Chair. The motion was carried, and the Chair
appointed as that Committee, C. N. Brackett, E. W. Wood, and
F. L. Harris.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 20.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The late John Lewis Russell, of Salem, Professor of Botany
and Horticultural Physiology to the Society, by his will left a
bequest of one thousand dollars to the Massachusetts Horticult-
ural Society, "as a fund, the interest of which shall be paid
annually to some competent person, who shall deliver a lecture on
the latest discoveries of the connection of the fungi with horti-
culture."

The following lecture is the second of the series, for which the
above mentioned bequest provides.

Fungous Diseases and their Remedies.

By Professor Jambs Ellis IIcmpuret, S.B., Vegetable Physiologist to the Massachusetts
Agricultural Esperiment Station, Amherst,

The invitation of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society to
deliver a lecture at one of its meetings is always esteemed an
honor, but in my own case it is more than that. For I re-
member that the establishment of the department which I
have had the honor to organize at the State Experiment Station
was due in no small degree to the hearty interest and sup-

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTU{lAL SOCIETY.

port of this Society. Therefore I must regard its call as not
merely one for such information in the line of ni}^ own researches
as I can give, but also as one for an account of ray stewardship,
which must not be disregarded. I am here, therefore, to realize the
pleasure of an hour with you, and in recognition of your claim.

The subject on which I have been asked to speak to you, " Fun-
gous Diseases of Plants and their Remedies," is so broad and
embraces so much that I can hope merely to touch with more or
less emphasis upon a few points. And the choice of those points
is, by the very extent of the subject, devolved upon me.

In the first place, then, what do we mean by fungous diseases
of plants ? It is a mere evasion to say we mean disease caused
by fungi. One form of expression is as good as the other, and the
essential need of the inquirer concerning fungous diseases is a
clear notion of what fungi are. Now, fortunately, this is not an
impossible thing to acquire, although, unfortunately, such notions
are today rarely possessed, even by well-informed, cultivated men
and women, who take pride in keeping abreast with the world's
progress. It is just this lack of definite ideas which is hampering
and discouraging to the economic mycologist. Its replacement by
an understanding of a few simple principles of fungous life
would be a most wonderful gain both for those who can impart
and for those who desire to receive practical information concern-
ing the various fungous diseases which contribute so largely to the
exemption of our farmers and gardeners from — what most of
them would gladly risk — the curse of the rich man.

What is needed is missionary work, and there is surely no body
of persons to whom one miglit more confidently appeal than the
audience to which I speak. The appeal to you is for two things.
First, will you not make a serious effort to get a definite idea of
the relations of the fungi to other plants, and of a few character-
istic features of their life? Second, having done this, will you
not help to disseminate these ideas wherever opportunity presents
itself in an interested listener ?

The cloud of mystery which appears to befog the brain of even
the most intelligent layman, when the term " fungus," or any of
the organisms to which it is applied, is under discussion, is due,
I think, to two causes. In the first place, the subject is a new
one. It is not long since many of the fundamental facts con-
cerning the fungi were new to botanists ; and it is a much shorter

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 105

time since public attention was first called in this country to the
practical application of these facts to the treatment of fungous
diseases. It is not yet six years siuce the organization on a small
scale of what has grown to be the extensive and well-equipped
Division of Vegetable Pathology of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Most of the work now iu progress in the
various experiment stations in many States has been begun since
that time. Any new subject with new terms and unfamiliar con-
ceptions seems at first strange and mysterious to the popular
mind. But frequent reiteration makes the strangest things
familiar and the most novel ideas natural. Twenty or twenty-five
years ago the scientific discussion of fertilizers began in our State.
Then the names of potash, nitrogen, and phosphoric acid were
mere names, and conveyed as little definite meaning to the aver-
age hearer as do the terms, mycelium, resting spore, and summer
spore, as applied to the fungi today. Rut now the mau who uses
fertilizers, and cannot discuss intelligently their essential constit-
uents, so far as relates to his needs, is an " old fogy" indeed.
So it will be with the fungi. But why need we wait twenty years
for such a desirable consummation? Five years should be as
good as twenty for its attainment.

In the second place, the general haziness of ideas about the
fungi is due to a fundamental lack in our educational system. If
long and bitter experience is beginning at hist to be:ir fruit in the
realization that the systems of the past are not all-sufficient for
the needs of the present, it is still true that now, as formerly, the
dominating idea in education is the literary idea. In the primary
schools Ave have exercised our memories with facts and dates and
details galore, all in the most abstract and indigestible form. We
have learned to bound Beloochistan and to give the hititude and
longitude of the Fiji Islauds ; but what of the geography of our
own town, or of the meaning of hill and valley, of river and ocean
and island, have we been taught to observe? We have learned of
the desert and the jungle with their peculiar and wonderful vege-
tation ; but what of the no less wonderful world in our door-
yards, and beneath our very feet?

We are taught by implication, if not expressly, that there is
nothing about us worth seeing, and therefore ive do not learn to
see.

In our secondary education the same tendencies aud methods

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

confirm these results. If we ai*e offered an occasional course of
so-called natural science, it is not the study of nature, but of a
text-book, and is too often illustrated only by unnatural speci-
mens of the genus Homo, which serve as awful examples. But
there are colleges and universities where the science of nature is
studied at first hand, and given its rightful place as the educa-
tional equal of the dead languages without asking their leave or
begging their pardon. And if, finally, in such a place, we begin
to learn that the fascinations of that study are no less at home
than elsewhere, we must learn at great pains, and perhaps never
well, to use our faculty of observation, now almost atrophied from
disuse during those precious years when it should have been de-
veloping.

But what of those to whom this revelation never comes ? For
them, always, tlie only nature worth observing is that which few
of us ever see. Does any chance thrust before them some of the
beautiful green Algae which grow in almost every pool and ditch?
They are gingerly thrust aside as " Nasty slime," or " Only frog-
rpittle." If some of the smaller fungi unavoidably invade the
range of their narrow vision, " Nothing but a mould," or " Some
kind of a growth," records the speaker's contempt for anything so
unrecognized in polite society as a natural object. To how many
does it occur to look for beauty in any of these things, or to ask,
" What is its nature ? " " Why does it grow here ? " " How does
it grow? " "Is it useful or harmful? "

It is just because so few think of asking these questions, and
because so few see the little things about them, that the fungi seem
such intangible and unreal things to so many. But they are not
intangible, unreal, mysterious, and it will be my effort now to give
you a distinct conception of what they are.

I shall try to give you, not a cold, formal, precise, scientific
description, but a living and practically helpful idea. You have
all seen — I hope you have all noticed — the clusters and masses
composed of innumerable tiny green threads, which grow on
grasses and sticks, or ftoat on the surface, in brooks and ditches
and ponds, especially in spring. If you never have noticed them,
go to the nearest body of water next Api'il and look at them.
See what you can with the naked eye and any lens you may have,
and then get 3'our microscopical fiiend to give you a look at their
real structure. It may be the beginning of a revelation to you of

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 107

a world of which you have not clreamed. You will see that these
most delicate threads are strings of cells placed end to end, each
with its living substance and its green pigment. You will prob-
ably see also among the threads tiny green objects of various
shapes and perfect beauty, too small to be seen by the unaided
eye. And a little comparison will show you that tliese correspond
in all essential ie8^)ects to a single cell of one of the threads ; that
they are, in other words, one-celled plants. These unicellular and
filamentous plants represent the simplest forms of the great group
of Algce, whose highest members are found among the brown and
red '-rock-weeds" and " sea-mosses " of our shores. Now,' an
essential and important point in the life of these AJgce is that they
possess and are colored by the green pigment we have noticed.
It is easy to prove that this pigment is the same as that in the
leaves of onr flowering plants and ferns and mosses, and that,
through its agency, all plants which contain it are able to provide
themselves with organized food material by the combination,
effected by this chlorophyll, of the necessary elements taken up in
inorganic form, from the air and soil or water. This is a familiar
subject and it is not necessary to dwell on the all-important part
which chlorophyll plays in the economy of green plants. But you
all know that some flowering plants are not green. You recall
at once, of our home flora, the Indian Pipe and Pine- sap {Mono-
trojm) of the Heath family; the Dodder (Cusciita) of the Morn-
ing Glory family ; the whole family of Broom Rapes {AjjJiyUon)
and Beech Drops (EpipJiegus) , and the Coral-roots {CoraUorliiza)
of the Orchid family. All the evidence leads to the view that
these plants are the descendants of green plants, like the other
members of their families or of immediately related families, and
that they have gradually lost their clilorophyll in the course of
many successive generations. But why has it been lost ? Doubt-
less because it has come to be no longer needed. We cannot
doubt that these plants have gradually acquired the ability to ob-
tain the organic substances which they require for their nourish-
ment, ready prepared. In the case of the Indian Pipe, it is
probable that these are obtained from the decaying substances
contained in the vegetable mould in which it grows. The Broom
Rape attaches itself to the roots of other plants and absorbs from
them its food ; and our Dodder twines its slender stems about the
Golden-rod or some other coarse herb, and relentlessly sends its

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

root-like, absorbing organs into the living tissues of its victim,
which, with fine irony, science terms its " host." These plants,
then, have lost their independent life and have become parasites,
or, if their nourishment be obtained from dead organisms, sapro-
phytes. As these habits have become more and more completely
fixed, and they have become able to live entirely at the expense
of other organisms, the plants liave lost their need of chlorophyll,
and consequently it has ceased to be developed in their cells, in
response to that economic principle of nature which provides for
the disappearance of parts or structures when they are no longer
of service to the organism. Leaves are chiefly organs for the
elaboration of food material by the aid of chlorophyll ; and in
our parasitic and saprophytic plants they have in most cases been
reduced to the merest rudiments by the action of this same law
which makes usefulness the condition of continued existence.
What a glorious riddance from cumberers of the ground would fol-
low the application of such a law in human society !

Now, having seen what has happened in highly organized plants,
•is it difficult to conceive of the same thing as occurring to simple,
green, filamentous- Algae? Not at all. It is easy to see that, just
as the Dodder has become parasitic upon other flowering plants,
so an alga may have become parasitic on another alga, or upon
the leaf or stem or root of some flowering plant growing with it in
the water, or on the margin of its brook or pool. From such a
beginning upon aquatic and swamp plants, we can readily believe
that the parasites would spread step by step to land plants ; and
we need only suflficient time to account for their general distribu-
tion.

Going back again to the Algae, we can alsoreadily see that some
of them might easily become saprophytic by acquiring a habit of
attaching themselves to decaying organisms in the water, dead
leaves or stems of plants, dead frogs or insects, and similar
objects. The habit once acquired, the transfer to all sorts of de-
caying substances on land would be easy. As the habits became
fixed our Algae would have lost their chlorophyll just as we have
seen the Indian Pipe and Dodder have done, and for the same
reason. They would then be no longer Algae, but parasitic and
saprophytic Fungi. There is much reason to believe that from
such beginnings as I have suggested, have come the wonderfully
varied and complex groups of Fungi which we know. Perhaps I

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 109

should add a word here, lest you think the distinction between par-
asitic and saprophytic forms of fundamental importance. It is not
at all so, as is shown by the fact that in many cases, of two closely
related fungi, one lives as a parasite and the other as asaprqphyte.
There are many cases of fungi which live parasitically at one stage
of their life history and saprophytically at another ; and some
forms are known which can adopt either habit as circumstances
dictate. But this difference of habit affords a convenient basis
for our present discussion.

Let us glance for a moment at the saprophytic fungi. Among
these are the common black and blue moulds which so readily at-
tack cooked food, especially the sugary and starchy kinds. Then
come those irameuse groups whose spore-producing, or reproduc-
tive, portion is so highly developed and conspicuous as to make
them the most familiar of the group, the so-called Toadstools,
I'uff-balls, and Saucer-fungi. Closely related to the last maj^ be
named the Black Fungi, with a few parasitic species, notably those
which produce the '• Black Knot" of the plum, and the " Ergot "
of rye.

But it is the parasitic forms which have the most practical inter-
est. These include the Downy Mildews,* like those of spinach
and lettuce ; the Powdery Mildews, such as attack the cucumber
and the rose under glass ; and the Smuts, the Rusts, and scattered
members of generally saproph3nic groups. Besides these must be
mentioned the hordes of so-called " Imperfect Fungi " which are
chiefly parasitic forms or stages in the history of fungi whose final or
perfect forms are saprophytic.

In spite of the amazing variety in their devices for propagation
and dissemination and the wide differences in the structure of their
reproductive parts, it is well worthy of remark that the vegeta-
tive or growing parts of all these fungi are almost exactly similar,
and are in all cases delicate, simple threads, essentially like fila-
mentous AlgtC without chlorophyll. These constitute the myce-
lium of the fungus, and from them are produced the threads which
bear the reproductive bodies or spores. For our present purpose
we may best class these under two heads : those whose ollJce is
to secure the rapid propagation and spread of the fungus when
conditions favor, which we may call " summer spores;" and those
which can retain their vitality for a long time and preserve the species

* See Traneactiuna of the Maasachusetts Horticultural Society, 1889, Part 1, p. 40.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

under unfavorable conditions, like those of winter or a dry season,
which we call " resting spores."

It is, of course, the parasitic fungi which cause diseases of plants,
and they are the ones, therefore, with which the economic mycolo-
gist has to deal. Before we inquire in what his dealings with them
consist, let us see a little more definitely what we mean by a fungous
disease. Perhaps you will accept with me the definition which re-
gards as disease any deviation from the normal functional activity
in any of the organs of an organism. Anything, then, which pre-
vents the development of root-hairs and so checks the absorption of
water ; anything which kills the leaf cells and so stops the absorp-
tion of carbonic acid gas and the elaboration of food-material ;
anything which destroys or distorts the wood or bark, so as to
cut off the upward flow of water or the downward passage of
plastic material ; or anything, finally, which attacks any part of
flower or fruit so as to prevent the ripening of healthy seed or its
subsequent germination, is a cause of disease. And if any of
these disturbances be produced by a parasitic fungus, the result is
a fungous disease. As a matter of fact fungous diseases of all
the sorts I have mentioned are well known.

The roots of the cabbage and turnip are attacked by a tiny par-
asite much simpler than the true fungi, but admissible under that
general head, which causes the disease known as "Club-root" or
" Stump-foot." The fungus which causes the "Black Knot " of
plum trees attacks the branches and even the trunk, and prevents
the normal distribution of food material. The funcLions of leaves
are interfered with by innumerable " Rusts" and " Leaf- blight"
fungi of most varied sorts. And the seeds of our gi ains are ut-
terly destroyed by " Smut " fungi. As coming under neither of
these categories should be mentioned fungi of great practical im-
portance which cause much loss to our fruit growers by destroying
or rendering unsalable our fleshy fruits. They do not harm the
seed and therefore cannot be said to interfere with the natural
functions of the plant, except when they also attack leaves and
twigs, as many of them do. We may instance those which cause
the " Rot" of peaches and plums and the " Scab " of apples and
pears.

Now, fungi, as we have seen, consist of a delicate vegetative
mycelium from which arise the threads bearing spores. When a
spore germinates, it produces, ultimately if not immediately, a

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 1 1 I

new mycelium, aud this in turn gives rise to new spores. In this
respect spores correspond to the seeds of the flowering plants.
The mycelium of a parasitic fungus spreads itself over the surface
of its host, or penetrates the tissues, making its way among or
even through the cells. When the threads grow on the surface or
between the cells, they commonly send into the cell-cavities short
branches by which they absorb the living contents of the cells
for their own nourishment. Thus the invaded tissues are killed
and the parasite is furnished with material for growth into fresh
territory, and for the development of its spores. By means of
the spores fresh plants are attacked and so the fungus thrives and
the disease spreads. A fungous disease is, then, a contagious
disease. The killing of the living tissues whose life is the health
of the plant must evidently result in its weakening, and often
finally in its death. Now, in what does the study of fungous
diseases consist, and what good can come from such study. Of
course the ultimate practical object of the mycologist is to find a
remedy for the disease, or, rather, a preventive of it, for, since the
disease is due to the presence of another plant upon the diseased
plant, we cannot expect, as a rule, to kill the parasite without kill-
ing the other, after it has fairly become established. But this
finding a preventive involves more than at first appears. What
did Pasteur do when he began the studies whose final aim was to
find a cure for or a preventive of anthrax? What did Koch do
when he undertook those studies, still far fiom completion, on
tuberculosis? Think you they began by trying all the remedies of
the pharmacopoeia which might by chance have some mitigating
effect? Such experiments would have been the wildest leaps in
the dark. On the contrary, each of them began with the cause of
the disease, lie found it to be due to a parasitic organism, and
he investigated that organism in all its details before he began to
think of treatment. Only at the cost of ujuch time and of infinite
pains were the stories of their respective lives wrung from these
tiny Bacteria, and the various conditions, favorable or unfavorable
to their entrance and development in the animal body, determined.
And when, finally, all these facts are known, the preventive and
remedial treatments to which they point are such as a thousand
years of blind guessing or experiment would never have hit upon.
We may draw a similar instance from vegetable patliology. We
know that treatment of seed oats for a short time witii hot water

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at about 135° will effectually prevent smut in the crop. But who
would have been likely, in a century, to have guessed at such a
simple device without the laborious researches of botanists to tell
him the facts concerning the life history of the smut fungus, which
have led to that result?

The work of the mycologist consists, then, in something more
than dabbling in possible preventives and in trying this and that
suggestion. That is the least part of his work, valuable as it is,
and important as are the results which are yet to be reached in
that field. But his real work is the study of the fungi themselves,
of their structure and habits, the stories of their lives. How does
it multiply? How does it spread? How does it attack and enter
its host ? How does it pass over seasons unfavorable for growth ?
What conditions favor and what check its development? These
are questions which one must ask and answer as fully as possible
before he can consider himself competent to try to solve the
problem of prevention. But when these questions have been fully
and rightly answered, the last problem often dwindles into the
simple statement of an equation whose factors are all known
quantities, and which bears its answer on its face. The problem
of prevention becomes almost no problem at all.

It will, perhaps, be of interest to glance at the methods which
the mycologist employs to enable him to acquire the necessary in-
foa'mation concerning a given fungous disease. The trouble comes
to his notice, let us say, accompanied by a fungus in a fully-
developed, spore-bearing stage, since then its effects are most con-
spicuous. A careful microscopic study at this time will tell much
of the structure and relationships of the fungus and of its relations
to the diseased plant. From these facts and from the analogy of
similar fungi some clews for further investigation may be obtained
and some probabilities as to future results may be deduced. But
one must be always on his guard against assuming too much.
The next step is to obtain healthy plants of the sort affected,
and to infect them with spores from the fungus which accompanies
the disease. This infection must be carried on under conditions
which shall, as far as possible, exclude all possibilit}^ of infection
from other sources. If he finds that the fungus invariably
accompanies the disease, and that infection of healthy plants with
its spores produces that disease, he may safely conclude that it is
the real cause of the trouble. There are many cases in which

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 113

some fungus commonly accompanies a diseased condition of which
it is not the true cause.

Being convinced that a fungus stands in causal relation to the
disease in hand, the investigator now proceeds to study the man-
ner in which its spores germinate and how the young threads pene-
trate the host, and to follow, step by step, the phenomena which
mark the various stages in the progress of the disease. He en-
deavors to discover how many and what spore-forms the fungus
produces, what is the especial office of each, and whether each
form is able to spread the disease by infecting new host-plants.
He inquires whether the fungus may assume a saprophytic form
and so bridge over the intervals between successive appearances
of the parasitic stage. In the study of the developmental history
of many fungi the greatest assistance is obtained from the use of
artificial culture media. These are prepared for a given fungus
by the addition of gelatine or a similar substance to some liquid
containing suitable nutrient material for the growth of that fun-
gus. Such material may be furnished by a decoction in water of
some fruit or of the natural host-[)laut of the fungus. The addi-
tion of gelatine gives a solid medium on which the spores can be
sown, and in which the mycelium can grow and send up the fruit-
ing threads. It is necessary to make cultures with the greatest
care to exclude all Bacteria and fungus-spores except those inten-
tionally sown. This requires the complete sterilization of the
nutritive media, and of all vessels and apparatus used, by means
of high temperatures or antiseptic solutions. One must also take
every precaution to have the spores which are sown pure and un-
mixed with other kinds. Only by these slow and laborious meth-
ods, by repeated failures and occasional successes, by appeal to
all his resources, both natural and artificial, does the student of
the fungi coax them to reveal to him, bit by bit, the histories of
their lives and the conditions of their develo[)ment. Very per-
plexing, and for a long time wholly baffling the skill of botanists,
have been such parasites as those rusts which, although parasitic
in all their stages, pass different parts of their lives upon different
hosts, and produce characteristic spore-forms upon each. l>ut
now that we have the clew, and have in a number of cases defi-
nitely demonstrated the relations between the different forms, each
year sees the uncertainty concerning a few more species cleared
up, and steady progress made toward completer knowledge.

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Another important question which often presents itself is whether
a fungus may not attack several related hosts and thus, while we
are trying to exterminate it upon one, be floui-ishing unobserved
upon another, perhaps near by. In the cases of several fungous
diseases of our cultivated plants some neighboring spontaneous
plant may be an important aid in propagating the disease.

You will see how numerous and varied are the questions which
arise in the investigation of a fungous disease, and how multi-
farious are the facts to be made out and studied in their bearings
upon the question of treatment, which is the ultimate practical
object of the investigation. And one of the first practical results
of the widest applicability, which is deduced from what we already
know of the fungi, is, as I have before said, the fact that treat-
ment, to be efficient, must be jyreveyitwe rather than remedial. It
may be stated as a general principle, not wholly without excep-
tions, that a leaf, a fruit, a plant, once attacked is lost. Let us
see, then, what can be done by way of preventing the attacks of
fungi. It is a very trite saying that "An ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure," but when cure is impossible, the value of
prevention becomes infinitely increased. Of the first importance
among preventives of disease must be mentioned healthful condi-
tions. This seems like the statement of a very self-evident truth ;
yet much disease among cultivated plants is the result of disregard
of this fundamental principle. A strong and vigorous plant, with
abundant food at its disposal, will resist the attacks of fungi which
would easily gain a footing on weaker ones ; or will feed both
itself and its parasite with comparatively little harm to itself.

But abundant nourishment is not the only condition of health.
No practice is more common among our fruit growers than to leave
in the vineyard and the orchard, lying on the ground or hanging
from the branches, the dead fruits of the season, which have been
rendered worthless by fungi. Nothing could produce more un-
healthful conditions, for these dead fruits commonly furnish to
the fungi which attack them precisely the most favorable soil for
further and complete development. In the next spring the air is
full of the spores of these fungi, which find lodgment on the new
leaves and fruits of the very plants on which they grew last year ;
and so the story goes, year after year. In a word, keep your
orchards and gardens and greenhouses clean. Allow no rubbish
to be about, on which fungi can breefl. Remove and destroy all

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 115

diseased fruits or plants as scrupulously as you preserve salable
ones, and you will have more salable ones to preserve. It is sur-
prising how far generous culture and clean culture will go toward
preventing fungous diseases, without special treatment.

But in many cases the application of special protective prepara-
tions is of the greatest value, and is even necessary. It has of ten
been the means of restoring to healthful growth and bearing plants
which had become worthless and half dead from disease. Such a
large proportion of parasitic fungi enter their hosts by way of the
leaves or succulent stems that it is evident a great amount of loss
can be avoided if we can find some substance which, when applied
to the surfaces of tissues subject to attack, will, without injury to
them, prevent the development of fungus-spores. Experimenter
along this line early turned their attention to various compounds
of copper, led by their well-known antiseptic and poisonous prop-
erties. And it has been found that various dilute preparations of
the sulphate and carbonate of copper possess all the desirable
qualities of harmlessuess to the surface of the plant and ample
fungicidal power. The names of the Bordeaux mixture and the
ammoniacal carbonate of copper are familiar to you all. They
are, as you know, applied in liquid form by means of a suitable
force-pump and spraying-nozzle ; and their protective action is
easily understood. The liquid, reaching every part of the plant in
the form of fine spray, soon dries by evaporation, leaving behind a
delicate film of copper in the form of its hydrate, which adheres
closely to the surface of the plant. Now, while the water-proof
coating of all parts of the plant is unaffected bj' this film, it is suf-
ficient to prevent the germination of any fungus spores which may
fall upon it, and thus secures the plant against attack. Of course,
the ordinary incidents of our changing weather gradually wear off
this " copper-plating," and thus the plants become again exposed.
It is tlierefore necessary to repeat the spraying every ten or fifteen
days during the time that they are most liable to attack. This
time, of course, varies with the habits of the different fungi. Let
me enii)hasize again the essentxaWy preventive nature of this treat-
ment. After the plant is attacked no amount of spraying is of
any service ; and the whole secret of success with fungicides lies
in their Ihorouyh application early enough and often enough.

The life histories of some fungi point to the probability, which
is confirmed by experience, that less troublesome treatment than

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that by spraying may check their development. For example,
Powdery Mildews may be controlled in the greenhouse by the
vapor of sulphur,* because their mycelium is not internal but
superficial, and is killed by the sulphur, which does not injure the
tough epidermis of the host.

Again, a fungus which enters plants in their youngest seedling-
stage would plainly not be avoided by spraying. Such a one
is the oat smut, of which the hot-water treatment of the seed,
already mentioned, is an eflSicient preventive.

So one might run the gamut of variations in treatment, ne-
cessitated by the developmental differences in fungi. But such
is not my present purpose. I have endeavored to give you, as I
promised, a practical idea of what fungi are, and of the funda-
mental principles underlying the treatment of fungous diseases.
I have not tried to give you specific prescriptions for particular
diseases, because I realize that the interests represented in this
audience are too varied to make it possible to select special cases
which would be of interest to all.

It is the special province of my Department of the State
Experiment Station to recommend treatment for diseases already
understood, and to investigate such as are not sufficiently known.
In the former line of work 1 am always glad to respond to all
inquiries and requests for aid. lu the latter, I wish earnestly to
ask your aid. It is impossible for me to travel about the State,
and I can only learn what diseases are causing loss, by their being
brought to my attention by those who suffer. I ask especially the
individual assistance which you can render by sending to the
Experiment Station liberal specimens of any of your fruits or
plants which are suffering from diseases that seem to be due to
fungi.

The lecture was illustrated by a large variety of fungus-diseased
specimens from the Station herbarium ; also by other specimens,
too large for such disposal, such as fragments of bark, sections
of trunk or branch, etc. Among them was a dead fly attacked
by an alga-like fungus. The attention of the large audience
was closely held from the beginning to the close of the
lecture.

* For method of application, see discussion which follows this paper.

FUNGOUS DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES. 1 1 7

Discussion.

Benjamin P. Ware asked how sulphur vapor is produced aud
applied.

Professor Humphrey replied that it is produced by gradually
heating sulphur, in an iron kettle, over an oil stove, to a point
slightly above the melting point. This will throw of¥ vapor, but
great care must be taken that the heat does not much exceed that
point, lest the sulphur be ignited, when sulphur /M?nes will fill the
house and kill the plants.

E. W. Wood inquired what degree of success was attained in
treating mildewed lettuce with sulphur vapor at the Agricultural
Experiment Station.

Professor Humphrey said that it would not be satisfactor}', for
the reason that the mycelium of the Downy Mildews, which infest
lettuce, is wholly within the plants, and is not reached by the
vapors. But in cases where the Powdery Mildews are found,
sulphur vapor is an effectual remedy, because the mycelium is
external and fully exposed.

Joseph H. Woodford asked if hot water will prevent smut on a
crop of oats, what degree of heat would be safe to apply to
ordinary violets in beds ?

Professor Humphrey replied that water at the temperature of
135° is necessary for seed-oats, which should be immersed
fifteen minutes. This treatment will not only kill the spores of
the smut, but it improves the germination of the oats. It would
not be applicable to violets.

Robert Farquhar desired information as to the effect of hot
water upon corn smut.

Professor Humphrey said that it is only a few years since it
was found that the smut of corn develops very differently from that
of oats ; and therefore hot water treatment of corn is whollj'
ineffectual as a fungicide.

William C. Strong wished to know whether Bacteria are plants
or animals.

Professor Humphrey said that Bacteria are very low forms of
plants. They are unicellular ; simpler than the thread-like fungi ;
are destitute of chlorophyll, and in a broad sense are fungi.

Rev. Calvin Terry asked if it were possible for persons to
remain in a greenhouse where sulphur vapor was being generated?
Is not breathing such an atmosphere injurious?

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Professor Humphrey replied that while the sulphur is being
heated, and the oil-flame being adjusted to keep the sulphur at a
temperature just above the melting point, one can safely remain
in the greenhouse by placing a wet handkerchief over both mouth
and nose, which will allow the pure air to pass through it, but not
admit the sulphur. Breathing the fumes of burning sulphur
would be unhealthful.

Robert Farquhar asked if fungi like corn smut would produce
death in animals that eat of it ; and if so are there any remedies ?

Professor Humphrey answered that these smuts, aud par-
ticularly corn smut, if taken in considerable quantity, would cause
death sometimes. Ergotism is an affection caused by ergot. Inves-
tigations of this part of the subject are now going on.

Rev. Chailes 8. Harrison wished to learn how it was that the
entire crop on a large area — a hundred or a thousand acres —
could all or nearly all be struck at once.

Professor Humphrey replied that this relates to a very inter-
esting part of the work of mycologists. They are studying it at the
West as well as at the East. The results of investigations have
been published in tlie periodical "Agricultural Science," in which
it was stated that the wide-spread destruction was due to the
rapid development and distribution of the rust-spores during a
few days of warm, moist weather, in which the leaves and stalks
of the grain were filled with the fungous threads which appropriate
the sap ; consequently the grain is not filled out, and the crop is
destroyed.

Professor Humphrey, in reply to the question, "Were all
fungi derived from water plants?" said that away back in geologic
time, doubtless fungi must have been evolved from water plants ;
but it would not do to assume this of all those plants at present.
Grain rust differs from smut in regard to healthfulness. He did
not think that rusted grain, if cut and dried, would injure cattle
if fed to them. The rusts are destructive fungi, but not dan-
gerous to animal life.

The question was asked : Does close planting promote the
multiplication of parasitic fungi ?

In reply Professor Humphrey said that crowded planting
would be a cause of insufficient nutrition ; of course you can give
plenty of nutrition, but even then the plants would be more suscept-
ible to injury from fungi, on account of insufficient light, and

FUNGOUS DISEASES AXD THEIR REMEDIES. 119

the retention of vain and dew upon them, which would favor the
development of fungi.

Professor Humphrey, being asked if he had ever tried pure
oxygen as a remedy, said he had never done so, but both that and
many other gases would be interesting to try, but impracticable to
use on a large scale.

Mr. Strong made the inquiry whether the strawberry leaf rust
is caused by a fungus or an insect.

Professor Humphrey replied that it is not a rust, but a leaf-
spot fungus. The winter spoi-es of the fungus are developed
by the dead leaves and stems of the plants left on the strawberry
patch over winter, and are ready to spread themselves and grow
early in the spring. This is a case where clean culture is the best
remedy for the fungous disease.

Mr. Strong said that his plants were affected at the last of the
season, and he found it very difficult to spray them with Bordeaux
mixture and lime; the nozzle quickly becomes clogged. He had
found simple sulphate of copper effectual.

Professor Humphrey said that lime prevents injury from
Bordeaux mixture if otherwise too strong ; it also makes enough
of the mixture stick to serve the purpose. The clogging is a
serious difficulty, and partly for that reason Bordeaux mixture is
going out of use, and ammoniacal carbonate of copper is being
substituted for it, as simpler and better. Simple sulphur is not so
effective as ammoniacal carbonate of copper, concerning which
the testimony thus far is decidedly in its favor, as most effective.
Where there is not too much ground to go over, knapsack spraying
is convenient and generally satisfactory. Almost everj'thing
depends upon the nozzle, and it should throw a fine spray. To
cleanse it, alwaj's remove it. The Vermorel nozzle is the best. It
requires a good stout man to carry a knapsack sprayer of tlie
usual size.

Benjamin P. Ware asked what is the great advantage of the
fine spray? It is very difficult to apply Bordeaux mixture in a
fine spray. He did not understand why a coarse spray is not as
complete a protection, since it thoioughly covers the surface of
the foliage.

Professor Humphrey answered, that in the first place a fine
spray is more economical ; next, it forms a thin film upon the sur-
face, and dries much more quickly, which increases its durability,

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as in case of a shower soon after its application it will not so
readily wash off.

Mr. Ware thought that in a large orchard, especially of large
trees, the extra time required to do the work with the fine spray
would be a great objection.

William D. Philbrick spoke of Bordeaux mixture as objection-
able when applied in fine spray on spinach, on account of the lime
adhering to the leaves, and injuring their appearance.

Professor Humphrey said it is true that with a fine spray nozzle the
mixture is not thrown so far, but whc^n the foliage is close the fine
spray permeates it better, instead of beating it down by drenching
it. In case of large trees, a coarser spray may be permissible.

Mr. Ware had found it very difficult to pass the Bordeaux mix-
ture through the ver}' fine strainer which was furnished by the
Agricultural Experiment Station, but it went through the coai'ser
wire cloth easily. Thus strained there was no difflxiulty in satis-
factorily forcing a spray through the adjustable nozzle, with the
Douglas pump. The apparent waste of material was more than
counterbalanced b}^ the more expeditious straining through the
coarser wire cloth.

Professor Humphrey said the difficulty appeared to be in the
preparation of the mixture. The lime should be so thoroughly
worked in as to make a fine mixture, and it is worth while to take
time and pains to get it into that condition, because it is then so
much more effectual.

Mr. Ware thought it important to get rid of lime altogether in
any spraying compound. It has a strong tendency to discolor
grapes, and might affect other fruits unfavorably, especially in
regard to their sale.

Professor Humphrey said that lime must act chemically on cop-
per, or must react, to form the hydrate of copper, just as ammonia
does with carbonate of copper.

Eev. Mr. Harrison asked whether lime has any other value in
spraying than to prevent injury to foliage by the Bordeaux
mixture.

Professor Humphrey said he was not chemist enough to say
whether lime is of any further use. Experiments have been made
to find some alkaline substance of finer grain as a substitute. The
tendency now is to discontinue the use of insoluble substances,
and use only clear solutions.

RESIGNATION OF PATRICK NORTON. 121

On motion of O. B. Hadwen, a vote of thanks to Professor
Hnmpbrey for his instructive and valuable essay was unanimously
passed.

Mr, Hadwen, as Chairman of the Committee on Discussion, an-
nounced for the next Saturday, " A Talk about the Preserving of
Fruit," by Miss Maria Parloa. of Boston. This lecture was pro-
vided by the Bay State Agricultural Society, in connection with
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 20, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee to which the
resignation of Patrick Norton, as Chairman of the Committee of
Arrangements, was referred at the last meeting, reported, recom-
mending that Mr. Norton's resignation be accepted, and that the
thanks of the Society be presented to him for his valuable services
in that position. The report was unanimously accepted, and the
thanks of the Society were presented to Mr. Norton.

The Secretary read a notice, received from Francis H. Apple-
ton, of the Committee of the Legislature on the part of the House
of Representatives, on so much of the Governor's Address as
relates to the Department of lioads, Bridges, and Drainage, that
that Committee would hold a meeting at the State House, on
Tuesday, the 23d instant, at 10.30 o'clock, A.M.

The President announced the decease, on the 19th instant, of
George W. Wilson, of Maiden, for forty years a member of this
Society, and an extensive and successful commercial cultivator of
roses.

E. H. Hitchings moved that Edwin Faxon be added to the Com-
mittee on Large or Interesting Trees. The motion was unani-
mously carried.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 27.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The President announced that this lecture was provided by the
Bay State Agricultural Society, in connection with the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society ; and he took great pleasure in
welcoming the membei's of the Bay State Agricultural Society on
this occasion.

A Talk about the Preserving of Fruit.*
By Miss Maria Parloa, Teacher of Cooking, Boston.

There are two ways said Miss Parloa of interpreting the word
"preserving," as applied to fruit, the general understanding among
housekeepers being that the fruit is cooked with a generous amount
of sugar, the product being a rich compound of good keeping quality.
In its broadest sense " preserving," when applied to food, means to
save from decay by drying, canning, combining with a preservative
substance, etc. It is in the latter sense that the word is used
today.

When one considers the enormous amount of fruit that is
preserved each year in some form, it is strange that there is so
little written upon the subject. Outside of cook books, to my
surprise, I find very little about it ; therefore what I have to
say to you today comes only from knowledge gained by my ex-
periments. I wish I were enough of a chemist to be able to tell
you the why and wherefore of many things of which I shall speak.
A knowledge of chemistry is very desirable for all who have
occasion to do any cooking.

The most primitive method of preserving foods was by drying
the raw article in the sun and air, and this is still practised to
a great extent. Artificial methods are now used, but the sun
develops in some fruits a flavor which is lacking when artificial
heat is used. Although nearly every raisin grower in California
has a drying house, he resorts to it only when the sun fails him.
In the case of peaches, apples, and apricots, the fruit has a fresher
and more appetizing appearance when dried in the evaporators,
and its commercial value is, therefore, greater.

When drying fruit it is important not only that it shall be
sound and of good quality, but also that it shall be prepared
quickly and dried rapidly. When all moisture is expelled it will
keep for j^ears in a dry place.

* Copyright by M!aria Parloa.

A TALK ABOUT THE PRESERVING OF FRUIT. 123

The second method of di-ying is to cook the fruit a long time,
reducing it as nearly as possible to a paste, spreading this in thin
sheets, and drying in the sun or by evaporation. When free from
moisture this fruit can be packed in boxes and will keep
indefinitely, and is suitable for transporting long distances, as for
the use of armies or emigrants.

When fruit dried by either of these two methods is to be used,
it must be softened by the addition of water and cooking.

A third process of drying is to cook the fruit for a long time
with sugar and water, and then partially dry it. In this case the
sugar is largely the preservative agent and the drying goes on
only until no syrup drips from the fruit. With close packing in
boxes or jars the fruit will keep well in any climate, hardening,
of course, when exposed to the air for a considerable period.
This fruit is ready for use at any time, but is more of a confection
than a sauce.

These three methods enable all to have the figs, dates, prunes,
apricots, apples, peaches, etc., of the world. Here in New
England, where most of our fruits are preserved by canning, we
are apt to lose sight of the enormous amount of wealth, health,
and comfort that these methods of preserving represent.

The more modern process for preserving fruits, and by far the most
useful and heathful. is that of canning. This seems to have been
introduced to the French government in 1810 by Appert. Since
then it has been constantly improving. The destruction of germs
and the exclusion of air are the principles upon which canning is
based. The article to be preserved is cooked for a short time and
is then put in jars from which the air has been expelled by heating
them to the boiling point. They are then sealed, and when cold
are set in a cool, dark place. If all the conditions be right, the
heating of the cans and fruit thorough, and if the cans, covers,
etc., be in perfect condition, the fruit will keep for an unlimited
number of years, and when opened will be found to have nearly
all the freshness and aroma of newly-gathered fruit.

Now, this is true of the majority of fruits, but not of all. The
strawberry subjected to this process will come out a pale,
spongy, insipid thing, whereas the raspberry seems to have its
color, flavor, and odor intensified. If, however, a generous
amount of sugar be added to the strawberry in the cooking, it
will retain its shape, color, and flavor. It is an error to attempt

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to can this berry without sugar or with onl}' a small amount.
Neither can you put sugar with strawberries and let them stand,
as with pineapple. The sugar seems to draw the juice out of the
fruit and leave it a spongy mass.

Some fruits can be canned without heat or sugar. The jar
should be packed full of the fruit and then placed under a faucet,
having the water run in rapidly for a minute, that all the air in
the jar shall be displaced ; then seal, and put away in a cool, dark
place. Perhaps not many kinds of fruit would keep if put up in
this manner. Certainly, I should have no expectation of success
with juicy fruit of any kind. I have, however, been successful
with rhubarb, of which I have in the cellar now a dozen jars put
up in this way last spring, and just as perfect as when first sealed
up. Green gooseberries and some kinds of plums can be preserved
in this manner. It is a question with me whether the acid in
these fruits does not have a good deal to do with the keeping
quality.

Many kinds of fruit can be mixed with their own weight in
sugar, packed in jars, sealed, and put away in a dark, cool place.
They will keep well, and have the flavor of the fresh fruit. I
have found in the case of small berries put up in this manner that
the seeds became harder and more noticeable than in the cooked
fruit. I should not think of putting up pineapple in any other
way than this, for it comes out simply perfect.

The third method of preserving fruit is by cooking it with sugar.
In this case sugar is largely the preservative ; and where the
sugar is added to the fruit, pound for pound, it is not necessary to
seal the product. But the " self-sealing " jars are so convenient
that most housekeepers prefer to use them rather than the old-
fashioned stone jars.

The French candied fruits are an example of another method of
preserving fruit.

Having glanced at the various methods of preserving, it may be
well now to consider some of the exact steps necessary to secure
the best results. As drying is practised but little in this locality,
there is no need to take that up again. More fruit is preserved by
the exclusion of air than by any other method. To be successful
in this, certain things are essential. First, the fruit must be per-
fectly sound ; next, every utensil used in the process must be ab-
solutely clean ; again, the cans must be perfectly air-tight ;

A TALK ABOUT THE PRESERVING OF FRUIT. 125

filially, the caus aud fruit must be made free from germs and air
before sealing, and the canned fruit must be kept iu a dark, cool,
dry place.

Now as to the different modes of treating various kinds of fruit.
We know that when the germs are killed and the air is excluded,
sugar is not necessary for the preservation of the fruit. But there
are few kinds of fruit that are not improved by some sugar, be-
cause it fixes the color aud flavor, and gives much finer results.
Some kinds of fruit require but little sugar for this purpose, while
others are poor indeed without a generous amount. One has only
to contrast the flavor and quality of the canned peaches that are
put up with aud without sugar to realize the great superiority of
those with which saccharine matter has been used. "Where fruits
are too dry to give out enough juice to cover themselves gener-
ously, a light syrup should be used. But iu the juicy fruits, avoid
water if possible. A good rule iu the case of small berries is to
allow one-third of a pound of sugar to each pound of fruit. There
are people who would not care for more than half that amount of
sugar, while others might like more. Here is a method I would
advise lor small berries : Have twelve quarts of berries picked
clean. Put three quarts into the preserving-kettle and on the fire.
Heat slowly, aud break up with a wooden vegetable masher. Now
turn the fruit into a piece of cheese-cloth and press out the juice.
Wasli the preserving-kettle, and put the juice aud sugar into it,
stirring until the sugar melts. When the syrup boils, skim it, and
add the whole berries. Watch the kettle, stirring occasionally
until the preserve boils ; then skim, and cook for ten minutes
longer. Fill the jars, aud seal.

For fruit like peaches, pears, plums, etc., make a light s^rup in
this manuer : Put into the preserving-kettle four quarts of sugar
and two of water, boil, and then skim well. Have the fruit pared,
and cook it gently in this syrup until tender ; then can, tilling up
with syrup. Quinces must first be cooked in clear water until
tender.

In paring fruit, use silver-plated knives, and drop each piece
as soon as pared into a bowl of cold water which has been made
acid by the addition of lemon juice. This prevents the fruit from
turning dark. Use earthen bowls aud wooden or silver-plated
spoons. Avoid any delay while doing this work.

To peel [)eaehes aud plums, put a little of tlie fruit into a wire

12G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

basket and plunge it into boiling water for a few minutes. Take
the basket from the boiling water and plunge it into cold water for
a few seconds. Then turn it into an earthen dish and peel with a
silver knife. Save all the juice that falls into this bowl. When
the work is properly done the skin will peel off perfectly smooth.
There is really less waste and less labor in removing the skins of
fruit in this way than in the common way.

To fill the jars, have on the stove two pans partially filled with
water. Let the water in one be boiling, but in tlie other not so
hot that the hand cannot be held in it with comfort. Put a few
jars and covers in the cooler water, turning them now and then
until all parts become warm; then put them in the boiling water.
This does away with all danger of breaking. When the jars have
been heated in boiling water, drain, fill, and seal them at once.

In filling the jars be sure that they stand level, that the syrup
has filled all the interstices between the fruit, and th;it it also runs
over the top of the jar. Even with this overflowing of the syrup,
it will be found that, after cooling, the can is not full ; but if the
work has been properly done, the fruit will keep all right.

Preserving with sugar, pound for pound, is not very extensively
practised now, most people preferring the simpler and more health-
ful mode of canning with a small quantity of sugar ; still, there
are some things that are better when done in this way. I think
there is no fruit more delicious than the strawberry, either fresh
or preserved, yet there is none about which the housekeeper feels
more uncertain. It is something that cannot be preserved without
plenty of sugar. I have experimented a great deal with it, and
here is a rule that will give you the greatest satisfaction. It is
true, the preserve is very rich, and cannot be eaten in large quan-
tities, but it is better to have a little in perfection than a great
deal of an unsatisfactory quality.

Sun-Cooked Strawberries. — Use fine, ripe strawberries. Put
them in the preserving-kettle with a pound of sugar to each pound
of berries ; first a layer of fruit, then a layer of sugar, and so on.
Do not have the mixture more than six inches deep. Place on
the fire, and watch. When the preserve begins to boil, skim care-
fully, and simmer for ten minutes. Now pour the fruit into meat
platters, and place in the sun. After an exposure to tlie sun for
twenty-four hours, put them up in jars or tumblers, and cover.
You may say the sun does not shine twenty-four hours, but I put

A TALK ABOUT THE PRESERVING OF FRUIT. 127

my fruit on tables by the windows in a sunny room, and let it re-
main there for several days, or until it has had its full sun bath.

Rum Pineapple. — Putting up pineapple raw, in its own weiglit
of sugar, is not a new thing, but, strange to say, my first knowl-
edge of it was gained only a few years ago. Pineapple will keep
perfectly without any spirits if properly put up, but 1 think a little
rum, wine, or brandy adds to the flavor of the fruit. JNIy method
is to pare the pineapple, and then, with a sharp knife, cut it into
thin slices, cutting down the sides until the core is reached. It is
then weighed, mixed gently with its own weight in sugar, packed
solidly in pint jars, and covered with one tablespoonful of either
Santa Cruz rum or the same quantity of wine or brandy. Seal
the jars and put them in a cool, dry place. I much prefer the
sliced to the shredded pineapple ; still that is a matter of taste.

If one wishes to preserve the pineapple by cooking, care must
be taken that it is not exposed to a high temperature for any
length of time, as cooking hardens and darkens the fruit. Slice
or shred it, and put it in an earthen dish. Mix with the sugar,
allowing from a quarter of a pound to three-quarters for ever}'
pound of fruit. Let this stand for several hours, or all night ;
then turn into the preserving-kettle, and heat slowly. Skim when
it begins to boil, and cook for only two minutes ; then can it.

The Larger Fruits. — All fruits are prepared for preserving in
sugar the same as for canning. Then a rich syrup is made —
four pounds of sugar to a pint of water — and the fruit is sim-
mered in it until tender and clear. Such fruit as quinces and hard
pears should be cooked until tender before being put in the syrup.

When the Sugar should be added. — Some kinds of fruit are
better for having the sugar added to them when partially cooked,
while others should always have it added the moment they are
placed on the fire. Again, one kind is better for standing for
hours in the sugar, while others should not have the sugar touch
them until they are ready to go on the fire. There are a few fruits
which are far better without sugar than with it. This is the case
with the prune, with which sugar should never be put, long, slow
cooking serving to develop a fine, rich flavor. Cranberries, on
the other hand, should have a pint of sugar to a quart of berries,
and the sugar, water, and berries must go on the fire at once and
be cooked rapidly for a short time, say twelve to fifteen minutes.
No otiier method will give a satisfactory result.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

These last two suggestions do not properly come under the head
of preserving, but I use them to illustrate the fact that the treat-
ment that makes one dish perfect may ruin another.

Jelly MaMng. — In no department of preserving does the house-
keeper feel less sure of the results than in jelly making, so much
depends upon the condition of the fruit. This is more pronounced
in the case of small fruits than with the larger kinds.

When currants are over-ripe, or have been piclied after a rain,
the result of using them will be very uncertain. Perhaps we notice
it more with this fruit than with any other, because it is so gener-
ally used for jelly. An understanding of the properties in fruit
which form the basis of jellies may help the housekeeper to a
better knowledge of the conditions and methods essential to
success.

Pectine, which forms the basis of vegetable jellies, is a sub-
stance which, in its composition, resembles starch and gum. It
gives to the juices of fruits the property of gelatinizing. This
property is at its best when the fruit is just ripe — better a little
under-ripe tljan over-ripe. When boiled for a long time it loses
its gelatinous property and becomes of a gummy nature.

These facts show the importance of using fruit that is but just
ripe and freshly picked, as well as the need of care not to over-
cook the juice.

Canning Fr ait Juice. — One form of preserves which is most use-
ful, convenient, and wholesome should be more generally adopted
than it is ; namely, the canning of fruit juice for creams, ices,
drinks, etc. Certainly every housekeeper ought to preserve enough
of the juices of the strawberry, raspberry, peach, apricot, grape,
etc., for her own use. They can be preserved with or without
sugar, but I should always advocate sugar. Boil for ten minutes
and seal while boiling hot.

Discussion.

Miss Parloa was asked how to make strawberry jelly. She re-
plied thai it was very diflicult ; there appeared to be a deficiency
of the gelatinous principle, and that a more acid fruit would be
preferable.

Cranberries and prunes are more often found poorly cooked
than any other fruiis. The former need considerable sugar, but
tlie latter are much better without any. The essayist had met

PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. 129

people who did not fancy primes. She had tried all kinds; the
California frnit was disliked by some because the flesh clung to the
stone. She bought a pound, put it in a quart of water, and cooked
it slowly about three hours, and without an}' addition the sauce
proved delicious.

In making cranberry jelly, a scant amount of water should be
added to the fruit for cooking; strain through a fine sieve, then
put it into moulds.

Miss Parloa repeated her remarks about pectine, to impress
upon the minds of the audience the fact that much cooking of fruit
in making jelly tends to impair the quality of the jelly ; and that
in many cases the product is not jelly because that principle in the
fruit had been expelled by the cooking, leaving a thick, syrupy
fluid.

As this was essentially a " Ladies' Day," the discussion assumed
a more conversational character than usual, entirely without for-
mality. The lecture was illustrated by a jar of strawberries,
sun-cooked as recommended, which were tasted and highly ap-
proved.

The announcement for the next Saturday was, "Arbor Day in
Schools," by Rev. Birdsey G. Northrop, Ex-Secretary of the
Connecticut Board of Education, Clinton, Conn.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 27, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Gen. Patrick A. Collins, of Dorchester, was proposed by
Charles N. Brackett, as a Life Member of the Society.

On motion of E. H. Hitchings, it was voted that a Committee
on Window Gardening, of seven members, be appointed by the
Chair. The President stated that he would report the Committee
at the next meeting.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 5.

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Arbor Day in Schools.

By B. G. NoETHKOP, Ex-Secretary of the State Board of Education of Connecticut,

Clinton, Conn.

A brief sketch of Arbor Day in schools, its aims and results,
will show its relation to horticulture. Arbor Day for economic
tree-planting, and Arbor Day in schools, differ in origin and scope.
The former was originated by Ex-Governor J. Sterling Morton in
Nebraska in 1872. In January of that year the State Board of Ag-
riculture heartily endorsed his plan, and offered liberal prizes for its
encouragement. The newspapers of the State strongly commended
the scheme, and the founder eloquently advocated it by pen and
tongue. The result was a marvellous success the first year, and
still greater success the second and each subsequent year. In
1874 Robert W. Furnas, then governor, issued the first Arbor
Day proclamation ever made. In 1885 Arbor Day was made a
legal holiday by the Legislature, and its observance has been
growing in interest and usefulness from that day to this. So
broad and beneficent have been the results of the Arbor Day move-
ment in Nebraska, that its originator is there gratefully recognized
as a great benefactor of the State — now the leading State in
America for tree-planting. It glories in the old misnomer of the
geographies " The Great American Desert," since it has become
so habitable and hospitable by cultivation and tree-planting.
Where, twenty years ago, the books said trees would not grow,
the settler who does not plant them is now the exception. The
Nebraskans are justly proud of this great achievement, and, with
the demonstration made all over the State of the cash value of
their planted forests, both for fuel and lumber, are determined to
maintain this preeminence.

I have been thus explicit as to the origin of Arbor Day because
it has so often been erroneously attributed to me. Though over
twenty years ago I advocated tree-planting by youth, in the press
and in official State reports, and in January, 1876, started the
scheme of centennial tree-planting (a suggestion seconded by the
press of Connecticut and transmitted aci'oss the continent) and
offered a dollar prize to every boy or girl in Connecticut who
should plant or helj) in 2^icinting five "centennial trees," — an
offer which met an unexpected response over the State, still, the

ARBOR DAY IN SCHOOLS. 131

bappv idea of designating a given day, when all citizens shonkl
be invited to unite in this work, was not mine, but was duly cred-
ited by me in the " Century Magazine " and other journals, to its
proper source.

In this grand work initiated by Governor Morton, its applica-
tion to schools was not named. The great problem then was to
meet the urgent needs of vast ti^eeless prairies. At the meeting
of the American Forestry Association, held at St. Paul, Minn.,
in August, 1883, a resolution which I offered in favor of observ-
ing Arbor Day in schools in all our States and in the provinces of
the Dominion of Canada (the association being international) was
adopted, and a committee to push that work was appointed. Con-
tinued as their chairman from that day to this, I have presented
the claims of Arbor Day personally or by letter to the governor
or State school superintendent in all our States and Territories.
My first efforts were not encouraging. By men in high positions
Arbor Day was deemed an obtrusive innovation. It was no sur-
prise to me when my paper on " Arbor Day in Schools," read at
the National Educational Association (Department of Superin-
tendence) at Washington, in February, 1884, called out the com-
ment, " This subject is out of place here." Though that paper
was printed by the United States Bureau of Education, it was a
grateful surprise that the next meeting of the National Educational
Association, held in August of the same year, at Madison, Wis.,
with an unprecedeutedly large attendance, unanimously adopted
my resolution in favor of Arbor Day in schools in all our States.

The indifference of State officials at the outset was expected,
and therefore occasioned no discouragement. A governor of
Massachusetts, for example, received me personally with courtesy,
but my proposition with coolness. That incident increased my
pleasure in listening to the admirable address given in this hall
September 22, 1886, when Governor Robinson eloquently wel-
comed the American Forestry Association to Massachusetts and
expressed his sympathy with all its aims. In like manner the
indifference of Governor Oglesby, of Illinois, was followed by
active interest. He kindly named but one of the objections
obviously in mind ; for, to use his own words, that was
"insuperable — the great variation in our climate, extending, as
Illinois does, five and a half degrees, from the latitude of Salem,
Mass., to that of Petersburg, Va." To which I replied, "Why

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not designate two days, one early, and another later for the
northern section, as is done in Canada? " On the first Arbor Day
of Illinois, Governor Oglesby procured an elm and set it out on
the State House grounds, digging the hole himself. The other
State officers followed his example, planting in all fifteen trees of
various kinds. Other governors and school superintendents, who
at first were apathetic, on fuller information have worked heartil}"
for the adoption of Arbor Day. The logic of events has answered
objections. Wherever it has been fairly tried, it has stood the
test of experience. Now such a day is observed in forty
States and Territories in accordance with legislative act, or by
special recommendation of the governor or State school superin-
tendent, or the State grange, or the State horticultural and
agricultural societies, and in some States, as in Connecticut, by
all these combined. It has already become the most interesting,
widely observed, and useful of school holidays. It should not be
a legal holiday, though that was no doubt a wise provision for the
once treeless prairies of Nebraska. At the meeting of the
American Forestry Association held in Washington in December
last a resolution was passed against efforts to make Arbor Day in
school a legal holiday, for in some States such efforts defeated or
delayed the passage of an Arbor Day law.

Popular interest in this work has been stimulated by the annual
proclamations of governors and by the admirable circulars and
programmes of school superintendents — the latter sent to every
school in the State. The excellent proclamation of the
lieutenant-governor of the Province of Quebec nine years ago
(one of the first of the kind issued on this continent) predicted
that Arbor Day "would become one of the institutions of the
country, in which our boys and girls will take an eager share and
genuine pleasure, and thus gain a liking for trees that will never
be effaced " — a prediction happily verified in that province,
largely through the efforts of Hon.- H. O. Joly, of Quebec, whose
.address in this hall five yeai-s ago many of you remember.

Arbor Day has fostered love of country. It has become a
patriotic observance in the Southern States, which have fixed its
■date on Washington's Birthday. Having lectured in all the
.Southern States except Arkansas, I have been delighted to find
there as true loyalty to the stars and stripes as in the North.
3Iingling freely with former officers 'in the Confederate service,

ARBOR DAY IX SCHOOLS. 133

I have often asked the question, " Have you any lingering regrets-
that you did not succeed in the war?" The auswer of one is
substantially that of all, " Not a bit. Our success would have
proved a lasting disaster. Our defeat in arms is already the
source of our prosperity in peace." It was to nie a scene of
thrilling interest at De Fuuiak Springs, Fla., when such au
enthusiastic crowd, young and old, gathered to plant a State tree
for every State in the Union around their beautiful lake, besides
memorial trees to Washington and other patriots and philan-
thropists. A brief State panegyric was made at the dedication
of each tree. A cablegram received the day previous from the
Baroness Burdett Coutts welcomed such a tribute, and a memorial
tree was planted to her. It was my lot to make the " eulogy "
in dedication of that tree.

This custom of planting memorial trees in honor of Washington,
Lincoln, Grant, Garfield, and other patriots, and also of celebrated
authors and philanthropists, has become general. Now that the
national flag with its forty-four stars floats over all the school-
houses in so many States, thanks to the earnest appeals of the
"Youth's Companion," which inaugurated this movement in 1888,
and in this as in other ways has become a national educator,
patriotism is effectively combined with the Arbor Day addresses,
recitations, and songs. Among the latter, the " Star Spangled
Banner" and "America" usually find a place. Who can esti-
mate the educating influence already exerted upon the myriads
of youth who have participated in these exercises ! A few
educators in high official positions still stand aloof, whose
cooperation is greatly desired and still expected.*

* An excellent " Circular for Arbor Day " was sent early in April , 1892, by the State Board
of Education of Massachusetts — two copies to each public school in the state — to remind
them of the day and to suggest to them some plan for its observance. A single paragraph
from this circular of lion. J. W. Dickinson merits insertion here :

" The planting of trees and shrubs may be made a most useful object lesson for the pub-
lic schools. It may furnish a good occasion for directing the attention of the children and
youth to the proper care of trees, to the marks by which the different kinds are distinguished
from one another, to their economic value, to their influence on health, to their effect on the
landscape and on the human mind, if it is led to know their qualities, their habits and their
usee. Arbor Day has become one of the most interesting and most generally observed of
the school holidays. The State Board of Education, therefore, recommends that the public
schools of the Commonwealth observe Arbor Day by planting trees, shrubs, and flowers, in
connection with such exercises as will have a tendency to cultivate in the minds of the
children and youth a love of nature, of our free institutions, and a love of the great and
good Being who is the author of all things."

The following resolution, passed by the National Educational Association, at Sara-

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This custom has been heartily recommended by the eminent
authors of America. The Arbor Day circulars within the reach
of every scholar contain choice selections in prose and poetry
(many of them written for Arbor Day celebrations) on the value
and beauty of trees. What growth of mind and heart may come
to our youth as they learn these rich gems of our literature, and
still more as they are thus led to apply them by planting and caring
for trees ! What multitudes of youth have thus united sentiments
of patriotism, and the study of literature and history, with the love
of trees, vines, shrubs, and flowers, and thus with the love of
Nature in all her endless forms and marvellous beauty !

It was formerly my privilege to travel widely over Massachu-
setts, both by carriage and cars, with that eminent arborist, George
B. Emerson, long a member of this association and of the Mas-
sachusetts Board of Education, and author of " Trees and Shrubs
of Massachusetts." To show how susceptible is the juvenile
mind when consciously brought into contact with Nature by a
teacher competent to be her interpreter, he told me the following
incident as the turning point in his history : " When I was a mere
boy my teacher handed me a flower, saying, ' Be sure to notice all
its parts.' And when I had done so, for the "first time in my life
— for I had never before truly seen a flower — he gave me their
several botanic names, introducing each with its Saxon syuonyme,
which I never forgot. That brief talk of twenty minutes inspired
me with an interest in observation and study of Nature that led to
liberal culture." How heartily would he have welcomed Arbor
Day in the Massachusetts schools ! Mr. Emerson's experience
shows that love of knowledge is the vital force in education, pre-
paring the soil and fertilizing the seeds of truth. It is the parent
of perception and attention, of memory, imagination, and expres-
sion. Though at first a restless instinct, it should mature into a
ruling passion. Curiosity should be to the mind what appetite is
to the body, creating a hungering for knowledge — the mind's
food. Love of truth was as strong a passion with Emerson or

toga, in July, 1892, is another indication of the progress of the Arbor Day movement since
this address was given :

" Your committee reports with pleasure that Arbor Day is now observed in accordance
■with legislative act, or annual public proclamation, in forty states and territories. "We
recommend that the observance be universal, that village and district improvement associa-
tions be formed, that memorial trees be planted and that appropriate means be employed to
inspire in pupils and parents the love of beauty and a desire for home and landscape
adornment."

ARBOR DAY IN SCHOOLS. 135

Agassiz as love of conquest with Napoleon. Under its healthful
inspiration, study is a pleasure ; without it a task ; often the dullest
drudgery.

To the teaching of forestry in schools, it is objected that the
course of study is already overcrowded — and this is true. But
I have long urged that trees and tree life and culture form a fit
subject for the oral lessons now common in all our best schools.
When agent of the Board of Education of Massachusetts, I some-
times took to the schools and institutes a collection of our common
woods, as an object lesson, one of many aids in observation, dis-
criminating wood by the grain. The same plan was occasionally
tried in Connecticut, and with good results. To give one of many
illustrations: A citizen of Norfolk, Conn., offered eighteen vol-
umes of "Appleton's Science Primers" to any pupil who should
gather and arrange the largest and best collection of the different
kinds of wood, shrub, or vine growing in that town. Great in-
terest was awakened, and one hundred and thirty-five varieties
were gathered by all the competitors, of which the collection of
Washington Beach (who won the prize), numbered one hundred
and twenty-five. What a discipline in quickness and accuracy of
perception those school-boys gained while exploring the fields,
hills, and mountains of this large town, and discriminating all
these varieties by the grain or bark ! With no interruption of
studies, there was a quickened zest and vigor for school work, and,
best of all, that rare and priceless attainment, a trained eye-
John M. Woods, of Somerville, has given a similar object lesson
by placing a grand collection of one hundred samples in the high
school in an elegant case, and a smaller collection of twenty-five
specimens in each grammar school. A child thus trained to dis-
criminate such simple objects gains a power which has endless
applications.

In the school geographies pupils learn of the trees and plants in
foreign lands, while they are ignorant of those growing right about
them. One farmer in Norfolk, astonished at seeing these varieties,
admitted that he could not distinguish one-half the kinds found on
his own farm. Professor Brewer, of Yale University, says : "I
have recently talked with students, sons of well-to-do families,
who could not give the names of three kinds of trees in our streets.
They have grown up as ignorant of the trees of our forests and
the crops of our fields as a Hottentot grows up ignorant of the

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

stars." At the meeting of the American Forestry Association, at
St. Paul, Minn., the president of the school board of that city,
while advocating the resolution in favor of Arbor Day, said, " I
am confident, from conversation with them, that not one in ten of
the teachers of this city can recognize by sight ten of the com-
monest trees growing in this region." Since that date what a
change has Arbor Day wrought in the sentiments and practical at-
tainments in this line of both teachers and scholars ! A single
sentence quoted from a State school superintendent, who has tried
to secure the observance of Arbor Day in every district of his
State, answers this question : "Any teacher who has no taste
for trees, shrubs, or flowers is unfit to be placed in charge of
children." Arbor Day has effectively repeated and enforced the
same idea in many States. The preparatory lessons have occupied
little school time, and interfered with none of the regular studies.

Habits of observation have been formed which have led youth
in their walks, at work or play, to recognize and admire our noble
trees, and to realize that they are the grandest products of nature,
and form the finest drapery that adorns the earth in all lands.
Those talks on trees, which Superintendent Peaslee says " were
the most profitable lessons the pupils of Cincinnati ever had in a
single day," occupied only the morning of Arbor Day, the after-
noon being given to the practical work. Since 1883 our schools
have rendered new service to the State as well as to their pupils by
leading them to study the habits of trees, and appreciate their
value and beauty — thus tending to make practical horticulturists
and arborists. How many of these children in maturer years will
learn from happy experience that trees, like grateful children,
bring rich filial returns, and compensate a thousand fold for all
the care they cost ! George William Curtis says, "Arbor Day will
make the country visibly more beautiful year by year. Every
school district will contribute to the good work. The school-house
will gradually become an ornament of the village, and the chil-
dren will be put in the way of living upon more friendly and
intelligent terms with the bountiful Nature which is so friendly
to us."

Thomas Arnold says, " I would rather that a son of mine be-
lieved that the sun went round the earth than that he should be
entirely deficient in knowledge of beauty, of poetry, and of moral
truth."

ARBOR DAY IN SCHOOLS. 137

During the last Arbor Day exercises of New York, tlie teachers
of the State were requested to express their choice by vote for the
best American poem on trees. More than half of the total num-
ber of ballots cast were in favor of Bryant's "Forest Hymn."
Will not these voters be likely to justify that choice by illustrating
and enforcing in their schools the noble sentiments of that hymn ?
The State Educational Report of New York, every year since its
adoption of Arbor Day, has devoted over twenty pages to infor-
mation and suggestions for its appropriate observance. In 1889
all schools were invited to vote for a State tree. The maple was
then chosen as the New York tree. In 1890 those who partici-
pated in the Arbor Day exercises voted for a State flower. Of the
total votes cast, no one had a majority, though the rose and the
golden-rod were the favorites. In 1891 a second vote for State
flower was taken, the choice being confined to the rose and golden-
rod, when a somewhat exciting contest occurred. One hundred
and thirteen school commissioners' districts (all but one) and
thirty-two cities (all but Troy) participated, and 501,218 votes
were cast. The majority of the rose over the golden-rod was
88,414. It is easy to satirize these votes of school children, but
no such ridicule comes from thoughtful minds in sympathy with
childhood. In the State of New York only Troy and "First
Alleghany " stood aloof. The discussions of the older scholars,
the talks with teachers and parents, and, best of all, the study of
flowers and trees by the pupils iu anticipation of Arbor Day
votes must have been healthful and suggestive to these half
million of voters.

In his annual report dated January 22, 1892, just issued, the
State Superintendent, Judge Draper, says : " It is gratifying
to note the increasing enthusiasm and interest manifested in the
celebration of Arbor Day. In 1889, 5,861 school districts ob-
served the day. In 1890, 8,106 districts participated, and in 1891
8,955 districts observed the day; that is, an increase in the last
observance over the first of 3,004 districts, and in these three years
77,082 trees were planted." Mr. Draper is now recognized as the
most efficient State superintendent of schools New York has ever
had. The success of Arbor Day is only one of his many achieve-
ments which now call forth so general a protest from the friends
of education, irrespective of party, against his removal on polit-
ical grounds, and prompted many petitions to the Legislature that

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

he be retained in office as a just recognition of his invaluable
services.

Interest in Arbor Day has been greatly stimulated in New York
during the last two years by the prizes offered by William A.
AVadsworth of Geneseo for the best kept district school grounds.
The park district of Columbus, which won the first prize in 1890,
contains one and an eighth acres. Arbor Day had been observed
there since it was first recommended by the American Forestry
Association, six years before it was observed b}'^ the State of New
York. Fifteen varieties of choice trees and shrubs are growing
on those grounds. The sole trustee of the district, D. L. Norton,
who was a practical horticulturist, volunteered, out of school hours,
to teach the pupils to bud and graft trees, and was delighted
by their eagerness to learn and apply the lesson on trees around
their homes. So happy has been the influence of these prizes that
Mr. Wadsworth is likely to continue this offer ($150 a year) in-
definitely.

Through the influence and liberality of an officer of this So-
ciety, Mr. J. D. W. French, the Village Improvement Society
of North Andover, Mass., has successfully tried a similar ex-
periment. In 1889 that society offered three prizes for the best
kept and most improved grounds in the town. The offer has been
continued each subsequent year, and the good results have ex-
ceeded the expectations of the donor. Trees and shrubs have
been planted, flower-beds have been laid out and filled with plants,
and the interest in this work has increased from year to year. Is
not such an example worthy of imitation ?

Indiana and Pennsylvania have kept Arbor Day both in spring
and autumn. Pennsylvania is still the banner State in this work,
by reason of the enthusiastic efforts of the late Dr. Higbee, who
wrote more and spoke more in behalf of this observance than any
other State school superintendent. He made earnest appeals to
all teachers, school officers, and friends of education, " to give this
good work all possible encouragement, putting the thought and
w^ork of tree planting into the schools. The boys and girls should
be encouraged to collect and plant seeds and nuts of various kinds,
and watch their growth and care for them. This being done, they
will soon be enabled to plant, and also to give or sell to others,
from their own modest nursery stock. This is a work, not for a
day or a year, but for the profit of the next and succeeding genera-

ARBOR DAY IX SCHOOLS. 139

tions. Every teachers' institute should discuss this subject, and
every normal school should give it earnest attention." Since such
stirring messages were sent to every teacher and school of Pennsyl-
vania, one is not surprised to hear that over three hundred thousand
trees have been planted on the successive Arbor Days in that State.
Who can estimate the influences thus exerted on minds as well as
on grounds — influences that will go on broadening through all
time. In Illinois, Hon. Richard Edwards, the State superinten-
dent, who planted a hard maple after Governor Oglesby had put
in his elm, worked zealously for the universal observance of Arbor
Day, and as a result ten thousand districts were reported as
keeping the day ; so everywhere the success of this observance
answers to the interest or indifference of the State school super-
intendent.

If space permitted, quotations might be cited from many school
officials showing increasing interest in this anniversary. Maine
reports, "After six years' observance Arbor Day is growing more
in popular favor, through the efforts of the press, the granges,
and the Schools." Iowa has observed this day with peculiar in-
terest. An elaborate circular has been annually sent to each
school. The special effort last April was to develop local patriot-
ism— State, count}^, and town pride. In the circular for 1891,
Iowa writers paid tribute to Iowa trees, Iowa flowers, Iowa birds,
and Iowa history. The spirit of the people is set forth in the
words of a benefactor of his city (Grinnell) and of the State :
" Massachusetts is a great State, but Iowa is greater ; Boston is a
great city, but Grinnell is better." Whatever binds one to his
home and town strengthens his love of country and nurtures all
the better elements of his nature. Patriotism does not thrive in
the soil which pi-oduces no local attachments. The nomad, with-
out a home, as content in one place as another, and happy no-
where, is like a tree planted in a tub — portable, indeed, but at the
expense of growth and strength. With the same desire to awaken
civic pride and local interest the Arbor Da}^ circular by John Ter-
hune, county superintendent of Bergen county, N.J., is filled
with choice gems — all with two exceptions prepared for this
occasion by writers from the different towns of that county.

Many school grounds are too small to admit of ornamentation ;
sometimes smallest where land is cheapest, and totally inadequate
to the necessities of the schools. Arbor Day has started efforts

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for their enlargement. State school reports now widely call atten-
tion to this defect, and urge that every school should have at least
half an acre of land, and much more if possible. As so many
school yards are now amply supplied with trees or shrubs, I have
urged the planting of vines, especially the beautiful Japanese ivy,
where the buildings are of brick or stone. Of course it should not
cover any portion of the windows. We are beginning to learn the
sanitary value of sunlight. It is a mistake to plant big trees, or
trees of large capacity, in little yards, or close to homes or schools.
"Where the sunlight cannot come the doctor must." In large
cities there may seem to be little room for further improvement,
and no call for even a half-holiday for this work, but even there
appropriate literary exercises would be useful, and there are few
homes where children cannot find some place for shrubs, vines, or
flowers, if not for trees.

In Baltimore on their first Arbor Day the pupils of all the pub-
lic schools spent two hours of the morning at their different build-
ings in appropriate exercises, such as recitations, reading short
original essays about trees, interspersed with songs by the whole
school, and then went to the different parks and planted a variety
of trees, naming them after the governor, the mayor, the founder
of the Enoch Pratt Librar}', and others. The boys and girls were
glad to go out and see those beautiful parks. Parents and friends
joined in the joyous procession, and helped in planting trees.
What grand object lessons for the study of trees, shrubs, and
vines are furnished the youth of Boston and its vicinity by its
magnificent Arnold Arboretum and its parks, already extensive,
and to be unrivalled when the Boston Metropolitan Park move-
ment includes the unique and romantic Middlesex Fells and the
Blue Hills.

Arbor Day in schools has proved an effective method of calling
attention to the importance of economic tree planting. In New
England, and all the Atlantic States, there are large areas of bar-
rens, worthless for field crops, that may be profitably devoted to
wood growing. Our Atlantic sand plains, that were once covered
with woods, can be reforested. Over ten thousand acres on Cape
Cod, which thirty years ago were barren sand plains, are now
covered with planted forests. The two hundred acres of forest at
Wood's Holl, of Hon. Joseph S. Fay, and the three hundred acres
of planted trees of H. G. Russell, of East Greenwich, R.I., are

ARBOR DAY IN SCHOOLS. 141

genuine object lessons for New England. On almost every farm
there are waste places, where trees might be earning dollars for
their owners, growing by the brook or river, or on hillsides, or
overhanging cliffs too steep for cultivation.

Arbor Day has proved as memorable for the home as for the
school, leading youth to share in dooryard adornments, and in
planting trees by the wayside. Much as has been done on limited
school grounds, still greater improvements have been made on the
homesteads and the roadsides. The home is the objective point in
the hundreds of village improvement societies recently organized.
The old motto, " As is the home so is the school," or conversely,
" as is the school so is the home," suggests the close connection
of these vital forces. The earnest advocacy of village improvement
by the " New York Tribune," " Youth's Companion," and many
other leading papers has given a new impulse to this movement,
so that probably more of these societies have been organized dur-
ing the last year than in the previous ten years.

The United States census of 1890 shows that there has recently
been a remarkable increase of interest in horticulture, arboricult-
ure, and floriculture. The reports collected from 4,510 nurser}^-
men give a grand total of 3,386,855,778 trees, vines, shrubs, roses,
and plants, as then growing on their grounds. Arbor Day in
schools and village improvement societies are not the least among
the many happy influences which have contributed to this grand
result.

On the platform was a large glazed frame containing one hun-
dred specimens of forest woods, mostly of varieties used in the
arts. It is the property of the Somerville High School, to which
it was presented by John M. Woods, a Boston dealer in hard wood
lumber, but a resident of Somerville. The collection of woods
attracted considerable interest and attention.

Discussion.
Leverett M. Chase said that he had thought very much upon
this subject, and wished to get practical facts to be used in pro-
moting the education of the people of the old Bay State in the
science and art of arboriculture, and in the profit and other ben-
efits to be derived from it. We are far behind other States in this
matter. Very little has been accomplished among us for lack of

142 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a leader in a systematic carrying out of the ideas or the princi-
ples involved in the term Arbor Day. In several of the other
States the authorities have issued circulars, containing directions
for appropriate exercises, by either communities or schools, to pre-
cede the planting of trees for ornament or shade for the public
good. In some cases these were distributed through the public
schools, thus reaching most families, and have been productive of
good results. In conversation with his classmate. Governor Pres-
cott, of New Hampshire, that gentleman said he had found that the
most valuable parts of that State were the forests and the moun-
tains.

Mr. Chase then presented the following preamble and resolution :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society respectfully petitions
the Legislature of Massachusetts to adopt the following resolu-
tion in addition to the resolve relating to the establishment of
Arbor Day, approved April 7, 1886, which resolve is as follows :

Resolved, That His Excellency the Governor is requested to set
apart in each year the last Saturday in April as Arbor Day,
and to issue his proclamation recommending that it be ob-
served by the people of the Commonwealth in the planting of trees,
shrubs, and vines ; in the promotion of forest growth and culture ;
in the adornment of public and private grounds, places, and ways,
and in such other efforts and undertakings as should be in har-
mony with the general character of the day so established.

The proposed additional resolve is as follows :

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of
Education be authorized and requested to present from time to
time in writing a course of exercises on the subjects hereinbefore
mentioned, which shall be adopted by the public school authori-
ties, and upon receipt of copies of such course, sufficient in
number to supply all schools under their supervision, the school
authorities aforesaid shall seasonably provide each school under
their charge with a copy and cause it to be observed on the Friday
next preceding Arbor Day.

Mr. Chase stated that the object sought in presenting this res-
olution is to begin at once in this State, where it has been too
long neglected, the work which has been so well outlined before
us today. Massachusetts should be brought to the front rank in
this direction, and by commencing in the schools appears to be
the most direct method of accomplishing that object.

ARBOR DAY IN SCHOOLS. 143

The preamble and resolutions were by vote referred to the busi-
ness meeting ou the uext Saturday.

J. D. W. French said that if there is one thing lacking more
than any other, in the results of tlie training given to the pupils in
our common schools, it is the power of observation. The great
tendency of nearly all the instruction given is toward mercantile
or kindred pursuits. As a natural effect of this course, we find
that as soon as young people reach an age to take up any produc-
tive avocation, they naturally throng to the cities as the centres of
all the branches of industry for which they are fitted. The conse-
quence is that country homes are deserted, and the farmer-parents
must either end their days alone, or abandon the farm and follow
the children to the bustling, nois3\ and confusing commercial
towns. There are in this Commonwealth between sixty and
seventy village improvement societies ; the oldest of them is in
Stockbridge. While some of them are active, and do good work,
the majority accomplish very little. The difficulty with these inac-
tive associations is that although they desire to do something to
improve the appearance and attractiveness of their towns, they
are unable to see what is necessary to be done to effect that object.
This is another evidence of this defect in the education of the
people. All this should be changed. It can be done by cultivat-
ing in the children the power of observation — the power to see,
which develops a desire to understand — to know the things seen.
Training of this kind cultivates a love for the beautiful in scenery,
the study of nature, and the freedom of country life. With a view
to promote a change in this direction, Mr. French presented the
following resolution, which he hoped this Society Avould adopt :

Resolved, That in the opinion of this Society the study of
natural science, including botany, horticulture, forestry, and
entomology, should be more generally taught in all the schools of
this State, to promote among the children a better knowledge of
the natural objects surrounding them, thereby encouraging a
greater love for country life.

Rev. Charles S. Harrison said that many village improvement
societies are doing a good deal in drawing attention to this
matter ; some others are very careless. There is very much
complaint that heedless people fasten their horses to ornamental
trees, which often suffer great injury thereby. Mr. Harrison
asked if there is no way to punish such offenders.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Mr. French said he had lately read again the paper on
"Horticultural Education for Children," by Henry L. Clapp,
published in the Transactions of this Society of 1890, Part I.,
and he wished it might be read by every person present. In
France there are over twenty thousand gardens connected with
the public schools, wherein object lessons are given in all depart-
ments of horticulture. The healthful influence this system must
exert upon public sentiment, in respect to ti-ees, and in many
other directions, can hardl}^ be over-estimated.

Mr. Chase was pleased to hear a reference to Mr. Clapp's paper,
and he wished all present here today would visit Mr. Clapp's
school — the George Putnam School in Roxbury — to see the
work there, and how it is done. He wished tiiem to see that
while the children accomplish all of the usual course of study,
there is a large amouut of horticultural work performed in
addition. He thought the reason was that the horticultural part
was so refreshing that it inspired the children to do all their work
with a vim that was surprising to an}^ observer. "We often find
that the busiest of business men are those who take hold of
horticulture with the best results ; while many who have no
business neglect their own homes, and most often indulge in
criticism of their neighbors. Teachers sometimes feel that there
is great need of some wholesome interruption of the humdrum
grind of continuous study. The horticultural exercise awakens an
interest akin to enthusiasm, which has a strong effect upon them
after returning to their regular school work. Every one can
appreciate the dift'erence between persons possessing enthusiasm
and those destitute of it.

Mr. Northrop, in reply to Mr. Harrison's question, said that the
best protection of shade and ornamental trees is a strong, healthy,
public sentiment. There should be such a general reprehension of
the practice of hitching horses to trees as will educate all the
people out of such habits. In America, public opinion is all-
powerful. Arbor Day observance will do immense good in this
direction. This great result, which must be the work of time,
will be best accomplished by leading the young and old to admire
trees, and to plant them, and then they will be sure to protect
them. We need to popularize the sentiment of trees in order to
secure their propagation and protection. The frequency of great
fires in the woods is the common objection to economic tree plant-

ARBOR DAY IN SCHOOLS. 145

iug. But let the sentiment of trees be cultivated, both in schools
aud in the family, and they will be regarded as our friends, as
they are in Germany. The custom of holding Arbor Day exer-
cises will diffuse the conviction that the interests of all classes
are concerned in the planting of trees and the conservation of
forests. In Gei'many, Switzerland, Sweden, and other European
countries, this subject is so taught in their schools that the people
generally appreciate the value of trees aud the need of protecting
them ; and this enlightened public sentiment is a better guardian,
both of roadside trees and of forests, than is a national police.

Mr. Chase suggested that Mr. Harrison drive out to Copeland
street, Roxbury, and hitch his horse to one of the shade trees there.
He would soon learn, by experience of prosecution, that a way
exists to protect trees and to punish those who wantonly or heed-
lessly cause injury to them. There have been two prosecutions of
this sort, by John M. Way, which have taught the offenders a
costly lesson in this respect. Persons who plant trees, even in
the public streets, have a property in them, and can protect them.
The speaker had received a report which gives some idea of the
effect which an interest in Arbor Day exercises. In a village in
Nova Scotia there existed a cause of public discord. Arbor Day
exercises being proposed, there was a movement to set trees upon
a certain point of land. In time some five or six hundred trees
had been planted, which work had so engaged the attention and
interest of the people who had cooperated in the undertaking,
that the element of discord which had previously existed was en-
tirely banished. The tree planting had developed the spirit of
sympathy and love, and had also broadened the religious life in
the community, and the propensity to controvers}' quietly dropped
out from their midst.

Francis H. Appletqu hoped that what had been said at this
meeting would be taken home by all who had been present, and
that in time its influence would yield fruit in good Arbor Da}'
work, both on that day and other days also. The planting of
trees, on the roadsides should draw attention to the quality of the
roads. New Hampshire takes care of many summer visitors.
IMassachusetts might also keep many more summer guests within
her borders if her beautiful country scenery was more developed.
Such persons, when in the country, desire to ride and to walk
about ; therefore it is desirable and important that the roads be not

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ouly couveniently located, but iu a good, attractive, and safe coii-
ditiou, so that in botli riding and walking pleasure-seekers, as well
as agriculturists and other workers, may enjoy either mode of ex-
ercise upon them. Now is the time to attend the " hearings" of
the Legislative Committee on Roads and Bridges, and impress
upon its members the need of any legal provisions that may tend
to promote the improvement of roads in any and every part of the
Old Bay State. We have many fine unoccupied sites for hotels
upon the summits of our Massachusetts hills, perhaps overlooking
our charming river valleys, which, with shade trees for comfort —
but not to intercept views around them — and with good roads to
reach them, would afford much attraction. More and better hotels,
and better roads, with the attractive scenery which abounds iu
every part of our Commonwealth, would place Massachusetts
where Nature intended she should be, and make her soon become
a far greater favorite as a resort for summer visitors from her
sister States throughout the country.

Mr. Northrop said the village improvement societies, to which
allusions had been made, had done much for our roads. The im-
provement of public roads is named as one of the aims of many
hundreds of these organizations — indeed, in nearly all those in
whose formation he had aided. The League of American Wheel-
men has also exerted a national influence in the same direction,
and the numerous cycling clubs have effectively pushed on this
good movement. A few years ago the United States Commissioner
of Agriculture said: "The common roads of the United States
are much neglected ; they are inferior to those of any other civil-
ized country in the world." But great progress has recently been
made. In many towns and counties the contrast between the
roads of today and those of a dozen years ago is most striking.

Rev. Calvin Terry said that our schools teach reading, spelling,
geography, and grammar, with writing and arithmetic — too often
by mere rote. But such learning is only a small part of education.
What is the object of education ? To . develop the true manhood
and womanhood of the pupils. Children should learn what a
glorious world we live in. Yet how few really see what is before
their eyes ! It makes a great difference whether or not they are
taught to think, to see, and to know the trees and flowers, the
birds, the fishes, the insects, and all the beautiful things of Nature.
A writer in yesterday's paper says, "I saw three varieties of

ARBOR DAY IX SCHOOLS. 147

woodpeckers, this morniug," aud be met a lad who said, •' I saw one,
too ; a beautiful blue bird with a tuft on its head." He had mis-
taken a blue- jay for a woodpecker, not knowing the difference.
How many of us have seen woodpeckers this week? Children
rarely know what they see, because they are not taught to observe
closely, and to think. Mr. Terry said he had always loved the
birds and the trees, and greatl}" enjoyed observing them, especially
the birds. Before he left his boyhood home he set many trees
along the entire front of the home lot — sixty rods. After he
went to college cattle destroyed some of these trees, but some of
them survived, and are now beautiful specimens of their kinds, and
it is a joy to see them — the lindens, the sugar maples, and the
soft maples. He hoped this subject would be frequently agitated,
aud that great good might result from it. Children will learn all
that is now taught and more, with greater ease if their minds are
expanded by the study of nature. He had heard of a young
person, employed as a teacher, who — though trained in the routine
style of some schools — taught her pupils that ' ' six times nought
is six," and could not be reasoned out of that idea. Are not our
children trained in a very narrow world under such a teacher?

Thomas C. Thurlow was in full sympathy with what had been
said. He thought that in all country places there should be an in-
telligent town committee appointed to have charge of the planting
of trees in the streets, public squares, aud parks. In most cases
trees are set too near to buildings, aud too near together. The
authorities should provide for the protection of such trees from
injury by horses. He would have towns and cities authorized to
furnish hitching-posts, in order to save the trees. He believed
that our children should be taught botau}' and other l)ranches of
natural history, and in a practical waj-, using the natural objects
for study. As it is, botany is not taught even in our high schools
nearly as much as it shoidd I»e. One oljject of such study in school
is to make the pupils take an interest in the study of nature during
their walks or rambles in the open air, and to incite them to make
excursions for that purpose. He thought it would be a public
benefit for towns to secure land, both open and wooded, for town
parks, and for wood rambles, as is done in Germany. They
afford better opportunities for the study of natural history than
would otherwise exist.

Benjamin P. "Ware said that it is enough to make one's heart achi'

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to see trees mutilated by the horses hitched to them. The essayist
had given us the best remedy for this evil, for when the people are
educated up to his standard, no one will ever use a ti-ee as a
hitching-post. The speaker remembered that on the first Arbor
Day in Massachusetts, he was moved to propose to a neighbor,
who had a row of trees in which there were vacancies, to assist in
filling up the row. His services were accepted, and while they
were planting the trees, half a dozen of their townsmen came
along, and inquired how they happened to be so employed. Arbor
Day and its object being explained, some of the party were
reminded of vacancies in their tree rows, and at once returned
home to restore those lines. Since that time many others in the
town, learning of that incident, have been led not only to complete
broken rows of trees, but to set trees in new places for the further
improvement of their estates. If you can induce persons to plant
trees, they will be likely to become interested in protecting them,
and also to protect trees planted by others. We have laws
enough, but many people are ignorant of their existence, and they
are not enforced. But as has been well said, an educated public
sentiment is the best protection.

Mr. Terry thought there was a great deal of truth in what Mr.
Ware had said. When the speaker bought his present home he
planted three sugar maple trees. Lately he found that the beauty
of those trees had attracted the attention of his townsmen.
Young men came and asked what kind of trees they were, and
they too have set some sugar maples. Many others have thereby
been led to set maples and other trees, and there is a good
prospect that the village will soon be well furnished with orna-
mental trees.

O. B. Hadwen expressed a deep interest in the paper read here
today, and also in the discussion. He had planted many trees,
and had lived long enough to see some of them become stately.
He would suggest that it is important to make a proper selection
as to variety of trees for a particular site ; to know that the soil is
adapted to grow the tree well, and then set the tree carefully.
The rock or sugar maple is very particular as to the soil and
position, while the Norway maple will grow almost anywhere.

Mr. French announced that the Forestry Division of the
United States Department of Agriculture had issued a pamphlet on
Arbor Day, which could l)e obtained on application.

COMMITTEE OX AVINDOW GARDENING. 149

A motion that the thanks of the Society be tendered to Rev. B.
G. Northrop for his valuable and instructive address was unani-
mously carried.

Mr. Hadweu, as Chah'man of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced for the next Saturday a lecture entitled
"Some Consideration of the Nature and Effects of Heat," by
Col. Henry W. Wilson, Boston.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 5, 1892.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooxer, in the chair.

Charles N. Brackett, Chau-man of the Committee on the resigna-
tion of Patrick Norton as Chairman of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, made a further report, recommending Joseph H. Woodford
as a candidate to fill the vacancy on the Committee, and that the
Committee be authorized to choose their own Chairman. The
report was accepted, and Mr. Woodford was elected to fill the
vacancy in the Committee of Arrangements.

The President announced the Committee on Window Gardening,
provided for at the last meeting, as follows :

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, Chairman.
E. H. Hitchings, George A. Parker,

Henry L. Clapp. Miss Mary L. Vinal,

Edmund Hersey, George E. Davenport.

Leverett M. Chase remarked that only three States in the Union
have not yet provided for the obsen'ance of an arbor daj'. He
then presented the following preamble and resolutions :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society respectfully petitions
the Legislature of Massachusetts to adopt the following resolution
in addition to the resolve relating to the establishment of Arbor
Day, approved April 7, 1886, which resolve is as follows :

Resolved., That His Excellency the Governor is requested to
set apart in each j'ear the last Saturdaj' in April as Arbor Day,
and to issue his proclamation recommending that it be observed by
the people of the Commonwealth in the planting of trees, shrubs,

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and vines ; iu the promotiou of forest growth aud culture ; iu the
adornmeut of public aud private grounds, places, and ways, and in
such other efforts and undertakings as should be in harmony with
the general character of the day so established.

The proposed additional resolve is as follows :

Resolved^ That the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of
Education be authorized and requested to present from time to time
in writing a course of exercises on the subjects hereinbefore
mentioned, which shall be adopted by the public school authorities,
and upon receipt of copies of such course, sufficient in number
to supply all schools under their supervision, the school authorities
aforesaid shall seasonably provide each school under their charge
with a copy, and cause it to be observed on the Friday next
preceding Arbor Day.

Voted, That this resolution be transmitted to the Honorable
Senate and House of Representatives of Massachusetts by the
President and Secretary of this Society.

AVilliam C. Strong moved that the resolutions be referred to a
committee of five, to be appointed by the Chair. This motion was
carried, and the Chair appointed as that Committee, William C.
Strong, Leverett M. Chase, J, D. W. French, John C. Hovey, and
Henry L. Clapp.

J. D. W. French presented the following resolution, which was
also referred to the same Committee :

Resolved, That in the opinion of this Society the study of
Natural Science, including Botany, Horticulture, Forestry, and
Entomology, should be more generally taught in all the schools of
this State, to promote among the children a better knowledge of
the natural objects surrounding them, thereby encouraging a greater
love for country life.

Charles E. Richardson, Treasurer, presented his Annual Report,
which was read by the Secretary, accepted, and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The following-named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership iu the Society, were, on
ballot, duly elected :

Joseph Whitney, of Cambridgeport,

Arthur W. Young, of Hingham,

Kenneth P^inlayson, of Brookline,

Gen. P. A. Coluins, of Dorchester.

' CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 151

The Committee, to which the resohitious preseuted by Messrs.
Cliase and French were referred, was requested to report to the
meeting to be held March 19.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 12.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Some Considerations rrox the Subject of Heat.

By Col. Hexry W. Wilson, Boston.

It has been customai-y for the past twent3'-tive years to give as
an off-hand definition, that heat is a mode of motion. While this
is an answer, still it is an evasive one, and unsatisfactory, from the
fact that modes of motion in nature are innumerable and variable,
from that of a car to that of a comet. Look where we will we see
everything in motion, with varied methods and results.

We need not wonder at the difficulty that attends anj' attempt
at a definition of this term, for, possibly, no word in the language
has had a greater variety of definition, or, with the development of
knowledge and experience, has had greater changes in absolute
significance than this word heat.

Our latest cycloptedia-dictionary, the "Century," does not at-
tempt to give a concise statement or definition of the word, but fur-
nishes rather a brief and instructive dissertation on the subject, and
leaves the very essence of the matter veiy much where it alwaj's
has been, in a mystery.

Webster's Unabridged defines heat as a " force, agent, or prin-
ciple in nature upon which depends the state of bodies as solid,
fluid, or aeriform, and Avhich is recognized by its effects in the
phenomena of expansion, fusion, evaporation, etc., and which, as
developed from its natural sources, fire, the sun's vays, mechanical
action, chemical combination, etc., becomes directly known to us
through the sense of feeling."

In the "People's Encyclopaedia" of 1882, heat is defined as the
'■'■ imk)iotvn cause of the sensation of warmth, and of a multitude of
common phenomena in nature and art."

"Appleton's Encyclopaedia," 1864, defined heat as "the namey
both of a certain primary sensation which can be defined only by
its synonj'mes, warmth, calidity. etc., and also of the unknoivn

152 massa'chusetts horticultural society.

agency or cause that produces the sensation, together with a great
variety of phenomena in the material world."

Perry's Dictionar}' of 1772 defines heat as " the sensation caused
by the approach or touch of fire."

' ' Chambers' Encyclopaedia " of 1 727 says : ' ' Heat may be defined
as a physical being, whose presence is known, and its degree
measured by the expansion of the air or spirit in the thermometer.
Heat in us is propei'ly a sensation excited by the action of fire ; or
it is the effect of fire on our organs of feeling.

"Hence it follows, heat with respect to our sensations, or the
effect produced on us by a hot body, is estimated by its relations
to the organs of feeling, no object appearing to be hot unless its
heat exceeds that of our body ; whence the same thing to different
persons, or at different times to the same person, shall appear both
hot and cold. Heat as it exists in the hot body, or that which con-
stitutes and denominates a body hot and enables it to produce such
effects on our organs, is variously considered by philosophers.
Some will have it a quality, others a substance, and others only a
mechanical effect, viz., motion."

Had the disputative philosophers in the period from 1675 to
1725 paused long enough in their wrangles over the origin and
nature of light to discuss the philosophy of heat, they must, in the
nature of things, have taken sides, — Huyghens and Hooker main-
taining the vibratory or undulatory theory, and Sir Isaac Newton
the corpuscular, or the emission of material particles ; and it is not
a little strange that it did not occur to the contending scholars that
heat and light were so associated in their nature and source that
they must of necessity be explained in the same manner.

The speculation that heat was a mechanical effect, viz., motion,
was first uttered by Sir Francis Bacon in his " Novum Organum,"
which was published in October, 1620. While introducing much
that is speculative and visionary, and evincing a deficiency in good
experimental research, Lord Bacon shows much clear insight into
the causes of phenomena, which would do credit to the advanced
scientific attainments of today, and which, considering the condi-
tion of physical ktowledge of his time, is quite surprising. The
following extracts are from the "Novum Organum," Book 2 :

"From the instances taken collectively, as well as singly, the
nature whose limit is heat appears to be motion. What we have
said with regard to motion must be thus iTuderstood, when taken as

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. lo3

the genus of beat ; it must uot be thought that heat generates
motion, or motion heat (though in some respects this be ti'ue) , but
that the ver}'^ essence pf heat, or the substantial self of heat, is
motion, and nothing else, limited, however, by certain differences,
which we will presently add, after giving some cautions for
avoiding ambiguity.

" Laying aside all ambiguity, therefore, we must lastly consider the
true differences which limit motion and render it the form of heat.

"The first difference is that heat is an expansive motion bj'
which the body strives to dilate itself and occupy a greater space
than before.

"The second difference is a modification of the preceding,
namely, that heat is an expansive motion, tending toward the ex-
terior, and at the same time bearing the body upward.

"The third difference is this: that heat is not a uniform ex-
pansive motion of the whole, but of the small particles of the body ;
and this motion being at the same time restrained, repulsed, and
reflected, becomes alternating, perpetually hurrying, striving,
struggling, and iri'itated by the repercussion, which is the source of
the violence of flame and heat.

" It is also shown by this, that when the air is dilated in the
thermometer, uniformly and equabl}', without any impediment or
repulsion, the heat is not perceptil)le. In confined draughts, also,
although they break out very violently, no remarkable heat is per-
ceived, because the motion affects the whole, without any alternat-
ing motion in the particles, for which reason ti'y whether flame do
not burn more at the side than in the centre.

"The diff'erence of which we now speak is common also to the
nature of cold, in which the contracting motion is restrained by the
resistance of expansion, as in heat the expansive motion is re-
strained by the resistance of contraction. "Whether, therefore, the
particles of matter penetrate inwards or outwards the reasoning is
the same, though the power be very different, Itecause we have
nothing on earth which is intensely cold.

" From this first vintage the form or true definition of heat (con-
sidered relatively to the universe and not to the-sense) is briefly this :
Heat is an expansive motion, restrained and striving to exert itself
on the smaller particles. The expansion is modified by its tendency
to rise, though expanding towards the exterior ; and the effort is
modified by its not being sluggish but active and somewhat violent."

154 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Wheu we consider that the rauoe of physical science was at that
time extremely limited, the mercurial thermometer being then un-
known ; that the composite nature of light and its resolution into
the primary colors of the spectrum was not discovered until 1672
or fifty years afterward, by Sir Isaac Newton ; that steam as an
agent of force or power was not known until the next century, al-
though investigations were being made regarding its mysterious
pressure ; that Sir William Herschel did not publish his discovery
that heat formed a part of the solar spectrum, and that the largest
part of the heat rays fell without the spectrum and were therefore
obscure, until near the close of his long life, in the early part of
the present century, — considering all of these facts as affording
some notion of the development of scientific inquiry at that time,
these speculations of Bacon seem like the utterances of inspiration.
It must be borne in mind that so vague was the conception of the
essential elements and relations of matter, that the effect upon the
physical system caused by the application or use of pepper and
mustard which we all now understand to be simple irritation and
nothing more, was then termed "potential heat." In the light of
modern experimental research and knowledge we are justified in
recasting these definitions somewhat as follows :

Heat is the result of continuous, delicate, minute, and intense
vibrations of the molecules of matter which are mainly perceptible
to the sense of feeling, and produce in us the sensation of warmth
or cold according as the vibrations are more or less intense than
those of the body to which they are imparted.

Heat can hardly be called a force, an agent, or a principle, in
the strict use of those terms ; it is rather a result or an effect, the
correlative of sound and the intimate associate of light, with similar
characteristics ; heat, sound, and light are all modes of motion
with different velocities and rates of vibration.

Sound is defined as the sensation or perception of the mind, re-
ceived through the ear and produced by the impulse or vibrations
of the air or other medium with which the ear is in contact.

Light is that impression made upon the organs of sight by deli-
cate vibrations, by which objects from which they proceed are
rendered visible. It was formerly regarded as consisting of ma-
terial particles or corpuscles sent off in all directions from
luminous bodies, with the well-known velocity of 192,000 miles
per second, but is now generally considered by men of science as

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 155

consisting, not in any actnal transmission of particles or substance,
but as the propagation of vibrations or undulations in a subtle,
elastic medium or ether, which is assumed to pervade all space and
to be thus set in vibratory motion by the action of luminous bodies
as the atmosphere is by sonorous bodies.

The velocity of sound is variable, according to the medium through
Avhich it is transmitted, ranging from 1,023 feet per second in the
atmosphere, at 60° temperature, to 4,708 feet per second in water,
11,120 feet in brass, 15,590 feet in steel, and 16,360 feet in glass.
"With gases the velocity is inversel}' as the squares of the densities,
viz. : in carbonic acid gas, 818 feet; in coal gas, 1,636 feet; and
in hydrogen gas 3,642 feet per second. This is the rate at which
the vibrations or oscillations of the atoms of matter are transmitted
from particle to particle through the several media, and is distinct
from the rate or number of those vibrations in a given period.

The velocity of light and heat is variously estimated at from
185,000 to 192,000 miles per second, either through space or a
perfectly dry atmosphere. The lowest vibration of sound, that is
appreciable to the normal sense of hearing, is at the rate of 16
vibrations per second; the lowest musical tone that is agreeal)le
to the ear is at the rate of 32 vibrations per second ; the highest
tone that is truly musical is at the rate of 4,752 vibrations per
second, and the sound of the highest pitch appreciable to the ear
is at the rate of 38,000 vibrations per second. There are no vibra-
tions or oscillations of the particles of matter discernible by the
human senses from this rate until we reach the enormous and
wonderful rapidity of 400,000,000,000,000, or four hundred mil-
lions of millions per second, which is about the rate of vibration
of the obscure heat rays of the solar spectrum. When the rate
reaches four hundred and sixty millions of millions per second the
eye perceives the color of the extreme red of the spectrum, and so
as the rate increases —

477 millions of millions gives us the red
506 " " " " orange

535 " " " " yellow

577 " " " " green

622 " " " " blue

658 " " " " indigo

699 " " " " violet

727 " " " " extra violet

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which is the extreme limit of the sensibility of the unaided eye to
the vibrations which constitute a ray of light. Beyond this, prob-
ably to the extent of eight hundred millions of millions of
vibrations per second are the actinic or chemical rays, which are
effective in the chemical reactions of matter and are sensible only
to chemical compositions or combinations.

The length of the sound vibrations, or waves, at the rate of 16
per second, is about 64 feet, and at the rate of 38,000 per second,
or the highest appreciable sound, the length is one-third of an
inch. Beyond this the vibrations of the obscure heat rays, or 400
millions of millions per second, are 34,000 to an inch, which are
only sensible to our narvous system. At 460 millions of millions
per second they are 39,000 to an inch. Thej^ begin to be pei'-
ceptible to the eye as the red rays at 500 millions of millions per
second. At 42,000 to an inch they cease to be perceptible to the
nervous system, and at 727 millions of millions per second they are
61,000 to an inch, and cease to be perceptible to the eye as the
ultra violet ray.

Thus we can proceed, as it were, through the whole gamut of the
motions or vibrations of matter as they affect our senses of hear-
ing, seeing, and feeling.

Never before did the phenomena of heat enter so largely into
domestic life or mechanical and commercial operations as they do
today. The heating of our dwellings, warehouses, workshops,
public buildings, and means of transportation has become an
intricate problem, requiring skill and special training to execute
and maintain, and with the combined achievements of plumbers,
pipe-fitters, electricians, and boiler-makers, with their foibles and
hobbies, it is no wonder that the man of modest mien and medium
attainments becomes distracted and, in his bewilderment, resigns
himself to the inevitable, pays the bills, and vainly resolves not to
be so caught again.

Where, two generations ago, the heat required for domestic use
was furnished by burning wood in the open fireplace, now we have
a multiplicity of coal, gas, kerosene, and electric stoves and
ranges, with hot-air furnaces and steam or hot-water boilers to heat
the house. The agents and mechanics who furnish the appliances
for this service too often manifest the most superficial knowledge
of the capacity and properties of the elements which they introduce
into our premises, and we are fortunate if we are not the helpless

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 157

victims of colossal ignorauce. lu the case of iguoraut or partially
informed men there is this singular persistence about them, that you
rarely find them willing to be instructed or to be convinced of
error. For one instance in my own experience, I was once called
in for consultation as to the advisability of making certain altera-
tions in the hot-water pipes of a greenhouse, where the heat was
inadequate, and some change was imperative. The maker of the
boiler, which, by the way, was of a kind now
no longer used or seen, called himself a steam
engineer, and he insisted strenuously upon the
adoption of his plan, which was to introduce
into all of the four-inch pipes, with which the
greenhouse was fitted, a core of pottery shaped
in transverse section somewhat like a Maltese
cross, leaving only four small spaces, or ducts,
around it for the circulation of the water. His reason for expect-
ing a benefit from the change was that he had observed that
crockery-ware retained the heat for a long time, especiall}^ when it
was thick ; notably in the case of the thick coftee-cups at the
restaurants where he had introduced his heaters for coffee and tea.

In opposition to this fancy no considerations or reasoning would
in the least avail ; his confidence in his superior practical experience
could not be shaken. When told that the crockery-ware, or potter}'
core, would contain only one-half as much heat as the volume of
water which it displaced, as he knew nothing of specific heat he
ridiculed the idea, and met the statement with his observation that
the cup kept the coffee warm. He could not be made to compre-
hend the fact that if the pipe retained the heat within itself it cer-
tainly would impart none to the surrounding air, and Avould thus
fail to heat the house. The suggestion was made that the great
reduction of the volume of water in the pipes added to the in-
creased surface would very materially add to the friction, and tluis
diminish the circulation ; but this failed to move him. Finall}' I
insisted, as an ultimatum, that if the use of the pottery core, as
proposed, would be so good a thing and an improvement, then the
more we had of it the better, aud it must be a manifest gain to fill
the pipe solid with earthenware, and I should so recommend. This
was so manifestly absurd that it served to prevent the introduction
of this great improvement.

Tiiis is a fair illustration of the persistency in carrying out tlich-

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

whims by meu of limited scientific attainments, wlio are often
entrusted with the execution of important undertakings and tlie
expenditure of large sums of monej' by people who, from mistaken
ideas of the fitness of things, leave the development of their plans
until the work is actually begun, and find too often that the evil
days are upon them.

Heat in its essence is, always has been, and probably always will
he, one of the trinity of mysteries, viz., light, heat, and electricity,
that will hardly be resolved this side of the veil. Whether heat and
electricity are not convertible terms or effects of the same cause
will find those to support and deny ; but it is an observed fact that
all of the disturbances of the surface of the sun, which is the source of
all our heat, are accompanied by electrical manifestations, sometimes
of a startling character. It is also within our power to demonstrate
that the presence of heat is always manifested by electrical action ;
but whether one is the cause of the other, and which, or whether they
are coordinate functions of the same essential principles, will be
debated with equal earnestness on both sides. Be this as it may,
personal experience and observation teach mankind that heat to
some degree is present in all bodies, and we soon find that personal
sensation is too variable and uncertain to be used as a basis of
measurement of its relative degree.

It was not until the early part of the seventeenth century that
any contrivance was devised for the more definite determination of
heat. The Dutch claim the invention for Cornelius Drebble of
Alkmaar, in Holland; some Italians claim it for Sanctorius, and
others for Galileo, who is said to have invented the thermometer
prior to 1597. To whomsoever the honor belongs, it was but a
rude contrivance of air and spirit in a glass bulb and tube without
graduation, and must necessarily have been far from accurate.
Although the astronomer Roemer suggested the substitution of
mercury for the spirit and air, it was not till 1720 when Gabriel
Daniel Fahrenheit, of Amsterdam, introduced the mercurial ther-
mometer, with a cylindrical bulb, making the basis of the scale 32°
below the melting point of ice and snow, which, as it was the
lowest temperature observed by him in Iceland in 1709, and cor-
responded to the temperature produced by mingling snow and
sal-ammoniac, was naturally assumed to be the lowest possible
temperature. But why he assumed 180° to indicate the range from
melting ice to boiling water can never be explained, as he kept the

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 159

graduation of his tliennoineter as a very mysterious secret. Celsius,
of Sweden, iu 1742 introduced tlie plan of making the scale
100° between these two points, which has become known as the
Centigrade scale.

Heat of all degrees is now capable of being accurately measured
by a great variety of combinations of substances, advantage being
taken of their known variability of expansion.

The absolute 0 of temperature is estimated to l)e . 460° below 0
Lowest artificial temperature measured . . . 220° below 0

Lowest atmospheric temperature .
Estimated temperature of planetary space
Mercury freezes .....

Water freezes .....

Water boils .....

Tin melts ......

Bismuth melts .....

Lead melts ......

Red heat of iron and copper

Silver melts ......

Iron melts ......

70° below 0

58° below 0

3'.»° below 0

32° above 0

. 212° above o

. 442° above 0

. 50G° above 0

. 600° above 0

about 980° above 0

2,283° above 0

3,479° above 0

When we come to study the physical effects of heat we notice —
First. That changes of temperature are accompanied by
changes of volume, and by experiment we find that while some
bodies expand with each additional increment of heat, but witli a
ratio varying with the substance and degree of temperature, others
contract under the same conditions. Upon tliis fact is based tiie
construction of all pyrometers as measurers of heat.

Second. Heat is communicated from mass to mass in various
ways, whetlier in contact or separated by space, viz. :

1. By conduction from particle to particle, or atom to atom,
without change of place in tlie mass.

2. By convection or by motion of the particles in the mass,
caused by the dilation or nuitual repulsion of the particles and
consequent change of specific gravity. This effect is mechanical ;
but in each of these cases the heat vibrations are nuitually absorbed
and radiated by the different bodies in the presence of each other
until the heat is equalized.

3. By radiation.

4. By the converse of radiation, whicli is absorption.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5. By transmission, where the whole or part of the vibrations of
heat pass through an intervening mass, which may be either solid,
fluid, or gaseous. This is called Diathermancy.

6. Through space by the agency of an imponderable medium,
which is assumed to fill all space, and is called the ether.

Third. Heat is called radiant when it is accompanied by light,
as from the sun, or flame, or a glowing body or mass, and obscure
when it emanates from a non-luminous body. Both radiant and
obscure heat have very marked and distinguishing characteristics.

Fourth. Heat as indicated by the thermometer, while it may
serve as a measure of the intensity of the heat vibrations, which we
may call the degree of sensible heat in the mass, is not the true
measure of the actual or total amount of heat vibrations which the
body iiiay contain and be able to impart. This is called the specific
heat, and varies greatly with different substances, from water, which
has the greatest specific heat of all bodies, to bismuth, lead, and
gold, which. are very nearly equal, and are about the lowest in
specific heat of common substances with which we are familiar.

Fifth. Heat is absorbed, or disappears, during changes of bodies
from the solid to the liquid, and from the liquid to the gaseous or
aeriform state ; it is also thrown out or made apparent again as
these conditions are reversed. These variations and manifestations
of heat are not accompanied by any change of degree or intensity
that is capable of affecting the thermometer, and is called latent
heat.

Sixth. Heat accompanies chemical changes, and is given out,
often in great volume, when there is chemical combination, and
absorbed again whenever there is a disassociation of elements in
combination.

Seventh. Heat may result from the operation of mechanical
forces, as in the friction of sliding surfaces, by the concussion of
moving or falling bodies, or by the resistance to movement of
bodies through the magnetic field of either natural or artificial,
permanent or electro magnets. Heat so produced is called dynamic
heat, and the discussion of the subject under these topics is
regarded as the mechanical theory of heat, or the conservation of
force, aJid its production is called the mechanical generation of heat.

The first branch of the subject relates to the effects of heat upon
the volume of bodies. Among the changes in the condition of
matter wrought by the presence of heat, one that quickly arrests

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 161

our attention is the expansion and contraction of different sub-
stances by the application or withdrawal of heat. As a rule the
application of heat expands and its withdrawal contracts ; but to
this rule there are some notable exceptions.

The ratio of expansion and contraction is in no case uniform
with the increase or diminution of temperature ; but most solids
continue to expand until they become molten, and with a continued
increase of temperature pass into the gaseous state. The existence
of any substance known to us in a solid or fluid condition is only a
question of the relative degree of heat or, to speak with strictness,
the intensity of the heat vibrations that are developed within its
mass.

Mercury is only a solid with a low melting point, — 39°, and water
is a solid having its melting point 71° higher, or 32° above zero.
This phenomenon is so often obsen^ed in the affairs of life that we
become familiarized with it, and fail to realize its application and
significance. We see the electric wires that are strung along our
streets one day hanging loosely in festoons from pole to pole and
another day strung so taut that the breezes make them hum like a
harp of a thousand strings. The change of temperature from a
cold day in winter to a hot day in summer will make a difference of
one foot and four inches in a mile of iron wire and about three feet
in a mile of copper wire ; so that one can easily see how a cold snap
would haul them taut as hai-p-strings.

Here are two bulbs partially tilled with colored liquid and con-
nected with a tube ; the space not filled with liquid is as nearly a
vacuum as can be obtained mechanically, and is of course filled
with invisible vapor, but free from air. If I hold it with the
empty bulb uppermost the heat imparted to the lower bulb, simply
by my tluimb and forefinger, will generate vapor enough to force
the liquid from the lower to the upper bulb and maiutaiu sullicient
tension in the vapor remainiug iu the bulb to hold it there for con-
siderable time ; but the tension of vapor becomes speedily reduced
when not in the presence of a liquid from which an increased sup-
ply can be obtained, aud so the force of gravity slowly asserts
itself and the liquid gradually returns to the lower bulb to repeat
the process as long as a limited amount of heat only shall be im-
parted to the bulb ; but let me grasp the lower bulb in my hand so
as to completely' envelop it, and the heat of the hand is so co-
piously imparted to the liquid that it is rapidly forced upwards and

162 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the expansion of the remaining vapor will maintain a constant and
violent ebullition which the force of gravity is unable to overcome.

In all large structures, where the material is united into one
continuous mass, careful attention must be given in the construc-
tion to allow for the expansion and contraction from heat and cold
to expend itself without resistance ; otherwise the material might
be disrupted and the structure destroyed. The great Britannia
tubular bridge, across the Menai straits in Wales, built by Robert
Stephenson in 1848, is an immense hollow continuous girder 1,380
feet in length, and the extremes of expansion and contraction
from summer to winter amount to fully thirteen inches.

The cables of the Brooklyn bridge are 3,578 feet in length from
anchorage to anchorage, and the limit of expansion and contrac-
tion from heat and cold is about four feet ; as one-half of the
cables is suspended between the towers, in the main span, this
movement is so distributed that no disturbance is occasioned in
the seats of the cables in the saddles upon the towers, but the
contraction of the central portion will raise the centre of the bridge
nearly four feet. That there is a serious movement in all masses
of material exposed to the elements and which ultimately con-
tributes to their overthrow, was shown in an interesting manner
some forty years ago, when, for the purpose of illustrating the ro-
tation of the earth by the oscillations of the pendulum, a plummet
was suspended in the central shaft of the Bunker Hill monument.
Not only was the object sought clearly demonstrated, but it was
also shown that the shaft itself oscillated back and forth once
every day, which was caused by the heat of the sun shining on one
face in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The range of
this vibration, in a warm summer's day, was, if my memory serves
me, about seven-eighths of an inch.

There are, however, some striking exceptions to the general
rule that heat expands and cold contracts.

Water between 32° and 212° Fahr. expands 0.003745, or 2h^^
its volume ; in cooling it forms a notable exception to the rules
which seem to govern other bodies ; from the temperature of 212°
it regularly diminishes 0.000247 in volume for each degree of
heat that it loses until it reaches the temperature of 39.4° Fahr.,
at which temperature it is of the maximum density ; from this point
it expands as it cools until it reaches 32°, when, if there is no
resistance by way of external pressure or the presence of saline

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 163

impurities, a sudden crystallization into ice takes place, accompa-
nied b}' a rapid evolution of heat and great expansion, hitherto
unequalled, amounting to about ten per cent: the specific gravity
of ice being 0.9178 and one volume of water at 32° giving 1.102
to 1.0893 volumes of ice of the same tempei'ature, and the heat
given out amounts to one-half of the heat contained in the water.
This expansion is also accompanied with a marvellous exliibition
of force ; in domestic life we see vessels of wood, glass, and iron
rent asunder by this expansion of ice. In nature, rocks are cleft
in twain, and masses of earth and stone are hurled from cliffs and
mountain peaks by this irresistible agent. The freezing of water
has been the great disintegrating force of nature which has
rendered the earth a fitting habitation for man. The geological
changes wrought by ice are among the most notable as they are
most recent, and without them many of the characteristics of soil
and climate which adapt the temperate zones for the residence of
man would not have existed. Water will neither freeze nor expand
into steam if it can be subjected to sufficient pressure. A stout
cast-iron shell, thirteen inches in diameter, was filled with water, a
bit of iron was introduced into it, and then the orifice was closed
with a solid plug ; after being subjected to a temperature of — 40°,
the shell was shaken and the rattle of the piece of iron clearly
showed that the water still remained in a liquid state ; the plug was
then suddenly forced out when a solid plug of ice 8 inches in length
rapidly protruded from the opening, showing that the water froze
as fast as it was expelled by the pressure. On the other hand
water heated to a high temperature under great pressure remains
liquid until the pressure is removed by explosion or otherwise,
when it quickly fiashes into steam.

A question, which at times has given rise to a good deal of
speculation, is whether tlie earth is not gradually losing its heat,
or rather radiating into space more than it leceives from the sun,
and whether as it gradually cools it will, in the process of time,
become, like the moon, a dead planet. Reasoning from the nature
of things, this seems to be reasonable enough, and, as we under-
stand that it is an attribute of matter that its heat shall be
uniformly distributed, and therefore equalized, it becomes an inter-
esting and intricate problem to determine just what the mean heat
of the universe, to which we shall all finally be reduced, may he. If
we may judge or assume from the visible effects of heat upon terres-

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trial things, we may clearly ascertain by computation that the dimin-
ution of the heat of the earth, by one degree only, would cause a
sufficient contraction of its mass to accelerate its diurnal rotation by
6 minutes 48 seconds of arc, or 0.43 of a second of time, in one day,
making the day so much shorter ; this would increase the apparent
length of the year by 2 minutes 37.7 seconds, which would make a
day in 550 years. By the Gregorian calendar we drop one leap-year
in 400 years to correct the irregularity of one day in that time.
These periods are so large as to be quickly noted in astronomical
observations, but as there has been not the slightest variation of the
length of the day or year since the use of precise instruments and
careful observations, say since the time of the royal astronomer
Bradley, who was appointed in 1742, 150 years ago, and as La-
place was able to affirm, as the result of his computations, that the
year was thirteen seconds shorter in his time than it was in the
time of Hipparchus, about 150 years before the Christian era, or
a lapse of 1,950 years, we may safely conclude that the impending
torpidity of the earth, while it may be an interesting phenomenon
when it shall occur, will not happen in time to affect the ice crop
of the present generation, and we may therefore freely confine
our thermal speculations to the meteorological changes, and to the
vagaries of the Gulf stream.

Bismuth among metals exhibits the same peculiarities that water
does among liquids. We have here a fusible alloy composed of
tin, lead, cadmium, and bismuth. Although bismuth does not melt
under 500°, lead at 612°, and tin at 442°, the alloy made by mixing
them melts readily in boiling water, which is only an illustration
of the well-known fact that metallic alloys yield more readily to
heat than do either of the metals separately. This alloy has been
immersed in boiling water and you can readily perceive that it is
in a molten state. I pour it into this test tube in contact with hot
water ; the thermometer shows it to be 160°, and, as it cools, the
alloy will expand while the glass contracts and becomes fractured.
Here is one already cooled, which clearly shows what will happen
to this other one later on.

Here is a small copper ingot having two slight ridges, one on
eacli side, with a handle to enable me to manipulate it. It has been
heated to about 40U° temperature. Upon placing it on this small
billet of lead it begins to vibrate from side to side so rapidly as to
be clearly audible by its singing sound, which some of tlie audience

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 165

by attentive listening may hear. The explanation of this phenom-
enon is simple enough : the copper is an excellent conductor, and
parts with its heat freely ; the lead is a poor conductor, and when
the copper touches it a small protuberance is caused by the sudden
expansion of the lead by the heat which its poor conductivity finds
it difficult to carry away fast enough. This small protuberance
causes the copper to tilt and the other ridge strikes the lead with
a repetition of the same experience, and so the copper vibrates
back and forth till the two metals become nearly equal in tempera-
ture. This experiment was first made by Sir Arthur Trevel3^an,
nearly seventy years ago, and created a good deal of discussion
among the scientific men of that time. For perfect success it re-
quires the combination of a good and a poor conductor of heat.

If we take a metallic rod and apply very slight heat to it it
becomes elongated. Many of the automatic fire-detectors depend
upon this principle to close an electric circuit which springs an
alarm. The metal covering of a large roof, when very steep, has
often been expanded by heat to that extent that the cohesive force
of the metal was inadequate to restore it to its former position and
it became disrupted and useless.

Molten iron, and most likely other metals, expand just at the
moment of crystallization, as water does in forming ice, and thus
cold iron floats on the molten metal.

These experiments are shown, not with the view of illustrating any
new principle or an old one in a novel manner, but that the ocular
demonstration of the fact may the more readily impress the mind.
The second important characteristic of matter in its relation to
heat is in the power of conduction. Through some substances the
vibrations of heat pass with freedom and celerity, while in others
it is with great slowness and resistance.

A satisfactory illustration of the relative conducting power of
copper and iron is afforded by two rods having, at intervals of
about an inch, small spurs inserted, to which small wooden balls
are fastened with wax. Beneath the point of contact of the two
rods we place this alcohol lamp. The vibrations of heat soon
begin to pass along from atom to atom ; first a ball drops from the
copper rod, perhaps the next one may fall from the iron rod, but,
after that, they will be loosened with great regularity a little more
than twice as fast from the copper rod as they are from the iron
one. This gives us a visible illustration of the fact that copper

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

conducts heat about two and a half times better than iron ; in
other words two and a half times as much heat will pass through
copper as iron in the same time, other conditions being similar.
This leads to the question whether, as such is the undoubted fact,
it would not be economy to introduce copper boilers and pipes to
heat greenhouses. My own experience leads me to think that it
would, and I am not sure that the original cost of the copper out-
fit would greatly exceed that of iron ; there would certainly be a
great gain in fuel, labor, compactness, tidiness, and satisfaction.
Next to the inherent quality of the metal, the amount of heat pass-
ing through it is proportional to the thickness. For the cast-iron
shell of the ordinary greenhouse boiler about three-eighths of an
inch thick, may be substituted a copper sheet less than one-
sixteenth of an inch in thickness ; for cast or wrought iron pipes
from three-sixteenths to one-quarter of an inch may be substi-
tuted copper pipes of one thirty-second of an inch in thickness, the
whole outfit being lighter, handier of adjustment, and more easily
moved in case of alterations, and withal quicker in operation.
Another difficulty with iron pipes escapes criticism because it is
unseen. From the first introduction of water into the pipes and
boiler they begin to rust ; if you use a wrought-iron pipe the diflS-
culty is aggravated, because wrought-iron rusts more rapidly than
cast-iron, and the interior of the whole apparatus becomes speedily
coated with a substance for a lining which is far more impervious
to heat than the metal itself. Add to these considerations the fact
that with copper your fixtures would have a much greater value if
from any cause or change you desire to break up or alter your
heating arrangements, and we can easily see that copper is more
desirable to use than iron.

I have prepared a piece of apparatus to illustrate the small con-
ductivity of water, but time will not admit of its introduction, nor
is it necessary to impress upon you the fact that water is a poor
conductor of heat, for most of you have a permanent illustration of
it in your houses. A modern dwelling is not complete without
hot-water fixtures ; as an attachment to the range is a long copper
tank or reservoir erroneously called a boiler ; two pipes connect
the tank with the water jacket or lining of the range ; the upper
pipe is the flow-pipe and the lower one is the return; this is
connected at some little distance from the bottom of the tank.
When the water in the tank is so hot near the top and even down

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 1(37

to the flow-pipe that the hand cannot be borne upon it, the bottom
of the tank even within a short distance of the return pipe will be
quite cool and remain so until heated by the shell of the tank ; the
conductivity of water is only one ninety-fifth of that of pure copper.

Dry air is also a very poor conductor of heat, and therefore all
substances in a porous condition have far less conducting power
than when solid, because of the spaces between the various par-
ticles which are filled with air. "We fill the walls of an ice-house
with tan bark and sawdust ; we double our windows to avail our-
selves of the intervening space to aid, by the non-conductivit}'' of
the air, in retaining the heat of the room, which is the equivalent
of excluding the cold.

AVe find that the warmth of our clothing consists not merely in
its weight or thickness, but in its downy porosity, which is more
conducive to health ; feltings and fleecy flannels of wool are more
serviceable as coverings than heavier woven fabrics, especially of
cotton. Iron is a fair conductor of heat, but when in the form of
slag, which is a silicate of iron, it is spun out into a flossy fibre
and made into a felting, it becomes an excellent non-conductor for
covering boilers, steam-pipes, etc. Here is a piece of the slag,
heavy, dense, and cold; here also is a handful of the flossy fibre
called mineral wool, light in color as well as weight, and feeling
warm to the hand, as it is an excellent non-conductor. They are
identical in composition. Pure silica, in the form of a solid
crystal has about the conductivity of lead, — say about one-fourth
that of copper or one-sixth that of pure silver ; but if we take
it in the form of sand we find that heat moves through it so
slowly that a very thin covering will serve to retain or exclude
the heat for a ver}^ long time, its conductivit}' being 200 times
less than that of coi)per. If we take the silica in the form of
what is called infusorial earth, which is but the mineral re-
mains or spicuhe of pre-glacial vegetation, and is sold under
the name of tripoli powder for polishing metals, and under the
name of fossil meal as a non-conducting material for coating
boilers and pipes, we have one of the best of non-conductors, —
nearly equal to asbestos. Here is a specimen of this mineral
which I took from a section of a hydraulic mine in California,
fourteen years ago ; it was from a deposit at least 50 feet in tliick-
ness and 100 feet below the surface of the hill, 4,200 feet above
the level of the sea, and 2,000 feet above the river in the cariou

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

within two miles. It is very light and compact. Here is a speci-
men of asbestos felting, which is a favorite material for coating
boiler-pipes where heat is to be retained.

The efficiency of a coating of non-conducting material for the
conservation of heat is manifested in a striking manner by the Nor-
wegian cooking arrangement for the preparation of food. A me-
tallic can is surrounded by a thick felt jacket, which in turn is
enclosed in a wooden box. Tlie utensil is filled with boiling
water, in which the food to be cooked is placed, and tlien closed;
long before the water is cooled the food is perfectly cooked, and
with an economy of fuel which fills one with wonder that it is not
generally used; in a properly constructed " stove," as it is called,
the loss of heat is only about five per cent per hour.

Boilers and conducting pipes which are not intended to radiate
heat, should be covered with an adequate coating of mineral wool,
diatomaceous or infusorial earth, or asbestos felt, and well white-
washed instead of painting the naked metal surface, as is usually
done with black paint ; the saving of heat, and therefore of fuel,
would be quite material, besides the great gain in the comfort of
the boiler-room.

The degree of conductivity of different substances has a sensible
effect upon the sensation of heat or cold produced on our bodies.
When we approach or touch that which has a higher or lower tem-
perature than our body, the degree of conductivity increases the
sensation either of heat or cold. Copper will burn the flesh at a
lower temperature than iron, iron than pure tin, tin than lead,
lead than marble, and marble than brick, because each will impart
a greater or less quantity of heat to the flesh in a given time.
Copper at 120° will burn the flesh, while water will not scald at
150°, because the heat in the atoms of water in immediate contact
with the pei"son is given out or absorbed, and as the adjacent
particles communicate their heat more slowly it is conducted away
and dissipated in the system faster than it can be imparted ; while
metals, owing to their greater conductivity, continue to pour their
heat into the flesh which is in contact with them faster than it can
be absorbed or conducted away, and the destruction of the tissues
in immediate contact is the result.

Density is not always a criterion of conductivity. In the case
of woods, American white birch, which is one of the lightest of
woods, having a specific gravity of 0.567, stands higliest as a con-

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 169

ductor ; iron or Brazil wood, having a density from twice to throe
times that of birch, is only about one-fourth as good as a con-
ductor, and mahogany with twice the density has only two-thirds of
the conductivity. Woods may be classed, however, as non-conduc-
tors, white birch having only 0.41 of the conductivity of silver.

Whereas metals conduct heat and electricity with the same
relative facility, the ratio of the conducting power of wood is
about the same as its permeability to moisture. The transmission
of heat through wood is pnrallel with the fibre or lengthwise of the
grain, and varies from 0.41 to 0.26 ; perpendicular to the fibre and
parallel with the ligneous layers the transmission varies from 0.10
in the case of white birch to 0.13 in mahogany, so that the trans-
mission of heat through a plate of silver is about seven hundred
times greater than it is through a plate of white birch cut perpen-
dicular to the fibre and parallel with the ligneous layers. This is
the line of greatest resistance to the transmission of heat, and is
the plane sought in the cutting of staves for barrels where the
greatest impermeability to liquids is desired.

Most liquids and all gases being poor conductors they transport
what heat they do absorb — and some of them have great powers of
absorption — by the circulation of the heated particles through the
mass by a purely mechanical movement which we call convection.
This is the action of boiling water, with which we are all familiar,
and by it heat may be conveyed a long distance through well
arranged pipes. Steam being of lighter specific gravity, while it
has a proportionately less capacity for heat, is mote mobile and
flows more readily than water, and the intensity of its heat must
of course be several degrees higher than water can be raised in
pipes. Air, while a poor conductor, will contain a limited amount
of heat, which is increased in proportion to the amount of moisture
with which it is chai'god.

If air is charged with moisture, say approximately to the dew-
point, its capacity for heat is increased threefold, and we experi-
ence discomfort from it in two ways : when the temperature of the
atmosphere is at from 35° to 40°, and snow and ice are thawing,
the air is loaded with moisture so that it is clearly visible, and its
heat is being rapidly absorbed by the melting ice ; then it is that
we need to be most careful as to our clothing, for wherever the air
finds free access to the body it quickly robs it of its heat and we
feel a chill, cutting, as we sometimes say, " to the marrow."

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

There is at least one-half more danger of serious effects from
cold when the thermometer is from 35° to 40°, and the air is filled
with vapor, than there is at zero with the air as dry as it generally
is at that temperature, simply for the reason that the moisture of
the atmosphere gives it increased power to rob us of our heat and
conduct it away. So it is that the air of our houses can be more
easily heated by our furnaces if it is moist than if it is dry. I
have seen the dry, cold air from out-of-doors pass through a glow-
ing furnace without becoming heated sufficiently to be sensible to
the hand, and if the hand was moistened it would impart a marked
sensation of cold, owing to the rapid evaporation ; this was because
the air was so dry and cold that in its rapid passage through the
furitace it was not able to absorb enough heat to exceed the tem-
perature of the blood, and thus be sensible as heat to the sense of
feeling. If we have one superstition that is greater than another,
and working mischief all the time, it is that the cold-air box of the
furnace should open out on the coldest side of the house. After
much expense and experiment I cut mine off entirely twenty-two
years ago, and connected it with the interior of the house, with the
result that there is no more shrunken wood-work, no dry and
parched flesh, no absorption of the moisture of the throat and
lungs, causing constant irritation and desire to cough. Before I
made the change I could actually heat my rooms more perfectly
with the window open than I could with it shut ; this was wdien the
doors were closed in the evening, and the weather very cold. Ap-
plying the same principle to the heating of a church which never
had been made comfortable in very cold weather, the putting on of
rubber mouldings around the windows increased the difficult}', as
it made the building tighter and made it more difficult for the hot
air to force its way up and displace the cold air in the building. I
undertook to heat the building better with one furnace than the
janitor could with two, and succeeded to the satisfaction of the
committee.

We shall never succeed in heating a room by applying heat to
the top, although a greenhouse may be well heated by placing
steam- pipes near to the glass; neither should we expect to ven-
tilate our rooms in the best manner by connecting our ventilating
arrangements solely with the bottom of the room. By the first
effect of heat which we have considered, the air becomes expand-
ed, and thus is rendered specifically lighter, and the movement is

CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE SUBJECT OF HEAT. 171

upward from the radiating point as a centre, while the return cur-
rents are along the exterior walls of the room from the top down-
ward till the circuit is completed. Anything that obstructs the
currents from separating and taking well-defined paths, retards
the heating or the ventilation of the room, and whatever will en-
able each current to take a distinct course will facilitate those
results. This is the principle underlying all ventilation. Here
we have a glass jar with a long projecting top, which is open. It
would seem that the opening would be adequate to permit the ad-
mission of sufficient air to support the combustion of this bit of
candle ; if there were an opening in the ceiling of this hall rela-
tively as large, it would be about twelve feet in diameter. Upon
lighting the candle and placing over it the receiver, we see that
the flame soon begins to wane, and will expire unless we are suf-
ficiently adroit to introduce this strip of brass in the opening, to
enable the upward current of heated air, exhausted of its oxygen,
to ascend without being obstructed by friction and interference
in mingling with the descending current of cooler air which seeks
to take its place ; if we insert the plate soon enough, the flame
will revive and burn with freedom and brightness. This essential
principle of all natural ventilation must also be respected when
artificial or forced ventilation is resorted to, if the most success-
ful results are to be attained.

Transmission of Heat uy Convection. — If we apply heat to
the bottom of a glass jar filled with water in which particles of
sawdust have been placed, we shnll easily perceive the movement
of the upward current in the centre, and the descending currents
along the sides. This is the principle by which all heating by
means of hot water is accomplished. Water can never be heated
from the top, but the effect of the heat of the boiler is to cause
the water contained in it to expand, and thus become specifically
lighter than the water which fills the circulating pipes, and tend to
rise, and its place is occupied by the cooler water from the pipes.
We have thus the direct intimation of the correct adjustment of
our pii)es for the most perfect circulation ; that the flow-pipe
should at first start upward from the boiler, and then ascend reg-
ularly until the extreme point of the circulation is reached ; from
this point the grade of the return pipes need not be so regular,
and they may even be made to pass depressions lower than the
boiler without dilliculty. At the summit or extremity of the cir-

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

culating pipes is the point to place the tank which is to contain
the excess of vohime caused by the expansion of the water, and
therefore called the expansion tank. You have before you a
model of the boiler and pipes of a greenhouse made of glass, so
that the movement of the water and the consequent transmission
of hent is quite apparent. By placing a little carmine ink in the
boiler and expansion tank, you can see very readily, as the spirit
lamp is placed beneath the boiler, that the movement of the col-
ored or heated water upward and outward into the flow-pipe is
simultaneous with a corresponding movement of the colored water
of the expansion tank into the return pipe toward the boiler; and
not until the colored water from the boiler reaches the extremity
of the circulation at the tank does the thermometer show any sen-
sible rise of temperature.

In a variation of this plan of construction, so as to provide for
the conduct of the flow to its full height into the expansion tank
at the boiler, and its subsequent descent into the circulating pipes,
as is done in the hot-water car-heater, while, from the necessity of
conducting all of the heating pipes below the level of the boiler, it
may be imperative so to arrange the pipes, yet careful comparative
tests have clearly shown that the circulation is not so quick, and
the consequent transmission of heat is not so effectual as where,
as in the case of the model, the boiler is placed below the entire
length of the flow-pipe, and the extreme end of the circulation is
at the highest point. Circumstances may arise when it will be
required to carry all of the pipes beneath openings or floors which
are lower than the boiler ; in such cases there will be no alterna-
tive but to adopt the second plan, but it must be at a loss of time
in heating the house, and an increased expenditure of coal to
maintain an equal temperature.

While speaking of radiation, the lecturer mentioned being
asked by a greenhouse man how to keep his boiler-room
cool ; and he suggested that all the exposed surfaces of the hot-
water apparatus in that room, which were coated with black paint
— a good radiator — be covered with asbestos, which should then
be coated with pure lime wash. By this method he saved twenty-
five per cent of heat, Avhich had hitherto gone to waste.

Again, the copper boiler connected with a kitchen range radi-
ated too much heat. This was remedied by polishing the exposed
surface of the boiler, which previously, in its tarnished condition,
radiated heat with greater freedom.

ARBOR DAY EXERCISES. 173

The lecturer held the close atteution of the audience to the end,
and a vote of thanks Avas unanimously accorded to him for his
very interesting, instructive, and valuable paper.

It was announced that on the next Saturday William E. Endi-
cott, of Canton, Chairman of the Library Committee, would read
a paper on " The Society's Library."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 12, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee to which were
referred the resolutions presented at the last meeting by L. M.
Chase and J. D. W. French, reported the former so amended as
to read as follows :

'• Resolved, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society re-
spectfully petitions the Board of Education of the Common-
wealth that a printed course of exercises, which in its opinion
may be suitable for Arbor Day, be prepared, which shall be
recommended by the public school authorities, and upon receipt
of copies of such course sutlicient in number to supply all schools
under their supervision, the school authorities aforesaid shall
seasonably distribute a copy to each school under their charge,
and cause it to be observed on Arbor Day or the Friday after-
noon preceding Arbor Day."

The Committee recommended the passage of this resolution, and
also of the resolution offered by Mr. French, as follows :

" Resoloed, That in the opinion of this Society, the study of
Natural Science, including Botany, Horticulture, Forestry, and
Entomology, should be more generally taught in all the schools of
the State, to promote among the children a better knowledge of
the natural objects surrounding them, thereby encouraging a
greater love for country life."

The Committee further recommended that a copy of these
resolutions, signed by the President and Secretary, be transmitted
to the Board of Education.

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The report of the Committee was accepted, and tbe resolutions
were adopted.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on the
Vacancy in the Committee of Arrangements, reported that the
latter Committee had unanimously elected Joseph H. Woodford
Chairman.

The Secretary read a letter from Edmund M. Wood, offering
two silver cups of the value of one hundred dollars and seventy-
five dollars, to be awarded as prizes for the best and second best
twenty-four blooms of the Wabau Rose, at the coming Spring Exhi-
bition, on the 22d to the 25th of the present month. It was unan-
imously voted that the offer be accepted, and that the thanks of
the Society be presented to Mr. Wood therefor.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 19.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Library of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

By William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Library Committee, Canton.

The best essay upon the Library would be a simple list of the
books, a perusal of which would show in the clearest way the ex-
ceedingly valuable character of our collection. Something more
condensed appears preferable, however, at this time.

I have taken some pains to ascertain what rank the Library
holds among those of its class, and as the result of my inquiries
can now state with great pride as well as satisfaction that it is
one of the foremost five in the world, while its collection of purely
horticultural works is by far the finest in existence.

A donation of books from Robert Manning, one of the founders
of the Society (the father of our present librarian) , was the begin-
ning of this library, but that we have been able to purchase the
greater part of these books is due mainly to a seemingly trivial
circumstance. About fifty years ago, when the dahlia was more
extensively cultivated and exhibited than at present, Mr. Josiah
Stickney, a merchant of Boston, happened to enter the hall where
a fine collection of these flowers was displayed, and was so much
impressed by their beauty that he became a cultivator of these and
other plants. His enthusiasm grew as his collections increased.

LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY. 175

uutil, fiudiug that his grounds iu Boston would hold no more, he
bought an estate in Watertowu large enough to give his gardening
tastes sufficient room.

In process of time he became President of this Society, and,
some time before his death, established a fund for the purchase
of books upon Horticulture, Botany, and allied subjects. This
fund, which became available in 1869, has yielded a yearly in-
come of seven hundred dollars. Our interest in it was limited to
thirty years, so that we shall have the benefit of it only seven
years more, and then it reverts to Harvard College. The four
thousand nine hundred dollars still to be derived from it will prob-
ably suffice to buy the greater pait of the costly works now
existing which we still lack, but new works of high price are con-
stantly appearing, and in 1900 we shall still be able to use seven
hundred dollars a year to advantage. It is greatly to be hoped,
therefore, that Mr. IStickney may have a worthy successor.

But, though the greater part of our books aie marked as from
the Stickney Fund, the Library owes at least as much to the
appropriations made by the Societ}' from year to year. A great
collection of men, without enrolment, organization, and discipline,
is not an army ; and a collection of books, however numerous, rare,
or costly, is not a library until it is catalogued and arranged, and
provided with a convenient and commodious lodging and a libra-
rian. All of these have been provided by the Society, as well as
all our magazines and papers ; for the Stickney Fund was limited
by the donor to the purchase of books.

The last printed Catalogue was issued in 1873. The titles of
books and pamphlets acquired since that date have been printed
yearly in connection with the report of the Library Committee,
but a Catalogue of a different nature has long been needed. A
Card Catalogue, such as is in use in most libraries of impoitaiice,
was suggested in the report of the Library Committee in 1876,
but it was not found practicable to make one for many years ; we
are glad to say that such a Catalogue, sufficient for present pur-
poses, is now nearly finished, and may be found in the drawers to
the left of the southern entrance to the Library Room.

Several years ago it became evident that a catalogue of our
plates of plants, fruits, flowers, etc., was needed. When the
subject was first broached the number of these plates was estimated
at two hundred and fifty thousand, of which it was thought that

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pritzel's well-known Index gave the location of less than one-
half. A catalogue has been for some time in preparation, and I
am of opinion that the estimate first made was not far wrong, for
over eighty-six thousand figures not in Pritzel's list have been
found, and the work is by no means completed.

To enhance the usefulness of the Library another very impor-
tant instrument is lacking : an index of subjects. Hardly a
flower or fruit or vegetable, hardly a method of heating or mode
of propagation or manner of cultivation known since horticulture
began in Europe, is unnoticed in our books or periodicals. When
an entire work is devoted to one subject, a cross-reference in the
first-mentioned catalogue would be sufficient ; but for detached
articles in other books, we can only look in each index separately
— a process so tedious as to be practicall}' useless. How valuable,
for instance, would be a ready reference to the new plants which
have been described in the " Gardeners' Chronicle," or to the
descriptions of each year's novelties which several of the gar-
dening papers publish every January. We have sets more or
less complete of the ri'ports of fifty Experiment Stations in
the United States, many of tliem of very great value ; but we
cannot make half use of them until we have an index of subjects.
These are but hints of what such an index would do for us.

Especial mention should be made here of two valuable dona-
tions to the Library, a bequest from the late Professor Russell of
about five hundred botanical books and pamphlets, and a large
number from the family of the late Charles M. Hovey. We have
not far from six thousand three hundred books and six thousand
pamphlets. This is, of course, an estimate ; the last actual
count, as far as I am aware, was in 1890.

Our collection of botanical and gardening periodicals, though
not complete, is very rich, both in such as have run their course
and iu those which are still issued. A list of sucli is given in the
"Gardeners' Chronicle " of January 23 of tliis year. We take
fourteen out of nineteen English ones on its list, nine out of ten
American, besides a good many not named, four out of six Bel-
gian, four out of nine French, several Austrian and German, and
one each from Ceylon, British Guiana, Italy, Java, Uruguay, and
the Argentine Confederation. Of most of these our sets are
complete up to the present time.

To decide which one is best among many of great excellence

LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY. 177

would be very difficult ; moreover, there might be a difference of
opiniou. I shall, therefore, make no attempt to rank any one of
those I mention above another. That the " Gardeners' Chroni-
cle " is exceedingly valuable all will admit. One of its best
features is its notices of new plants, which the highest authorities,
such as J. G. Baker, R. A. Rolfe, and until recently H. G.
Reichenbach, have described and named. These descriptions
are frequently accompanied by very clear and careful wood-cuts.
Its notices of new horticultural and botanical books are also
numerous, and the Library Committee find them valuable as hints
and reminders in the discharge of their duties. The " Chronicle"
has frequent articles upon the beautiful mansions and castles of
England, in wliich it gives prominence not only to the horticultural
attractions of the places described, but also to points of histori-
cal interest. The seven numbers which have reached me since
January 1 contain six such articles, all of much value. Most
of these are illustrated with views of the buildings and grounds,
showing what can be done when unlimited means are employed
and almost unlimited time, as in the case of Burleigh House,
built by William Cecil, Queen Elizabeth's Lord High Treasurer,
or of Warwick Castle, part of w^hich was in existence before the
Norman Conquest.

"The Garden," now in its forty-first volume, is probably more
read by our members than any other English periodical. Its ed-
itor, whose practical works on horticulture are very original and
valuable, has very decided views, and expresses them often in
terms whose clearness is more striking than their suavity ; but his
forcible and clear-headed sway keeps the paper in a definite line
which has won for it a wide popularity. Botanical science must
not be looked for to any great extent in " The Garden," but it is
full of horticultural science of the best kind. The colored plates
which it publishes weeklj' are sometimes indistinct, but are gen-
erally good ; their subjects are sometimes species of plants as
found wild, sometimes varieties which have originated in gardens,
but always of horticultural value.

Of the " Botanical Magazine," also, we have a complete set.
This is the oldest periodical of all ; it has been published monthly
for one hundred and four years, and is still as fresh and vigorous as
ever. Though it issues many plates which have little garden value,
the history of gardening during the last century can easily be traced

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in its pages. For many years from the beginning, portraits of
Cape of Good Hope bulbs and other plants are very numerous.
Later we find Banksias, Melaleucas, Kennedyas, Hoveas, and the
like ; then Mexican bulbs and Cacti appear on the scene, and
some of the Andean Begonias, whose progeny are now so numer-
ous and so astonishing, and finally the reign of the Orchid is
made manifest by the prominence of that order in the illustra-
tions. Aliout fifteen years after its commencement its subscrip-
tion list fell off very much, and it was almost on the point of
abandonment ; for this reason the numbers for several years of
the beginning of the century are scarce, and broken sets are more
common than full ones.

The " Botanical Register " began in 1815 ; our set of it is com-
plete. It is very rich in figures of bulbous plants, reflecting the
tastes and interests of the Hon. and Rev. William H. Herbert,
whose articles are very interesting, and whose record of his labors
in cross-fertilizing gladioli, crinums, and other plants of the iris
and amaiyllis families, is a valuable guide to hybridizers at the
present day.

The " Flore des Serres" was founded by Louis van Houtte, the
famous proprietor of the Royal Nurseries of Ghent, and edited
by him until his death, when it came to an end. It consists of
twenty-three volumes, all of which we have. Its articles are val-
uable and varied, but its special point of interest is in the por-
traits of the editor's hybrid Plectopomas, Tydteas, Nffigelias, and
other gesneraceous plants, and of his beautiful seedling Mippeas-
truras of the Vittata type.

The " Belgique Horticole," our set of which is complete, con-
sists of thirty-five volumes. It was edited by Professor Morren
and came to an end at his death. It is largely an account, illus-
trated with carefully prepared plates, of the editor's collection of
bromeliaceous plants, a family which deserves extensive cultiva-
tion, and as such it is exceedingly valuable.

The great development of the fanc}' for orchids has led to the
establishment of a number of periodicals devoted to illustrations
of them, accompanied by cultural and botanical matter. The
" Orchid Album " and " Reichenbachia," published in England,
and ''Lindenia" in Belgium, are full of exceedingly beautiful
plates, which render, I think, full justice to the plants whose
names they bear, though I am not of opinion that there are very
many exaggerations.

LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY. 179

The " Garteuflora," edited formerly by Dr. Eegel and now by
Professor AVittmack, is a serial which we ought to be glad to owu.
It is not often found in perfect sets, but we are so fortunate as to
have all of the volumes. The " Garteuflora " by force of circum-
stances has been foremost in depicting new plants from Western
Asia, species of Tulip, Fritillaria, Allium, and others, and is es-
pecially valuable on that account.

The "Tropical Agriculturist," published at Colombo, Ceylon,
is a most complete monthly treatise on everything implied by its
name, and though, for the greater part, it is not of what is called
" practical " use to us, we can hardly imagine any one so devoted
to the dollar as to feel no interest in the varied pursuits of far
Eastern cultivators.

" Timehri," the publication of the Agricultural and Commercial
Society of British Guiana, gives frequent articles upon the aspects of
vegetable life in that colony, which are generally of much interest.
These are a few only of the periodicals our Library possesses.
The Library Committee will continue to add to their number as
occasion presents itself ; for such works give the history of the
progress of horticulture more completely, and follow its changes
more closely, than books can do. The same is true to a certain
extent of tree, plant, and seed catalogues, of which we have a
large and valuable collection from nearly ever}' country where
dealers exist. We should be very glad if we could secure the
lists of every person in the business, and if these Avords shall
come under the eye of any person who issues a catalogue and does
not send a copy to our Library, I hope he will construe them as an
earnest request to put the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
upon his mailing-list.

Of the books this Library contains, apart from periodicals, it is
ditlicult to speak as the subject deserves. The number of volumes
wliich demand notice for their age, rarity, beauty, costliness, or
intrinsic value is so great as to bewilder and amaze any one who
shall attempt to select all the noteworthy ones. I shall therefore
follow a course undetermined by any fixed principle, being sure
that not a shelf can be touched which will not furnish a subject
worthy of comment.

The " Flora Gneca," of Dr. John Sibthorp and James Edward
Smith, is a very sumptuous work, and by far the most costly in
our Library ; for the expense of its production was no less than one

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which was defrayed from the
proceeds of an estate left by Dr. Sibthorp for the purpose. As
only tMrty copies were sold, each cost the estate five thousand
dollars. A second issue of forty copies was made about 1840.
Ours is one of the first set. This splendid work is in ten large vol-
umes, and contains nearly one thousand figures of the plants of the
Grecian peninsula and islands, in their natural size and colors.
It would be difficult to speak too highly of these magnificent
volumes, nor can I believe that any person, however indifferent to
botany or uninterested in plants and fiowers, could look upon
these superb plates without delight.

If the " Flora Grseca " was most expensive to produce, the "Flora
Danica " is. in some respects, the most remarkable. It is a very
extensive work, consisting of eighteen large volumes, containing
three thousand two hundred and forty colored plates. The first
fasciculus appeared in 1761. Its title page announced that it was
to contain portraits of the plants which grow in the kingdoms of
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the duchies of Sleswick and Hol-
stein, and the seigniories of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. The
work was completed in 1883, one hundred and twentj'-two years
from its beginning. For four generations the work was .steadily
pursued, in spite of the encroachments and reverses which have
left to Denmark not one of the dependencies named on the title
page I have quoted; a noble example of scientific zeal — a work
which would add to the glory of the proudest nation on earth.

The "Plora Londinensis," of William Curtis, is a work deservedly
held in high esteem. It is in five large volumes and contains six
hundred and forty-seven colored plates. It is said to have been
the first Flora to represent plants of their natural size. In the
words of a critic, "It may boast of having been brought to a
close with unrivalled excellence, undiminished splendor, and un-
abated accuracy."

It was at one time said that the three grandest indigenous
Floras were the Grseca, the Danica and the Londinensis. To
these must now be added the magnificent and extensive "Flora
Brasiliensis," in which Dr. Martins, aided by a large staff of
specialists, and encouraged and sustained by a ruler of whom his
people were not worthy (the Emperor Dom Pedro II.) , has explored
the exceedingly rich Flora of Brazil, genus by genus, describing
all of the species, and giving drawings and botanical dissections of

LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY. 181

many. We hear often, nowadays, that there are few more orna-
mental or useful plants to be iutroducecl to cultivation, and that
Ihe new plants of the future must be produced by hybridization
among those we now possess. Those who hold this view will soon
change it for a more rational one, if thej' would examine parts of
this work. For example, let them look at the genus Passiflora,
the passion-flowers of our gardens, and see the great array of
beautiful species not yet known to cultivators. There are many
other genei'a of great beauty that have not j^et contributed even a
single species for our delight. Of all the Floras we possess, I
should suppose the Brasilieusis to be the most extensive.

We have many others, more than I can even call by name in an
essay like this ; but if all the rest of our books were cheap and
commonplace, these four would be sufficient to make our Library
notable. But these are simply four which seem to stand foremost
amid a crowd of others only a trifle less distinguished, of which I
will mention a few, such as Karsten's " Florse Columbiae," two
folio volumes, containing two hundred plates of the plants of New
Granada; the three superb volumes of the "Portuguese Flora,"
which bear the names of Count Hoffmansegg and Professor Link ;
Jacquin's " Flora Austriaca," with its five hundred colored plates,
a thing of beauty and a joy forever, like all the books which bear
his name ; the " Flora of the Philippine Islands," a splendid work,
illustrating the very rich vegetation of those shores, prepared
mainly by Father Blanco, of the Augustine friars, and published
in four large folio volumes, at the expense of the order, at Manila,
in 1877 ; the " Trees and Shrubs of the Philippines," by Sebastian
Vidal, Manila, 1883 ; Reichenbacli's great work, '' Icones Florae
Germanicae et Helvetica," in twenty-two volumes, with two thou-
sand eight hundred plates; Boissier's "Illustrations of the Flora
of Spain ; " the " Flora Italiana" of Cesati, Passerini, and Gibelli ;
and Ruiz and Pavon's often-quoted " Flora of Peru and Chili."

AVe are especially rich in works upon tlie botany of India and
Southern Asia generally, and in considering these it is impossible
to withhold our admiration of the zeal which the English have
shown in studying the vegetation of those dependencies, a zeal
which neither the ruggedness of the country, its vast extent, nor
its enervating climate could subdue. Some of these admirable
works are Colonel Beddome's " Flora Sylvatica of Southern
India," with three hundred and thirty plates; his "Plants of

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Southern India and Ceylon," with three hundred plates ; Dr.
Robert Wight's " Figures of East Indian Plants," in six volumes
and over two thousand one hundred plates; his " Illustrations of
Indian Botany," with one hundred and eighty-one plates, and his
" Spicilegium Neilgherrense," with two hundred and two plates;
Sir J. D. Hooker's "Illustrations of Himalayan Plants;" the
same botanist's beautiful work upon the "Rhododendrons of the
Sikkim Himalayas," which gave European cultivators a wider view
of that genus by introducing a great number of species distin-
guished by their size, fragrance, or brilliant colors. In this place
we must not forget Dr. Roxburgh's " Plants of the Coromandel
Coast," with its three hundred colored plates. Dr. Wallich's
" Plantse Asiatics Rariores," with three hundred, or Horsfield's
"Flora of Java," with fifty, or Clarke's " Comraelynacese and
Cyrtandracese of Bengal." Yet credit for work in those regions
is not due to English botanists only, for we have van Rheede's
twelve parchment-bound volumes of the " Hortus Malabaricus,"
with its clear and characteristic, if somewhat rude, cuts of plants
of the Malabar coast, with their Malabar and Arabic names ; C.
L. von Blume's " Rumphia,"in four volumes ; his four volumes on
the flora of Java, and his " Orchids of the East Indian Archipelago
and Japan ; " all very valuable works with excellent plates. While
upon this part of my subject, it would be inexcusable not to exult
a little over one of our recent purchases, one of the most valuable
of all, Tussac's " Flora of the Antilles," in all probability the only
copy in America, and Bateman's " Orchidacese of Mexico and
Guatemala."

Of works which are devoted to a single class of plants we have
a large number. As a sample of our riches in this respect, I will
name a portion of the works which a student of grasses can find on
our shelves : Curtis's " British Grasses," Lowe's " Grasses," Hen-
derson's " Handbook of the Grasses of Great Britain and America,"
General Monro's " Monograph of the Bamboos," Ruprecht's " Bam-
buseffi," Richard Parnell's " Grasses of Britain," George Sinclair's
" Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis," one of the volumes in which the
collections grown by the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey are
described, Karl Bernhard Trinius's " Species of Grasses," with
descriptions and three hundred and sixty plates, and Nicholas
Thomas Host's " Figures and Descriptions of Austrian Grasses,"
in four volumes containing four hundred colored plates.

LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETr. 183

If coniferous trees be the student's subject he may consult, in
addition to mnny I do not now name, Lambert's " Genus Pinus,"
Murray's "Pines and Firs of Japan," Gordon's " Pinetum," a
synopsis of all the coniferous trees known in 1875, Peter Lawson's
" Pinetum Britauuicum," a description of all the hardy trees of the
pine tribe cultivated in Great Britain, and the " Pinetum Wobur-
nense," another of the volumes descriptive of the plantations of
Wobura Abbey.

On the subject of Palms the following may be mentioned :
Most extensive of all, von Martius's '* Natural History of Palms,"
a great work, illustrated with two hundred and forty-five colored
plates; " Les Palmiers," by Oswald Kerchove von Denter-
ghera, which contains descriptions of all known species with
synonyms, the latter a very valuable feature ; and Wallace's
" Palms of the Amazon," a small book and very unpretending, but
very interesting, and one which gives much information of a kind
which purely botanical ones usually omit. On Ferns we have many
and*valuable works, of which I shall name but few, for I know
there are fern specialists here who can speak of such works with
more knowledge than I possess ; but Colonel Beddome's " Ferns of
British India and Ceylon," with its three hundred and forty-five
plates, is a work which may be admired by one who is not a spec-
ialist. So may Lowe's " British and Exotic Ferns," with its eight
volumes, or Eaton's *•' North American Ferns," or Fee's five vol-
umes with two hundred and eighty-nine plates, or Sir W. J.
Hooker's " British Ferns." This is the most appropriate place to
mention the Llerbarium of North American Ferns presented to the
Society by Mr. George E. Davenport. This is committed to the
care of the Library Committee, and is one of the most precious of
all their charges, perhaps the most so ; for most of our books could,
perhaps, be replaced, but tlie loss of the Herbarium could never
be made good. So much time, labor, and expense, combined
with so thorough a knowledge of the subject, could scarcely be
again employed. It contains every species growing north of Mex-
ico, and all varieties besides which appear to be permanent.
There are numerous fronds of all of these, showing the various
stages of growth. The herbarium embraces seven hundred sheets
and about two thousand five hundred specimens. The number of
species is one hundred and sixty-five ; of variations upon these,
twenty-four.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Some other monographs of great interest are those of Robert
Sweet and of H. C. Andrews upon the pelargoniums (commonly
called geraniums) of the Cape of Good Hope. These books con-
tain colored plates of all the species and many of the earliest
hybrids raised from them, and show that some kinds, which from
their beauty or oddity would be welcome to flower-lovere, have
never been introduced or have been suffered to drop out of cul-
tivation. H. C. Andrews's "Ericaeefe" (heaths) of the same re-
gion contains plates of all species known, many of them plants of
most exquisite beauty almost unknown to gardeners of the present
day. The fine plants exhibited here occasionally by Mr. Atkinson
and Mr. Comley are a sample of scores of species equally fine, but
which will probably remain unknown except through Andrews's fine
work. Bateman's " Monograph of Odontoglossum " is a book
which would grace any library, containing as it does figures in
colors of the species of one of the most highly appreciated genera
of orchids. The Marquess of Lothian's monogi'aph of Masdevallia,
an exceedingly pretty orchidaceous genus, has been ordered and is
probably on the way to us. Sweet's monograph of the Cistus or
Rock-rose Family gives us one hundred and twelve colored por-
traits of a genus lacking in this country, but which is very showy
and beautiful in light soil in the Spanish peninsula. Fitzgerald's
" Australian Orchids," which is still in process of publication, is
a worthy companion of the best of its kind. Elwes on the Lily
and Maw on the Crocus are monographs which show that art and
science may co-exist on the same page. Both books give plates of
every species known to the authors in the respective genera. The
lilies are, of course, more showy than the humbler crocuses, but
Mr. Maw's work is embellished with beautiful sketches of the wild
mountain regions of Italy, Turkey, Greece, and Asia Minor, where
the various species grow. Though such things have nothing to do
with scientific botany, they make the monograph more delightful
and beautiful.

The works of Reichenbach on the genus Aconitum (monks-
hood), of Jacquin on the Oxalis, Lehmann on Primulas and
Potentillas, Bureau on Bignoniacese, Dunal on Solanacese, are
worthy of mention, and those of Dr. Kotschy on the Oaks of
Europe and the East, of F. M. Liebmann on the Oaks of Tropical
America, of Baron von Mueller on the Acacias so characteristic
of Australia, and especially his Eucalyptographia, a full account

LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY. 185

with figures of all the species of Eucalyptus, would be worthy of
extended notice if time allowed.

In the days of our ancestors, when horticulture for the pleasure
of it was almost unknown, plants were valued chiefly for their
supposed medicinal virtues. Those were the days of the herbals,
those encyclopaedias of misinformation, containing no doubt some
truth. Such books are of Uttle value now except of a semi-liter-
ary kind. We have, as is becoming, a good number of them, such
as Nicholas Culpeper's, who died in 1654, Sheldrake's, Elizabeth
Blackwell's, — the wife of Alexander Blackwell, an agricultural
writer who meddled with politics and was beheaded in 1747, —
William Salmon's, James Miller's, William Meyrick's, and others.
Other books whose value is entirely literary are Bartram's
"Travels," a most delightful old narrative ; Tusser's "Five Hun-
dred Points of Good Husbandry," sound advice in the main,
though he who gave it made a complete failure in farming ; and
Barnaby Googe's " Fovre Bookes of Husbandry, . . . con-
teyning the whole arte and trade of husbandry with the antiquitie
and commendation thereof, London, 1578." This is one of the
old black-letter books, whose very type makes any subject de-
lightful. Some other old books are Besler's " Hortus P^ystet-
tensis," Nurnberg, 1613 ; Rembertus DodoniEus's " Stirpium
Historise," Antwerp, 1583 ; Petrus Andrea Matthiolus's " De
Plantis," with one thousand and three figures, Frankfort on the
Main, 1586 ; and Leonhartus Fuchsius's " De Historia Stirpium,"
Basle, 1542. This old folio, with five hundred and twelve colored
plates, is the most ancient of our possessions.

Of books whose object is to give portraits of plants according to
no plan and with no desire apparently except to illustrate horti-
culture, we have a great many which in everything but scientific
arrangement are of very high excellence ; such, for example, as
Redout^'s " Liliac^es," eight large volumes, containing hundreds
of beautifully drawn and colored figures. The wortliy gen-
tleman construed his title so liberally as to include the Cypri-
pedium among his lilies. Another of these is Jacquin's " Hortus
Schoenbrunneusis," with five hundred plates. Of pomological
books we have, of course, a great many. I shall say but little of
Iheni, however, as I have already talked long enough, and Mr.
Manning is here, to whom the whole subject is as familiar as the
alphabet. Some noteworthy titles in this department are Bivort's

18G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"Album de Pomologie," with several hundred colored plates;
Brookshaw's " Pomona Britannica," of which the plates are ex-
cellent; DuMortier's " Pomone Tournaisienne ; " Clemente y
Rubio's " Varieties of the Vine cultivated in Southern Spain" (a
book of great interest); Thomas Andrew Knight's "Pomona
Herefordiensis," an account of the Cider and Perry Fruits of
Herefordshire; "The Herefordshire Pomona" differing from the
last-named more than its title indicates and containing the best
figures of apples I have ever seen; and Gallesio's "Pomona Itali-
ana," a work which deserves the adjective magnifia-nt.

With this I shall stop. I have not touched upon Forestry, upon
Fungi, hardly upon the Hookers, not at all upon the works of
Loudon, Lindley, Linnaeus, or Bentham ; I have not mentioned
the colonial floras or American botany. You will no doubt have
noticed these and other omissions, but the subject was too large to
be taken in an hour. If any one cares to know what we have on
these or a score of other subjects, or if he wishes for a fuller
account of any topic I have touched upon, let him go to the Li-
brary Room and look about him, or let him inquire of the Librarian
or his assistant. I speak my own mind, and I know I speak the
mind of the entire Library Committee, and I believe of the Society
as well, when I say that we all desire to see the Library as fully
and as freely used as is consistent with its preservation, — that we
welcome to its privileges all persons whatsoever who are inter-
ested in these subjects, feeling that this is a possession far too
precious to be selfish with.

Discussion.

Francis H. Appleton spoke of the paper just read as an
admirable one, showing as it does the many-sided character of
our collection of books designed to meet the demands of a horti-
cultural library. The points presented today show many dif-
ferent lines of investigation which can be aided by consulting
the classes of books named ; yet not all the classes represented in
this noble collection of books were mentioned. The Library is
rich in books and periodicals devoted to Agriculture, and therefore
valuable to the Agricultural interests of the country generally,
and especially to the Agricultural Experiment Stations. It is a
leader, if not the first, in this line. A glance over Mr. Endicott's

LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY. 187

paper will suggest iniiny lines of iuvestigatioii which individuals
may wish to pursue.

Mr. Appletoa then moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Endi-
cott for the very interesting exposition of the character and value
of the Library, as presented by him today. The motion was
canned unanimously.

On motion of Mr. Appleton, it was voted that the Secre-
tary be requested to send a cop}^ of this lecture to each Horti-
cultural Society, and to each Agricultural Experiment Station
throughout the country.

William C. Strong thought the lecture very timely. It is
necessary that our attention be called to our rich collection of
books, that we may recognize its value. Those of us who are more
familiar with its extent realize that the Library Room is quite inade-
quate properly to accommodate the books, and is so situated as to
be in some respects unsuitable. It is located upon a very noisy
corner. The Society is occupying enormously valuable property,
and is therefore paying very high rent for very inadequate accom-
modations, which are also insecure.

J. D. W. French was glad to hear Mr. Strong's allusion
to the importance of procuring increased room, in more cou.-
venient form, and in a more suitable location. We need a fire-
proof building also. We have had one fire, and have since then
made this building more secure, but not against a great conflagra-
tion. If this building were so destroyed, it could be rebuilt, but
many of our books could not be replaced. He thought the books
were not used as much as they ought to be. The periodicals are
readily accessible, and are used more, but the character and
number of the books are not so easily perceived and understood.
He trusted the valual)le paper just read by INIr. Endicott would be
the means of attracting more attention to the value and extent of
our Library.

Robert Manning, in answer to the call of the essayist on him,
said that when the Society was established the fruit department
was more important than any other. Hence among the earliest
purchases of books were the seven splendid folio volumes of the
new edition by Poiteau and Turpin, of Duhamel's " Arbres Fruit-
iers " (1808-1835), so costly a work that its purchase would even at
this day be a subject for careful consideration. When we recollect
that the only funds of the society at this time were derived from

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

admission fees and assessments, the purchase of so costly a work
shows the importance attached to the Library by the founders of
the Society. The first edition, in two quarto volumes, published
in 1768, the author of which was characterized in Lindley's
Pomological Magazine as " the always accurate Duhamel," was
not procured until many years later. The "Album de Pomol-
ogie," mentioned by Mr. Endicott, was edited by Alexander
Bivort, a friend of Dr. Van Mons, with the assistance of L. E.
Berckmans, who afterwards settled in this country, and will be re-
membered b}' some of our members. He was the father of Pros-
per J. Berckmans, who succeeded Colonel Wilder as President of
the American Pomological Society. The " Annales de Pomol-
ogie " may be considered the successor of the Album. Other
important pomological works are the " Jardin Fruitier," of M.
Decaisne, with colored plates of unrivalled delicacy ; Leroy's
" Dictionnaire de Pomologie," " Le Verger" and " Pomologie G-en-
erale," of M. Mas; " Le Vignoble," by MM. Mas and Pulliat;
tlie " Histoire et Culture des Oranges," of Risso and Poiteau ;
the many volumed treatises of Diel and Sickler ; Lauche's
" Deutsche Pomologie ; " Lucas and Oberdieck's " Handbuch der
Obstkunde ; " and the " Schweizerische Obstsorten." The " Pomo-
logical Magazine," edited by Professor Lindley (known also as the
" Pomona Britannica "), is a work of the highest authority. The
" Catalogue of the Fruits in the Garden of the Horticultural Society
of London," though not possessing the magnificence of those
previously mentioned, is the foundation of all accurate synonymy.
It owes its great value to Robert Thompson, for many years the
head of the Fruit Department in the society's garden at Chiswick,
who was also the author of many descriptions in the Pomolog-
ical Magazine. Of similar character is the " Guide Pratique de
I'Amateur de Fruits," by O. Thomas. The various editions of
the " Fruits and Fruit Trees of America," begun by A. J. Down-
ing and revised and enlarged by Charles Downing, form a noble
monument to the memory of these brothers. It will be remem-
bered that a copy of the rare edition with colored plates was
presented to the Society by Charles Downing but a few years
before his decease. The "Proceedings of the American Pomolog-
ical Society," of which complete sets like ours are rare and valu-
able, is a monument to the memory of Marshall P. Wilder — for
so many years the president of the society, and to whom it was

PROPOSALS FOE MEMBERSHIP. 189

dearer than any other of the many societies with which he was
connected — and his co-laborers. Hovey's " Fruits of America"
is the most pretentious American work on fruits, and the thirty-
four volumes of his " Magazine of Horticulture " contain a vast
amount of pomological information. ''The Fruit Culturist," of
that careful and conscientious writer, John J. Thomas, in its vari-
ous editions, should not be omitted, nor the '•' North American
Pomologist," of Dr. William D. Brinckle, an equally careful and
accurate writer — illustrated with colored plates of native fruits.
The colored plates of fruits in the imperial octavo volume of the
Transactions of this Society (1847-1852) ai-e of the highest
excellence. Time would fail to speak of the many manuals con-
taining descriptions of varieties of every class of fruits, large and
small, with directions for their culture, to be found on our
shelves. This department of the library is perhaps as complete as
any, the purchase of the magnificent " Pomona Italiana," for
which we had been looking many years, having supplied the great-
est desideratum. There are still, however, other books to be
acquired, for which we are on the lookout, and which will be
purchased as soon as they can be found.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication, an-
nounced that on the next Saturday we should have a paper by a
lady which would be as much of a literary treat as Miss Parloa's
was a practical treat — "The Fthics of the Flowers," by Mrs.
Fanuie A. Deaue, of Edgartown.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satuuday, March 19, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooxek, in the chair.

John A. Pray, of Boston, was proposed by O. B. Hadwen, as a
life member of the Society, and Cornelius E. Masten, of Roxbury,
was proposed as a member of the Society by Leverett M. Chase.

Adjourned to Saturday, March '26.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION,

The Ethics of the Flowers.

By Mrs. Fannie A. Dbane, Edgartowa.

Nature has often been compared to an open book whose pages
reveal the most sublime thoughts of the Divine Author, and whose
uncut leaves are but awaiting the knife of the scientist to disclose
their unknown facts for our apprehension. This book is not an
edition de luxe, with its print, binding, and illustrations made at-
tractive for the delight of the rich alone, but the poor man, as
well as his wealthier neighbor, can peruse this great volume, if he
have the will and opportunity.

The gratification which a knowledge of the world around us
affords, or the quickening of our intellectual powers, might be a
good reason for its close and thoughtful study ; but the ethical les-
sons to be deduced from Nature, in her various forms, make that
interesting study, by all mankind, an imperative duty. The illit-
erate and untaught are susceptible to the impressions received by
a knowledge of some elementary law of the physical universe ;
and the most eager and scholarly students have realized their
highest joys in the influences and inspirations which they have re-
ceived from their observations of the more intricate laws and the
workings of the latent forces about them. We may infer, there-
fore, that there is an innate love of Nature in the heart of every
man, and that, through this love, he may be led to the noblest
ideals of life.

Each department of Nature has its own lessons of science or
art, of literature or morals ; but how often is it the case that while
pursuing one lesson, some great truth of another science or art,
or some new thought or plan of action, is revealed to us !

The miner digs into the earth for its hidden treasure, and, as he
descends lower and lower, he not oul}^ discovers the treasure, but
he proves the fact of the increase of temperature with the depth
from the surface, thus getting a lesson in physical geography un-
sought ; the artist learns the chemistry of color as he tones the too
brilliant hues of his copied landscape ; and the geologist who visits
the hot springs of Yellowstone Park, to observe the travertine and
silicious sinter, finds himself investigating the vegetation which
imparts to those deposits their lively tints of yellow, red, and

THE ETHICS OF THE FLOWERS. 191

green. The lustrous gem gives not only lessons in niineralog}^
but also in geometry, and a grain of sand from the shore of old
ocean teaches us not only a lesson in the geographical boundary
line of land and water, but one also in mineralogy, as the power-
ful microscope unfolds its likeness to the brilliant ruby, the clearest
emerald, or the dazzling sapphire.

Not only is one art or science developed by the knowledge of
another art or science, but from the researches into this great book
of Nature, as a whole or in either of its parts, are evolved those
practical truths which have been the foundation of all good govern-
ment and human prosperity, but which, when perverted, tend to
anarchy and the uprooting of healthy moral principles.

As we ascend the snow-capped mountain or stand on a rock-
bound coast, we receive lessons tending toward strength and
fortitude of character ; we may be incited to sublime and noble
actions by the crested waves which roll with such volume and
anon burst in thundering tones upon our Atlantic shores, or by the
wondrous combination of beauty and grandeur in the river can-
yons ; indeed, we may study with Ruskin the dust, so full of
mineral wealth, and gather from it lessons either of beautj',
usefulness, and happiness, or we may pervert its true teachings
and become proud, envious, and avaricious.

Although all Nature teaches us such impressive lessons, there
is no one of its departments so constantly reminding us of some
great truth or code for the guidance of human action as the
realm of the flowers. What, then, are the ethics of the flowers?
One would need to write a voluminous history to record the ethics
or moral lessons of flowers which have been learned by nations
and individuals in the past.

They have been taught from the day when " the Lord God
planted a garden eastward in ICden, and there He put the man
whom He had formed," until the day when St. Peter taught im-
mortality from the crown of flowers, and when, in later history,
the Scandinavian poet, inspired by the sight of the flowers twined
about the shields of the warriors, sang a song of moral philosophy
to the king, when he wrote :

*• Know, ITelge, it becomes a king
Gentle to be, though bold,
As flowers adorn the shield."

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Whole nations have, in the past, learned humility from the
broom flower, charity from the flower-de-luce, modesty from the
violet and mignonette, and enduring friendship from the forget-
me-not. It is not the purpose of this paper, however, to review
at length the ethics of flowers which other nations have received,
but rather to glance at our own country, and endeavor to find
what instruction our American nation has gathered, and may, in
the future, gather, fi-om her flowers. There is not one individual
among us whose character is not strengthened by a love of a
sound morality. It is for us, in the very springtime of our
American Continent, to devise a system of ethics which will make
the future history of our republic without fault or blemish. It
was a love of moral principle that made such men as Luther,
Cromwell, and our own beloved Lincoln stand foremost as bene-
factors of their respective nations.

From the flowers we are taught the ethics for our times —
ethics that may be profitable for us as individual citizens to know,
ethics that if heeded will make of us a nation whose influence
shall be without limit.

When Cabot and other early explorers came to our continent,
they found the wild flowers in great profusion, turning their petals
eastward to the sun as if to welcome the stranger guests. The
wild flowers, as a class of flowers, have ever since taught us les-
sons of hospitality, but, more than all, have given us ideas of phi-
lanthropy. As Mary Howitt so beautifully writes, it is

" Less that they are so beautiful
« Than that they are so plentiful,

So free for every child to pull,"

that we welcome the blossom-time of the wild flowers. Springing
up everywhere in our pathway, they are teaching us of the benev-
olence of the Creator, and are impelling us, by their example, to
bestow our wealth to benefit as many as possible. The wild
flowers, by their quiet, unpretentious existence, remind us that
ideas arising in the minds of the humblest individuals, when con-
stantly agitated by them, until at last promulgated by those of
greater influence, have led to the greatest philanthropic move-
ments that the world has ever known.

The idea of the spherical form of the earth, which was sug-
gested to a poor Italian, and which he laid before so many regal

THE ETHICS OF THE FLOWERS. 193

thrones, and which, at Inst, the discouraged sailor was enabled to
carry out successfully by the assistance of Queen Isabella, led to
one of the greatest philanthropic movements ever recorded in
histor}'. What man, even though he be a king, can ever bestow
such a gift again ?

The Western Continent, with its treasures of gold, silver, and
copper, its wealth of diamonds, its luxuriant beauty of tree and
flower, and its unparalleled variety and grandeur of scenery, was
a royal gift to the world. Let it be granted that the Chinese,
Norse, or Dutch came here first : the world was not possessed of
more knowledge nor made the better because they came. Colum-
bus has given a country of equal rights for all. With our love of
the wild flower comes our appreciation of later acts of philan-
thropy than that of the great discoverer. We have read with
wondering delight of the plans of courageous and self-sacrificing
men who made themselves homes in the new laud.

May it not be true that it was the sight of the trailing arbutus,
that modest but courageous flower, the first flower to greet the
sick and weary Pilgrims, that gave an earnest impetus toward the
civilization of America, a land which then was so new and unex-
plored? So beautiful in tint, of such sweet fragrance, and so re-
tiring in its beneficence, reminding us, as Whittier so beautifully
expresses the thought,

" Of lives thus lowly, clogged, and pent,

Which yet find room,
Through care and cumber, coldness and decay.

To lend a sweetness to the ungenial day.
And make the sad earth happier for their bloom," —

may it not have been through this flower that a lesson of philan-
thropy was given to our forefathers at the very beginning of our
nation's life? Other nutions were allowed to come and partake of
that glorious liberty which they enjoyed, and, although there may
have been, occasionally, an unfriendly jarring, or the dire form of
war because of unsettled boundary lines, the spirit of philan-
thropy has spread until now almost every known tongue of the
Eastern World may be heard on the streets of our cities, and only
John Chinaman, hke the brown leaves of our arbutus, is to be dis-
carded.

It was not solely for love of gold that men like Oglethorpe,

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Calvert, and Williams founded colonies in the New World, but that
the poor debtor or the persecuted Christian might have a peaceful
home ; it was not for love of gold that men like Humboldt or Kalm
made their extensive researches on this side of the Atlantic, but
that they might become possessed of botanical knowledge which
should benefit the world.

The spirit of philanthropy inculcated by the arbutus and other
flowers has extended from generation to generation. Can we
doubt this when men like Peabody have given their millions for
founding homes for the poor, and for promoting education among
all classes of people? Queen Victoria, perhaps, was wise when she
offered him a baronetcy, but he was wiser than she when he re-
fused the honor. No empty title was his, but his benevolence had
gained for him the royal gift of the people's love on both sides of
the great ocean.

True philanthropy, or love to man, consists not alone in the
bestowal of money, but is shown in the humanitarianism of a
Beecher, and in the moral heroism of a Garrison or a Phillips.
Those men who today are leaders in our great reforms have been
■imbued with an earnest, conscientious spirit of love to their broth-
ei's, and, in their fearless utterances of bold and decisive truth, are
but imparting the lessons of the courageous and philanthropic wild
.flowers.

All the great schemes for pecuniary aid to mankind in our day
seem to be either for the purpose of assisting colleges and other
schools, or for lifting up the very poorest and lowest classes of
society. Do not the flowers appeal also to us for that class of in-
telligent and industrious citizens who have toiled through a great
part of their lives on small salaries, and have, by force of circum-
stances, no means of support in old age? Is there not some heart
large enough to solve this problem by establishing some fund
from which annuities can be paid to deserving citizens of this
kind ?

Closely interlinked with the thought of philanthropy is the law
of unselfishness. Blooming in every spot that sunlight can pene-
trate, taking ofttimes the most lowly forms in the marsh or pond,
or swinging the bell-like corolla from the crevice of the rock, now
hiding its brilliant coloring far beneath the snowy carpet, or
choosing the highest part of some dangerous cliff, the flower
would impress the duty and pleasure of unselfishness upon us.

THE ETHICS OF THE FLOWERS. 195

The old idea that a man must look out for hhnself to the exclu-
sion of his neighbor is not an obsolete one today. No imagery
can depict the injuries of this hideous monster to individual, town,
or nation. The pampered child, the schoolboy who demands so
much from his fellows and yields not a point in his games, be-
comes the selfish business man or government official.

"When, in the history of our nation, have come days like those
which followed the attack upon Fort Sumter, and the selfish ambi-
tions of certain leaders have well-nigh plunged our country into
despair, it is then that we have looked about us for means to pre-
vent a future recurrence of such a calamity. Cannot we who are
constantly associated with children teach them a lesson of unsel-
fishness from the flowers, so far that the idea of crowding out
their neighbors may not become an all-absorbing passion w^hen
they arrive at manhood ?

It is said that when the Archduke Maximilian and his accom-
plished wife Charlotte accepted the empire of Mexico, and crossed
the sea to take possession of their new dominions, supported by
the French, they wished to institute an order to be bestowed as a
mark of favor upon all those whom they desired to honor. The
empress decided that the color of the ribbon of the order should
be red. Napoleon III. objected, because red was the color of his
own Order of the Legion of Honor, and he did not choose to have
it copied. Indignant at his selfishness, yet full of spirit, the
young empress inclosed a poppy leaf in a letter to the emperor,
and wrote that the Order of Nature was before the Order of the
Legion of Honor, and that she chose her ribbon from the hue
of the poppy.

As each floweret finds room to unfold its petals in its own sweet
dignity, and there is enough sunlight for each, so in this world of
ours eacli man may find for himself a niche where he may stand
and reflect the beauties of a noble and generous character in his
dealings with his fellow-men.

The rivalry of autliors, the inclination of a book publisher to
advertise the writings of his own brother and wife more exten-
sively than those of others just as worthy, the selfish ambition of
a broker to control certain stocks, which has often resulted in
forgery or suicide, or perchance in the explosion of dynamite to
further ambitious schemes, ami the aspirations of an olllcer who
would sacrifice his country if only he might be re-elected to office.

19(3 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are couvincing evidences of the need of an early mind-culture in
this regard.

If indi\dduals be generous, the nation will not be selfish and
exclusive. Among the political philosophies of olden time the
boundary line of one's nation included all the human beings to
whom he owed any duty of love or care. The State was sacred.
Today, although willing, if need be, to defend our rights, let the
flowers teach us as a nation to be in accord with other nations,
thus recognizing the unselfish love of our brother man as the true
force which holds the moral world in harmony.

Exotic as well as indigenous flowers, the cultivated as well as
the wild flowers, teach us the need and helpfulness of variety in
our lives. There is no monotony in flower-land. Something new
in flower is ever being presented to us. An old flower with a new
costume meets our eye when we look at the pansy of today ; the
wild rose, with its scanty dress, has been transformed into a
flower whose petals fold into the regal robes of a La France or
the rich drapiugs of an American Beauty.

The Caucasian race is a restless race. It demands variety, and
a dull, prosaic life would deprive it of half the charm of life.
Perhaps no better example of the necessity of change in occupa-
tion, and the benefits resulting from it, can be found than that of
Henry Ward Beecher. When he advised young ministers to give
time for the garden as a means of relaxation, he said : " I speak
with moderation when I sa}' that all the estates of the richest
dukes in England could not have given me the pleasure I have felt
when riding through the unoccupied prairies bright with wild
flowers, or by the waysides rich with the coloring that Nature, un-
assisted, so bountifully bestowed."

The flowers, then, which delight us with their variety of form
and color, have taught the American nation a lesson of healthful
change ; have taught them to look onward from the weariness of
labor to the restfulness of home, to devise new methods and plans,
to discover hidden forces which shall lighten labor, and, by their
application to the old ways of industry, cause them to yield
greater and more speedy results.

On the eve of the nineteenth century began in Europe the great
modern revolution. With the new and masterly truths of science
and their application, the middle class of people began an era of
prosperity, and grew noble withal through their noble deeds. So

THE ETHICS OF THE FLOWERS. 197

after our Civil War, the middle class was changed in position ;
some by their heroic acts made themselves famous, and raonev
was more universally spread among the people. The further ap-
lilication of steam power, the extent to which electricity is trans-
forming our landscapes into visions of beauty, the new ideas of
train telegraphy, and the late idea of Edison which would enable
us to telegraph by induction on land and sea, without the aid of
wire or cable, the electric fans which blow the smoke from the
guns on a fighting ship out of the turrets, — all these, together
with the successful experiments in forcing the growth and blos-
soming of plants by electricity, are changing entirely our meth-
ods of business life, and our old ideas of military needs or of
horticulture.

Shall we grumble that this change has been accomplished, and
that men can now give time to a little rational enjoyment in the
homes which have been saved to them by these improvements and
inventions ?

It is said that one is never tired of the endless variety of plants in
the garden of the Nizam at Hyderabad, India, there being six mil-
lions of potted plants alone, besides the multitude of larger ones.
These cultivators in India have had the experience of centuries
to teach them the art of arranging plants so as to produce the
most varied and charming effects ; but although in America we
are but beginners in floriculture when compared with India, yet
we are gathering lessons from the multitudinous varieties of our
own flowers that compel us to come out from the narrow grooves
into which we have fitted ourselves heretofore, and make our lives
broader by adapting ourselves easily to the successive changes in
our times.

We are not to derive ideas of fickle government, however, from
this variety in the flower-world. As the rose is a rose still, not-
witlistanding its loveliness may be increased by its new tints and
multiplicity of petals, so our government remains intact, while
its influence and power are redoul)led because of its added strength
from intellectual development. Let us, then, greet the new plans
which our younger America may devise with something more of
hearty good-will than was accorded us by our ancestors, and
read between Nature's pencil-like tracings upon the delicate pet-
als the signs of our times.

To be the most useful person, one must be a cheerful person.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Do we cultivate our plants in a darkened room ? As nearly all
plants require light to bring their blossoms to perfect symmetry,
so our characters should impart cheering influences to those with
whom we are associated. The flowers compel us to be cheerful.

No influence from them is so clearly manifested or more potent.
Who ever saw a morose florist, or who ever saw a woman in
more happy mood than when busy among the flowers? Is not
the home more cheerful for even one blossom placed within it?
Then will not our community and nation be correspondingly
cheered as the love of flowers is increased?

Cheerfulness, grace, sympathy, and adaptation for every occasion
and emergency, the Divine law of order, wise and cultivated con-
versation, which Emerson called the last flower of civilization, and
moral beauty of character, — these are some of the home lessons
of the flowers.

The festhetic mind, as it meditates upon the flowers, can only
see the form which it wishes to convey to the canvas ; but when
the canvas has received its flower-type and the brush is laid
aside, that mind must lack much of culture, if it fail to discover
within the corolla the charm of that moral beauty of which it
is a fitting emblem.

There is an old German tradition concerning the origin of the
moss rose, which says that an angel bent on a work of love came
down to earth as mortal. He was grieved at man's sin and want,
and he looked in vain for a place to lay his weary head. At
last he found a shelter in this rose, and left a proof of bis love
to remain with it, when he gathered " the green moss around the
stem," bade it defy the winds, so that it now,

" Shielded thus in its brilliant dyes,
Gives signs of an angel's power."

And as of the moss rose, so the poet might have sung of many
another flower. Our nation's welfare will be best promoted when
the homes are the purest, and when they are filled with that hap-
piness and content which flowers have ever symbolized.

Perhaps the American nation has no need to be reminded that
the flowers teach energy and diligence as well as sweetness and
delicate passiveness. We are, with the exception of a few sec-
tions of country, a diligent people. Are not the buzzing of our
mills and the clicking of our wires heard all over the world?

THE ETHICS OF THE FLOWERS. 199

Are we not before long to show to all the world our educational
systems, our mining industries, our manufactured articles, our
electrical inventions, our mechanical appliances, our Western
grains, and our Californian fruits? Can we not with pride ex-
hibit the rapid progress we have made in four hundred years, and
especially within one hundred years, in the architecture of our
residences and our public buildings? Shall we not point out to
our visitors, our miles of railroads and our lines of steamboats,
to convince them of our industry and progress?

May we not especially call their attention to our displaj'S of
flowers to give them one of the best proofs of our diligence? We
can show them our Massachusetts orchids and chrysanthemums in
contrast with the simplest flower of field or swamp which was
known to the Indian '•' medicine men."

Will not the energy of the horticulturist and the patience with
which he waits for the development of some new floral creation
teach us as a nation, as the flowers have long since taught him,
that a well-directed energy, an energy not hampered nor dwarfed
through fear of offence to one or another section of country,
nor biassed by the opinions of foreign powers, will make us a
prosperous and really independent nation?

As we look down the columns of our daily papers, we can but
notice the generous space allowed for records of different athletic
games and sports. Whether the red ribbon of Harvard or the
blue badge of Yale has received greater honor from its champion
rowers or trained football-team seems to be, for the day, a
momentous question. Perhaps this is well-directed energy, in
that it tends to make strong and healthy youth — youth that by
and by, in an encounter with some formidable ( ?) foreign power
like Chili, may perform commendable service for their country.
We would not underrate this means of developing muscle ; but
would it not be a less dangerous preparation for life's perilous ad-
ventures and battles, bringing reduced bills from college surgeons,
to establish a competition in the ornamentation of college grounds?
Be3'ond the planting of the class ivy or the occasional class tree,
does the student ever think of beautifying the classic soil of Alma
Mater? If students were inspired by a love of the flowers, a
small amount of exercise in that direction might lead to a more
general development of muscle, and at the same time stimulate
the powers of the intellect so tliat the student j-hoald come forth

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from his university life as well fortified for future contests as
under the excessive exercise of foot and arms, at the expense
ofttimes of both heart and head. Oh that the flowers may teach
our younger citizens the evil influence of misdirected energy and
wasted time, so that they may know that our nation is looking to
them for a perpetuation of the great truths which have been the
foundations of our nation's prosperity !

If it be essential to American politics that we have a national
gymnasium at Washington for free training in boxing and wrest-
ling, as has been recently intimated, is it not a real need that our
government make an appropriation for a national school of horti-
culture in the same city, or some more desirable location, in order
that the United States may dignify horticulture, and that these
younger citizens may be well prepared for an honorable occu-
pation? The old jingle, " For Uncle Sam is rich enough to buy
us all a farm," is doubtless true, and certainly our government
can afford space and money enough for a garden which might
compete with Kew or outrival St. Louis. What would be a
greater attraction or benefit than a garden of this kind, with a
national school of horticulture in its vicinity? Eveiy loyal heart
is made more loyal by the sight of his country's flowers. They
are to him like a glimpse of his nation's flag. The flags have
been raised over our school-houses to instil patriotism into the
hearts of our children ; so the modest violet revived the courage
of the French when Napoleon was at Elba, and held them as his
subjects. Altliough we have, as yet, no national flower, and our
republicanism would exclude the idea of a royal flower, yet our
indigenous flowers breathe forth a love of native soil and excite
a spirit of loyalty in every American heart. Cannot this loyalty
be inci'eased by the teachings of a school of horticulture ? A
joint committee of the Gardeners' Company and the Royal Horti-
cultural Society of England are considering the subject of a
technical school of horticulture in that country, for the purpose of
imparting education in the principles and practice of the cultiva-
tion of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, and will secure laud for
practical lessons in gardening if the school be established. Some
of our own citizens are advising the introduction of text books on
horticulture into our public schools. Both of these plans are
calculated to increase the sentiment of loyalty to native land.

The integrity of a nation is its strongest foundation for pros-

THE ETHICS OF THE FLOWERS. 201

perity. Washington said, " Tlie propitious smiles of Heaven can
never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of
order and right." Ever}- flower is true to the germ from which it
springs. The bulb of a lily never produces a sunflower, but pro-
duces a lily as true in pattern and as delicate in fragrance as was
the ancestral lily. We reverence truth throughout all Nature ; it
meets us everywhere in flower-land. With Newton, we might
feel ourselves as only " youth picl<ing up shells by the great ocean
— truth." If Newton, philosopher that he was, felt like a beginner
in the study of scientific truth, we, as a nation, are but young in
our conceptions of the glorious rewards which await a nation
whose watchword is integrity. Is there not danger that party
aggrandizement or a fear of losing personal popularity may
sometimes cause us to waver from a strictly upright course? Our
momentous issues of tariff and silver reform can be decided by
no' better laws or principles than those which are based upon the
firm foundation of truth.

The famous rose bush of Hildesheim is said to be fully eight
hundred years old. It is called the oldest and most famous bush in
the European world. It died to the ground during the latter half
of the last century, and its present height of thirty feet rep-
resents a hundred and ten years of growth. Year after year,
century after century, has this noted bush blossomed for the
delight of those who live in this little town in Germany. So will
our republic have a long life, if its acts are founded in honest}-
as firmly as are founded in the earth the roots of this venerable
rose bush.

Flowers, oftentimes, teach forcibly through their representa-
tions. When one enters upon his work of art in such a spirit of
consecration as is attributed to that " painter of beautiful dreams,"
Albert Moore, so that even the engravings of his paintings,
" Rose Leaves," " Midsummer," and "• Yellow Marguerites " con-
vey to us such ideas of restful beauty, when the flower name is
so true a description of the faces in the pictures, we catch then a
glimmer of the moral beauty of character which the flowers would
impart to us.

Not only are the ethics of flowers taught through the pictured
thoughts of great masters, but there can be no more lieautiful
relations of flower and mind than are taught in the writings of
Shakespeare and Shelley. Shakespeare fills our minds with an

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

intense love for the flowers, as he interprets their language for us ;
and Shelley, when he writes of the

" Lily of the vale,
Whom youth makes so fair, and passion so pale,
That the light of her tremulous bells is seen
Through their pavilions of tender green,"

makes real the impression which the mind receives from the flower.
Both writers seem to impart new life and even soul to the wild
flowers and cause them to shed their influence upon us, thereby
bestowing an experience of the tenderest and most exquisite
emotions possible to humanity.

These types of the flowers, whether in picture, poesy, or sculpt-
ure, are but indifferent teachers, however, when compared with
the living flowers. As individuals we listen to their teachings
of honorable dealing and loyalty, of true friendship and all those
traits of character which constitute it. How to apply them to our
nation so that our government shall be a government dictated by
a love of moral beauty, and not one to crumble into the debris of
moral ugliness, is a question which we shall be wise to consider.
As sometimes architectural decorations become abused by unnat-
ural arrangements of wreath or festoon, so a good government may
be destroyed by enemies within its borders — its unloyal citizens.
Let not this calamity befall our republic while her flowers continue
to bloom in such profusion and loveliness. As time moves on,
and the possibilities of horticulture shall become grander and
more magnificent than we can now imagine or foretell, so our
republic in its glorious liberty and in its wonderful progress of
enlightenment, shall arrive at the acme of national honor and
prosperity, if she but listen to the ethics of her flowers.

Discussion.

Benjamin P. Ware had listened with a great deal of interest and
pleasure to the reading of this paper. It takes a broad ground in
the consideration of topics of general interest. We have been
given much food for thought in the unusual application of the in-
fluences of the beautiful productions of nature. He had been
filled with delight and admiration not only by the novelty of the
horticultural art-studies presented, but by the happy illustrations

EESOLUTIONS OF THANKS. 203

from government and many other aspects of our public social life.
He moved a vote of thanks to Mrs. Deane for her very pleasing-
address, which motion was unanimously carried.

The Cliairman of the Committee on Discussion announced for
the next Saturday a paper upon " The Relation of the United
States Weather Bureau to Agriculture," by J. W. Smith, Forecast
Official of the United States Weather Bureau, in charge of the
Boston Station.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 26, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

John F. Newton, of Roxbury, and Henry C. Cottle, of Boston,
were proposed by Charles E. Richardson ; F. A. Peutterich, of
Cambridge, by Edwin A. Hall ; and Walter S. Parker, of Read-
ing, by Leverett M. Chase, as members of the Society.

The following preamble and resolutions, presented by ex-Presi-
dent William C. Strong, were unanimously passed :

For so long a time that the memory of the present generation
runneth not to the contrary, the "Boston Evening Transcript"
has been the medium for the publication of the reports of the
meetings and exhibitions of this Society — a relation brought
about by the fact that Henry W. Dutton, Esq., the senior member
of the firm which founded the " Transcript," early became a mem-
ber of the Society, in which he soon rose to a prominent position,
both as a practical horticulturist and a wise counsellor. Almost
since the commencement of these meetings for discussion the
"Transcript" has published abstracts, more or less full, of the
pai)ers read and the discussions thereon, and for the last ten years
we have had laid upon our table at every meeting copies of the
report of the meeting the Saturday previous. The Society deems
this a fitting occasion to make grateful acknowledgment of the
assistance it has thus received in promoting the objects for which
it was established, and it is therefore

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Massachusetts Ilorti-

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultural Society be presented to the Boston Transcript Com-
pany, and especially to the treasurer, William Durant, Esq., long
a member and a steadfast friend of the Society, for the exceed-
ingly valuable services they have rendered in diffusing the in-
formation on horticulture gathered at the meetings held by the
Society for the discussion of subjects pertaining thereto.

Resolved., That this preamble and resolutions be entered on the
records of the Society, and that a copy be sent by the Secretary
to the Boston Transcript Company.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Relation of the Work of the Weather Bureau to
Agriculture.

By J. W. Smith, Local Forecast OfHcial, United States Weather Bureau, in charge of the

Boston Station.

The subject of my remarks this morning is the relation of the
work of the Weather Bureau to Agriculture. I shall first take up
the origin of the service and its early history, then speak bi'iefly of
its work and methods, and finally mention some plans for the
future. It was established by Act of Congress February 9, 1870,
and its care and supervision were placed in the hands of Brigadier-
General Albert J. Myer, the Chief Signal Officer of the Army ;
hence its name, until recently, was " Signal Service." It was
strictly military in its organization, the employees all being
oflScers and enlisted men of the army. A school of instruction
was established at Fort Whipple, Va., the name of which has
since been changed to Fort Myer, in honor of the first chief of the
service. The Act establishing the service was the first govern-
ment legislation looking to a National Weather Bureau ; its first
work was the beginning of official elTort to solve the problem of
the American weather. The duties, as set forth in the Act estab-
lishing the service, are to take and record-meteorological observa-
tions, and report and give notice by electric telegraph of the
approach and force of storms, for the benefit of commerce and
agriculture. On November 1, 1870, the actual work began with
the 7.35 A.M. observations, taken synchronously at twenty-four
stations. The elements of observation were temperature and

THE WEATHER BUREAU AND AGRICULTURE. 205

pressure of the air, also the per cent of moisture or relative
humidity; temperature of the dew-point; direction, force, and
velocity of the wind ; kinds and amount of clouds ; amount of
precipitation ; rain or melted snow in inches and hundredths ;
character of the sky ; and the state of the weather. In addition
to this a record of all special phenomena, such as auroras, halos,
thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, earthquakes, etc., was
required. The data were telegraphed to the Central Office at
Washington at stated times, and from thence transmitted in the
same manner to offices located at the commercial centres of the
country. The observers disseminated the information thus re-
ceived through the medium of the daily papers, by the public dis-
play of bulletins, and by other methods.

The foundation was now laid, and it proved to be on a rock and
ready for the building of what is now the finest weather-service in
the world. Nearly all civilized countries now have weather ser-
vices of more or less extent and efficiency, but with tlie exception
of the study of the climate and some of the special phenomena b}'
the European services, we are far ahead. Our system of obser-
vations and the manner of collecting the data and of putting the
information before the public are incomparable.

The public, however, were not long satisfied with tabulated re-
ports of observations and bulletins of thermal ranges and barom-
etric pressures. The attention of scientists and the learned
people of the country was attracted and their interest aroused,
and the}' soon demanded deductions looking to the benefit of com-
merce, marine interests, and agriculture. The pre-announcement
of future weather conditions and changes, and the approach and
force of storms ; warnings of cold waves, early and destructive
frosts, freshets, and floods, were expected. In order to fulfil these
requirements the chief of the service called to his aid learned
meteorologists and scientists, and on the lUth of February, 1871,
one year and ten days from the passage of the Act establishing
the service, began the issue of the probabilities and a synopsis of
the weather conditions. The probabilities, afterward known as
indications and now as forecasts, were indirectly in the interest
of agriculture.

The next step to receive consideration was the display of storm-
signals at stations on the seaboard and the Great Lakes, giving
warning of dangerous wind-storms. The first warning-signals were

206 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

displayed at twenty stations on the Lakes and the Atlantic and
Gulf coasts, the display being made by means of large flags by
day and colored lights by night. These have proven of such im-
portance that now there is a chain of these warning-stations ex-
tending from the mouth of the Rio Grande river to Eastport, Me.,
and throughout the Great Lakes, as well as along the Pacific coast.
The large ocean-steamers care little for the ordinary storms, but
the owners of sailing vessels and the coast steamers watch the
signals carefully and are guided by them. So step by step the
work has advanced for twenty years. The observing-stations have
increased to over a hundred and fifty, nearly all being provided
with continuously self-recording instruments. In addition to
these there are over two thousand voluntary observer stations, all
doing work under the direction of the government ; there is a special
department for the study of cold waves, and warnings can now be
given of their approach from twelve to thirty-six hours before they
reach us, and a system for displaying this information has been
established for the benefit of growers and shippers of perishable
goods ; a system is also in use for displaying by flags and mill
whistles the daily weather forecasts from thirty-six to forty hours
in advance.

The great territory of the United States has been divided into
districts and the special interest of each looked after ; and as the
issue of the probabilities was indirectly in the interests of agri-
culture, it is with this division into districts and the special study
of each that the direct cooperation with the farmer, the bone and
sinew of our great country, began.

In the cotton belt a special system of rainfall observations and
temperature for the benefit of the planter and dealer has been
begun, and it is remarkable how carefully these reports are studied
by the dealers here in Boston. A heavy rain or cold wave there
will vary the price here very much, and as a large part of the
cotton spindles of the United States are turned by the Merrimac
river and almost every pound of cotton is bought through the
Boston offices, you can readily see what the value of the knowledge
is. In the early strawberry season, when the New Jersey crop is
being iiarvested, the information of a heavy I'ain there will greatly
vary the price in the exchange. The flood warnings throughout
the great valleys of the Mississippi are of incalculable value ;
thousands and thousands of acres of the must productive land

THE WEATHER BUREAU AND AGRICULTURE. 207

that the sun shines on are subject to the overflow of the Father
of Waters, and for years the service has been successful in giving
timely warnings of the approach of these floods. Through the
observations of the service it has become known that hundreds of
square miles of land in the western part of our country, which a
few years ago were considered little better than a desert, have
seasonable rains and therefore are valuable for cultivation. I
might go on and tell you how the observations are being utilized
for the study of our climate in relation to health, how the daily
forecasts are depended on by almost every branch of industry,
and how scientists are studying the vast amount of data collected,
to ascertain if possible whether our climate is changing.

This last point is of much interest, both scientifically and practi-
cally. Perhaps some of you read what Professor W. M. Davis of
Harvard University said to a " Globe " reporter some weeks ago on
the subject. He said that " we speak of an old-fashioned storm
or an old-fashioned winter, just as if such storms or winters had
gone out of fashion now, and that this habit of referring to severe
winters in the past may be caused by some such state of mind as
that produced by the arrangement of telegraph poles along a road.
Those near to us seem to be far apart, but as we look back they
seem to be much nearer together. So it is in relation to the storms
of years ago. Strong impressions made by heavy storms remain,
and the space of pleasant weather between the storms is forgotten
until we remember the storms as though they were crowded to-
gether. As a matter of fact," he continues, " severe storms occur
just about as fz*equently now as they did in the past."

We are asked a great many times how we make these forecasts,
and on what ground we give warnings of approaching frosts or
heavy storms ; and among many minds no distinction is made be-
tween the regular Weather Bureau official and some Wiggin or
Vennor or the old almanac-makers. But the distinction is very
wide and simple : while the Weather Bureau official makes a defi-
nite forecast for a definite time in advance, and tries to tell you
just when the temperature will begin to rise or fall, and what the
wind and weather will be to-morrow or next day, the astronomical
meteorologists will say, " About this date there will be a storm,"
or " Between the 25th of September and the 5th of October, look
out for a frost," without saying where the storm will occur, or
that a year almost never passes without a frost between the 25th
of September and the 5th of October.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The observers at all these regular Weather Bureau stations take
the observations twice each day, at 8 o'clock A.M. and P.M., and
telegraph the result to Washington ; there charts are made, and
part of the data are telegraphed to the central stations all over the
country, where maps are made for their immediate vicinity. On
these charts or maps is expressed — by figures and symbols — the
exact weather-conditions at each station, and then by drawing a
system of lines — isobars and isotherms — we can indicate differ-
ent weather-areas or waves of good and bad weather. Then,
knowing the laws of storms, by just a glance over the charts or
maps, one can tell what weather conditions we are liable to have
to-night or to-morrow, and in some cases several days in advance.
The issue of these maps is one of the most important duties of the
local officers now. The office here at Boston is tlje birthplace of
this map, and it is here that most of the improvements have been
made in the appearance of the map and in the system for printing
a large number of copies in a short space of time. The results of
observations taken on the Pacific coast at 8 o'clock this morning
were being entered on the chart here in Boston at 9.80, together
with those from all over the country, and by noon, or a little after,
the map is ready for the mail. Boston issues now about eight
hundred and fifty copies a day.

Our air is constantly in motion, — not only the surface wind, but
the whole envelope of air, — and the waves of dense or rarefied air
are indicated by the barometer ; and it has been found that areas
of low barometric pressure are accompanied by clouds and rain
and warm weather, and that the areas of high pressure are accom-
panied by clear, cold weather. Another important law is that the
wind always blows from an area of fair weather with high baromet-
ric pressure toward a stormy area, or one with clouds and low
pressure, and the velocity of the wind depends on the sharpness
of the gradient — as it is expressed — or difl:erence in the density
of the air. Hence a storm does not always mean rain or snow,
but means a decided disturbance of the atmosphere indicated by
stormy surface-winds which move from place to place. A cyclone
is a very large storm, of from five hundred to one thousand miles
in diameter, with entirely different weather-conditions in different
parts of it, and movmg at an average rate of six hundred miles a day
across the country. They do not spring up in a few hours and fade
away again as quickly, but are generally several days in forming,

THE WEATHER BUREAU AND AGRICULTURE. 209

and then thej^ generally move thousands of miles before dissipat-
ing. In our latitude they always move toward the east, not di-
rectly from west to east, but in an easterly direction. In the
cyclone we have the winds blowing inward from all directions and
spirally upward ; on the eastern side, in our Latitude and longi-
tude, they are blowing from a warm to a colder region, and they
generally give clouds and precipitation ; on the western side, they
are blowing in the cold currents from the north, and the weather
is generally clear, though sometimes accompanied by squally, rough
weather. Anti-cyclones are the opposite of cyclones, and are
marked by the returning air-currents. They also move toward the
east and represent the crests of the air waves, while the cyclones
represent the troughs.

The cyclones pass eastward over the United States in three gen-
eral classes. The most frequent path is over the Lakes and down
the St. Lawrence Valley to the north of New England. These
give us, Grst, easterly winds, then backing to southerly and in-
creasing in force, with rising temperature, clouds, and generally
light precipitation. As the storm-centre passes to the G-ulf , the
wind backs to west or northwest and clearing weather obtains.
The second path is from the Mississippi Valley toward the Gulf
of Mexico to our southern coast, and then northeastward up the
Atlantic coast. The third class and the least frequent are the
West India hurricanes. These form somewhere in the tropics and
move northwestward until somewhere in the vicinity of our south-
eastern coast, where they curve toward the east and move north-
east up our coast ; they are the most severe of any. Each of the
last two classes gives us high northeasterly winds, and, if it be
in winter, heavy snoAV-storms. Thus by tracing the path of the
three classes we can see why New England has so much weather,
and why our days of clouds and storms and our days of fair
weather and sunshine follow each other with such irregularity.

Some of the special lines of work which the bureau is now
taking up through its several branches are : collecting accurate
meteorological records for climatic investigation in relation to the
growth of crops and the health conditions ; the collection of re-
liable crop-information and the weather affecting crops, and the
issue of weekly crop-bulletins through the summer seasou ; more
special and specific weather-forecasts bv the local forecast
officials and a wider dissemination of these forecasts in the agri-

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultural districts, and the establishment of frost-warning systems
throughout the fruit, tobacco, and cranberry growing sections.

The collection of records for climatic study is done by the reg-
ular stations and by the voluntary observers. We often speak of
the climate of a State or country, but it is found that not only
does the climate of countries and States differ, but that each town
and each man's farm has a climate peculiar to itself, and that the
study of the climate of your farm and its influence on the growing
crops will not apply to your neighbor's. We can never hope to
establish a station for studying the climate on each man's farm,
although there is no question that each farmer would be bene-
fited if he should pay more attention to the study of the climate
and its relation to his several ci'ops. We do hope to see the time
when accurate records may be kept in every town ; we now have
about a hundred and fifty in all New England, and nearly one-
half of these are in Massachusetts. The State Agricultural Exper-
iment Stations are seeing the importance of some investigation in
regard to climate and plants in both this and other countries.
Through the summer months a large number of crop-corre-
spondents are enlisted all over the country for the purpose of
gathering reliable information on the progress of the crops and
the effect which the weather is having upon them. This informa-
tion is condensed and issued in weekly crop-bulletins, and by
following these bulletins from week to week one can make a cor-
rect estimate on the condition of any crop in the country, or in
any State or county. This is one of the most practical works that
the Weather Bureau is doing, and we are now enlisting the volun-
tary services of men in different sections of New England for the
summer. We furnish blanks, and welcome reports from any
reliable men who will send them weekly for the information which
we can give them through the bulletins.

With the transfer of the Weather Bureau to the Agricultural
Department, twenty local forecast officials were appointed. The
country has since been divided into districts, and each official is
instructed to make special study of the weather for his district
and forecast for the same. This is what they are doing, and
through the coming summer it will be the special effort of the
officials in New England to predict for different crops and for dif-
ferent weather as the crops are affected by it. Beginning with Jan-
uary 1, 1802, the forecasts are made for a longer time in advance.

THE WEATHER BUEEAU AND AGRICULTURE. 211

Now the forecast received by the displayman in the early morning
covers the probable weather until midnight, and those received
about noon indicate the weather until 8 P.M. of the following
day. Tlie forecasts are telegraphed to centres and there the dis-
play is made by flags or by mill whistles. Thus the probable
weather for one day can be indicated on the previous afternoon.
This must be of much importance during the summer months.

A special study has recently been made of the cold waves, and
it has been found that they originate up in the far northwest, over
the great plains of British America, and then sweep down over
the country. Like the storm areas, they come in three classes,
although they do not follow the same paths as do the latter. One
class may be designated as those which spread from Manitoba
down over the Lakes and New England ; they are of short dura-
tion, but are sharp, and the temperature falls low and rapidly. A
second class spread down over the Great Plains, across the Missis-
sippi Valley, and then over the whole eastern coast ; these are of
much longer duration, and sometimes cause much damage and
suffering in the southern States. The third class is intermediate.

Cold waves are generally accompanied by high northwest winds,
and they come just behind the storms or cyclones and just in
front of the anti-cyclones. Coming as they do just after a spell
of comparatively warm weather, they cause very rapid and strong
falls in temperature, which make it seem very cold. In the West
they have the cold northers or blizzards, when the temperature
falls forty or fifty degrees in as many minutes, and the air is filled
with fine particles of ice that cut like a knife. In New England
we frequently have a fall of from thirty to fifty degrees in from
twelve to twenty-four hours ; but if we will take notice our lowest
temperature does not come with the cold high wind, but occurs in
the clear calm air after the windy front of the anti-cyclone has
passed over. You all know that during a cool spell in summer we
are not afraid of frosts so long as the wind keeps up, but after it
goes down and we get the still air of the anti-cyclone we feel
anxious about the crops.

One of the first steps in behalf of the farmer in the history of
the service was special telegraphic warnings of early frosts. The
first warnings were telegraphed to New Orleans during the season
of 1879 for the benefit of the sugar interests of Louisiana. This
was an experiment in which the chief of the service was not the

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

most sanguine of success. Even though the warnings were timely,
it was doubtful whether or not they would really prove valuable.
The following resolution passed by the Chamber of Commerce of
New Orleans at the close of the season speaks for itself : ' ' Re-
solved^ that the action of the Signal Service in giving the recent
frost-warnings which enabled our sugar planters to guard against
injury to their crops deserves the approval of the planters and
merchant-factors of Louisiana, as having added to the contidence
of investment and to the value of the culture of the staple im-
port of America, independent of foreign supply." Thus en-
couraged, the reports were repeated the following year, and the
warnings were extended to Florida for the benefit of the orange-
growers, and again the work was declared beneficial. It was then
decided to organize a complete system of frost-warnings, and by
the beginning of the season of 1883 it was in operation, with
twenty-six centres from which the information was distributed to
seven hundred and sixty-three stations. The records and corre-
spondence of the bureau give abundant evidence of the value of
these warnings. It was by these reports that the great blizzard
of 1886 was heralded far in advance of this never-to-be-forgotten
arctic wave. It was during this cold wave that Galveston Bay
was frozen over, and several people were actually frozen to death
in this sub-tropical climate ; it speeded on its way to Florida,
little tempered by the warm waters of the Gulf ; it spread over
the Land of Flowers, and the much-disputed and talked- of " frost
line " was something of the past. The Boston observer was then
located at Jacksonville, Florida, in charge of that office, and at
that station the mercury went down and down until within fifteen
degrees of zero. For three days it was below freezing — the
coldest since 1835 — and everything out of doors was frozen.
Oranges picked from the trees and thrown to the ground burst into
pieces as would a stick of wax. While the official warnings were
timely, they were somewhat unknown to the general public and
wholly credited by only a few. To those who took the warnings
at their full meaning thousands of dollars were saved in fruit alone,
to say nothing of the trees. Many who had heretofore felt little
faith in the prophecies of the Signal Service were true converts.
Yes, the three days' freeze will long be remembered in Florida.
Large groves of oranges were saved by continued fires ; to main-
tain which it was necessary in some cases to tear down and burn

THE WEATHER BUREAU AND AGRICULTURE. 213

the fences, packing-houses, and everything except the dwelling-
houses. Mr. Smith tells an amusing little incident regarding this
cold wave. Soon after hoisting the well-known white flag with
black centre, an acquaintance, a member of the newspaper frater-
nity, called at his office for the usual item for his paper. He re-
lated a remark which he overheard from a Florida cracker while
coming down the street. The man of the farm cast his weather

eye to the roof of the office and remarked, "I'll bet that

weather-man is dead drunk, for thar he has his white rag

out and not wind and cold enough to take the wrinkles out." Mr.
Smith often says that he should like to have heard his remarks
three days later. To bring an example nearer home, a farmer of
Hanover, N.H., visited the local office last November and stated
that the warning of the first cold wave last season, announced on
the daily weather-maps, saved him over three hundred dollars ;
the cash placed in his hand would not have been worth more.

We are often asked wh}' crops are injured by frosts when the
thermometer gives a reading of forty degrees or over. This is
because on a clear night the plants become cooled by radiation
of heat into space, and, becoming cooled, they have cooled
the air immediately around them ; and as the air is a very poor
conductor of heat, the layer of air near the surface of the ground
gets much colder than that a few feet above the grouud or up
where the thermometer is usually hung. So if one wishes to get
the temperature at any time during the night, he should place the
instrument down near the plants for a little while before reading.
Mr. T. S. Gold, the Secretary of the Connecticut State Board of
Agriculture, tells me that he remembers a time when this line
between the cold and warmer air was so sharply marked that the
lower half of some fruit-trees growing on a level plain was com-
pletely killed, while tlie upper half was untouched and bore an
abundant crop of fruit.

Radiation of heat into space is going on all the time, but of
course is most noticeable during the night ; and, as it goes on all
night, it follows that plants or other bodies will grow colder and
colder. But an important question is whether the temperature
will continue to fall all night. An answer to this question may be
found in a publication of the Signal Service entitled " To Fore-
tell Frost," known as Signal Service Notes No. 3. This was
intended more particularly for those who were too far from the

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cities to get the daily weather-reports. It was submitted to the
chief of the service by Captain Allen in a letter as follows : " Sir :
the accompanying notes will be of great value to horticulturists
and others who live in places not reached by the bulletins of this
service." In the notes Captain Allen says : " The ascertainment
of the dew-point is of great practical importance, particularly to
horticulturists, since it shows the point near which the descent of
the temperature of the air during the night will be arrested ; for
when the air has cooled down by radiation to this point, dew
is deposited and latent heat given out. The amount of heat
thus set free being great, the temperature of the surrounding air
is immediately raised. The same process continues to be repeated,
and thus the temperature of the air in contact with the plants and
other radiating surfaces may be considered as gently oscillating
about the dew-point." Thus the dew-point determines the minimum
temperature of the surface leaves on the ground during the night,
and if we can in any way determine the dew-point on any still
afternoon we can determine pretty accurately whether there is
danger from frost during the coming night.

This can be done to a fair degree of accuracy with any hygrom-
eter. The most common and probably the least expensive or
complicated is the wet and dry thermometer. This instrument
consists of two ordinary thermometers registering alike, similaily
exposed in the open air in the shade. The dry thermometer is in-
tended to show the temperature of the air. The other, the wet
thermometer, is so called because its bulb is covered with a thin
piece of muslin from which a strip of wicking passes to a vessel
containing rain-water. The water rises b}^ capillar}^ attraction
and thus keeps the bulb constantly wet; hence the name, wet
bulb. Now if the air be dry the evaporation will be rapid, and
on account of the heat lost in evaporation this thermometer will
show a lower temperature than the other. With a moist atmos-
phere the evaporation will be slow, the loss of heat small, and
consequently there will be little difference in the readings of the
two thermometers. After observing them, the dew-point can be
determined by means of simple tables.

This method is all right where the warnings cannot be received
from the Weather Bureau ; but this frost-warning system is being
greatly extended now, and we are establishing a number of centres
to which the warnings are to be telegraphed from twelve to thirty-

THE WEATHER BUREAU AND AGRICULTURE. 215

six hours in advance. At these centres the frost-warning flag is
to be displaj'ed, and the information sent out to the surrounding
neighborhoods and farms by whatever method is best adapted to
the community.

Another question arises as to how to protect the crops from frosts
after the warning is received. On the Cape and in otlier cranberry-
growing districts the bogs are flooded and the crop saved.

The only practicable method for all other crops seems to be
covering. Radiation goes on in straight lines, and when there is
anything over the plant it will stop the radiation just as surely as
an umbrella will stop the rays of the sun. This is why we do not
fear a frost when it is cloudy, no matter how high the clouds are ;
and if clouds a mile or more high will prevent radiation, how much
more will any covering which we can place over our crops, r.o
matter if it is the finest cambric. Of course covering b}^ cloth is
not practicable on any tiling but the smallest lots, so in large fields
or groves fires and smudges are built. This is practised to some
extent in the Northwest in the wheat fields, and to considerable ex-
tent in the orange groves. Stove-like arrangements are used in
some places, in which tar is burned. This makes a thick smudge
which spreads slowly over the fields. The Connecticut Pomolog-
ical Society passed resolutions at a recent meeting asking the
State Agricultural Experiment Station to make some investigations
on the value of smudges for protection from frosts. This station
intends to take up the investigation during the coming season,
and I am sure that much of value will be learned.

Our subject is so wide and great that we have been able to take
up no point as completely as could be wished, and now there is no
time to speak of the possibilities of electro-culture — stimulating
plant life by electricity — to take up thunder-storms, hailstorms, and
tornadoes, which are all very closely related, or to mention the im-
mense addition to knowledge and science resulting from tlie work
of the last two decades. Just look back twenty 3'ears and see how
little we knew of the origin, extent, and probable course of the
great storms which influence our weather for daj's at a time. But
with all our i)resent knowledge of the laws of storms, under which
head is included all that relates to wind direction and force around
and within the storm areas, and all that relates to the rate of travel
of storms, we are still in the elementary stages of the science, with
volume upon volume still lying opened before us.

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Our Bureau, as almost all of you probably know, was, on July 1st,
1891, transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture,
the leading department of onr great government. This change
places the affairs of the Bureau in the efficient hands of General
Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture, and Professor M. W. Harrington,
our new chief. As I have just shown you, the work of the service,
almost from its organization, has been greatly in connection with
and for the benefit of farmers and horticulturists, and now that we
are a part of the Department of Agriculture its work in this direction
will be greatly extended. This I am assured is the full intention
and desire of the head officials of the Bureau, which is fully verified
by their action thus far. Nothing will be spared by them to increase
and extend the usefulness of the work of the Weather Bureau.

In conclusion, I wish to extend to all present, and to the public
generally, a cordial invitation to visit the local office in the Post
Office Building, where you will be heartily welcomed at all times.
I thank you for your attention.

The Forecast Official being detained at his office the above paper
was read by his assistant, J. Warren Smith, who also gave the
answers to the questions which will be found in the discussion.

The lecture was illustrated by a series of weather charts show-
ing the course of a heavy storm from its origin, over the great
plains of Western British America, following its progress south-
easterly through the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexico,
thence passing over the Gulf States and the Atlantic States to the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, with attending conditions every twelve
hours during its course. There was another series of weather
charts, showing another line of observations.

Discussion.

Leverett M. Chase expressed the great interest he had taken
in the admirable lecture given today ; the closing one of an
exceedingly interesting series. The weather is a subject of the
greatest importance to every one. He had been at the office of the
bureau in this city several times, and derived much pleasure and
benefit from each visit. He had received the daily weather-maps,
and used them in his school to engage the interest of the boys in
the study of meteorology, and found that they were ready to give
earnest attention to the subject. They have prepared maps show-

THE WEATHER BUREAU AND AGRICULTURE. 217

ing the phenomena of a clay's observations. He considered such
study as exerting a moral as well as educational influence ; it
teaches the pupils to observe with accuracy and gives them habits
of regularity in the performance of duties, as such observations,
to be of any value, must be taken at definite times, and a careful
record of them must be kept. He thought the schools should be
furnished with some instruments for taking such observations.

Mr. Chase moved a vote of thanks to the Forecast Official for
his instructive and valuable paper, which was passed unani-
mouslj'.

In reply to a question from a lady, Mr. Smith said that more
than eighty per cent of the storms visiting the United States
pass either a little north or a little south of us, or directly over
us. The northern edge of the Gulf Stream is the point of least
resistance, and doubtless contributes its influence to concentrate
storms over New England.

0. B. Hadwen said that on very pleasant days, when a warm
breeze is blowing, many weather-wise persons will say : " This is
a regular weather-breeder," and asked what is the reason for such
a remark.

Mr. Smith replied that southerly winds, which bring those
warm, fine days, spring up just as a storm is approaching. It is
a mere coincidence. A warm south wind, apparently from the
Gulf of Mexico, generally indicates the near approach of a storm.
Mr. Hadwen said that farmers are generally quite close ob-
servers of the weather. He could tell very certainly what the
weather would be through the day, and sometimes for the next
day. A predicted change would at times occur in the night. He
remembered some persons who were experts at foretelling the
weather. Sometimes coincident circumstances, occurring repeat-
edly, would be regarded as inevitably connected. He cited an in-
stance : a certain hay-field was never mowed over but that the hay
was wet down b}' a shower, and the neighbors generally mowed
little on the day the grass on that field was cut, in view of the
usual rainfall the next day.

Mr. Smith said that local prognostics are often very accurate,
but not readily explainable. Others may be shown to have close
connection with the coming change. A red sunset shows that
the air is well filled with moisture, which will generally form a
heavy dew during the night. But a red sunrise shows that the

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

water is still in the atmosphere, and it is liable to produce a
shower, and perhaps form the beginning of a longer rainfall. The
flyiug of bats is an indication of pleasant weather the next day.
Probably other animals are affected.

President Spooner spoke of the white frost on the sash of a cold
frame in the morning beiug followed by a storm within twenty-
four hours.

Oliver R. Robbins recollected two instances when the ground
was frozen, yet tender vegetation escaped injury. The first
occurred June 1, 1884. The ground was frozen half an inch
deep ; he had beans growing at that time, and they were not in-
jured. There was no dew that night — or rather morning. The
next case was on the morning of October 12, 1891, when ice, one-
sixteenth of an inch thick, was formed on a shallow pool of water
near the house, but no damage was done, even to the tenderest
vegetation. Mr. Robbins also stated that on the 11th of Septem-
ber, 1885, he found the leaves of plants were completely coated
with ice, yet they all escaped injury. He asked what reason could
be given for such exceptions to a general rule.
Mr. Smith could not account for these facts.
Mr. Chase cited the flight of swallows, old dogs' rheumatism,
and the activity of earth-worms as portents of approaching rain.
He had found the earth- worms very interesting ; they can be
tamed, and he had learned that they have preferences in food.

President Spooner inquired what they preferred, and how they
ate their food.

Mr. Chase had learned that worms greatly enjoy lettuce, among
vegetable foods, and raw beef-steak of the animal list. They
have no regular mandibles, but secrete an acid which quickly dis-
solves meat, when they can easily take it. They can take some
things undissolved, and have a stomach which contains a grinding
appliance for reducing such material. This part of their digestive
apparatus is in the ring, sometimes called the "knot," in their
bodies. He thinks they live a long time ; he has some that are
three years old.

A lady asked Mr. Smith if the wind, as he had said, blows
towards the storm, why it does not blow the storm away.

Mr. Smith replied that heat expands the air. This renders
it relatively lighter, and it is forced upward by the denser air
all around, which rushes in to take its place and restore the

VOTE or THANKS. 219

equilibrium. A storm has a general movement towards the north-
east, in common with the whole volume of the atmosphere. He
thought the temperature of the month of March had been low, but
not much below the normal average. Great attention is now paid
to the weather by cultivators of the soil, as well as by others.
Forecast officials do sometimes make mistakes, and these are sure
to be noticed and criticised by all classes.

Mr. Chase remarked that as this was the last of the meetings
for discussion this season, aud the series had proved so interesting
and profitable — indeed, he considered these meetings the most
important means of promoting the objects of the Society — he
thought the members of the Societ}' should manifest their appre-
ciation by a vote of thanks to the Committee on Discussions,
who had so ably and successfully arranged the programme for
the meetings this year. He therefore moved that such action
be taken, which, being promptly seconded, was unanimously
adopted.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Prefatory Notk, 3

Business Meeting, January 2, 1892 ; Address of President Spooner, pp.
5-10; Vote to print, 10; Annual Report of Committee on Window Gar-
dening read, 11; Appropriations for 1892 voted, 11; Communications
from World's Columbian Exposition read, and Committee appointed, 11 ;
Election of Members, 12; Election of Honorary and Corresponding
Members, 12 ; Announcement by Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion, 12

Business Meeting, January 9 ; Vote to print List of Large or Interesting
Trees, p. 12; Offer of Prizes for Reports, 12; Vote to record residence
of persons to whom awards are made, 12 ; Appointment ot Treasurer
and Secretary reported, 13

Meeting for Discussion; Soil and In-igation of Egypt, by Hon. John E.

Russell, pp. 13-21 ; Discussion, 21-26

Business Meeting, January 16 ; Proposals of Members, p. 27; Acknowl-
edgment of Corresponding Membership, 27

Meeting for Discussion ; The New Orcharding, by Dr. Thomas Hoskins,

pp. 27-29 ; Discussion, 29-33

Business Meeting, January 23 ; Report of Committee on Plants read, . 33

Meeting for Discussion; Late Experience in Dealing with Insects Inju-
rious to Fruit, by Prof. Charles V. Riley, pp. 33-42 ; Discussion, . . 42-47

Business Meeting, January 30; Proposal of Member, p. 47; Prize for

Rhododendrons offered by Francis B. Hayes, 47

Meeting for Discussion; Irrigation with Fresh Sewage, by Henry J.

Barnes, M.D., pp. 47-62; Discussion, 62-71

Business Meeting, February 6 ; Proposals of Members, p. 71 ; Election of

Members 72

Meeting for Discussion ; Road- making and Maintenance, by Heniy Irwin,

B.A., C.E., pp. 72-99; Discussion, 100-102

Business Meeting, February 13 ; Committee on Resignation of Chairman

of Committee of Arrangements, 103

Meeting for Discussion ; Fungous Diseases and their Remedies, by Prof.

J. E. Humphrey, S.I3., pp. 103-116; Discussion, 117-120

Business Meeting, February 20; Resignation of Chairman of Committee
of Arrangements accepted, p. 121 ; Notice of Hearing on Roads, Bridges,
and Drainage, 121 ; Decease of George W. Wilson announced, 121 ;
Member added to Committee on Large or Interesting Trees, . . . 121

Meeting for Discussion ; A Talk about the Preserving of Fruit, by Miss

MariaParloa, pp. 122-128; Discussion 128,129

Business Meeting, February 27 ; Proposal of Member, p. 129 ; Vote to

appoint Committee on Window Gardening 129

Meeting for Discussion ; Arbor Day in Schools, by B. G. Northrop, pp.

130-141; Discussion 141-148

11 CONTENTS.

PAGE

Business Meeting, March 5 ; Vacancy in Committee of Arrangements
filled, p. 149; Committee on Window Gardening announced, 149; Res-
olutions concerning Arbor Day exercises, etc., referred to Committee,
149, 150; Annual Report of Treasurer read, loO; Members elected, . 150

Meeting for Discussion ; Some Considerations upon the Subject of Heat,

by Col. Henry Wilson, 151-172

Business Meeting, March 12; Resolves in regard to Arbor Day exercises,
etc., p. 173 ; Report of election of Chairman of Committee of Arrange-
ments, 174; Prizes otfered by Edmund M. Wood, 174

Meeting for Discussion; The Library of the Massachusetts Horticultural

Society, by William E. Endicott, pp. 174-186 ; Discussion, . , . 186-189

Business Meeting, March 19 ; Proposals of Members, .... 189

Meeting for Discussion ; The Ethics of the Flowers, by Mrs. Fannie A.

Deane, pp. 190-202 ; Discussion, 202, 203

Business Meeting, March 26 ; Proposals of Members, p. 203 ; Thanks to

the Boston Transcript Company, 203, 204

Meeting for Discussion ; Relation of the Work of the Weather Bureau
to Agriculture, pp. 204-216 ; Discussion, 216-219 ; Thanks to Committee
on Discussions, 219

TRANSACTIONS

!as$ac|usetts Jorticnltural ^atu%

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

PART II.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

1893.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

^uuthmti^ g0t:ttntltttal f ondg.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 2, 1892.
A duly notified Stated Meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

0. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
meeting on the 7th of November, 1891, to prepare a memorial of
the late P. M. Augur, reported as follows :

By the decease of the late Phineas M. Augur, of Middlefield,
Conn., this Society has lost one of its prominent and valuable
members.

Mr. Augur had for a long time been interested and engaged in
horticultural pursuits, and excelled in the cultivation of the apple,
the pear, and the strawberry, introducing many new seedlings of
the last, which were generally approved by cultivators. He was
always interesting and instructive in his writings and discussions
of subjects pertaining to pomology, and was largely instrumental
in disseminating and bringing into prominence new fruits that
promised well in the New England States.

The qualities that constitute the gentleman seemed particularly
inherent in him. Modest, reserved, unpretending, he was yet ever
ready to impart to others, in an easy and intelligent way, his rare
fund of knowledge, acquired by many yeai's of untiring devotion
to the science and practice of horticulture. He served many
years as Pomologist for the Board of Agriculture of the State of
Connecticut, and was also a prominent member of the American
Pomological Society, and Vice-President of it for his State.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

His intercourse with men was marked by an agreeable and easy
courtesy of manner, indicative of kindness to all. His devotion
to horticulture was ever manifest during his life, and he died as he
had lived, esteemed and beloved by all his associates.

The memorial was unanimously adopted, and it was voted that
it be entered on the records, and that a copy be sent by the
Secretary to the family of Mr. Augur.

The Secretary read a letter from John G. Barker, Chairman of
the Committee on Gardens, in which he stated that he should be
unable to be present and read the Report of the Committee on
Gardens as he had hoped to do. On motion of John C. Hovey it
was voted that the reading of the Report be postponed.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

John A. Pray, of Boston.
Cornelius E. Masten, of Roxbury.
John F. Newton, of Roxbury.
Henry C. Cottle, of Boston.
F. A. Peutterich, of Cambridge. .
Walter S. Parker, of Reading.

Edward Winslow Lincoln, of Worcester,
Secretary of the Worcester County Horticultural Society, was, on
recommendation of the Executive Committee, elected an Honorary
Member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 7, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Gardens was read by
John G. Barker, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

PRIZES FOR REPORTS AWAHDED. 225

Francis H. Appleton, from the Committee on Large or otherwise
Interesting Trees, reported that the Committee had caused a list of
such trees to be printed, at an expense of sixteen dollars,
exceeding the amount authorized by the Society by six dollars.
On motion of John G. Barker, the report was accepted and
adopted.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation that a piece of plate, of the value of
twenty-five dollars, now owned by the Society, be offered in
continuance of the Prospective Prize for Sweet Peas, offered in
1890 and 1891. On motion of Mr. Barker, it was voted that the
report be accepted and the recommendation be adopted.

The Secretary read a letter from the Secretary of the Massa-
chusetts Board of Education, stating that in accordance with the
request of this Society the Board had published a Circular and
Programme for Arbor Day, to be sent to the schools as a
suggestion for a proper observance of the day.

The Secretary also read letters from Hon. Ephraim W. Bull,
and Edward Winslow Lincoln, accepting the Honorary Member-
ships in the Society to which they had been elected, and thanking
the Society therefor.

It was voted that all these letters be placed on file.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 4, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Stooner, in the chair.

O. B. HadAven, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, reported the following awards of prizes for the best
reports by Awarding Committees :

First, for the Report of the Committee on Gardens, by

John G. Barker, Chairman, SIO 00

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, for the Report of the Committee on Flowers, by

Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman, . . . . $8 00

Third, for the Report of the Committee on Window Gar-
dening, by Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman, . 6 00

The report was accepted, and referred back to the Committee,
for publication.

Mr. Hadwen also made a partial report in behalf of the Com-
mittee on the Columbian Exposition, stating that room had been
reserved for contributions of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, from
this State, and recommending that the Society take charge of such
contributions from members and others. On motion of William

C. Strong it was voted that the Committee have further time to
act and report.

The President announced the decease of Rev. A. B. Muzzey,

D. D., George W. Warren, and George W. Bond, and suggested
the appointment of a committee to prepare a memorial of Rev.
Dr. Muzzey, who had been more active in the Society's work than
the other gentlemen. It was voted that such a committee be
appointed by the Chair, and William C. Strong, Dr. E. Lewis
Sturtevant, and John G. Barker were so appointed.

Mrs. Clara E. Gowing, of Boston,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee as a mem-
ber of the Society, was on ballot duly elected.

' The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 2, 1892.
A duly notified Stated Meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to prepare a memorial of the late Rev. Artemas B.
Muzzey, D. D., reported as follows :

MEMORIAL OF REV. ARTEMAS B. MUZZEY, D. D. 227

The Committee appointed to draft an expression of the loss to
the Society in the death of Eev. Artemas B. Muzzey, D. D.,
submit the following memorial :

For many years Mr. Muzzey has been an active member of this
Society. He has not been known as a contributor to its exhibi-
tions it is true, but he has been well known by the continued part
he has taken in stimulating an interest in our discussions and
exhibitions. For several years he served on the Committee on
Publication and Discussion, and was active in sustaining our
winter meetings. He firmly believed in the elevating influence of
this Society, and by his earnest words he contributed in no small
degree to the success of these meetings. It is fortunate, indeed,
for the Society that we can have the aid of such men of culture
and lovers of Nature, although they may not themselves be
cultivators of the soil.

Mr. Muzzey was born in 1802 and was ordained as pastor in
1830. He continued to preach for more than forty-five years,
preaching occasionally up to this year, when he ceased from his
work at the ripe age of ninety years. He was the author of
numerous books, sermons, and essays, which show him to have
been a firm believer in the gospel of Jesus Christ. He was also
active in promoting the interests of Harvard University, as well as
other educational and historical associations. This Society hereby
makes grateful acknowledgment of the value of his services in its
behalf, continued, as they have been, through so many years to
the close of his earthly life.

We recommend that the sympathy of the Society be expressed
to the family of the deceased in view of their loss, and that the
Secretary send to them a copy of this memorial, and also enter
it upon the records of the Society.

Respectfully submitted by

William C. Strong, \

E. Lewis Sturtevant, y Committee.

John G. Barker, I

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
submitted the following report, recommending the passage of the
vote therein contained :

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Voted, That when unsolicited special prizes are offered by
members of the Society or others, the amount of the prizes, either
in money or its equivalent, shall be deposited with the Treasurer
before the prize is accepted by the Society. Such offers shall be
referred to the Committee on Establishing Prizes, and in order that
they may appear in the regular Schedule, it is desirable that they
shall be notified to the Committee on or before the first of
November in each year.

The report was accepted and the vote was adopted.

The President also submitted the following further report from
the Executive Committee :

The Executive Committee also recommend to the Society to
appropriate sixteen dollars for the expense of printing the Report
of the Committee on Large or otherwise Interesting Trees, being
six dollars in addition to the amount which the Committee were
authorized, at the meeting on the ninth of January, to expend.

The report was accepted and the appropriation was voted.

The Secretary read a letter from Col. Albert A. Pope, accom-
panied by " An Open Letter to the People of the United States,"
asking the influence of the Society in favor of an exhibit of road
construction and maintenance at the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion in 1893. On motion, the subject was referred to the
Committee appointed at the meeting on the second of January, in
regard to the Columbian Exposition.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected.

John Charles Olmsted, of Brookline.
Henry Wilson Ross, of Newton Centre.
George Francis Pierce, of Dorchester.
Ebed L. Ripley, of Hingham Centre.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 6.

REPORT OF NOMINATING COMMITTEE. 229

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 6, 1892.
Ad adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Committee on the World's Columbian Exposition presented
a report which was accepted as preliminary.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President
appointed the following named members a Committee to nominate
candidates for officers and standing committees for the next year :

William C. Strong, Chairman.
E. W. Wood, Patrick Norton,

Francis H. Appleton, Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Charles N. Brackett, Jackson Dawson.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

Theodore H. Tyndale, of Brookline.

Mrs. Mary McDowell, of Boston.

E. B. Mallet, Jr., of Freeport, Maine.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 3, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at eleven
o'clock, Vice-President Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to nominate candidates for officers and standing
committees of the Society for the year 1893, reported a printed
list, which was accepted. It was voted that the Committee be
continued, and requested to nominate candidates in place of any
who might decline before the election.

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Strong also presented, from the same Committee, the
following vote :

Voted, To recommend to the Society, that ho member shall be
a candidate for the office of President, beyond a second term.

This vote was laid on the table for consideration at the next
meeting.

The Secretary read a letter from Charles Eliot, Secretary of the
Trustees of Public Reservations, which, with accompanying
circulars, it was voted to refer to the Executive Committee.

S. Waldo French, of Parley Vale, Jamaica Plain,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee as a
member of the Society, was on ballot duly elected.

The meetino; was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 1, 1892.

A Stated Meeting of the Society, being the Annual Meeting for
the choice of Officers and Standing Committees, was holden today
at eleven o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the
chair.

The Secretary stated that the members of the Society had been
duly notified of this meeting as required by the Constitution and
By-Laws.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the President
appointed John C. Hovey, Rev. Calvin Terry, and Elijah W.
Wood, a Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given,
and report the number. The polls were opened at seven minutes
past eleven o'clock.

John B. Reardon, of Boston, was proposed by Azell C.
Bowditch, as an Annual Member of the Society.

ANNUAL ELECTION. 231

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on
ballot duly elected :

John Spencer Clark, of Boston.

Francis W. Hunt, of Melrose.

Dudley F. Hunt, of Reading.

William Milman, of Roxbury.

Henry Spaulding Perham, of Chelmsford.

Walter H. Knapp, of Newtonville.

The polls were closed at seven minutes past one o'clock, and the
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes, and report the
number, reported the whole number of ballots to be seventy-three,
and that the persons named on the ticket reported by the Nomin-
ating Committee, had a plurality and were elected.

The report was accepted, and the above named persons were,
agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the
presiding officer — the President having retired, and Vice-
President Nathaniel T. Kidder having taken the chair — to be
elected Officers and Standing Committees of the Society, for the
year 1893.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 5, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Warren E. Eaton, of Reading, and Ellis Peterson, Jr., of
Jamaica Plain, were proposed by Leverett M. Chase, as members
of the Society.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation that the Society appropriate the
following sums for prizes, for the year 1893 :

232

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For Plants, . . . ■ .

" Flowers, .....

" Fruits,

" Vegetables, ....

" Gardens, Greenhouses, etc.,

' ' Window Gardening, this sum to cover all expenses
of the Committee, and to be paid through the regular
channels, ......

Total,

$2,050

2,200

1,800

1,100

500

250

$7,900

The report was accepted and, agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws, was laid over for final action at the Stated Meeting on
the first Saturday in January, 1893.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society :

John B. Reardon, of Boston.
Miss Ruth G. Rich, of Dorchester.
"Walter A. Robinson, of Roxbury.
Frank W. Stearns, of Newton.
William H. Martin, of Dorchester.

The Secretary read a letter from Malcolm Dunn, of Dalkeith,
Scotland, acknowledging the receipt of his Diploma as Corres-
ponding Member of the Society, and thanking the Society
therefor ; he also presented letters of similar tenor from other
Corresponding Members, all of which were ordered to be placed
on file.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 3, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES READ. 233

Mrs. George M. Coburn, of Boston, was proposed by Mrs.
Ellen M. Gill, as a Life Member of the Society, and Thomas
Westwood, of Jamaica Plain, was proposed by John G. Barker,
as an Annual Member.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive ('ommittee, made
a report from that Committee, recommending an addition to the
appropriation for Prizes for Flowers, for 1893, of $200, making
the whole amount for flowers $2400. This report was accepted,
and agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, was laid over for
final action until the Stated Meeting in January next.

Edmund Hersey, Chairman of the Committee on Large or other-
wise Interesting Trees, read a report from that Committee.

Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

These three reports were severally accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman of the Committee on Flowers,
read a partial report from that Committee, being the amount of
awards made during the year 1892, which was accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication. Mr. Fewkes also
asked further time to complete his report, which -vyas granted.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, asked
for further time to prepare his report, which was granted.

Mr. Wood, as Chairman of the Committee on Establishing
Prizes, presented the Schedule for 1893, as regards Plants,
Flowers, and Gardens, and stated the changes proposed in regard
to Fruits and Vegetables. The report was accepted, with the
alterations proposed by the Committee.

Frederick L. Harris, Chairman of the Committee on Plants,
made a partial report from that Committee, being the amount of
awards made during the year 1892, which was accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication. Mr. Harris also
asked farther time to complete his report, which was granted.

It was voted that when the meeting adjourned it should be for
two weeks, and that the Secretary send a notice of the adjourned
meeting to every member of the Society.

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

Warren E. Eaton, of Roxbury.
Ellis Peterson, Jr., of Jamaica Plain.
Edgar McMullen, of Boston.
James C. Porter, of Wollaston.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 17.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 17, 1892.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, William H. Spooner, in the chair.

Robert Graham of Reading, was proposed by J. Woodward
Manning as an Annual Member of the Society.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, read the
Annual Report of that Committee. In this report the ravages of
the tent caterpillar were spoken of, and also the effort made by the
Newton Horticultural Society to destroy them, by offering prizes
for the greatest number of belts of eggs collected by school
children, was mentioned, and the suggestion was made that it
might be expedient for this Society to petition the Legislature for a
law compelling highway superintendents and owners of wild lands
to destroy the wild cherry trees which are the principal breeding
places of this insect.

President Spooner remarked that as this would probably be the
last meeting of the Society over which he should preside, he wished
to speak of the depredations of the tent caterpillar and of the
necessity of concerted action for its extermination. He doubted
whether such action could be secured without legislation to compel
it, and suggested that the Society should petition the Legislature
for a law compelling all owners of trees to destroy the caterpillars
infesting them. The suliject was felt to be of so much importance
that a meeting was held last summer at the rooms of the State
Board of Ao;riculture to consider it.

DESTRUCTION OF INSECT PESTS. 235

William C. Strong said that last spring the Newton Horticultural
Society offered rewards for the collection of the eggs of the tent
caterpillar, and a large number were collected by boys, who did a
good work, but that Society felt that public action by the State
government was necessary in regard not only to the tent cater-
pillar and canker worm, but the codling moth, the first two of
which have been more injurious in past years.

Francis H. Appleton said that the Hatch Experiment Station,
at Amherst, had sent fifty copies of the Bulletin relating to the
Suppression of Insect Pests, to many village improvement societies,
and that other societies could receive copies on application. He
thought the wild cherry tree a capital trap for the tent caterpillar.

Mr. Wood said that the wild cherry tree provides breeding-
grounds from which trees kept clean by their owner are supplied.
Opposite his grounds are several neglected old trees, and he has
more tent caterpillars on one tree near those than on twenty-five
other trees. The wild cherry also breeds black warts, such as
destroy our plum trees. A law has been enacted in New York
providing penalties for allowing such trees to stand, and the fines
are enforced. The wild cherry tree is of no value commercially.

William E. Endicott said we all know that the tent caterpillar
breeds on the wild cherry, but if all the wild cherry trees were cut
down would the caterpillars be destroyed? He thought they
would not ; they are extending their range to pear and other trees.

Edmund Hersey agreed with Mr. Wood as to the injury caused
by the wild cherry. He had seen them covered with warts. He
was not prepared to say that we should have a law to cut them
down, but they ought not to be allowed to become nuisances.

Mr. Strong said it was a fact, notwithstanding the effort made
in Newton to destroy the eggs of the tent caterpillar (which
certainly caused the destruction of an immense number) , that in
the orchard where the greatest number were collected the foliage
was completely destroyed last summer, showing that a great
number of eggs escaped. Mr. Strong moved the following vote :

Voted : That a committee of three, of which the President shall
be Chairman, be appointed to consider the best method of
exterminating the tent caterpillar, canker worm, and codling moth,
with authority to employ counsel to draft a bill to effect these
objects.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The vote was unanimously passed, and the President appointed
as the other two members of the Committee, William C. Strong
and Francis H. Appleton.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, read
the Annual Report of that Committee.

William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Library Committee, read
the Annual Report of that Committee.

Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman of the Committee on Flowers,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Frederick L. Harris, Chairman of the Committee on Plants,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and
Librarian.

These six Annual Reports were severally accepted, and referred
to the Committee on Publication.

The President read a letter from Frederick L. Harris, resigning
the position of Chairman of the Committee on Plants, to which he
had been re-elected for the coming year, and expressing his
obligations to the members of that and other committees, and his
wishes for their prosperity and that of the Society.

E. W. Wood said that he should not perform the duty which he
was about to do, if he did not feel that Mr. Harris's determination
was unalterable. He wished first to say that as a member of the
Committee on Establishing Prizes, Mr. Harris's knowledge had
been invaluable in arranging the Schedule, and in saying this he
spoke the feeling of all the Committee. The utmost confidence
was' felt by all the Committees in his judgment. He then moved
that Mr. Harris's resignation be accepted.

Joseph H. Woodford hoped that if Mr. Harris's time would not
permit him to continue as Chairman, he would still remain a
member of the Committee.

Mr. Harris replied that he had given the subject full considera-
tion, and had determined not to accept a position on any
committee.

The resignation was accepted, and on motion of Azell C. Bow-
ditch, James Wheeler was elected to fill the vacancy in the
Committee on Plants. It was voted that the Committee be
authorized to choose a Chairman.

The meeting was then dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

By FREDERICK L. HARRIS, Chairman.

I congratulate the Society upon the advance made during the
past year in the excellence of the exhibitions of beautiful plants,
collected to instruct and gratify the taste of those who visit our
halls from time to time. Every Saturday from January to
December has witnessed displays either of cut flowers in abun-
dance, or some orchids or other attractive plants — both ornamental
and useful — adapted to satisfy the increase of taste on the part
of the public, and also to meet the demands of amateurs who
may be desirous of having a supply of decorative and flowering
plants during the winter season. And here I will mention a few
peculiarly adapted for general culture. Notably the following
orchids, viz. : Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, Odontoglossums, Calau-
thes, Coelogyues and Cypripediums. Most of these are winter
blooming, and of easy culture, requiring a night temperature
of not lower than 50°. A few of each of the above would
supply the grower with these beauties from November until May.

Many lovers of this class of plants believe they cannot be
grown under ordinary conditions ; but such, however, is not the
fact ; any one growing roses can grow these orchids successfully,
provided that a separate house can be given them during the
summer months.

We believe the taste for decorative and flowering plants is on
the increase, and it is expected that the exhibits from time to time
should convey to the observer the proof of a higher order of
2

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

culture. But even this is not all that is required, — skilful group-
ing is most essential ; it is when he sees this that the artist with
his pencil delights to revel, and lovers of plants and flowers to
while away happy hours.

The first group of plants — Orchids and Ericas — was sent
from John L. Gardner's collection, January 2. It was a pretty
good commencement for what was to follow later on.

January 9. John L. Gardner exhibited a nice plant of Cattleya
Percivaliana^ and was awarded a Silver Medal.

The Calla, Little Gem, exhibited January 16, by Joseph
Tailby, received a Certificate of Merit.

January 30. We had another group of orchids from John L.
Gardner.

February 6. Aphelnndra aurantiaca from Alexander Gal-
braith.

February 13. The Bussey Institution showed Hardy Cypripe-
diums.

February 20. Francis B. Hayes sent two nice Eriostemons,
and the Bussey Institution, Hardy Shrubs, forced.

February 27. John L. Gardner exhibited Phaius grandifoUus
and Cattleyas.

March 4. Thomas Cox brought four elegant Ericas.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 22, 23, 24, and 25.

Although opening with unfavorable weather a fair assemblage
of superior plants was staged — Orchids, Azaleas, Cinerarias,
Cyclamens, Hyacinths, and Tulips, with other well known spring
flowering bulbs. The Orchids from E. W. Gilmore, always attract
a crowd. His exhibit was very beautiful ; the collection containing
fine examples of Cattleyas, Cypripediums, Odontoglossums,
Miltonia cuneatiim, ixud Ada aurantiaca. A variety of Odontoglos-
sum Pescatorei was awarded a Certificate of Merit. It was large
and strikingly beautiful — shaded with deep pink.

Nathaniel T: Kidder had Cypripedium villosum, Cymbidium
Lowii, and other orchids.

John L. Gardner sent a fine Cattleya Trianve, Phaius grandifo-
Uus, Coelogynes, and Phalaenopsis.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 239

Benjamin Grey's beautiful Coelogyne cristata alba, and many
varieties of Dendrobium nobile were highly appreciated.

The most prominent feature of the exhibition, however, was
the beautiful groups of spriug flowering plants ; and first in order
was the superb arrangement of Dr. C. G. Weld, containing
beautiful Cinerarias, Hyacinths, Tulips, Acacias, and Cyclamens.
These were really superior to any heretofore shown, and were
greatly admired.

John L. Gardner formed a rich display with Eriostemous,
Chorizema cordata, Boronias, Ericas, forced shrubs, and a grand
display of Hyacinths, Tulips, Freesias, and Lily of the Valley.

From the Bussey Institution came Rhododendrons, Andromedas,
Daphnes, Hardy Azaleas, and Ericas, with a few desu-able spring
blooming plants, well arranged.

Groups of plants came also from Arthur Hunnewell and Mrs.
Mary T. Goddard.

Alexander Galbraith and William Patterson brought Tulips and
Polyanthuses. The Dawson rose, exhibited by William C. Strong,
came in for a fair share of praise, being profusely bloomed ; its
perfect hardiness makes it a valuable acquisition.

Edward Butler, as usual, was first with a specimen orchid,
Dendrobiwm nobile. Five dollars was awarded ; but when the size
of plant and the profuseness of l)loom — it having six hundred
expanded flowers — are considered, twenty dollars would have been
more appropriate. Mr. Butler was awarded a Certificate of. Merit
for a superb plant of Oduntuglossam nebalosum.

Joseph H. White had it his own way with Indian Azaleas, there
being no competition. The display contained some twenty plants,
well bloomed ; his Genistas, Spineas, and Cinerarias, made a nice
group.

A pretty feature connected with this show was the rock garden
or rockery, arranged by Charles J. Dawson, of the Bussey Insti-
tution. It was filled chiefly with forced shrubs and hardy herba-
ceous plants and bulbs. It was exceedingly effective and very
many encomiums were bestowed upon its artistic arrangement.

April 30. Among the choice orchids sent by John L. Gardner
were Cypnpedium bellatxdum, C. cdudatum, Odontoglossurn San-
derianum and Dendrobium Sanderianum.

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 7.

In both classes of Pelargoniums Nathaniel T. Kidder had no
competitor.

Dr. C. G. Weld staged eight fine Azaleas, and was awarded
first in all classes.

In the exhibit of Calceolarias there was quite a bit of rivalry
between the exhibitors ; but the first prize went to John L. Gard-
ner for six nicely grown plants, remarkable for color and peculiar
markings.

The great attraction at this exhibit was the six magnificent
Indian Azaleas, arranged in the centre of the hall, one of which,
Decora, was eight feet high — a perfect pyramid, literally covered
with its rich crimson flowers, and without the stiff and formal
appearance usually seen in specimen Azaleas. The Gold Medal
was awarded to John L. Gardner for it. For a superb specimen
of Cypripediam caudatum., a First Class Certificate of Merit was
given to Dr. C. G. Weld.

Benjamin Grey exhibited curious and striking Sarracenias, and
Nathaniel T. Kidder brought fine Streptocarpuses.

May 21. A Certificate of Merit was awarded to John L.
Gardner for Catileya Relneckiana.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 10.

The Shady Hill Nursery Company sent four, fine, standard
Rhododendrons.

ROSE EXHIBITION.
June 22 and 23.

The prizes for the best two stove or greenhouse plants were
awarded, first to Dr. C. G. Weld; second to Alexander Galbraith.

For the best Single Plant in bloom, the first prize was awarded
to John L. Gardner for Ehynchospermum jasminoides ; the second
to Dr. C. G. Weld for Stephanotis Jloribunda.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 241

John L. Gardner sent also a few choice hard wooded plants,
which we think deserve recognition, and we would at the same
time urge that more attention should be bestowed on this interest-
ing class. E. W. Gilmore exhibited six orchids. These were
much admii'ed, as were also those of John L. Gardner. Mrs.
Durant and E. "W. Gilmore each exhibited three orchids. John L.
Gardner and Mrs. Durant received the prizes for single speci-
mens. All the above were grouped together and with a few
ferns interspei'sed made quite an interesting display^.

June 25. Dr. C. G. Weld made a creditable display of
orchids.

July 2. .John L. Gardner was awarded a Certificate of Merit
for Thunia Veitchiaiia, a very desirable variety for its late bloom-
ing qualities. Grammatophyllum Ellisii was also shown by him.

August 13. Nathaniel T. Kidder sent nice pans of Achimenes,
as did also John L. Gardner. Daniel Duttley showed fourteen
pots of Amaryllis Belladonna.

August 25. H. H. Hunnewell sent a grand plant of Hippeas-
trum reticulatum with twenty-three spikes and one hundred full}^
expanded blooms. A Silver Medal was awarded for it.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.
September 6, 7, 8, and 9.

The Hunnewell prizes for hardy coniferous trees, were com-
peted for by the Shady Hill Nursery Company and William C.
Strong. Very many varieties of these plants are especially
adapted for small gardens and cemeteries.

A pair of beautiful palms in tubs, from Joseph H. AVhite ; and
a pair in fourteen-inch pots, from George A. Nickerson were
really superb.

At the extreme end of the hall, George A. Nickerson, with a
group of Palms, Crotons, Ferns, and other ornamental plants,
formed a bank of foliage unsurpassed for effect. His Crotons,
both large and small, were beautifully colored, and of course iu
all the Ci'otou classes he was an easy winner.

In the class of six greenhouse and stove plants, — two Crotons
admissible — Mr. Nickerson was again an easy winner. A noble
plant of Kentia Belmoreana occupied a prominent position, and

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with Adiantums, and other Ferns and low-growing plants, which
formed a margin around the group, produced an effect that was
simply grand.

George A. Nickerson exhibited a single plant furnished with
small ferns for table decoration, as did also Nathaniel T. Kidder
and John L. Gardner.

The group contributed by Mr. Kidder was very artistically
arranged, and very elaborate. It contained grand specimens of
Phyllotcenium Lindeni, Marantas, Dieffenbachias and other orna-
mental leaved plants. Superb plants of Ferns, Lycopodiums,
Caladiums, and other genera were also shown.

Dr. C. G. Weld exhibited in various classes. His Dracaenas
were especially fine, and with other ornamental foliage plants — ■
Ferns, Crotons, Lycopodiums, and Caladiums — made a very pleas-
ing display. John L. Gardner grouped some fine examples of
stove and greenhouse plants. He also showed some Crotons in
six-inch pots, nicely colored — and without color these plants are
of no effect — and a small lot of orchids.

Mrs. A. D. Wood and Alexander Galbraith exhibited Cycads.

Joseph H. White's display of Yorty Palms, Cycads, Ferns, and
Lycopodiums, arranged in the centre of the hall — the place of
honor — made an imposing appearance. Many of these speci-
mens would be creditable to an exhibition anywhere. In addition
to the above group, Mr. White exhibited in various other classes.

A Clematis paniculata, exhibited by Fisher Brothers & Co., was
much admired ; few plants are so effective for late summer bloom-
ing, and at the same time so hardy.

Tree Ferns came only from John L. Gardner and George A.
Nickerson.

Pitcher & Manda of Short Hills, N. J., sent a few nice orchids;
among them a fine Mormodes pardinum unicolor, with two beau-
tiful spikes ; a Silver Medal was awarded for it.

A little group of palms and ferns, from W. H. Lincoln, filled a
niche in the hall and was greatly admired, as was also a group of
Orchids, Ferns, and Sarracenias from Benjamin Grey.

A superb plant of Selaginella grayuh's came from Nathaniel T.
Kidder.

lliebrecht & Wadley of New York City, received a Certificate
of Merit for Draccena Nonuoodiensis, and choice orchids and
Nepenthes.

REPORT or THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 243

Forty plants from H. H. Hunnewell's houses included Palms,
Aralias, Cycads, Ferns, and Lycopodiums. In the collection was
a superb plant of Lfcuala graiidis ; also of Areca furfaracea.
Pritchardia Pacijica, Aralia KercJwvei, A. pulchra, and the
remarkable Selayinella j)hragmaria. These with Adiantums and
other Ferns and Selaginellas formed a magnificent group ; and had
they been located in the upper hall — where they should have
been — would have added very much more to the interest of the
show.

CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

November 8, 9, 10, and 11.

In commenting on this exhibition, satisfactory pecuniarily and
otherwise, there is a point that requires earnest consideration,
viz : the manner of training and tying for exhibition purposes.
Everyone who witnessed this display must have gone away with the
conviction that the use of stakes was to a certain extent altogether
superfluous. The specimens exhibited from the Waban conserva-
tories were most artistically done of any that have been brought
before the public ; and it is hoped that this lesson of superior
training may be quite generally learned therefrom.

The twelve specimens shown by Walter Hunnewell have never
been surpassed here, especially Louis Bahmer — six feet in
diameter — which created a decided sensation. It is a pink
colored plumed variety, recently introduced from Japan, with
flowers of good size and shape and makes a very handsome speci-
men for exhibition purposes. The following is a list of the other
varieties in the group as furnished by Mr. Hunnewell's gardener,
T. D. Hatfield.

Walter Hunnewell's Group of Chrysanthemums of 1892.
A Selection.

Mr. Walter Baker. — A low-growing, bush specimen, with
flowers of orange yellow. This was introduced from Japan as
one of the famous " Neesima" set. It is very handsome.

Ivory. — A neat specimen, of American origin, with flowers of
the purest white.

Walter Hunneivdl. — A line orange-yellow flowered variety of
American origin ; it makes a very fine specimen.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

O. Daniels. — Avery fine variety for specimens; flowers very
large, white ; a stout, healthy grower, needing very few stakes.
It is of French origin.

Mr. Bishop. — One of the very best incurved yellow Japanese,
for bush specimens. It is a clean healthy grower and the flowers
last a long time. American.

F. Hatfield. — A tall, strong growing American variety of the
Japanese class ; it makes specimens of the largest size ; flowers
clear pink.

W. H. Lincoln, — One of the "Neesima" set and unsurpassed
as a deep yellow for bush specimens.

Mrs. Fouler. — Also of the "Neesima" group. Bright lilac
pink ; makes large flowers when well disbudded.

F. H. Hallock. — Recently imported from Japan. A new shade
of color, flesh pink, and a new type ; a good, healthy grower,
making fine specimens.

Etoile de Lyon. — A French variety; the very best for bush
specimens ; blush pink ; flowers of large size.

G idling fordii. — A fine deep reflexed crimson; the color in
this specimen was perfection. It is seldom that CuUingfordii has
been exhibited in such fine form.

Yellow Ball. — Raised by Mr. H. A. Gane of West Newton,
Mass. ; it is one of the best varieties for decorative purposes, and
preeminently a florist's variety. It is neat, bushy, and needs no
stakes.

Tupelo. — A deep red Japanese variety, of very effective color
in grouping, and makes a handsome bush specimen.

Stella. — A bright yellow pompon of stocky habit; a very neat
and effective specimen.

Mme. Miellez. — A crimson-purple pompon which makes a
very neat specimen.

Arthur Hunnewell came in for a fair share of merit. His
group contained two varieties of superior excellence, W. A.
Manda and Harry May. The prize for the best specimen Japa-
nese went to Walter Hunnewell for Mabel Ward, and that for the
best specimen Pompon to Arthur Hunnewell for Savannah.

Passing these we come to the six varieties, viz. : Domination,
W, H. Lincoln, E. G. Hill, Mrs. E. D. Adams, Hicks Arnold,
and W. H. Cannell, grown by Alexander Montgomery, the well

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 245

known manager of the Waban Conservatories. A well deserved
gratuity of twenty dollars was awarded for them. It is unneces-
sary to comment on the above, more than to say that such
wonderful plants were never before seen in Boston, and it is a
question if their equals have appeared anywhere else.

Dr. C. G. Weld exhibited quite a number of well grown plants ;
among them one of Mr. J. Falconer, which is said to be superior
to Louis Boehmer, but here it did not prove to be so good.

Miss Mary S. Walker exhibited, in the class of twelve, a set of
plants which added materially to the general effect.

The group of plants arranged for effect, and filling a space
of not more than two hundred square feet, shown by John L.
Gardner, deserves high commendation for size of bloom and
general arrangement. The majority of these were grown in seven-
inch pots ; for decorative purposes, such are superior to those of
larger size. The group contained the choicest kinds in cultivation.

A good position for an effective display added very much to
the group of William H. Elliott, and although the plants were not
large, the arrangement called forth genuine admiration. A few
strings of asparagus, covering exposed pots, formed a pleasing
additional feature.

Dr. C. G. Weld and Nathaniel T. Kidder were also exhibitors
in this class. In their collections were choice examples of stand-
ards and other well grown plants, many of which equalled those
exhibited by others for prizes. And here we would add that in
several classes in which prizes were offered, there were no com-
petitors ; and that if the time and skill given to displays could
have been concentrated on, say, six plants, as required by the
Schedule, less money would have reverted to the Society. Francis
Brown Hayes and the Bussey Institution were also competitors in
this class.

S. C. Lawrence, a new exhibitor, brought fourteen nicely grown
plants, both standards and dwarfs, not entered for competition.
It is hoped he will favor the Society with further contributions.

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard sent a pretty assortment. Those of
Hon. Joseph S. Fay — novelties, recently imported direct from
Japan — were unequal to many varieties we already have. Another
season of skilful culture may possibly develop something rich
and rare.

246

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

December 10. George McWilliam sent quite a display of
LucvMa gratissima ; and the Cambridge Botanic Garden, Robert
Cameron, gardener, exhibited Plumbago rosea.

The Society's appropriation was

$2,050 00

Awards of Prizes

. Sl,424 00

" " Gratuities .

318 00

" Gold Medal

75 00

" " Three Silver Medals .

15 00

$1,832 00

Balance unexpended

$218 00

F. L. Harris,
a. c. bowditch,
David Allan,
William Robinson,

Committee

on

Plants.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 247

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS.

January 2.
Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Orchids and Heaths . . ♦. . . . .$10 00
William W. Lunt, Cypripedium Nova Ehor 1 00

January 30.
Gratuity : —
John L. Gardner, Collection of Orchids 10 00

February 6.
Gratuity : —

Alexander Galbraith, Aphelandra aurantiaca . . . . 1 00

February 13.

Gratuities : —

Bussey Institution, Cypripediuras 2 00

John L. Gardner, Violets 2 00

" " Cattleya lahiata 1 00

February 20.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes. Two Eriostemons 5 00

•Charles Jackson Dawson, Hardy Shrubs, etc., forced . . . 3 00

February 27.
Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, Phaius grandifolius and Cattleyas . . . 6 00

March 5.
Gratuities : —

Thomas A. Cox, four plants of Erica caffra 3 00

William H. Lincoln, Azalea 1 00

March 19.
Gratuity : —

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Southern Plants and Ferns . . . . 1 00

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICLTLTIIRAL SOCIETY.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 22, 23, 24, and 25.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties, in pots, Joseph H.

White $20 00

Orchids. — Ten plants in bloom, E. W. Gilmore . . . . 30 00

Second, John L. Gardner 25 00

Society's Prizes.

Indian Azaleas. — Four distinct named varieties, in not exceeding

ten-inch pots, Joseph H. White 12 00

Two distinct named varieties, Joseph H. White . . . . 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 OO

Specimen plant, named, Joseph H. White, 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Single plant, of any named variety, in eight-inch pot, Joseph H.

White 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Orchids. — Three plants in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . 10 00

Second, Benjamin Grey 8 00

Single plant in bloom, Edward Butler 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner 4 OO

Third, Benjamin Grey . • . . . . . • • 3 00
Stove or Greenhouse Plants. — Specimen in bloom, other than

Azalea or Orchid, named. Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner 6 00

Hardy Flowering Deciddods Shrubs, Forced. — Four, in pots,

of four distinct species, named, Bussey Institution . . 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner • 4: 00

Hardy Flowering Evergreen Shrubs, Forced. — Four, of four

distinct species, Bussey Institution 5 00

Cyclamens. — Ten plants in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld . . . 8 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . . . • 6 00

Three plants in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld ..... 4 00

Single plant in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

Hard Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Four, in bloom, John L.

Gardner 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Polyanthuses. — Ten plants. Fancy and Gold Laced, William

Patterson 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 249

Cinerarias. — Six varieties in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots,

Dr. C. G. Weld .S8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Three varieties in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots, Dr. C. G.

Weld 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Single plant in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Special Prize, offered by R. ^' J. Farquhar ^ Co.

LiLiUM Harrisii. — Two pots, Frederick Palmer, a piece of plate,

value 15 00

Special Prize for Florists only.

•General Display of Spring Bolbs. — All classes, Warren Ewell 12 00

Regular Prizes.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each

pot, in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 8 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Six distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, John L. Gardner 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom.

Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 3 00

Third, John L. Gardner 2 CO

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 2 00

Second, John L. Gardner 1 00

Three pans, not to exceed twelve inches, ten bulbs of one variety

in each pan, Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Second, Alexander Galbraith ....... 8 00

Third, John L. Gardner 6 00

Two pans, not to exceed twelve inches, ten bulbs of one variety

in each pan. Dr. C. G. Weld ....... 8 00

Second, Alexander Galbraith G 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Single pan, not to exceed twelve inches, with ten bulbs of one

variety, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 Ou

Third, Charles V. Whitten 3 00

Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs in each, in bloom, Warren

Ewell 5 00

Second, Alexander Galbraith 4 00

Third, John L. Gardner 3 GO

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Three eight-inch pans, nine bulbs in each, in bloom, Warren

Ewell S4 00-

Second, Arthur Hunnewell . . . . . . . 3 00

Three ten-inch pans, twelve bulbs of one variety in each pan,

John L. Gardner . 6 00

Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in

each, in bloom, Bussey Institution . . . . . 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Jonquils.— Six six-inch pots, the number of bulbs in each to be at

the discretion of the grower, in bloom, Warren Ewell . . 3 00

Second, Bussey Institution ....... 2 00

LiLiuM Harrisii. — Three pots, not exceeding ten inches. Dr. C. G.

Weld 8 00

Second, William Patterson 6 00

Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, John L.

Gardner 5 00

Second, Warren Ewell 4 00

Third, Arthur Hunnewell 3 00

Anemones. — Three pots or pans. Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Freesias. — Six pots, John L. Gardner . . . . . . 5 00

Second, Bussey Institution . . . . . . . 3 00

Roman Hyacinths. — Six eight-inch pans, ten bulbs in a pan, John

L. Gardner 5 00

Second, Bussey Institution ..... . . 4 00

Oratuities : —

Bussev Institution, Eockery . . ... . . . 30 00

E. W. Gilmore, Orchids 12 00

Edward Butler, four Orchids . . " 8 00

Benjamin Grey, Orchids ......... 5 00

Norton Brothers, Orchids, Palms, etc 10 00

William Patterson, Bulbs, Phaius, etc 5 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Plants 10 00

Bussey Institution, Azaleas, etc. ....... 5 00

Arthur Hunnewell, Plants . ' . . . . . . . 5 00

Joseph H. White, Plants — Cinerarias, Genistas, and Spiraeas . 5 00

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Plants , 3 00

April 2.

Oratuity : —

John L. Gardner, Collection of Plants 2 00

April 9.

Gratuities : —

George B. Gill, Rose and Paeony, in pot 2 00

George M. Anderson, Spircea compacta, var. aurea-reticulata . 1 00'

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 251

April 30.
Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, eleven Orchids ....... 8 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 7.

Pelargoniums. — Four named Show or Fancy varieties, in pots, in

bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder $8 00

Six named Zonale varieties, in pots, in bloom, Nathaniel T.

Kidder 6 00

Indian Azaleas. — Six plants, in pots, named, Dr. C. G. Weld . 12 00

Single specimen, Dr. C. G. Weld, Prince Albert . . . . 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld, Mattapan 4 00

Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots, John L. Gardner . . 8 00

Second, Miss Mary S. Walker 6 00

Single plant, John L. Gardner ....... 3 00

Second, Miss Mary S. Walker 2 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Collection of Orchids . . . . . . 5 00

William C. Strong, Collection of plants for the Stage . . . 5 00
Benjamin Grey, Collection of Sarracenias, Amaryllis, and Rhodo-
dendrons .......... 8 00

Joseph H. White, Collection of Calceolarias, and four Spiraeas . 3 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Streptocarpus in variety . . . . 2 00

Alexander Galbraith, Clianthus Dampieri . . . . . 1 00

Mat U.

Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, Dendrohium thyrsiflorum, Cattleya Skinneri,

and two Pelargoniums ........ 5 GO

Mat 21.

Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, five Orchids 3 00

' RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 10.
Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, six Orchids ' . 5 00

Shady Hill Nursery Co., four standard Rhododendrons . . . 5 00
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Seven Pelargoniums 3 00

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — Two distinct named

varieties, in bloom, no Orchid admissible, Dr. C. G. Weld . $15 00

Second, Alexander Galbraith . . . . . . . 10 00

Specimen Plant in Bloom. — Named, other than Orchid, John L.

Gardner, Rhynchospermum jasminoides . . . . 7 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld, Stephanotis floribunda . . . 5 00
Specimen Foliage Plant. — New and rare, other than Orchid,

John L. Gardner , . 7 00

Hard Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Three, of three distinct

named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . . 8 00
Orchids. — Six plants, of six named varieties, in bloom, E. W.

Gilmore, 25 00

Second, John L. Gardner . 15 00

Three plants, of three named varieties, in bloom, Mrs. Pauline

Durant 16 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore . . 10 00

Single specimen plant, named, John L. Gardner . . . . 8 00

Second, Mrs. Pauline Durant . 6 00

June 25.

Oratuity : —

Dr. C. G. Weld, Collection of Orchids .... . . 4 00

July 2.

Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, Grammatophyllum Ellisii, and three Orchids . 3 00

August 6.

Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, Odontoglossum vexillarium, three varieties . 3 00

August 13.
Gratuities : —

Nathaniel T. Kidder, ten plants Achimenes 7 00

John L. Gardner, Achimenes . 2 00

Daniel Duffley, fourteen pots Amaryllis Belladonna . . . 5 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 6, 7, 8, and 9.

Special Prizes, H. H. Hunnewell Fund.

Hardy Coniferous Trees not Natives op New England. —

Display in pots and tubs, named. Shady Hill Nursery Co. . 15 00
Second, William C. Strong , 10 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 253

Special Prizes, offered by the Society.

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs not more than twenty-four inches in

diameter, Joseph H. White $12 00

Pair, in pots not more than fourteen inches in diameter, George

A. Nickerson . . . . 8 00

Second, Joseph H. White 6 00

Regular Prizes.

Greenhouse Plants. — Display of Palms, Aralias, Cycads, Ferns,
and Lycopods, not to exceed forty plants, in pots or tubs not

to exceed twenty-two inches in diameter, H. Hollis Hunnewell 40 00

Second, Joseph H. White 30 00

Six greenhouse and stove plants, of different named varieties,

two Crotons admissible, George A. Nickerson . . . 30 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 25 GO

Third, John L. Gardner . 20 00

Single plant for table decoration, dressed at the base with living

plants only, only one entry admissible, George A. Nickerson 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder . 6 00

Third, John L. Gardner 4 00

Specimen Flowering Plant. — Single named variety, John L.

Gardner, 8 00

Second, Alexander Galbraith 6 00

Ornamental Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties not offered in
the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, Nathaniel T. Kidder . ' . . . . 20 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 15 00

Third, Joseph H. White 12 00

Single specimen, variegated, named, not offered in any collection,

George A. Nickerson ........ 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . . . . . 5 00

Third, Joseph H. White 4 00

Caladioms. — Six named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder, . . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 10 00

Second George A. Nickerson 8 00

• Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Adiantdms. — Five distinct named species, George A. Nickerson . 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Third, Joseph H. White 4 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, named, not less than six feet in

height, John L. Gardner, Alsophila australis . . . 10 00

Second, George A. Nickerson ....... 8 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

3

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

inch

pots

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Crotons. — Six named varieties, in not less than twelve
George A. Nickerson ....

Six, in six-inch pots, George A. Nickerson .
Second, Dr. C. G. Weld ....

Third, John L. Gardner ...

Cycad. — Single plant, named, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Alexander Galbraith
Orchids. — Three plants, named varieties, in bloom, the second
prize to John L. Gardner ......

Single plant, in bloom, the second prize to John L. Gardner

Gratuities: —

William H. Lincoln, Display of Palms and Ferns

Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J., Display of Plants

William Patterson, " "

Benjamin Grey, Orchids, Ferns, and Sarracenias

Yishev 'Qroi'hQrs &, Co , Clematis paniculata

William C. Strong, Cycad

Walter Hunnewell, Three Anemones

William C. Winter, Begonias .

J. R. Andrews, Cotton Plants .

Siebrecht & Wadley, New Rochelle, N. Y.

Charles Storer, Agave Victoria regina

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Selaginella grandis

Collection of

Plants

US

00

6

00

10

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

10 00

8

00

6

00

4

00

10

00

5

00

5

00

10

00

3

00

2

00

p

00

2

00

1

00

5

OJ

1 00
3 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 8, 9,' 10, and 11.

Chrysanthemums. — Display of twelve named plants, any or all

classes, distinct varielfes, Walter Hunnewell . . 50 00

Second, Arthur Hunnewell 40 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 30 00

Fourth, Miss Mary S. Walker . . . . , . 20 00
Group of Plants, arranged for effect, limited to two hundred

square feet, John L. Gardner 40 00

Second, William H. Elliott 35 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 30 00

Fourth, Nathaniel T. Kidder 25 00

Fifth, Francis Brown Hayes 20 00

Sixth, Bussey Institution . . . , . . . 15 00
Six Incurved or Chinese, distinct named varieties, Walter Hunne-
well 20 00

Specimen Incurved or Chinese, named variety, Arthur Hunnewell 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, Walter Hunnewell 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 255

Specimen Japanese, named variety, Walter Hunnewell . . $6 00

Specimen Pompon, named variety, Arthur Hunnewell . . . 5 GO

Gratuities : —

Edmund M. Wood, Six Chrysanthemums 20 00

S. C. Lawrence, Fourteen Plants . . . . . . . 15 00

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Display 10 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Display 10 00

December 10.

Gratuities : ^-

George Mc William, Thirteen plants of Luculia gratissima . . 4 00
Robert Cameron, Botanic Garden, Cambridge, Plumbago rosea . 2 00

SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDAL.
May Exhibition, May 7. John L. Oardner, Azalea Decora.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

January 9. John L. Gardner, Cattleya Percivaliana.
August 25. H. H. Hunnewell, Hippeastrum reticulatum.
Annual Exhibition of Plants, September G-9. Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills,
N. J., Mormodes pardinum unicolor.

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

January 16. Joseph Tailby, Dwarf Calla, Little Gem.

Spring Exhibition, March 22-25. E. W. Gilmore, Odontoglossum Pescatorei

var.

" " " 'Ei.va.vA'QuiXer, Odontoglossumnehulosum

May Exhibition, May 7. Dr. C. G. Weld, Cypripedium caudatum.
May 21. John L. Gardner, Cattleya Reineckiana.
July 2. John L. Gardner, Thunia Veitchiana.
Annual Exhibition of Plants, September 6-9. Siebrecht & Wadley, New

Rochelle, N. Y., Draccena Norwoodiensis.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

By Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman.

As the season draws to a close and with it our annual series of
exhibitions, we are reminded that duty requires us to report our
doings for the current year.

Our exhibitions, while not presenting any extraordinary features,
have been generally good, with many entertaining and instructive
displays. Several things which have been steadily coming to the
front, have been shown with increased interest, while some old
favorites seem to be losing ground.

The displays of Herbaceous Plants have far excelled those of
previous years, the interest in them being so marked, and the
exhibits so excellent, that we have included a list of the various
species and varieties shown in the collections which reeeived the
highest final award for the greatest number of first prizes during
the season, thinking that it will be valuable for reference.

As to the introduction of new species, or improved varieties, the
year has been singularly deficient, except in the case of the
Chrysanthemum, in which there have been some notable additions.

The interest in the Sweet Pea seems to be still on the increase,
and good mixed displays of it have been made. These flowers
have become so important commercially as well as otherwise, that
it seems as though more attention should be paid to their nomen-
.clature. Our displays, while they are beautiful in their way, give

REPORT OF THE CO>OnTTEE ON FLOWERS. 257

but very little idea of the different varieties and tbeir correct
names, and considering the very great improvements which are
being made in the varieties, it would seem that the prizes we have
been offering have not been such as would bring out the most
instructive displays. With this in view a new prize has been
added to the Schedule for 1893, which it is hoped will bring out
full displays, arranged not so much for a general effect as to
give us comparative collections of accurately named varieties. In
this connection we have thought it would be a valuable addition to
this report to introduce into it a complete list of known varieties,
arranged so as to show those of a synonymous nature, and
through the kindness of Rev. W. T. Hutchins, of Indian Orchard,
we are enabled to present such a list.

Another class of plants which are claiming the attention of
amateurs in no small degree, and are always highly appreciated by
the general public when exhibited, are the Aquatics, more
especially the Nymphseas and Nelumbiums. Our displays of
these the past season have been excellent, and we predict that the
time is not far distant when exhibitions composed entii'ely of
aquatics and allied plants will be practicable.

The Cannas are also making a place for themselves as flowering
plants. The improvement that has been made in them within the
last few years is wonderful. We have seen the flowers develop
from the comparative insignificance of a few years ago, into the
present gorgeous varieties with flowers larger than those of the
Gladiolus. There certainly is a great future before this plant, and
judging by the exhibits we have had of them this season, we may
expect some grand displays as they become better known.

We cannot pass on to a consideration of our regular exhibitions,
without special mention of the displays of Wild Flowers which have
been made almost weekly during the season, commencing with the
fii'st flowers that make their appearance in the spring, and not
ending until hard frosts have destroyed the latest species. We
have had not only the flowers of our own immediate vicinity,
but specimens of many species from localities ranging from
Maine and New Hampshire to Florida and the far West, showing
the wide-spread interest which is taken in this department. Their
value should not be under-estimated, presenting as they do to
botanical students an unequalled opportunity for comparison and
study.

258 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

As a complete list of the exhibitors and awards to each forms
a part of this report, we will not attempt to describe the exhibits
in detail, but will only mention such as seem to be worthy of
special notice as out of the ordinary line of displays.

The first exhibit of this kind which claimed our attention, was a
new Cypripedium shown by Thomas Greaves, January 9, and to
which we awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit. It is a
variety of the old insigne and is named Greavesianum.

On each Saturday, from January 9, to the Spring Show on
March 22, we had interesting displays of seasonable flowers, many
of them of great excellence.

The forced flowering shrubs and herbaceous plants, from the
Bussey Institution, should be specially mentioned, particularly the
display of February 20, when beautiful sprays of Exochorda
grandijlora were shown, proving the value of this shrub for florists'
use, as it is one of the few which can be forced early, and requires
only about four weeks in which to bring it into bloom.

Fine specimens of Andromeda speciosa, another valuable shrub
for forcing, were also shown on this day by Jackson Dawson.
He also exhibited on March 12, a new hybrid rose, the result of a
cross between Rosa rugosa and Gen. Jacqueminot. It is a single
flower of an intense Jacqueminot crimson color and strong
fragrance. A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded for
this new variety.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 22, 23, 24, and 25.

Notwithstanding the inclement weather with which this show
opened, the displays of cut flowers were fully equal to any
previous exhibits, and in many instances much finer. As regards
cut flowers, this exhibition was more of a Rose and Carnation
show than a Bulb show ; the display of the first far exceeded
anything before attempted here.

Much interest centered around the prizes offered by the Waban
Rose Conservatories, for twenty-four blooms of the Waban rose.
These prizes were in the form of silver cups, which were valued at
one hundred dollars and seventy-five dollars, respectively, the first
being won by William H. Elliott and the second by Charles E.
Holbrow.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 259

There were grand displays of other varieties of roses, including
Catherine Mermet, The Bride, Mme. de Watteville, Papa Gontier,
Mme. Hoste, and Ulrich Brunner.

Carnations also were shown much more extensively than ever
before, and made a beautiful and much appreciated exhibit. The
classes for separate colors, twelve blooms of each, were interesting
and instructive. The varieties winning the prizes were, for the
best crimson, Ferdinand Mangold ; for the best pink. The
Princess ; for the best scarlet. Hector ; for the best white, Mrs.
Fisher, and for the best yellow. Golden Triumph. Honorable
Mention was awarded Sewall Fisher, for a rich pink seedling
Carnation of much promise.

Among the miscellaneous displays, which were numerous, was a
dried flower spike of the Cocorita Palm {Attalea macrocarpa) from
Trinidad, exhibited by Siebrecht& Wadley, of NewRochelle, N. Y.
It was nearly ten feet in length, and an interesting object. A
First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to the same firm for a
new seedling Nepenthes in the way of sanguinea, it being the result
of a cross between that species and the variety known as Mastersii.
It had a very large and richly colored (deep red) pitcher.

At the Saturday shows during April, many interesting displays
were made. April 9, Honorable Mention was awarded Joseph
Tailby for seedling Carnatioiis, numbered 2, 3, 4, and 6, which
were quite promising.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 7.

This always interesting show was fully equal to its predecessors,
some things being better shown than usual.

The Tulips were excellent but not numerous. The Narcissuses
were quite well represented although it was a little late for them.
Several collections of Pansies were shown, including many fine
flowers, but they did not average as good as the year previous.

The collections of Herbaceous Plants at this show were
particularly good, comprising many rare species.

Native Plants were shown by E. H. Hitchings and Mrs. P. D.
Richards ; their collections received the usual amount of admira-
tion.

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Many of the miscellaneous displays were excellent, but there
were none which, we can single out from the rest as remarkable.

There were many meritorious displays made on the Saturdays
from May 14 to June 4, inclusive.

May 21, Honorable Mention was awarded Lewis H. Farlow for
a very fine variety of Cattleya Mendelii.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 10 and 11.

This show was set for June 4, but owing to the lateness of the
season it was postponed until the 10th, and was held open for two
days.

Until the present year these shows have been held open for a
few hours only, but owing to the importance they have assumed,
it was thought best to extend the time and charge an admission
fee. One hall has usually been sufficient to accommodate the
entire exhibition, but the two scarcely sufficed to hold all that was
brought in. The lower hall was devoted to miscellaneous exhibits,
while the upper one was almost entirely filled with Rhodendrons
and Hardy Azaleas. In this hall, the arrangement of Hardy
Azaleas, banked against a background of dark maroon curtains,
was very effective and added greatly to the general effect of the
exhibition.

With few exceptions the flowers in the upper hall were contrib-
uted by three gentlemen, H. H. Hunnewell, John L. Gardner, and
Francis Brown Hayes.

The beautiful sterling silver vase, offered by Mr. Hayes, as a
prize for fifty trusses of Rhododendrons of not less than twelve
hardy varieties, was won by John L. Gardner with a superb
collection of trusses, conspicuous among which were the varieties :

Alexander Dancer, James Mcintosh,

Caractacus, Lady Claremont,

Chancellor, Lord John Russell,

Everestianum, Minnie,

Giganteum, Purpureum elegans,

H. H. Hunnewell, Purpureum grandiflorum,

IJ. W. Sargent, The Queen.

REPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 261

Tender varieties were shown in great perfection and profusion,
entirely eclipsing all previous attempts in this line.

Hardy Azaleas have never been shown so extensively before, but
lose much in effect unless they are shown in large branches with
numerous trusses.

In the lower hall, while the effect was not so striking, there was
perhaps, more of general interest to the owner of an ordinary
garden or grounds. Here were displayed the collections of
herbaceous plants, flowering trees and shrubs, German Irises,
Pyrethrums, Carnations, native plants, and a great variety of
other flowers.

The exhibitors of Herbaceous Plants staged some remarkably
fine specimens and many rare species.

Among the other very interesting displays of flowering trees
and shrubs, was a collection from Jackson Dawson of the Arnold
Arboretum, which included twenty-three varieties of Weigela.

James Comley was awarded a Silver Medal for his beautiful
white seedling Rhododendron, Mrs. Grover Cleveland ; and
Thomas C. Thurlow, a First Class Certificate of Merit, for the
Tricolor Beech, bearing the nursery name of Fagus purpureus tri-
color. This is as beautiful in foliage as a croton, being variegated
in shades of rose.

ROSE SHOW.
June 22 and 23.

It was also found necessary to postpone this show one week
later than the time set, on account of the lateness of the season,
which could hardly have been worse for the production of fine
Roses. The unusually cold weather in April and the extremely
hot days just previous to the exhibition, seemed to deprive the
roses of vitality, and consequently, as to quality, we had a very
poor showing of Roses from this locality. Those shown by Hon.
Joseph S. Fay, of Wood's HoU, however, were a welcome
exception to the rule, being of admirable quality. Among them
were four new ones of much promise, viz. : Marchioness of Duf-
ferin, Margaret Dickson, Jeannie Dickson, and T. W. Girdlestoue.

Sweet Williams were extensively shown, but there was only one
exhibitor of Herbaceous Pfeonies, it being much too late for these
flowers. Tuberous Begonias were entirely absent.

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Among the miscellaneous displays of flowers there were many
fine exhibits, especially the Herbaceous Plants from Rea Brothers,
and the Botanic Gardens ; the Andromeda speciosa and Syringas
from Jackson Dawson ; the displays of Rhododendrons and
Pasonies from Francis Brown Hayes, and the Foxgloves from
Alexander Galbraith.

Jackson Dawson was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit,
for a seedling Philadelphus, with a very large, pure white, and
very sweet-scented flower.

The weekly summer shows, between the Rose Show and the
Annual Exhibition, were full of interest, each Saturday bringing
many exhibitors and an eager throng of visitors, always
ready to express their appreciation of the exhibits placed in the
hall for their inspection.

The general displays have differed but little from those of
previous years, consequently there were but few special exhibits
upon which we need to dwell.

July 23, Benjamin Grey made an exhibit of Nymphaeas,
among which N. odorata sulphurea^ was prominent. It is one of
Marliac's beautiful new hybrids, and a very valuable addition to
this delightful class of plants, being hardy, fragrant, of beautiful
color, and very free to bloom.

July 30 was Sweet Pea day, and a grand display was made of
these flowers in bunches, arranged for effect only.

The Faxon Prize for Sweet Peas, although discontinued by the
originator, was offered by the Society, on August 6, and was won
by William Patterson, who, having taken the same prize last year,
became entitled to the vase which was offered as the prize.

Another very attractive display at this exhibition was the
collection of garden Lilies, from William C. Strong, including the
following species and varieties :

Lilium auratum, L. avratum macranthum,

L. auratum rubrum vittatum, L. WalUchlanum superbum,
L. auratum pictum.

The flowers of the last named variety — an introduction of last
season — were from bulbs which remained in the ground over last
winter, thus helping to prove its hardiness.

REPORT OF THE C01VI3IITTEE ON FLOWERS. 263

August 13, William E. Endicott was awarded a First Class
Certificate of Merit, for a new seedling Gladiolus, named Helior,
with color and markings unusually distinct.

August 20, James F. C. Hyde was awarded Honorable Mention,
for a fine, soft pink seedling Phlox.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
September 6, 7, 8, and 9.

This was successful as far as the exhibits were concerned,
although the greater portion of them were in miscellaneous
collections, there being but little competition in the prize classes.
There were three entries in the new class for Aquatic Plants,
making altogether a very fine display. >

Dr. R. H. Faunce took the First Prize with a finely grown
collection, principally Nymphseas, the following species and
varieties being represented, viz. :

Nymphcea alba candidissima. Nymplima odorata Carolinensis.

*' Devoniensis. " '^ rosea.

*' gigantea. " " suli^hurea.

" Laydekeri rosea. " pygmcea.

*' Marliacea albida. " rubra.

" " carnea. " Zanzibarensis.

" " chromatella. " " azurea.

" " rosea. " " rosea.

" odorata.

Nymph(Ea Laydekeri rosea received a First Class Certificate of
Merit. It is a beautiful little flower of about eight petals, but they
are so broad that the eight make two; entire rows. The color is a
rich rose, deepening as the flower ages. It is a hybrid between
pygyncea and a pink variety and is said to be hardy.

Nymphcea gigantea is the great blue lily from Australia, one of
the most beautiful and at the same time the most difl^cult to
cultivate.

Nympho&a odorata Carolinensis was awarded Honorable Men-
tion. It is one of the most promising new Nymphieas, the color
])eing a pleasing light salmon.

The Second Prize was awarded to Benjamin Grey for an
interesting collection including the following varieties, viz. :

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCLETY.

NymphcBa alba candidissima. NymphcPM odorata carnea.

" exquisita.

rose colored var.
dentata.
Devoniensis.
GreycB.
Marliacea albida.

" carnea.

" chrow.atella.

" rosea.

" rosea.

" sulphur ea.
pygmcea helveola.
scutifolia.
Sturtevanti.
Zanzibarensis.

Benjamin Grey was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit,
for his new seedling, JSfymphcea Greyce, a hybrid between N.
gracilis and N. scutifolia gigantea. The color is a soft rosy
carmine. He was also awarded Honorable Mention for a sport
from Nymphma alba candidissima, the color being a very pleasing
cream pink.

In the class for Victoria regia there was no entry.

Fisher Brothers' display of Cannas, under the class calling for
a collection of not less than ten varieties was magnificent and
attracted much attention.

The prize day for Perennial Asters was September 17, and
although it was fully a week too early for them, they were finely
represented, George Hollis taking the first prize and Mrs. P. D.
Richards, the second.

September 24, James S. Cowles was awarded a Silver Medal for
a new seedling Canna, named Mrs. Fairman Rogers, it being a
seedling raised from hand-fertilized seed of Mme. Crozy. It is a
great improvement on its parent, the petals being much broader,
with the yellow border fully one-quarter of an inch wide.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 8, 9, 10, and 11.

In many respects this show must be considered one of the most
successful of our Chrysanthemum Exhibitions. There were not as
many flowers shown as last year, but they were all of fine quality,
and many of them surpassed anything ever seen here before.
While there were none shown in the class for fifty blooms there

REPORT or THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 265

were magnificent blooms in the class for six vases of six named
varieties. The class which calls for the filling of the Society's
large china vases is a good one and brought out some very
beautiful flowers effectively arranged.

The classes which provide for one vase of ten blooms of a single
color, on long stems, were well represented and were particularly
valuable. The varieties staged in competition for them, were as
follows, viz. : in

Red, first prize, a vase of CuUingfordii and Edwin Molyneaux ;
second, CuUingfordii.

Pink, first prize, V. H. Hallock ; second, Ada Spaulding.

White, first prize. Domination ; second. Miss Minnie Waua-
maker; third. Domination.

Yellow, first prize, William H. Lincoln; second and third Harry
E. Wideuer.

Any other color, first prize, Harry May ; second, Mrs. Charles
Wheeler; third, Violet Rose.

In the classes for Incurved, Japanese, Japanese Incurved, and
Reflexed, there were several entries, and splendid blooms were
entered, especially in the class for twelve Japanese Incurved,
John Simpkins staging in this class some of the finest blooms in
the hall. His varieties were :

Ada H. Leroy, Mrs. J. Wanamaker,

Eva Hoyt, Mrs. Maria Simpson,

Harry May, Olga,

Mermaid, Roslyn,

Mrs. Charles Wheeler, Shenandoah.
Mrs. Jerome Jones,

Among the introductions of the current year, the most promis-
ing shown were :

Abbie Meudenhall, Mrs. Jerome Jones,

Eva Hoyt, Mrs. L. C. Madeira,

Edward Hatch, Mrs. Maria Simpson, "*

Harry May, Olga,

Marguerite Jeffords, Roslyn.
Miss Helyett,

The classes for Incurved seemed to be neglected, E. A.
Wood showing the only collection of well-grown flowers, his best

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

specimens being Mabel Ward, Hero of Stoke Newington, Mrs.
Heale, Alfred Salter, Pietro Diaz, and L. C. Madeira.

Seedlings were not so extensively shown as in former years, but
the quality was of a much higher grade.

The arrangement of the prizes by dividing them into classes by
color is a good one, and should be continued.

In reds, the prize was awarded to George B. Gill, for Ox-blood.
The best pink was shown by J. Eaton, Jr. ; it was a lovely blush
pink, named Carrie Bell. Snowflake, shown by John Simpkins,
took the prize in whites. Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills, N. J.,
took the first prize in yellows, with Mrs. F. L. Ames. The best
in any other color than those specified was awarded to J. Eaton
Jr., for a scarlet and gold, incurved Japanese, named Clarence.

First Class Certificates were awarded for the following seedlings :

To John Simpkins, for Snowflake, a very pure white Japanese.

C. D. Kingman, for Nemasket, a magnificent, very double,
white Japanese.

George Hollis, for Silver Cloud, a large, reflexed, white, with a
beautiful salmon shade in the centre.

E. G. Hill, for Maud Dean, a very large, incurved Japanese, of
a beautiful, clear, rose pink color.

J. Eaton, Jr., for Carrie Bell, a fine, blush pink, incurved
Japanese, and Clarence, a large, incurved Japanese with the face
of the petals nearly scarlet in color and bright gold reverse.

Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills, N. J., for Mrs. F. L. Ames,
a very large and full Japanese, rich yellow in color, tinged orange
in the centre.

Arthur H. Fewkes, for Shawmut, a large, full, double Jap-
anese, clear yellow in color.

Nathan Smith & Son, of Adrian, Michigan, for Miles A.
Wheeler, a bronze yellow, incurved Japanese.

Honorable Mention was awarded to George B. GUI, for Ox-blood,
incurved Japanese, of a very deep maroon crimson.

Norris F. Comley, for Mrs. Norris F. Comley, a good, full
double, red, reflexed variety.

E. G. Hill, for Mrs. J. W. Crouch, a fine, large, incurved
Japanese ; color a deep amaranth.

It seems unfortunate that our exhibitions are so deficient in
Anemone flowered and Pompon Chrysanthemums, for good displays
of them would be a great addition to our shows, and it is a great
mistake to entirely neglect their cultivation.

REPORT OF THE CO:NOIITTEE ON FLOWERS. 267

Honorable Mention was also awarded to Sarah Fisher for seed-
ling Carnations, and to Martin M, Cummings, for his white seedling
Carnation, named Gov. Russell, a very promising white variety,

eliohn Burton, of Philadelphia, showed his new rose, American
Belle, a sport from American Beauty, and a decided improvement
on that variety in color. A Silver Medal was awarded to him for
this rose.

Nathaniel T. Kidder, having obtained the greatest number of
first prizes throughout the season for Herbaceous Plants, became
entitled to the Appleton Silver Medal, and the Shady Hill Nursery
Co. , to the Appleton Bronze Medal, for the next greatest number
of first prizes in the same class.

The Committee have awarded during the year, one Appleton
Silver Medal, one Appleton Bronze Medal, three Society's Silver
Medals, eighteen First Class Certificates of Merit, and fourteen
Honorable Mentions.

The amount appropriated for flowers in 1892 was $2,200 00

The amount awarded in prizes and gratuities, including

three silver medals and one bronze medal $2,16'j 00

Unexpended balance .... $31 00

The Committee have also awarded in Special Prizes $225 00

All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

Arthur H. Fewkes,

Chairman.

268

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Collections of Forty Herbaceous Perennials Exhibited by
Nathaniel T. Kidder, during the Season of 1892.

First prizes were awarded for all these collections except that
exhibited September 6-9, which received a third prize.

May 7.

Adonis vernalis.

Alyssum saxatile, var. compac-

turn.
Anemone montana.

" Rohinsoniana.
Anemonella thalictroides.
Arabis hirsuta.
Caltha palustris.
Corydalis nobilis.
Dodecatheon Meadia.
Doronictim Caucasicum.
Draba cuspidata.
Epimedium macranthum.
Erysimum rupestre.
Fritillaria sp.
Geum trijlorum.
Hepatica triloba.
Jlyacinthus orientalis.
Iris pumila.

" sp.
Muscari botryoides.

Narcissus muticus.

" poeticus.
Orobus vernus.
Pachysandra procumbens.
Phlox repens.
" stellaria.
" subulata
Primula veris.
Pulmonaria angustifolia.
Saxifraga carnea.
Stylophorum diphyllum.
Trillium grandiflorum.

" sessile.

" " Calif ornicum.

Tulipa Gesneriana.
Uvularia grandiflora.
Vinca herbacea.

Viola canina var. Muhlenbergii .
" cucullata (with vars. alba
and variegata).
Waldsteinia fragarioides.

June 10 and 11.

Ajuga Genevensis.
Allium Ledebourianum.
Amsonia Taberncemontana.
Aquilegia (hybrids).
" Olymp)ica.
Armeria dianthoides.

' ' maritima purpurea.
Asarum Canadense.
Astilbe Japonica.

Baptisia ausiralis.
Cypripedium spectabile.
Dictamnus Fraxinella.
Digitalis purpurea.
Doronicum Pardalianches.
Erigeron Philadelphicus.
Geum coccineum.
Gypsophila repens.
Hemerocallis Jlava.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS.

269

Hydrophylluni Virginicum.
Iris Germanica.
Lupimis polyphyllus.
Lychnis flos-cuculi Ji. pi.
Oxalis violacea.
Pceonia.

Papaver orientale.
" pilosum.
Pentstemon diffusus.
Phlox amoena.
Polemonium cceruleum.

Primula Japonica.
Ranunculus acris fl. pi.
Salvia pratensis.
Silene maritima.
Smilacina racemosa.
Symphytum officinale variegata.
Thalictrum minus.
Tradescantia Virginica.
Verbascum Phoeniceum.
Veronica rupestris.
Viola cornuta and var. alba.

July 2.

Agrostemma coronaria.
Ajuga Genevensis.
Anthemis tinctoria.
Betonica grandifiora.
Campanula nobilis.

" persicifolia alba.
Centaurea dealbata.

" macrocephala.
Centranthus ruber and var. alba.
Clematis Viorna.
Coreopsis verticillata.
Crucianella stylosa.
Delphinium (hybrids).
Dianthus barbatus.

' ' Hispanicivs.
Digitalis purpurea.
Echinacea purpurea.
Erigeron glaucus.
Heracleum Persianum.
Iris Kcemjyferi.
Lathy rus latif alius.

Lilium Canadense.

" candidum.

' ' pomponianum .
Lychnis Chalcedonica and var,

alba.
Lychnis Haageana.
Lysimachia trisoidea.
" vulgaris.

Lythrum roseum superbum.
Malva Alcea.
(Enothera fruticosa.
' ' speciosa.
Pentstemon Digitalis.
Phlox Carolina.
Solidago Virgaurea Cambrica.
Spircea Aruncus. 9

Thalictrum angustifolium .
Trifolium Pannonicum.
Veronica incana.

Achillea Ptarmica.
Aconitum variegatum.
Allium pulchellum.

4

July 30.

Anthemis tinctoria.
Campanula rotundifolia.
Cassia Marilandica.

270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cephalaria alpina.
Clematis Davidiana.

" Pitcheri.
Crucianella stylosa.
Cunila Mary ana.
Delphinium, (hybrids) .
Echinops exaltatus.

" Ritro.
Euphorbia corollata.
Galium sp.
Gentiana asdepiadea.
Gypsophila acutifolia.
Helianthus multiflorusJl.pl.
Kniphofia triangularis.
Lathyrus latifolius.
Lepachys pinnata.
Leucanthemum uliginosum.
Lilium tigrinum.

September

Anemone Japonica.
Aster Novce-AnglicBi

" spectabilis.
Boltonia latisquama.
Campanula Carpatica.
Chelone Lyoni.
Clematis Pitcheri.
Coreopsis grandiflora.
Crucianella stylosa.
Delphinium dasycantha.
Eupatorium ageratoides.

" altissimum.

" coelestinum.

Funkia subcordata.
Gypsophila acutifolia.
Helenium autumnale.
Helianthus multiflorus.

fl.pl.

Hibiscus flavescens.

" Moscheutos.
Lathyrus latifolius.

Lychnis Haageana.
Lysimachia clethroides.
Ly thrum roseum superbum.
Malva Alcea.
Monarda didyma.
" flstulosa.
(Enothera fruticosa.
Origanum vulgar e.
Phlox paniculata.
Platycodon grandiflorum album.
Polygonum Sieboldi.
Rudbeck ia gran diflora .

" maxima.

'' speciosa.
Stokesia cyanea.
Verbascum nigrum.
Veronica fruticulosa.

6, 7, 8, AND 9.

Lespedeza bicolor.
Lilium, lancifolium.
Lobelia syphilitica.
Malva Alcea.

"■ moschata alba.
Mimulus cnrdinalis.
Monarda didyma.
Phlox paniculata.
Physalis Alkekengi.
Polygonum Sachalinense.
Pycnanthemum lanceolatum.
Pyrethrum uliginosum.
Rudbeckia speciosa.
Sedum spectabile.
Solidago Missouriensis.

' ' rig id a.
Statice speciosa.
Verbascum Chaixii.
Vernonia Novceboracensis.
Veronica longifolia subsessilis.
Viola cornuta.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOAVERS.

271

October 4, 5, and 6.

Aconitum autumnale.
Actinomeris sguarrosa.
Allium stellatum.
Anemone Japonica var.Honoriue

Joubert.
Anemone Japonica rosea.
Aster sp.

" NovcR-Anglioe,

" Tartaricus.
Boltonia latisquama.
Campanula Carpatica.

' ' Rapunculoides .

Centranthus ruber.
Clematis Pitcher i.
Colchicum autumnale.
Coreopsis grandijlora.
Crocus speciosus.
Crucianella stylosa.
Delphinium (hybrids).
Echinops exaltatus.
Eulalia Japonica zebrina.

Eujmtorium ageratoides.

" coelestinum.

Gentiana Andrewsii.
Helenium autumnale.
Helianthus multiflorus ft. pi.

' ' orgyalis

" tuberosus.

Heuchera villosa.
Lespedeza bicolor.
Mimulus cardinalis.
Plumbago Larpentce.
Polygonum amplexicaule var.

oxyphylla.
Pyrethrum idiginosum.
Sedum spectabile.
Solidago Drummondi.

" rigida.
Tritoma Uvaria.
Verbascum nigrum.
Viola cornuta.
" striata.

List of Sweet Peas, Complete to Date.

By Rev. W. T. Hdtchins.

Those marked E. were sent out by Henry Eckford, of "Wem,
Shropshire, England.

Adonis. Blue and Purple, Syn. Johanna

Alba Magnitica. Theresa.

Apple Blossom, E. Blue and Purple Striped.

Black (Irvin Black) Synonym Blue Bird.

Bronze Prince. Blue Edged.

Blanche Ferry, Syn. Blushing Blushing Beauty, E., 1893.

Bride. Boreatton, E.

272

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Butterfly.

Captain Clarke, Syn. Tricolor.

Captain of the Blues, E.

Cardinal, E.

Carmine Invincible.

Countess of Radnor, E.

Crown Princess of Prussia.

Delight, E.

Dorothy Tennant, E., 1892.

Duchess of Edinburgh, E.

Duke of Clarence, E., 1893.

Emily Eckford, E., 1893.

Empress of India, E.

Fairy Queen.

Firefly, E., 1893.

Gaiety, E., 1893.

Her Majesty, E., 1892.

Ignea, E., 1892.

Imperial Blue, Syns. Grand
Blue, Mauve Queen, Laxton's
Invincible Blue, Imperial
Purple.

Indigo King, E.

Isa Eckford, E.

Lady Beaconsfield, E. 1893.

Lady Penzance, E., 1893.

Lemon Queen, E., 1892.

Miss Hunt, E.

Monarch, E.

Mrs. Eckford, E., 1892.

Mrs. Gladstone, E.

Mrs. Sankey, E.

Orange Prince, E.

Ovid, E. 1893.

Painted Lady, Syn. Nellie Jaynes.

Peach Blossom, E., 1893.

Primrose, E.

Princess Beatrice.

Princess of Wales, E.

Princess Victoria, E.

Purple.

Purple Brown, Syn. Zulu Chief.

Purple Prince, E.
Queen of England, E.

Queen of the Isles, Syn. Invinci-
ble Red Striped.

Queen Victoria.

Royal Robe, E., 1893.

Scarlet Invincible.

Scarlet Striped.

Senator, E.

Spleudor, E.

Stanley, E., 1893.

The Queen, E.

Venus, E., 1893.

Vesuvius.

Violet Queen, Syn. Princess
Louise.

Waverly, E., 1892.

White.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

273

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FLOWERS,

1892.

January 16.
Gratuity: —
Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Camellias ....

Jandaky 30.
Gratuities: —
Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Camellias ....
Bussey Institution, Forced Shrubs and Plants

February 6.
Gratuity: —
Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Camellias ....

February 13.

Gratuity : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Camellias, Orchids, Roses, etc.

February 20.
Gratuities: —

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Camellias, etc.

Charles V. Whitten, Vase of La France Roses

Bussey Institution, Forced Shrubs ......

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers

^3 00

2 00
2 00

3 00

3 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

February 27.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias, Orchids, etc.
Charles V. Whitten, Vase of Duchess of Albany Roses
William Patterson, Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses

2 00
2 00
1 00

March 5.
Gratuities : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias, Orchids, etc.
Bussey Institution, Forced Shrubs and Plants
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Pansies and Cut Flowers

3 00
2 00
1 00

274

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 12.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias, Khododendrons, etc. . . . $2 00

Charles E. Richardson, Olivia Van Houteii . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 1 00

March 19.
Gratuities: —

William H. Spooner, Hybrid Roses 1 00

Augustus P. Calder, Anemone coronaria . ..... 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Florida Plants 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 22, 23, 24, and 25.
Special Prizes, offered hy Waban Rose Conservatories.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four blooms of Tea Rose,

Waban, William H. Elliott, Plate, value ....

Second, C. E. Holbrow, Plate, value

Regular Prizes.

Six cut blooms, distinct named varieties, Mrs. W. E. Bright

Twelve cut blooms of Ulrich Brunner, Thomas H. Meade .

Second, Charles V. Whitten .... . .

Tender Roses in Vases. — Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet
Waban Rose Conservatories ......

Second, Thomas H. Meade ......

Twelve blooms of Cornelia Cook, Waban Rose Conservatories
Twelve blooms of Duchess of Albany, Charles V. Whitten
Twelve blooms of Mme. de Watteville, Waban Rose Conserva
tories ..........

Second, Montgomery Brothers ......

Twelve blooms of Mme. Hoste, Montgomery Brothers
Twelve blooms of Papa Gontier, Charles V. Whitten .

Second, C. E. Holbrow

Twelve blooms of The Bride, Waban Rose Conservatories .

Second, WiUiara H. Elliott

Best Tea Rose introduced since 1889, Waban Rose Conservatories

for Waban .

Pansies.—' Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varie
ties, in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Denys Zirngiebel .

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Violets. — Best collection of varieties, fifty blooms of each in a
bunch, Nathaniel T. Kidder ......

Second, Alexander Galbraith

100

00

75

00

4

00

10

00

8

00

8

00

6

00

8

00

8

00

8

00

6

00

8

00

8

00

6

00

8

00

6

00

4 00

4 00

3 00

4 00
3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

275

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than

six varieties, in vases, Richard T. Lombard . . . . $5 00
Second, William Nicholson ....... 4 00

Third, H. K. Southworth 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named crimson variety, Paul Richwagen,

for Ferdinand Mangold 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named pink variety, Galvin Brothers, for

The Princess 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named scarlet variety, Galvin Brothers, for

Hector 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named white variety, Galvin Brothers, for

Mrs. Fisher 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named yellow variety, Richard T. Lom-
bard, for Golden Triumph 3 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cmt flowers with foliage,
not less than twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties,
Francis Brown Hayes . . . . . . . . 4 00

Six cut blooms, of not less than four named varieties, with foli-
age, Francis Brown Hayes ....... 3 00

Centre Piece or Artistic Design. — The last day of the Exhibi-
tion, Norton Brothers ........ 8 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 6 00

Gratuities: —

Siebrecht & Wadley, New Rochelle, N. Y., Cut Orchids
E. Sheppard & Son, Cut flowers of Dendrohium nohile
Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendrons and Orchids
J. Frank Curtis, Vase of Catherine Mermet Roses .
Augustus P. Calder, Roman Anemones, A. coronaria
Arthur H. Fewkes, Spike of Clivia John L. Flanders
Bussey Institution, Forced Shrubs ....
Siebrecht & Wadley, cut Nepenthes
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Two vases of Cut Flowers .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut flowers

2 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

4 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

April 2.

Gratuities .

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses ....
" " " Riiododendrons and Violets

3 00
1 00

April 9.
Gratuity: —

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses and Rhododendrons

5 00

276

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

April 23.
Gratuities : —

Augustus P. Calder, Roman Anemones $1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 1 00

April 30.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 1 00

May 7.

Tulips. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct named varieties, John L.

Gardner 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Hardy Narcissuses. — Collection of not less than ten named varie-
ties of blooms, in vases, John L. Gardner . . . " . 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, Robert Manning 4 00

Pansibs. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varie-
ties, in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . 5 00

Second, William Patterson 4 00

Third, Joseph H. White 3 00

Herbaceous PLAffTS. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 8 00

Second, Jacob W. Manning 6 00

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood 6 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 5 00

Native Plants. — Collection not exceeding forty bottles, E. H.

Hitchings 5 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards 4 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Tulips . . . .
Bussey Institution, Narcissuses and Tulips
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Pansies
Dr. C. G. Weld, Hardy Primroses
Joseph H. White, Gloxinias
Francis Brown Hayes, Calceolarias
Isaac E. Coburn, Pelargoniums
E. Sheppard & Son, "
Rea Brothers, Spiraeas and Astilbe
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " .
Miss Wier, Native Plants

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

277

Mat 14.
Gratmties : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Pansies
Francis Brown Hayes, Calceolarias and Hardy Shrubs
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers ....

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants ....
E. H. Hitchings, " " . . . .

May 21.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers and Shrubs
John L. Gardner, Late Tulips ....
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Plants .
E. H. Hitchings,

Mat 28.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Flowering Shrubs and Cut Flowers
Jacob W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants ....
William C. Strong, Paeonies and Lilacs ....
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Plants

Jdnb 4.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendron and Flowering Shrubs

Thomas C. Thurlow, Hardy Azaleas and Tree Paeonies

Jacob W. Manning, Collection of Herbaceous Plants

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants

Benjamin D. Hill, " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Plants

E. H. Hitchings, " "

$3 00
3 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

5 00
2 00

6 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 10 and 11.
Special Prize, offered by Francis Brown Hayes.

Rhododendrons. — For fifty trusses, not less than twelve Hardy
varieties, John L. Gardner, a piece of plate, value

ff. H. Uunnewell Premiums.

Twelve trusses distinct Hardy varieties, named, Francis Brown
Hayes, a piece of plate, value. ......

Second, John L. Gardner, a piece of plate, value

50 00

20 00
15 00

278

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL, SOCIETY.

Six distinct Hardy varieties, named, O. B. Hadwen . . . $10 00

Eighteen Tender varieties, named, Francis Brown Hayes . . 10 00

Six Tender varieties, named, " " " . . 5 00

Three Tender varieties, named, " " " . . 4 00

Single truss of any Tender variety, named, Francis Brown Hayes 2 00
Hardy Azaleas. — From any or all Classes. — Fifteen named
varieties, one cluster from a single bud each, Thomas C.

Thurlow 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 5 00

Twelve named varieties, one cluster from a single bud each,

Thomas C. Thurlow 4 00

Six named varieties, one cluster from a single bud each, E.

Sheppard & Son 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith ....... 2 00

Cluster of trusses, one variety, John L. Gardner . . . 2 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith ... .... 1 00

Society's Prizes.

German Irises. — Six distinct varieties, one spike of each, Mrs
A. D. Wood

Second John L. Gardner ....
Hardy Pyrethrums. — Display, Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Joseph H. Woodford .

Third, John L. Gardner ....

Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Collection of thirty

species and varieties, named, cut blooms, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co. ....

Third, Jacob W. Manning

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles of named
species and varieties, one bottle of each, E. H. Hitchings

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Rhododendrons

John L. Gardner, " " "

H. H. Hunnewell, Collection of Rhododendrons and Azaleas

Nathaniel T. Kidder, " " " . .

E. Sheppard & Son, Rhododendrons and Azaleas

Caleb W. Loring, " .. .» , .

O. B. Hadwen, Rhododendrons .....

Joseph Clark, Rhododendron Sappho, and Clematis Montana

Thomas C. Thurlow, Hardy Azaleas and Weigelas

Jacob W. Manning, German Irises .....

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

8

00

8

00

6 00

4

00

5

00

4

00

5

00

4 00

25

00

25

00

25

00

5

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

279

Bussey Institution, Spanish Irises .....

Joseph H. Woodford, Seedling Clematises

Dr. C. G. Weld, Gloxinias and Clematises

Jackson Dawson, Hardy Flowering Shrubs

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Pyrethrums and Cut Flowers .

Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Herbaceous Plants

Rea Brothers, " "

Leverett M. Chase " "

E. W. Gilmore, Tuberous Begonias ....

H. K. Southworth, Thirteen varieties of Carnations

June 18.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendrons

" " " Roses ....

Benjamin D. Hill, Paeonies and Clematis
Miss Ellen M. Harris, White Paeony, var. Festiva
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers ....

$1 00

2 00

2 00

15 00

4 00

2 00

6 00

2 GO

1 00

1 00

2 00

8 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.

Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties,

three of each variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . . . . 35 00

Second, John L. Gardner 80 00

Third, William H. Spooner 25 00

Special Prizes, offered by the Society.

Six blooms of Baroness Rothschild, the second prize to Mrs. E.

M. Gill 4 00

Six blooms of John Hopper, the second prize to Nathaniel T.

Kidder 4 00

Six blooms of Marquise de Castellane, the second prize to Dr.

C. G. Weld 4 00

Six blooms of Merveille de Lyon, the second prize to George H.

Lomax 4 00

Six blooms of Mme. Gabrielle Luizet, Dr. C. G. Weld . . 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Six blooms of Mme. Victor Verdier, the second prize to Dr. C. G.

Weld 4 00

Twelve blooms of any other variety, the second prize to Mrs.

E. M. Gill 5 00

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Sixteen distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay $20 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 15 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Six distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon. Joseph

S. Fay 15 00

Second, Dr. C. G. "Weld 10 00

Third, William H. Spooner 8 00

Three distinct named varieties, three of each variety, the second

prize to Hon. Joseph S. Fay 8 00

Third prize to William H. Spooner 5 00

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, one of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 15 00

Third prize to William H. Spooner 8 00

Eighteen distinct named varieties, one of each variety, the second

prize to Alexander Galbraith 8 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, one of each variety, the second

prize to Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Six distinct named varieties, one of each variety, the second prize

to Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Three distinct named varieties, one of each variety, Hon. Joseph

S. Fay 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Third, Alexander Galbraith 1 00

Twelve blooms of not less than four varieties, introduced since

1889, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 10 00

Moss Roses. — Six distinct named varieties, three clusters of each,

Hon. Joseph S. Fay 6 00

Third prize to John L. Gardner 3 00

General Display. — One hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 10 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill 8 00

Fourth, John L. Gardner 7 00

Fifth, H. A. Stevens 6 00

Herbaceous Pjsonies. — Twelve named varieties, the second prize

to Thomas C. Thurlow 8 00

Sweet Williams. — Thirty spikes, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, E. Sheppard & Son 4 00

Second, Joseph H. White 3 00

Third, Frederick S. Davis 2 00

Vase of Flow^ers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill 5 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLO^^':ERS.

281

Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Hybrid Roses
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, "

William H. Spooner, "

Dr. C. G. Weld,
Francis Brown Hayes, "

Charles W. Parker, "

Thomas C. Thurlow, Pajonies .
John C. Hovey, "

Benjamin D. Hill, "

Sarah R. Robbins, Collection of Sweet Williams
E. Sheppard & Son, Sweet Williams, Campanulas, etc.
Frederick S. Davis, Campanulas and Poppies
Alexander Galbraith, Foxgloves
Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Collection of Herbaceous

Plants ....
Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants
Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendrons and Pseonies
Jackson Dawson, Andromeda speciosa and Syringas
Bussey Institution, English Irises
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .
Sarah M. Vose, Basket of Flowers
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers
E. H. Hitchings, " "

$20 00
10 00
10 00
10 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00
4 00

1 00

June 25.

Gratuity : —
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

1 00

July 2.

Delphiniums. — Collection of twenty spikes, John L. Gardner

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder .....

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld

LiLiuM Candidum. — Twelve spikes, Leverett M. Chase

Second, Bussey Institution .....

Third, S. Coolidge

Foxgloves. — Twelve spikes, Frederick S. Davis
Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co. ....

Third, Jacob W. Manning

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Gratuities : —
E. Sheppard & Son, Campanulas, Larkspurs, etc.
Benjamin D. Hill, Lilies, etc. ......

Rea Brothers, Collection of Herbaceous Plants

.5

00

4

00

3

00

4

CO

3

00

2

00

2

00

8

00

6

00

4

00

5

00

4

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

282

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUIiTURAL SOCIETY.

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hybrid Roses .
Charles W. Parker, Collection of Roses
Rose Buxton, Sweet Peas
George MeWilliam, Dipladenias
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

$10 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
3 00

July 9.

Iris K^mpferi. — Fifteen varieties, three of each, in vases, John

L. Gardner 8 00

Third prize, Shady Hill Nursery Co. 5 00

Six named varieties, three of each, in vases, E. Sheppard & Son 4 00

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co 3 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 3 00

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story 2 00

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, Mrs. P.

D. Richards 5 00

Second, Walter E. Coburn 4 00

Gratuities : -^

E. Sheppard & Son, Iris Kaempferi 1 00

John L. Gardner, Delphiniums 2 00

John L. Gardner, Carnation, Grenadin 1 OD

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Hollyhocks 1 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants 3 00

July 16.

Hollyhocks. — Double, twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors, in

the Society's flat fruit dishes, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . . 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Third, " " 3 00

Six blooms, of six distinct colors, in the Society's flat fruit dishes,

Hon. Joseph S. Fay 3 00

Second, " " 2 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 1 00

Twelve spikes, double, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 5 00

Parlor Bouquet. — Mrs. A. D. Wood 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 3 00

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story 2 00

Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hollyhocks 5 00

John L. Gardner, Tecoma jasminoides 1 00

Rose Buxton, Sweet Peas and Zinnias ...... 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

283

Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendrons, etc $2 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants ....... 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 2 00

July 23.

Gloxinias.— Display of cut flowers, Alexander Galbraith

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. P. D. Richards

Second, "Walter E. Coburn ......

Gratuities : —
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Gloxinias
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Hollyhocks
Miss Ellen M. Harris, Hollyhocks
Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Stocks
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Salpiglossis
Benjamin Grey, ten varieties of Nymphaeas
Benjamin D. Hill, Seedling Clematis
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers

July 30.

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling thirty vases, Joseph H. White

Second, William Patterson

Third, Charles W. Hallstram

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood .....

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story

Gratuities : —
Rev. W. T. Hutchins and B. L. Bragg, Sweet Peas
A. Harrington, Sweet Peas
Benjamin Grey, Display of Nymphaeas
Edwin S. Hill, Petunias and Dahlias
William C. Strong, Gladioli and Lilies
L. G. B. Robinson, Nasturtiums
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants

i

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

1

00

5

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

6

00

4

00

3

00

8

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

August 6.
Special Prospective Prize, offered by the Society.

Sweet Peas. — For the best display, other foliage than that of
Sweet Peas admissible, the prize to be taken by the same
person or firm twice in three consecutive years, William
Patterson, a silver vase, value ......

00

284

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, Shady Hill

Nursery Co ^5 00

Second, Francis Brown Hayes ....... 4 00

Vase of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood ' . 3 00

Native Flowers. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, Mrs.

P. D. Richards 5 00

Second, "Walter E. Coburn 4 00

Gratuities : —

Charles W. Hallstram, Sweet Peas 3 00

Benjamin Grey, Nymphaeas ........ 2 00

Daniel D. Lee, " 1 00

William C. Strong, Lilies and Gladioli . . . . . . 5 00

H. A. Stevens, Zinnias 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers 3 00

E. H. Hitchings, Wild Flowers 1 00

August 13.

Gladioli. — Ten named varieties, in spikes, Alexander Galbraith . 3 00

Second, J. Warren Clark 2 00

Six named varieties, in spikes, Alexander Galbraith . . . 2 00

Second, J. Warren Clark 1 00

Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred

vases, J. Warren Clark 8 00

Second, Richard T. Lombard . . . . . . . 6 00

Gratuities : —
Dr. C. G. Weld, Collection of Gladioli
J. Warren Clark, " "

Alexander Galbraith, " "

William C. Strong, Lilies, Gladioli, etc.
John L. Gardner, Gloxinias, etc.
Benjamin D. Hill, Clematis
Walter E. Coburn, Petunias
Edwin S., Hill,

Rose Buxton, Zinnias and Lilies
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

3 00

3 00

2 00

5 00

2 00

1 00

2 OU

1 00

1 00

5 00

2 00

August 20.
Gratuities : —
Fisher Brothers & Co., Collection of Cannas
J. Warren Clark, Gladioli
Benjamin D. Hill, Seedling Clematis

3 00

4 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 265

Walter E. Coburn, Petunias $1 00

Edwin S. Hill, " 1 00

Daniel D. Lee, Nyniphaeas and Wild Rice 1 00

Seth Rich, Tuberous Begonias and Amaryllis Hallii . . . 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers 3 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " "....... 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 2 00

August 27.

AsTEBS. — Large-flowered, of all classes, fifty vases, not less than

twelve varieties, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . . 5 00

Second, F. W. Vanderbilt, Newport, R. 1 4 00

Third, William Patterson 3 00

Truffaut's Paeony flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve

varieties, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 5 00

Second, Joseph H. White 4 00

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve varieties,

William Patterson 5 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 4 00

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Plants of Asters 4 00

F. W. Vanderbilt, Asters 1 00

" " Three vases Lilies . . . . . • 3 00

Caleb W. Loring, Japan Lilies . . . . . • • 2 00

Edwin S. Hill, Petunias 1 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli 4 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers 2 GO

Mrs. E. M. Gill, .. .< 2 00

Benjamin D. Hill, - '< 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, << -. 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " •• 1 00

September 3.
Gratuity : —

Seth Rich, Asters and Tuberous Begonias 2 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 6, 7, 8, and 9.
Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.
Aquatic Plants. — Display, including not less than twelve flowers

of Nympha^as and Nelumbiums, Dr. R. H. Faunce . . 30 00

Second, Benjamin Grey . 20 00

Third, Daniel D. Lee 10 00

5

286

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Asters. — Collection of fifty varieties, one flower in each vase,
the second prize to William Patterson .....

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Dahlias. — Specimen bloom, the second prize to William C. Winter
Liliputian, display, twenty-five bottles, not less than eight named
varieties, the second prize to William C. Winter .
Trop^oldms. — Display, filling twenty-five vases, William Patterson

Second, Dr. C G. Weld

Cannas. — Collection of not less than ten named varieties, in spikes,
with foliage, Fisher Brothers & Co. .....

Third, William Patterson ........

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

H. A. Stevens ....

Second, Francis Brown Hayes .......

Third, Frederick S. Davis .......

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles. Shady Hill Nursery Co.

Second, Jacob W. Manning .......

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Basket of Powers. — Best arranged, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Native Plants. — Mrs. P. D. Richards ......

Second, E. H. Hitchings

Gratuities : —
Charles H. Yates, Collection of Asters .....

G. A. Smith, Asters and Gladioli ......

Edwin S. Hill, Pompon Dahlias and Petunias ....

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Cannas and Gladioli ....

Sim & Duncan, Gloxinias and Tuberous Begonias .

Francis Brown Hayes, Tuberous Begonias ....

Kenneth Finlayson, Double Zinnias

Botanic Garden, Collection of Herbaceous Plants .

Charles V. Whitten, American Beauty Roses ....

William C. Strong, cut sprays of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

Mrs. Julia A. Cain, Collection of Geraniums ....

Alexander Galbraith, Collection of Phlox Drummondi and Anemones

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Benjamin D. Hill,

Mrs. A. D. Wood,

$4

00

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6

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4

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September 17.

Perennial Asters. — Display of native or introduced species and
varieties, George HoUis ........

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards

5 00

4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 287

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Tuberous Begonias $2 00

Elisha S. Converse, " " 1 00

John H. Parker, Dahlias 1 00

September 24.
Gratuities : —

R. & J. Farquhar,4 Co., Cannas 3 00

E. Sheppard & Son, Dahlias 1 00

C. E. Josselyn, " 1 00

William C. Strong, Anemone Japonica . . . . . . 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Tuberous Begonias 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 1 00

October 1.
Gratuity : —

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Asters 1 00

October 4.

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 8 00

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co 6 00

Gratuity : —

C. E. Josselyn, Dahlias 1 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Special Prizes, from the Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Chrysanthemums. — Six vases of six named varieties, ten blooms

each, Galvin Brothers . . ' 20 00

Second, Charles V. Whitten 18 00

Special Prizes, offered hy the Society.

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms. Red, George B.

Gill 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms. Pink, J.

Eaton, Jr 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms. White, John

Simpkiiis .......... 5 CO

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms. Yellow, Pitcher

& Manda 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, any other color,

J. Eaton, Jr 5 00

288

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Twelve cut blooms. Incurved, named, in vases, Joseph H. White #10 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, E. A. Wood . 10 00

Second, George B. Gill 6 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, in vases, John

Simpkins 10 00

Second, E. A. Wood 6 00

Six cut blooms, Incurved, named, in vases, E. A. Wood . . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White 4 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, John Simpkins . . 6 CO

Second, E. A. Wood 4 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, in vases, E. A. Wood 6 00

Third prize to George B. Gill 2 00

Six cut blooms, Reflexed, named, in vases, the second prize to

E. A. Wood 4 00

Six cut blooms. Anemone, named, in vases, the third prize to

Nathaniel T. Kidder 2 00

Best twelve varieties, named, introductions of the current year,

E. A. Wood 8 00

Vase of blooms, on long stems, arranged in the Society's large

China vases, John Simpkins . . . . . , . 18 00

Second, Charles V. Whitten 16 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood 14 00

Fourth, Mrs. E. M. Gill 12 00

Fifth, Francis Brown Hayes 10 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, Red, named, Waban

Rose Conservatories ........ 8 00

Second, George M. Anderson 6 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, Pink, named, Waban

Rose Conservatories ........ 8 00

Second, Charles V. Whitten . . . . . . . COO

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, White, named, Waban

Rose Conservatories ' . . . . . . . . 8 00

Second, John Simpkins ........ 6 00

Third, Arthur H. Fewkes 4 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, Yellow, named, Waban

Rose Conservatories ........ 8 00

Second, Waban Rose Conservatories . . . . . 6 00

Third, John Simpkins 4 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, any other color, named,

Waban Rose Conservatories . . . . . . . 8 00

Second, John Simpkins ........ 6 00

Third, Charles V. Whitten 4 00

For Amateurs Only.

'Twelve cut blooms, Incurved, named, Joseph H. White
;Six cut blooms, Incurved, named, " "

10 00
6 00

$8 00

5 00

4 00

5 00

5 00

12 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 289

Gratuities : —
Waban Eose Conservatories, Eight vases of Chrysanthemums
Walter Hunnewell, Cut Chrysanthemums
Arthur H. Fewkes, " " ...

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Chrysanthemums
Charles V. Whitten, Vase of Chrysanthemums
Waban Rose Conservatories, Six vases of Roses
Richard T. Lombard, Twenty-five varieties of Carnations
Ellis Brothers, Two vases of Daybreak Carnations .
Peter Fisher & Co., Three vases of Carnations
William C. Winter, Begonias ......

Miss Mary S. Walker, Strelitzia regina ....

APPLETON SILVER MEDAL.

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Best Collection of Herbaceous Plants, exhibited at
stated times during the season, as specified in the Schedule.

APPLETON BRONZE MEDAL.

Shady Hill Nursery Co., Second Best Collection of Herbaceous Plants,
exhibited at stated times during the season, as specified in the
Schedule.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

Rhododendron Show, June 10-11. James Comley, Seedling Rhododendron,

Mrs. Grover Cleveland.
September 24. James S. Cowles, Newport, R. I.,
Seedling Canna, Mrs. Fairman
Rogers.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 8-11. John Burton, New Rose, American

Belle

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

January 9. Thomas Greaves, Cypripediii.rn insigne var. Greavesianum.
March 12. Jackson Dawson, New Hybrid Rose, rvgosa, Gen. Jacqueminot.
Spring Exhibition, March 22-25. Siebrecht & Wadley, New Rochelle,

N. Y., Seedling Nepenthes.
Rhododendron Show, June 10, 11. Thomas C. Thurlow, Fagus purpureas

tricolor.
Rose Show, June 22, 23. Jackson Dawson, Seedling Philadelphus.
July 23. Benjamin Grey, Nymphaa odorata sulphurea.
August 13. William E. Endicott, Seedling Gladiolus, Helior.
Annual Exhibition, September 6-9. Benjamin Grey, Hybrid Nymphcea

Grey a.
" " " " Dr. R. H. Ydiwnce, Kymphaa Lay-

dekeri rosea.

290

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 8-1 L

Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N.J.
Seedling Chrysanthemum, Mrs.
F. L. Ames.

Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Chrys-
anthemum, Shawmut.

Nathan Smith & Son, Adrian,
Mich., Seedling Chrysanthe-
mum, M. A. Wheeler.

J. Eaton, Jr., Seedling Chrysan-
themum, Clarence.

John Simpkins, Seedling Chrysan-
themum, Snowflake.

C. D. Kingman, Seedling Chrys-
anthemum, Nemasket.

George Hollis, Seedling Chrysan-
themum, Silver Cloud.

E. G. Hill, Seedling Chrysanthe-
mum, Maud Dean.

J. Eaton, Jr., Seedling Chrysan-
themum, Carrie Bell.

HONORABLE MENTION.

Spring Exhibition, March 22-25. Sewell Fisher, Seedling Carnation.
April 2. Joseph Tailby, Seedling Carnations.
May 21. Lewis H. Farlow, Fine variety of Cattleya Mendelii.
August 20. James F. C. Hyde, Seedling Phlox.

Annual Exhibition, September 6-9. Benjamin Grey, cream colored sport of

Nym'phcBa alba candidissima.
" " " " Dr. R. H. Faunce, NymphcBa odorata

Carolinensis.
October 4. Francis Brown Hayes, Tuberous Begonias.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 8-11. Sarah Fisher, Seedling Carnation.
" " " " Martin M. Cummings, Seedling

White Carnation, Gov. Russell.
" " " " George B. Gill, Seedling Chrysan-

themum, Ox-blood.
" " " " Norris F. Comley, Seedling Chrys-

. antheraum, Mrs. Norris F. Com-
ley.
" " " " E. G. Hill, Richmond, Ind., Seed-

ling Chrysanthemum, Mrs. J. W.
Crouch.
" " " " T. D. Hatfield, Seedling Chrysan-

themums.
" " " " Nathan Smith & Son, Adrian,

Mich., Seedling Chrysanthe-
mums.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YfiAR 1892.

By P:. AV. wood, Chairman.

Seldom has the Committee been able to report a more favorable
season for all the varieties of fruit than that of the past year.
"With the exception of the raspberry, the small fruits suffered little
or no injury during the winter. One of the peculiarities of the
season was that while the blackberry passed through the winter
with comparatively little injury, the raspberry, in many places, was
almost entirely destroyed.

The insect enemies have not been as numerous as in some past
years, with the exception of the tent caterpillar, which has been
the worst enemy with which the apple grower has had to contend.
No matter how clean the orchardist may keep his trees, if his
neighbors fail to do the same, or if the wild cherry trees are
allowed to grow ui the surrounding territory, he has to repeat his
labor every year.

It would seem to be an eminently proper thing for this Societ}'
to petition the legislature, for a law compelling highway superin-
tendents and owners of wild lands, to destroy the wild cherry
trees, as they are the principal breeding ground for this insect
pest ; the growers of apples and plums are entitled to this protection.

The Newton Horticultural Society, the past j'ear, offered sixty-
one dollars in nine prizes, to the school children who should
gather and bring to the committee, the largest number of belts —
or nests — of eggs of the tent caterpillar. There was a lively

292 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICrTLTUltAL SOCIETY.

competition, and the lad who took the first prize brought in sixteen
thousand, one hundred and sixty-three ; the number which gained
the smallest prize, was four thousand, one hundred and forty,
and the whole number brought in by the children was one hundred
and twenty-one thousand, six hundred and eight. In order that
a larger number of children may share in the awards, the Society
proposes next season to give one dollar to every child bringing in
one thousand belts.

Evidence continues to accumulate with each succeeding season,
as to the beneficial effects of spraying fruit trees and vines with
insecticides. While in some locations, where orchards have
received careful attention, good marketable fruit is grown without
resort to the use of poisonous substances, in others the fruit has
unquestionably been much improved by the use of Paris green or
London purple, in destroying the codling moth, and the Bordeaux
mixture in preventing mildew and rot among grapes, when applied
according to directions sent out from the different experimental
stations.

The exhibitions through the season have been well filled. At
the Strawberry exhibition there was a lively competition,
especially for the larger prizes. No exhibition during the year
affords so favorable an opportunity for the amateur with limited
grounds, as this, as the prizes are mostly for single baskets, and
in only one instance are there more than two quarts of a kind
required. It is desirable to get more exhibits from private
gardens, as the market growers are confined to few varieties,
while for home use a wider range in the selection of kinds is
practised. Among the new varieties at the exhibition, was the
Marshall, a seedling, grown by M. F. Ewell, of Marshfield Hills.
It was of large size, good form, dark color, and good quality.
Being a promising, new, and distinct variety, it received two first
and three second prizes. Several of the older varieties, still
desirable for their superior quality, especially for the amateur,
were not shown.

The small fruits, with the exception of the raspberry, were
shown at the weekly summer exhibitions in larger quanties than
usual, and at the later weekly exhibitions plums, peaches, and the
early apples and pears were well represented.

At the Annual Exhibition, the first week in October, the fruit, in
quantity and quality, excelled any similar exhibitions in recent

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FKUITS. 293

years. Both apples and pears were shown in large quantity and
splendid condition ; late peaches and plums were finely represented,
and we had the finest display of grapes made for many years.

Of the forty prizes offered for native grapes, thirty-seven were
awarded, and Benjamin G. Smith and the Agricultural College
made fine displays in collections, comprising most of the leading
and new varieties. Of the eighty-nine prizes offered for pears,
eighty-three were awarded. Of the eighty-seven prizes offered
for apples, seventy-five were awarded ; the prizes for the leading
varieties were all taken, those not awarded being for new kinds
not in general cultivation.

The November exhibition of Winter Apples and Pears was
larger than usual, and the prizes for the varieties generally gi'own
were all awarded.

One hundred dollars was added to the appropriation for fruit
the past year, a part of which it was intended to use in securing a
display of preserved and evaporated fruits at the Annual Exhibition,
but as that show occurred at the same time as the Mechanics' Fair
— where those upon whom we must mainly depend for an exhibit
were interested — it was decided to postpone that feature of the
exhibition to a future j^ear.

The results of the year show an increase in the exhibits, an
increase of exhibitors, and a decrease of inferior specimens which
do not add to the interest of the exhibition or to the reputation of
the grower. To the commercial fruit growers, the past season has
been a satisfactory one. The small fruits all commanded good
prices. Although the pear crop was not as lai-ge as the year
previous, the fruit was of better quality, and brought considerably
higher prices ; while with apples, the growers in the New England
states were especially favored, as the crop was much larger than
in other portions of the country, and is selling readily at satis-
factory prices.

The Committee have awarded in prizes and gratuities $1,633,
leaving an unexpended balance of $167.

E. AV. Wood, \

Ben.t. G. Smith, I
CuAs. F. Curtis, (

J. W. Hill,
Samuel Hartw
Warrkn Fk

"1 I

RTWKLL, \

•:nno, '

Committee

on

Fruits.

294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

Januahy 2.

Oratnity : —

Edwin A. Hall, Collection of Pears .

$2 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 22, 23, 24, and 25.

Winter Apples. — Baldwin, George E. Sanders

Second, Asa Clement

Third, Calvin Terry .
Northern Spy, William T. Hall .

Second, George B. Gill

Third, Calvin Terry .
Roxbury Russet, George E. Sanderson

Second, Benjamin P. Ware

Third, Asa Clement .
Tompkins King, Asa Clement
Any other variety. Benjamin P. Ware, Seaver Sweet

Second, Asa Clement, Fallawater ...

Third, George E. Sanderson, Rhode Island Greening
Winter Pears. — Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bordeaux

Second, Edwin A. Hall, Winter Nelis

Gratuity: —
Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes

Jbne 4.

June 9.

Gratuity: —

Benjamin P. Ware, Collection of Apples.

3

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ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.

Special Prizes from the Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variety, Samuel

Barnard, Jewell, the Lyman Plate, value .... $20 00

Second, Marshall F. Ewell, Marshall, the Lyman plate,

value 16 00

Varnum Frost, Bubach, the Lyman Plate, value . . . 12 GO

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

295

Special Prizes Offered by the Society.

Por the best two quarts of any variety, to be judged by points,

Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont, S6 00

Second, Marshall F. Ewell, Marshall 5 00

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Jessie . . . . . . . 4 00

Fourth, Varnum Frost, Middlefield 2 00

Regular Prizes.

For the largest and best collection, not less than twenty baskets,
of two quarts each, and not less than five varieties, Varnum
Frost ....

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, Isaac E. Coburn,

Fourth, George F. Wheeler
Five baskets of one variety, two quarts each, Samuel Bf.rnard
Jewell ......

Second, Marshall F. Ewell, Marshall

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont
Two quarts of Belmont, George V. Fletcher

Second, John L. Gardner .

Third, Sumner CooUdge
Bidwell, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, H. R. Kinney
Bubach, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, H. K. Kinney

Third, Samuel Barnard
Champion, George V. Fletcher

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .

Third, George F. Wheeler
Charles Downing, Alexander Galbraith

Second, George F. Wheeler

Third, William Doran & Son
Crescent, Isaac E. Coburn .

Second, George F. Wheeler
Cumberland, George F. Wheeler

Second, R. N. Wheeler
Jessie, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, George F. Wheeler

Third, Winter Brothers
Jewell, George V. Fletcher

Second, Samuel Barnard

Third, Varnum Frost
May King, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, H. R. Kinney

Third, R. N. Wheeler
Miner's Prolific, George F. Wheeler

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296

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ....

Third, F. J. Kinney

Any other variety, J. D. Gowing, Leader
Second, George F. Wheeler, Eureka
Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Middlefield .
One quart of any new variety, not previously exhibited, Marshall
F. Ewell, Marshall ....

Second, Winter Brothers, Mansfield
Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, John C. Hovey, Black
Tartarian ...,..,

Second, Oliver R. Robbins, Black Tartarian
Third, William C. Eustis, Knight's Early Black
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Winter Brothers
Black Hamburg ........

Second, Winter Brothers, Muscat of Alexandria
Forced Peaches. — Six specimens of any variety. Winter Brothers
Waterloo .........

Second, Francis Brown Hayes, Hale's Early

Gratuity: —
David L. Fiske, Sutton Beauty Apples

July 2.

Strawberries. — One quart of any variety, Marshall F. Ewell
Marshall ........

Second, Charles E. Grant, Gandy ....

Cherries. — Two quarts of Black Eagle, Charles F. Curtis
Black Tartarian, John C. Hovey .
Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, N. Watson

Coe's Transparent, John L. Bird .
Downer's Late, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Any other variety, John C. Hovey
Second, Leverett M. Cliase
Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Gratuities: —
Charles E. Grant, Strawberries
Marshall F. Ewell,

$3 00

2 00
4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

•4 00

3 00

2 00

6 OJ

4 00

3 00
2 00

1 OJ

3 00

2

00

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UO

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1

00

July 9.

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Charles S. Smith, Hyde's
Seedling ..........

Second, John L. Bird, Coe's Transparent ......

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Downer's Late
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son
Highland Hardy .......■•

3 00

2 00
1 00

3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

297

Currants. — Two quarts of any red variety, Alexander Galbraith,
Fay's

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Versaillaise

Two quarts of any white variety, Alexander Galbraith, White
Grape ...........

Second, F. J. Kinney, White Grape

Gratuities: —
Francis Brown Hayes, Peaches .......

Winter Brothers, " .......

July 16.

Raspberries. — Collection, not less than four varieties, two quarts
of each, William Doran & Son .....

Two quarts of any variety, F. J. Kinney ....

Second, Alexander Galbraith ......

Currants. — One quart of Versaillaise, Benjamin G. Smith
Second, William Doran & Son ......

One quart of any other red variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's
Second, Alexander Galbraith, Fay's .....

One quart of any white variety, Benjamin G. . Smith, Dana's
Transparent .........

Second, F. J. Kinney, White Grape .....

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, Joseph S. Chase
Triumph ......

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Downing
Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Smith's Improved

Gratuities: —
Warren Fenno, Norfolk Cherries
W. G. Kendall, Blackberries and Mulberries
A. A. Johnson, Gooseberries
Robert Manning, Elaagnus longipes
Benjamin G. Smith, June Berries
Marshall W. Chadbourne, Collection

July 23.

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, F. J. Kinney, Cuthbert

Second, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert .....

Third, Alexander Galbraith, " .....

Currants. — One quart of any red variety, Alexander Galbraith,

Fay's

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's ......

Third, Sidney Lawrence, "......

One quart of any wliite variety, F. J. Kinney, White Grape

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Dana's Transparent ....

•S4

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1 00

298

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, W. G. Kendall
Lucretia .........

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Dorchester .
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Foreign variety, Benjamin G

Smith, Ashton .

Second, Joseph S. Chase, Industry

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Wellington's Glory

Gratuities: —
Marshall W. Chadbourne, Cherries, Gooseberries, and Currants

W. B. Huntington, Blueberries

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Currants and Raspberries ....
Winter Brothers, Collection

July 30.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Nathaniel T

Second, Sarah M. Vose ....

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Leverett M. Chase

Second, Warren Fenno ....

Third, Charles N. Brackett
Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Gififard
Peaches. — Any variety, Charles S. Smith, Alexander

Second, Winter Brothers, Waterloo .

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Apples

Charles E. Grant, Raspberries

James L. Little, Prickly Pear

Winter Brothers, Collection

Kidder

AOGDST 6.

Apples. — Red Astrachan, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Sweet Bough, George V. Fletcher

Second, Charles B. Travis

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .
Tetofsky, Warren Fenno
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Williams

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Oldenburg

Third, Winter Brothers, "

Pears. — Giffard, Charles N. Brackett

Second, John L. Bird ....

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Any other variety, George Frost, Supreme de Quimper

Second, William H. Hunt, Clapp's Favorite

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Clapp's Favorite

$3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
1 00

1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00
3 00

2 00

1 00
1 00
I 00
1 00

3 00

2 00

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3 00

2 00
1 OJ

1 00

PEIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

299

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any Tariety, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, E. W. Wood

Third, Sarah M. Vose
Peaches. — Any variety, Charles S. Smith

Second, Charles E. Grant .

Third, Winter Brothers

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuity: —
Winter Brothers, Japan Plums

1 00

August 13.

Apples. — Oldenburg, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George H. Hitchings ....

Third, William T. Hall

Any other variety, H. A. Stevens, Williams

Second, Warren Ileustis & Son, Sweet Bough .
Third, Samuel G. Damon, Red Astrachan .
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Samuel G. Damon .

Second, Charles N. Brackett ....

Third, William C. Hunt

• Manning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .

Second, John J. Merrill .....
Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Brandywine
Second, Mrs. Rose Buxton, Bloodgood

Apricots. — Charles E. Grant

Second, Warren Fenno .....
Peaches. — Any variety, John D. Woodbury, Hales' Early
Second, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling
Third, Winter Brothers, Waterloo
Six specimens of cold house or pot culture, Joseph

Crawford's Early

Second, Winter Brothers, Clarassa .
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, George A
Nickersou, Black Hamburg ....
Second, Joseph H. White, Muscat Hamburg

H. White

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August 20.

Apples. — Chenango, Charles F. Curtis

Second, Samuel Hartwell .
Williams, Charles F. Curtis .

Second, Asa Clement

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Oldenburg

Second, Asa Clement, Gravenstein .

Third, Charles E. Grant,

3 00

1 00
3 00

2 00
1 00

300

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pears. — Bartlett, Marshall W. Chadbourne $3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell . 2 00

Third, Charles E. Swaiu 1 00

Rostiezer, S. F. & F. L. Weston 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett . 2 00

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne 1 00

Tyson, J. M. Swett 3 Oo

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh 2 00

Third, John L. Bird 1 00

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Clapp's Favorite . . 3 00

Second. William H. Hunt, " " . . 2 00

Third, E. H. Thompson, " " . . 1 00

Peaches. — Any variety, James F. M. Farquhar, Early Beatrice . 3 00

Second, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling . . . . . 2 00

Plums. — Any variety, Rufus T. Tobey, Bradshaw . . . . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Chase, Botan 2 00

Third, William Christie, Bradshaw . . . . . . 1 00

Gratuities: —

H. C. Thatcher, Foreign Grapes

Joseph H. White, Peaches and Nectarines

3 00

3 00

August 27.

Apples. — Foundling, Asa Clement

Second, Reuben Handley .

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Gravenstein, Reuben Handley,

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, George V. Fletcher
Maiden's Blush, W. G. Kendall

Second, Warren Fenno
Porter, Cephas H. Brackett .

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Any other variety, Reuben Handley, Holden

Second, H. A. Stevens, Pumpkin Sweet

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Stump
Pears. — Andrews, Leverelt M. Chase

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Boussock, Leverett M. Chase

Second, H. A. Stevens

Third, Charles N. Brackett
Any other variety. Samuel G. Damon, Clapp's Favorite

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne " "

Third, Samuel G. Damon, Bartlett . . . .

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

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3 00

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3 00
2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

301

Peaches. — Collection, Charles S. Smith .

Second, Nathan D. Harrington,
Single Dish, Winter Brothers, Hale's Early

Second, Nathan D. Harrington, Coolidge's Favorite

Third, Charles S. Smith, Mountain Rose
Pldms. — Bradshaw, Leverett M. Chase

Second, William Christie .
Imperial Gage, George V. Fletcher

Second, Joseph S. Chase .
Jefferson, Charles E. Grant .
Lombard, Joseph S. Chase

Second, Calvin Terry
Washington, William Christie

Second, William H. Hunt .
Any other variety, Joseph S. Chase, Botan

Second, William Christie, Pond's Seedling
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of any variety, Benjamin
Champion, .....

Second, William H. Hunt, Rockwood

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Moore's Early

Gratiiittes: —
George W. Jameson, Crab Apples
John L. Bird, Pears and Apples
Cephas H. Brackett, Grapes

G. Smith

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September 3.
Gratuities: —

C. H. Johnson, Seedling Peaches
Charles E. Grant, Collection of Plums

1 00
1 00

September 17.

Apples. — Foundling, Asa Clement

Second, Reuben Handley .
Garden Royal, Reuben Handley

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Gravenstein, John L. Bird

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Varnum Frost
Maiden's Blush, W. G. Kendall

Second, E. R. Cook .

Third, C. C. Shaw .
Porter, Samuel G. Damon

Second, William Patterson

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Pumpkin Sweet, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, H. A. Stevens

6

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3 00

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3 00

2 00

302 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Third, Samuel Hartwell $1 00

Any other variety, Charles F. Holt 3 00

Second, E. R. Cook, Holden 2 00

Third, Asa Clement, Wealthy 1 00

Pears.— Bartlett, W. Milmore 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langraaid 2 00

Third, Varnum Frost 1 00

Belle Lucrative, Mrs. Mary Langmaid 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno 1 00

Boussock, Leverett M. Chase 3 00

Second, Charles E. Swain • 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett 1 00

Hardy, W. Milmore 3 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis 2 00

Third, Rufus T. Tobey 1 00

Paradise of Autumn, W. Milmore 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase 2 00

Third, Rufus T. Tobey 1 00

Souvenir du Congres, W. G. Kendall • 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno 2 00

Third, William Patterson 1 00

Any other variety, John J. Merrill, Sheldon . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Swain, Seckel 2 00

Third, Charles E. Richardson, Louise Bonne of Jersey . . 1 00

Peaches. — Coolidge's Favorite, Charles S. Smith . . . 3 0)

Crawford's Early, Nathan D. Harrington 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Third. Mrs. Amos G. Patch 1 00

Foster, Samuel Hartwell 3 00

Second, Charles S. Smith 2 00

Third, John L. Bird 1 CO

Oldmixon, Elisha S Converse . 3 00

Second, Charles S. Smith 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Stump the World, F. J. Kinney 3 00

Second, G. L. Brown . 2 00

Third, Nathan D. Harrington 1 00

Any other variety, G. T. Raymond 3 00

Second, Nathan D. Harrington 2 00

Third, Charles S. Smith 1 00

Peaches, Orchard House Culture. — Winter Brothers . . 4 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 3 00

Nectarines. — C. CDonnell . • 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno 1 00

Plums — Bradshaw, Leverett M. Chase 2 00

Imperial Gage, George V. Fletcher 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 303

Second, Charles E. Grant SI 00

Jefferson, Samuel Hartwell 2 00

Lombard John L. Bird 2 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 1 00

Any other variety, John L. Bird, Green Gage . . . . 2 00

Second, "William Christie, Pond's Seedling . . . . 1 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Cottage, William H. Hunt . 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon 2 00

Third, J. M. W. Ober 1 00

Eumelan, Samuel G. Damon^ 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith 2 00

Massasoit, Benjamin G. Smith . . . . . . . 3 00

Second F. J. Kinney 2 00

Moore's Early, William H. Hunt 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon 1 00

Any other variety, Willim H. Hunt, August Rose . . . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Delaware . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Worden 1 00

Grapes from girdled vines, any variety, F. J. Kinney, Worden . 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney, Concord 2 00

Gratuities: —

George W. Jameson, Grapes 2 00

September 24.
Gratuity: —

George B. Andrews, Delaware Grapes . . • . . 1 00

October 1.
Gratuity: —

Calvin Terry, Apples and Cranberries ...... 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

October 4, 5, and 6.

Special Prizes.
Samuel Appleton Fund.

Baldwin Apples. — Best twelve, Alexander Galbraith . . . 6 00

Hubbahdston Apples. — Best twelve, Mrs. Austin W. Ward . . 5 00

Bosc Pears. — Best twelve, Elislia S. Converse . . . . 5 00

Sheldon Pears. — Best twelve, William Patterson . . . . 5 00

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Gravenstein Apples. — Best twelve, Samuel Hartwell . . . 5 00
Rhode Island Greening Apples. — Best twelve, Mrs. Austin W.

Ward 5 00

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Anjou Pears. — Best twelve, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Charles F. Curtis .....

Third, William S. Ewell & Son

Fourth, George W. Hall

Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, George V. Fletcher

Second, Samuel G. Damon .....

Third, Varnum Frost ......

Concord Grapes. — Best six bunches, George B. Andrews

Second, William H. Hunt

Third, F. J. Kinney .

Worden Grapes. — Best six bunches, George B. Andrews

Second, F. J. Kinney, ......

Third, Benjamin G. Smith .....

Special Prizes Offered by the Society.

Anjou Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .
Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, Varnum Frost
Seckel Pears. — Best twelve, W. G. Kendall ....
Peaches. — Best twelve of any variety, W. D. Hinds
Native Grapes. — Best twelve bunches of any variety, Benjamin G
Smith, Eaton

Regular Prizes.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Mrs. Rose Buxton

Second, H. H. Morse ....

Third, Samuel Hartwell ....
Dutch Codlin, Warren Fenno

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh
Holden, C. M. Handley ....

Second, Samuel Hartwell ....

Third, O. B. Hadwen

Fameuse, Artemas Frost ....

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, George V. Fletcher
Fletcher Russet, William H. Teele
Foundling, Asa Clement ....

Second, C. M. Handley ....
Gloria Mundi, Samuel Hartwell .
Golden Russet, 0. B. Hadwen
Gravenstein, Oliver B. Wyman

Second, Samuel Hartwell . , . .

Third, Asa Clement .....
Hubbardston, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, Alexander Galbraith

$4 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

305

Ward

Third, Walter Russell
Hunt Russet, A. M. Knowlton

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Mrs. Rose Buxton .
Lady's Sweet, A. M. Knowlton

Second, Asa Clement
Mackintosh, George C. Rice
Maiden's Blush, W. G. Kendall .

Second, C. C. Shaw .
Mother, Asa Clement .

Second, H. R. Kinney

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Northern Spy, William C. Eustis .

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, C. C. Shaw
Porter, C. F. Foster

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Pound Sweet, J. M. W. Ober

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, C. C. Shaw .
Pumpkin Sweet, George W. Stevens
Rhode Island Greening, Mrs. Austin W

Second, Willard P. Plimpton

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Roxbury Russet, George V. Fletcher

Second, E. R. Cook .

Third, H. R. Kinney .
Sutton, O. B. Hadwen .
Tolman Sweet, Willard P. Plimpton

Second, Joshua T. Foster .

Third, Artemas Frost
Tompkins King, William C. Eustis

Second, George H. Hitchings

Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Palmer Greening, 0. B. Hadwen .

Second, Charles N. Brackett

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Washington Strawberry, Alvin Thurston

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story .
Wealthy, George C. Rice
Second, Asa Clement .
Any other variety, William Everett, Jacob's
Second, William T. Hall, Drapd'or
Third, C C Shaw, Bellflower .
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, C. C Shaw
Second, Mrs. Austin W. Ward .
Transcendent, Nathan D. Harrington

Sweet

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

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1 00

3 00

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1 00

3 CO

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306

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Society's Prizes.

Pears. — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon
Second, Varnum Frost
Third, John McClure
Bosc, William Patterson
Second, John J. Merrill
Third, Lewis E. P. Smith
Fourth, Alexander Galbraith
Clairgeau, Samuel G. Damon
Second, William T. Hall .
Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Comice, Lewis E. P. Smith .

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Charles N. Brackett
Dana's Hovey? Thomas M. Davis

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Charles E. Swain .
Diel, Thomas M. Davis,

Second, Charles E. Swain .

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Fulton, Elisha S. Converse .

Second, W. G. Kendall

Third, S. F. & F. L. Weston
Goodale, the second prize to O. B. Hadwen
Howell, S. F. & F. L. Weston

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Warren Fenno
Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno

Second, John L. Bird

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Lawrence, William T. Hall .

Second, Charles E. Swain .

Third, Warren Fenno
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Thomas M. D

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh
Marie Louise, Charles E. Swain

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Edwin A. Hall
Merriam, Aaron S. Mcintosh

Second, Charles E. Swain .

Third, Charles F. Curtis .
Onondaga, Leverett M. Chase

Second, Thomas M. Davis

Third, Horace Partridge
Seckel, B. B. Converse

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

307

Second, Mrs. Rose Buxton

Third, W. Milman
Sheldon, Lewis E. P. Smith .

Second, Mrs. Charles E. Wiggin

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Souvenir du Congres, W. G. Kendall

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
St. Michael Archangel, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Thomas M. Davis

Third, Warren Heustis & Son
Superfin, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, Rufus T. Tobey
Urbaniste, Elisha S. Converse

Second, John L. Bird

Third, A. D. Miller .
Vicar, J. M. Swett

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh

Third, Charles E. Swain .
Winter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis

Second, Edwin A. Hall

Third, Miss A. Lowell
Any other variety, Mrs. A. H. Lewis, Glout Morceau

Second, William S. Ewell & Son, Columbia

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Kingsessing
Quinces. — Any variety, George S. Curtis

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, George V. Fletcher

Fourth, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Peaches. — Crawford's Late, W. D. Hinds
Any other variety, W. D. Hinds, Crosby

Second, G. L. Brown, Seedling .

Third, Charles E. Grant, Stevens's Rareripe
Peaches, Orchard House Culture. — Robert McLeod
R. I., Crawford's Late .....

Second, Robert McLeod, Crawford's Early
Plums. — Coe's Golden Drop, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Second, W. D. Hinds

Any otlier variety, Charles E. Grant, Imperial Gage
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Benjamin G

Second, Joseph S. Chase .

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Delaware, George B. Andrews

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Joseph S. Chase
Herbert, Joseph S. Chase

Smith

Newport

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308

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lona, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Henry W. "Wilson
Lindley, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, F. J. Kinney

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Niagara, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George B. Andrews

Third, George W. Jameson
Pocklington, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George W. Jameson

Third, Samuel G. Damon
Prentiss, Joseph S. Chase

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Samuel G. Damon
Wilder, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, F. J. Kinney

Third, Samuel G. Damon
Worden, Samuel Hartwell

Second, F. J. Kinney

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Any other variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Barry

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Esther

Third, William H. Hunt, August Rose
Six bunches of Concord, from girdled vines, F. J. Kinney
Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, George A
Nickerson .......

Second, Benjamin G. Smith ....
Black Hamburg, two bunches, George A. Nickerson
Buckland Sweetwater, " "

Muscat of Alexandria, " "

Second, Benjamin G. Smith ....
Any other variety, Mrs. J. Warren Clark

Second, George A. Nickerson ....
Cranberries. — Half peck, Calvin Terry

Gratuities : —

V. C. Gilman, Collection of Apples .....

T. H. O'Neil, Endicott Pears, from the ancient tree in Danvers

Agricultural College, Collection of Grapes, Pears, and Peaches

Benjamin G. Smith, " "

George W. Jameson, " "

Robert Cameron, Decorating Hall

Jackson Dawson, Pine Apple .

P. G. Hanson, Collection

George F. Pierce, Carya sulcata (Western Hickory) with fruit

PHIZES AND GKATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 309

EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Saturday, November 19.

Special Prizes, Benjamin V. French Fund.

Baldwin Apples. — Best twelve, Arthur W. Blake . . . $5 00

HuBBARDSTON AppLES. — Bcst twelve, Marshall W. Chadbourne . 5 00

Society's Prizes.

Apples.— Baldwin, Dudley C. Littlefield, Greenland, N. H. . . 3 00

Second, H. H. Morse 2 00

Third, Joshua T. Foster 1 00

Danvers Sweet, Warren Fenno . . . . . ♦ . • 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith 2 00

Third, Asa Clement 1 00

Fletcher Russet, William H. Teele 3 00

Hubbardston, Marshall W. Chadbourne 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell ........ 2 00

Third, Mary C. Perkins 1 00

Hunt Russet, William H. Hunt 3 00

Second, Asa Clement ........ 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell 1 00

Lady's Sweet, Asa Clement ........ 3 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton 2 00

Northern Spy, Mrs. W. W. Palmer 3 00

Second, William T. Hall 2 00

Third, Dudley C. Littlefield, Greenland, N. H. . . . 1 00

Rhode Island Greening, Willard P. Plimpton . . . , 8 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno 1 00

Roxbury Russet, George V. Fletcher 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, Asa Clement 1 00

Tolman Sweet, Willard P. Plimpton 3 00

Second, Joshua T. Foster 2 00

Third, Asa Clement 1 00

Tompkins King, William C. Eustis 3 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Third, Asa Clement 1 00

Any other variety, John Parker . . . . . . 3 (0

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Gloria Mundi 2 00

Third, E. A. Smith, Seedling 1 00

Pears. — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon . . . . . 4 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis 3 00

Third, Mrs. J. L. Curtis 2 00

Fourth, Mary C. Perkins 1 00

310

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Anjou, Mrs. J. L. Curtis

Second, Andrew McDermott

Third, W. Milman

Fourth, George V. Fletcher
Clairgeau, William T. Hall .

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Benjamin P. Ware
Cornice, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, Leverett M. Chase
Dana's Hovey, Wiliard P. Plimpton

Second, Charles E. Swain .

Third, Thomas M. Davis .

Fourth, Warren Fenno
Diel, Thomas M. Davis

Second, Mrs. M. S. Richardson

Third, Edwin A. Hall
Glout Morceau, A. P. Lewis

Second, Edwin A. Hall
Josephine of Malines, John L. Bird

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Langelier, Thomas M. Davis

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh

Third, John L. Bird .
Lawrence, Leverett M. Chase

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, A. A. Johnson
Vicar, J. M. Swett

Second, William H. Mcintosh

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh
Winter Nelis, Andrew McDermott

Second, Edwin A. Hall

Third, Thomas M. Davis .
Any other variety, S. F. & F. L. Weston, Columbia

Second, Edwin A. Hall, Easter Beurre

Third, Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bordeaux

$4 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

00
00

1 00

1 00

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2 00

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3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

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2 00

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3 00

2 00

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3 UO

2 00

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3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuity : —
Charles Whittier, Persimmons

1 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The Committee on Vegetables respectfully submit the following
brief report of their doings for the year now closing :

Tlie past season has been prosperous and favorable for most
branches of farming industry. The presence of heat and moist-
ure, distributed with some degree of uniformity throughout the
season of most active growth, furnishes the conditions favorable
for a productive year to the horticulturist. In this respect the
season just passed was more than usually propitious ; no drought
of any severity, or early frosts, having occurred to injure, or cut
short, the period of vegetable growth.

Spring opened early. The month of April was unusually
favorable for the preparation of the soil, and the sowing of seeds.
The cool weather of the following month, however, was not
favorable to rapid vegetable growth. Plants which required to be
transplanted to the open ground received a check from which it
took them a long time to recover. Later on, as the season
advanced, vegetation put on a more cheerful aspect, and growth
was rapid.

Since our last report your Committee have been steadily endeav-
oring to increase the interest in this department, and to make the
exhibitions of the season a success ; and it is hoped that some
progress has been made in this direction.

Our work for the year has been harmoniously done, and in
quantity and character we think the results have proved a gratif}'-
ing improvement upon the past. A look backward gives us no
reason to be dissatisfied with the progress made during the year.

The reliable working element of this department has been
materially strengthened during the year, not only by the addition

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of new exhibitors, but also by the return of several old ones,
who, for some reason, had, for the past few years, dropped
entirely out from our corps of contributors.

The large number of contributors, and the great variety of
exhibits made during the year, have been very gratifying, as it
shows an increased interest in the work of this department.
These exhibits have, with very few exceptions, been well grown,
showing ample evidence of care and skill in cultivation, and there
has been a close competition for the various prizes offered from
week to week.

Those whom in past seasons we bad come to regard as regular
and reliable contributors, have continued faithfully to perform
their part towards making our shows as full and interesting as
possible, and our exhibitions have been well attended.

The exhibition of forced vegetables on the first Saturday in
January, and also on February 6, were very fine, and a decided
improvement upon the preceding years. All the prizes offered at
the show in January were competed for, and awarded. The same
may be said of the exhibition of May 7.

February 20, F. S. Mackenzie of Woodstock, Vt., showed a
very nice pair of Telegraph Cucumbers, which, for beauty, size,
and uniformity of growth, we have rarely if ever seen excelled ;
they were worthy of special mention.

June 4, Walter Russell was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit for White Box Radishes, a new white, turnip-shaped
variety, of good size, and excellent quality, the flesh being very
crisp and high flavored.

June 10, Peter Fisher showed a new forcing Tomato, called
Conference, which attracted a good deal of attention and was
much admired on account of the uniform size, color, and beauty
of the fruit, which grows in clusters of five or six each, and was
shown in that form, as cut from the vines. Mr. Fisher forces the
tomato quite extensively for market, and informed the Committee
that he considers this variety the most prolific and profitable for
growing under glass, of any he had ever tested. It is said to
have originated in England. Mr. Fisher also exhibited fine
specimens of the Aird and Early Essex Tomatoes on the same
date. The former is also of English origin. A First Class
Certificate of Merit was awarded Mr. Fisher, for his New Forcing-
Tomato, Conference.

The crop of potatoes, although somewhat below the average in

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 313

yield in this vicinity the past season, has, nevertheless, been of
excellent quality. Owing to favorable weather during the most
critical period of growth, very little if any complaint has been
heard of injury by blight or rot.

The first exhibition of potatoes during the season was on July 2.
Hon. Joseph S. Fay took all three prizes oifered on that date ;
and at the three succeeding exhibitions the prizes were all awarded
to the same contributor, showing quite conclusive!}^ what the
sands of Cape Cod can be made to produce, under proper cultiva-
tion. We were also largely indebted to Mr. Fay for fine displays
of well grown vegetables of various kinds throughout the season,
his collection of Melons, September 17, being particularly worthy
of mention. The show of Potatoes at the Annual Exhibition was
unusually fine. The first prize for the best four varieties was
awarded to the Chairman of this Committee.

Peas and Beans have been shown in quantity, and great variety,
all through their season. For Peas, the leading varieties have
been, American Wonder, Advancer, Champion of England,
Stratagem, Telephone, and Heroine.

The Tomato and Melon crops were from a week to ten days too
late to meet the requirements of the Schedule. On prize day,
August 6, no Melons and but few Tomatoes were shown. The
first exhibition of Tomatoes of open culture, was on July 23,
F. J. Kinney taking the first prize with Acme.

The Tomato crop, although a little later than usual, has been
large and fine. The specimens shown September 17, and at the
Annual Exhibition, have seldom been excelled. At the Annual
Exhibition, October 4-6, there were upwards of sixty dishes on the
tables, with a very close competition for prizes. Hon. Aaron Low
was the largest contributor, and was awarded the first prize for
the best three varieties. It is not often that so fine a display of
Tomatoes can be made so late as this exhibition. A few new
varieties have been shown during the season, but none calling for
special mention.

At the Annual Exhibition the Special Prizes for Cauliflowers
were awarded to A. M. Knowlton, and William H. Teele, in the
order named. The first Special Prize for Celery, went to Artemas
Fiost, and the second to Isaac E. Coburn, The show of Celery at
this exhibition, though not so large in quantity as last year, was
nevertheless, remarkably fine and well grown. The old Boston
Market variety, which we used to see in such perfection in the

314 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

days of the late Josiah Crosby and other Arlington growers of that
time, has of late almost entirely given place to such varieties as
Paris Golden and White Plume ; neither of which, we think, can
compare with the former, in point of quality or flavor,

November 19 was the last and closing exhibition of the year.
The exhibition was a good one, most of the prizes being awarded.
Hon. Aaron Low showed at this time three varieties of Tomatoes,
of this season's out-door growth, in good condition, which is quite
a remarkable record for so late in the season as the 19th of
November.

The increase in the appropriation for Vegetables for the coming
year has enabled the Committee to make some additions and
alterations in the Schedule, to which the attention of contributors
is called.

In looking back through the records of this Society to its
beginning, and comparing the appropriations for prizes then made
with those of the present year, some idea can be formed of what
has been accomplished, and the progress made during the sixty-
three years of its existence. The first Schedule of prizes offered
by the Society, in 1829, was as follows :

For Fruit, $93.00; Flowers, $60.00; Vegetables, $35.00; a
total of $188.00. In 1892 the appropriation for the same objects
was $7,550.00 ; and this does not include the standing offers for
Prospective Prizes, of more than $1,000.

When we reflect upon what our Society has in the past accom-
plished from so small a beginning, it leads the imagination to
anticipate the degree of perfection in horticultural science at
which our successors will arrive, at the close of another half
century, should the same spirit of enterprise be manifested in the
future as has been shown in the past.

During the past year there have been nineteen prize exhibitions,
at which prizes have been awarded in accordance with the Sched-
ule. Prizes and gratuities have been awarded to sixty-three
different persons during the year.

Out of an appropriation of $1,000, there has been awarded, in
prizes and gratuities, $989, leaving an unexpended balance
of $11. Annexed is a list of awards made during the year.

For the Committee,

C. N. BRACKETT,
Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 315

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 2.

Radishes. — Four bunches, S. P. Buxton ....

Second, Charles A. Learned ......

CncDMBERS. — Pair, Nathaniel T. Kidder ....

Second, John L. Gardner .......

Lettdce. — Four heads, Varnum Frost .....

Second, John L. Gardner .......

Parsley. — Two quarts, John L. Gardner ....

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ......

Third, F. J. Kinney

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Winter Brothers, Early Essex

Second, Winter Brothers, Lorillard

Third, William Stobbart . . . .

January 23.

Gratuity : —
David Allan, Mushrooms

February G.

Radishes. — Four bunches, Varnum Frost
Cucumbers. — Pair, Nathaniel T. Kidder .

Second, John L. Gardner .....
Dandelions. — Peck, William C. Winter
Lettuce. — Four heads, Tennisball, Varnum Frost

Third, John L. Gardner .....
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, David Allan
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George Sanderson
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, Essex

Second, Winter Brothers, Lorillard ...

Third, William Stobbart

Gratuities : —
Calvin Terry, Onions
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery
George Sanderson, Parsley

February 20.
Gratuity : —

F. S. Mackenzie, Woodstock, Vt., Telegraph Cucumbers

S3 00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1 00

3

00

3

00

2

GO

3

00

3

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1 00

316 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

March 5.

Gratuities : —

"Varnum Frost, Lettuce $1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Water Cress 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 22, 23, 24, and 25.

Eadishes. — Four bunches Turnip Rooted, Warren Heustis & Son 3 00

Cucumbers. — Pair, John B. Moore & Son 3 00

Celery. — Four roots, the second prize to Warren Heustis & Son . 2 00

Third, Francis Blake 1 00

Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis «& Son 3 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, the third prize to S. P. Buxton . . . 1 00

Water Cress. — Two quarts, Francis Brown Hayes . . . 2 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, George Sanderson 2 00

Second, William Nicholson '. 1 00

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George Sanderson . . . . 3 00

Second, S. P. Buxton 2 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, William Nicholson, Nicholson's

Hybrid 3 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Essex 2 00

Third, Winter Brothers, Lorillard 1 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Cucumbers 2 00

Francis Blake, Tomatoes 1 00

Calvin Terry, Onions and Potatoes 1 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Collection 3 00

April 2.

Cucumbers.— Pair of White Spine, S. P. Buxton . . . . 3 00

Any other variety, John L. Gardner, Telegraph . . . . 3 00

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four, William Patterson . . . . 3 00

Third prize to S. P. Buxton 1 00

Gratuity : —

Walter Russell, Collection of Radishes 2 00

April 23.

Gratuity : — . ' ,

Varnum Frost, Cucumbers ■ 1^00

April 30.
Gratuity : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Potatoes . . . . . . • 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 317

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 7.
William J. Walker Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each, Varnum Frost . $3 00

Second, Edmund Hersey ........ 2 00

Third, Leonard W. Weston 1 00

Cucumbers. — Pair, John L. Gardner 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost 2 00

Third, S. P. Buxton 1 00

Spinach. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son 3 00

Second, Walter Russell 2 00

Third, Alexander Galbraith 1 00

Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son . . . . . 2 00

Second, Walter Russell 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . . 8 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Third, Walter Russell 1 00

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Alexander Galbraith . . . . 3 GO

Second, Cephas H. Brackett 2 00

Third, Miss Mary S. Walker 1 00

Gratuities : —

Winter Brothers, Tomatoes . . . . . . . . 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Potatoes ....... 1 00

Walter Russell, Radishes 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cress ........ 1 00

Mat 14.
Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Asparagus and Lettuce 2 00

Walter Russell, Radishes and Lettuce . . . . . . 2 00

Mat 21.
Gratuity : —

Charles E. Grant, Asparagus 1 00

May 28.
Gratuity : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection 2 00

June 4.
Gratuities : —

Cephas H. Brackett, Rhubarb 1 00

Marshall W. Chadbourne, Rhubarb 1 00

Charles E. Grant, Asparagus 1 00

7

318

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection $2 00

S. P. Buxton, " 2 00

Winter Brothers, " 2 00

Walter Russell, White Box Radishes, First Class Certificate of Merit,

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 10 and 11.

Beets. — Twelve specimens, William Christie .

Third, Miss Mary S. Walker

Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Scarlet Forcing
Radishes. — Four bunches Turnip Rooted, Walter Russell, White
Box

Second, Walter Russell, French Breakfast

Third, " " White Tip .
Long Scarlet, Walter Russell

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....

Asparagus. — Four bunches, Charles E. Grant

Second, Leonard W. Weston .....
Cdcumbers. — Pair, Warren Heustis & Son
Lettuce. — Four heads, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Deacon

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Defiance

Third, Warren Heustis & Son

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Cephas H. Brackett, Victoria

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Monarch

Third, Alexander Galbraith, " ...

Gratuities : —

Peter Fisher, Aird and Essex Tomatoes

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Cauliflowers .

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Cucumbers and Tomatoes ....
Peter Fisher, New Tomato, Conference, First Class Certificate of
Merit.

June 18.
Gratuities : —

Cephas H. Brackett, Peas ........

Charles E. Grant, " .

3

00

1

00

3

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2

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3

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2

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1

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3

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2

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3

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2

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3

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3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

GO

3

00

2

00

2

00

1 00
1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, Charles A. Learned,

Egyptian 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 2 00

Third, Charles A. Learned, Eclipse 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

319

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Charles A. Learned, White Portugal

Second, Warren Heustis & Son

Third, Charles A. Learned, Danvers .
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Warren Heustis & Son

vSecond, Varnum Frost ....

Third, Charles A. Learned
Cabbages. — Three, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, Walter Russell ....
Lettuce. — Four heads, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .

Second, Charles A. Learned

Third, Walter Russell ....

Peas. — Half-peck, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, American Wonder

Second, P. G. Hanson, " "

Third, Samuel Hartwell, " "

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —

Walter Russell, Radishes ......... 1 00

Winter Brothers, Tomatoes 1 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Lettuce . . . . . 2 00

Charles A. Learned, Collection 2 00

July 2.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, New Queen

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Early Rose .

Third, " " " Hebron

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Charles A. Learned, Danvers

Second, Charles A. Learned, White Portugal .
Cabbages. — Three, Charles A. Learned, Henderson

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Wakefield .

Third, " " " Henderson .

Peas. — Half-peck of American Wonder, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, Calvin Terry

Third, Mrs. Rose Buxton

Any other variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Advancer

Second, John L. Gardner, Champion

Third, Charles E. Grant, Advancer ....

3 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —

Walter Russell, Cucumbers 1 00

Charles A. Learned, Collection' 3 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, " 2 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, " 1 00

July 9.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron" . 3 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Rose 2 00

Third, " " " New Queen 1 00

320

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAI, SOCIETY.

Beans. — Half-peck of String, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, H. R. Kinney ....

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Peas. — Half -peck, Sidney Lawrence, Stratagem

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Telephone .

Third, Charles E. Grant, Stratagem .

July 16.

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, All Seasons

Second, Walter Russell, Drumhead .
Beans. — Half-peck of Cranberry, Charles N. Brackett

Second, Isaac E. Coburn

Peas. — Half-peck, Charles N. Brackett, Telephone

Second, Charles E. Grant, Statagem

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Heroine

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection
"Walter Russell, "

$3 00

2 CO

1 00

3 00

2 00
I 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 ©0
1 00

3 00
2 00

July 23.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Rose

Third, " " " Savoy

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, F. J. Kinney, Corey .

Second, Charles E. Grant, Corey

Third, Oliver R. Robbins, "

Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens. F. J. Kinney, Acme
Second, E. W. Wood, Red Cross . ,
Third, H. R. Kinney, Ruby

Gratuities : —

Calvin Terry, Peas .....
Charles E. Grant, Cranberry Beans .
H. A. Stevens, Celery ....
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Egg Plant and Cabbages
Charles N. Brackett, Collection

July 30.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Rose

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Savoy
Peas. — Half peck, Sidney Lawrence, Stratagem

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Heroine
Sweet Corn Twelve ears, F. J. Kinney, Farquhar

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Crosby

Third, Charles E. Grant, Corey . . .

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 (.0
1 00

1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 321

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, F. J. Kinney, Acme . . . $3 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Atlantic 2 00

Third, H. A. Kinney, Ruby 1 00

Gratuities : —

Jackson Dawson, Prescott Wonder Cucumbers . . . . 1 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection ...... . 2 00

August 6.

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens of Acme, Charles N. Brackett
Twelve specimens of Emery, Charles N. Brackett
Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Advance

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Atlantic .....

Third. Charles E. Grant, Puritan

3 00
3 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —

Sidney Lawrence, Stratagem Peas ....... 1 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection 3 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

Charles N. Brackett, " 1 00

Charles E. Grant, " 1 00

August 13.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, Varnum Frost

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ........

Third, Samuel Hartwell ........

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Charles E. Grant, Potter's Excelsior

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Potter's Excelsior

Third, " " Bourn's Favorite

Gratuities: —

H. A. Stevens, Celery

Charles E. Grant, Beans .........

Charles N. Brackett, Collection

Warren Heustis & Son, " .......

3

00

2

00

1

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3

00

2

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1

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3

00

2

00

August 20.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron . 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson, Hebron 2 00

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Rose 1 00

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Danvers . , 3 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Wethersfield , . . . 2 00

Third, H. A. Stevens, Danvers 1 00

Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, Isaac E. Coburn . . 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

322

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Watermelons. — Pair, the second prize to Charles E. Grant, Black

Spanish ^2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Kolb's Gem 1 00

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 2 00

Third, H. A. Stevens 1 00

Ttvo quarts of Dwarf Lima, Charles E. Grant . . . . 3 00

Second, William Christie 2 00

Two quarts of Goddard, shelled, William Christie . . . 3 00

Second, Calvin Terry 2 00

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, P. G. Hanson . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett 2 00

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 1 00

Twelve ears of any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Bourn's

Favorite 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson, Stowell's 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Burr's 1 00

Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, Charles N. Brackett . 3 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Twelve specimens of any other variety, Charles N. Brackett,

Ruby King 3 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Bull Nose 2 00

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Ruby King 1 00

Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Collection of Tomatoes

Isaac E. Coburn, " "

Charles E. Grant, Tomatoes

Varnum Frost, "

P. G. Hanson,

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery

W. G. Kendall, Kohl Rabi

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Egg Plant

3 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

August 27.

Cabbages. — Three, Charles B. Lancaster

Second, William Christie ....
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, A. M. Knowlton
Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, H. A. Stevens ....
Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, H. A. Stevens
Marttnias. — Twelve specimens, Walter Russell
Peppers — Twelve specimens of Squash, Charles N. Brackett

Second, George W. Jameson
Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Queen

3 00

2 00

3 00
3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 323

Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Collection $4 00

P. G. Hanson, " . .' 3 00

Charles E. Grant, " . . • 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " ....... 1 GO

Warren Heustis & Son " 1 00

September 3.
Gratuity : —

Charles E. Grant, Lima Beans 1 00

September 17.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Watermelons. — Two specimens, Hon. Aaron Low, Peerless . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant, Kolb's Gem 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Peerless 1 00

Beans. — Large Lima, two quarts, Varnum Frost . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 2 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill 1 00

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, Isaac E. Coburn 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett 2 00

Any other variety, P. G. Hanson, Stowell's . . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell " ..... 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant " . . . . ' . 1 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge . . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 1 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, Charles N.

Brackett 5 00

Second, Varnum Frost 4 00

Third, Hon. Aaron Low 3 00

Acme, twelve specimens, Hon. Aaron Low . . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett 2 00

Third, Varnum Frost 1 00

Cardinal, Hon. Aaron Low . . . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Emery, Varnum Frost 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Hon. Aaron Low 1 00

Paragon, Charles N. Brackett . 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost 2 00

Any other variety, Hon. Aaron Low, Peerless . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Perfection 2 00

Third, " " Beauty 1 00

324 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Peppers. — Twelve Squash, George W. Jameson
Second, Charles N. Brackett ....

Third, William Christie

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Ruby King .
Third, " " " Bull Nose .

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —

Charles E. Grant, Watermelons . 2 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Melons 5 00

Ciharles E. Grant, Beans 1 00

Charles N. Brackett, Lima Beans and Tomatoes, three varieties . 2 00

Hon. Aaron Low, Collection of Tomatoes 4 00

William H. Teele, Cauliflowers 3 00

Varnum Frost, Celery 2 00

E. J. Coolidge, " I 00

P. G. Hanson, Collection . . . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " 1 00

October 1.

Gratuity : —

Calvin Terry, Collection - . . . . 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

October 4, 6, and 6.

Special Prizes.

Cauliflowers. — Four, A. M. Knowlton 5 00

Second, William H. Teele 4 00

Celery. — Four specimens, Artemas Frost . . . . . 8 00

Second, Isaac E, Coburn 6 00

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Varnum Frost . . . . 3 00

Second, George F. Stone 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son . 1 00

Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, H. R. Kinney . . . . 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Twelve Intermediate, F. J. Kinney 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, Walter Russell . • 1 00

Parsnips. — Twelve long, Varnum Frost 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Third, Charles A. Learned 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 325

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens each, Charles N.

Brackett $5 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 4 00

Third, " " " 3 00

Clark, twelve specimens, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . . 3 GO

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, F. J. Kinney . . 1 00

Hebron, P. G. Hanson 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . . . . 2 00

Third, F. J. Kinney 1 00

Rose, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, Charles S. Smith 1 00

Savoy, F. J. Kinney 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, A. M. Knowlton 1 00

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Lee's Favorite . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney, Essex 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Northern Beauty . . . . 1 00

Salsify. — Twelve specimens, Charles A. Learned . . . . 3 00

Second, Walter Russell 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

Turnips. — Twelve specimens Flat, F. J. Kinney . . . . 2 00

Second, George F. Stone 1 00

Swedish, Twelve, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 1 00

Onions. — Twelve Danvers, Walter Russell . . . . . 3 00

Second, E. Tasionari 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney 1 00

Red, Calvin Terry 3 GO

Second, Hon. James J. H. Gregory 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney 1 00

Squashes.— Three Hubbard, S. P. Buxton 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell 2 00

Third, John Parker 1 00

Hybrid Turban, S. P. Buxton 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Third, Charles A. Learned 1 PO

Marrow, Varnum Frost ........ 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney 1 00

Turban, John Parker 3 00

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, John L. Gardner . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 2 00

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, Charles B. Lancaster . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 2 00

Third, S. P. Buxton 1 00

326 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTDEAL SOCIETY.

Red, Charles B. Lancaster " . . . $3 00

Second, S. P. Buxton 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

Savoy, " " " 3 00

Second, Charles B. Lancaster 2 00

Third, S. P. Buxton 1 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, William H. Teele 3 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton 2 00

Celery. — Four roots Boston Market, the second prize to H.^R.

Kinney 4 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 3 00

Any other variety, Artemas Frost, Paris Golden . . . . 5 00

Second, Varnum Frost, Paris Golden . . . . , 4 00

Third, Isaac E. Coburn " " 3 00

Endive. — Four specimens, H. R. Kinney . . . . . 3 00

Second, Walter Russell 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney, Green Curled 1 00

Horseradish. — Six roots, H. R. Kinney 3 00

Second, Charles A. Learned 2 00

Third, Walter Russell 1 00

Corn. — Field, twenty-five ears, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . 3 00

Second, Leonard W. Weston 2 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge . . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder " 1 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, Hon. Aaron

Low 5 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett . . . . . ... 4 00

Third, Varnum Frost 3 00

Acme, twelve specimens, Charles N. Brackett . . . . 3 00

Second, Hon. Aaron Low 2 00

Third, Varnum Frost . 1 00

Cardinal, " " 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett 2 00

Third, Hon. Aaron Low 1 00

Emery, Varnum Frost 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett 2 00

Third, George Sanderson 1 00

Paragon, Charles N. Brackett . ■ 3 00

Second, Hon. Aaron Low 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell 1 00

Any other variety, Hon. James J. H. Gregory, Optimus . . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Beauty 2 00

Third, Hon. Aaron Low, Peerless . . . . . . 1 00

Peppers. — Twelve Squash, George W. Jameson . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles N Brackett . ...... 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 100

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

327

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King
Second, Robert McLeod, Bell ....
Third, " " Brazilian .

Gratuities : —
Capt. S. A. Merrill, Squashes .
John Parker, Collection of Squashes
Benjamin K. Bliss, Collection of Squashes
Francis Blake, Corn

Hon. Aaron Low, Collection of Tomatoes
Robert McLeod, " " Peppers

George Reynolds, " " Herbs

Varnum Frost, "

Walter Russell, ''

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Capt. S. A. Merrill,
Charles N. Brackett,
Charles E. Grant,
P. G. Hanson,
George F. Stone,
Joseph S. Chase,
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard,

October 22.
Gratuity: —

Benjamin P. Ware, Cauliflowers

$3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

5

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

1 00
1 00

1 00

EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

November 19.

Cucumbers. — Pair, John L. Gardner . . . . . • 3 00

Cabbages.— Three Red, S. P. Buxton 3 00

Second, George Jacobs ........ 2 00

Savoy, S. P. Buxton 3 00

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, John L. Gardner . . . 3 00

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, William H. Teele . . . 3 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner 1 00

Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son, Paris Golden . . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Boston Market . . . 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner, Veitch's Pink 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, H. R. Kinney 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, Lorillard . . 3 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Early Essex . . . . . 2 00

Third, George Sanderson ........ 1 00

328

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
Hon. Aaron Low, Collection of Tomatoes
Benjamin P. Ware, White Globe Turnips
Calvin Terry, Onions ....

Charles E. Grant, Collection of Watermelons
Walter Russell, " ...

P. G. Hanson, " ...

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection .

2 00
1 00

1 00

3 00
3 00

2 00
2 00

FIEST-CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

June 4. Walter Russell for White Box Radishes.
" 10. Peter Fisher, for New Forcing Tomato, Conference.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

The Committee take pleasure in bringing to you their report for
the past season. The difficulty of so arranging the prizes that
they may be adapted to the seasons as they come and go, has
been found to be greater than one would naturally anticipate. We
have had comparatively few applications for the various prizes,
but have been invited, more than usual, to visit places for which
no special prizes had been offered ; notably the Aquatic Garden
of W. "VY. Lee of Northampton, the Rose Houses of Charles \.
Whitten of Dorchester, and the commercial establishment of Fisher
Brothers & Co., Moutvale. We may properly call your attention
to the many changes that are constantly taking place in this
department of our work, particularly that of summer bedding or
ornamentation of Gardens, Public Grounds, Parks, etc., which are
very noticeable, and we hail with joy the present tendeucj^ to make
the ornamental department, especially of private grounds, more
permanent. The usual, and we may say stereotyped, plan of using
tender bedding plants, especially the ornamental foliaged varieties
such as Coleus, Iresine, etc., for summer decoration is gradualh'
being less used ; perhaps on account of the very short time —
at the most only a few weeks — that they are of any value,
as they cannot be planted out until quite late, and a^i-e among
the very first that fail with the cool nights of the autumn season.
A new interest seems to be developing in favor of flowering plants,
where the tender varieties are still used. This is commendable,

330 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL, SOCIETY.

and now that we have the elegant Crozy Cannas, the magnificent
Tuberous Rooted Begonias, with the improved varieties of
Pelargoniums, the delicious heliotrope, and other flowering plants
that might be named, we are glad that the overdone foliage
bedding is being superseded. With the great variety of herba-
ceous plants, the flowering shrabs, the beautiful evergreens, and
so many roses adapted for bedding purposes, no one need regret
that he has no greenhouse for tender plants. Without them he
can now have an interesting garden, and his grounds may be
brilliant and beautiful. While both tender and hardy plants will
continue to be used, we are glad to report an improved taste
everywhere apparent. We are admonished, however, to cease
this line of thought, although it ought to be very thoroughly
discussed and developed, and we hope in the near future it may
be, but our duty now is to report our doings.

Rose Houses of Charles V. Written, Dorchester.

On March 16, the Committee were invited to visit the Rose
houses of Charles V. Whitten, which are fifteen in number and
are mainly devoted to the cultivation of Roses for their flowers.
They are divided into two sections, known as the eastern and
western ranges. The seven houses of the eastern range are each
ninety feet long and about twenty feet wide, three-quarter span,
and heated by hot water. In them are grown three tender roses,
viz. : The Bride, Madame Hoste, and Papa Gontier.

It may be interesting to know the opinion of others of the
value of these varieties ; some one signing himself " Ridgewood,'*
in London, April, 1891, says: "From the first introduction of
this grand rose, The Bride, it has been a favorite With me. I have
in my room now a fine bloom that was cut nine days ago and is
still quite fresh, while its shape is as good as the day it was
brought to me. I consider it the best of all white roses to stand.
It is very free flowering, and when one has a stock of plants and
so can choose good sound buds for propagating, it is an excellent
grower. I think that the chief cause of many good new roses
being discarded before they are thoroughly tried, is owing to
their being over propagated. The Bride is an example of this, as
during the first few yeai's of its being in commerce it was a weakly
grower compared with what it is now."

REPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 331

T. W. Gircllestoue in "The Garden," Vol. 36, writes of Mme.
Hoste : " This new Tea, like not a few of the roses, and especially
of the tea-scented varieties, sent out by the famous Lyons house,
has proved to be, in every sense of the word, a host in itself. If
the French growers had sent us nothing else besides this variety
and LTdeal, these two roses would still have sufficed to make
the season notable. Mme. Hoste can hardly be more exactly
described than as a pale lemon colored Anna Olivier. In habit,
mode of inflorescence, freedom, and form of flower, the new rose
closely follows the older variety, the main difference lying in their
entire distinctness of color, while perhaps the flowers of Mme.
Hoste are inclined to come generally a little larger than those of
Anna Olivier. The constancy of the novelty is also exceptionally
conspicuous, almost every bloom being characteristic in form as
well as of good size and color, and there can be scarcely a doubt
that Mme. Hoste will take a prominent position among the first-
rate Teas."

"A. H." in the same volume says: "Papa Gontier is a
favorite rose with Americans, the flowers being in great demand
for button-holes. It is only semi-double when fully expanded, but
its value consists in its long, large bud, which is of fine form and
distinct color, being bright rose shaded with carmine and crimson.
It is a Tea, but so much does the growth, form, and color of the
flowers resemble those of a monthly, that it might really be
classed as a very fine one, and grown with them."

Mr. Whitten's western range contains eight houses, running in
length from seventy-five to one hundred and eighty feet. In these
are grown Catharine Mermet, American Beauty, Ulrich Brunner
and Mrs. John Laing; also Chrysanthemums and Lilies in their
season. These houses are heated by steam.

Catharine Mermet is a fine Tea rose ; flesh color, with the same
silvery lustre seen in La France ; it is large, full, and well formed ;
not very productive, yet not a shy bloomer ; very beautiful in the
bud and when the flowers expand they exhale a delightful perfume.
It is the finest of all the Teas.

American Beauty is of a deep, rich rose color ; large globular
flowers, of fine shape ; a good rose for pot or forcing purposes,
and of superb beauty. Not alone do its deep, glowing color, its
elegant, imbricated, form, its supporting foliage of rich green,
distinguish it ; with all these it combines a peculiar and distinct

332 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fragrance, hard to describe but most delightful to inhale. Not for
many years has a finer rose been offered, and it has attained
deserved popularity.

Mrs. John Laing is an elegant rose, of a soft pink; flowers
fragrant, large and finely shaped ; vigorous and profuse, valuable
for the garden, and acknowledged to be superior for early forcing.

The house of Ulrich Brunner roses, which the Committee were
specially invited to examine, was stocked with small plants, out of
three inch pots, on the 8th of June, 1891, in five inches of soil;
the entire stock being on their own roots. They made very
vigorous growth during the summer, which was carefully ripened
during the fall and winter months. They were started on the 15th
of January and flowers were cut from them April 1 , and in great
quantity during Easter week. Mr. Cotter, the gardener, informed
us that one dealer alone took as many as four thousand blooms on
the Thursday, Friday, and Saturday before Piaster. This variety
is a bright cerise red, large and full ; a strong grower, and
excellent for forcing, being a continuous bloomer.

The roses grown by Mr. Whitten have been briefly described,
as they are varieties of special merit, and this is the first invitation
we have had to visit any rose houses. We take pleasure in attest-
ing to the care and skilful cultivation bestowed upon them. They
were all remarkably healthy, without a sign of mildew, and in
every respect very clean. The house of Ulrich Brunner was
splendidly grown, and, like the others, in every respect highly
commendable. To Mr. Cotter, for his kindness and attention to
the Committee, we tender our hearty thanks, and sincerely con-
gratulate him on the success he has achieved, in growing such
superior roses.

Greenhouses or Dr. C. G. Weld, Brookline.

On the 19th of March, the Committee again enjoyed a visit to
the greenhouses of Dr. C. G. Weld, Brookline. This is a place
where, no matter how frequently you go, there is something to
interest you and to admire. The same skill and care were evident,
as we passed through the various houses on this occasion that we
observed on our previous visit, March 13, 1891, and as you have
so recently received the report for that year, and we can say but
little more than a reiteration of what we said there, we ask your

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 333

careful reperusal of that part of our report, found on pages 340
to 345 inclusive, Part 2, of our Transactions for 1891. We will
however, add some remarks upon the principal attraction at this
visit, which was the house where the Cinerarias were grown. The
centre bench was filled with as fine plants as were ever seen. To
describe them would be a 'task beyond our ability. You all know
that the Cineraria is a very valuable conservatory decorative plant,
blooming during the winter and early spring months, and it is no
less valuable for exhibition purposes. The colors are extremel}^
brilliant, the selfs particularly so. Comparatively speaking it is
but a few years since the Cinerarias were a lot of poor things,
with narrow, flimsy petals, and one tall, unsightly stem ; but the
desire for improvement has stimulated the growers to such an
extent, that perhaps from no other soft-wooded plant grown
have their efforts produced so many nearly perfect new varieties.
The best plants are dwarf and compact, and when properly grown
produce splendid trusses, in some cases of almost perfectly
formed flowers. As we have already intimated, nearly every
plant upon the central bench in Dr. Weld's cineraria house seemed
to be a perfect one. On the upper shelf of this bench some fine
small specimens of Acacia pvbescens were arranged, which added
very much to the attractiveness of the house. We cannot omit to
mention, in connection with this plant, our surprise that Acacias
are so seldom seen in plant collections ; of all the New Holland
plants few are so interesting. The strange variety in the leaves,
or perhaps more properly, the phyllodia, which are merely flat-
tened, leaf-like petioles without blades, is a curious peculiarity.
A large number of species bear no true leaves, but these phyllodia,
which, however, perform the function of leaves. The species to
which we have alluded, is a neat plant for a pot or conservator}'
border. It is rather delicate, umbrella shaped, with stem pub-
escent. Racemes are produced singly from the axils of the leaves ;
they are about three inches long, the flowers globular, small, and
yellow. It is rather slow growing, but one of the best.

The side benches in the house were filled with flowering plants
in vai'iety, and as a greenhouse of flowering plants, the entire
collection was for health and vigor of growth, highly creditable to
Mr. Finlayson, the gardener, the fruits of whose skill have so
frequently been witnessed in the plants shown at our exhibitions.
8

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Stove and Plant House of George A. Nickerson,
Dedham.

Our next visit was on tjie 29th of March, to the greenhouses of
George A. Nickerson of Dedham. The particular house which
was entered for the prize, is a large curvilinear-roofed structure,
eighty-seven and one-half feet long, by twenty-five feet wide.
The glass is sixteen by eighteen inches ; the panes for the three
lower rows were cast in Germany of the required curve. The
rafters are of iron and the sash bars are of hard pine. The entire
house is put together with screws in such a way that it can be
tO'ken apart without the least injury. Cement and gravel founda-
tions and brick walls covered with copings of granite, render it a
very substantial building.

Upon entering the house our attention was particularly directed
to the large and handsome specimen Crotous. The finest plant is
a superb specimen of Queen Victoria, ten feet high, and twenty
feet in circumference. This is undoubtedly one of the best
varieties, and the handsomest of the large-leaved kinds, the leaves
being variously mottled with bright green, crimson, and creamy-
yellow ; for richness of color it is unequalled.

Croton interruptum, belongs to the narrow-leaved series. Its
leaves, like those of C. angxistifolium ^ are pendulous, but many
of them are of most fantastic forms ; in some instances assuming
a spiral form, in others having only the mid-rib for two inches or
more ; the upper surface is a rich purple or perhaps dark reddish
green, with yellow tinge, and a deep crimson mid-rib ; the under
surface is dull purplish green. The free habit of the plant,
makes it very desirable for decorative purposes. This specimen
is fourteen feet high and sixteen feet in circumference.

G. excelsior has a compact and graceful habit, rendering it
suitable for a decoration. The leaves are four inches wide,
twenty-two inches long, and the veins are rosy crimson, much
suffused with yellow, and the young leaves are very highly
colored. It is one of the finest Crotons, especially in its young
state. It originated with Mr. Monteith, Mr. Nickerson's gardener,
who says it is a sport from Challenger. The habit is much like
that of the parent plant, but it is altogether of a richer growth
and very much more highly colored.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX GARDENS. 835

C Warrenii, is a superb variety of free growing habit, produc-
ing spiral linear-lanceolate leaves, which are two feet and more
in length, by one and one-half inches broad, pendent, arching.
Its color is dark green, irregularly mottled and suffused with
orange-yellow and carmine, which with age becomes a beautiful
crimson. This is a graceful, richly colored Croton, and is
pronounced by many to be the best of all narrow-leaved varieties ;
it is fine as a decorative or exhibition plant, and as an object for
the dinner table cannot be equalled.

C. variegatus is one of the best known of the Crotons, and is
largely cultivated. The leaves are oblong, tapering to a point,
from six to nine inches long and about two inches broad ; they
are of a bright shining green color, the mid-rib and all primary
veins being margined with rich golden-yellow ; the growth is
compact, and very ornamental.

C. Yoimgii is of beautiful form and a very robust growing
plant, producing leaves from ten to twenty inches long, and
nearly an inch in width ; the upper side is dark green, irregularly
blotched and spotted with pale yellow and rosy red.

C. Disraeli. From the London Garden, Vol. 36, page 337, we
copy this description : " This belongs to the Fish-tailed Crotons,
which was the name given them by my friend Charles Moore, the
dii'ector of the Public Gardens in Sydney, Australia, who first
found and brought this section to England. The leaves are three
lobed; when young the centre is light green, blotched with yellow,
and margined with the same color ; with age the yellow blotches
in the centre become rich orange-yellow, and the margins change
to reddish-scarlet."

C. chrysophyllum has narrow leaves from six to eight inches
long with very bright yellow on the young growth, and makes a
good specimen plant.

C. Pilgrimii is a fine, bold-looking Croton, with leaves from six
to nine inches long by three inches broad, ovate-acuminate ; pale
green, with deep golden markings, heavily suffused with rich pink,
the petiole and costa being of the same color ; a very fine variety.

C. nvchdatnvi. A superb form of this beautiful genus; the
leaves are oblong-acuminate, and undulated or wavy at the edges ;
the ground color is very deep green, upon which are scattered
numerous blotches of deep yellow and vivid crimson ; it is one of
the handsomest varieties in cultivation.

336 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. Veitchianum. The leaves of this variety are of large size,
frequently measuring upwards of a foot in length, and two inches
in width, oblong-acuminate in shape, with wavy edges. They are
beautifully colored, the ground being a rich green, with a broad
band of creamy-yellow along the centre, which is again suffused
with reddish-pink ; a superb variety.

C. Challenger has long leaves ; mid-rib at first creamy-white
suffused with red, deepening to bright carmine ; it is one of the
best.

C. Weismanni is of a close, dense habit of growth ; the leaves
are narrow, and a foot or more in length ; ground color a bright
green, mottled and striped with bright yellow.

C. nobilis. The leaves are narrow and quite long, the color a
mixed yellow; the centre veins are reddish on the old leaves. It
makes a fine centre plant.

C. Andrecmim is of neat habit and free growth, with highly
colored foliage. This plant is twelve feet high by twenty feet in
circumference, and is a magnificent specimen.

It is seldom that such splendid plants as these of which we
have tried to give you descriptions, are seen. As large speci-
mens, either for exhibition or decorative purposes they are indis-
pensable, for their habit and color produce an effect which is not
possible with any other plants. They are quite easily managed,
and when grown as small specimens are among the finest that can
be used for dinner-table decoration, or for vases in the sitting-
room or parlor. Until quite recently it has been supposed that
Crotons must be kept indoors and were not adapted to summer
decoration in beds ; those who visited the Public Garden, the past
summer, undoubtedly noticed the Crotons that were planted out
in the vicinity of the Washington Monument, and how well they
retained their beautiful coloring. Mixing them with other foliage
plants was a marked success, and a happy change from the usual
way of ornamenting this much visited place. A visit to Girard
College, Philadelphia, where the bedding out is a specialty, gave
us much pleasure, because of the magnificent beds of Crotons
which were planted in the grounds, out of the pots ; in some cases
in groups by themselves, in others with Pampas Grass in the
centre, or here and there a Retinospora, and bordered with Acaly-
phas ; again in groups with an edge of Abutilon vexillarium or
Aphelandra Leopoldii. They were certainly the most brilliant

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 337

colored beds I ever saw. We are told that at Newport, R. I.,
Crotons are used for bedding out with equal success. When
such plants as we have named will stand our summer sun,
what place or need is there for the Coleus or other inferior foliage
plants ?

We have digressed somewhat from the account of the plant
house, to speak of the uses of Crotons, but will now return.

In addition to the Crotons, among the many other fine plants
we saw was a handsome specimen of Phoenix rupicola, an elegant
and distinct palm, with long, pendent, arching, pinnate leaves,
slightly clothed with brown filaments ; this species is well adapted
for table decoration, and being a greenhouse plant stands well.

Kextia BeJmoreana, another elegant palm, is a valuable addi-
tion to any collection. Its leaves are pinnate, dark green, and so
beautifully crisp as to gain for it the name of the " Curly Palm."
It is very ornamental, and well adapted for decorative purposes.

Kentia Wendlandiana is an elegant Palm, belonging to the
pinnate leaved series, introduced from Queensland. The leaves
have numerous unequal segments, usually toothed at the apex.
It was one of the twelve plants with which William Bull of
Chelsea, P^ngland, gained the first prize at the International
Horticultural Exhibition, at Ghent, some years ago.

In addition to the plants mentioned, which in every respect were
superior specimens, were many others usually found in all good
collections, such as Azaleas ; a good collection of Orchids, espe-
cially Cattleyas ; some fine Ferns ; a good variety of Cyclamens,
and other foliage or flowering plants.

Varnum Frost's Houses of Forced Vegetables, Arlington.

Comparatively speaking, it is but a few years — certainl}' within
the memory of many of our members — since we could not get, in
the early spring, the vegetables we now have all the year round.
In the winter mouths, lettuce and cucumbers, produced in our
climate, were out of the question. The South was depended upon
for the earliest varieties, and that resource, with the hot-bed, were
the only facilities known for supplying early vegetables ; and the
latter was used only at the risk of its sometimes losing its lieat
before the crop was matured, and even if that did not occur, yet
with a cold and backward season these crops would be retarded

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

until quite late. But skill and study have produced marvellous
results, and now the amount of glass devoted to the production of
forced vegetables can be enumerated by the acre. If the figures
could be obtained of the amount of forced vegetables sent from
the neighboring towns to the Boston market, we think they would
be surprising to most of the members of our Society. Your
Committee have long felt that this great horticultural industry
should receive a share of their attention. Therefore, for several
seasons we have made special efforts to induce those who are engaged
in this business to compete for the prizes offered by our Society.
Personal appeals have been made by the Chairman, in the shape
of special communications to those who, we had hoped, would
compete. But Varnum Frost, of Arlington, who is always ready
to advance the interests of the Society, is the only person who has
entered a house of this kind, in competition.

The Committee visited Mr. Frost's houses of forced vegetables,
April 30, for the purpose of inspecting his house of forced
cucumbers.

Mr. Frost makes the following statement :

Arlington, Mass., October 31, 1892.
Mr. J. G. Barker, Chairman of the Garden Committee of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society:
Dear Sir: — In reply to your letter of the 25th inst., I furnish
you the following items concerning my House of Forced Vege-
tables :

1. Size of House, including Head House, 194x25 feet.

2. Number of crops :

Two crops of Lettuce.
One crop of Cucumbers.

One crop of French Breakfast Radishes, grown with
Cucumbers.

3. Quantity of each crop, (approximate) :

Lettuce, 700 dozens each crop.
Cucumbers, 18,000.
Radishes, 5,000 bunches.

4. Mode of heating, steam.

5. Plants are so started, as to time, that one crop follows
another without intermission. Success with the crop depends of
course very largely on having good plants, raised from carefully
selected seed.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 339

6. General remarks coucerniug cucumbers :

The plants are set two in a hill and finally thinned to one.
The hills are two feet apart. In this house I use for the
Cucumber crop about three cords of horse manure placed in four
trenches, one and one-half feet deep by one foot wide, running the
length of the house. The manure is covered with about seven
inches of soil. Cucumbers are picked in seventy days from the
sowing of the seed.

Any further information I will furnish if desired.
Verj^ truly yours,

Vaenum Frost.

Estate of Nathaniel T. Kidder, Milton.

It is several years since any application has been received for
the H. H. Huunewell Triennial Premium, but we are glad to
inform you that we had one this year from Nathaniel T. Kidder.
On one occasion before we called your attention to some special
objects of interest on this estate. The Report of 1891, in our
Transactions, Part 2, pages 336 to 338, contains a full account of
the Greenhouse, which was awarded the first prize ; and on pages
345 to 348, is given a partial list of the excellent collection of
plants in the Herbaceous Garden, which also received the first
prize. The estate of Mr. Kidder is situated on Adams Street,
Milton Hill, and contains eighteen acres. The mansion is about
six hundred feet from the street, and is approached by an avenue,
on one side of the lawn. The avenue is shaded on the left by
large Elm trees, and on the right side by some fine specimens of
Norway Spruce. The lawn is about three and one-half acres in
extent, and on it are some fine specimen Elm and Oak trees. At
one side of the house are planted some fine trees and shrubs ;
with choice evergreens, such as Taxus Japoyiira, Araucarias, and
Retinosporas, backed by a large grove of deciduous trees of natural
growth. On the opposite side is a fine bed of Rhododendrons,
and several groups of Retinosporas. In the rear of the house is
the kitchen garden and here a general collection of vegetables was
growing. It is well sheltered from the north winds, and from the
early and late frosts. There are a number of Apple trees, the
most of which are about fort}^ j'^ears old, the Baldwin and Rhode
Island Greening being considered the best. There are twenty-two

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

varieties of pear trees, some of which are not yet producing fruit.
Small fruits are grown in quantity, including, of Blackberries,
Dorchester and Kittatinny ; of Raspberries, Cuthbert and Golden
Queen ; of Strawberries, ten varieties, those doing best being
Charles Downing, Jewell, and Manchester ; of Hardy Grapes,
Concord, Moore's Early, and Niagara, all of which give good
results. Peaches, Plums, and Filberts are also grown in small
quantities.

Trees and shrubs are grown in large quantities. Of trees,
we noticed that Oaks, Maples, Hickories and Pines predominated.
During the past thirty years many native and foreign trees and shrubs
have been planted, but very few of variegated foliage or weeping
trees or variegated shrubs have been included.

Noticeable among the shrubs are the large specimens of Pyms
Japovica, Deutzia, Syriugas, and Rhododendron maximwn. A
large quantity of shrubs of more recent introduction occupy
a prominent place near the first greenhouse, and the native shrubs
are well represented. The collection of Hardy Herbaceous
Plants, of which there are between four hundred and five hundred
varieties, is also planted in this vicinity. Mr. Martin, the
gardener, remarked that these are fast taking the place of soft-
wooded, bedding plants, as they give a supply of fiowers from
early spring until late in the fall.

There are six greenhouses, one of which is a lean-to, for
growing plants for cut flowers. From this is a passage-way in
which the walls are covered with moss for growing Ferns and
Anthuriums, which were in a most luxuriant condition. The two
span-roofed houses, running north and south, are filled with
Foliage plants, Ferns, Palms, and Orchids, but contain also
Gloxinias, Streptocarpuses, Achimenes, and other flowers in their
season. A three-quarters span-roofed house for plants needing
less heat, is used more or less as a conservatory for showing-
plants as they come into bloom. Two vineries, planted principally
with Black Hamburgs, which are always healthy and vigorous,
have each produced very even well ripened crops of fruit. There
is one small rose house, of which a small portion is devoted to
cucumbers and tomatoes ; and a north house, used chiefly for
winter storage, and where half-hardy plants are grown and
flowered ; at the time of our visit, the roof of this last named
house was covered with Lapageria rosea aud L. alba which were
very fine plants.

REPORT OF THE COIMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 341

There are also convenient pits and cellars, which are used for
the storage of Azaleas and many other half-hardy plants during
their period of rest ; and a large quantity of frames for growing
Violets and Polyanthuses — also lettuce, parsley, mushrooms, and
numerous other things.

This is little more than on outline description of the premises,
with the appliances for horticultural work, and a summary of the
many good things that are grown on Mr. Kidder's estate. There
are many things that might be mentioned separately, which we
shall endeavor to bring to your notice during the next two seasons.
The excellent condition of the grounds and the skilful cultivation
of all the productions, justify the Committee in unanimously
approving the entry for the first time.

Estate of Francis Brown Hayes, Pine Hill, Lexington.

The Committee, with a large company of invited guests,
visited these extensive grounds, June 13, the special object
being the fine display of Rhododendrons, of tender and hardy
varieties, under the tent. In the previous reports — for 1883,
1886, and 1888 — not only the Rhododendrons, but as far as advis-
able, the various other objects of interest here have been carefully
mentioned, and to say anything additional now would be, in a
measure at least, to reiterate that with which you have alreadj'
been made familiar. We will only say that the Rhododendron tent
was filled with as fine specimens as usual, and that the erection of
a stage at the end of the tent nearest the mansion, by enabling
visitors to view the plants from an elevation, afforded the means
of enjoying their beauties to better advantage than on our previous
visits.

Fisher Brothers & Co., Montvale.

August 25, the Committee were invited to inspect the grounds
and greenhouses of the New England Nursery Co., Montvale. It
is not very often that we are invited to visit a commercial
establishment. Unlike many such places, where everything is
grown, here specialties only are cultivated, and it is a pleasure to
note that each house was free from the slovenly and dirty
conditions so frequently found in places of this class. The plants
all gave abundant evidence, by their healthy appearance, that skill

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and care had been bestowed upon them. For convenience we will
take the houses in the order in which they were seen.

No. 1 is one hundred feet long by twenty-two feet wide ; the
centre bed is devoted entirely to the cultivation of Asparagus
plumosus, and the side benches to Cyclamens. It may not be out
of place to mention here that in our opinion the wisdom of
cultivating extensively one good thing, in preference to so many
of little value, is abundantly proved in this case. It is doubtful
whether so good a return from the same amount of space could be
obtained from any other single variety of plant that might be grown.
Asparagus plumosus has of late years attracted much attention,
and its value in a cut state is highly appreciated. The tempera-
ture of a dwelling house seemingly has little effect on it, as it
will keep in water two or even three weeks ; this quality with its
graceful and elegant habit make it of the greatest value for the cut
flow^er trade.

Of Cyclamens there were seventy-eight sashes. It is unneces-
sary to take your time in trying to impress upon you the value of
the Cyclamen for decorative purposes, in the conservatory or the
window, for the splendid displays made at our exhibitions of late
years have given abundant evidence of its value. Our late
associate, Claudius B. Gardiner, of Newbury, was among the
first who made a specialty of them. James O'Brien, of Jamaica
Plain, will also be remembered as a specialist in this plant. Now
no greenhouse or window garden is complete without them. All
who are interested in the cultivation of the Cyclamen, are invited
to read the excellent article by Mr. Finlayson, on page 342, Part
II, of our Transactions for 1891.

Houses Nos. 2 and 3 are each one hundred feet long by twelve
feet wide and are devoted to Adiantums for cutting.

House No. 4, having the same dimensions as the last, was
devoted to young plants of Adiautum when we were there, but
later would be filled with Cyclamens.

House No 5, of the same dimensions, is devoted to Adiautum
Farley ense alone. A brief notice of this beautiful fern will not
be out of place here. It is described by William Bull as "The
most magnificent variety of this handsome family ; the fronds are
of the size and form of A. trapezi forme, but pendent, and all the
large pinnules are deeply fringed and crisped." In the " Book of
Choice Ferns," we find it described as follows: "This truly

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 343

magnificent Adiantum, a native of Farley Hill, Barbadoes, b}^ far
the most beautiful of the whole genus, and not inappropriately
oalled the ' Queen of Maiden Hair Ferns.' has attained such a
degree of popularity as to be extensively known under that name ;
no description can do it justice ; it is magnificent, and unrivalled
for exhibition purposes."

House No. 6, is one hundred feet by twenty-two feet, and is
devoted to Gros Colman Grapes, trained under the rafters, and
Asparagus i)lamos)is in the centre.

House No 7 is one hundred feet by twelve feet, and is filled
with Adiantums for cutting.

House No. 8 is a large span-roofed house in which Marie
Louise violets only were growing.

In the garden the following varieties of Cannas were noted :
Admiral Cuurbet has handsome deep green foliage, with bright
yellow flowers spotted with red.

Adolph Wieck is one of the best, flowering very abundantly ;
the flowers are large and of a brilliant scarlet; it is a grand
bedder.

AnUnne Chantia is a dwarf variety with pure yellow flowers,
having a spotted orange lip ; an excellent kind.

Antonin Orozy is scarlet or rich crimson, slightly feathered with
yellow in the lower part of the flower.

Baronne de Satidrans is somewhat in the style of Mme. Crozy,

but of a medium type in size of both flower and foliage. It is

exceedingly floriferous and will undoubtedly become very popular.

C Bronte grows three feet high, has dark foliage, and its

flowers are light pink.

Comtesse Marie de Lusignard. The foliage is three feet high,
and flower-spike four feet, with flowers of bright cherry ; it seeds
freely.

Due de Morteviart shows very large bright yellow flowers,
spotted with red ; the foliage is green.

Epis d'Or is very handsome, with orange colored flowers.
Francisque Morel is a striking variety, with a combination of
rich crimson flowers and deep greeu foliage.

Francois Corbin has deep green foliage ; flowers canary yellow,
thickly spotted with deep carmine ; a distinct variet3^

Geoffrey St. Hilaire has handsome dark foliage and large orange-
red flowers.

344 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J. Cordioux has dark foliage three and one-half feefhigh ; flowers
of a dark red color on a spike four and one-half feet high.

Jules Chretien is of dwarf habit and sturdy growth ; the flower
spikes are about two feet in height ; the flowers are of a dark
crimson, trusses large ; a striking kind.

La Guill has foliage three and one-half feet high ; flowers of
old gold color at first, becoming lighter, on a spike four feet high.

Madame Crozy is one of the very best and is specially notice-
able on account of the markings of the flower being very clear
and distinct ; it is a green leaved variety, with large blossoms of
a bright scarlet color, edged with a clearly defined, but narrow
band of gold.

Madame Just bears rich orange-yellow flowers, shaded to buff on
the edges of the broad, firm petals.

M. Cleveland is a very free bloomer, producing fine, clear red
flowers.

Mme. Oriol. Bright green foliage ; flowers of an orange
salmon shade, tinted with lake ; medium size.

Pi'incesse de Lusignan is of red carmine tint, very fine.

Souvenir de Jeanne Charreton. The foliage stands two and
one-half feet high ; the flowers rise to three and one-half feet high,
and are dark cherry colored.

^Utr of 1891 has scarlet colored flowers, is of dwarf habit,
and is said to be better adapted to pot culture than to out-door
gardening.

Vesuvius. Foliage three and one-half feet, and the flower
spike four and one-half feet high ; the flowers are of a bright red
color and very far apart on the spike, giving it a loose appearance,
but as a cut flower in a vase it is useful.

We have taken pains to describe as accurately as we can the
varieties grown here, hoping that it may aid those who wish to
make a collection of these highly desirable decorative plants. We
know of none that possess the desirable qualities of both foliage
and flower equal to this new race of Cannas. Another point in
their favor is the long season of flowering, from May to Sep-
tember, or even October as was the case last autumn. The
succession of bloom in a bed of Cannas is strikingly varied and
brilliant ; the leafage of itself is tropical, fresh, and handsome,
and the colors there displayed are very diversified. They like a
deep, rich soil, and an abundance of moisture. No other intro-

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REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 345

duction of late years has proved more valuable or of greater
usefulness than the Caunas. For the garden in summer, for pot
plants in the conservatory, or for cut flowers they are equally
useful.

W. W. Lee's Aquatic Garden, Northampton.

The Committee were invited to inspect the Aquatic Garden and
grounds of Mr. Lee, and discharged that pleasant duty September
2. I am expressing the sentiment of the entire Committee when I
say that it was a very satisfactory visit. We not only found
objects different from anything we have ever been invited to visit
before, but that Mr. Lee had stepped entirely out of self and
had planned an attraction for the enjoyment of others, who
could in no other way enjoy what he had provided for them.
Usually a garden of this kind is located on the home grounds, or
near the residence of the owner, but in this case the grounds
about Mr. Lee's cutlery manufactory have been laid out as a lawn,
and the ponds located where the many rather than the few can
enjoy them all the time. The accompanying photographs show
the connection between the factory and the grounds. What was
once a barren and desolate waste — having been devastated by a
flood — is now a thing of beauty and the joy of thousands.

Approaching the grounds from Northampton we first come in
sight of the neat cottages occupied by the workmen in Mr. Lee's
manufactory, which are in good order, the grounds about them
being nicely kept, with beds of sub-tropical plants — Ricinus,
Colocasia, and Coleus — arranged at intervals, which give an
attractive and pleasing appearance to the premises, making the
homes pleasanter and happier. We next come in full view of the
factor}^, a brick building handsomely covered with Awpelopsis
VeitcJii. The avenues are conveniently laid out and with the lawn
about the buildings are well kept. Trees and shrubs have been
introduced which in time, when they have attained to a somewhat
larger size, will add materially to the attractiveness of the surround-
ings. Directly opposite the otiice-entrance to the factory, a small
pond of water lilies is located. This was Mr. Lee's first attempt at
aquatic gardening ; a description of it is not called for here, as the
larger one contains most of the varieties grown in this one. Many
persons would be glad to have their grounds adorned by one like
it, although Mr. Lee thinks it quite insignificant, as it is when

346 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

compared with the larger pond ; but it is a very pleasing intro-
duction to the grounds, and to the larger one represented in the
picture opposite, in which the pond has the appearance of being
quite close to the factory, but in reality is at a distance of one
hundred feet or more from that building, . You will notice also a
border of sub-tropical plants on the further side of the pond, with
a broad belt of grass in front which heightens the charming
effect of the plant border. If this border were not introduced the
beautiful effect would be lost, as the visitor's attention would be
more or less attracted from the near view to what is beyond. By
a simple arrangement of water pipes on the surface of the plant
border, but which are hidden by the plants, a constant and even
supply of moisture is maintained in this border, thus assuring the
luxuriant growth of the plants, which are certainly very fine if not
unequalled. As you readily see, the principal plants are Ricinus
in variety, and Colocasias, enlivened by some elegant clumps of
that beautiful grass, Eulalia gracillima univittata.

The pond is about three feet below the surface of the avenue,
and is approached by a flight of steps ; it is surrounded by a
narrow gravel walk with a line of sod between it and the water.
This walk does not detract in the least degree from the beauty of
the scene, while if it were not there the lawn would be much
worn by the constant walking upon it. The larger pond is forty-
two feet in diameter ; at the time of our visit the most conspicuous
plant in it was Victoria regia var. Randi, which is of quite recent
introduction aud is a very desirable and showy variety of V.
regia; the vertical edges of the leaves rise higher, and the flowers,
though opening white, change to a deep crimson. In the latter
part of September we visited the Botanic Garden, at Washington,
D. C, where the V. regia was growing in the fountain basin ;
although past their prime they showed that at an earlier date they
were very fine ; they had no artificial heat, but Mr. Lee has that
provision, so that the water is kept warm enough to grow it
successfully. The varieties of Nymphea are N. rubra, N.
gigantea, JSf. dentdta, J^. Zanzibar ensis, N. Sturtevanti, N. Dev-
oniensis, N. sulphurea, and the superb hardy varieties, iV". alba,
candidissima, and N. Marliacea chromatella. The following
plants in pots were also included — Papyrus antiqaorum,
Limnocharis Humboldlii, Eichornia crassipes major, and other
floating plants. As there are several excellent catalogues devoted
exclusively to aquatic plants, those who are interested in their

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REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 347

cultivation, will find their time well spent in looking them up.
The following extracts from letters of Mr. Lee to the Chairman of
this Committee will be of interest :

Northampton, Mass., Nov. 4, 1892.
My Dear Mr. Barker : —

In reply to your request of the 2d inst., I have to say that I
always have admired flowers, but never realized before I became a
manufacturer how important a part flowers and plants, particularly
water lilies and other aquatics, can contribute to soften the
surroundings of factory life. Where the lawn now is, was a
barren field of gravel with here and there a weed. This spot had
to be grassed over and vines of Ampelopsis Veitchi\ Bignonias,
etc., started by the mill to cover its bare walls ; then some beds of
Cannas, Caladiums, Coleus, etc., were planted, but the lily pond
was introduced here in 1<S90. It was the result of a visit to my
friend, L. W. Goodell, at Pansy Park, Dwight. I saw his pond
iu 1889, and from that time to the present I have become very
much interested in the subject of aquatics, and my employes
share that interest with me. In 1891 I built the pond for
Victoria regia, and this season many of the tender varieties of
lilies were introduced with good eft'ect. James Brydon of
Yarmouthport, has done much to help me to success by telling me
his own experience ; in fact all the gentlemen of your Society
with whom I have spoken have given me, without reserve, many
hints. There seems to be something iu the cultivation of flowers
that makes the experience of one free for the benefit of all, and
this good will is worth more than can be estimated. I have now
made a third pond, on the bend of our river and in this it is
intended to plant the hardy varieties of Nymphaea with many wild
plants set naturally about the pond. I don't know where the
matter will end, as the number of lilies is increasing each year
and space must be found for all. Of one thing however I am
sure, I would not live without them, if it were possible to have
aquatic plants, on my own account, and also for my employes
and their families. During the season the ponds are visited by
thousands of people ; and on Sundays, and in the evenings when
illuminated, the enjoyment of the public is most gratifying to me
and worth many times the expense of maintenance.

Yours very truly,

W. W. Lee.

348 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We have tried as best we could to stretch your imagination to
this lovely aquatic garden, and we are sure that this new
departure by Mr. Lee will be a stimulus to others to do likewise.
The many hardy varieties that can be grown without heat enable
any one having a love for them, to have at least a few tubs con-
taining some of them on their grounds or in front of the house.
L. W. Goodell of Pansy Park, Dwight, has grown V. regia var.
Bundi the past summer without heat; also many of the tender
varieties of Nymphseas. C. M. Atkinson, gardener to John L.
Gardner, Brookline, has successfully grown them for years, both
in the house and in tubs out-doors. At Swan Point Cemetery,
Providence, E. I., the superb lily ponds have added materially to
the attractions of that skilfully planted and well managed place.
The displays in our hall at the fall exhibitions have been the
delight of every visitor, and there is no reason why these plants
should not be more extensively grown and take the place of things
less pleasing and not one-half as interesting. How much better
are Mr. Lee's grounds with the charrning plants which we have
tried to tell you about, than they would be if planted, in the too
frequent way, with ordinary bedding plants ! "It is a cause for
profound congratulation to find a gentleman who is so deeply
interested for others, and has made the grounds surrounding his
factory so pleasing to the operatives. It is a step forward in the
grand march of a higher cultivation, and as the beauties of the
garden are admired and enjoyed by these people, and by other
visitors, to whom the grounds are never closed, their grateful
hearts will respond with blessings upon the generous benefactor.

Redgate, Marblehead Neck, — The Summer Residence of
Charles W. Parker.

The Committee were invited to. these beautiful grounds, and
visited them September 23. It is not often that we have been
afforded the pleasure and profit that this visit gave us. There are
but few who do not know of this noted summer resort. Of all the
dreary and unattractive places in which to make a desirable summer
home probably none could have been found more unpromising.
For many years we knew it as described, having frequently visited
it while living near by. But not having seen it since the summer
of 1885, until this season, we could hardly realize that this was the
same place that but a few years ago was only a barren waste.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 349

Here truly, the desert has been made to bud and blossom, and the
charm of it all is that Mr. Parker has done it himself. Had he
chosen a landscape gardener to lay out and improve the grounds,
no matter how skilfully the work might have been done, the
pleasure of designing and making the changes would have been
lost to him. Truly Nature has been improved and not desecrated.
The location of a summer residence is, when possible, chosen for
its commanding views ; in this Mr. Parker was fortunate, having
located on a very commanding spot near the water's edge. It is
not the highest part of his estate by any means, but the best, as
it is where every room in the house commands a beautiful view,
either inland, or water and inland combined, the freedom of
which is in no way obstructed. Perhaps the most charming out-
look is that from the octagon piazza, which is connected with the
long one running the full length of the water-front of the house.
The views from this point are truly fascinating. Standing there
and simply turning around, one commands a panoramic view
which includes a beautiful vista of inland scenery — the harbor,
Nahant, the lighthouse on Egg Rock, Lynn Beach, Swampscott,
Marblehead, and then the delightful view over the Neck to the
ocean, — nowhere else that we know of can more charming variety
of scenery be viewed from one spot than this. Particulai'ly notice-
able was the neat simplicity of the entire grounds, which forms
their peculiar charm. We were also pleased to notice that the too
frequent mistake — especially of amateur direction — that of over
planting — had not invaded these grounds. Mr. Parker at first
closely observed and studied what was naturally growing on the
grounds and arranged his plans accordingly. To illustrate : there
was a spot found where a gooseberry bush was growing, a native
of the place ; the thought occurred to Mr. Parker that this was
the place for a small-fruit garden. It was accordingly devoted to
that purpose, and with very gratifying results. In another place
is a magnificent bed of Foxgloves and Hollyhocks, with a large
natural ledge for a background, the effect of which is very pleasing.
The planting of trees and shrubs is largely between the natural
ledges, not a particle of which has been removed ; boulders only have
been cleared away. The vegetable garden is in one corner of the
grounds, arranged in squares with sod edges and gravel walks,
and all in perfect order. Not the least interesting event of this
day, was a visit to the studio of Mr. Parker's son, located in a
9

350 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

quiet corner, where a short time was spent in looking at the
productions of the artist's pencil.

With these few introductory remarks, your attention is invited
to Mr. Parker's statement, which wUl be of more interest than
any further remarks from the Committee.

Statement of Charles W. Parker.

My place at Marblehead Neck is about seven acres in extent,
including about one-half acre of salt marsh. When I bought it
the land was in a most unattractive condition — full of loose
stones, rough, and apparently very sterile — a good deal of the
area being occupied by large ledges rising above the general level
of the ground, in some places six or eight feet in height. There
were no trees excepting a few small, scrubby, red cedars growing
about the ledges. The land had been in the market for some
time, but remained unsold after all the rest of the harbor frontage
had been taken up, which showed that this was considered the
least desirable.

I had been spending my summers for several years in Marble-
head town, directly across the harbor from this place, and thinking
that I would like to remove to the Neck, I concluded to buy this
land and see what I could make of it.

I began about nine years ago, by breaking it up and clearing it
of loose stones, using the plough where it was possible, although
much of the work had to be done with the pick and breaking
up hoe.

To get the stones out of the way I built a wall on the road
frontage about 1,200 feet in length ; this, I think, will prove to be
an enduring and economical fence. The first year I planted
potatoes and got a good crop. I would say that a reference to
my memoranda shows that I bought a good deal of manure, and
I have continued to do so ever since, the result being that whatever
I have tried to raise has done well.

A level plot of about half an acre at the foot of a declivity,
with a southern exposure, serves as a vegetable garden. In this
place we raise all the kinds of vegetables we can think of, that we
want for our own use, such as asparagus, beans of the various
kinds, peas, radishes, beets, carrots, turnips, onions, leeks, Brus-
sels sprouts, Scotch kale, Swiss chard, French sorrel, cucumbers,

REPORT OF THE C03IMITTEE ON GARDENS. 351

English dock, chives, tomatoes, etc., and of herbs, tarragon, thyme,
spearmint, peppermint, catnip, wormwood, and caraway. I raise
potatoes, corn, and squashes in another place.

A small patch, about twenty-five feet square, near the house,
in a kind of pocket near the top of one of the ledges is planted
with currants and gooseberries, which have done wonderfully well
every year. Of currants, we gathered about two bushels this
year on this spot from about a dozen bushes.

Raspberries are planted in another place similar to that used
for cui'rants. Of these we have also an abundance.

Strawberries are grown on a strip of land about ten feet wide,
and fifty feet long, between two ledges, and have always produced
a satisfactory crop of fine fruit.

In 1884 and 1885, I planted trees and shrubs all about the
place. As the situation is very much exposed to high winds,
especially in the winter, a good many of these died, but enough
lived and most of them are thriving.

Norway maples and Sycamore maples especially have done
well. A row of Lombardy poplars planted by the road in a moist
place in 1884, have grown to the height of at least fifty feet and
a diameter of from six to eight inches ; of several varieties of oaks
planted none have done well.

Regarding flowers, all kinds have flourished. A specially
attractive feature every summer is a row of hollyhocks planted
along the base of a ledge rising from the edge of a lawn. The
row is about seventy-five feet long, and runs on a slight curve.
The ledge forms a background for the plants and flowers.

Roses are planted mostly in crevices or pockets between the
rocks and thrive wonderfully, some being within twenty-five yards
of the salt water.

We grow nearly all our flowers either alongside of or between,
the rocks, and avoid as much as possible all appearance of set
beds. This summer we have had some very good tuberous-rooted
begonias, and French cannas. I am endeavoring to get in a
collection of wild flowers, especially the golden rods and asters,
which have been so beautiful this year.

Of the cultivated flowers, we raise mostly the common, old-
fashioned kinds — nasturtiums, morning glories, pansies, poppies,
phloxes, asters, portulacas, etc.

352 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL, SOCIETY.

I would say that in the development of this place I have never
had the services of a professional gardener. It has been my
summer amusement and recreation to study the place, and think
out for myself the most effective methods, according to my taste
and that of my family, and I have been most fortunate in having
the services of a man to take charge of the work who is as much
interested in the place as I am. I employed him for half a day
some ten years ago to dig a trench for a water pipe, and he did
that simple piece of work so faithfully that I engaged him perma-
nently, and he has worked for me during eight months of each
year ever since, having become, in the meantime, an excellent
gardener.

Yours very truly,

Charles W. Parker.

In closing this report, we trust that our efforts may be found
worthy of your approval ; we again ask the cooperation of all the
members of the Society and whatever any of you may have that
is worthy of note, from the humble door-yard of the cottager, to the
large and elaborate estate, we trust you will give us the oppor-
tunity to record its beauties among our notes. The aim of this
Committee, is the advancement of Horticulture, which is a field
for learning. Washington said : "Agriculture is the most noble,
the most healthful, and the most useful employment of man," and
who can deny that Horticulture is akin to it? Our Society has a
reputation for usefulness and influence second to none in existence ;
this standard must not only be maintained but we must be
progressive. Shall we have your cooperation? With it, the
march onward and upward will be easy ; without it, not only
difficult and discouraging, but discreditable. We invite your
careful attention to the revised list of prizes for the ensuing year,
and trust that we shall have a spirited competition for them all.

The following awards have been made :
For the best house of Forced Vegetables, to Varnum

Frost, Arlington $50 00

For the best arranged and best kept Stove or Greenhouse,

the First Prize to David Monteith, gardener to George

A. Nickerson, Dedham . . . . . . 50 00

Second, to Kenneth Finlayson, gardener to Dr. C. G.

Weld, Brookline 30 00

REPORT OF THE COIVEVIITTEE ON GARDENS.

353

For the best amateur Garden, to Charles W. Parker,

Marblehead Neck $40 00

Gratuities : —
To Charles V. Whitteu, Dorchester, for a fine house of
• UlrichBrunner Roses, March 19, 1892 . . .30 00
To Francis B. Hayes, Lexington, for a fine display of
Hardy and Tender Rhododendrons, under a tent, June,

13, 1892 30 00

To Fisher Brothers & Co. , Montvale, for a well managed

Florist's establishment, August 25, 1892 . . . 30 00

To W". W. Lee, Northampton, for the successful cultiva-
tion of Aquatic Plants, September 2, 1892 . . 30 00

All of which is respectfully submitted,

John G. Barker,
Arthur H. Fewkes,

E. W. Wood, f Committee
C. N. Brackett, > on
Jackson Dawson, ( Gardens.
Henry W. Wilson,

F. L. Harris,

[The plates from which the views in Mr. Lee's grounds were
printed, were furnished by the Chairman of the Garden Com-
mittee.]

REPORT

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

By JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

At the eud of our business year it becomes necessary to take an
account of our transactions, to review the work we have accom-
plished during the past year, and to make resolutions to excel
all our previous endeavors for the good of our Society, in the
year about to commence.

The exhibitions throughout the year have been quite full and
very satisfactory. The arrangements of the tables and spaces for
the exhibits have constantly been varied, so that no monotony
has occurred, and each exhibition has been so managed that no
one was in its arrangement a duplicate of any other. This gave
a pleasing and symmetrical effect to our halls, and could be
carried out only after a careful study of the Society's Schedule of
Prizes.

The newspapers have been very liberal in the copious and
flattering notices of our exhibitions, and we are under great and
lasting obligations to the able reporters who have written so well
their impressions of the results of our endeavors.

The different Committees in their reports will tell of the pro-
oress our Society is making in the various branches of our calling,
and we have no doubt that these reports will be read with pleasure
and instruction by those in search of the knowledge they afford.

I take from the Treasurer's book a list of the receipts and
expenses attending the Exhibitions held during the past year, as
follows :

REPORT OF THE COMIMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. 355

Receipts :

Spring Exhibition $608 25

Rhododendron Show .... 145 75

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers . 285 50

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables 70 50

Chrysanthemum Show .... 1,035 75

Total receipts $2,145 75

Expenses :
Spring Exhibition . . .
Rhododendron Show ....

Rose Show ......

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers .
Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables
Chrysanthemum Show ....

Total expenses .....

Showing a balance of ... • • • $1,172 99

which has gone into the treasury of the Society.
All of which is respectfully submitted.

$293 42

126 56

16 00

235 30

94 30

207 18

•

S972 76

For the Committee,

Joseph H. AVoodford,

Chairtnan.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

By HENRIETTA L. T. WOLCOTT, Chairman.

By refereuce to the report submitted in the year 1888, by the
Committee on Window Gardening, it will be seen that there were
difficulties to be met in reporting on the growth of an idea.
These or equally serious difficulties have been with us always, like
our poor brethren. But in looking back over the years of such
labors as the subject has placed upon the Committee, great pro-
gress can be witnessed.

Strange as it may seem, it has always been difficult to secure
enthusiastic helpers. Where there can be no pecuniary gain, a
double portion of true enthusiasm is needed to carry any work
forward. Neither pride in the Society's aims, nor a true love for
flowers, nor signs of Nature's methods developed for the delight
or sustenance of man, nor a loyal desire that the homes of the
humblest citizens should have an uplifting, seemed to stir the
hearts or minds of members — at least to any great extent.

Busy men everywhere — busy women also ; but should we pause
a moment at the threshold of a new year and ask ourselves the
simple question, for what do we strive? for what do we once a
week exhibit our plants, or our cut flowers, both of which give
evidence of care and thought? would not the answer be '•'-for seJf^
for business reputation, or for pecuniary gain, or possibly all"?
The aims of your Committee have been in a different line. They
had hoped to develop another avenue of true enjoyment, by open-
ing the eyes of children to the beautiful which lies all about us,
usually unseen. The only visible pecuniary gain has been seen

REPORT OF C03DIITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 357

on Easter Sundays, when the displays of pot plants in the
churches has hinted at great sales, and greater or less profit to the
florist.

Early in the season the Committee decided to bend their ener-
gies towards interesting school children not residing near Boston
in collecting plants for herbariums. The insurmountable obstacles
in the way of giving prizes to raisers of small plants had been
carefully considered. They were, of course, distributed only to
such children as lived in the immediate vicinity of the city of
Boston . At the suggestion of a member, one county was ' ' to be
especially canvassed." As soon as the circulars were prepared,
as no one of the Committee could serve as Secretary, it became
necessary for the Chairman, with the cooperation of the member
from Plymouth County, to open correspondence with the princi-
pals of schools, with the members of school committees, and
with the superintendents of schools, if any were employed. Mr.
Hersey agreed to take care of Hiugham. Explanatory letters
were mailed to all such officials. The responses were quite general.
Circulars were mailed anywhere and everywhere when requested.

During the early summer, before the time for closing the schools,
much instruction was given to the children, and their interest in
the subject was excited. In several schools the children arranged
pretty gardens, bringing from the woods and lowlands such plants
as gave promise of beauty.

This work was always done out of school hours. Of course
much depended on the sympathy expressed by the teacher. When
the teacher lived at a distance which necessitated leaving her
pupils the moment the school session closed and reaching the
building only in season to attend to the opening exercises, it was
difficult for the children to work wisely.

But they worked with a will, and until vacation the blooming of
the different plants was a constant delight. But with the long-
vacation, with long, hot, dusty days, the plants faded ; no water
could be taken to them, save by children who lived within a mile
of the school-house. Good-natured lads helped the equally good
and happy lassies to carry water for a time. But when the berry
season came, and money for shoes was to be earned, the water sup-
ply failed.

The educational value to the boys and girls — disappointing as it
was to the enthusiastic pupil — was worth much more than the trim

358 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

conventional shows of gaudy leaved plants furnished by the city.
Each plant carried its personal interest, and when by circum-
stances not to be controlled the blossoms failed, or were not fine,
the buoyancy of the youthful mind planned another trial. A
memorandum of the " wants" of a country school, which lies on
my desk, will prevent my forgetting my promise to " see to it, in
season."

Before this herbarium plan was thoroughly developed, your
Committee were cordially invited to attend the exhibition at the
Girls' High School in Boston, where the multitude of specimen
plants was bewildering. Blossoming plants, annuals, vines, and
vegetables were there. It was very interesting to see the care
which had been taken to record the details, of the time of planting
seeds, and the date of visible germination, with the size, forma-
tion, and duration of the cotyledons. For several years your Com-
mittee had supplied seeds, seedlings, and some plants, to the
graduating class, hoping, by thus supplementing the instruction in
Botany furnished by the city of Boston, to carry out the aims
of the founders of our Society.

In early winter we suggested that seeds of such plants as
seemed to be easily managed by experts, and occasionally by
others, should be planted. At the exhibition the small plants of
Geranium, Fuchsia, and others thus produced, were an attractive
addition ; and the enthusiasm of the pupils was quite as attractive.

At Easter your Committee were notified of the meeting in the
Sailors' Bethel, Hanover Street, at which the Chairman and Mr.
M. B. Faxon were asked to "talk" in behalf of the Society and
its efforts to help in beautifying homes.

It was suggested, after the plants were distributed to the Sun-
day School children, that it would be pleasant to know whether
any child cared enough for its present to watch its growth more
than one year. About fifty rose in response to the question. How
many have their two years old plants in good order? thirty had
three years old plants, and after the close of the meeting a young
man came to me to say that his two geraniums, five years old,
were still fine thriving plants, and were the delight of his home.
He was one of the larger boys in the class at the time of the
distribution.

A very bright woman once replied to the question : " Will you
serve on such and such a Committee?" " Yes, gladly, but let the

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 359

Committee consist of three women ; let one be a confirmed
invalid, and let another go to Europe for the year. Then the
responsibility will rest on some one alone." Your Chairman has
often wondered who the one could be, who should carry on the
burden of our Committee, for the year just passed.

The retiring of the Secretary' left us helpless. No one could or
would serve in that capacity. In February your Chairman, in the
most reprehensible manner, succumbed to acute rheumatism ; and
the correspondence, which is always burdensome to able hands,
was often delayed or omitted altogether. However, knowing that
the watchful community has little sympathy with those who labor
in quiet, without pictures of their members to raise enthusiasm,
the acknowledging of official letters from State societies was
attended to.

The final exhibition of the work of the children spoke for itself.
Possibly there were no crowds to examine the collection ; but
many earnest friends of this branch of child culture, were present,
and their interest in it was well rewarded by the evident advan-
tages the children had derived from the work of preparing their
exhibits.

In closing the Report for the year 1892, your Chaii-man desires
to make a humble apolog}' to those children whose plants did not
receive a prize at some of the many displays which have been
examined by the Committee on Window Gardening during the
past five years. There has always been a legend accepted by the
successful raiser, that "it is an easy matter to raise a plant, say
a geranium, a fuchsia, a monthly rose, a heliotrope, or some such
simple flower." Noticing some serious failures on greenhouse
shelves, some very shabby plants for sale in the spring, in the
markets and on the corners of the streets ; noticing also the terri-
ble result of the forcing process, specially used at Easter, I was
led to wonder — excuse my personal reference — if the children
had been fairly treated.

Desiring to aid the Director of the Botanical Section of the
Agricultural Department at Washington, I asked for space in the
greenhouses of George A. Parker, a member of this Society, and
of the Committee. In IMarch I commenced work. Every facility
was afforded nie, but no watching could always prevent mice from
using up my precious seedlings for their dessert ; no human over-
sight or forethought could prevent a jet of water, unexpectedly

360

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

thrown from the hose, from deluging one plant while overlooking
another, when twenty thousand were to be watered. A sudden
gust of wind, a drop of the mercury, also unexpected, would chill
a heliotrope just promising bloom, or a salvia by the window
which a fanatic opened to allow cool air to sweep through the room
where the child's treasure was kept.

In the six months of steady work, I experienced many failures
to carry my plants to flowering condition, while I scored many
more successes among the many thousand species. Still my heart
thrills with sympathy as I recall the sad faces of the disappointed
exhibitors, and hereafter the Chairman will try to be more con-
siderate, having realized some of the difficulties.

The following prizes and gratuities were awarded to children
who exhibited herbariums in Horticultural Hall, December 9 and
10, 1892:

Ferns. — First prize for thirty specimens, Gilman H.

Hitchings, H 00

First prize for twenty specimens, Arthur C. Faxon, 3 00
Flowers. — First prize for seventy-five specimens, Bessie

Spencer, ........ 3 00

First prize for twenty-five specimens, Mary C.

Murphy, 1 50

Second prize, Bessie Young, . . . . . 1 00
Leaves. — First prize, for thirteen sheets, C. Evelyn

Crofoot, 2 00

Second prize, for twenty sheets. Bertha Jones, . 1 00

Third prize, for twelve sheets, Ethel M. Sargent, . 75

Amount of Awards in Prizes, . . . . $16 25

Gratuities: —
For one hundred and ninety specimens of Flowering

Plants, John Rockett,
For one hundred and sixty-five specimens of

Plants, Gertrude Clark,
For one hundred and eight specimens of

Plants, Lila Ufford, .

Amount of Gratuities,

Total Awards, ....

.

$4 00

f Flowering

. .

3 00

Flowering

.

2 00

.

$9 00

. . .

$25 25

REPORT OF COMiNIITTEE ON WINDOAV GARDENING. 361

Gratuities were awarded because the children who received them
did not comply with the requisitions of the Committee, as regards
size of paper, labelling, and number. The paper was about seven
by ten inches ; the largest collection was labelled half in one hand-
writing and half in another ; and many plants in the smallest were
unnamed, and some were cultivated.

We append, from Mr. Clapp of this Committee, whose enthu-
siasm in its work has never been dominated by any interest save
the loyal one, the good of the child, a second report on the School
Garden connected with the George Putnam School, of which he is
principal.

For the Committee,

Henrietta L. T. Wolcott,

Chairman.

362 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT ON THE GEORGE PUTNAM SCHOOL GARDEN,
SEASON OF 1892.

In the autumn of 1891 the gladiolus bulbs, cauua and dahlia tubers,
and geraniums were placed in the cellar of the school building and
planted out in the spring of 1892. To the general stock of
perennial plants cultivated during the season of 1891, important
additions were made, including large clumps of yellow iris, blue
iris, a dozen rose bushes and a dozen clumps of large, pink-
flowered, hardy chrysanthemums, which at the present writing,
October 21, are flowering profusely, and supplying every school
room with flowers. The new additions of dahlias and gladioli
have also flowered profusely in spite of the poverty of the soil,
which is thin and clayey. Such profuse flowering in extremely
poor soil suggests the thought that a good deal about plant food
remains to be found out. Very commonly in rich soil chrysan-
themum plants lose their leaves on the lower part of the stalks ;
but those in the school garden are leafy-green to the ground.

The display of sixteen varieties of native asters has been
remarkable in the size of the clumps and the number of flowers,
especially of A. diffusus, A. multijlorus, A. linariifolius, A. cordi-
folius, and A. undulatus. Photographs of the most striking
clumps have been taken.

This fall nine varieties of Golden Rod have been set out in the
garden. Among these are :

Solidago bicolor. >S. odora.

S. ccesia. S. rugosa.

S. lanceolata. S. serotina.
S. nemoralis.

Other plants introduced since last spring are :
Bellwort. Hog Peanut.

Bush Clover. Orange-grass.

Bushy Aster. Pale Corydalis.

Early Meadow Rue. Partridge Berry.

False Mitrewort. Pennyroyal.

KEFORT ON THE GEORGE PUTNAM SCHOOL GARDEN. 363

Red Trillium. Flowering Fern.

Round-leaved Pyrola. Sensitive Fern.

Tick-Trefoil. Prince's Pine.
Common Polypody.

Each member of the first class has been given a plant to take
care of. He ties up his plant, takes off all dead leaves and
extraneous branches, and digs around and waters it. Then he
sketches its characteristic parts, — flower, leaf,' stem, and any
peculiarity, and takes such written notes as will enable him to
write an account of the plant and illustrate it with drawings. On
one occasion each of the thirty-two members of the class studied
his own clump of asters, there being just enough clumps to go
around.

The pupils of the second class have each drawn and described
four or five varieties of asters. In this way they learn to know
plants, while they are cultivating their powers of observation,
comparison, and judgment. The importance of seeing and study-
ing plants growing in large masses can hardly be over-estimated, if
interest and thoroughness in learning them is desired. In
consequence of the school work on asters, more than one hundred
and twenty-five fine specimens of a dozen varieties were displayed
at the exhibition of herbariums, December 9 and 10, 1892. At
the Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables, October 4, 5,
and 6, twenty varieties of wild asters and golden rods from the
garden were exhibited.

About one-quarter of the land, at the rear of the school j'ard,
available for a school garden is now under cultivation, and in view
of the many plants now occupying the ground, the possibilities of
the uncultivated portion may be imagined.

The only necessary expenses connected with it are those of
fertilizing the naturally thin and clayey soil and caring for the
plants during the long and usually dry vacation season, the most
critical period of the year. The slight expense of the latter,
which was defrayed by the Window Gardening Committee, has
proved a good investment, certainly helping to put into the
schools — what should go into the life of the nation — some
knowledge of horticulture and a love of Nature.

Henry L. Clapp,

Principal of George Putnam School.

REPORT

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

By GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, of Fitchburg.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society has just closed the
sixty-fourth year of its existence. The influence exerted by this
Society is felt wherever the Science of Horticulture is known and
practised. Its Library today is one of the foremost in the world.
Its collection of purely horticultural works is by far the finest in
existence ; its beginning was a donation of books by one of the
founders of the Society. Now it contains nearly seven thousand
volumes and as many pamphlets. Many of these books are very
rare and costly. One splendid work in ten large volumes contains
nearly one thousand figures of the plants of the Grecian Peninsula
and Islands in their natural size and color. Another very exten-
sive work consists of eighteen large volumes, containing three
thousand two hundred and forty colored plates of plants which
grow in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The first volume of
this work appeared in 1761, and it was not completed till 1883 —
one hundred and twenty-two years from the beginning. Besides
the works named are a large number devoted to a single class of
plants, such as grasses, with hundreds of colored plates. Another
class of books describes the flora of almost every country in the
world, and there are also works on the Palms, Ferns, and Orchids
of the tropics. There are many works in this library which if
lost could not be replaced.

HKPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 365

The Society appropriated $7,550 in prizes to carry on its work
during the year 1892.

The year began with a course of lectures and discussions as
follows :

January 9. The System of Irrigation in the Nile Valley, by
Hon. John E. Russell, of Leicester.

January 16. The New Orcharding, by Dr. Thomas H. Hos-
kins, Newport, Vt.

January 23. Late Experience in dealing with Insects Injurious
to Fruit, by Charles V. Riley, Washington, D. C.

January 30. Irrigation with Fresh Sewage, by Henrj^ J.
Barnes, M. D., Boston.

February 6. Road Making and Maintenance, by Henry Irwin,
B. A., C. E., Montreal, Canada.

February 13. Fungous Diseases on Plants and their Remedies,
by Prof. James Ellis Humphrey, S. B., Amherst.

February 20. A Talk about the Preserving of Fruits, by Miss
Maria Parloa, Boston.

February 27. Arbor Day in Schools, by B. G. Northrop,
LL.D., Clinton, Conn.

March 5, Some Consideration of the Effects of Heat, by Col.
Henry W. Wilson, Boston.

March 12. The Library of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, by William E. Endicott, Canton.

March. 19. The Ethics of Flowers, by Mrs. Fannie A. Deane,
Edgartown.

March 26. The Relation of the United States Weather Bureau
to Agriculture, by J. W. Smith, of the Bureau, Boston.

The Spring Exhibition opened on the 22d of March and con-
tinued four days. Few of those who enjoy the beauty and
fragrance of the choice productions of the florist are aware of the
care and watchfulness necessary to bring these fine specimens of
the floral kingdom to so high a state of perfection. The spring
flowering bulbs fill a large place. The Hyacinths, Tulips, Jonquils,
Polyanthuses, Liliums, Ixias, and Freesias were all well grown and
in fine flower. There was a magnificent collection of Cyclamens,
the feathery Acacia pubescens., Cinerarias, Genistas, and Azaleas,
and a rare specimen of the Cocorita Palm in bloom. On the centre
table running the length of the hall, was a large and beautiful
display of Roses and Carnations. Of Orchids the show was
10

366 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

greater, both in number and variety, than at any previous exhi-
bition .

The Rhododendron Show was held June 10 and 11. The upper
hall was devoted to the cut flowers, nine long tables being filled
with hundreds of trusses, in all the colors of this favorite flower,
of both the hardy and tender varieties, which made a picture of
great beauty as seen from the galleries. Four of the nine tables
were filled by one exhibitor with Rhododendrons, Hardy Azaleas,
and other choice flowers. In the lower hall there was a good
show of Pelargoniums, Tuberous Begonias, Gloxinias, and Hardy
Herbaceous plants, and an excellent display of early vegetables —
Lettuce, Cauliflowers, Tomatoes, Radishes, Carrots, Asparagus,
and Cucumbers.

The Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers opened Septem-
ber 6, and continued four days. In the upper hall was a
brilliant display of greenhouse plants, — stately Palms, Cycads,
Ferns, Lycopods, and other tropical plants. Large tanks filled
with Water Lilies made a fine show and were very much admired.
There was a very interesting show of native plants and wild
flowers. In the lower hall was a fine collection of Crotons,
Dracaenas, and other foliage plants and a fine show of Cannas,
Zinnias, Asters, and Dianthuses.

The Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables began on the
4th of October, continuing three days, with the largest and finest
display of fruit ever placed on the tables of the Society. Apples
and Pears were all well grown and finely colored ; Quinces were
very large and fine. Among Peaches, Crawford's Early and
Crawford's Late, grown under glass, were very attractive. An
interesting contribution was a Pineapple plant with two half-
grown fruits. The Massachusetts Agricultural College exhibited,
besides other fruits, a collection of sixty varieties of Native
Grapes. The lower hall was devoted to vegetables. The show
of Tomatoes was the largest and finest ever made so late in the
season, there being over sixty dishes. All the vegetables were
well grown.

The Chrysanthemum Show opened November 8th, continuing
four days. The Chrysanthemum is in some respects a most
remarkable flower. In it more than in any other flower are the
wonderful possibilities of cultivation illustrated, as may be seen on
the tables of this Society. For many centuries it has been the

REPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 367

imperial emblem of Japan. Much is due this Society for the
encouragement that it has given for the improvement of the
Chrysanthemum. The first Chrysanthemum exhibited in this
country was at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society's exhibi-
tion, November 26, 1830. An Ex-President of this Society raised
the first Chrysanthemum from seed in America. Others have
been eminently successful in this particular field of operation and
many of the seedlings sent out each year surpass those of earlier
introduction. With the exception of a few vases of choice Tea
Roses and Carnations the entire space in the Lower Hall was filled
with cut flowers of the Chrysanthemum, which for large size, fine
form, and pure color compared favorably with any previous
exhibition. A large number of choice seedlings were shown for
the first time. The chief attraction centred in the Upper Hall.
We found at the entrance a few trained standards nearly ten feet
high. Many of the pot plants were six feet across and not more
than four feet high, with two hundred perfect flowers. All the
plants had perfect foliage. The view from the galleries was
dazzling with the brilliant hues of the Autumn Queen.

GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS,

Delegate.

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Large, Old, or Otherwise Interesting Trees

IN NEW ENGLAND.

At ameetiugof the Society held January 7th. 1882, a Committee,
cousistiug of Rev. Artemas B. Muzzey, D. D., Edmund Hersey and
E. H. Hitchings, was appointed to collect information relating to
Large, Old, or Othei'wise Interesting Trees in New England. Mr.
Muzzey resigned, and on the ■21st of the same month Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder was appointed to till his place. Mr. Wilder acted as
Chairman until his death, improving every opportunity to gather
important and interesting facts relating to a large number of trees
worthy of notice. Since Mr. Wilder's death the Committee has
been enlarged and the work of collecting information has been
continued.

In March, 1890, the Committee, believing that the}" had
gathered information relating to most of the important trees in
New England, but wishing to cover the whole territory by
systematic effort, so that no ti'ee worthy of notice should be
overlooked, asked of the Society authority to send out circulars to
every town in New England, soliciting information relating to any
tree of importance enough to have its history preserved. The
cost of the circulars, the postage on them, and the postal cards to ,
be returned was paid by the Society, but the labor of looking up
addresses and directing the circulars was furnished by Hon. James
J. H. Gregory, who also devoted much time to arranging and
classifying the large number of trees of which records had been
obtained. By using large sheets of paper each tree has on the
same line its age, height, and girt, so far as known ; also its

LARGE, OLD, OR OTHERWISE INTERESTING TREES. 369

location and the name of the person who sent in the information ;
or reference is made to the number of the package where the
information may be found. With a list thus prepared, it is easy
to look up the record of any tree so far as it has been gathered by
the Committee.

Early in the present year the Committee, realizing the desira-
bility of securing photographs of as many of the most important
trees as possible, without incurring much expense, asked of the
Society authority to send out to amateur photographers circulars
containing a list of the prominent trees of which we had records,
requesting those who should take photographs of any of the trees
to send to the Society copies of the same. This circular was
prepared by the Society and although it has been freely circulated
by the Committee the number of photographs sent in has not been
as large as the Committee had reason to expect, but no doubt more
will yet be sent in. Forty-two photographs have been collected.
Full or partial records of 340 trees have been collected, as follows :
Elm, 101; Oak, 51; Pine, 18; Ash, 15; Maple, 15; Chestnut,
14 ; Linden, 13 ; Buttonwood, 12 ; Apple, 11 ; Walnut, 11 ; Willow,
9 ; Birch, 8 ; Beech, 8 ; Sassafras, 6 ; Hemlock, 6 ; Cedar 5 ; Balm
of Gilead, 5 ; Nettletree, 4 ; Butternut, Cherry, Hop Hornbeam,
Larch, and Pear, 3 each ; Cypress, Locust, and Poplar, 2 each ;
Acacia, Buckthorn, Cucumber, Hackberry, Spruce, and Tupelo,
1 each.

While a condensed history of some of the most noted trees has
been secured, there are many important ones of which we have
been able to obtain only a very brief history if any. This is to
be regretted, for if the Society ever decides to publish a book con-
taining a list and photographs of the trees, it would be very
desirable to have a brief record accompany each tree noticed.
The longer this work is delayed the more difficult it will be to
gather desirable facts relating to any of the very old trees.

While the Committee have in a general way urged the import-
ance of having a brief history of each tree, they have not found
time to take up the work in a systematic manner; to do this
would necessitate a thorough examination of the records already
sent in. These should be copied and properly arranged so that
when others are secured they can be added to them, and the in-
formation thus kept in a form to be easily referred to Avhen
occasion may require.

370 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If this work is ever to be doue it would seem that the sooner it
is commenced the easier it will be to accomplish it. By systematic
effort, no doubt brief histories could be obtained of most if not all
of the important trees of which we have a list. The cost of
employing a competent person to do this work, including postage,
would not exceed one hundred and fifty dollars.

"When these histories are collected and arranged the Committee
recommend that a competent photographer be employed to take
pictures of the most remarkable or interesting of these trees.

For the Committee,

EDMUND HERSEY, Chairman.
December 3, 1892.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

The list of books acquired tliis year will be found to contain
many more than the average number of titles, though there are
fewer works of remarkable costliness or extent than usual ; still
the volumes of Professor Sargent's " Silva of North America " and
the parts of the Marquess of Lothian's "Genus Masdevallia "
received this year are worth}^ companions, in importance and inter-
est, of any acquisitions of preceding years.

A great many sets of periodical publications, some of them very
extensive and valuable, have been acquired and also an unusual
number of trade catalogues, the value of which as materials for
the history of horticulture is Avell illustrated by the list issued by
Henry Groom of London in 1835, from which we learn that even
at that late date many varieties of tulips were priced at ten or
fifteen pounds sterling per bulb ; two or three at twenty or thirty
pounds, and one. Groom's King William IV, at no less than fifty
pounds.

All the money available for the uses of the Library has been
expended in the usual ways except the sum appropriated for the
Card Catalogue of plates. The writer of the cards has been
prevented from working at her task during the greater part of the
year by circumstances not necessar}^ to relate here, but we have
every reason to hope that next year the work will proceed as
rapidly and satisfactorily as heretofore.

The fact was mentioned in last year's report that we had filled
all of our front shelf-space, and had been obliged to pack some
books behind others. Of course the number of books thus put
out of sight is much greater now than then. The time will soon
arrive when we shall feel compelled to ask the Society to extend
the present gallerj^ around the upper part of the librarian's room.
For the Committee on the Library-,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

372 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

The measurements of the books in the following lists are in
inches and tenths of an inch, giving first the height, next the
thickness, and lastly the width. When a pamphlet possesses no
measurable thickness the place of that dimension is supplied by
a dash.

Books Purchased.

HORTICULTURE.
Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Zeitschrift fiir Garten- und
Blumenfreunde, Kunst- und Ilandelsgiirtner. 1845-1890. Vols. 1-
46. Half red morocco, 8.9X1.3-1.5X5.8. Hamburg : 1845, '46- 1890.
Wiener Illustrirte Garten-zeitung. Organ der k. k. Gartenbau-Gesell-
schaft in Wien. Redigirt von Dr. Giinther Ritter Beck von Manna-
getta, und Fr. Abel. Vols. 1-14. 1876-1889 (inclusive). Half
green morocco, 9.6X1.2X6.9, colored plates (beginning in Vol.
14), and cuts. Wien : 1876-1889.
Lyon Horticole. Revue bi-mensuelle d'horticulture. 1879-1891 (inclusive).
Vols. 1 to 13. Half maroon morocco, 10.5X.9X7., cuts. Lyon:
1879-1891.
Marnock, Robert, Editor. The Floricultural Magazine and Miscellany
of Gardening. 6 vols. Faded green cloth, 9. IX .9X5.8, 72 colored
plates. London: 1836-1842.
Nederlandsolie Flora en Pomona, beschreven en uitgegeven door het
bestuur der Pomologische vereeniging te Boskoop. 2 vols. Red
cloth, 13.x 1.7X10.2, pp. 116, xii, and 117-235, ix ; 81 colored
plates. Groningen: .1876, 1879.
Chamberlain, Edith L., and Fanny Douglas. The Gentlewoman's Book
of Gardening. Olive-green cloth, gilt, 7.4X1.1X5.2, pp. (4), 217;
frontispiece, cuts. London : 1892.
Ward, H. W., F. R. H. S. My Gardener: A Practical Handbook for the
Million. Red cloth, 8.6X.9X5.8, pp. 301; 118 cuts. London:
1891.
Fowler, A. B. Hints on the Heating of Greenhouses. Hot-Water Heat-
ing. Low Pressure Steam-Heating. Pamphlet, olive-gray, 9.1 X.l
X5.8, pp. 32. [Exeter, N. H. : n. d.]
Sedding, John D. Garden-Craft Old and New, by the late John D.
Sedding, with memorial notice by the Rev. E. F. Russell. Second
edition. Light green linen, 9.1X1.3X6.2, pp. xxvi, (2), 215; 16
plates. London : 1892.
Blomfleld, Reginald, and F. Inigo Thomas. The Formal Garden in Eng-
land. White linen, 7.9X1X5.5, pp. xii, 244; 67 cuts. London:
1892.
Robinson, William, F. L. S. Garden Design and Architect's Gardens.
Two reviews illustrated, to show, by actual examples from British

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COM3IITTEE. 373

Gardens, that clipping and aligning trees to make them " harmonise "
with architecture is barbarous, needless and inartistic. Blue cloth,
9.6X.5X6.3, pp. xviii, 73; 20 plates, cuts. London: 1892. [A
review of the two preceding works.]

American Florist Company's Directory of Florists, Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, etc. Third edition. Boards, black cloth back, 8.7 X. 5
X5.9, pp. 195. [Contains lists of Roses, Chrysanthemums, and
Carnations.] Chicago: 1892.

Horticultural Directory and Year Book for 1892. Thirty-third year of
publication. Blue-green paper, 7.2X1.X4.9, pp. 384. London:
[1891.]

Garden Oracle and Illustrated Floricultural Year Book, 1892. By the
Editor of " The Gardeners' Magazine." Thirty-fourth year. Half
red cloth, 7.4X1.X5.2, pp. 244; 2 colored plates and cuts. Lon-
don: [1892].

Botanisches Adressbuch. Verzeichnis der lebenden Botaniker sowie der
botanischen Anstalten, Gesellschaften und Zeitschriften herausge-
geben von Fachmjinnern. Olive-green cloth, 8.5 X. 5X5. 8, pp. (4),
186. Leipzig: 1891. [Also] Nachtrag zum botanischen Adress-
buch, pp. 6.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Royal Horticultural Society of London. Journal. New Series. Vol. V,

Part I. August 1, 1877. Edited by Andrew Murray, F. L. S.

Pamphlet, tea, 8. 0X — X5. 4, pp. 16. London: 1877.
Bodin, Soulange, Editeur. Annales de I'lnstitut Horticole de Fromont.

6 vols. Half faded green calf, 8.4X 1. X5.4, plates. Paris: 1829-

1834.

FLOWERS.

D'Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood, Editor. The Rosarian's Year-Book for
1892. Boards, blue-gray, 7. IX. 3X5. 3, pp. (5), 99; portrait. Lon-
don and Derby : 1892.

Carnation Manual, The. Edited and issued by the National Carnation
and Picotee Society (Southern Section). Red cloth, 7.5X1.X5.2,
pp. xix, 197; 1 plate, 1 cut. London, Paris and Melbourne: 1892.

Rupprecht, J. B. Ueber das Chrysanthemum Indicum, seine Geschichte,
Bestimmung und Pflcge. Ein botanische-praktischer Versuch.
Boards, gray, 8.3X.5X5.2, pp. 211. Wien : 1833.

Cuvelier, V. Culture du Chrysantheme. Buff paper, 8.X.3X5 4, pp.
147 ; cuts. Gand : 1888.

Credner, A. Chrysanthemum indicum und seine Kultur. Maroon cloth,
9. 5X. 4X6.7, pp. (8), 126; (50) cuts. Erfurt: 1889.

Warner, Robert, F. R. H. S., F. L. S., assisted in the notes on culture I'y
B. S. Williams. Select Orchidaceous Plants. Series 3. Parts 10-
13. Half green morocco, 17.8X1.3X13., plates 28-39 with descrip-
live text. London : n. d. [Completion of the work.]

374 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCCETY.

Warner, Kobert, F. L. S., F. R. H. S., Henry Williams, F. L. S., F. R. H.
S., and William Hugh Gower, F. R. H. S. The Orchid Album,
comprising colored figures and descriptions of new, rare, and
beautiful Orchidaceous Plants. Vol. 10, parts 110-114. Half
green morocco, 12.4X1.2X10., colored plates 437-456, and descrip-
tive text. London: [1892.]

Sander, F. Reichenbachia. — Orchids illustrated and described. Second
series. Vol. 1, parts 7-12. Half green morocco, 21.6X2.X17.6,
pp. 53-104 ; colored plates 25-48. St. Albans, London, Berlin,
Paris, New York: [1892.]

Iiinden, J., Lucien Linden, Em. Rodigas, and R. A. Rolfe. Lindenia. —
Iconography of Orchids. Vol. 2, parts 10-12 and Vol. 3, parts 13-
18. (English Edition). Half green morocco, 14.2X1.4X11.4, pp.
29-44 and 1-52; colored plates 301-.S36. Ghent: [1892.]

Veitch., James, & Sons. A Manual of Orchidaceous Plants cultivated under
glass in Great Britain. Part VIII. Oncidium and Miltonia, Ada,
Brassia, Gomeza, lonopsis, Ornithocephalus. Gray paper, 9.8X.4
X6. 1, pp. 137; 7 plates, 1 map, cuts. London: 1892.

Marquess of Lothian. The Genus Masdevallia. Issued by the Marquess
of Lothian, K. T., chiefly from plants in his collection of Orchids at
Newbattle Abbey. The plates and descriptions by Miss Florence H.
Woolward, with vignette engravings from photographs ; and
additional notes by Consul F. C. Lehmann (German Consul in the
Republic of Colombia). Parts I and II. Blue-gray paper, 17.7 X. 2
X'12.7, 10 colored plates in each part, with descriptive text.
London: 1890 and 1891.

Millican, Albert. Travels and Adventures of an Orchid Hunter. An
Account of Canoe and Camp Life in Colombia while collecting
Orchids in the Northern Andes. Illustrated by Gustave Guggen-
heim, from photographs by the Author. Dark red cloth, 8. 6X1. IX
5.9, pp. XV, 222; colored frontispiece, plates, and cuts. London:
1891.

FRUITS.

Austen, Ra. A Treatise of Fruit Trees, etc. Whereunto is annexed
Observations upon Sr. Fran. Bacon's Natural History as it concerns
Fruit-Trees, Fruits and Flowers, etc. Third Impression, revised,
with additions. Full calf, 5.9X1. X4.9, pp. (46), 260, (9), 82.
Oxford: 1665.

Cheal, J., F. R. H. S. Practical Fruit Culture. A Treatise on Planting,
Growing, Storage, etc., of Hardy Fruits for Market and Private
Growers. Salmon-colored cloth, 7.3X.7X4.7, pp. x, 194; frontis-
piece, 53 cuts. London and New York : 1892.

Escribano y Perez, Jose Maria. Pomona de la Provincia de Murcia 6 sea
descripcion cientifica y cultivo de los arboles frutales conocidos
en esta localidad, con el estudio de las enfermedades y accidentes
a que estan e,\puestos, y medios de evitarlos y destruizlos. Memoria

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 375

premiada con accesit por la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas,
Fisicas y Naturales, en el Concurso Publico de 1880. Buff paper,
11. 7X. 5X8. 2, pp. (4), 224. Madrid : 1884.

StoU, Professor Dr. Rudolf. Die Amerikanischen Friihpfirsiche mit
Beriicksichtigung der Friihpfirsiche iiberhaupt. Blue-gray paper,
9. 6X. 2X6. 4, pp. 44; 14 colored plates. Klosterneuburg : 1889.

Gooseberry Growers' Register, or an account of the different Gooseberry
Shows held in Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Yorkshire,
Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and other parts of the Kingdom and
the United States of America. For the years 1842, 1861, 1864, and
1877. 4 vols. Green cloth, etc., 6.2X. 4X3.4., pp. 173, 227, 225,
and 168. Manchester: 1842, and Macclesfield: 1861, 1864, and
1877.

VEGETABLES.

Vilraorin-Andrieiix, (MM.) Les Legumes usuels. 2 vols. Buff paper,
7. 3X. 7X4.6, pp. 298, 312; cuts. Paris: 1890.

ARBORICULTURE.

Houttuyn, Martin. (Houtkunde, etc.) Afbeelding van in- en uitlandsche
Houten, etc., etc. (or) Icones lignorum exoticorum et nostratium
ex arboribus, arbusculis et fruticibus varii generis coUectorum, aeri
incisae et coloribus nativos imitantibus inductae. Addita sunt
eorundem lignorum nomina Belgica, Germanica, Anglica, Gallica &
Latina, typis expressa. Half green morocco, 12.1X 1.8X 10.1, pp.
LVIII (indexes), title-pages, prefaces, and 101 colored plates with
descriptive text. Amstelaedami : 1773. [Also] Supplement, etc.
6 colored plates with descriptive text. Amsterdam : 1795.

Mitchell, J. Dendrologia; or, a Treatise of Forest Trees, with Evelyn's
Silva revised, corrected and abridged. Half dark blue calf, 8.6X1.
X5.5, pp. 280; plates, cuts. London: 1827.

Miehie, Christopher Y. The Practice of Forestry. Olive-green cloth,
7.7X1.2X5.6, pp. vi, 315; 14 cuts. Edinburgh & London : 1888.

Schlich, William, Ph. D. A Manual of Forestry. Vol. II. Formation
and Tending of Woods, or Practical Sylviculture. Green cloth,
9. X 1.3X6., pp. xi, 351; 80 cuts. London: 1891.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
University. The Silva of North America. A Description of the
Trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico.
Illustrated with Figures and Analyses drawn from Nature by
Charles Edward Faxon, and engraved by Philibert and Eugene
Picart.

Volume III. Anacardiaceae— Leguminosse. pp. (vii), 141 ; plates
98-147. Boston and New York : 1892.

Volume IV. Rosaceaj— Saxifragaceae. pp. (vii), 141 ; plates 148-
197. Boston and New York : 1892.

Pierre, L. Flore forestiere de la Cochin Chine. 16^ et 17^^ fascicules.
Boards, brown cloth back, 22. X. 4X15. 6, plates 241-272, and
descriptive text. Paris: 1891, [1892?].

376 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brown, J. E., F. L. S. The Forest Flora of South Australia, Part 9.
Blue-gray paper, red cloth back, 21. 7X — X16.8, plates (41-45)
inclusive, with descriptive text. [Adelaide, S. A. : n. d.]

Kirk, T., F. L. S. The Forest Flora of New Zealand. Green cloth,
13.3X1.8X8.8, pp. XV, 345; 142 plates. Wellington: 1889.

Houba, J. Les Chenes de I'Amerique septentrionale en Belgique, leur
origine, leur qualites, leur avenir. Half green morocco, 10.6X1.7
X7.5, pp.S30, VII; plates, colored and plain. Hasselt : 1887.

Ward, H. Marshall, M. A., F. R. S., F. L. S., etc. The Oak. A Popular
Introduction to Forest Botany. [Modern Science Series.] Dark
blue cloth, 7.3X.8X5., pp. vi, (1), 175; 2 plates, 51 cuts. New
York: 1892.

Secondat, (Jean Baptiste, Baron de.) Memoires sur I'histoire natureile
du Chene, sur la resistance des bois a ^tre rompus par les poids
dont ils sont charges; sur les arbres forestiers de la Guienne; sur
les Champignons qui paroissent tirer leur origine d'une pierre ;
sur la maladie pestilentielle des boeufs en 1774; sur la culture de la
vigne, et sur le vin de la Guienne, etc. Half green morocco, 19. X
.8X10.3, pp.91, (3); plates 14 [numbered 1-12], and 1. Paris:
1785.

Francois (de Neufchateau), N. Leltre sur le Robinier, connu sous le
nom impropre de faux acacia ; avec plusieurs pieces relatives a la
culture et aux usages de cet arbre. Half black morocco, 6.9X.8X
4.4, pp. 314, (1); frontispiece. Paris: 1803.

Bocquillon, H. Memoire sur le groupe des Tiliacees. Half dark green
leather, 10.8X.5X8.7, pp. 56. Paris: 1866.

Mayr, Dr. Heinrich, Professor der forstl. Abthlg. der Kais. Universitat zu
Tokio. Monographie der Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches
(Tannen, Fichten, Tsugen, Larchen und Kiefern). Boards, black
cloth back, 11. 3X. 6X8. 6, pp. viii, 104; 107 plates. Miinchen :
1890.

AGRICULTURE.

Flint, Charles L. The American Farmer. A Complete Agricultural
Library with useful facts for the household, etc., etc. 2 vols.
Brown cloth, 10.8X2. X8., pp. iv, (2), x, 851 and xxiii, 1033; 2
portraits, 1 colored and many plain plates, cuts, etc. Hartford,
Conn: 1884.

United States Department of Agriculture. Special Reports. Nos. 14
and 15. Reports upon condition of Crops, June 1, 1879 and July 1,
1879. 2 pamphlets, tea, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 22 and 24. Washington:
1879.

Wallace, Robert, F. L. S., F. R. S. Edin., etc. The Rural Economy and
Agriculture of Australia and New Zealand. Dark red cloth, 9. X
2.1X0., pp. xvi, 541; frontispiece, 89 plates, 8 col. maps, cuts.
London. 1891.

Griffiths, A. B., Ph. D., F. R. S. Edin., F. C. S., etc. A Treatise on
Manures, or, the Philosophy of Manuring. Dark blue cloth, 7.7X

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 377

1.4X5.5, pp. XV, 399; 15 plates, cuts, etc. London and New York:
1889.
Agricultural Value of the Sewage of London, examined in reference to
the principal schemes submitted to the Metropolitan Board of
Works. With extracts from the evidence of chemists, engineers,
and agriculturists. Dark tea paper, 8.4X.2X5.5, pp. (5), 78; 1
colored map. London : 1865.

AGRICULTURAL JOURNALS

Skinner, John S., Editor. The American Farmer, containing original
essays and selections on Agriculture, Horticulture and Domestic
Economy, etc., etc. Vols. 3-12. Boards, 12. X 1.5 X 10. Baltimore:
1822-1830.

Cultivator, The. Edited by Jesse Buel and others. Vols. 1-10, and
Vols. 1-13, third series. 1834-1843 and 1853-1865. [Vols. 1-3,
1st series, are 2d edition. In 1840 the Genesee Farmer united with
it.] Half calf and black cloth, 10.2-13.7X .7-1. X 7.-9.8.
Albany, N. Y. : 1838-1865.

[Vols. 1, 2, 5-9, New Series, 1844-1852, are in the list of books
received by donation anl exchange.]

Homestead, The. A Weekly Journal for the Farmer, Gardener and
Fruit Grower, etc., etc. Edited by William Clift, Theodore S.
Gold, Henry A. Dyer, and Mason C. Weld. 4 vols. 12. 4-12. 8X
1.7-2.3X10. (1.) Black cloth, pp. viii, 824. (2.) Faded green
cloth, pp. viii, 9-832. (3.) Brown sheep, pp. viii, 9-832. (4.)
Brown sheep, pp. viii, 9-1064. Hartford, Conn. : 1856-1859.

Farm. Journal. Publislied by Wilraer Atkinson. Vols. 7-11, inclusive.
1883-1887. 5 vols., unbound, 12.5X.5X9., pp. 198, 206, 208, 206,
202. Philadelphia and Chicago: 1883-1887.

Farmer's Magazine, The. Vols. 2 and 3, new [?] series, 1839, and 1-18,
second series, 1840-1848. 20 vols. Half dark plum-colored calf,
9.9X1.2-1.8X6.8. London: (1839-1848).

Tropical Agriculturist, The. A Monthly Record of Information for
planters, etc., compiled by A. M. & J. Ferguson. Vol. 10, 1890-91.
Green cloth, 10.1X2.1X7.8, pp. (18), 891, 8; also supplementary
pages on sales of Tea, Coffee, etc. Colombo, Ceylon: 1891.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.
Hoyal Agricultural Society of England. Journal. Third series. Volume
2. Part IV.— No. 8, 31st December, 1891. pp. viii, 657-884, clxv-cxc.

Volume 3, Part I.— No. 9, 31st March, 1892. pp. iv, 204, lii;
portrait, cuts.

Part II.— No. 10, 30th June, 1892. pp. 205-438, liii-lxxviii ; cuts.

Part III.— No. 11, 30th September, 1892, pp. iv, 439-630, l.xxix-
clxi; cuts.

Four parts. Half dark green calf, 8.5X2.5X6. London: 1891,
1892.

378 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

General Index to the Second Series. [1865-1889.] Half dark
green calf, 8. 4X. 8X5. 6, pp. 242. London: 1890.
Grand, Annales de la Societe royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique de.
Journal d'HortiauIture et des Sciences accessoires, r6dige par
Charles Morren, I'un des secretaires honoraire^^ de la Societe. 5
vols. Half green leather, 9.9X2.X7., plates, colored and plain.
Gand: 1845-1849.
Timehri : Being the Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial
Society of British Guiana. New series.
Vol. V, Part II, December, 1891. pp. 197-406 ; 1 plate.
Vol. VI, Part I. June, 1892. pp. 236; 1 table.
Two parts. Half green morocco, 8. 6X 1.6X6. Denierara : 1891,
[1892].

DISEASES AND INSECTS.
Weed, Clarence M. Spraying Crops. Why, When, and How. Flexible
cloth, olive gray, 6.5X.3X4.3, pp. 110; 5 plates, 31 cuts. New
York: 1892.
Sorakier, Dr. Paul. Atlas der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Part 5. Atlas. —
Boards, 16. X. 2X10.1, colored plates 38-40. Tea:!;.— Pamphlet, 10.
X— X6.5, pp. 27-34. Berlin: n. d.
Ormerod, Eleanor A., F. R. Met. Soc, etc. Report of Observations of
Injurious Insects and common Farm Pests, with Special Report on
Attack of Caterpillars of the Diamond Back Moth, during the year
1891, with methods of Prevention and Remedy. Fifteenth Report.
Salmon-colored paper, 9.7X.4X6., pp. vi, (1), 170. London:
1892.
Ontario Entomological Society. Fourteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first
Annual Reports. 1883, 1889, and 1890. Pamphlets, salmon-color,
9.4-9.6X. 3X6.3-6. 6, pp. 83; iv, 104; and 105: cuts 38, 50, and 47.
Toronto: 1884, 1890, and 1891.

BOTANY.

Xiinnseus, Carl. Systema Vegetabilium, secundum classes, ordines,
genera, species, cum characteribus, et differentiis. Editio decima
quinta, quae ipsa est recognitionis a b. Jo. Andrea Murray, insti-
tutae tertia, procurata a C. H. Persoon. Half calf, 8.6X2.3X5.5,
pp. xvi, 1026, (19). Gottingae: 1797.

. (Mantissae in volumina I-III) Systematis Vegetabilium

Caroli a Linne, ex editione Joan. Jac. Roemer, M. D., etc., et Jos.
Aug. Schultes, M. D., etc., curantibus Jos. Aug. Schultes, M. D.,
etc., et Jul. Herm. Schultes, M. et Ch. D. 3 vols. Boards, 8.-8.6
XI.- 2.x 5.- 5.6. Stuttgardtiae : 1822-1827.

. Caroli Linnaei Systema, Genera, Species Plantarum uno

volumine. Editio critica, adstricta, conferta, sive Codex botanicus
Linnaeanus, etc., etc. In usum botanicorum practicum editit bre-
vique, adnotatione explicavit Hermannus Eberhardus Richter. Half
purple morocco, 10 5X3.1X8., pp. xxxii, 1102. Lipsiae : 1840.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 379

[Also bound with it] In codicem botanicum Linnseanum index
alj^habeticus generum, specierum ac synonymorum omnium comple-
tissimus. Composuit atquo edidit Dr. Guil. Ludov. Petermann.
pp. iv, 202. Lipsiae : 1840.

Baillou, H. Histoire des Plantes. Monographie des Primulacees, Utricu-
lacees, Plombaginacees, Polygonacees, Juglandacees et Lorantha-
cees. Blue paper, 10. 9X ..5X7.1, pp. 305-494; cuts311-574. Paris:
1892.

Hooker's Icones Plantarum; or Figures with descriptive characters and
remarks, of new and rare plants, selected from the Kew Herba-
rium. Fourth series, Vol. I. Edited for the Bentham Trustees by
Daniel Oliver, F. R. S., F. L. S. [No. I edited by Sir J. D.
Hooker.] Half green morocco, 3.6X1.7X6., plates 2001-2100,
inclusive, with descriptive text. London: 1890-1892.

Miers, John, F. R. S., F. L. S. Contributions to Botany, Iconographic
and Descriptive, detailing the chRracters of plants that are either
new or imperfectly described ; to which are added remarks on their
affinities. .3 vols. [Vol. 8 contains a monograph of the Menisper-
maceaj.] Dark blue cloth, 11. 5X 1.2-1.6X9.2, pp. vi, 311 ; v, 267 ;
V, 402: — pi. 42; 43-87; 88-154, with descriptive text. London and
Edinburgh: 1851-1871.

Gray, Asa. Elements of Botany. Faded gray cloth, 7.6X1.3X4.7, pp.
xiv, 428; 125 plates. New York : 1836.

. Botanical Memoirs, extracted from Vol. VI (new series)

of the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
viz : — On Neviusia, a New Genus of Rosaceae ; On the Botany
of Japan, and its Relations to that of North America, etc. ;
On the Genus Croomia, and its place in the Natural System : On
Ancistrophora, a New Genus of the Order Compositae from Cuba.
Boards, black cloth back, 11. 6X. 3X6. 6, pp. 373-458; plates 30 and
31. Boston and Cambridge : 1859.

Fothergill, W. E., M. A., B. Sc. Botanical Types. Descriptions of the
Structure and Life History of ten types, with summaries of the
important groups and classes. Pamphlet, buff, 6.5X.2X4.2, pp.
68 ; 6 plates. Edinburgh : 1889.

Bonavia, E., M. D. Philosophical Notes on Botanical Subjects. Blue-
gray paper, 8. 5X .7X5.5, pp.368; 160 cuts. London: 1892.

Ellis, John, F. R. S. An Historical Account of Coft'ee. Etc. Haff black
leather, 11. 2X. 2X8. 5, pp. iv, 71; 1 plate. London: 1774.

Boulger, G. S., F. L. S., F. G. S. The Uses of Plants : A Manual of
Economic Botany, with special reference to vegetable products in-
troduced during the last fifty years. Green cloth, 7. 3 X. 9X5. 3, pp.
viii, 9-224. London: 1889.

Silliman, Benjamin, Editor. The American Journal of Science, etc.
Vols. 1-10 [bound in 5 vols.]. Dark plum-colored calf , 8.9X2.-2.3
X6. ; colored and plain plates, maps, cuts, etc. New York and New
Haven: 1819-1826.

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Solms-Xiaubach, H. Graf zu. Fossil Botany, being an introduction to
Palaeophytology from the standpoint of the botanist. The author-
ized English translation by Henry E. F. Garnsey, M. A., revised by
Isaac Bayley Balfour, M. A., M. I)., F. R. S. Black cloth, 9 8X1.1
X6.8, pp. xii, 401; 49 cuts. Oxford: 1891.

Sornet, Edouard, et Gustave Thuret. Notes Algologiques. Recueil
d'observations sur les Algues. II Fasc. Half red morocco, 14.3 X
1.8X11.2, pp. XX, 196; 50 plates, colored and plain. Paris: 1876.

XiUCand (Capitaine). Figures peintes de Champignons de la France.
(Suites a I'lconographie de BuUiard.) 14« fascicule. Blue-gray
paper, 13.2 X .2 X 10.2, plates 326-350, with descriptive text. Autun :
1889.

TERRITORIAL BOTANY.

Plumier, Charles. Nova plantarum Americanarum Genera. [With]
Catalogus plantarum Americanarum, etc. Calf, 10. 2X. 7X7. 8, pp.
(8), 52, (3), 21, (1) ; 40 original drawings, Parisiis : 1703.

Walter, Thomas. Flora Caroliniana, secundum systema vegetabilium per-
illustris Linneei digesta ; characteres essentiales naturalesve et dif-
ferentias veras exhibens ; cum emendationibus numerosis : descrip-
tionum antea evulgatarum : adumbrationes stirpium plus mille con-
tinens : necnon, generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis
novisq. ornata. Half sheep, 8.2X1.X5.8, pp. viii, 263; 1 plate.
Londini: 1786.

Martins, Karl Friedrich Philipp von. Flora Brasiliensis, etc., etc. Fas-
ciculus 109. — Malvaceae I. pp. 254-455; plates 51-80. Fasciculus
110.— Bromeliaceae I. pp. 173-286; plates 51-62. 2 parts. Brown
paper, maroon cloth back, 18.6X.3 -.6X 12. Lipsiae : July and No-
vember, 1891.

Kunth, Karl Sigismund. Synopsis Plantarum, quas, in itinere ad plagam
sequinoctialem orbis novi, collegerunt Al. de Humboldt et Am.
Bonpland. [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland. Sixieme partie :
Botanique.] 4 vols. Pink paper, 8.7X1.5X5.3, pp. (6), iv, 491;
(6), 526; (6), 496; (8), 528. Paris: 1822-'25.

Willkomm, Maurice. Illustrationes Florae Hispaniae insularumque Ba-
learium. Etc. Liv. XVII, XVIII, and XIX. [In continuation.]
3 parts. Blue paper, 14. 2X .IX 10.2, pp. 99-140; colored plates
147-173. Stuttgart: 1890, '91, '92.

Allioni, Carlo. Auctarium ad Floram Pedemontanam cum notis et
emendationibus. Half calf, 10.1X.8X8.2, pp. (4), 53; 2 plates.
Augustse Taurinorum : 1789.

[Also] .... Rariorum Pedemontii stirpium specimen primum.
pp. X, 55 ; 12 plates. Augustte Taurinorum : 1755.

Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. Miscellanea Austriaca ad botanicam, chemiam
et historiam naturalem spectantia, cum figuris partim coloratis. 2
vols. Half slato-colored cloth, 8.7X1.-1.4X7.1, pp. (4), 212, and
423; colored plates 21 and 23. Vindobonse : 1778, 1781.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY CO:MJMlTTEE. 381

Scopoli, Johann Anton. Flora Carniolica exhibens plantas Carnioliae
indigenas et distributas in classes, genera, species, varietates, ordine
Linnajano. Editio secunda aucta et reformata. 2 vols. Half calf,
8.6X1.5X5.5, pp. (72), 448, and 496, (16); plates 1-32, and 33-65.
Vindobonae : 1772.

Dennstedt, Dr. August Wilhelm. Schliissel zum Hortus Indicus Mala-
baricus, oder dreifaches Register zu diesem Werke. Boards, mar-
bled brown, 9. 6X .2X8. 1, pp. 40. Weimar: 1818.

Roxblirgh, William, M. D., F. R. S. E. Flora Indica; or descriptions of
Indian Plants. 3 vols. Boards, brown, 9.4X1.6-2.2X5.8. (I),
pp. V, 741 : (II), vi, 691: (III), viii, 875. Serampore : 1832.

Wright, Edward Perceval, M. D., F. L. S. Contributions towards a
knowledge of the Flora of the Seychelles. [From the Transactions
of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XXIV. — Science.] Gray paper,
11. 7X. 1X9. 6, pp. 571-577; plates 27-30. Dublin: 1869.

Sole, William. Menthse Britannicfe : being a new botanical arrangement
of all the British Mints hitherto discovered. Etc. Half green calf,
13.1X.7X9 6, pp. viii, 55; 24 plates. Bath: 1798.

Haddi, Giuseppe. Plantarum Brasiliensium nova genera et species novae
vel minus cognitae. (Pars I. Filices.) Half green morocco, 15. X
1.4X11., pp. 101, (1); 84 plates. Florentiae : 1825.

BOTANICAL SOCIETIES.
Iiinuean Society of London. Journal. Botany. Vol. 28, Nos. 195, 196,

pp. 331-454; plates 42-51. Vol. 29, Nos. 198-201, pp. 67-280;

plates 13-28. 6 parts. Half green morocco, 8.7 X 1.9X6. London:

1891, 1892.
. Transactions. Second Series. Botany. Vol. Ill,

Part 6. On the Life-History of Puccinia coronata, var. himalensis,

and On the Life-History of Puccinia Jasmini-Chrysopogonis, nov.

sp. By A, Barclay, M. B., F. L. S., Bengal Medical Service.

Blue paper, 12.X — X9.5, pp. 227-242, plate 56. London : Decem-
ber, 1891.
France, Bulletin de la Societe botanique de. Vols. 1-37. 1854-1890.

[Vol. 26, 1879=Vol. 1, new series.] Half maroon morocco, 9.6X

1.-2.4X6.3, plates, colored and plain. Paris : 1854-1890.

[Also] Actes du Congrcs internationale de botanique tenu ;i Paris

en aout 1867 sous les auspices de la societe botanique de France.

Publics par les soins de M. Eug. Fournier. Half maroon morocco,

9.6X1.X6.3, pp. 266. Paris: November, 1867.
Belgique, Bulletin de la Societe royale de Botanique de. Vols. 1-29,

1862-1890. Half dark red morocco, 8.5X1.6-2.7X6., plates.

Bruxelles : 1862-1890.

BOTANIC GARDENS.
Klinsmann, Ernst Ferdinand. Clavis Dilleniana ad Hortum Elthamensem.
Pamphlet, green, 9. 9 X. 1X8.3, pp. 31. Danzig: 1856.
11

382 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Report of the Progress and Condition . . .

during the year 1880. Pamphlet, 8.3X.2X5.4, pp. 74; 2 plates.

London : 1881.
Bookworm, The. No. 49. Dec, 1891. [Contains an account of the

Botanical Library at Kew] Pamphlet, gray, 10. X. IX 6. 6, pp.

32. London: [1891].
Recollections of a Happy Life ; Being the Autobiography of Marianne

North, edited by her sister, Mrs. John Addington Symonds. 2 vols.

Green cloth, 8.2X1.4X5.7, pp. viii, 351, and 343; frontispieces,

map, and plate. London and New York : 1892.
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de. Catalogas plantarum horti botanici

Monspeliensis, addito observationum circa species novas aut non

satis cognitas fasciculo. Half calf, 8.3X.7Xo.5, pp. (8), 155.

Monspelii, Parisiis et Argentorati : 1813.
Hermann, Paul. Horti academici Lugduno-Batavi catalogus exhibens

plantarum omnium nomina, quibus ab anno MDCLXXXI ad annum

MDCLXXXVI hortus fuit instructus ut et plurimarum in eodem

cultarum et a nemine hucusque editarum descriptiones et icones.

Calf, 7.9X1.9X4.8, pp. (18), 699, (1) ; cuts. Lugduni Batavorum :

1687.
Boerhaave, Hermann. Index alter plantarum quae in horto academico

Lugduno-Batavo aluntur. Vellum, 9.9X2.2X7. (Part I.) pp.

(40), 320; (Part II.) pp. 270, 18: plates. Lugduni Batavorum:

1727.
Micheli, Pier' Antonio. Catalogus plantarum horti Caesarei Florentini.

Opus postumum jussu societatis botanicae editum, continuatum et

ipsius horti historia locupletatum ab Jo. Targionio Tozzettio, Flor.

Med. D., Rei Herbariae Prof. Pub., etc., etc. Calf, 12.X1.1X8.7,

pp. Ixxxviii, 185; 1 plan, 7 plates. Florentiae : 1748.
Todaro, Agostino. Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus sive plantae novae

vel criticae quae in orto botanico Panormitano coluntur, etc. Tomus

secundus. Fasc. VIII et IX. Pink and yellow paper, 19.-19.6 X

—X 13.-13.6, pp. 57-64, (2); col. pi. 39 and 40, and portrait.

Panormi: 1891, 1892.
Endlicher, Stephan. Catalogus horti academi.!i Vindobonensis. 2 vols.

Half black calf, 7.2X1.X4.5, pp iv, 492, and 542. Vindobonae :

1842-3.
Buitenzorg, Annales du Jardin botanique de, publiees par M. le Dr.

Melchior Treub. Vol. X, parts 1 and 2. Blue paper, 9. 9X. 9X6.8,

pp. 231; 32 plates, partly colored. Leide : 1891.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Carpenter, the late William B., C. B., M. D., LL.D., F. R. S. The
Microscope and its revelations. Seventh edition, in which the
first seven chapters have been entirely rewritten, and the text
throughout reconstructed, enlarged and revised by the Rev. W. H.
Dallinger, LL.D., F. R, S., etc. Blue cloth, 9.1X2.7X6.4, pp.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 383

xviii, 1099; frontispiece and 20 plates, colored and plain, 756 cuts.
Philadelphia: 1891.
Mason William. The English Garden : A Poem. Boards, blue marbled
paper back, 7.x. 6X4. 2, pp. viii, 130. London: 1803.

Books, etc., Received by Donation and Exchange.

HORTICULTURE.

Grove Hill [Camberwell, Surrey, England. Belonging to J. C. Lettsom,
M. D.] : an horticultural sketch. Pamphlet, marbled paper, 12. 9X
.2X10., pp. 32; 1 plan, 3 plates. London: 1794. Mrs. James
Drummond.

Strong, William C. Fruit Culture and the laying out and management of
a country home. Third edition. Orange colored cloth, 7.4X.6X
5.1, pp. xiv, 231; 34 cuts. New York: 1892. The Author. [2
copies.]

Bailey, L. H. The Philosophy of the Crossing of Plants considered in
reference to their improvement under cultivation. Lecture . . .
delivered at the Public Winter Meeting of the Massachusetts State
Board of Agriculture, at Boston, December 1, 1891. Pamphlet,
bufe, 9.2X— X5.8, pp. 31. Boston: 1892. Hon. William R.
Sessions, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. [10 copies.]

Paul, William, F. L. S., etc. Contributions to Horticultural Literature,
being a selection of articles written for gardening periodicals, and
papers read before various societies, from 1843 to 1892. In three
parts. Olive-green cloth, 9.1X1.7X6.4, pp. xi, 565; frontispiece;
3 plates, 14 cuts. Waltham Cross, Herts., England: 1892. The
Author.

Joly, Charles. De I'effet du brouillard sur la vegetation. [Extrait du
Journal de la Society nationale d'Horticulture de France. Cahier
d'octobre 1891, pages 612 a 614.] Pamphlet, buff, 8.5X — X5.5,
pp. 3. The Author.

Paris, Exposition universelle Internationale de 1889 a. Rapports du jury
international, etc. Classe 78. — Serres et materiel de I'horticulture.
Rapport de M. Charles Joly, Vice-President de la societe nationale
d'horticulture de France. Pamphlet, gray, 11. IX — X7.6, pp 16,
(1). Paris: 1892. M. Joly.

Invention. A weekly journal, etc. Vol. XIV. No. 688 Contains
" International Horticultural Exhibition. — Biographical Sketches."
Pamphlet, blue, 13. 2X. 1X9. 3, pp. 781-804; cuts and large folded
plate of "Noteworthy Horticulturists" London: July 16, 1892.
William Paul.

The Mayflower. Vol 2, 1886, Nos. l-(!, 8, 9, ll, 12; Vol. 3. 1887, Nos.
1-8, 10-12; Vol. 4, 1888, Nos. l-ll; Vol. 5, 1889, Nos. 1, 5, 7, 8,
11, 12; Vols. 6, 1890, and 7, 1891, complete. 6 vols., unbound, 12.
X.2-.8X9.5. Floral Park, N. Y. : 1886-1891. John Lewis Childs,
Publisher.

384 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions for A. D. 1891-92.
Including : Narrative of its first Semi-Centennial Festival. Pam-
phlet, green, 9. 6X. 5X5.9, pp. 172; frontispiece. Worcester,
Mass. : 1892. Edward W. Lincoln, Secretary.

Khode Island Horticultural Society. Premium List. June Exhibition,
1892. Pamphlet, 8.2X— X5.8, pp. (8). [Providence: 1892].
Charles W. Smith, Secretary. •

Hartford (Conn.) County Horticultural Society. Premium List for 1892.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 16. Julian S. Allen, Secretary.

. Souvenir Chrysanthemum Exhibition, November

8, 9 and 10, 1892. Pamphlet, 9. X. 1X5. 8, pp. 30. Hartford:
1892. Julian S. Allen, Secretary.

New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings ... at its Seven-
teenth Annual Meeting, held at Trenton, N. J., December 16th and
17th, 1891. Pamphlet, gray, 9.x. 3X5.8, pp. 174. Newark : 1892.
William R. Ward, Secretary.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Premium List for 1892. Pamphlet,
corn-color, 9.2X.1X5.9, pp. 21. D. D. L Parson, Secretary.

. Advance Sheet giving List of Premiums to be

competed for at the Annual Spring Exhibition, . . . March, 1893.
Pamphlet, 9.2X— X5.y, pp. (8). The Society.

. Chrysanthemum Souvenir, 1892. Pamphlet, green,

10.2X.1X6.8, pp. 40. [Philadelphia: 1892.] The Society.

Georgia State Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Sixteenth
Annual Meeting, held in the City of Quitman, July 29 and 30, 1891.
Pamphlet, light blue, 9.2X.1X6., pp. 74. Atlanta: 1892. P.J.
Berckmans, President.

Ohio State Horticultural Society. Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth
Annual Reports, for the years 1890-91, 1891-92. Pamphlets, pink
and tea, 9. 5X. 3X6.4, pp. 116 and 108; cuts. Columbus: 1891,
1892. W. W. Farnsworth, Secretary.

. Advanced Abridged Report of the Proceedings

for 1891. Pamphlet, cream-color, 9. IX. 1X6., pp. 29; 5 cuts.
Toledo : 1892. W. W. Farnsworth, Secretary.

. Summer Meeting at Zanesville, Ohio, June 8

and 9, 1892. Pamphlet, 8.4X — X5.5, pp. 3. W. W. Farnsworth,
Secretary

Columbus (Ohio) Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year
ending December 31, 1891, containing Constitution, Lists of Mem-
bers and Quarterly Journal Vol. 6. Prepared by Aug. D. Selby,
Secretary. 4 pamphlets, fawn-color, green, etc., 9. 2X .1X5.8, pp.
152, plates and cuts. Columbus, Ohio : 1892.

Vol. 7, Nos. 1-3, March to October, 1892. 3 pamphlets, fawn-
color and orange, 9.2X.1X5.8, pp. 100. Columbus, Ohio: [1892].

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1891,
being the Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting, held at

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 385

Olney, December 8-10. Also Proceedings of the Southern, Central
and Northern District Societies and a number of County Societies
for the year 1891. New Series— Vol. XXV. Green cloth, 8.9X 1.3
X6.4, pp. xviii, 364. Alton: [1892]. A. C. Hammond, Secretary.
[5 copies].

Kenosha (Wisconsin) Horticultural Society. Constitution and By-Laws.
Organized January, 1868. Pamphlet, 5.6X— X3.9, pp. 10, (2).
Chicago : n. d. Edgar Sanders.

Missouri State Horticultural Society. Thirty-Fourth Annual Report.
1891. Dark blue cloth, 9. 4 X. 9X6. 3, pp. 399, ii; maps, cuts.
Jefferson City: 1892. L. A. Goodman, Secretary. [30 copies].

Nebraska State Horticultural Society. Annual Reports for the years

1890. 1891, and 1892. Black cloth, 9. X. 9X6.1, pp. 295, 300, and
287; cuts, portrait [in 1890.] Lincoln: 1890, 1891, and 1892.
F. W. Taylor, President.

"Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year

1891. Volume XXII. Black cloth, 9. X. 8X6.1, pp. xxiv, 275, 4
cuts. Madison : 1892. B. S. Hoxie, Secretary.

Colorado State Bureau of Horticulture. Annual Reports for the years
1891-92. Vol. VI. By Dr. Alexander Shaw, Secretary. Pam-
phlet, gray, 9. IX. 6X6., pp. 263; 4 cuts. Colorado Springs, Colo. :

1892. The Secretary.

California State Board of Horticulture. Annual Report for 1891. Black
cloth, 9.2X1.3X6.2, pp. vi, 488; plates, colored and plain, cuts.
Sacramento : 1892. B. M. Lelong, Secretary.

California, Southern, Horticultural Society. Transactions and Proceedings
for the year 1891. (First Annual Report). Pamphlet, blue-gray,
9. IX. 2X5. 7, pp. 108; cuts. Los Angeles: 1892. Henry W.
Kruckeberg, Secretary.

Oregon State Board of Horticulture. First Biennial Report to the Legis-
lative Assembly, Sixteenth Regular Session, 1891. Dark maroon
cloth, 8.5X.3X6., pp. 144. Portland: 1891. E. W. Allen,
Secretary.

Washington State Board of Horticulture. Bulletin No. 3. Pamphlet,
blue, 8.7X — X5.8, pp. 22; cuts. Olympia, Wash. : 1892. C. A.
Tonneson, Secretary.

British Columbia Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association.
Third Annual Report. With Pest and Remedy Supplement. 1892.
Pamphlet, pink, 8. 4 X. 2X5.8, pp. 104; cuts. Vancouver: 1892.
A. H. B. Macgowan, Secretary-Treasurer.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol. XIII, Parts 2 and 3.
August and November, 1891. Edited by the Rev. W. Wilks,
Secretary, and Mr. John Weathers, Assistant Secretary. 2 pam-
phlets, blue-gray, 8.4X.5X5.4, pp. 153-284. i-c, and 285-420, ci-
clxiv; cuts 21-69. London: [1891]. The Secretary.

Vol. XIV. Edited by the Rev. W. Wilks, M. A., Secretary, and
Mr. John Weathers, Assistant Secretary. Report of the Conifer

386 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Conference held at Chiswick Gardens, October 7 and 8, 1891.

Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8. 4X 1.5X5.4, pp. vi, 88. London: [1892].

The Secretary.
Vol. XV, Part 1. March, 1892. Edited by the Rev. W. Wilks,

M. A., Secretary, and Mr. John Weathers, Assistant Secretary.

Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.5X.3X5.5, pp. 72, iv, clxv-ccxii; 12 cuts

and cuts 70-74. London: [1892]. The Secretary.
Joly, Charles. Note sur la Societe royale d'Horticulture de Londres.

[Extrait du Journal de la Societe nationale d'Horticulture de

France. Cahier de decembre 1891, pages 744 a 74fi]. Pamphlet,

blue, 8.7X— X6.4, pp. 3. The Author.
Prance, Societe nationale d'Horticulture de. Journal, 3*^ serie. Tome

14, 1892. Half claret morocco, 9.2X1.8X5.5, pp. 792. [Also]

Congres Horticole de 1892, pp. ci, (1). Paris: 1892. E. Glatigny,

Librarian.
Seine-Inferieure, Societe Centrale d'Horticulture de la. Bulletin. Tome

XXXIIR— 3« et 4e cahiers de 1891; Tome XXXIV^.— l^"^ et 2^

cahiers de 189^. 4 pamphlets, lilac-color, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 149-314,

1-153. Rouen: 1891, 1892. The Society.
Sarthe, Societe d'Horticulture de la. Bulletin. Tome 12, 1891,— 8'' et 4^

trimestres; Tome 13, 1892, — 1^'' A 2« trimestres. 4 pamphlets,

orange-color, 8.8X — X5.7, pp. 73-204. Le Mans: 1891, 1892.

The Society.
Liege, Bulletin de la Societe royale d'Horticulture de. V. — 25. Resultat

des concours de la XXXVIII'' Exposition qui a eu lieu les 24, 25 et

26 avril, 1892, etc. Pamphlet, 9.X— X5.9, pp. 277-284. Jules

Closon, Secretaire.
Kolner Gartenbau-Gesellschaft im Volksgarten, Officielle Ausstellungs-

Zeitung der Herbst-Ausstellung der. Nr. 1, 2, 3. Nov. 10, 11, 12,

1892. 3 pamphlets, 13.7X— X10.8, pp. (12). The Society.
Acta Horti Petropolitani. Tomus X. Fasciculus II. Pamphlet, gray,

10.5X. 6X6.5, pp. (4), 397-711; 2 portraits. St. Petersburg : 1889.

Charles S. Sargent.
R. Soeieta Toscana di Orticultura. Bullettino. Anno XVH. 1892.

(Vol. VII. della 2^ Serie). Half brown leather, 11. X 1.7X7.6, pp.

384; 12 plates, colored and plain. Firenze : 1892. The Society.
L'Ortolano. Giornale popolare d'orticoltura che si publica in Trieste

sotto gli auspici della soeieta d'orticoltura del litorale. (Published

by the Secretary, Adolf o Stossich.) Six years bound in one

volume. Flexible covers, brown cloth back, 8.9X1.9X6., pp. 208,

204, 192, 200, 212, 150; 1 plan. Trieste: 1859-1864. F. A.

Brockhaus.
Japanese Horticultural Society. Journal. Nos. 31 and 32. Pamphlets,

green, 9. 8X. 1X6.5, pp. 52, (2), and 27, (1). [Tokio : 1891-2?].

The Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 387

FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.

Drover, W. & G., and W. Adams. The Chrysanthemum and its growth.
Blue flexible covers, dark green cloth back, 7.3X.3X5., pp. 87;
3 portraits, 5 plates. Bristol, Eng. : [1892].

Dodwell, E. S. The Carnation; its History, Properties, and Manage-
ment. 3d edition. Red cloth, 7. 5X. 3X5.1, pp. 119; cuts.
London: [1892]. The Author.

Seaman, William H. {Compiler). The Victoria Regia. [From Proceed-
ings of the American Society of Microscopists.] Pamphlet, pink,
11.8X — X9.4, pp. 8; 1 plate, 2 cuts. William R. Smith, Botanic
Garden, Washington.

Euphorbia Ethiopica or Abyssinica, in gardens of Grand Hotel " Des
Palmes," Cavaliere Enrico Ragusa, Proprietor, Palermo, Sicily.
January 22, 1892. Planted in 1860. Height, 22 ft. 10 in., circum-
ference, 65 ft. 4 in. Photograph, 20.6X — X14.3. Edward C. R.
Walker.

Friend, Rev. Hilderic. Flowers and Flower Lore. Third edition in one
volume. Blue cloth, 8.6X1.7X5.9, pp. xvi, 704; many cats. Lon-
don : 1886. Nathaniel T. Kidder.

"Williamson, John. Ferns of Kentucky. Green cloth, 7.5X.9X6., pp.
154; 60 full-page etchings, 6 cuts. Louisville: 1878. William R.
Smith, Botanic Garden, Washington, D. C.

FLORAL SOCIETIES.

Gartenflora. Zeitschrift fiir Garten- und Blumenkunde. (Begriindet von
Eduard Regel.) 40 Jahrgang. Herausgegeben von Professor Dr.
L. Wittmack in Berlin. [Also] Verhandlungen Vereins zur Befor-
derung des Gartenbaues in den Kgl. Preuss. Staaten und der
Gartenbau-Gesellschaft zu Berlin. Half calf, 9.7X2.X7.3, pp. 670,
140; 1 plain and 25 colored plates, 124 cuts. Berlin: 1891. The
Editor.

Cincinnati Florists' Society. Advance Premium List of the Floral
Exhibition and display of Chrysanthemums to be given . . the
second week of November, 1892. Pamphlet, pink, 9.5 X — X6.3,
pp. 7. William J. Stewart.

Bay County Horticultural Society of Bay City, Michigan. Advance Pre-
mium List of the Second Annual Chrysanthemum, Carnation, and
Orchid Exhibition to be held in November, 1892. Pamphlet, 8.4X
— X5.5, pp (4). T. J. Cooper, Secretary.

Minneapolis Florists' Club. Announcement and Premium List for their
Second Annual Chrysanthemum Exhibition to be held Nov. 8, 9, 10,
and 11, 1892, at . . Minneapolis, Minn. Pamphlet, 6.5X — X
4.6, pp. (4). E. Nagel, Secretary.

California State Floral Society. Seventh Semi-Annual Flower Show.
To be held at San Francisco, May 11-14, 1892. Premium List.
Pamphlet, 6.7X — X4.7, pp. 4. Joseph H. Woodford.

388 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAl, SOCIETY.

Wational (British) Chrysanthemum Society. Official Catalogue. Supple-
ment to Centenary Edition. Pamphlet, pale blue, 8.4 X — X5.5, pp.
24. London : 1892. C. Harman Payne, Foreign Corresponding
Secretary.

. Annual Reports and Financial Statements. Schedules

of Prizes for 1884, 1-885, 1886, 1887, and 1892. 5 pamphlets, bufE,
pink, etc., 8.3X.1-.2X5.5, pp. 32, 37, 44, 57, and 64. C. Harman
Payne, Foreign Corresponding Secretary.

Auckland Chrysanthemum Society. Directions for the Culture of the
Chrysanthemum with hints on Exhibiting. Edited by the Standing
Committee. Second Edition. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 7. IX. IX
4.8, pp. 24; cuts. Auckland, New Zealand: [1892?] C. Harman
Payne.

Carnation and Picotee Union, The. The Seventh Annual Report and
Statement of Accounts for 1891, with List of Subscribers, Official
Awards, Rules, etc. Pamphlet, cream-color, 7. 4 X. IX 4. 9, pp 46.
Derby, Eng. : [1892]. E. S. Dodwell.

FRUITS.

Lawson, William. A New Orchard and Garden; etc. Brown paper, 7.3

X.2X5.7, pp. (8), 57, 24, 10; [pp. missing at the end;] cuts.

London : 1623. Franklin Bacheller.
DuHamel, (Henri Louis). Memoire sur une production monstrueuse du

pommier. [Memoires de I'Academie Royale des Sciences. 8

Fevrier, 1775]. Pamphlet, light blue, 9.6X— X7.6, pp. 559-560.

Charles S. Sargent.
Poiteau, A. l plate, Avant peche rouge, with description, from Pomologie

Fran^aise. 17. X — X12. Paris: n. d. Col. Henry W. Wilson.

[Placed within cover of Vol. I of DuHamel's Traite des Arbres

fruitiers. Nouvelle edition].
Joly, Charles. Note sur une Maladie du Pecher. [Extrait du Journal de la

Societe nationale d'Horticulture de France. Cahier de fevrier 1892,

pages 82 a 84.] Pamphlet, buff, 8.6X — X5 4, pp. 4. The Author.

FRUIT GROWERS' SOCIETIES.

American Pomological Society. Proceedings of the Twenty-third Session,
held in Washington, D. C, September 22-24, 1891. Compiled by
the Secretary. Pamphlet, olive-green, 12. X. 5X9. 2, pp. 166, Ixxiii.
[Ann Arbor, Michigan] : 1891. Benjamin G. Smith, Treasurer.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Twenty-second and Twenty-third
Annual Reports. 1890 and 1891. pp. xx, 87 and iv, 160; por-
traits, cuts. Toronto: 1891 and 1892. [Also] Ontario Entomological
Society. Twenty-first and Twenty-second Annual Reports. 1890
and 1891. pp. v, 105 and iv, 101; 47 and 18 cuts. Toronto: 1891
and 1892. Plum-colored and black cloth, 9.8X.6-.7X6.5. Linus
Woolverton, M. A., Secretary, Fruit Growers' Association.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY C0M3IITTEE. 389

Maine State Pomological Society. Transactions for the year 1891. Pam-
phlet, fawn, 9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. 137; cuts. Augusta: 1892. D. H.
Knowlton, Secretary.

. Window-Garden Department. Exhibition at Lew-

iston, Sept. 6-9, 1892. Pamphlet, 8.2X — X5.5, pp. (4). D. H.
Knowlton, Secretary.

La Pomologie Fran^'aise. Bulletin de la Societe Pomologique de France.
1S92. 6 pamphlets, yellow and gray, 9. 3 X. 2X6. 2, pp. 414; 1 plate,
cuts. Lyon: 1892. Louis Cusin, Secretaire general.

ARBORICULTURE.

Bechstein, Dr. Johann Mattheus. Forstbotanik oder voUstJindige
Naturgeschichte der deutschen Holzpflanzen und einiger fremden.
2 vols., boards, green, 7.6X1.6X5., pp. xxviii, 642; 643-1456.
Erfurt: 1810. Charles S. Sargent.

Baudrillart, J. J. Nouveau manuel forestier, etc., traduit, sur la 4*^
Edition, de I'Ouvrage allemand de M. de Burgsdorf, . . . et
adapte a notre syst^me d'administration, d'apres I'Ordre du
Gouvernement, par J. J. Baudrillart, etc. 2 vols., half dark green
calf, 8.2X1.3X5.2, (I.) pp. lii, 460; 2 tables. (II.) pp.579; 2
tables, plates (2), 27. Paris: 1808. Charles S. Sargent.

Dupont, Adolphe E., et Bouquet de la Grye. Les Bois indigenes et
etrangers. Physiologie — culture — production — qualites — Industrie
— commerce. Half dark plum-colored leather, 8.7X1.7x5.8, pp.
viii, 552; 162 cuts and plates. Paris: 1875. Cliarles S. Sargent.

Fernow, B. E. Tracts on Tree Topics. Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.7, pp. 12.
J. D. W. French.

Forest Tree Planters' Manual, The. Fourth edition, revised and corrected.
By C. L. Smith, Secretary of the Associatiqn. Published by the
Minnesota State Forestry Association, etc. Pamphlet, salmon-
color. 9.x. 1X5.8, pp. 55, (1). Minneapolis: 1889. J. D. VV.
French.

Northrop, B. G. Tree Planting, Forestry in Europe, and other papers.
Pamphlet, tea, 10. X. 3X5. 7, pp. 123, i. New Haven: 1880. The
Author.

Steuart, Sir Henry. The Planter's Guide ; or, a Practical Essay on the
best method of giving immediate effect to wood by the removal of
large trees and underwood ; etc. Second edition. Greatly improved
and enlarged. Boards, gray, 9.2X1-7X5.8, pp. xxxvii, 527; 6
plates. Edinburgh & London : 1828. Charles S. Sargent.

Timberlands, Report of Committee on the maintenance of, and on the
Development of the Natural Resources of the Country. [From the
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, Vol. XXXIX, 1890.] Pamphlet, 9.6X — X6., pp. 24-30.
J. D. W. French.

Chevandier, Eugene. Recherches sur I'influence de I'eau sur la vegeta-
tion des Forets. Pamphlet, 8.9X. 1X5.6, pp. 32. S.- Germain : 1844.
Cliarles S. Sargent.

390 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAIi SOCIETY.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. List of Large, Old and Interest-
ing Trees. Pamphlet, 11. X—X8. 5, pp. (4). [Salem] : 1892.

Bobinson, John. Our Trees. A popular account of the Trees in the
Streets and Gardens of Salem, and of the Native Trees of Essex
County, Massachusetts, with the location of trees and historical and
botanical notes. Published by the Essex Institute. Boards, yellow,
white paper back, 8.3X.5X5.6, pp. 120. Salem: 1891. The
Institute.

Trees of Washington, D. C. [A list.] Pamphlet, 5.7X — X8.5, pp. (16) ;
2 plans. 1891. The American Forestry Association.

Xiemmon, J. G. Handbook of West-American Cone-Bearers. Being
approved English names with Brief Popular Descriptions. First
edition. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 10. X — X7., pp. 24; 1 plate.
Oakland, Cal. : 1892. The Author.

Barres-Vilmorin, (Loiret), Catalogue des vegetaux ligneux indigenes et
exotiques existant sur le domaine forestier des. (Administration des
Forets.) Pamphlet, green, 9. 8X. 4X6.5, pp. vii, 98; 1 plan.
Paris: 1878. Charles S. Sargent.

Chevandier, Eugene. Recherches sur la Composition elementaire des
different bois, et sur le rendement annuel d'un hectare de Forets.
Pamphlet, green, 8.7X— X5.5, pp. 28. S.- Germain : 1846. Charles
S. Sargent.

India, Government of. Code of Instructions for the conduct of office
business and for the regulation of accounts in the Forest Depart-
ment: with forms. Third edition. Corrected to 31st December,
1885. Green cloth, 10. 7X. 7X7.1, pp. xvii, 167. Calcutta: 1886.
Charles S. Sargent.

Baux et Forets, Annuaire des, pour 1892. SI'' annee. Gray flexible linen,
6.x. 6X4.2, pp. (4), 336. Paris: 1892. The Publishers of the
Revue des Eaux et Forets.

MONOGRAPHS ON TREES.

Perrault, A. De I'Ecor^age du Ch^ne, de la production et de la Consom-
mation des 6corces a tan, en France. Pamphlet, green, 8.9 X. IX 5. 6,
pp. 40. Paris : 1866. Charles S. Sargent.

CaudoUe, Casimir de. De la Production naturelle et artificielle du liege
dans le chene-liege. [Extrait du Vol. XVI des Memoires de la
Societe de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve.] Pamphlet,
buff, 10.9X. 1X8.3. pp. 13; 3 plates. Geneve: 1860. Charles S.
Sargent.

Arrivee du Drysphore. Le Chene geant antediluvien. Brochure explica-
tive. Pamphlet, lilac, 8.3 X—X 5. 3, pp. 16. Paris : 1886. Charles
S. Sargent.

Desfontaines, Rene Louiche. Memoire sur un nouveau genre d'Arbre.
Ailanthus glandulosa. L'Ailanthe glanduleux. [Memoires de
I'Academie Royale des Sciences de Paris, 1786.] Half black leather,
10.6X.3X8 4, pp. 265-271; 1 plate. Charles S. Sargent.

REPORT or THE LIBRARY COIVIMITTEE . 391

IDesfontaines, Rene Louiche. Observations sur le genre Royena, et
description d'une nouvelle espece de Diospyros. [Annales du
Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris. "Vol. VI. 1805.] Pamphlet,
buff, ll.lX — X8.7, pp. 445-450; plate 62. Charles S. Sargent.

Charroppin, Georges, fitude sur le Plaqueminier (Diospyros). These
presentee et soutenue le 22 fevrier 1873 a I'ecole superieure de
Pharmacie de Paris. Pamphlet, 9. X—Xo. 7, pp. 32. Paris : 1873.
('harles S. Sargent.

Michaux, Andre. Memoire sur le Zelkoua, Planer a crenata. Arbre
forestier originaire des bords de la raer Caspienne et de la mer
Noire, etc. Lu a I'academie royale des Sciences, dans sa seance du
13 decembre 1830 ; suivi du rapport de MM. de Mirbel et Desfon-
taines. Pamphlet, white, 9. IX. 1X5. 7, pp. 20, (1) ; 1 plate. Paris:
1831. Charles S. Sargent.

Ouerrapain, T. Notice sur la Culture du Sophora, du Platane et de
I'Aune. Pamphlet, dark green marbled paper, 9. X. 1X5. 6, pp. 32.
Paris : 1809. Charles S. Sargent.

K^roly, Alfoldi Flatt A Josika-Farol (Syringa Josikaea, Jacq. fil)
Pamphlet, bufe, 7.6X— X4.9, pp. 16. Nagyvarad : 1891. Charles
S. Sargent.

Banyan Trees in the Ezbekeeyeh Gardens, Cairo, Egypt. 2 photographs.

10. X 8. George H. Binney.

FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS.

American Forestry Congress. Proceedings at its meeting held at Atlanta,
Ga., December, 1888. Pamphlet, cream, 9. 2 X. 2X5.8, pp. 55.
Washington: 1889. J. D. W. French.

. Annual Address at the Seventh Annual Session, by Hon.

C. R. Pringle, of Georgia, in the Hall of the House of Representa-
tives, in Atlanta, Ga,, December 5th, 1888. Pamphlet, green, 8.X
.1X5.4, pp. 21. Sandersville, Ga. : 1889. J. D. W. French.

American Forestry Association. Proceedings at the Summer Meeting
lield in Quebec, September 2-5, 1890, and at the Ninth Annual
Meeting held in Washington, December 30, 1890. Pamphlet, tea.
9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. 111. Washington: 1891. The Association.

American Economic Association, Publications of the. Vol. VI. No. 3.
May, 1891. I. Government Forestry Abroad. By Gifford Pinchot.

11. The Present Condition of the Forests on the Public Lands. By
Edward A. Bowers. III. Practicability of an American Forestry
Administration. By B. E. Fernow. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 9.3X.3
X6.1, pp. 101. Baltimore: 18'..'1. The American Forestry Associ-
ation.

Ontario, Province of. Seventh Annual Report of the Clerk of Forestry.

1891. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.6X.2X6.4, pp. 111. Toronto:

1892. The Ontario Department of Agriculture.

Fhipps, R. W. Report on the Necessity of Preserving and Replanting
Forests. Compiled at the instance of the Government of Ontario.

392 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pamphlet, flesh-color, 9. 6X. 4X6. 4, pp. (8), 138; 2 plans. Toronto:

1883. J. D. W. French.
Little, William. Letter to the President and Council of the Montreal

Board of Trade, objecting '' To Get Rid of the Timber." Presented

• . . at the meeting held on June 10, 1890. Pamphlet, blue, 9.6

X. IX 6.4, pp. 43. Montreal: 1890. J. D. W. French.
Maine, Forest Commission of the State of. First Annual Report. 1891.

Pamphlet, old gold, 9.7X.3X6.3, pp. 78. Augusta: 1892. Cyrus A.

Packard, Commissioner.
New York Forest Commission. Annual Report for the year ending Sept.

30, 1888. Dark green cloth, 9.3X1.2X6 1, pp. xxix, 431; 1 map.

[Albany?] 1889. J. D. W. French.

. Annual Report for the year ending Dec. 31,

1890. Dark red cloth, 9.1X1.2X6., pp. 324; map and table.
Albany: 1891. J. D. W. French.

. Annual Report for the year ending Dec. 31, 1891.

Green cloth, 9.1X1.3X6., pp. 244; 1 map, 30 plates. Albany:
1892. The Forest Commission.

[ .] In the matter of the inquiry concerning the

Administration of the Laws in Relation to the Forest Preserve by
the Forest Commission, etc. Report adopted by the Assembly,
April 23, 1891. Pamphlet, gray, 9.3X— X5.9, pp. 7. Albany:

1891. J. D. W. French.

Ohio State Forestry Bureau. Third Annual Report, for the year 1887.

Edited by Adolph Leue, Secretary. Pamphlet, fawn, 9.4X.2X6.4.

pp. 87, (i) ; 1 plate. Columbus : 1888. J. D. W. French.
Chester County, S. C, Forestry Association of. Constitution of the.

Pamphlet, 9.3X— X6., pp. (2). J. D. W. French.

PARKS, ETC.
Shrich, L. R. A National Park. An Appeal for a "Colorado National

Park," etc., etc. (From the Colorado Springs Gazette of July 21st,

1889.) Pamphlet, 5. 5X — X3.5, pp. 16. J. D. W. French.
Worcester, Parks-Commission of the City of. Annual Report for the year

ending November 30, 1889. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 7X. 2X6.2, pp. 57,

(1); 2 plates. Worcester, 1890.
. Annual Report for the year ending November 30, 1890.

Pamphlet, tea, 9. 7X. 2X6.1, pp. 55; 2 plates. Worcester: 1891.
. Annual Report for the year ending November 80, 1891.

Pamphlet, cream-color, 9. 7X. 2X6.2, pp. 53. Worcester: 1892.

E. W Lincoln, Chairman of Parks-Commission.

Lynn Park-Commissioners. First, Second, and Third Annual Reports, for

the years 1889, 1890, and 1891. 3 pamphlets, buff, blue, and gray,

8.9X — X5.9, pp. 18, 13, and 24; plates, etc. Lynn, Mass. : 1890-

1892. Philip A. Chase, Chairman.

Baltimore Public Park Commission. Thirty-second Annual .Report, for
the fiscal year ending December 31, 1891. Maroon cloth, 9.X.3X
6.1, pp. 55; 8 plates. Baltimore: 1892. The Commission.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 393

Public Reservations [in Massachusetts,] First Annual Report of the

Trustees of. 1891. Pamphlet, olive green, 9. IX. 2X5. 9, pp. 83.

Boston : 1892. The Trustees.
South Park Commissioners (Chicago). Report to the Board of County

Commissioners of Cook County. From December 1, 1890, to

December 1, 1891. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 8.8X.lXo.9, pp. 40.

Chicago : 1892. The Commissioners.
South Park Commissioners, Ordinances and Resolutions of the. 2.

Pamphlet, pink, 8.0X.1X5.8, pp. 35. [Chicago:] 1891. The

Commissioners.
St. IjOUis, Park Commissioner of. Annual Reports for the years 1889-'90,

1890-'91, and 1891-'92. 2 pamphlets, light green, and 1 volume,

black cloth, 9.-9. 3X .2X6., pp. 12, 267-274 and 12; 8 photographic

plates [in Report for 1891-'92]. St. Louis: 1890, 1891, and 1892.

John P. Fechter, Park Commissioner.
West Ewing Improvement Association. Anniversary Meeting. Pamphlet,

gray, 9. X. 2X5. 8, pp. 124. Trenton, N. J. : 1880. B. G. Northrop.
Northrop, B. G., LL.D. Rural Improvement. Pamphlet, fawn, 8. 9 X.I

X5.7, pp. 52. New Haven : 1882. The Author.
. Arbor Day : its history and aims and how to secure them.

[From the Report of the Secretary of the Connecticut Board of

Agriculture, 1887.] Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 13. The Author.
— — . Arbor Day. What to Plant and How to Plant. [From

the Report of the Secretary Conn. Board of Agriculture, 1888.]

Pamphlet, 9.X— X5.7, pp. 6. The Author.
Massachusetts State Board of Education. Circular for Arbor Day.

Pamphlet, 9.1X— X5.8, pp. (7). [Boston: 1892.] Hon. John

W. Dickinson, Secretary of the Board of Education.
Spring Time and Arbor Day. A Circular issued by the State Superinten-
dent of Wisconsin for the use of the Officers, Teachers, and

Children of Wisconsin Schools. Pamphlet, gray, II. 5X — X8.6, pp.

18. n. p. : 1892. B. S. Hoxie.
Mount Auburn Cemetery. Sixtieth Annual Report, January 1, 1892.

Pamphlet, gray, 9.1X — X5.9, pp. 15. Boston: 1892. The

Trustees.
Forest Hills Cemetery, Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of

the Proprietors of . February, 1892. Pamphlet, drab, 9. X .1X5.8,

pp.42. Boston: 1892. The Trustees.
The Modern Cemetery. An Illustrated Monthly Journal devoted to the

interest of Cemeteries. Vol. I, Nos. 11 and 12, and Vol. 2, Nos. 1-

10. January-December, 1892. 12 pamphlets, 12.1X — X9.2, pp.

129-152, and 1-120; cuts. Chicago : 1892. John G. Barker.
American Cemetery Superintendents, Association of. Proceedings of

Fifth Annual Convention, held at Chicago, Sept. 9, 10 and 11, 1891.

Pamphlet, light green, 8. 6X. IX 5.7, pp. 77. Chicago: 1891. John

G. Barker, President.

394 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

AGRICULTURE.

Maison rustique de XIX^ siecle. Encyclopedie d'Agriculture pratique, etc.
4 vols. Half dark blue calf, 10.1X1.1X6.7, pp. viii, 568; viii, 560;
viii, 480; viii, 552: cuts. Paris: 1835-1837. Col. Henry W.
Wilson.

Halsted, Prof. Byron D. A Century of American Weeds. Their Root
Systems Tabulated. [Reprinted from Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, Vol. XIX, No. 5, May, 1892.] Pamphlet, tea, 9.
X— X5.8, pp. 141-147. The Author.

Scribner, F. Lamson-. Grasses of Tennessee. — Part I. [Bulletin of the
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee.
Vol. V, No. 2. April, 1892.] Dark claret cloth, flexible covers,
9.x. 2X6., pp. 29-119; cuts. The Author.

CollingWOOd, Herbert W. Chemicals and Clover, or Farming with Con-
centrated Dung. Etc. [The Rural Library, Vol. I, No. 3. Jan.
1,1892]. Pamphlet, light brown, 7.8 X. IX 5. 3, pp. 34. New York :
1892. The Rural New-Yorker.

Barnes, Henry J., M. D. Sewerage Systems and the epuration of Sewage
by Irrigation and Agriculture. [Reprinted from the Boston Med-
ical and Surgical Journal of June 19 and 26, and July 24, 1884.]
Pamphlet, blue-gray, 7.2 X. IX 5., pp. 48. Cambridge : 1884. The
Author.

— . Sewage : Application to land the best method of

treatment. [Reprinted from the Boston Medical and Surgical
Journal of March 5 and 12, 1891.] Pamphlet, blue-gray, 9.7X.1X
4.8, pp. 22. Boston: 1891. The Author.

Crimp, W. Santo. Sewage Disposal Works : a Guide to the Construction
of Works for the prevention of the pollution by Sewage of Rivers
and Estuaries. Maroon cloth, 9. XI. 5X6.3, pp. vi, (2), 277; 33
plates, 15 cuts, tables. London : 1890.

Pope, Col. Albert A. The Movement for Better Roads. An Address
. . . before the Board of Trade at Hartford, Conn., February
11, 1890. — — An Open Letter to the people of the United
States relating to a Department of Road Construction and Main-
tenance at the World's Columbian Exposition. — — Width of
Tires. Extracts from recent Special Consular Reports on Streets
and Highways in Foreign Countries. Pamphlet, gray, 8. 2 X. IX 5. 4,
pp.31. Boston: 1892. Col. A. A. Pope.

Grinnell, Hon. James S. History of Sheep Husbandry in Massachusetts.
Lecture . . . delivered at the Public Winter Meeting of the
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, at Boston, Dec. 2, 1891.
Pamphlet, green, 9. IX. IX 5. 7, pp. 49. Boston: 1892. Hon.
William R. Sessions, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

Agrieultural Experiment Station Bulletins and Annual Reports have
been received from the Stations in the United States and Canada.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COM3IITTEE. 395

AGRICULTURAL JOURNALS.

Cultivator, The, etc. Edited by Jesse Buel, and others. Vols. 1, 2, 5-9,
new series. 1844-1852. [Vols. 5-8 bound in 2]. Black cloth and
half black calf, 10.6X1.-1.8X7.1. Albany: 1844-1852. The
Boston Book Company. [Vols. 1-10, 1834-1843 and Vols. 1-13, 3d
series, 1853-1865 are among books purchased.]

National Stockman and Farmer. Vol. XV. 1891-1892. Half black
leather, 15.X2.5X 11.5, pp. 1248. Pittsburg, Pa.: 1891-'92. The
Publishers.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, BOARDS, ETC.

All the publications of the United States Department of Agriculture and
of the United States War Department, here acknowledged, were received
from Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Secretary of
Agriculture, 1891. Black cloth, 9.2X1.9X6.2, pp. 653; 58 plates,
2 maps. Washington: 1892.

. Report of the Secretary. 1892. Pamphlet,

tea, 9. IX. 1X5 8, pp. 64. Washington: 1892.

. Report of the Superintendent of Gardens and

Grounds for 1891. By William Saunders. [From the Report of
the Secretary of Agriculture for 1891.] Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. IX
5.8, pp. 461-484; 7 plates. Washington: 1892.

. Report of the Pomologist for 1891. By H. E.

Van Deman. [From the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture
for 1891.] Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 2X5. 8, pp. 377-404; 11 plates,
colored and plain. Washington : 1892.

— . Report of the Microscopist for 1891. By

Thomas Taylor, M. D. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.1X5.8, pp. 403-416;
9 plates, colored and plain. Washington: 1892.

— . Forestry Division.

Report of the Chief of the Division of Forestry for 1890 and
1891. By B. E. Fernow. 2 pamphlets, tea, 9.X. 1X5.8, pp. 189-
236 and 189-229, 8 plates and maps. Washington : 1891, 1892.

Bulletin No. 6. Timber Physics. Part I. Preliminary Report.
Compiled by B. E. Fernow, Chief of Forestry Division. Pamphlet,
tea, 12. IX. 2X9. 8, pp. (4), 57; IV; 6 plates. Washington: 1892.

Circular No. 5. Arbor Day Planting in Eastern States. Pam-
phlet, lO.X — X8.4, pp. (4.)
— . — . Division of Botany.

Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium. Vol. I, No.
IV. Issued June 30, 1891. List of Plants collected by Dr. Edward
Palmer in 1890 in western Mexico and Arizona at (1.) Alamos.
(2.) Arizona. By J. N. Rose, Assistant Botanist. Pamphlet, tea,
9. IX. 2X5. 9, pp. 91-127, VII; plates 2-11. Washington: 1891.

396 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Botany — (Cont.).

Vol. I, No. V. Issued September 20, 1892. (I.) List of
Plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1890 on Carmen Island.
By J. N. Rose. (II.) List of Plants collected by the U. S. S.
Albatross in 1887-'91, along the western coast of America. By
J. N. Rose, D. C. Eaton, J. W. Eckfeldt, and A. W. Evans. (III.)
Revision of the North American Species of Hoffmanseggia. By
E. M. Fisher. (IV.) Systematic and alphabetic index of new
species of North American Phanerogams and Pteridophytes pub-
lished in 189L By Josephine A.Clark. Pamphlet, tea, 9.8X.2X
6.3, pp. 129-188, X; plates XII-X VI. Washington: 1892.

Vol. I, No. VI. Issued December 6, 1892. I. List of Plants
collected by C. S. Sheldon and M. A. Carleton in the Indian
Territory in 1891. By J. M. Holzinger. II. Observations on the
Native Plants of Oklahoma Territory and Adjacent Districts. By
M. A. Carleton. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 7 X. IX 6.1, pp. 189-232, ix; 2
plates. Washington : 1892.

Vol. II. No. I. Issued June 27, 1891. Manual of the Phane-
rogams and Pteridophytes of Western Texas. By John M. Coulter.
Polypetalffi. Pamphlet, tea, 10. X. 4X6. 3, pp. 152, iv ; plate 1.
Washington : 1891.

Vol. II. No. II. Issued June 1, 1892. Manual of the Phane-
rogams and Pteridophytes of Western Texas. By John M. Coulter.
Gamopetalas. [Continuation of Vol. II, No. 1.] Pamphlet, tea,
9. 6X. 6X6. 3, pp. 153-345, x; plates 2 and 3. Washington: 1892.

Vol. Ill, No. I. Issued February 25, 1892. Monograph of the
Grasses of the United States and British America. By Dr. George
Vasey. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 9X. 2X6.3, pp. 89, XIV. Washington:
1892.

Bulletin No. 12. Parts I and II. Illustrations of North American
Grasses. Vol. I. Grasses of the Southwest. Plates and Descrip-
tions of the Grasses of the Desert Region of Western Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California. By Dr. George Vasey,
Botanist, Department of Agriculture. 2 pamphlets, tea, 11.2X.6X
7.6, pp. vii and vii, 50 plates in each, with descriptive text.
Washington: 1890, 1891. [2 copies.]

Bulletin No 13. Part I. Grasses of the Pacific Slope, including
Alaska and the Adjacent Islands. Plates and Descriptions of the
Grasses of California, Oregon, Washington and the northwestern
Coast, including Alaska. Parti. By Dr. George Vasey, Botanist,
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Issued October 20, 1892.
(Forms first part of Vol. II of the " Illustrations of North Ameri-
can Grasses.") Pamphlet, tea, 11. 5X. 5X7. 7, pp. 7; 50 plates, with
descriptive text. Washington : 1892.

Bulletin No. 14. Ilex cassine, the aboriginal North American
Tea. Its history, distribution, and use among the native North
American Indians. By E. M. Hale, M. D. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. IX
5.8, pp. 22; 1 plate. Washington: 1891.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 397

United States Department of Agriculture. Botanical Division. Sec-
tion OF Vegetable Pathology.

Circular No. 4. Treatment of the Potato and Tomato for the
Blight and Rot. Pamphlet, lO.X— X8., pp. (3).

Circular No. 5. Fungicides, or Remedies for Plant Diseases
Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.7, pp. 10. Washington: 1888.

Circular No. 6. Treatment of Black Rot of the Grape. Pam-
phlet, 9.6X— X6., pp. 3.

Circular No. 7. Grape Vine Diseases. Pamphlet, 8.6X — X5.7,
pp. (4).

Circular No. 9. Root-Rot of Cotton. Pamphlet, 8.4X — X5,8.
pp. (4).

Circulars Nos. II and 12. Broadsides, 14.X8.5.
: — . Division of Vegetable Pathology.

Bulletin No. 1. Additional Evidence on the Communicability of
Peach Yellows and Peach Rosette. By Erwin F. Smith, Sc. D.,
Special Agent. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X 3X5.7, pp. 65; 38 plates.
Washington : 1891.

Bulletin No. 2. The California Vine Disease. A Preliminary
Report of Investigations by Newton B. Pierce, Special Agent.
Pamphlet, tea, 9. 7X. 6X6.3, pp. 222; 25 plates, colored and plain, 2
charts. Washington : 1892.

Bulletin No. 3. Report on the Experiments made in 1891 in the
Treatment of Plant Diseases. By B. T. Galloway. Pamphlet, tea,
8.9X.2X5.8, pp. 76; 8 plates. Washington: 1892.

The Journal of Mycology. Devoted especially to the study of
Fungi in their relation to Plant Diseases. Edited by the Chief of
Division and his assistants. Vol. 7, No. 2. Pamphlet, tea, 9.5X.3
X 6.3, pp. 65-194; plates 11-17, cuts. Washington: 1892.
. Division of Entomology.

Bulletin No. 26. Reports on Observations and E.xperiments in
the practical work of the Division, made under the direction of the
Entomologist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 8, pp. 95. Washington:
1892.

Bulletin No. 27. Reports on the Damage by Destructive Locusts
during the season of 1891. Made under the direction of the
Entomologist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 1X5. 7, pp. 64. Washington:
1892.

Insect Life. Devoted to the Economy and Life-habits of Insects,
especially in their relations to Agriculture. Periodical Bulletin.
Edited by C. V. Riley, Entomologist, and L. O. Howard, First
Assistant, and others.

Vol. 4, Nos. 5-12. Half green morocco, 9.1X1.2X6.2, pp. 163-
441; cuts.

Vol. 5, Nos. 1 and 2. 2 pamphlets, tea, 9. 8 X. IX 6.2, pp. 146.
Washington : 1892.

12

398 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Chemistry.

Bulletin No. 13. Foods and Food Adulterants. Part Sixth.
Investigations made under direction of H. W. Wiley, Chief Chemist,
with the collaboration of H. A. Huston, H H. Nicholson, W. B.
Eising, M. A. Scovell, S. P. Sharpies, W. C. Stubbs, Shippen
Wallace, F. G. Wiechmann, H. A. Weber, and K. P. McElroy.
Sugar, Molasses and Syrup, Confections, Honey and Beeswax.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.X.5X5.8, pp. «29-874:, IX. Washington: 1892.
Pari Seventh. Investigations made under direction of H. W.
Wiley, Chief Chemist. Tea, Coffee and Cocoa Preparations, by
Guilford L. Spencer, Assistant Chemist, with the collaboration of
Mr. Ervin E. Ewell. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 3X5. 8, pp. vii, 875-1012,
(2), vi; plates 39-47, 1 cut. Washington: 1892

Bulletin No. 28. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention
of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists held at the
U. S. National Museum, August 28, 29 and 30, 1890. Edited by
Harvey W. Wiley, Secretary of the Association. Pamphlet, tea, 9
X. 5X5.8, pp. 238; 21 cuts. Washington: 1890.

Bulletin No. 31. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Convention
of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists held at the
Columbian University, Washington, D. C, August 13, 14, and 15,
1891. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, — Foods and
Feeding Stuffs, — Dairy Products, — Fermented Liquors, and Sugars.
Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, Secretary of the Association. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9.x. 6X5. 8, pp. 253; 8 cuts. Washington : 1891.

Bulletin No. 32. Special Report on the extent and character of
Food Adulterations, including state and other laws relating to foods
and beverages By Alex. J. Wedderburn, Special Agent. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9. X.3X5.8, pp. 172, (1)- Washington: 1892.

Bulletin No. 33. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1891. By
Harvey W. Wiley . . . with the collaboration of I)r Walter
Maxwell, Prof. W. A. Henry, and otiiers. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X-4X
5.8, pp. 158. Washington: 1892.

Bulletin No. 34. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1891.
By Harvey W. Wiley, and others. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 3X5. 8, pp.
132; 2 cuts. Washington: 1892.
. Office of Experiment Stations.

Experiment Station Record. Vol. 3, Nos. 5-12. December,
1891-July, 1892. Half green morocco, 9.4X2.6X6.6, pp. vii, 275-
1059. Vol. 4, Nos. 1-3, August-October, 1892. 3 pamphlets,
blue-gray, 9.5X.3X6.3, pp. vii, 322. Washington: 1891-'92.

Experiment Station Bulletin. Ho. 7. Proceedings of the Fifth
Annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations held at Washington, D.C., August
12-18, 1891. Edited by A. W. Harris, for the Office of Experiment
Stations and H. E. Alvord, for the Executive Committee of the
Association, pp. 113. No. 8. Six Lectures on the Investigations

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY C0M:MITTEE. 399

at Rothamsted Experimental Station, delivered under the provisions
of the Lawes Agricultural Trust by Robert "Warington, F. R. S.,
before the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations at Washington, D. C, August 12-18, 1891.
pp. 113; 11 plates. No. 9. The Fermentations of Milk, by H. W.
Conn, Ph. D. pp. 75. No. 10. Meteorological Work for Agricul-
tural Institutions, by Mark W. Harrington. 22 pp. 4 pamphlets,
tea, 9,8X — X6.4. Washington: 1892.

Farmer's Bulletin. No. 5. Treatment of Smuts of Oats and
Wheat, pp. 8. No. 6. Tobacco : Instructions for its Cultivation
and Curing. By John M. Estes, Special Agent. pp. 8. No. 7.
Spraying Fruits for Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases, with a
special consideration of the subject in its relation to the public
health, pp. 20. No. 8. Results of Experiments with Inoculation
for the Prevention of Hog Cholera. By Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, pp. 40. No. 9. Milk Fer-
mentations and their Relations to Dairying, pp. 24. 5 pamphlets,
8.9X.1X5.7. Washington: 1892.
United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Statistics.

Reports of the Statistician. New series. Nos. 91-99. Un the
Crops of the year ; Numbers and Values of Farm Animals ; Distri-
bution and Consumption of Corii and Wheat ; Condition of Winter
Grain; Condition of Farm Animals; Progress of Cotton Planting;
Acreage of Wheat and Cotton ; Condition of Cereal Crops ; Area of
Corn, Potatoes, and Tobacco; Condition of Growing Crops; Condi-
tion of Crops in America and Europe ; Yield of Grain per Acre ;
Yield of Crops per Acre ; Freiglit Rates of Transportation Compa-
nies. 9 pamphlets, tea, 9.x — X5.7. Washington: 1892.

Reports on Condition of Crops, etc. July to November, 1892.
5 pamphlets, tea, 9.x — X5. 7. Washington: 1892.

Miscellaneous series. Report No. 2. Report on the Agriculture
of South America, with maps and latest statistics of trade. Pre-
pared under the direction of the statistician, by Alniont Barnes,
LL.B. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 5X5. 7, pp. 189; 3 maps. Washington :
1892.

Report No. 3. Cooperative Credit Associations in certain
European Countries, and their relations to Agricultural Interests.
Prepared under direction of the Statistician by Edward T. Peters.
Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 3X5. 8, pp. 117. Washington: 1892.

Report No. 4. Wages of Farm Labor in the United States.
Results of Nine Statistical Investigations, from 1866 to 1892, with
extensive inquiries concerning wages from 1840 to 1865. Pamphlet,
tea, 9. IX. 2X5. 7, pp. 69. Washington: 1892.

Fibre Investigations. Report No. 4. A Report on Flax Culture
for Fibre in the United States, including Special Reports on Flax
Culture in Ireland, in Belgium and in Austria, with statements
relative to the industry in Russia. By Charles Richards Dodge.
Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 8, pp. 93 : plate, cuts. Washington : 1892.

400 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau op Animal Industry.

Sixth and Seventh Annual Reports for the years 1889 and 1890.
Black cloth, 9.2X1.4X6., pp. 503. Washington: 1891.
. Weather Bureau.

Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1891. By Mark
W. Harrington. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 9, pp. iii, 539-631, iii;
4 maps, cuts. Washington : 1892.

Bulletin No. 1. Notes on Climate and Meteorology of Death
Valley, California. By Mark W. Harrington, Chief of Weather
Bureau. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 8X. 1X5 8, pp. 50; cuts Washington:
1892.

Bulletin No. 2. Notes on a New Method for the Discussion of
Magnetic Observations. By Frank H. Bigelow, Professor of
Meteorology. Pamphlet, gray, 9.2X.1X5.9, pp. 40; 1 plate.
Washington: 1892.

Bulletin No. 3. A Report on the Relations of Soil to Climate.
By E. W. Hilgard, Professor of Agriculture and Agricultural
Chemistry, University of California. Pamphlet, gray, 9.3X.1X5.8,
pp. 59. Washington : 1892.

Bulletin No. 4. Some Physical Properties of Soils in their rela-
tion to Moisture and Crop Distribution, by Milton Whitney.
Pamphlet, gray, 9.2X.2X5.8, pp. 90. Washington: 1892.

Bulletin No. 5. Observations and Experiments on tlie Fluctua-
tions in the level and rate of movement of ground-water on the
Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station Farm and at White-
water, Wisconsin. By Franklin H. King. Pamphlet, gray, 9.3X.2
X5.9, pp. 75; 6 charts, 37 cuts. Washington : 1892.

Monthly Weather Review. Vol. 20, Nos. 8, 9, and 10. August,
September, and October, 1892. 3 pamphlets, gray, 12.4X.1X10.,
pp. 207-288; charts 4, 4, 5. Washington, D. C. : 1892.

Bulletins of the New England Weather Service for the months
of March-November, 1892. Nos. 1-9. 9 pamphlets, 10. 8X—X 7.9.

Weather Crop Bulletins of the New England Weather Service.
Nos. 1, 5, 6, and 8-24, 1892. From the week ending April 22, to
the week ending October 3, 1892.
United. States War Department. Annual Reports of the Chief Signal
Officers for 1882, 1883, 1885 (I and II), 1886, 1887 (I and II),
1888, 1889 {i and II), 1890. [Completes 1882-1890.] 10 vols.,
black cloth, half calf, etc., 9.2X1.-3.4X6.4. Washington: 1883-
1890.

Signal Office. Depth of Evaporation in the United States.
[Extract from Monthly Weather Review for September, 1888.]
Pamphlet, tea, 9.3X — X5.7, pp. 10; 1 chart. Washington City:
1888.

Signal Service Notes No. XX. Thunder-storms of May, 1884.
Prepared . . . by H. A. Hazen. Pamphlet, tea, 9.2X — X5.9,
pp. 8 ; 2 charts. Washington City : 1885.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 401

Professional Papers of the Signal Service. No. XIII. Tem-
perature of the Atmosphere and Earth's Surface. Prepared under
the direction of Brig, and Bvt. Maj. Gen. W. B. Hazen, Chief
Signal Officer of the Army, by Professor "William Ferrel. Pam-
phlet, tea, 11. 6X. 2X8. 9, pp. 69. Washington: 1884. No. XVIIL
Thermometer Exposure. Prepared under the Direction of Brig,
and Bvt. Maj. Gen. W. B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer of the
Army, by Henry A. Hazen, Junior Professor, Signal Office. Pam-
phlet, tea, 11. 8X. 1X9. 6, pp. 32. Washington City : 1885.

United States War Department. Charts showing the rainfall in the
United States for each month from January, 1870, to December,
1873, based largely on reports from voluntary observers. Pamphlet,
tea, 11. 8X. 2X9. 6, 48 maps. Washington City: 1888.

. Charts showing the Monthly Rainfall in the United

States, (extracted from the Monthly Weather Review) with notes
and tables. Prepared under the direction of General A. W. Greely,
Chief Signal Officer, by H. H. C. Dunwoody, Captain, 4th Artillery,
Signal Officer and Assistant. Pamphlet, tea, 11. 7X. 1X9. 4, pp. 12;
13 charts. Washington City : 1889.

. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting

letter of the Chief Signal Officer on the Climate of Oregon and
Washington Territory. Pamplilet, blue-gray, 18. 5X. 1X9. 2, pp.
37; 7 maps. Washington: 1889.

. Report on the Climate of Colorado and Utah, etc.

By General A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer. (Extract from a
letter of the Secretary of War on Irrigation and Water Storage in
the arid regions.) Pamphlet, tea, 11.3X.2X9. pp.70; 14 maps,
6 charts. Washington: 1891.

. Report on the Climate of New Mexico, etc. By

General A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer, and Lieut. W. A.
Glassford, Signal Corps. (Extract from a letter, etc.) Pamphlet,
tea, 11.3X.2X9.1, pp. 59; 8 maps, 6 charts. Washington: 1891.

. Report on the Climate of Arizona, etc., etc.

Pamphlet, tea, 11. 4X. 2X9., pp. 74 ; 8 maps, 6 charts. Washing-
ton : 1891.

. Report on the Climate of California and Nevada

with particular reference to questions of Irrigation and Water
Storage in the Arid Region, by Gen. A. W. Greely, Chief Signal
Officer, and Lieut. W. A. Glassford, Signal Corps. (Extract from
a letter, etc.) Pamphlet, tea, 11.5X.6X9., pp. 219; 7 maps, 6
charts. Washington: 1891.

United States Agricultural Society. Transactions and Montlily Bulletin
for 1858. Edited by Ben : Perley Poore, Secretary. Pamphlet,
tea, 8.7X. 5X5.5, pp. 104, 92; 1 plate, cuts. Wasliington : 1859.
The Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture.

. The Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, comprising

the Transaction.s and Correspondence of the United States Agricul-

402 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL, SOCIETY.

tural Society for 1859. Vol. VII. Edited by Ben : Perley Poore,
Secretary. Pamphlet, tea, 8. 9X .9X5.7, pp. 388 ; cuts. Washing-
ton : 1860. The Massachusetts Board of Agriculture.

Ontario, Central Farmers' Institute of. Reports of the Proceedings of
the Second, Third, and Fourth Annual Meetings, 1889, 1890, and
1891, and Fifth Annual Report, 1891. 4 pamphlets, pink, salmon,
etc., 9.7X.2X6.2, pp. 32, 36, 67, and 70. Grimsby: 1889-1892,
A. H. Pettit, Secretary.

Ontario, Bureau of Industries for the Province of. Annual Reports. 5th
-9th. 1886-1890. 5 volumes, cloth, black and claret, 9. 8X. 5-1. X
6.5, maps (in 1886). Toronto: 1887, '88, '89, '91, '91. The
Ontario Department of Agriculture.

Ontario Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Industries. Bulletin 39.
The Silo and Corn Ensilage. Bulletins 40-43, Crops and Live
Stock in Ontario. 5 pamphlets, 7.8X — X5 2. [Toronto: 1892.]
C. C. James, Secretary.

Ontario, Sheep Breeders' Association and Swine Breeders' Association of
the Province of Annual Reports. 1891. Pamphlet, salmon-color,
9.6X.2X6.6, pp. 80. Toronto: 1891. F. W. Hodson, Secretary.

Ontario, Poultry and Pet Stock Associations of the Province of. Annual
Report. 1891. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.6X— X6.5, pp. 20.
Toronto : 1891. The Ontario Department of Agriculture.

Ontario, Bee-Keepers' Association for the Province of. Annual Report.
1891. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9. 6X. 1X6.5, pp. 40. Toronto:
1891. The Ontario Department of Agriculture.

Ontario, Dairymen's and Creameries' Associations of the Province of.
Annual Reports. 1891. Pamnhlet, salmon-color, 9. 5X. 3X6.4, pp.
202. Toronto: 1892. Ontario Department of Agriculture. [2
copies.]

New England Fair at Worcester, Mass., 1892. Official Schedule of
Premiums of the Twenty-ninth Annual Exhibition of the New
England Agricultural Society, in connection with the Seventy-Fifth
Annual Exhibition of the Worcester Agricultural Society, August
30 and 31, September 1 and 2, 1892. Pamphlet, 7.4X. 1X4.5, pp.
46. Worcester : 1892. New England Agricultural Society.

Maine, Agriculture of. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Secretary of
the Maine Board of Agriculture, for the year 1885. Black cloth,
9.4X1.5X6.3, pp. (6), 498; frontispiece, plate, cuts. [Contains
Annual Report of the Maine Fertilizer Control and Agricultural
E.xperiment Station, 1885-1886; State Pomological Society, 1885,
and Appendix,— The Sphingidae of New England, by C. H. Fernald,
A. M., pp. 85, (1) ; 6 plates]. Augusta: 1886. Samuel L. Board-
man.

Vermont Agricultural Report, Eleventh, by the State Board of Agricul-
ture, for the year 1889-'90. Boards, black cloth back, 8.9X1- X
5 8, pp. 400 ; 60 cuts. Montpelier : 1890. W. W. Cooke, Secretary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 403

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, Centennial Year (1792
-1892) of the. Black cloth, 9.3X.6X6.2, pp. 146. Salem: [1892].
Francis H. Appleton, Secretary.
Massachusetts, Commonwealth of. An Act to establish a State Board of
Agriculture. Pamphlet, 9.9X— X6., pp. 3. 1851. . Edward B.
Wilder.

— . Memorial to the General Court. [From officers of the

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture to the Senate and House of
Representatives.] [Also] Report. Pamphlet, 9.9X — X6.1, pp. 9.
1852. Edward B. Wilder.

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Thirty-ninth Annual Report of
the Secretary, together with the Ninth Annual Report of the State
Agricultural Experiment Station. 1891. Black cloth, 9.1X.2X
6.3, pp. xxix, 460, 352; 1 colored and 7 plain plates, cuts. Boston :
1892. Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary.

. Crop Reports for the months of May to October,

1892. Bulletins 1-6. Issued by William R. Sessions, Secretary,
State Board of Agriculture. 6 pamphlets, 9. X — X5.7. Boston:
1892. The Secretary.

Massachusetts, Descriptive Catalogue of Farms in, abandoned or
partially abandoned. 3d edition. November, 1892. By William
R. Sessions, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Pam-
phlet, fawn, 9. 2X. 2X5.8, pp. (4), 119 ; map. Boston : 1892. Hon.
William R. Sessions.

Massachusetts, Directory of the Agricultural and similar organizations
in. February, 1892. [Extract from the thirty-ninth Annual Report
of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture]. Pamphlet, 9.1
X — Xo.7, pp. 15. Boston: 1892. Hon. William R. Sessions,
Secretary, State Board of Agriculture.

Massachusetts Patrons of Husbandry, Official Directory of the. 1892.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 6. 7X — X3.9, pp. 15. [Worcester: 1892.]

Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1891, . . . and
its Sixty-eighth Annual Address, by Hon. William H. Moody of
Haverhill. With Premium List for 1892. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1X.5X
5.8, pp. 210. Salem : 1891. John M. Danforth, Secretary.

Amesbury and Salisbury Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Trans-
actions for the year 1889, with the Secretar^^'s Report of the
Twenty-sixth Annual Fair, etc. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.1X5.8, pp. 22.
Amesbury : 1890. John Q. Evans, Secretary.

Transactions for the year 1891, with the Secretary's and Treas-
urer's Reports of the Twenty-eighth Annual Fair held at Ames-
bury, etc. Pamphlet, olive-green, 8. 7X — X5.7, pp. 24. Amesbury:
1892. A. H. Fielden, Secretary.

Attleborough Agricultural Association. Fair Bulletin. September 13,
14 and 15, 1892. Pamphlet, light brown, ll.OX— X8.6, pp. 20-
The Association.

404 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions for the
year 1891. Pamphlet, light blue, 9. X. IX 5.9, pp. 74, (4). n. d.
Francis H Lincoln, Corresponding Secretary.

Marshfield Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions during
the year 1890. . List of Premiums . . . during the year 1891.
Pamphlet, pale green, 8.8X.1X5.7, pp. 30, 20. Plymouth: 1891.
Transactions during the year 1891. Premium List for 1892.
Pamphlet, light brown, 8. 7X. 1X5.7, pp. 34, (1), 20. Plymouth:
1892. Francis Collamore, Secretary.

Berkshire Agricultural Society. Annual Report of Proceedings for
1891. Pamphlet, pink, 9. X. 1X5. 7, pp. 41. Pittsfield, Mass.:
1891. Rollin H. Cooke, Secretary.

Bhode Island State Board of Agriculture. 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th and 7th
Annual Reports. 5 vols. Brown cloth and fawn-colored pam-
phlets, 9. 2X. 6-. 9X5. 9. Providence: 1887, '88, '90, '91, '92.
George A. Stockwell, Secretary.

Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the
Secretary. 1891. [Also] Annual Report of the Connecticut Agri-
cultural Experiment Station for 1891 [and] Fourth Annual Report
of the Storrs School Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs,
Conn.: 1891. Black cloth, 9.1X1.6X6.4, pp. 330, 208, 200, 16;
cuts, colored plan. Hartford: 1891, New Haven: 1892, and
Middleton : 1892. T. S. Gold, Secretary.

New York State Agricultural Society. Fiftieth Annual Report, for the
year 1890. Dark maroon cloth, 9.1X1.2X6.2, pp. xxxii, 502.
Albany: 1891. W. Judson Smith, Corresponding Secretary.

Pennsylvania, Agriculture of. Reports of the State Board of Agri-
culture, the State Agricultural Society, the State Dairymen's
Association, the State Horticultural Association, and the State
College for 1889. Black cloth, 9.7X1.5X6.5, pp. 464, 44, 57, 62,
20; plates, cuts. Harrisburg : 1889.

Reports for 1891. pp.422, 60, 74,81; colored and plain plates,
cuts. Harrisburg: 1891.

Thomas J. Edge, Secretary, State Board of Agriculture.

Georgia Department of Agriculture. Circulars 1-4 and 6. Fourth Series.
Crop Reports for the months of May, June, July, August and
October, 1892. 5 pamphlets, 9.1X — X5.8. Hon. R. T. Nesbitt,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

Louisiana Department of Agriculture. Circular 7. Series of 1891.
Report on Acreage and Yield of the Principal Crops by parishes
for the year 1891, etc. Circulars 1-6. Series of 1892. Reports on
Yield and Condition of Crops and on other matters relating to
Agriculture in the State. 7 pamphlets, 8.7X — X5.8. Baton
Rouge- 1891, 1892. Thomas S. Adams and H. C. Newsom,
Commissioners.

Louisiana State Agricultural Society. Programme of the Sixth Annual
Meeting, January 27, 28, and 29, 1892. Pamphlet, 8.5X— X5.7»
pp. 4. E. L. Woodside, Secretary.

\

REPORT or THE LIBRARY C030IITTEE. 405

Michigan Agricultural Reports, General Index of , Including the Trans-
actions of the State Agricultural Society, 1849-1859; and the
Annual Reports of the State Board of Agriculture, 1862-1888.
Black cloth, 9.4X1.X6.7, pp. 370. Lansing: 1889. Henry G.
Reynolds, Secretar}'.

Michigan State Board of Agriculture. Annual Reports. Twenty-fourth
to Twenty-ninth. 1884-'85 to 1889-'90. 6 vols, black cloth, 9.4-9 6
X. 8-1. 6X6.7-6.9, pp. 312, Ixxv, 317, 566, 596, 618, and 5.59; cuts,
Lansing : 1886-1890. Henry G. Reynolds, Secretary.

Iowa State Agricultural Society. Reports of the Secretary and [beginning
with 1880] Board of Directors. For 1864-'66, '68, '72-'75, '79-'82,
'84, '85, '87, '90 and '91. 17 volumes, black cloth, 9. X 1.-1.8X6.5.
Des Moines: 1865-1892. John R. Shaffer, Secretary.

Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. Annual Report for the year 1891,
Prepared by Robert W. Furnas, Secretary. Black cloth, 9.X1.X
6.1, pp. 385; 1 plate, cuts. Lincoln: 1892. Hon. Robert W.
Furnas, Brownville, Neb.

California State Agricultural Society. Transactions during the years
1868-9, 1872, 1875, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1884, 1885, 1887, 1888, 1889,
and 1891. 12 volumes, cloth, half-sheep, etc., 9.3X .5-2.1X6.7.
Sacramento: 1870-1892. Edwin F. Smith, Secretary.

Bevista Agricola de Imperial Institutu Flumineiise de Agricultura.
Publicada trimensalmente. Vols. 19-21, and No. 1, Vol. 22 1888-
1890. 3 volumes, unbound, I0.4X.6X7. Rio -laneiro : 1888-90.

Asociaeion Rural del Uruguay. Vol. 21. 1892. 24 pamphlets, 10. X —
X6. 8, pp. 575. Montevideo: 1892. The Association.

Sociedad Rural Argentina, Anales de la. Vol. 26. 1892. 12 pamphlets,
gray, 10.8X — X7.3, pp. 310. Buenos Aires : [1892.]

Giornale della Real Commissione di Agricoltura e Pastorizia per la Sicilia
e per la Scuola d'Orticoltura, Pomologia e Botanica. Anno
XXXXI. Fasc. II.— Quadrimestre II, and Fasc. III.— Quadri-
mestre III. 2 pamphlets, gray, 9. 3X .1X6.4, pp. 49-88. Palermo:
1892. The Royal Commission of Agriculture.

Cape Colony, Agricultural Journal published by the Department <pf
Agriculture of the. Vol. V, No. 13. October 20, 1892. Pamphlet,
12.7X — X8.7, pp. 185-200. Cape Town: 1892. P. MacOwan,
Director Botanic Garden, Cape Town.

MacOwan, Professor P., F. L. S. Heads of Reports presented to the
Government 1888-1891, by Professor MacOwan, as Consulent to
the Agricultural Department. Pamphlet, 9.7X — X6.1. pp. 7.
Professor MacOwan.

. Evidence on Vegetable Products, before the Commission on

Colonial Industries, July, 1891, given by P, MacOwan, Director
of the Botanic Gardens, Cape Town. Pamphlet, salmon-color,
8.5X — X5.5, pp. 19. Cape Town : 1891. The Author.

t

406 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Massachusetts, Commonwealth of. Resolves concerning the Establish-
ment of an Agricultural School. Pamphlet, 10. X — X6., pp. 2.
1850. Edward B Wilder.

— . Report of Commissioners concerning an Agricultural

School. January, 1851. Pamphlet, 10. X. 2X6.1, pp. 105. 1851.
Edward B. Wilder.

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Preliminary Report upon a plan for
the general arrangement of the premises of the Pamphlet, 9.3 X
.1X5.7, pp. 19. [1886?] Edward B. Wilder.

. Twenty-ninth Annual Report. January, 1892. Pam-
phlet, light brown, 9.2X.2X5.8, pp. 100; frontispiece, 1 colored
plate. Boston: 1892. H. H. Goodell, President.

Cornell University. Announcement of Courses in the College of Agricul-
ture, 1892-1893. Pamphlet, 7.5X — X5.3, pp. 20. Ithaca, N. Y. :
1892. The College.

Pennsylvania State College. Course of Home Readings in Agriculture.
Pamphlet, 8.5X— X5.5, pp. (3). The College.

. Short Winter Course in Agriculture. Pamphlet, 8.5 X

— X5.5, pp. (3). The College.

. Special Winter Course in Dairying. Pamphlet, 8.5X —

X5.5, pp. (3). The College.

New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Catalogue for
1891-1892, and Announcements for 1892-1893. Pamphlet, fawn,
8.7X.1X5.7, pp. 46. Las Cruces : 1892. The College.

Northrop, B. G. Menticulture and Agriculture; or What our Schools
should do for Agriculture. [From the Report of the Connecticut
Board of Education.] Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 1X5. 7, pp. 30. New
Haven: 1881. The Author.

DISEASES AND INSECTS.
Halsted, Dr. Byron D. The Influence upon Crops of neighboring Wild

Plants. Lecture . . . delivered at the Annual Meeting of the

New Jersey State Horticultural Society, at Trenton, December 18,

1891. Pamphlet, gray, 9. IX— X5. 9, pp. 13. Newark : 1892. The

Author.
Smith, Erwin F., Sc. D. The Chemistry of Peach Yellows. II.

[Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Pomological

Society for 1891.] Pamphlet, 7.7X — X5., pp. 16. The Author.
Spraying of Fruit Trees (and Protection of Bees). Pamphlet, 7.8X — X

5.2, pp. 4. [Toronto?: 1892.]
Ontario Entomological Society. Twenty-second Annual Report. 1891.

Pamphlet, salmon-color, 6.6X.2X6.4, pp. iv, 101 ; 18 cuts. Toronto :

1891. W. E. Saunders, Secretary.
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Special Report on the

Extermination of the Ocneria dispar or Gypsy Moth. Pamphlet,

EEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 407

9.2X.1X5.9, pp. 26; 1 colored and 4 plain plates, 1 map. Boston:
1892. Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary, State Board of
Agriculture.
New York, Injurious and Other Insects of the State of. Seventh
Report. By J. A. Lintner, Ph. D., State Entomologist. [From
the Forty-fourth Report of the New York State Museum.] Pam-
phlet, fawn, 9. 2X. 7X5.8, pp. 197-404, (1); 40 cuts, including 3
plates. Albany: 1891. Professor J. A. Lintner.

BOTANY.

Haller, Albert von. Opuscula sua botanica prius edita recensuit, retractavit,
auxit, conjuncta edidit. Boards, gray, 8.1X1.3X5.6, pp. (8), 396;
5 plates. Gottingae : 1749. Waldo 0. Ross.

— . Bibliotheca botanica, qua scripta ad rem herbariam

facientia a rerum initiis recensentur. 2 vols. Boards, buff, 10. X 2.
—2.5X8.4, pp. xvi, 654, and (4), 785. Tiguri : 1771, 1772.
Waldo O. Ross.

Candolle, Alphonse de. Reflexions sur les ouvrages generaux de
botanique descriptive. A I'occasion du dix-septieme et dernier
volume du Prodromus qui vient de paraitre. Pamphlet, drab,
8.7X— X5.7, pp. 25. Geneve: 1873. Charles S. Sargent.

Lagasca, Mariano. Genera et species plantarum, quae aut novae sunt aut
nondum recte cognoscuntur. Marbled paper, 7. 9 X. IX 5. 8, pp. (7),
35; 2 plates. Matriti : 1816. Charles S. Sargent.

Keller R. Ueber Erscheinungen des normalen Haarverlustes an Vegeta-
tionsorganen der Gefiisspflanzen. [Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.-
Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Band LV. Nr.
5.] Pamphlet, gray, 12. 7X. 1X9. 8, pp. 307-360; 3 plates, [11-13.]
Halle: 1890. Dr. C. H. Knoblauch.

Engelhardt, Hermann. Ueber die Flora der iiber den Braunkohlen
befindlichen Tertiiirschichten von Dux. Ein neuer Beitrag zur
Kenntniss der fossilen Pflanzen Nordbohmens. [Nova Acta der
Ksl. Leop. -Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Bd.
LVIl. Nr. 3.] Pamphlet, gray, black cloth back, 12. 7 X. 4X9. 7,
pp. (91) ; plates IV— XVIII. Halle : 1891. Dr. C. H. Knoblauch.

ECONOMIC BOTANY.
Jamaica Botanical Department. Bulletin. No. 25. November, 1891.
Ferns : Synoptical List — VI; Curing Nutmegs; Experiments in the
Cultivation of Vegetables — III. No. 26. December, 1891.
Ferns : Synoptical List— VII ; Dried Bananas and Plantain Meal ;
Ginger; Phasmidae or Stick Insects; Cinnamon; Arrowroot; Bay
Rum; Nutmegs. Nos. 27 and 2S. January and February, 1892
Report of the Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, for the
period ended 31st March, 1891. No. 30. April, 1892. Sugar-
Cane Borer; Gardening in Jamaica. No 31. May, 1892. Dis-
eased Banana Plants; Coco-Nut Disease at Montego Bay; Parch-

408 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ment Coffee ; Nutmegs ; Nutmegs in Banda ; Experiments in the
Cultivation of Vegetables — IV ; Manufacture of Castor Oil ; Log-
wood ; Casuarina. No. 32. June, 1892. Sisal Hemp; Professor
Huxley on Agricultural Education ; Preservation of Potatoes ;
Yield of Potatoes ; Onions ; Ferns : Synoptical List — IX. No. 33.
July, 1892. Drying Machines; Salsafy; Scorzonera; Potatoes;
Botanical Gardens in Java; Ferns: Synoptical List — X. No. 35.
September, 1892. Fibre Industry of Yucatan ; Disease in Sisal
Hemp in Turks Island; A Tree for Bee-Keepers ; Ferns; Synop-
tical List — XII; Contributions to the Library. 8 pamphlets, 13.6
X — X8 5. Kingston: 1891,1892. The Department of Agricul-
ture of the Leeward Islands.

Leeward Islands Gazette. Supplements for February 23, April 1, April
28, May 5, May 19, June 16, July 7, July 29, and September 15,
1892. (On) I. Cacao in Dominica. II. Returns of Eainfall
. . . in Antigua. III. Notes on Ticks. IV. Fibre-planting in
the Leeward Islands. V. Sisal Hemp in the Bahamas. VI. On
the use of the Lactometer for the detection of Adulterated Milk.
VII. Sugar-cane Pests : a Cane Killer in Dominica. VIII. The
Connection between Ticks and Cattle Disease. IX. Botanic
Station, Dominica. X. Botanic Station, Montserrat. XL The
Botanical Station, Antigua. 8 pamphlets, 10.6 11. X — X7.7-8.,pp.
34. [St. Johns, Antigua : 1892]. The Department of Agriculture, St.
Johns.

Debeaux, J.-O. Essai sur la Pharmacie et la matiere medicale des
Chinois. Pamphlet, pink, 8.9X. 3X5.7, pp. 120. Paris: 1865.
Charles S. Sargent.

Halsted, Byron D. Report of the Botanical Department. [From Annual
Report, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, 1890.] Pam-
phlet, 9.x. 3X5.7, pp. 323-453; 24 plates, 6 cuts. Trenton : 1891.

. Report . . . 1891. [Reports on Fungi, Weeds, etf.]

Pamphlet, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 235-340, 24 cuts. The Autlior.

TERRITORIAL BOTANY.

Macoun John. M. A., F. L. S., F. R. S. C, and Prof. N. C. Kindberg,
Ph.D. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part VI. Musci.
[Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada.] Pamphlet,
light blue, 9.9X.6X6.5, pp. v, (1), 295. Montreal: 1892. The
Author.

Penhallow, D. P. Notes on the Flora of St. Helen's Island, Montreal.
[Reprinted from the Canadian Record of Science, September, 1891.]
Pamphlet, 8.8X — X5.7, pp. 369-372. The Author.

. Notes on the Flora of Cacouna, P. Q. [Reprinted from the

Canadian Record of Science, December, 1891.] Pamphlet, 8.7X —
X5.9, pp. 432-460. The Author.

Tracy, Cyrus Mason. Studies of the Essex Flora : an Enumeration of all
Plants found Growing Naturally within the Limits of Lynn, Mass.,

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 409

and towns adjoining; with Notes as to Localities and Habits.
[Second edition.] Gray-green cloth, 7.9X.5X5.6. pp. 99. Lj-nn :
1892. Miss Mary T. Saunders.

Buckley, S. B. Description of some new species of Plants. [Of Alabama,
Georgia, Tennessee and Carolina.] Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5.4, pp. 170
-177. [American Journal of Science. Vol. XLV. 1843.] Charles
S. Sargent.

Oberlin College. Laboratory Bulletin No. 1. Preliminary List of the
Flowering and Fern Plants of Lorain County, Ohio. Compiled by
Albert A. Wright. Pamphlet, brown, 9.2X.1X6., pp. 30; 1 map.
Oberlin, Ohio: 1889. Azariah S. Root, Librarian.

Beal, W. J., M. S , Ph. D., and C. F. Wheeler, B. S. Michigan Flora.
Prepared for the Thirtieth Annual Report of the Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 2X. 4X6. 3, pp. 180;
1 map. Agricultural College : 1892. The Authors.

Bessey, Charles E., and Herbert J. Webber. Report of the Botanist on
the Grasses and Forage Plants of Nebraska [and] Catalogue of the
Flora of Nebraska. Protophyta — Anthophyta. By Herbert J.
Webber, M. A. [Extracted from the Report of the Nebraska State
Board of Agriculture for 1889.] Pamphlet, cream-color, 8.7X.3X
5.8, pp. 162; cuts. Lincoln: 1890. Charles S. Sargent.

Sxayth, Bernard B., Compiler and Publisher. Check List of the Plants
of Kansas. Showing all Locations and Finders of every Plant in
tlie State so far as known or reported. 1789 Flowering Plants and
164 Ferns and Mosses. Second Edition. Pamphlet, olive-green,
9.x. IX 6., pp. 34. Topeka: August, 1892. The Author.

rremont, J. C. Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Moun-
tains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the
years 1843-44. Slate-colored cloth, 9.3X.2X6., pp. 693; maps,
plates. Washington : 1845. Charhs S. Sargent.

Parry, C. C. On the Character of the persistent Snow-Accumulations in
the Rocky Mountains, Lat. 40^- 41° North, and certain features
pertaining to the Alpine Flora. [Transactions of the Academy of
Science of St. Louis. Read October 15, 1866.] Pamphlet, 10. X
— X6., pp. 532-543. [St. Louis: 1868.] Charles S. Sargent.

Orcutt, Charles Russell Flora of Southern and Lower California. A
Check-List of Flowering Plants and Ferns. Pamphlet, pink, 9.X —
X6.,pp. 13. San Diego : 1885. The Author.

Xiinnseus, Carl. Flora Lapponica, exhibens plantas per Lapponiam
crescentes, secundum systema sexuale, collectas in itinere impensis
Soc. Reg. Litter, et Sclent. Sueciai A. 1732 instituto. Etc. Calf,
7.7X1.1X5., pp. (39), 372, (15) ; frontispiece and 12 plates with
descriptive text. Amstelajdami: 1737. Charles S. Sargent.

Ruprecht, F. J. Flora Ingrica sive historia plantarum gubernii Petropoli-
tani. Vol. I. Half red morocco, 6. X 1.4X4.8, pp. xxvi, 670.
Petropoli : 1860. Charles S. Sargent.

Maximowicz, C. J. Diagnoses plantarum novarum Asiaticarum V, VI,
VII. Mai 1883, Fevrier 1886, Mars 1888. [Melanges biolo-

410 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

giques tires du Bulletin de I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences
de St. Petersbourg, t. XI etXII.] 3 pamphlets, gray and brown,
9.2-9.8X.3-.6X6.2-6.8, pp. 623-876; 3 plates :— pp. 415-572:— pp.
713-934; 4 plates [numbered 1-3 and 5.] Charles S. Sargent.

Debeaux, O. Contributions a la flore de la Chine. Fascicule I. Algues
marines recoltees en Chine pendant I'expedition fran^aise de 1860-
'62. [Extrait des Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, t.
XXX, pe liv., 1875.] Pamphlet, gray, 9.8X— X6.5, pp 18; 1
plate. Paris: 1875.

Fascicule II. Florule de Shang-Hai (province de Kiang-Sou)
compreuant I'enumeration des plantes spontanees ou generalement
cultivees dans cette localite. [Extrait des Actes, etc., t. XXX, 1"^^
et 2Miv., 1875.] Pamphlet, gray, 10.X.2X6.6, pp, 78. Paris:
1875.

Fascicule III. Florule du Tche-Fou (Province de Chan-tong).
[Extrait des Actes, etc., t. XXXI, 2^= liv., 1876]. Pamphlet, buff,
9. 9X. 4X6.5, pp. 191; 3 plates. Paris: 1877. Charles S. Sargent.
[Fasc. 4 wanting.]

MacOwan, P., F. L. S., Director of the Botanic Garden, Cape Town.
New Cape Plants, chiefly from those distributed by Messrs. Mac-
Owan and Bolus. [Extracted from the Linnean Society's Journal.
—Botany. Vol. XXV.] Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 8.7X— X5.6, pp
385-394. [London : 1890 ] The Author.

BOTANICAL MONOGRAPHS.

Trelease, William. A Revision of the American Species of Rumex
occurring north of Mexico. [From the Third Annual Report of the
Missouri Botanical Garden.] Issued April 12, 1892. Maroon
flexible covers, 9.X.2X6., pp. 73-98; plates 13-33. The Author.

. Detail Illustrations of Yucca and Description of Agave

Engelnianni. [From the Third Annual Report of the Missouri
Botanical Garden.] Issued May 28, 1892. Pamphlet, terra-cotta,
9.X.'^X6., pp. 159-168; plates 1-12, 44-56.

Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de. Sur la famille nouvelle des plantes Poly-
galees. [Memoires du Museum, (I. 1815).] Pamphlet, blue,
10.5X — X8.5, pp. 305-392. Charles S. Sargent.

— . Memoire sur les Lobeliacees et les Stylidiees,

nouvelles families de Plantes. [Annales du Museum d'histoire
naturelle. (XVIII, 1811).] Pamphlet, blue, 10.6X— X8.3, pp.
19. Charles S. Sargent.

— . Memoire sur les genres de plantes a ajouter ou

retrancher aux families des Primulacees, Rhinanthees, Acanthees,
Jasminees, Verbenacees, Labiees et Personees. [Annales du
Museum d'Histoire naturelle. XIV, 1809.] Pamphlet, blue-gray,
11.6X—X8. 7, pp. 384-396. Charles S. Sargent.

. Observations sur la famille des Plantes verbenacees.

[Annales du Museum d'histoire naturelle. VII, 1806.] Pamphlet,
buff, 11.5X.1X9., pp. 63-76. Charles S. Sargent.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 411

Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de. Observations sur la famille des plantes

amarantacees. [Also] CandoUe, A. P. de. Memoire sur le Vieus-

seuxia, genre de la famille des Iridees. ' [Annales du Museum

d'histoire naturelle. II, 1803.] Pamphlet, gray-blue, 11. 3X — X

8.7, pp. 131-141. Charles S. Sargent.
CandoUe, Alphonse de. Second Memoire sur la famille des Myrsineacees.

(Lu a la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve, le

15 avril 1841.) [Extrait des Annales des Sciences naturelles.

Vol. XVI., p. 65. Aout 1841.] [And] Troisieme memoire, etc.

[Extrait des Annales des Sciences naturelles. Vol. XVI, pp. 129.

Sept. 1841.] Pamphlet, green, 9.2X.2X5.8, pp. 33 and 48; plates

5-9. Charles S. Sargent.
St. Hilaire, Auguste de. Memoire sur la nouvelle famille des Vochisiees.

[Memoires du Museum. VI. 1820?]. Pamphlet, blue, 10. 6X —

X8 6, pp. 253-270. Charles S. Sargent.
Cambessedes, Jacques. Monographic du genre Spiraea, precedee de

quelques considerations genferales sur la famille des Rosacees.

[Extrait des Annales des Sciences naturelles, avril 1824.] Half

black leather, 8.7X.5X5.6, pp. 58; plates 15-17, 25-28. Paris:

1824. Charles S. Sargent.

BOTANICAL SOCIETIES.
Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin. Edited by Nathaniel Lord Britton and

other members of the Club. Vol. 19. 1892. Half green morocco,

9. X. 7X6.1, pp. 15, 392; plates cxxiii-cx.xxiii. New York: 1892.

The Club.
Edinburgh Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Sessions

LV and LVI, 1891. [Vol. XIX.] 3 pamphlets, fawn, 9. X. 2X5. 7,

pp. 89-231 ; plates 2, 3. The Society.

BOTANIC GARDENS.

Missouri Botanical Garden. Third Annual Report. 1. Reports for the
year 1891. 2. Anniversary Publications. 3. Scientific Papers:
a. Revision of North American Species of Rumex, by William
Trelease. h. The Yucca Moth and Yucca Pollination, by Profes-
sor Charles V. Riley, c. Notes and Observations : — Detail Illus-
trations of Yucca. Agave Engelmanni, n. sp. Parmelia moUius-
cula, Ach. Dark olive-green cloth, 9.8X1.2X6.6, pp. 170;
frontispiece, 57 plates. St. Louis : 1892. William Trelease,
Director.

Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information.
1S91. Boards, green cloth back, 9.5X1.X5.9, pp. ii, 327, 77; 1
plate. London: 1S91. W. T. Thistieton Dyer, Director.

Walther, Augustin Friedrich. Designatio plantarum quas hortus August.
Friderici Waltheri, Pathologiai Professoris Lipsiensis, complectitur.
Accedunt novie plantarum icones XXIV. Half calf, 7.8X1.2X5.,
pp. (2), 171, (1); 24 plates. Lipsia; : 1735. Charles S. Sargent.

412 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES.
Ottawa Naturalist. The Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists'

Club. Vol. 5, Nos. 9-11, January to March, 1892. pp. 161-2U.

Vol. 6, Nos. 1-8, May to December, 1892. pp. 140. Ottawa:

1892. William Scott, Librarian.
Soston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. XXV. Parts

III and IV. November, 1891— May, 1892. Pamphlet, tea, 9.8X.7

X6.2, pp. 305-523; plates 10-16, cuts. Boston: 1892. The

Society.
— . Memoirs. Vol. IV, Number X. Fusion of

Hands. By Thomas Dwight, M. D,, LL.D. Pamphlet, tea, 11.7

X— X9., pp. 473-486; plates 43 and 44. Boston: 1892. The

Society.
Essex Institute, Bulletin. Vol. 22. Nos. 7, 8, 9. Vol. 23, Nos. 1, 2, 3.

and 7-12. Vol. 24, Nos. 1-6. Pamphlets, 9.7X.2X6.2. Salem:

1890-1892. The Institute.
Iowa, State University of, Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural

History of the. Vol. II, No. 2. Pamphlet, olive-green, 9.8X.6X

6.3, pp. 99-193; 13 plates. Iowa City: June, 1892. The Editors.
St. Louis Academy of Science. Transactions. Vol. V, Nos. 3 and 4,

1888-1891. Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X1.X6.5, pp. 17-37, xxxi-lvi, 337-

629; plates 10-15, cuts. St. Louis: 1892.

Vol. VI, No. 1. Contributions from the Shaw School of Botany.

No. 9. Appendix to the Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska. By

H. J. Webber. Pamphlet, gray, 9. IX. 1X6.1, pp. 47. Issued

March 12, 1892. [St. Louis : 1892.]

Vol. VI, No. 2. A Geometrical Construction for finding the foci

of the sections of a cone of revolution. By Edmund A. Engler.

Pamphlet, gray, 9.2X— X6.1, pp. 49-55. Issued April 15, 1892.

[St. Louis : 1892.] The Academy.
Oberlin College, Laboratory Bulletin. No. 2. Descriptive List of the

Fishes of Lorain County, Ohio. By Lewis M. McCormick.

Pamphlet, blue-gray, 9. X. 2X5. 9, pp. 34; map, 14 plates. Oberlin,

Ohio : 1892. Azariah S Root, Librarian.
Elmira Academy of Sciences. Proceedings. Vol. I, No. 1, June, 1891.

Pamphlet, gray, 9. IX. 2X5.7, pp. 70; cuts. Elmira, N. Y. : 1891.

R. A. Hall, Secretary.
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Journal. Vol. VIII. — Part second.

July-December, 1891. Pamphlet, blue, 9. X. 2X5. 9, pp. 29-131;

2 plates, cuts. Raleigh, (N. C.) : 1892. F. P. Venable, Secretary.
Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. Ill, No. 2.

Proceedings and Accompanying Papers, 1887-1889. Pamphlet,

light brown, 9. 3X. 2X6.2, pp. 161-292; 1 plate. Minneapolis:

1891. C. S. Fellows, Corresponding Secretary.
California Academy of Sciences. Proceedings. Second series. Vol.

Ill, Part I. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 7X. 5X6.2, pp. 182,25; 2 plates.
1891. The Academy.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 413

Leopoldina. Amtliches Organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinischen
Deutscheu Akademie der Naturforscher. Etc. Siebenundzwan-
zigstes Heft.— Jahrgang 1891. Pamphlet, blue, 12. 6X. 3X9. 7, pp.
(4), 208; 1 plate. Halle: 1891. Dr. C. H. Knoblauch.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Candolle, Aug.-Pyr. de. Notice historique sur la vie et les travaux de
M. Desfontaines. [Extrait des Ann. des Sc. nat., 2^ serie, mars,
1834.] Pamphlet, blue, 9.6X— X6.6, pp. 22; 1 p. facsimile.
Charles S. Sargent.

Earl Theodor Mohr. Ein biographische Skizze. Mit Einleitung :
Aphorismen zur Geschichte der Pharmacie. Abdruck aus Dr. Fr.
Hoffmann's " Pharmaceutische Rundschau." Pamphlet, tea, 11. 2X
— X8.1, pp. 12; portrait. New York: 1887. Dr. Charles Mohr,
Mobile, Ala.

Camerarius, Joachim. Symbolum et emblematum ex re herbaria desum-
torum centuria una collecta, etc. Half vellum, 7.5X1.X5.8, pp.
(12), leaves numbered 1-110, pp. (14); 100 wood cuts. Norim-
bergae : 1590. Col. Henry W. Wilson.

New York Microscopical Society. Journal. Vol. 8, 1892. 4 pamphlets,
fawn, 9. 3X. 1X5. 9, pp. 120; plates 29-37. New York : 1892. The
Society.

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Proceedings of the Thirty-ninth
Annual Meeting, held December 10, 1891, etc. Pamphlet, gray,
9.X.2X5.8, pp. 100; portrait. Madison: 1892. Daniel S. Durrie,
Librarian.

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U. S. A. 1893. Classification
and Rules, Department of Horticulture. Pamphlet, blue, 9. X. IX
6., pp. 20; map, plan, 1 colored and 1 plain plate. [Chicago:
1892.] J. M. Samuels, Chief of the Department of Horticulture.

Joly, Charles. Note sur I'Exposition universelle de Chicago. [Extrait du
Journal de la Societe nationale d'Horticulture de France. Cahier
de mars 1892, pp. 149-151.] Pamphlet, blue, 8.6X — X5.4, pp. 3.
The Author.

Harvard University, Library of. Bibliographical Contributions. Edited
by Justin Winsor, Librarian. No. 45. Notes on Special Collec-
tions in American Libraries. By William Coolidge Lane, Assistant
Librarian, and Charles Knowles Bolton, Assistant in Harvard
College Library. Pamphlet, 10. X. IX 6.8, pp. 82. Cambridge:
1892.

Salem (Mass.) Public Library. Third Report of the Trustees. Decem-
ber, 1891. Pamphlet, olive, 6.5X.1X9.7, pp. 19. Salem: 1892.
The Trustees.

Lancaster, Mass., Library Committee of. Twenty-ninth Annual Report.
1891, 1892. Pamphlet, light brown, 9.X.2X5.6, pp. 17, 67. Clin-
ton : 1892. Katharine M. Marvin, Librarian.

13

414 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Astor Library. Forty -third Annual Report of the Trustees, for the year

1891. Pamphlet, light blue, 9.x. IX 5. 8, pp. 38. New York • 1892.
The Trustees.

St, Louis Public Library. Annual Report. 1890, 1891. Pamphlet, tea,

'8.9X.1X5.9, pp. 66. St. Louis: 1892. Frederick M. Crunden,

Librarian.
San Francisco Free Public Library. Report ... for the Fiscal

Year Ending June 30, 1892. Pamphlet, pale green, 8.7X— X5.8,

pp. 16. San Francisco : 1892. The Librarian.
Bookworra, The. No. 60. November, 1892. [Contains an article "A

Horticultural Library," (that of J. H. Krelage).] Pamphlet,

gray, 9. 6X. 1X6.6, pp. 353-380; portrait. London: [1892]. Mr.

Krelage.
United States Bureau of Education. Report of the Commissioner for

the year 1888-1889. 2 vols. Black cloth, 9.1X1.7-2.5X6.3, pp.

LIX, 669; VI, 671-1669. Washington: 1891. W. T. Harris,

Commissioner.
. Circulars of Information, Nos. 2, 4-9, 1891, and

1, 1892. 8 pamphlets, tea, 9.X .1-1. X5.8. Washington: 1891,

1892. Hon. Wm. T. Harris, Commissioner.

"Watson, William, Ph.D. Papers on Technical Education. Read before

the Society of .4rts of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Pamphlet, tea, 9. 2X. IX 5.8, pp. 55. Boston: 1872. The Author.
The Horaes of our Farmers. [From the Report of the Secretary of the

Connecticut Board of Education.] Pamphlet, gray, 9.2X — X5.8,

pp. 21. New Haven : 1882. B. G. Northrop.
Northrop, Birdsey Grant, LL.D. Education Abroad and other papers.

Terra-cotta cloth, 9.3X.7X6., pp. vi, 5-176. New York and

Chicago: 1873. The Author.

. " The New Departure." Reprinted from the new

International Magazine "Education." Pamphlet, tea, 9.3X — X
5.8, pp. 24. New Haven: 1881. The Author.

. The Legal Prevention of Illiteracy. A Paper reprinted,

with additions, from the Report of the Connecticut Board of Educa-
tion for 1875. Pamphlet, 7.4X— X5., pp. 28. New York: 1878.
The Author.

and Dwight Holbrook. The Reading of Our Boys and

Girls. [From the Report of the Secretary of the Connecticut
Board of Education.] Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX — X5.7, pp. 36. New
Haven : 1882. B. G. Northrop.

Bowdoin College and the Medical School of Maine. Catalogue. 1892-

1893. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 9. X. IX 5. 9, pp. 63. Brunswick:
1892. Rev. Wm. De Witt Hyde, President.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Annual Catalogue. 1891-1892.
Pamphlet, fawn, 9. IX. 5X5. 9, pp. 243. Boston: 1892. The
Institute.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 415

Massachusetts lostitute of Technology. Annual Report of the President
and Treasurer. December 9, 1891. Pamphlet, fawn, 9. IX .1X5.8,
pp.71. Boston: 1892. The Institute.

Yale University. Report of the President, for the year ending December
31, 1891. Pamphlet, gray, 8.8X. 1X5.8, pp.80. [New Haven] :
1892. The University.

Noah Porter, D. D., LL.D. Address delivered at the Funeral service of
President Porter, March 7, 1892, by President D wight. Pamphlet,
gray, 8.8X — X5.8, pp. 14. New Haven: 1892. Yale University.

Boston Asylum and Farm School for Indigent Boys, Thompson's Island.
Report of the Board of Managers. 1892. Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X —
X5.8, pp. 18, (3); 3 plates. Boston: 1892. Charles H. Bradley,
Superintendent.

United. States Department of State. Commercial Relations of the
United States with Foreign Countries during the years 1887 and
1888, 1888 and 1889, and 1890 and 1891. (Annual Reports from the
Consuls of the United States on the Commerce, Manufactures, In-
dustries, etc., of their several districts for the above years.)
3 volumes, red cloth, 9.2X1.3X6. Washington: 1889, 1891, and
1892. Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State.

ITnited. States Consular Reports. Nos. 133-145. October, 1891, to
October, 1892, inclusive. 13 pamphlets, blue, 9. X. 4X5. 7. Wash-
ington : 1891, 1892. Hon. J. G. Blaine and Hon. J. W. Foster,
Secretaries of State.

. Special Reports.

Vol. 1. Part 2, Files in Spanish America. Pamphlet, terra-
cotta, 8.9 X. IX 5. 7, pp. 239-266. Washington: 1890.

Vol. 5. Canals and Irrigation in Foreign Countries. Pamphlet,
terra-cotta, 8.9X1.2X5.8, pp. v, 501; maps, plans, etc. Washing-
ton: 1891.

Vol. 6. Coal and Coal Consumption in Spanish America. — Gas
in Foreign Countries. — India Rubber : The Rubber Trade. Manu-
factures and Trade. 3 pamphlets, terra-cotta, 8.9X.1-.5X5.7,
pp.601. Washington : 1891 and 1892.

Vol. 7, (part 1). The Stave Trade in Foreign Countries.
Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 8.9X.3X5.7, pp. iv, 128. Washington:
1892. Hon. J. G. Blaine, Secretary of State.

United States Department of the Interior. Report of the Secretary for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891. Pamphlet, blue, 9. X. 4X5. 8,
pp. iv, 171. Washington: 1891. J. D. W. French.

. Annual Report of the Commissioner of the

General Land OfBce for the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1891 : dated
September 23, 1891. Pamphlet, blue, 9.X.2X5. 8, pp. 66; 1 plate.
Washington: 1891. J. D. W. French.

. U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey

of the Rocky Mountain Region. J. W. Powell in charge. Contri-
butions to North American Ethnology. Vol. VI. The Cegiha

416 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Language. By James Owen Dorsey. Dark claret-colored cloth,
11.9X.2X9. 3, pp. xviii, 794. Washington: 1890. J.W.Powell,
Director of the Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution. Annual Reports of the Board of Regents, show-
ing the operations, expenditures and condition of the Institution.
1886-1890. [Part I of each year.] 5 vols.

1886-1889. [Part II of each year]. Reports of the U. S.
National Museum. 4 vols.
Black cloth, 9.2X1.8— 2.7X6.2, plates, etc. Washington: 1889-

1891. S. P. Langley, Director Smithsonian Institution.
. Bureau of Ethnology. Omaha and Ponka Letters. By

James Owen Dorsey. Pamphlet, blue-gray, 9. 7X .3X6.2, pp. 127.
Washington: 1891. J. W. Powell, Director.

. Catalogue of Pre-historic Works East of the Rocky Moun-
tains. By Cyrus Thomas. Pamphlet, blue-gray, 9.7X.6X6., pp.
246; maps. Washington: 1891. J. W. Powell, Director.

. Bureau of Ethnology. Bibliography of the Algonquian

Languages, by James Constantiae Pilling. Tea-colored paper, 9.7 X
1.7X6.1, pp. X, 614; plates [facsimiles of title-pages, etc.]. Wash-
ington : 1891. The Institution.

Brown, J. C, LL.D., etc., Compiler. People of Finland in Archaic
Times : being sketches of them given in the Kalevala, and in other
national works. Brown paper, 7.2X.7X5., pp. (5), 290. London:

1892. The Author.

American Congregational Association. Thirty-ninth Annual Report of
the Directors. Presented May 24, 1892. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X.1
X5.8, pp. 17, (2). Boston: 1892. Rev. Wm. H. Cobb, Librarian.

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Horticultural Times and Covent Garden Gazette.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of Botany.

Grevillea.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Lyon Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et For^ts.

Repertoire de Legislation et de Jurisprudence forestieres.

Journal des Roses.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY C03HJM1TTEE. 417

Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et fitrangere.

Journal des Orchidees.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.
American. — Country Gentleman.

Garden and Forest.

Meehan's Monthly.

Agricultural Science.

American Naturalist.

American Journal of Science.

Zoe.

Periodicals Received in Exchange.

Canadian Horticulturist.

American Gardening.

Amateur Gardening.

Gardening.

Wiener lUustrirte Garten-Zeitung.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

The Mayflower,

Success with Flowers.

Seed-Time and Harvest.

Fruits and Flowers.

Americtin Florist.

Florists' Exchange.

Orchard and Garden.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Forest Leaves.

Botanical Gazette.

Pittonia.

West American Scientist.

Maine Farmer.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

Our Country Home.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New-Yorker.

Metropolitan and Rural Home.

Farm Journal.

National Stockman and Farmer.

Farm and Vineyard.

Germantown Telegraph.

418 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch, Farmer and Fruit Grower.

Prairie Farmer.

Orange Judd Farmer.

The Industrialist.

Pacific Rural Press.

Canadian Entomologist.

Good Roads.

Cottage Hearth.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning Journal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

Boston Commonwealth.

Boston Times.

New York Weekly World.

Jeffersonian Republican.

REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

The Transactions of the Society, Part I for 1892, and Part II
for 1891, having been sent by mail to every member of the Society,
it is hardly necessary to say that the arrears in this department
have been brought up. Nevertheless, I may be permitted to
express my satisfaction that I can make this report, and to say
that but for the failure to return promptly papers read at the
meetings for discussion, by writers who had taken them home for
revision, and other circumstances entirely beyond my control, the
Transactions would have been completed at least two months
earlier than they were.

Owing to the worn condition of the copperplate of our diplomas,
none had been given to members, as provided in the Constitution
and By-Laws, for some years, but heliotype copies have been
made within the year now closing, one of which has been sent to
every member, including Honorary and Corresponding, who had
not already received one, the number being about three hundred
and fifty. Work in other directions which had fallen in arrears,
owing to the necessity of devoting as much time as possible to the
publications, has also been brought up, and still other remains to
be brought up, which will be done as speedily as possible.

The Card Catalogue of the books in the Library has been com-
pleted as far as writing the cards is concerned, but these must be
verified and arranged before the Catalogue can be of use in finding
books. A part of this has been done, but much the greater part
remains to be done.

As mentioned in the report of the Library Committee, several
valuable sets of horticultural journals and publications of botani-
cal societies have been acquired in the past year. Four of these

420 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sets, comprising 128 volumes, have been placed in the " back
row" behind other books, because there was absolutely no other
place for them, and soon even this resource will be exhausted.

The work of completing imperfect sets of books has not been
lost sight of, but has been steadily pursued, and as a gratifying
instance of success I may mention, that the Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society (London) ceased to be added to the Library
after the completion of the First Series in 1855. When in 1881
application was made to the Royal Horticultural Society for the
five volumes of the Second Series which had then been published,
it appeared that the stock in the hands of the Society was ex-
hausted and that the volumes were out of print. The later vol-
umes were, however, received from the Society in exchange for
our own publications, and a bookseller in London was requested
to procure the others as they might be offered at second hand.
Several parts were received in this way and a steady watch was
kept here for any that might be offered in book catalogues coming
into our hands, and thus several more were acquired from a book-
seller in Leipsic. In this way all the numbers have been " picked
up," until now our set of the publications of that honored Society
is complete, including the quarto Transactions extending back to
1805 — ten valuable and costly volumes, with many colored plates
— the First Series of the Journal (octavo), from 1846 to 1855,
and the Second Series, from 1866 to the present time.

I have before remarked on the accelerated increase of the library.
If any evidence of the continuance of this increasingly rapid
growth is necessary, it may be found in the fact that the list of
Library Accessions preceding this report is of nearly twice the
length of the same list in any previous year.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

1,863 74

1,930 22

Massachusetts Horticultural Societt, in account current to Decemher
31, 1892, with Charles E. Richardson, Treasurer.

1892. Dr.

Dec. 31. To amount paid on account of the Library
during 1892, viz. :
For books, periodicals, and binding . $282 67
From income of Stickney Fund, ex-
pended for books .... 668 74

$951 41

To amount paid for Furnitdre and Exhibi-
tion ware $1,874 69

Less amount received from sale of vases . 10 95

To Interest on Funds for Prizes, credited

below $1,892 72

To Interest paid on $10,000 bonds for

Sinking Fund 37 50

To Prizes awarded in 1891, paid in 1892,
as follows :
For Plants ....

" Flowers

" Fruits

" Vegetables ....

" Gardens and Greenhouses

" Hunnewell Prizes for Rhododen

drons ....
" Special Prize, Francis Brown Hayes

To amount paid on Window Garden Commit-
tee account, 1891

" " Window Garden Commit-

tee account, 1892 . . . . 91 75

" " Salaries of Secretary and

Assistant and Treas-
urer $3,300 00

" " Salaries of mem-

bers of Com-
mittees 1,043 00

4,343 00

. $1,648 37

. 1,649 88

1,674 63

946 22

325 00

105 00

8 50 00

6,299 10

69 76

Amounts carried over, $4,343 00 $11,205 97

422 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amounts broiKjhi over ^4,343 00 $11,206 97

To iiiuount paid on extra soivicos in Library . 825 65
" ton $1,000 bonds Gonoral
Eleotric Co. for Sinking
Fnnd .... 10,000 00

•• " account of Coniniitteo on

Publication aud Discus-
sion ....

" paid for Heating ....

*' " Labor, including Janitor

and Fireman

" " Taxes for 1892 .

•* " Insurance

•' " City Water Kates

" •' Card Catalogue

" paid on account of Coniniittee of
Arrangements

•* paid for Hepairs ....

*' " Lighting ....

" " Incidentals

*' paid on account of Committee on
Old and Interesting Trees

" paid for Stationery, Printing, and
Postage ....

Total Payments of 18!>L'

Balance of Cash on hand. December 31. 18;)'2

1892. Or.
Jan. 1. By Balance from account rendered De-
cember 31, 1891 $16,125 82

By Income from Building in 18i>2:

Kent of Stores . $17,033 84

" Halls . . . 5.415 07

$22,448 41

By Income from Mount Auburn Cemetery . 5,307 78
" Received Massachusetts State Bounty . 600 00
" " Annual Exhibitions, gross re-

ceipts . . $2,145 75

Less Expenses . 992 76

1,152 99

" •' from Admissions and Assess-
ments 1,192 00

242 75

437 03

1,821 15

2,580 00

486 00

96 33

18 00

300 00

461 69

1,120 25

696 67

GO 65

2,383 09

25,828

26

$87,084

23

12,417

19

$49,451

42

Avtounis carn'fd oirr, $30,791 18 $16,125 82

treasurer's report. 423

Amounts brought over, $30,791 18 $16,125 82

By Interest received on Bonds . $205 00
" " " on Deposit

in Bank . 326 45
" " " from all other

sources . 25 00

656 45

" Received from sales of History . . 8 50

" " " " duplicate book of

Stickney Fund . . 1 75

•' " " Francis Brown Hayes for

Special Prize . . 50 00

" " " A. K. Loring on account 25 00

" Interest credited to the following Funds
against charges opposite :
Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000,

at 5% $50 00

John A. Lowell Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

Theodore Lyman Fund, $11,000,

at 5% 550 00

Josiah Bradley Fund, $1,000, at

5% 50 00

Benjamin V. French Fund, $500,

at 6% 25 00

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $4,000,

at 5% 200 00

William J. Walker Fund,

$2,354.43, at 5% . . . 117 72
Levi Whitcomb Fund, $500, at

5% 25 00

Benjamin B. Davis Fund, $500,

at 5% 25 00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

John Lewis Russell Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, $12,000,

amount 700 00

1,892 72
$33,325 60

$49,451 42
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.
Boston, December 31, 1892.

Audited and approved,

H. H. Hunnewell, | j,.^^^^^

Nathaniel T. Ividdek. ^ Committee.
Frederick L. Ames, J

424 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

December 31, 1892.

ASSETS.

Real Estate $250,000 00

Furniture and Exhibition Ware .... 6,239 74

Library 31,597 46

Stereotype Plates and copies of History . . 264 50

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Bonds, 7% . 1,500 00

Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield R. R. Bonds, 5% 1,980 00
General Electric Company's Bonds, 5% . . 10,000 00

A. K. Loring 359 41

Cash 12,417 19

$314,358 30

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage . . • $1,000 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, payable to Harvard Col-
lege, 1899 12,000 00

Prize Funds invested in the Building, viz. :

Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000 00

John A. Lowell " 1,000 00

Theodore Lyman " 11,000 00

Josiah Bradlee " 1,000 00

Benjamin V. French " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 2,500 00

William J. Walker " 2,354 43

Levi Whitcomb " 500 00

Benjamin B. Davis " 500 00

$20,354 43

Prize Funds invested in Bonds :

H. H. Hunnewell Fund $1,500 00

Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

John Lewis Russell " 1,000 00

3,500 00

23,854 43

Window Garden Committee's unpaid balance of

accounts, 1892 158 25

Prizes for 1892 due and unpaid .... 7,550 00

44,562 68

Surplus $269,795 62

CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

treasurer's report. 425

Membership Account, December 31, 1892.

Number of Life Members per last report . . . 558

Added during 1892 14

Commuted from Annual 5

577

Deceased .28

549

Number of Annual Members per last report . . . 223
Added during 1892 24

247

Commuted to Life Membership 5

Deceased • . 5

Dropped by request 2

" for non-payment for two years . . . 1

13

234

Present membership ...... . . 733

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

14 new Life Members, @ $30 $420 00

5 transferred to Life, @ f20 100 00

24 new Annual Members, @ $10 240 00

Assessments ........... 432 00

$1,192 00
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

426

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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MOUNT AUBUHN CEMETERY. 427

Massachusetts Horticultural Society

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following Expenditures, for grading new lands
for sale during the year 1892 :

Glen Avenue.

91i days, man and horse ...... $343 12

$343 12

Birch to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.

37i days, men $84 38

Hi days, man and horse ...... 43 13

127 51

Spruce to Mound Avenues.

30i days, men $68 62

I day, man and horse 2 81

71 43

$542 06

One-fourth of $542 06 is $135 51

Mount Auburn, December 31, 1892.

J. W. LOVERING,

Supt. of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1892, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH,

Treasurer.

assat^Msetts portkultaral Sorietj*

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1893.

President.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, OF Milton.

Vice-Presidents.
CHARLES H. B. BRECK, OF BRIGHTON. CHARLES S. SARGENT, OF Bkookline.
FREDERICK L. AMES, of No. Easton. FRANCIS H. APPLETON, OF Peabody.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, OF Cambridge.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, OF Salem.*

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, OF Brookline.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, OF Cambridge.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
E. W. WOOD, OF West Newton.

Delegate to the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

WILLIAM C. STRONG, OF WabAn.

•Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed
to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES. 429

0tai)dii)g doii\ir\ittee^.

Executive.
The President, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Chairman.
The Chairman of the Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL, EX OFFICIO.
WILLIAM C. STRONG. BENJAMIN C. CLARK.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER. WALTER HUNNEWELL.

PATRICK NORTON.

Finance.
H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, of Boston, Chairman.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER. FREDERICK L. AMES.

Publication and Discussion.

O. B. HADWEN, OF Worcester, Chairman.
J. D. W. FRENCH. C. MINOT WELD.

For Establishing Prizes.
CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES,

AND GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS.
CHARLES M. ATKINSON. J. WOODWARD MANNING, Jr.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, OF Canton, Chairman.
THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, AND THE

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS.
J. D. W. FRENCH. EDWIN FAXON.

GEORGE W. HUMPHREY. WILLIAM J. STEWART.

Gardens.

JOHN G. BARKER, OF Jamaica Plain, Chaikman.

CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND

VEGETABLES, EX OFFICIIS.
HENRY W. WILSON. JACKSON DAWSON.

Plants.
DAVID ALLAN, OF Cliftondale, Chairman.
JAMES COMLEY. WILLIAM ROBINSON.

A. C. BOWDITCH. JAMES WHEELER.

14

430 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Plo^wers.
ARTHUR H. FEWKES, OF Newton Highlands, Chairman.
MICHAEL H. NORTON. WILLIAM J. MARTIN.

E. H. HITCHINGS. J. WOODWARD MANNING, JR.

Fruits.
E. W. WOOD, OF West Newton, Chairman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. O. B. HAD WEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. WARREN FENNO. J. WILLARD HILL.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, OF l^EWTON, Chairman.
CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. VARNUM FROST. WARREN H. HEUSTIS.

P. G. HANSON. JOHN C. HOVEY. WILLIAM H. HUNT.

Committee of Arrangements.
JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, of Boston, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS.
ROBERT FARQUHAR.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes in residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly communi-
cating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose names are marked thus f.

Adams, Luther, Brighton.

Albro, Charles, Taunton.

Alger, Rev. R. F., Becket.

Allan, David, Cliftondale.

Ames, Frank M., Canton.

Ames, Frederick L., North Easton.

Ames, George, Boston.

Ames, Hon. Oliver, Boston.

Ames, Preston Adams, Boston.

Amory, Charles, Boston.

Amory, Frederick, Boston,

Andrews, Charles L., Milton.

Andrews, Frank W., Washington,

D. C.
Andros, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis H., Peabody.
fAppleton, William S., Boston.
Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.
Avery, Hon. Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M. D., Brookline.

Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfield, Francis L., M. D., Worces-
ter.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnard, Samuel, Belmont.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William H. Boston.
fBarney, Levi C, Boston.

Barratt, James, East Pasadena, Cal.
Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.
Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.
Bates, Hon. Amos, Hingham.
Beal, Leander, Boston.
Becker, Frederick C, Cambridge.
Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.
Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blake, Arthur W., Brookline.
Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.
Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.
Blaney, Henry, Salem.
Blinn, Richard D., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Boston.
Bocher, Prof. Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
Botume, John, Wyoming.
Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, AzellC, Somerville.
Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William H., Boston.
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.
Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
tBrigham, William T., Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.

432

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brintnall, Benjamin, Charlestown.
Brooks, J. Henry, Milton.
Brow^n, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S.
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
Brown, George Barnard, Brookline.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Bruce, Nathaniel F., Billerica.
BuUard, John R., Dedliani.
Bullard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, Southborough.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
-Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfield, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cabot, Edward C, Brookline.
Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.
Cains, William, South Boston.
Calder, Augustus P., Boston.
Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.
Capen, John, Boston.
Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.
Carr, Hon. John, Roxbury.
fCarruth, Charles, Boston.
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington.
Cartwright, George, Dedham.
Chadbourne, Marshall W., Mount

Auburn.
Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston.
Chapin, Nathaniel G., Brookline.
Chase, Andrew J., Lynn.
Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.
tChase, George B., Boston.
Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Childs, Nathaniel R., Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, Hon. William, Newtonville.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.

Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, J. Warren, Rockville.
fClark, Orus, Boston.
Clarke, Miss CoraH., Jamaica Plain.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, Henry Sargent, Brookline.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Mount Auburn.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Cottle, Henry C, Boston.
Cowing, Walter H., West Roxbury.
Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxbury.
Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston.
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
fCrowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Cummings, Hon. John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
fCushing, Robert M., Boston.

fDaggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.
Dana, Charles B., Wellesley.
Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester.
Davenport, George E., Medford.
fDavenport, Henry, Boston.
Davis, John, Lowell.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Day, William F., Roxbury.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

433

Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston.
Dickerman, George H., Somerville.
Dike, Charles C. , Stoneham.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W. W., Andover.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, F. J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.
Edgar, William, Waverly.
tEldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
Ellicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Elliot, Mrs. John W., Boston.
Elliott, William H., Brighton.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Eustis, William C, Hyde Park.
Everett, William, Dorchester.
Ewell, Warren, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Boston.
Falconer, William, Glencove, N. Y.
Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.
Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale.
Farqubar, John K. M. L., Roxbury.
Farquhar, Robert, Boston.
Faxon, John, Quincy.
Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.
Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.
Fisher, David, Montvale.
Fisher, James, Roxbury.
fFisher, Warren, Boston.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston.
Fleming, Edwin, West Newton.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.
Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.
Flint, David B., Boston.
Flynt, William N., Monson.
Forster, Edward J., M. D., Boston.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, S. Waldo, Parley Vale.

Galloupe, Charles W., Swampscott.

Galvin, John, Boston.

fGardner, Henry N., Mount Auburn.

Gardner, John L., Brookline.

Gibbs, Wolcott, M. D., Newport,
R. I.

Gill, George B., Medford.

Gillard, William, Atlantic.

Gilmore, E. W., N^orth Easton.

Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.

Glover, Albert, Boston.

Glover, Joseph B., Boston.

Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.

Goddard, Joseph, Roxbury.

Goddard, Mrs. Mary T., Newton.

Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.

tGould, Samuel, Boston.

Gray, James, Wellesley.

Gregory, Hon. James J. H., Marble-
head.

Greig, George, Toronto, Ontario.

Grey, Benjamin, Maiden.

Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.

Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

Hall, George A., Chelsea.

Hall, George R., Fort George, Fla.

fHall, John R., Roxbury.

Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.

Hall, Stephen A., Revere.

Hall, William F., Brookline.

Halliday, William H., South Boston.

Hammond, Gardiner G. , New Lon-
don, Conn.

Hammond, George W. , Boston.

Hammond, Samuel, Boston.

Hanson, P. G., Woburn.

fHarding, George W., Arlington.

Harding, Louis B., Stamford, Conn.

Hardy, F. D., Jr., Cambridgeport.

Harrington, Nathan D., Somerville.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Cambridge.

Hart, William T., Boston.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

434

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead.

Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rockland,
Maine.

Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.

Hayes, Francis Brown, Lexington.

fHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.

Henshaw, Joseph P. *B., Boston.

Heywood, Hon. George, Concord.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hitchings, E. H., Maiden.

Hittinger, Jacob, Mount Auburn.

Hoar, Samuel, Concord.

Hodgkins, JohnE., Newcastle, N. H.

HoUis, George W., Grantville.

Hollis, John W., AUston.

Holmes, Edward J., Boston.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.

Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.

Horner, Mrs. CliarlotteN. S., George-
town.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hovey, Charles H., East Pasadena,
Cal.

Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.

Hovey, StillmanS., Woburn.

Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.

Hubbard, Gardner G. , Washington,
D. C. ,

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W. , Dedham.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, H. Hollis, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, Francis W., Melrose.

Hunt, Franklin, Boston.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hyde, James F. C, Newton High-
lands.

Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.
Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Boston.

Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
fKendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,

Cal.
Kendall, Dr. W. G., Atlantic.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.
Kent, John, Brookline.
tKeyes, E. W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Keyes, John M., Concord.
Kidder, Charles A., Southborough.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
fKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., East Wareham.
Knapp, Walter H. , Newtonville.

Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lawrence, James, Groton.
Lawrence, John, Groton
Learned, Charles A., Arlington.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton

Centre.
Lemme, Frederick, North Cambridge.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.
Lewis, A. S., Framingham.
Lewis, William G. , Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.
Little, James L., Brookline.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
Lodge, Richard W., Swampscott.
Loftus, John P., Lenox.
Lord, George C, Newton.
Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.

MEMBERS FOR LITE.

435

Lovett, George L. , West Newton.
fLowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lyman, Col. Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, Charlestown.

fMahoney, John, Boston.
Mallet, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Maine.
Mann, James F. , Ipswich.
Manning, Jacob W., Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Brookline.
Marshall, Frederick F., Chelsea.
Martin, Joim S., Roxbury.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R. I.
McClure, John, Revere.
McWilliam, George, Whitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. H., Lexington.
Merrifield, William T., Worcester.
Merrill, Hon. Moody, Roxbury.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Newton

Lower Falls.
Minton, James, Boston.
Monteith, David, Dedham.
Moore, John H., Concord.
Morrill, Joseph, Jr., Roxbury.
fMorse, Samuel F., Boston,
Motley, Thomas, Jamaica Plain.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,

N. H.
fMunroe, Otis, Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Nevins, David, Framingham.
Newman, John R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfield.
Nickerson, Albert W., Marion.
Nickerson, George A., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.
Olmstead, John Charles, Brookline.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.
Palmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parker, Charles W., Boston.
Parkman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.
Partridge, Horace, North Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, John E., Boston.
Peabody, Col. Oliver W., Milton.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, Lucius T., Dorchester.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, William G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Penniman, A. P., Walthani-
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
fPerry, George W., Maiden.
Philbrick, William D., Newton

Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, George Francis, Dorchester.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.
Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Poor, John R., Boston.
Porter, Herbert, Maiden.
Porter, James C, WoUaston.
fPotter, Joseph S., Arlington.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G., West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Dr. Mark W., Boston.
tPrescott, Eben C, Boston,
fPrescott, William G., Boston.
Prescott, William G., Quincy.
Pringle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P., Jamaica Plain.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, HoseaM., M. D., Worcester.

436

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Eaddin, Everett W., North Cam-
bridge.

Kand, Miss Elizabeth L., Newton
Highlands.

Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge.

Rand, Oliver J. , Cambridgeport.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, Hon. James F., Franklin.

Ray, Hon. James P., Franklin.

Ray, Joseph G., Franklin.

Raymond, Walter, Cambridgeport.

Read, Charles A., Manchester.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Wakefield.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., Allston.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ross, Waldo O., Boston.

Ruddick, William H., M. D., South
Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, Hon. John E., Leicester.

Russell, Walter, Arlington.

Sampson, George R., Andover.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Saville, Richard L., Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
fScott, Charles, Newton.
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N. H.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.
Shuman, Hon. A., Roxbury.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.
Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.
Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.

Smith, Edward N., San Francisco.
Smith, George O., Boston.
Smith, James H., Dedham.
Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.
Sno\^, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,

Me.
Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.
Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.
Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Springall, George, Maiden.
Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.
Stewart, William J., Winchester.
Stone, Amos, Charlestown.
Stone, Charles W., Boston.
Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.
Strong, William C, Waban.
Sturgis, Russell, Manchester.
Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D., South

Framingham.
Surette, Louis A., Concord.
Swain, Charles E., Roxbury.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Tarbell, George G., M. D., Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Portland, Me.
Temple, Felker L., Somerville.
Thurlow, Thomas C, West New-
bury.
Tidd, Marshall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W., Roxbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
fTolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
fTurner, John M. , Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Dorchester.

Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vanderwoerd, Charles, Waltham.
Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.

Wainwright, William L., Braintree.
Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
Walcott, Henry P., M.D., Cambridge.
Wales, George O., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C. R., Roxbury.

IVIEMBERS FOR LIFE.

437

Walker, Miss Mary S., Waltham.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
"Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.
Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbury.
Ward, John, Newton Centre.
Wardwell, William H., Brookline.
Ware, Benjamin P., Clifton.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Waters, Edwin F., Boston.
Waters, Dr. George F., Boston.
Watson, Benjamin M., Jr., Jamaica

Plain.
Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica

Plain.
Weld, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Moses W., M. D., Boston.
Weld, Richard H., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L. , Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W.,. Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
Wheelwright, A. C, Brookline.
Whitcomb, William B., Medford.

White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
White, Joseph H., Brookline.
fWhitely, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Whitten, Charles V., Dorchester.
Whittier, Hon. Charles, Roxbury.
tWhytal, Thomas G., New York,

N. y.

Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D. , Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury.
Wilson, Col. Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Winthrop, Robert C, Jr., Boston.
Wood, Charles G., Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Wright, George C, West Acton.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, wilt confer a favor by promptly communi'-
eating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Abbott, Samuel L., M. D., Boston.
Allen, Charles L., Floral Park, N.Y.
Arnold, Mrs. Anna E., Roxbury.
Atkinson, Charles M., Brookline.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newburyport.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.

Badlam, William H., Dorchester.

Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.

Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.

Benedict, Washington G., Boston.

Bicknell, Hon. Thomas W., Dor-
chester.

Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor-
cester.

Bird, John L., Dorchester.

Bird, Mrs. Lewis J., Roxbury.

Bliss, Benjamin K., East Bridge-
water.

Bock, William A., North Cambridge.

BoUes, Matthew, Boston.

BoUes, William P., Roxbury.

Bolton, John B., Somerville.

Bowditch, James H., Brookline.

Boydeu, Clarence F., Taunton.

Breck, Charles H., Newton.

Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.

Brooks, George, Brookline.

Brown, DaWd H., West Medford.

Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Buxton, Mrs. Rose, Peabody.

Carroll, James T., Chelsea.
Carter, Mrs. Sarah D. J., Wilming-
ton.

Chaffin, John C, Newton.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverett M., Roxbury.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.
Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury.
Clapp, Henry L., Roxbury.
Clark, John Spencer, Boston.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Collins, Hon. P. A., Dorchester.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Coolidge, David H., Jr., Boston.
Coolidge, Sumner, Mt. Auburn.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.
Curtis, Louville, Tyngsborough.

Davis, Frederick, Saxonville.
Davis, Frederick S., West Roxbury.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
De Mar, John A., Brighton.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E., East Cambridge.
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.

Eaton, Jacob, Cambridgeport.
Endicott, Miss Charlotte M., Canton.

Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Felton, Arthur W., West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Revere.
Finlayson, Kenneth, Brookline.
Fisher, Sewall, Framingham.

ANNUAL. MEMBERS.

439

Forbes, "William H., Jamaica Plain.
Foster, Joshua T., Medford.
Frohock, Roscoe R., Maiden.
Frost, Artemas, Belmont.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Varnum, Belmont.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gage, Alfred P., Arlington.
Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Brookline.
Gilbert, Samuel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Gleason, Herbert, Maiden.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Boston.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Guerineau, Louis, Cambridge.

Haile, Hon. William H., Springfield.
Hall, Charles H., M. D., Boston.
Hall, Harry B., Iloxbury.
Hall, Stacy, Boston.
Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., AUston.
Hanks, Mrs. C. Stedman, Manchester.
Hargraves, William J., Jamaica

Plain.
Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica

Plain.
Harris, Frederick L., Wellesley.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Harwood, George S., Newton.
Henshaw, Samuel, West Brighton,

N. Y.
Hersey, Alfred H., Hingham.
Hersey, Edmund, Hingham.
Heustls, Warren H., Belmont.
Hews, Albert H., North Cambridge.
Hill, Benjamin I)., Peabody.
Hill, Edwin S., Clarendon Hill.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hobbs, George M., Boston.
Hollis, George, South Weymouth.
Houghton, George S., Auburndale.
Hunt, Henry C, Newton.
Huston, Miss Katliarine W., Rox-

bury.

Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Jordan, Hon. Jediah P., Roxbury.

Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.
Kidder, Francis H., Medford.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lawrence, Henry S., Roxbury.
Lawrence, Sidney, East Lexington.
Lee, Francis H., Salem.
Lee, William W. , Northampton.
Lomax, George H., Somerville.
Lombard, Richard T., Way land.
Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., North Andover.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Loud, Mrs. Mary E., Roxbury.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Hingham.
Lowell, John, Newton.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.

Manda, W. A., Short Hills, N. J.
Manning, A. Chandler, Reading.
Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William J., Milton.
Masten, Cornelius E., Roxbury.
Maxwell, Charles E., Boston.
May, F. W. G., Boston.
McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.
McDowell, Mrs. Mary, Boston.
Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMullen, Edgar, Boston.
Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.
Merrill, John J., Roxbury.
Merrill, Capt. S. A., WoUaston
Heights.

Newton, John F., Roxbury.
Norton, Edward E., Boston.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Brookline.

440

MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICLnLTURAL SOCIETY.

Park, William D., Boston.
Park, William P., West Boxford.
Parker, George A., Halifax.
Parker, John, Newtonville.
Parker, Walter S., Reading.
Patterson, William, Quincy.
Peirce, George H., Concord.
Peterson, Ellis, Jr., Jamaica Plain.
Petremant, Robert, Dorchester.
Pitcher, James R., Short Hills, N. J.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Prichard, Joseph V., Boston.
Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.

Randall, Macey, Stoughton.
Reardon, John B., Boston.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.
Rich, William P., Chelsea.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Medford.
Robbins, Oliver R., Weston.
Robinson, Nathan D., Roxbury.
Robinson, William, North Easton.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.
Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville.

Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.

Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.

Schmitt, George A., Boston.

Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.

Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.

Seaver, Edwin P., LL.D., Newton
Highlands.

Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.

Shattuck, Frederick R., Roxbury.

Shedd, Abraham B., Waltham.

Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.

Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.

Snow, Francis B., Dorchester.

Southworth, Edward, Quincy.

Spencer, Aaron W., Boston.

Squire, Miss Esther A., North Cam-
bridge.

Squire, John P., Arlington.

Stearns, Mrs. Charles A., East

Watertown.
Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.
Stevens, Miss Mary O., North An-

dover.
Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.
Storer, Cliarles, Boston.
Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.
Strater, Herman, Roxbury.
Swan, Charles W., M. D., Boston.
Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.

Tailby, Joseph, WellesleJ^
Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.
Teele, Wilham H., West Acton.
Terry, Rev. Calvin, North Wey-
mouth.
Tobey, Rufus T., Roxbury.
Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.
Torrey, Bradford, Boston.
Travis, Charles B., Brighton.
Turner, Nathaniel W. , Boston.
Tyndale, Theodore H., Brookline.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Warren, Samuel H., Weston.

Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

Weld, Charles E., Roslindale.

Wells, Benjamin T., Newtonville.

Weston, Mrs. L. P., Danvers.

Wheatland, Henry, M. D., Salem.

Wheeler, James, Brookline.

White, George A., Roxbury.

White, Maurice P., Roxbury.

White, W. Henry, Lowell.

Whitney, Joel, Winchester.

Whitney, Joseph, Cambridgeport.

Whiton, Hon. Starkes, Hingham
Centre.

Wilcox, George D., M. D., Provi-
dence, R. I.

Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.

Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.

Winsbip, Rev. Albert E., Somerville.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

441

Winter, William C, Mansfield.
Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T.,

Dedham.
Wood, Mrs. Anna D., West Newton.
Wood, Elijah A., West Newton.
Wood, E. W., West Newton.
Woodford, Joseph H., Boston.

Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.

Young, Arthur W., Hingham.
Young, Charles S., Newton Centre.
Young, E. Bentley, Boston.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

442 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVII.— Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments. And any subscription
member, having paid all dues, may become a Life Member by the payment
of twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVIII. — Admission Feb and Annual, Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXX.^— Discontinuance op Membership.

Any member may withdraw from the Society, on giving notice to the
Treasurer and paying the amount due from him. Any member who shall
neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual assessment, after due
notice from the Treasurer, shall cease to be a member. The Treasurer
shall give notice of such withdrawals or discontinuances to the Secretary,
who shall erase such members' names from the list.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances shoiving that
the following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by
promptly communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Joseph
Maxwell, elected in 1830, and George W. Smith, elected in 1851. The names
of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

*Benjamin Abbott, LL.D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quincy Adams, LL.D., late President of the LTnited States,

Quincy.
*Professor Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

♦William T. Aiton, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
*HoN. Thomas Allen, late Presidpnt of the St. Louis Horticultural Society,

St. Louis, Mo., and Pittsfiekl, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.
♦Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

♦Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Wash-
ington.
♦Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
♦James Beekman, New York.
♦L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle. Pliiladelphia.
♦Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
♦Mrs. Lucy Bigelow, Medford.
♦Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire General de la Societe

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
♦JosiAH Bradlee, Boston.
♦Hon. George N. Briggs, Pittsfiold.
♦Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Pa.
♦Hon. Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society,

Albany, N. Y.
Hon. Ephraim W Bull, Concord.
♦Hon. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington. D. C.

444 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*AuGUSTiN Pyramus de Candolle, Geneva, Switzerland.

*HoN. Horace Capron, late U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C.

♦Commodore Isaac Chauncet, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

*Ward Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

♦Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Henry Clay, Lexington, Ky.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.

♦Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

♦Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

♦Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

♦Caleb Cope, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

♦William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

♦John P. Cushing, Watertown.

♦Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

♦Hon. John Davis, LL.D., Boston.

♦Sir Humphry Davy, London.

♦Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxbury.

♦James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

♦Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

♦Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

♦Hon. Stephen Elliot, LL.D., Charleston, S. C.

♦Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington,
D. C.

♦Allyn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John, N. B.

♦Hon. Edward Everett, LL.D., Boston.

♦Hon. Horace Everett, Vermont.

♦F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Peters-
burg.
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Wood's Holl.

♦Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo,
N. Y.

♦Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg, Russia.

♦Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agricul-
tural Society, New Brunswick, N J.

♦Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C.

♦George Gibbs, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Md.

♦Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Me.

♦Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

HONORARY MEINIBERS. 445

*HoN. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N. Y.

♦Mrs. Mart Griffith, Charlieshope, N. J.

*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,
North Bend, O.

*S. P. Hilbreth, M. D., Marietta, O.

*Thoma8 Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.

*David Hosack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural
Society.

♦Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, O.

♦Joseph R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

*Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,
Tenn.

♦Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

♦Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL.D., East Rockport, O.

♦Thomas Andreav Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

♦Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.

♦Le Comte de Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society
of Paris.
Major L. A. Hoguet-Latour, M. P., Montreal, Can.

♦Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.
Edward Winslow Lincoln, Secretary of the Worcester County Horticul-
tural Society.

♦Professor John Lindley, late Secretary of the Royal Horticultural
Society, London.

♦Franklin Litchfield, late U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.

♦Joshua Longstreth, Philadelphia.

♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, O.

♦Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.

♦John Claudius Loudon, London.

♦Hon. John A. Lowell, Boston.

♦Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry von Ludwig, late Vice-President of
the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,
Cape of Good Hope.

♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

♦Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.

♦Mrs. Charlotte Maryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

♦D. Smith McCauley, late U. S. Consul-General at Tripoli, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester.

♦James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.

♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
15

446 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAI, SOCIETY.

*HoN. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
*FRANgois Andre Michaux, Paris.

Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
*Samuel L. MiTCHiLL, M. D., LL.D., New York.

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.
*Alfked S. Monson, M.D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural

Society, New Haven, Conn.
*HoN. A. N. Morin, Montreal, Can.
*Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.

Baron E. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.
*Baron Ottenfels, late Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.
*JoHN Palmer, Calcutta.
*HoN. Joel Parker, LL.D., Cambridge.

Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.

Samuel R. Patson, Boston.
*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*Antoine Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.
*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
"•John Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.
*Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.

* William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
*Rev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

*Archibald John, Earl of Rosebery, late President of the Caledonian
Horticultural Society.
Hon. Jeremiah Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

*JosEPH Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.

*DoN Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.

*Henrt Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.

*SiR Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

*JoHN Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

*JoHN S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
George W. Smith, Boston.

♦Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural
Society.

*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.

*HoN. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

*Gbn. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, New
York.

*Gen. Zachary Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton
Rouge, La.

* James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

*Jame8 W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.
*Grant Thorburn, New York.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 447

*M. Dd Petit Thouars, Paris.

*Le Vicomte Hekicart De Thurt, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

*MoNS. TouGARD, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

*Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

♦Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.

*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Alhany, N. Y.

*JosEPH R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

♦Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

*Pettt Vaughan, London.

*Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal, Can.

*PiERRE Phillippe Andrb Vilmorin, Paris.

*James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

* Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

*Malthus a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.

*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.

♦Hon. John Welles, Boston.

♦Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.

♦Frederick Woloott, Litchfield, Conn.

♦Ashton Yates, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor hy promptly
reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. Reynolds, M. D., 1832, and Francis Summerest
(or Sumraerer), 1833. The names of those known to be deceased are marked
with a star.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Aguilar y Leal, Late U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado,

Banda Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.
*Jambs T. Allan, late President of the Nebraska State Horticultural

Society, Omaha.
*Anthony B. Allen, Plainfield, N. J.
*Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, D. D., South Boston.

^DOUARD Andre, Redacteur en chef de la Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, Late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.
*P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.

Professor L. H. Bailey, Jr., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
*IsAAC Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.
^Patrick Barry, late Vice-President of the American Pomological Society,

Rochester, N. Y.
*Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
*EuGENE Achille Baumann, Rahway, N. J.
*JosEPH Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan.
*Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.

*Edward Beck, Wharton Cottage, Isleworth, near London.
*Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.
*Louis £douard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, President of the American Pomological Society,
Augusta, Ga.

Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D., Industrial College of the University of
Nebraska, Lincoln.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 449

♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Societe Van Mons, Fleurus,

Belgium.
*Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.
♦Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. Brinckle, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.

John Croumbie Brown. LL.D., Haddington, Scotland.
♦John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.
*Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

♦Arthur Bryant, Sr., late President of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society, Princeton.

Professor J. L. Budd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society,
Ames.
♦Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
♦Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea, England.
♦Rev. Robert Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, Milton.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadelphia.

IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.

George W. Campbell, President of the Ohio State Horticultural Society,

Delaware, O.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
♦Col. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
♦Rev. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport, R. I.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
♦James Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Maxime Cornu, Directeur du Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
♦Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.
♦J. Decaisne, late Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
♦James Deering, Portland, Me.

*H. F. DiCKEHUT.

♦Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
♦Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.
Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,

England.
Robert Douglas, Waukegan, 111.
♦Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
♦Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
Malcolm Dunn, Dalkeith, Scotland.
W. T. Thistleton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, England.
Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Cobdon,
HI.

450 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICIILTUKAL SOCIETY.

*F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,
Cleveland, O.
George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.

Henrt John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Colesborb, Andoversford, Gloucester-
shire, England.
*George B. Emerson, LL.D,, Winthrop.
*Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., Williamstown.
♦Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.
William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.
*Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
*Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.
*Willard C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,

Moro, 111.
♦Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York.
*JoHN Fox, Washington, D. C.
*HoN. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.
*Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.
Hon. Robert W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville.
*AuGUSTiN Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Department

of Sarthe, France.
♦Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
♦Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
♦Capt. James T. Gerrt, U. S. Navy.

♦Charles Gibb, late Corresponding Secretary of the Fruit Growers" Asso-
ciation, Abbottsford, Quebec.
* Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.
Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D., Director of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Amherst.
Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.
♦George W. Gordon, late U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro, Boston.
♦Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.
Obadiah B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
♦Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halset, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
♦Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
♦Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.
♦John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society,

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 451

♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.
*Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.
*Shibley Hibberd, late Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
*J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL.D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
*Thoma8 Hogg, New York.
*Thomas Hogg, Jr., New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Rochester, England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

Josiah Hoopes, West Chester, Pa.

Professor Eben Norton Horsford, Cambridge.
*Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

*Dr. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Society, Leavenworth.
*I8AAC Hunter, Baltimore, Md.
*I8AAC HuRD, Cincinnati, O.

George Hdsmann, Napa, Cal.
*Profe8SOR Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N.Y.
♦Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
*Edward Jarvis, M.D., Dorchester.

John W. P. Jenks, Middleborougli.

William J. Johnson, M.D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Charles Joly, Vice-President of the Soci6te d'Horticulture de France,
Paris.

Dr. George King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
*Samcel Kneeland, M.D., Boston.
*MoNS. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

*David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol.
♦Charles C. Langdon, Mobile, Ala.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Secretary of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Columbus, O.
*Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi-
cal Society, Norfolk, Va.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.
*E. S. H. Leonard, M.D., Providence, R.I.
*Andrk Leroy, Author of tlie Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.
*HoN. George Lunt, Scituate.

T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, South Haven.
♦F. W. Macondr.iy, San Francisco, Cal.

Dr. p. MacOwan, Director of the Botanic Garden, Cape Town, Africa.
♦James J. Mapes, LL.D., Newark, N. J.

452 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,
France.
Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
♦James Maury, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England.
*C. J. DE Maximowicz, St. Petersburg, Russia.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N.Y.
♦William Sharp McLeay, New York.
♦James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Mebhan, Germantown, Pa.
♦Allan Melvill, New York.
♦John Miller, M.D., late Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
♦Stephen Mills, Flushing, N.Y.

♦Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.

♦Joseph E. Mitchell, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.
Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Ala.
♦Giuseppe Monarchini, M.D., Canea, Isle of Candia.

♦Fdouard Morren, late Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Liege, Belgium.
D. Morris, F.L.S., Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, England.
Ch. Naudin, Antibes, France.
♦Horatio Newhall, M.D., Galena, 111.

George Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
♦David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Agent at Smyrna, Turkey.
♦James Ombrosi, late U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy.
♦John J. Palmer, New York.
♦Victor Paquet, Paris.

♦John W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
♦Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N.Y.
William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
♦Sir Joseph Paxton, M.P., Chatsworth, England.
♦John L. Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.
Professor D. P. Penhallow, Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,
Can.
♦Commodore Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.
♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d'Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
♦Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N.Y.
♦William Robert Prince, Flushing, N.Y. ^ ^

Henry Probasco, Cincinnati, O.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N.J.
♦Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, London, England.
♦William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.
D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.
♦Dr. Edward Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia.

CORRESPONDING ilEiMBERS. 453

S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.
♦John H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

*Dr. T. G. Richardson, University of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.
Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
*MoNS. J. RiNz, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
♦Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
♦Bernhard Roeser, M. D., Bamberg, Bavaria.
*Dr. J. Smith Rogers, New York.
*Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
♦Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
♦George R. Russell, Roxbury.
♦John B. Russell, Indianapolis, Ind.
♦Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.
Edgar Sanders, Chicago, 111.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦William Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
♦Henry Shaw, St. Louis, Mo.
♦William Shaw, New York.
♦Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
♦Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

♦Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
♦John Jay Smith, Germantown, Pa.

William R. Smith, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Washington, D. C
♦Horatio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.
Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan.

*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.
William A. Stiles, Editor of Garden and Forest, Deckertown, N. J.
♦William Fox Strangeway, late British Secretary of Legation at Naples,

Italy.
♦Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
♦Judge E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
♦James P. Sturgis. Canton, China.
William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.
Francis Summerest.
♦Professor Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Naples, Italy.
♦James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
♦Robert Thomi-son, Chiswick, near London.
♦George C. Thorburn, New York.
♦Professor George Thurber, late Editor of the American Agriculturist,

New York.
♦John Tilson, Jr., Edwardsville, 111.

♦Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, late Director of the Botanic Garden at
Palermo, Sicily.

454 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.
* Luther Tucker, late Editor of The Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
*Caret Ttso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
^Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.

Henry L. de Vilmorin, Secretaire de la Societe Nationale d'Agriciilture
de France, Paris.
♦Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
♦John A. Warder, M. D., late President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend, O.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
*Sereno Watson, Ph.D., Cambridge.

*J. Ambrose Wight, late Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.
*Benjamin Samuel Williams, Upper HoUoway, London, N.
♦Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
♦William Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
*Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
♦Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Business Meeting, April 2, 1892; Memorial of P. M. Augur, pp. 223, 224;
Postponement of reading Garden Committee's Report, 224; Six mem-
bers elected, 224; Honorary member elected, 224

Business Meeting, May 7; Annual Report of Garden Committee read, p.
224; Report from Committee on Large or Interesting Trees, 225;
Prospective Prize for Sweet Peas, 225; Circular for Arbor Day, 225;
Letters from E. W. Bull and E. W. Lincoln 225

Business Meeting, June 4; Award of Prizes for Reports, pp. 225, 226; Re-
port on Columbian Exposition, 226 ; Decease of A. B. Muzzey, G. W.
Warren, and G. W. Bond announced, 226; Member elected, ... 226

Business Meeting, July 2; Memorial of Rev. A. B. Muzzey, D. D., 226,
227; Report in regard to unsolicited Special Prizes, 228; Appropriation
for Committee on Large or Interesting Trees, 228; Letter from A. A.
Pope, 228 : Four members elected, 228

Business Meeting, August 6; Report on Columbian Exposition, p. 229;

Nominating Committee appointed, 229; Three members elected, . . 229

Business Meeting, September 2; Report of Nominating Committee, p.
229; Vote recommended by Committee, 230 ; Letter from Trustees of
Public Reservations read, 230; Member elected, 230

Business Meeting, October l ; Annual Election, pp. 230, 231 ; Member pro-
posed, 230; Six members elected, 231

Business Meeting, Novembers; Two members proposed, p. 231; Appro-
priations for Prizes for 1893, 231, 232; Five members elected, 232;
Acknowledgments of Corresponding Memberships read, . . 232

Business Meeting, December 3; Two members proposed, p. 233; Addi-
tional appropriation for Prizes, 233; Reports of Committee on Large
or Interesting Trees, Committee of Arrangements, and Committee on
Vegetables read, 233; Partial Reports of Committees on Flowers and
Plants read, 233; Further time granted Committees on Flowers,
Fruits, and Plants, 233 ; Schedule of Prizes adopted, 233 ; Notice of
adjournment to be sent to members, 233; Four members elected, . 234

11 CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Bdsiness Meeting, December 17; Member proposed, p. 234; Annual Re-
ports of Committees on Fruits, Gardens, Library, Flowers, and Plants,
and of Secretary and Librarian read, pp. 234, 236 ; Discussion on In-
sects and Committee appointed, 234-236; Resignation of F. L. Harris,
236, Vacancy filled and Committee authorized to choose Chairman, . 236

Report of the Committee on Plants; Introduction, pp. 237, 238; Spring
Exhibition, 238, 239; May Exhibition, 240; Rhododendron Show, 240;
Rose Exhibition, 240, 241; Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers,
241-243; Chrysanthemum Exhibition, 243-245; Financial Statement,
246; Prizes and Gratuities awarded 247-255

Report of the Committee on Flowers; Introduction; pp. 256-258;
Spring Exhibition, 258,259; May Exhibition, 259,260; Rhododendron
Show, 260, 261 ; Rose Show, 261, 262; Weekly Shows, 262, 263 ; Annual
Exhibition, 263, 264; Chrysanthemum Show, 264-267 ; Conclusion, 267;
Lists of Herbaceous Plants, 268-271; List of Sweet Peas, 271, 272;
Prizes and Gratuities awarded, 273-290

Report or the Committee on Fruits, pp. 291-293; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 294-310

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 311-314; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, 315-328

Report of the Committee on Gardens; Introduction, pp. 329, 330; Rose
Houses of Charles V. Whitten, 330-332; Greenhouses of Dr. C. G.
Weld, 332, 333; Stove and Plant House of George A. Nickerson,
334-337; Varnum Frost's Houses of Forced Vegetables, 337-339; Estate
of Nathaniel T. Kidder, 339-341; Estate of Francis Brown Hayes,
341; Fisher Brothers & Co., 341-345; W. W. Lee's Aquatic Gardens,
345-348; Summer Residence of Charles W. Parker, 348-352; Conclu-
sion—Awards, 352,353

Report of the Committee of Arrangements, . ' 354, 355

Report of the Committee on Window Gardening, pp. 356-361; Awards,

360; Report on the George Putnam School Garden, 362,363

Report to the State Boa.rd of Agrioulture, 364-367

Report of the Committee on Large, Old, or Otherwise Interesting

Trees, 368-370

Report of the Committee on the Library, p. 371; Library Accessions:
Books purchased — Horticulture, 372, 373; Horticultural Societies,
373; Flowers, 373, 374; Fruits, 374, 375 ; Vegetables, 375 ; Arboriculture,
375,376; Agriculture, 376, 377; Agricultural Journals, 377; Agricultu-
ral Societies, 377, 378; Diseases and Insects, 378; Botany, 378-380; Ter-
ritorial Botany, 380, 381 ; Botanical Societies, 381 ; Botanic Gardens,
381, 382; Miscellaneous, 382, 383.

CONTENTS. HI

PAGE.

Books, etc., received by Donation and Exchange — Horticulture,
383; Horticultural Societies, 384-386; Flowers, 387; Floral Societies,
387,388; Fruits, 388; B''ruit Growers' Societies, 388, 389; Arboriculture,
389, 390; Monographs on Trees, 390, 391; Forestry Associations, 391,
392; Parks, etc., 392, 393; Agriculture, 394; Agricultural Journals,
394, 395; Agricultural Societies, Boards, etc., 395-405; Agricultural
Education, 406 ; Diseases and Insects, 406, 407; Botany, 407; Economic
Botany, 407, 408 ; Territorial Botany, 408-410; Botanical Monographs,
410, 411; Botanical Societies, 411; Botanic Gardens, 411; ^^atural
History Societies, 412, 413; Miscellaneous, 413^16; Periodicals pur-
chased, 416, 417 ; Periodicals received in Exchange, . , . . 417,418

Report of the Secretary and Librarian, 419, 420

Report of the Tre.vsurer, 421-425

Report of the Finance Committee, 423

Mount Auburn Cemetery, 426, 427

Officers and Standing Committees for 1893, 428-430

Members of the Society; Life, pp. 431-437; Annual, 438-441; Honorary,

443-447; Corresponding, 448_454

Extracts from the Constitution and By-Laws, 442

TRANSACTIONS

Jassac|ttsetts Jorticultaral ^ocielg,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

PART I.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.
189 3.

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the " Boston Transcript." As
here presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions
are not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefully revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

0. B. Had WEN, \ Committee on
J. D. W. French, > Publication and
C. MiNOT Weld, j Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

^uuthmtiH "§mim\tnxiiil ^mui^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 7, 1893.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock. The chair was taken by the President, Williaji
H. Spooner.

In the absence of the Secretary, the President appointed Miss
Charlotte M. Endicott, Secretary pro tern.

President Spooner then delivered his valedictory address, as
follows :

Address of President Spooner.

Ladies and Gentlemen: In retiring from the position with
which you have honored me, I wish to thank you all for the
pleasant relations which have existed between us, and to rejoice
with you that your united efforts have continued and developed
the prosperity of the Society.

Our mortgage debt is virtually cancelled, and our building has
been put in good order, with new drains very thoroughly
constructed ; also the upper hall has been provided with new seats,
making both halls now in excellent condition for public meetings.

We have had the encouragement of a largely increased attend-
ance at our meetings for discussion, and the interest has been
greatly stimulated by interchange of experiences, — a strong factor
in every work.

The printed Transactions, which at the time of my coming into
office had been delayed by the fire and various causes, have now,

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with additional temporary help to our able and valued Secretary,
been brought up to the second part of 1892, and placed in the
hands of members through the mails, a measure which strengthens
the general interest in the work and must be a convenience to
those members of the Society who are not able to attend its
meetings, or visit the Library.

Although the Library room was enlarged in 1889, the added
shelf- room has already been filled, and the Committee in charge
are asking for more. One of the marked features of our growth
is the greater magnitude of our weekly, as well as our special
exhibits, but in the latter we are often unpleasantly confronted
with the fact that our hall space is quite inadequate to do justice to
our contributors. The great Plant Exhibition held by our Society
in Music Hall, in August, 1890, was one of the finest ever seen,
and will long be remembered by all who witnessed it; a new
infusion of zeal and enterprise seemed to follow this grand
display, being manifested in our succeeding shows. The Society's
appropriations for prizes and gratuities have increased from
$6,000 in 1890 to $7,850 in 1893.

We find the additions to membership nearly balanced by the
depletion from death and withdrawal. In 1890 there were added
12 life and 7 annual members, making 19 ; previous to that, the
enumeration of deaths or withdrawals was not kept separately for
each year. In 1889 and 1890 the number of deaths of life
members was 21, and of annual members deceased and dropped
12. In 1891 the life membership addition was 15, annual 19,
deaths of life members 21, and from annual members, deaths
and withdrawals, 11. In 1892 there were added, life members 17,
and annual members 23 ; while 28 life members died, and among
the annual members were 11 deaths and withdrawals.

One of the prominent points in the past three years was the
revisal and amendment of the Society's Constitution and By-Laws,
which was done in July, 1891. '

Within a few days the sum of $10,000 was invested in a sinking
fund, and the Treasurer's account, December 31, will show a cash
balance of $12,417.19 including $5,397.78 received from Mount
Auburn Cemetery.

With entire confidence in your enlarging future prosperity I
have the pleasure of introducing President Nathaniel T. Kidder.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT KIDDER. 7

Address of President Nathakiel T. Kidder.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society : I realize that I have undertaken a great responsibility in
accepting the office of President of this Society, a Society now
nearly sixty-four years old. But it is not of its past that I am
expected to speak today, but of its future, and I hope that I may
find some detail in which I can improve it.

As I come to the chair the cry on all sides from all the
Committees is for more room. When the first Committee said to
me " we want more room," I could not help seeing that it did need
more, nor could I help thinking that the claim of the next
Committee was equally well based. The Society does need more
room. Its present quarters are cramped and inconvenient —
outgrown.

Often you have appointed a Committee to consider the
suggestions of your incoming President, and perhaps you will
deem it advisable to do so this year. I would like to suggest
that your Executive and Finance Committees be requested to bear
in mind the increasing need for space for the proper carrying on the
work of the various Officers and Committees and report to the Society
if they can find any suitable site where we might build or other-
wise acquire such accommodations as would meet the requirements
of a growing society, with a growing library, with growing
exhibitions, in a growing city. If the subject were thus referred
to these Committees, which you have formed of men selected from
your number as pre-eminently interested in, and able to conduct
your affairs, it could be considered carefully and not hurried
through.

When I said just now that the Officers and Committees need
more room I meant to include the demands of the Library which,
indeed, it hardly seems as if I need urge again, as I think you
must all appreciate how rapidly the collection of books increases
and how many^ volumes it is still desirable to add from what has
already been published, to say nothing of acquiring such works as
are printed from year to year as may aid us in our work or
recreation. Growth is imperative to keep up the interest, the
value, of the Library ! I leave the Library Committee with
tegret, but hope that you will respond to the appeal which I have
made for a more generous lodging for the books. I am bound to

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

say further that I do not consider the Library sufficiently protected
against fire, even though at the time the gallery was added such
precautions as could be taken were taken to make the room
partially — partially fireproof.

A busy horticulturist has not time to study entomology. But
could not we, as a Society of many members, conduct a branch
which would facilitate a familiarity with insects and methods of
destroying them ? Much time must be wasted in experimenting
with the extermination of garden and greenhouse pests which
could be saved if we had a ready means of determining species
and learning what insecticides were in best repute for exter-
minating particular insects. We have had exhibited in our rooms
the gypsy moth in its various stages, but there are many other
destructive insects which might well be shown in a like manner, to
call our attention to their various transformations and enable us to
guard against our assailants more intelligently.

I think most of you feel that our exhibitions are not all as well
attended as could be wished. Is not this partly because there is
not enough variety from year to year? One of the most
interesting exhibits which I noticed during the past year, partly
because so unusual, was a collection of herbs. I am sorry to say
they were in a far corner and without their names attached. And
this leads me on to the careful labelling of plants and flowers
shown, and I must say that I think we ought to be more careful
about this, and insist that everything should conform to the
printed rule.

Let us not run any risk in our essays and discussions of
revolving in too limited a circle. It were better that some papers
seem beyond our province than that we fail to consider anything
which could have any bearing whatsoever on our primary subject
of Horticulture. I feel sure that the Committee which has this in
charge would be glad of suggestions of topics or speakers, and I
feel certain that the Committee of one year is enough in accord
with that of the previous year to receive gladly such suggestions
as might be put in the records for want of time or opportunity to
carry them out.

I wish further to suggest that your Window Gardening
Committee be proposed by the Nommating Committee named by
your President, and voted for at the same time and in the same
manner as the other officers of the Society ; such alterations

EXTEEMINATION OF INSECTS. »

being made in the Constitution and By-Laws as this change would
necessitate.

We have a good deal of routine business before us, as this is the
first meeting in the year so I will not take more time, but let my
deeds take the place of words, trusting that I make the good
impression at the end of the year instead of at the beginning.

I rely on the help of the Society, collectively and individually.

Robert Kent James, of Dorchester, was proposed by Henry W.
Wilson as an Annual Member of the Society.

Francis H. Appleton read the report of the Committee appointed
at the last meeting to consider the extermination of insect pests ;
also the draft of a bill designed to effect that object. He then
moved the following vote :

Voted : That a Committee of three members of the Society be
appointed, who shall be empowered to appear before any
Committee of the General Court of 1893, in advocacy of such
legislation for the suppression of insects as they may deem
advisable.

After remarks by Benjamin P. Ware, William H. Spooner,
Leverett M. Chase, and William C. Strong, on motion of J. D.
W. French, it was voted, that the report, with the recommenda-
tions, be accepted. It was also voted that the same Committee
be continued and requested to appear before the Legislature.

On motion of Leverett M. Chase it was voted that a Committee
of three be appointed by the Chair to secure a portrait of the
retiring President. The Chair stated that he would announce the
Committee hereafter.

The President reported from the Executive Committee a recom-
mendation that the Society make the following appropriations for
the year 1893 •

^or Prizes

for Plants,

$2,050

(( it,

" Flowers,

2,400

a u

" Fruits,

1,800

(( ((

" Vegetables,

1,100

u u

" Gardens,
al for prizes.

500

Tot

$7,850

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUL TUBAL SOCIETY.

For the Committee on Window Gardening, this sum to
cover all incidental expenses of that Committee, and to
be paid through the regular channels, . . . $250

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover

all extraordinary expenses of said Committee, . 400

For the Committee on the Library, for the purchase of
Magazines and Newspapers, Binding of Books and
incidental expenses of said Committee, . . 300

For the same Committee, to continue the Card Catalogue

of Plates, 100

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion,

including the income of the John Lewis Eussell Fund, 300

For the salaries of the Treasurer and Superintendent, the
Secretary and Librarian, and the Assistant to the
latter, ........ 3,600

These appropriations were voted unanimously by the Society.

The President also announced the appointment by the Executive
Committee, of Robert Manning as Secretary and Librarian, and
Charles E. Richaixlson as Treasurer and Superintendent of the
Building, for the year 1893.

J. D. W. French moved that a Committee of three be appointed
to consider the suggestions contained in the address oi President
Kidder, said Committee to be appointed by the Chair.

William H. Spooner offered an amendment to the motion,
providing that the suggestions concerning the Library and Building
be referred to the Executive Committee. Mr. French's motion, as
thus amended, was carried, and the President stated that he would
announce the Committee at the next meeting.

Joseph H. Woodford announced, by request of the Committee
on Plants, the election of David Allan as Chairman of that
Committee, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Frederick L. Harris.

The President announced that the Schedule of Prizes for 1893,
and the Programme of Meetings for Discussion, were printed' and
had been sent to the members of the Society.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society :

POSTAGE ON HORTICULTURAL PUBLICATIONS. 11

Mrs. George M. Coburk, of Boston,
Thomas Westwood, of Jamaica Plain,
Robert Graham, of Reading,
Bernard P. Verne, of Lynnfield Centre.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 14.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 14, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
•o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chau-.

Lawrence Cotter, of Dorchester, was proposed by Charles E.
Richardson, and Amos M. Leonard, of Boston, by Leverett M.
Chase, as members of the Society.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman of the Committee on Window
Gardening, read the Annual Report of that Committee, which was
accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The President announced the Committee to obtain a portrait of
the retiring President as follows: Leverett M. Chase, Samuel
Hartwell, and Benjamin G. Smith, and

The Committee to consider that part of the Annual Address not
referred to the Executive Committee, as J. D. W. French, Samuel
H. Scudder, and Bradford Torrey.

Francis H. Appleton read a circular from George M. Robinson,
of Elmira, N. Y., containing a draft of a bill prepared by him,
for the reduction of postage on matter pertaining to Agricultural
and kindred societies. Mr. Appleton offered the following vote :

Voted, That the Secretary be instructed to notify the promoter
of this bill of its approval by this Society, and request that the
printed matter sent through the mails by Horticultural Societies,
in promotion of the objects for which they are incorporated, be
included in the bill.

The vote was unanimously passed.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 21.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTXIRAL, SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Village Improvement.

By B. G. Nokthrop, LL.D., Ex-Secretary State Board of Education of
Connecticut, Clinton, Conn.

The inscription on the marble tablet at the entrance of this Hor-
ticultural Hall, shows what ground the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society has to be proud of its history from the very outset. That
mural record fitly claims the notice of every visitor to these words :

To the

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

the community is indebted for

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY :

the foundation and consecration of which

was one of its first acts,

and in whose improvement, embellishment and

preservation, it has a perpetual interest.

It is a great honor to this Society that the first successful effort
to secure a rural cemetery on a liberal and comprehensive plan, in
this country or in any other land, was made under its auspices.

Mount Auburn Cemetery was established in 1831. Although
the custom of sepulture outside of cities, in gardens and groves,
prevailed among the Jews, the Egyptians, the Greeks and Romans,
and Eastern Christians and the Turks, and even from the times of
the patriarchs down to our day, no ornamented rural cemetery on
the scale of Mount Auburn could then be found in the United States
nor even in the world. It contains an area of 125 acres of native
woodland. The granite tower, sixty-two feet in height, which
crowns the principal eminence of this area, commands one of the
finest prospects in the environs of Boston, and shows that the grounds
have been laid out with true landscape art, giving the aspect of a
"well managed park, the lots being only so far ornamented with
shrubs and flowers as to constitute rich borders to the avenues and
pathways." Mount Auburn was not only the pioneer, but the model,
of the many beautiful cemeteries now found near our larger cities.
The expenditures of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for
Mount Auburn Cemetery have proved a profitable investment as
well as a leading factor in cultivating public taste in the line of

VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT. 13

landscape gardening and rural adornment. The fact of over
$5,000 received the last year from the sale of Mount Auburn lots
is one of man}' illustrations in point. The present interest of the
Society in Arbor Day, and in Village Improvement, is therefore
in keeping with all its most useful history.

Massachusetts has long taken a prominent part in village
improvement. The first incorporated improvement society was
the Laurel Hill Association of Stockbridge, formed in 1853, by
Mary Hopkins, a kinswoman of Dr. Mark Hopkins, who ever
showed a deep interest in its plans for the benefit of his native
town. Its anniversary — happily observed for forty years, with
social reunions, orations, poems, or post-prandial speeches — has
proved an attractive and useful festival to Stockbridge and Berk-
shire County. Its influence has extended widely over Massachu-
setts and the country.

The Public Green Association, formed by Hon. James Hillhouse
about one hundred years ago, in New Haven, when it was a rural
town, is a good illustration of an improvement society, short-lived
and yet surviving in an influence steadily increasing and greater
now than ever. Though Mr. Hillhouse was the benefactor of
New Haven and of Yale College in many other ways, his richest
legacy was the lessons of civic pride and local patriotism which
have so long inspired its citizens, making it a city of beautiful
homes, favoring liberal appropriations and inviting large gifts for
parks and public improvements.

It may seem like carrying coals to Newcastle to address a
Boston audience on town improvements, for this city has not only
been long celebrated for its manifold attractions, but also for its
beautiful surrounding villages, stretching out on all sides for
twenty miles or more. Where in this land or any other is there
a city of its size environed with such a circle of beautiful towns?
How much has recently been done towards realizing the glowing
picture of Sylvester Baxter, who, a dozen years ago, said, "The
ideal suburbs of the future will consist of clusters and groups of
beautiful and happy homes encompassing the great city like a
garden, the villages nestling among park-like surroundings, while
pleasant drive-ways connect beautiful hills and lakes and streams on
every side with each other, making the circuit from Nahant to
Nantasket an uninterrupted round of joys to the eye." " The great
parkway stretching from the end of Commonwealth Avenue, passing

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

through the Back Bay Fens, embracing Jamaica Pond, skirting
the Arnold Arboretum and Franklin Park, and finally reaching the
Marine Park in South Boston, when completed, will be the great
feature of the system and will furnish a continuous and interesting
drive of about fifteen miles." How grand will be that park
system of Boston, when it shall also include the Middlesex Fells
north of the city, and the Blue Hill range on the south !

This Village Improvement movement initiated in Massachusetts,,
has spread across the continent so that no state is now showing
greater interest in it than California. Even to a stranger visiting
that state, it seems to be in the air, as a wholesome epidemic-
Proofs of its prevalence meet one on every hand. Borough organ-
izations spontaneously glide into improvement societies. The-
practical and economic value of sanitary and aesthetic betterments
there, goes without saying. Climate, soil, salubrity, irrigation,
town-pride, ambition to make one's place a residential town or
winter resort, happily combine to intensify this sentiment in many
portions of the Golden State.

The chief object of these societies is to make the environments
of the home and the village healthful and attractive. Grand as
are the palaces of the nobility in Europe, the homes of Americans
in comfort and taste surpass those of the people in any other land.
Of the many causes of the recent progress in this line, the
improvement societies now doing their benign work widely over
our country are not the least. Their influence has by no means
been limited to the towns or counties where they have been
organized, for the discussions they have prompted, the plans and
ideals thus advocated by the press of the country, have benefited
and brightened myriads of isolated homes, even where no improve-
ment societies have yet been formed.

The dwellings of any people tell their condition and character,,
their education, thrift, and ambition, or sloth and debasement. In
all ages and countries, the homes of the people have been the
index of their barbarism or civilization. Christianity has ever
marked its triumphs over paganism by improving the homes of its
converts. The multiplied ministries of nature, providence, and
religion centre in the maintenance of happy homes. It has long
been my ambition to help in improving the homes and home life
of the people. When one strives to realize the true ideal and

VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT. 15

makes his home his pet and pride, that noble aim. brings new cheer
and inspiration for his dail}'^ duties.

But there still remain desolate dwellings innumerable, where
flowers, vines, or trees, with a lawn, would make the wilderness
blossom as the rose. Slatternliness in and around the house
repels from their country homes, many youth who might otherwise
be bound in strongest ties to the fireside.

The most progressive towns are most conscious of remaining
defects and, therefore, most appreciative of organized efforts for
the general good. Our best towns without an improvement
society often fall far short of what they might be and ought to be,
for in them, here and there, are unsightly private grounds and
dwellings which give an air of shiftlessness, sadly marring the
effect of an otherwise beautiful village. Wherever an improvement
society develops town-pride and public spirit, such defacements
disappear. When every citizen is thus stimulated to make his
own wayside free from rubbish and neat and attractive, the whole
town becomes so inviting as to give new attractions and value to
all its homes.

It is high praise to any people that they fondly cherish their
homes. Even a stranger can hardly drive through such a town
without saying, "Here are people of refinement who tastefully
guard the surroundings of their daily life." These surroundings,
trifling as they may seem, are constant and vital forces. Clearing
up and dusting are little matters in housekeeping, but how soon
would the house become forbidding, were these trifles neglected !
Just so in a village ; let minor matters be slighted and the comfort,
content, reputation, and prosperity of a whole community suffer.
But, worst of all, home life suffers and character deteriorates.
Modern civilization relates to the homes and social life of the
people — to their health, thrift, and intellectual and moral advance-
ment.

In earlier ages men were counted in the aggregate and valued
as they helped to swell the revenues or retinues of kings. The
government was the unit, and each individual only added one to
the roll of soldiers or serfs. Happily for us, the family is the
unit of the state, and government is for the people as well as by
the people. This gives to the concrete, all the characteristics that
make the home beautiful. Thus love of home is primary patriotism.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When recently surveying a town in order to adapt my lecture to
local needs, as we passed a large house and spacious barns, with
neglected surroundings, my escort said, "Here lives the richest
and meanest man of our town. Twenty years ago, he brought
here a refined young lady as a bride. It was her ambition and
delight to adorn her new home without and within. At length her
strong, innate love of the beautiful was cruelly crushed, for this
heartless wretch ' would no longer permit such waste of her time
on good for nothing posies.' Driven to despair, she has been for
years in the State Asylum among the incurably insane."

When in Nebraska City, the guest of Ex-Governor J. Sterling
Morton,* of Nebraska, I found a happy contrast to this miser's
wretched home. To this state, then a territory, just ceded by the
Indians to the United States and still a wilderness, he brought
his bride, a cultivated lady from Detroit, who bravely made the
best of their log-hut. Soon flowers, shrubs, and vines sprang up
on every side, until at length a veritable Eden — largely planted
and tilled by her hands — surrounded her humble cabin. In a few
years, a stately mansion, beautiful within as without, rose in its
place, — its choicest adornments being her own artistic work.
How much did her love of the beautiful and her purpose to create
this paradise, on which her heart was set, when she first saw this
spot and saw too its possibilities, lighten the burdens and lessen
the privations of a pioneer life. Bright visions of a beautiful
home were an inspiration and a benediction to that happy household
years before they were realized. It seems fitting that such a
home, fitly named "Arbor Lodge," should be the birthplace of
Arbor Day. Never has there been so universal mourning at the
death of any private citizen of Nebraska City, as when the queen
of that happy family was borne to the new cemetery which she
was foremost in securing and adorning.

Tree planting, however important, is by no means the leading
aim of these improvement societies. There are towns in which
the axe-man is needed as well as the tree-planter. There are
streets, parks, and home-yards, too densely shaded. Large trees

*Now Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture. Never did
any private citizen of Nebraska receive such an ovation from men of all parties as
did Secretary Morton on returning home after receiving this nomination in Wash-
ington.

VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT. 17

in little yards close to the homes — especially the beautiful hem-
lock or denser Norway spruce — are unwholesome. There is need
of iterating the old motto, "Where the sunlight can't come, the
doctor must."

It is a good omen that interest in the embellishment of rural
homes is so widely extending and that the varied charms of the
country, with its superior advantages for the physical, mental, and
moral training of children are attracting so many to the simpler
employments and enjoyments of suburban towns or of rural life-
There the home naturally becomes the first and chief place to
promote love of flowers, vines, shrubs, and trees by cultivating
them, and then the better place to cultivate home affections,
provide home "enjoyments, and foster home courtesies. In the
every-day intercourse of home, there should be a more sacred
observance of the amenities of life and a freer interchange of
kindly feeling. As flowers seem worthless only to the senseless,
so the morning and evening salutations in the family may seem
little in themselves, but when fitly observed they are mighty in
their influence because they are daily — yes, constant — factors
in forming character. As the sunbeam is composed of many
minute rays, so the home should be illumined and brightened bj'
Nature's richest hues without ; and still more within, by winning
smiles, cordial greetings, sweet laughter, and nameless little kind-
nesses. Such beauties of Nature and art, such amenities and
affections, should be the sunshine of every home. They refresh
and purify the social circle. Like the clinging vine, they twine
themselves around the heart, calling forth its purest emotions and
securing its most healthful activity. Such a home is worthy the
name " an ordinance of God." Such a home here is the true school
for a better home above.

If parents combine to make the circle of home life beautiful
without and within, they will sow in the hearts of their children
the seeds of truth, kindness, and fidelity, from which they may
reap a harvest of happiness and virtue. The memory of a beau-
tiful and happy home and a sunny childhood is one of the richest
legacies parents can leave to their children. The heart will never
forget its hallowed influences. It is a fountain of enjoyment to
which the lapse of years will only add new sweetness. Such a
memory is a constant inspiration for good and restraint from evil.
If taste and culture brighten our homes and adorn our grounds
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUIiTURAL SOCIETY.

and music adds its charms, our children will find the healthful
pursuits and pleasures of rural homes more attractive than the
glare and whirl of city life. Such early occupations and enjoy-
ments tend to invest home life and school life and all one's future
with new interest and value and joyousuess, for life is ever what
we make it.

Though far more has been accomplished in this line than I ever
expected to witness when enlisting in the service twenty-five years
ago, yet compared with the public needs and the rich opportunities
for results now opening widely over the land, this work seems just
begun. Instead of one person making it his vocation, there is
room for scores of workers in this rich field. This cause has
indeed enlisted the hearty sympathy and cooperation of many
of the ablest and best men in the land and especially of clergymen,
irrespective of sect, for they early realized that its social, educa-
tional, moral, and religious bearings are even more important than
the financial gain. They have been the foremost advocates of the
cardinal idea that in the home is the lever which is to lift up
humanity.

The aims of these associations vary in different towns with local
needs, and include public health, especially the sanitary conditious
in homes and their surroundings ; roads, roadsides, sidewalks,
school and church yards, cemeteries, parks, and other public
lands, as well as private estates ; the grounds around railway
stations, lighting and parking streets ; providing drinking troughs,
tanks, or fountains ; organizing free town libraries ; removing
nuisances and front fences, and doing whatever else the exigencies
of a town may suggest for its growth and betterment. They
often serve the purpose of boards of trade in cities, and in all
they help promote good fellowship and invite general cooperation.

The charm of country life, so dependent on neighborly courtesies,
is often marred by needless alienations and wrangles. It tends to
harmonize a community wlien all classes work together for common
objects, and differences of rank, sect, or party are forgotten.
Then neighbors and fellow-townsmen will think more of one
another, more of their town, and, best of all, more of their homes.
These associations foster that public spirit and town pride which
naturally invite liberal plans and gifts. They impressively put to
every citizen the question, "What do I owe to my town, what is-
it my duty, or rather my privilege to do for it?"

VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT. 19

The sentiment that cherishes one's homestead and town is noble
and ennobling, and has characterized the greatest and best men
the world has ever seen. The man who cares not for his native
town nor for that of his adoption, has no heart in his bosom. An
example is found in an American railway king, a millionaire,
never showing interest in his adopted or his native town, leaving
his old homestead neglected and forlorn. Such a fact suggests a
selfish soul, sterile in all heroic virtues. Patriotism and philan-
thropy never thrive in the soil which produces no local attachments.

Each town therefore needs to be distinctly conscious of itself,
jealous of its honor, preserving its history, keeping up that just
pride for its past which is an inspiration for the future, realizing
that it has a life as definite in development as does an individual,
and therefore cultivating true local ambitions and elevating local
ideals.

Under such appeals, large gifts are often made to village
improvement societies, not only by^ citizens, but by natives, now
non-residents. Rich men would oftener respond to these calls,
were the need duly presented. Large sums come in pleasant
surprises from them, so that the membership fee is only one of the
smaller rills that fill the treasury Are there jiot thousands of
wealthy men all over this land, who, as they learn of the improve-
ments going on in their native towns, will be glad to show their
substantial sympathy? From such liberal non-resident natives, I
often receive the response, " Let me share in the good work going
on in the home of my youth. " Such men gratefully remember
how much they owe to the scenery, employments, and varied
influences of rural homes. How many have lately learned the
wisdom of giving while living, and especially of giving to their
own towns, where they can see and enjoy the results. It has been
a privilege to meet so many men who identify themselves with the
interests of their towns and enrich their own lives by their
generous devotion to the public weal. What a contrast such
characters present to the grasping and avaricious niggard,
unhappy and unloved in life and unmourned in death !

Village improvement is often carried on by individual as well as
l)y organized efforts, where a citizen or a family of liberal views
and large means, become the benefactors of their towns by gifts
for libraries, cemeteries, parks, fountains, memorial halls, schools,
or other institutions and improvements. Massachusetts is full of

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

such examples, of which I can here name bul one. Easton,
especially North Easton, has been enriched by the enterprise and
munificence of the brothers, Oliver and Oakes Ames, and their
sons. The Battell family have greatly beautified and improved
their native town of Norfolk, Connecticut, and thus enriched their
own lives as well. The Fairbanks families, to the third genera-
tion, in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, have had a like happy
experience.

Faribault, Minnesota, furnishes a suggestive example of the
priceless value to any town of a single wise, far-sighted citizen,
though without money. When Rev. Henry B. Whipple, thirty-three
years ago, was elected the first Bishop of Minnesota, the citizens
of Faribault offered liberal inducements to secure his residence
with them, though four years previously it was an Indian village,
with a single frame house, the trading-post of the Indian Agent,
Alexander Faribault. Bishop Whipple has proved a great benefac-
tion to the town in manifold ways. Through his influence, the three
great educational institutions of the Episcopalians in Minnesota,
were located here — the Seabury Divinity School, the Shattuck
School for boys, with a generous endowment from Boston, and St.
Mary's Hall for girls. Through the same influence, here also are
three important State institutions, one each for the blind, the deaf
and dumb, and the imbeciles. The spacious buildings for these
six institutions are beautifully located on extensive grounds —
several hundred acres in all — which practically constitute a
charming park for the citizens, open to all, with fine groves,
lawns, statuary, winding drives, and walks. Bishop Whipple and
his assistant, the Rev. J. Dobbin, Rector of the Shattuck School,
are the embodiment of village improvement, and such confidence is
placed in their taste and judgment that their recommendations are
effective. Though I made an inspection of the town, as is my
custom, in order to meet local exigencies, I found the "needs"
less than in any other Western town of its size that I have visited.
With admitted defects, it is justly called the "Model Town" of
Minnesota.

My lecture occurred on the eve of the twenty-fifth anniversary
of Mr. Whipple's bishopric. It was a privilege to hear the
merited tributes to his great achievements in Church and State,
and his success in the civilization and evangelization of the
Indians, among whom he was known as " Straight Tongue. "

VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT. 21

His later work in awakening public interest in behalf of Indian
Education has been of national importance and has probably
influenced the action of Congress more than that of any other man
except Senator Dawes. As an Indian missionary preacher, a
trustee of the Peabody Fund, and as a wise and efficient Bishop, he
is justly held in honor widely over the country, but in Faribault
he is recognized as a great benefactor of the town by his noble
character and personal influence. Often names honored abroad
are tarnished at home. After mingling freely with the citizens, it
was delightful to observe with what unanimity there was paid to
him that heart-felt tribute of homage and affection which only a
noble character and valued services can command. Too many
men of equal culture and ability in suburban or rural towns, are
so isolated and apart from their fellow-citizens as to leave little or
no impress on the community. Bishop Whipple's example is
fitted to make many others.

Among the minor aims of these improvement societies, are the
providing of rustic seats under the shades for the comfort of
pedestrians, pleasantly suggesting neighborly friendliness ; secur-
ing watering- troughs for horses at convenient points where, from
adjacent hill-sides, never-failing springs facilitate such kindness to
animals ; commending neutral tints for dwellings in place of the
glaring white formerly so common ; furnishing plans for rural
architecture, and showing that the conditions of economy, taste,
and convenience can be met without adopting an enlarged dry-
goods box as the sole model ; preventing nuisances like depositing
rubbish along the streets, or painting advertisements on the rocks
by the myriad nostrum venders, or the tearing up the turf fronting
dwellings by inconsiderate road-menders. There is ample room
for the needful work of the scraper, without making unsightly
cuts in front of residences ; or preventing euroachment upon the
higliway everytime the fence boundary is made. The removal of
front fences should be cautiously advocated. On a large corner-
lot, or on a great thoroughfare near a cattle-market, or in some
towns in Southern Indiana and Southern Illinois, where the battle
of the hogs and cows has never been fought, the fence is still
essential. There the specious plea prevails, that the street or
common is the poor man's pasture, so that the enforcement of a
stock law would deprive him of his inalienable rights. But in an
intelligent town, a fair discussion usually wins the victory for a

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

liberal policy. This has been tried in so many cases, east and
west, that I confidently urge all villagers thus afflicted to contend
for the abatement of this nuisance.

Many country towns, naturally salubrious, have suffered greatly
from neglect of hygienic laws. Sanitarians say that at least one-
third of the diseases of modern life are preventable, and that in
our country, fully 120,000 deaths occur annually from preventable
causes, and as there are on an average, twenty-eight times as
many cases of sickness as of death, there are over three and one
third million sicknesses from preventable disease. There has been
a far greater advance in sanitary science during the last fifty years
than in any previous century. But the popular appreciation
of this science has not kept pace with its discoveries. The
pressing demand now is the diffusion of the art of sanitation —
the practical application of its methods — by the people at large.
Lecturing in every township of Massachusetts and Connecticut,
while for over twenty-six years serving these States, and also in
most of the other States, I have often learned of the ravages of
fatal diseases caused by impure air, impure soil, and impure
water. Hence I always place among the objects of every
improvement society which I organize, " the promotion of public
healtli by securing better sanitary conditions in our homes and
their surroundings. " I often find faulty drains, or a stagnant
pool under the kitchen window, or neglected privies, or cess-pools
too near the well, or a cellar made foul by rats, cats, or decaying
vegetables, tainting the air of the whole house. It is often
difficult to convince householders of danger from their water
supply, and yet I seldom inspect a country town, where there is
not obvious need of the warning " Look carefully to your w«ills."
In speaking of such defects, the utmost frankness is usually
welcomed. In one town — a large summer resort — where I had
made the usual survey of its needs, I described a stagnant
malarious pool covered with green scum, not eighty feet from a
dwelling-house, and not twelve-hundred feet from the church in
which we were assembled, when the Chaii'man of the Selectmen
rose and said, " That shall be drained in two weeks." I had
hardly finished the description of a glaring defect of a different
kind, when another gentleman made the welcome announcement,
" That shall be remedied in two days." Hearty applause greeted
these best speeches of the evening. Indeed I have seldom

AHLLAGE IMPROVEMENT. 23

observed any sign of displeasure at the description of the defects
of a town, when courteously made for the purpose of remedying
them. Watering-places naturally healthful sometimes become
death-pools, when made the home of a dense crowd in the hottest
months of the year. Usually such unwelcome discoveries are
accepted as facts and the remedies applied, but sometimes they
are treated as absurd alarms, and gross ignorance and carelessness
hold their ground undisturbed.

Many village improvement societies have been efficient in
securing free public libraries. Sixteen years ago, Pasadena in
California was a wild ranch, and its only streets were sheep-paths.
A " Village Improvement and Library Association " was organized
twelve years ago, which formed wise plans for its lay-out and
development. It now has fine broad avenues without front fences,
lined with palms, fern-leafed peppers, English walnuts, and other
choice trees. Its forty miles of stone sidewalks averaging eight
feet in width are the best I have seen in any town of its size. It
has no saloons, but so many improvements and so choice a
community that it is fitly regarded as the model town of Southern
California. Its beautiful library building owned by its improve-
ment society, and its fine library are hereafter to be liberally
supported by taxation.

The Free Public Library system of Massachusetts was
originated in 1847 by Dr. Francis Waylaud, President of Brown
University, who tendered five hundred dollars to the little town
named in honor of him, on condition that its citizens should raise
an equal sum for a free town library — a condition promptly met.
Dr. Wayland expressed the hope that the towns around Wayland
would secure libraries. Such was the result sooner than he
expected, for he builded better than he knew. All these towns —
Framingham, Concord, Waltham, Weston, Natick, Sudbury, Sher-
born — now have flourishing libraries. The words of President
Wayland, emphasized by his gift, summoned attention to the need
of public libraries. The press of Boston and of Massachusetts
commended his views and his action, Edward Everett, Josiah
Quincy, Jr., John P. Bigelow, and others helped by pen and
tongue and purse in the scheme for the Boston Library, which owed
its success to the fact that it had from the outset the counsel
and patient thought and liberal support of the most eminent
citizens of Boston.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Nothing reflects more credit upon Massachusetts during the
last forty years, than the history of her free libraries. The act
legalizing their support by taxation, enacted forty years ago, has
stood the crucial test of experience. While for nearly eleven
years agent of the State Board of Education, and visiting every
town and advocating the organization of libraries, I seldom
encountered objections to the library law. Massachusetts may
well glory in the fact that it now has 307 free libraries, containing
in the aggregate more than 2,500,000 volumes available for all of
the 2,238,943 inhabitants excepting 45 of the smallest and poorest
towns with a total population of hardly 60,000. There is no other
equal area on this globe so well supplied with free libraries. Munifi-
cent gifts have been made to them in money — not including books
— exceeding $5,500,000. Libraries have often been the cause or
result of village improvement which so directly fosters public
spirit.

Discussion.

Rev. Calvin Terry said there were many sides to the subject
presented today — economical, educational, sanitary, civilizing.
In the economical view, our gray-headed members can recollect
when it was considered necessary, in our villages, to build at
considerable cost, a picket, or some other style of fence, in front
of every house, to protect the lawn, flower-beds, choice shrubs, or
other decorative plants from the depredations of stray cattle
or other animals which were allowed to range at large ; and streets
that were intended to be from thirty to sixty feet wide were
rendered quite narrow by permitting the growth of wild shrubs
and sometimes trees upon a wide margin on either side. These
thoroughfares can be cleared, and, under the influence of the
improvement societies, many have been thus treated, transforming
them into attractive avenues, making them practically much wider
in reality, as well as to the eye. And how much more decently
children behave, when passing along a clean and beautiful high-
way! The educational influence of their surroundings is refining
and elevating, and will tend to restrain both the smooth-faced
boys and some bearded ones who do not outgrow their boyish
propensities. But where the roads are neglected and dilapidated,
the recklessness of youth finds vent in wanton destructiveness.

The sanitary aspect of the topic has been well treated by the
lecturer. The temptation to throw garbage and dead creatures upon

VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT. 25

the highway is removed when neatness prevails along the borders.
Negligence and slovenliness in this regard will breed a pestilence in
a village, while the thoughtless people wonder why it is so sickly.

The civilizing influence is substantially involved in the other
three topics — especially the educational — for they tend to raise
the tone of public sentiment and develop a higher standard of
social life. Even the boyish ones will learn to appreciate beauty
and to respect the rights and feelings of those whose premises are
neat and fruitful.

This subject commends itself to all. But the people will not be
willing to remove their fences unless they can have protection.
The laws now require all to take care of their own cattle and
horses, and to prevent unnecessary trespassing upon the highways ;
but — to say nothing more about marauding boys — what have we
to prevent the depredations of dogs? Think of half a dozen
dogs of from fifty to a hundred pounds weight, running at large
over your lawns and gardens ! So lawless and indecent as they
are, I would as soon have a cow in my garden as such dogs.
We need a law restraining them, — and I would suggest to the
lecturer that he add a sentence or two to his lecture upon this topic
and try to secure such enactments as shall protect the public from
this nuisance.

Leverett M. Chase believed that we could not have any laws
enforced that went much beyond the average spirit of the people.
He was convinced that the best protection was more elevated
thought and public sentiment ; these would give protection when
fences, even as high as the walls of Babylon, could not keep out
the hoodlums. He declared that be loved dogs, but he knew there
were very many of them that should be made food for grape vines
and other fruit and vegetable plants. He was greatly moved by
what tlie lecturer had said. Home is the garden where we are
prepared for heaven.

Mr. Chase moved that a vote of thanks be passsed to Dr.
Northrop, for his interesting and instructive lecture. The motion
was unanimously carried.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committe on Discussion,
announced that on the next Saturday, Warren H. Manning, of
Brookline, would present a paper upon "Landscape Gardening."

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTTJEAI, SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 21, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was bolden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Samuel J. Trepess, of Brookline, was proposed by Arthur W.
Blake, as a member of the Society. Mrs. R. Josephine Cobb, of
Attleborough, was proposed by Joseph H. Woodford, as an Annual
Member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 28.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Landscape Gardening.

By Warren H. Manning, Brookline.

Landscape Gardening, Landscape Architecture, or Landscape
Engineering, are terms which are employed to represent a profes-
sion concerning which very little is understood by the majority
of people.

Many have the impression that the landscape gardener's work
only begins when the house is completed, — that it consists merely
of grading, sodding, seeding, and planting. As a result of this
popular ignorance there are many nurserymen, florists, and con-
tractors who make this kind of work a part of their business, and
who add to their business announcements one of the above titles,
usually that of Landscape Gardener. This branch of the plant
dealer's business gives an opportunity to use plants that may not
at the time be in demand and of which they may have a surplus.
It is in general their practice to give about the same treatment to
all places, irrespective of characters or surroundings ; to remove all
natural rocks or bushes, grade to a smooth surface, sod or seed,
and then plant throughout the open spaces and along the walks and
borders the common, usually exotic, plants, with an assortment
of the horticultural forms that happen at the time to be in fashion
and are easily and cheaply procured in the nursei'ies. Their
attempts to go beyond the ordinary practice too often result in such
offences to good taste as a rockery in the center of a fine bit of

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 27

lawn, which, as usually made, is and always must be a bare and
ugly pile of rocks ; or a discarded iron kettle in which nothing
creditable can be grown, placed on a rustic tripod and the whole
arrangement painted bright red ; or useless walks and roads with
unmeaning and unnecessary crooks.

There is an impression abroad — with many, a conviction — that
there is a higher practice as a profession, by which finer and more
original and artistic results are secured, but with this impression is
the feeling that this practice is only within the reach of cities or
wealthy individuals, and is so far beyond the means of small
property owners that it is not worth their time to look into it.
This is a wrong impression, for even the smallest place is worthy
the attention of the landscape architect, and there is as much
reason for securing his services in the selection, arrangement, and
construction of the grounds as there is in the employment of an
architect for the buildings. A properly equipped landscape
architect would be able to secure a much better result in every
way, for the same expenditure of money that is required to laj^
out and complete the first planting of the place in an ordinary
way. This higher practice of the profession should usually begin
with the selection of the property on which a home is to be estab-
lished, for the landscape architect in consultation with his client
can often detect advantages and disadvantages that would be
entirely overlooked by the ordinary observer, and, knowing the
tastes and requirements of his client, can determine the amount
of land necessaiy to carry out these requirements properly and
thus often save a heavy expense in the purchase of additional
land, found to be necessary after the first purchases are made, at
a much increased cost over that first secured. The pieces of land
in most towns with the greatest possibilities for the making of an
original, interesting, and often unique place are very likely the
ones longest neglected and least sought for, because their pictu-
resque natural features or irregular surfaces will not lend them-
selves readily to the smoothing-out process which most land
undergoes, or to square lots as laid out by the real estate agent
with the assistance of the land surveyor.

I have in mind an old worked-out limestone quarry, in a dense
wood, which is overgrown with ferns, vines, and bushes, and
near it a summit commanding a fine view, with an open field
sloping away from it. In another place a ridge of great angular

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fragments of rocks, which is shaded and carpeted by pines ; near
by, a pleasant slope, at the base of which is one of the finest white
oaks I know. At another place a beautiful undulating surface,
with splendid white oaks and chestnuts, and at one side a bit of
meadow with a pool, surrounded by masses of bayberry, blue-
berry, azalea, rhodora, and all the pretty plants and flowers that
go with them. At another place there is a beautiful tree-fringed
meadow, — a perfect little park in itself. All these are within less
than a mile of railroad stations and with low valuations.

We may hope to see the time when such lots will be fully appre-
ciated and such trees preserved, — not destroyed, as I know one
splendid elm to have been, because to go around it a slight curve
in a walk to the front door of a cheap house would be necessary.

In the selection of land, healthfulness should be one of the first
considerations. It should be well drained land or that which can
be well drained — preferably a porous, sandy, or gravelly soil.
This applies particularly to the land where the house is to stand,
for nothing can be more unhealthful and disagreeable than a damp
cellar, and when the condition is such that it becomes necessary
to moor a raft to the cellar stairs to be used on occasions when
one has to go fishing for coal and potatoes, it is not only unhealth-
ful, but ruinous to one's disposition. Good sanitary conditions
in the neighborhood are as important as good drainage. If it is
thickly settled, the ground may be saturated from leaking cess-
pools. Rubbish heaps, barn-yards, sink-drains, and vaults should
be investigated and the purity of the water supply should be
looked into. A pleasing outlook from the grounds is a very
desirable feature ; if not a landscape it may be a fine tree or a
tree-arched street, or a bit of your neighbor's well-kept grounds.
The topography of the land is also to be considered. A steep
slope toward or away from the road is expensive and difficult to
build upon, but often very sightly and cool in summer and warm
in winter, if on the right side of the hill. A gentle slope toward
the road gives good surface drainage and an easy approach. A
gentle slope away from the road is not bad, and if properly
managed, a pleasing result may be secured with a house set below
the road level. The most satisfactory result can often be obtained
on an irregular piece of land, and very often the irregularities can
be so utilized as to make construction more economical than on
a flat piece. Ledges and bowlders often form very interesting

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 29

and valuable iucidents, giving the place an individuality which it
would otherwise be difficult or impossible to secure. Masses
of native trees and bushes, or individuals of either; an ancient
and picturesque fruit tree ; a vine-covei'ed surface, are often of
the greatest value and can be utilized to give results that could
not be secured in years by artificial planting.

The site being secured, the designer must become thoroughly
familiar with the nature of the ground and character of the
surroundings and the requirements of the client; then, if he has
the genius to make his work an artistic success, he will be able to
outline clearly in his mind a picture of the completed place, which
is in harmony with the character of the ground and its surround-
ings. His conception will be as clear as that of the artist painter.
With the artist it is one thing to conceive a picture and quite
another to transfer it successfully to a canvas, and so it is with
the landscape architect. There must be with the power of design-
ing, a very broad practical knowledge of methods and material
available to reproduce this picture, and a skill in making plans
for, and in directing work, soi that the proper methods may be
used and the material so combined that the desired result will be
secured. With all his skill the landscape architect must often
wait for years to see his picture realized, while the artist maj'^
reproduce his in days.

The success of a place depends very much upon the cordial
cooperation of the building architect. By working together a
result may be secured which would ofttimes be impossible, if they
worked independently. Much depends upon a proper fitting of
the house to the grounds, — in character, outline, and elevation, —
by the architect, and a proper arrangement of roads, walks, and
vegetation with reference to the house, by the landscape architect.
You might as well expect two artists, one a painter of buildings
and the other of landscapes, to paint pictures independently of each
other on different canvases and then to trim them up and fit them
together successfully. Not onl}'^ should the character of the
ground be considered in determining the character of the house,
but also the character of the surroundings. I know of a modern
cottage, constructed largely of rough bowlders with dark-stained
and irregular gables and projections, all covered with a growth of
vines. It is standing on an avenue surrounded on all sides by
stately mansions of cut stone, brick, and wood. It reminds me

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of a countryman in his old clothes at a city ball. He would be a
very pleasing and picturesque object on the farm among his cattle
and his help — the controlling feature of the scene — but he would
look out of place among dress suits, and so did this house among
its neighbors.

The character of the place having been determined by the land-
scape architect, or with his assistance, or it may be by the owner
(for the designs of many places have been made and carried out by
the owners with most satisfactory results) , the location of the house,
arrangement of grounds, and construction is to be considered.
In these matters it is useless to attempt to establish rules, for it is
seldom that two places can be treated exactly alike, even if it were
desirable that they should be, and there are no two families with
the same requirements. General principles may be stated that can
be adapted to varying circumstances. The house will be located
with reference to views, exposure, the subdivision of the ground,
surrounding buildings and approaches, and this can be properly
determined only by a comprehensive study of all these points. A
well drained location will be secm-ed, care being taken to avoid
a site over, or in the line of, springs. In a house to be occupied
in winter a warm exposure for the living room is desii-able, but if
to be occupied only in summer the cool side of the house should
be the living side.

Convenient and comfortable approaches are more important
than fine views from the Aviudows. One soon tires of a fine view,
if it is secured at the expense of a daily climb up a long hill or
long flight of stairs. A fine view is to be sought for and is an
invaluable possession, but it will be fully as much appreciated
if reserved for occasional enjoyment from a comfortable outlook
above the house site, if it is not practicable to secure it from the
house and at the same time secure good approaches. In any
event, the question of approach will largely govern the location
of the house. Too often the landscape architect is only called in
to solve the problem of how to get to the house after it is built,
this important matter never having been considered up to that
time, and then appearing impossible. Many times a very expen-
sive or very awkward, and always unsatisfactory makeshift, is the
only way out of the difficulty. The position of the house will
depend upon the use the ground is to be put to, and care must
be taken that it does not encroach upon areas required for other

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 31

purposes. Au example I have iu miucl is that of a village lot iu
the centre of which a house was placed. The proprietor wauted
a lawn tennis court, and could have secured it at small expense if
the house had been located a few feet to one side from where
it was. He had to go without it, as other parts of the ground
were required for other purposes.

The subdivisions of a small or medium sized lot, outside of the
approaches and yards, would ordinarily be the lawn, a flat surface
for tennis or other games, which may be a part of the lawn, the
flower garden, and the vegetable garden, of which the flower
garden may be a part. The lawn should be the broadest piece of
unbroken surface on the place ; its position and size would be
governed by the shape of the lot, the amount of land necessary
for other purposes, the direction of the view, and the location
of approaches. Ordinarily the tennis court would be located on
flat land, or land that could be made so readily ; on the lawn, or
near it, if a grass court; if a dirt court, screened from it by
planting. The flower garden should be readily accessible from the
house, out of the line of an important view. Its location and
character could, and probably would, be varied to suit local cu'cum-
stances more than any other subdivision of the ground. The vege-
table garden would naturally take up its quarters at the back of the
buildings near the stable and sheds, and its relative importance
w^ould be governed by the desires and tastes of the owner. All
this applies to the village lot which is all to be used for home
grounds, but the same principles would apply to the home grounds
which should be reserved about the farm buildings or about the
house of any large estate iu the countrj^ There should be a
distinct division between this, the home ground, which would
be nicely kept, and the cultivated, mowed, or grazing fields of the
farm. It may be a fence or wall bordered by shrubbery, to one
side of which would come the lawn and on the other the farm, or
it may be a retaining or ha-ha wall with the lawn sloping from
the house to it, and with phmting along its borders above the wall.

Roads and walks are not in tliemselves objects of beauty ; they
are essential to secure convenient and comfortable access to the
buildings and parts of the grounds. To secure the least amount
of road that will serve this purpose properly, and to so arrange
it that it will not be too obtrusive, or cut up the broader
open spaces too nuich, or destroy important natural features, and

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCEETY.

at the same time secure easy grades and graceful curves is one of
the most difficult problems the landscape architect has to deal with.
It is in most cases decidedly better to have the main entrance to
the house on the side away from the lawn. This is contrary
to the general practice. The lawn should be the quiet, restful
side of the house — the homeside — and should not have an avenue
or turn, and the frequent coming and going of carriages and people
between it and the house. A main approach direct to the entrance
of the house must be provided, and branching off from this at
some distance from the house, or often entirely independent of it,
there should be a secondary approach to the kitchen yards and
stable. The approaches should be as direct as practicable.
When it is necessary to cross the lawn, the grading can often be
so managed as to hide the road from the house, and give the lawn
the appearance of being unbroken. Steeper grades than a rise of
one foot in fifteen should be avoided in roads, and one foot in ten
in walks. The curves should be gentle and be made with an
evident reason. Unnecessary curves in roads or walks are always
very conspicuous. For some places a straight entrance and
formal treatment is preferable to curved lines and a more natural
treatment. Only such walks as are required should be provided.
An approach to the house independent of the drive, and walks in
the gardens and to buildings are usually all that is necessary. A
walk around the lawn is often unnecessary and unsightly ; in wet
weather it would not be used, and in dry weather the grass is
pleasanter to walk upon. Roads should be wide enough for teams
to pass each other, or they should be so narrow that it is evident
they cannot pass, say ten feet. Twelve feet is deceptive, fourteen
feet will do, but sixteen feet is better. Three teams could not
pass in eighteen feet ; in twenty-one they could. The width will
depend upon the arrangement of roads, the amount of passing,
and the character of the passing. A fashionable family with
many friends and a visiting day, will need a road wide enough for
coaches to pass. If roads and walks are thoroughly constructed
in the beginning, on proper grades, and the water is kept off of
them, much labor and expense will be saved later in repairs.

Grading, whether the changes in the natural surface are many
or few, is an important matter, especially on those parts which are
not to be planted. A graceful and natural fitting of the new
surfaces to the old requires some skill. A gently undulating

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 33

surface and loug, gentle slopes are more natural, more pleasing,
and more easily cared for than short, steep slopes. In nature,
abrupt slopes with sharp angles are seldom seen in free soil which
is undisturbed by heavy bodies of water. Nature's process is to
gradually wear off the sharp, upper edge and fill it in at the abrupt
base. The result is a curve gradually running into a reverse
curve — an ogee curve as the builder would call it — and it is such
a curve that should be imitated in lawn grading. A formal
terrace, when used, may be defined by a wall or a terrace bank.
Such a bank should be distinctly formal, with its angles sharply
defined and slope flat — not a mongrel with a curved top and an
angular base. Very steep and abrupt slopes are sometimes
necessary. They can often be filled, and held in place, with
heavy, natural bowlders, and planted to imitate, so far as possible,
a similar slope in nature. It is very desirable to secure a shallow
turf gutter at the base of a bank sloping toward the road to pre-
vent the water from flowing on to the gravel surface. The water
can be intercepted by occasional catch basins, and carried across
the road, if it is on a sidehill, or disposed of by drains.

"Where a permanently vigorous and luxuriant growth of plants
or a constantly fine turf is required, deep trenching or plowing
and liberal fertilizing is essential. It does not follow, however,
that poor or barren land cannot be covered with a pleasing growth
without this thorough preparation. The luxuriant clothing of
bayberry, sweet-fern, wild rose, and other plants on the sandy and
gravelly soil of the exposed seashore and also inlands is sufficient
evidence of this.

Drainage and the disposal of house wastes are important
matters that must be considered in the plan of a place and pro-
vided for during construction. With a satisfactory fall and outlet
(for which you will sometimes have to seek permission to go
through your neighbor's land) the drainage of a wet surface is not
difficult to secure. A satisfactory disposal of sewage is more
difficult. A leaching cesspool is the usual vehicle, a very unsafe
and in many soils unsatisfactory method. A tight cesspool
periodically emptied is more expensive to maintain, but safer.
There are safe but somewhat complicated methods of disposal by
sub-surface, or surface irrigation, which can often be used to
advantage. Of course, if there is a sewer the disposal is a simple
matter.
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTILTURAIi SOCIETY.

Planting, which is so often looked upon as the principal work
of the landscape architect, is, as I hope I have made evident, only
one of the details — a very important one, it is true, but after all
only the dress and ornament of the place.

There are many, thousands of species and varieties of hardy
plants in common cultivation in the north-eastern United States.
Of woody plants alone there are between four and five thousand
species and varieties that are offered in foreign and American
nursery catalogues, three-fourths of which would probably survive
ordinary winters at Boston under favorable circumstances. Many
of these are interesting only to the botanist, and of no value to
the landscape architect, but a knowledge of all that may be of
value — a very large number — will enable him to produce results
and secure effects that cannot possibly be secured by a man with
a more limited knowledge. While the great variety that is avail-
able gives an opportunity to produce interesting details and a
much longer season of flower and more interesting winter effects,
it is also a great source of danger, for it constantly offers the
temptation to use too large an assortment, which will result in a
mixed planting with no character or individuality, and also in the
introduction of many things that are not adapted to the soil or
surroundings, the failure or poor success of which will give
the whole planting a shabby, patchy look. It is safer to select
a few reliably vigorous varieties, having good, healthy foliage
through the season — they are more apt to be natives than exotics —
and let them predominate in the planting ; then add to its interest,
if it is in a place where it is desirable to have interesting details —
that is, where it frequently comes under close observation^ — by
using a greater variety of native, exotic, or garden forms of woody
plants, or hardy perennials. A large variety in a border which is
to be seen from a distance is entirely lost to the eye, or gives an
undesirable, mixed, or patchy look, and adds largely to the expense.
If it is made mainly of a few kinds, as we see in nature, the most
effective and pleasing results can be secured. A low border
plantation made up of the flowering dogwood, with a few of its
red flowered variety, the panicled dogwood, clethra, and wild rose,
— all natives — would give a better result than the same number
of exotic varieties, or if the variety were increased many times.
If it were desirable to have more interesting details, large masses
of loosestrife, golden rods, asters, perennial sunflowers, and the

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 35

like, would give it without detracting from the effect of the woody
plants.

The use of colored foliage in a lawn planted in a natural way
seldom produces a pleasing result, though I should not say that it
cannot be used. To a person of refined tastes a gaudy, yellow piece
of furniture in a finely furnished and decorated room, the prevailing
color of which is green, would be offensive. It would mar the
enjoyment one would take in a tasteful and harmonious room, for
it would be impossible for him to banish this conspicuous object
from his eye or his mind. But a bit of yellow ribbon or bric-a-
brac in the same room could be used to draw the eye to some
particularly nice feature to which this bit of color would give life
and vivacity. If the same good taste that is applied to the
decoration of a room be applied to the grounds, the brilliantly
colored garden forms would be used less than they are now in the
lawns, and be confined more to the garden. If one prefers not to
have the quiet restfulness of the lawn, and cannot appreciate the
refined beauty of natural shrubs with their ever varying tints of
green, their graceful outlines, their wealth of flowers, their
luxuriance of foliage, but prefers to make a flower and foliage
garden of all his place, very gorgeous and striking combinations of
color and outline can be secured with garden forms, — more
striking and showy than any we ordinarily see, for there are many
interesting varieties which are little known and less used. Do not
understand me to disparage a garden. I think every place should
have one, and that it should be made as interesting and attractive
as possible, but I do not think it a good thing to spread it all over
the place. A brilliant garden is as attractive as a brilliant bit of
autumn landscape, but an autumn tinted landscape throughout the
season would soon make one long for something green to look
upon.

In the making of fine gardens and the arrangement of decorative
plants, more particularly those which are used for a summer
decoration, there is room for a new profession, which even now is
practised, but is not distinguished from the practice of the
landscape architect. It requires a thorough knowledge of this
very large class of decorative plants, with the skill and taste
necessary to make brilliant, yet refined and artistic, combinations,
not only harmonious in themselves but harmonizing with their
surroundings. Such a profession has already been called

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ornamental gardening. It is not gardening in the sense of
growing of plants. To have the knowledge and skill to grow the
many plants and their varieties now cultivated, and at the same
time to keep up with the new introductions, will tax the resources
of a very active brain ; there are few that can do it. Many
gardeners are skilful in arranging combinations of garden plants ;
perhaps some of them would be more successful at ornamental
gardening or designing than at gardening. It is certain that there
are landscape gardeners, and probably already ornamental
gardeners, who cannot successfully grow all, and perhaps can
grow only a very few, of the plants they use.

There are fashions in gardens and fashions in plants, and too
often a plant is considered essential because it happens to be
popular. The ornamental gardener who is working for an
artistic result will not hesitate to use the commonest weed, if it
furnishes just the shade, texture, or form that he requires — the
common burdock perhaps, or the silver weed.

The beautiful landscape of a park will never go out of fashion,
and the landscape, architect in producing such, uses plants as a
painter uses his pigments in painting a picture. He paints in a
broad way ; the minutiae of detail of the garden and the lawn
would not only be lost to the eye but would very likely defeat the
very object he is working for. With him the garden standard of
value counts for little. Very common plants like the willows,
cat-tails, and sedges, or even the common rhubarb, may make the
foundation of a picture that will challenge the admiration of the
critic and even of the multitude.

There is more or less fashion displayed in the planting of a lawn ;
it would be better if the vagaries of fashion were confined to the
garden, and that the lawn should partake more of the character of
a bit of landscape, or a grassy glade, or opening in the midst of
shrubbery or wood, for it is not always that the breadth of view,
^hich makes up a landscape, can be secured in or across a lawn.
It should have a beautiful fringing of green, varying in texture,
color, and outline, with a frequent glow and constant sparkle of
flowers, with groups and fine individuals breaking out from the
bordering masses, but not interrupting the open centre of the lawn,
excepting to increase the appearance of distance. You would
expect to use a larger assortment in the lawn than in a distant
border plantation, — more exotics and more of the garden

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 37

varieties having variations iu flower, — but certain reliable varieties
should predominate and establish a character for the planting
which will be in keeping with the character of the place. The
position of groups on the lawn will be governed by the views and
by the topography of the ground. In general, elevations will be
planted high and depressions low, or not at all, to increase their
apparent height or depth. The planting would be arranged so
that a slope would be away from it rather than toward it. A
border plantation having an irregular edge with points and depres-
sions, gives more opportunity for variety and more effects of light
and shade than a straight edge. Groups and individuals would in
general be used to increase the prominence of the points — not to
fill up the bays. In selecting plants, the greatest care must be
taken not to select too large growing kinds for the places they are
to occupy. A border plantation should be an irregular mass of
foliage rather than a series of distinct individuals. To produce
such an effect, thick planting is usually best, for a quicker result
is secured ; also a more natural and graceful outline, and less care
and cultivation are required. The plants will thin themselves
naturally, but it is, of course, better to do a little thinning and
training every year to encourage the development of interesting
details, but it should be done with a definite object in view.
Unless this can be done in an intelligent manner under the close
direction of some one who comprehends and is in sympathy with
the design, it would be safer not to have it done at all. There is
no good reason for trimming shrubs, as it is ordinarily done.
Surely nothing could be more ugly than the broom-headed
shrubbery which is seen on many lawns, both public and private.
A decoration of fagot street brooms would be about as handsome
as much of it. It is neither natural nor formal. If a place is
adapted to a formal treatment, and is so treated, the selection of
plants to be trimmed formally would not include an indiscriminate
assortment of garden shrubs, but would be made up only of those
that were adapted to this treatment. Too often men who call
themselves gardeners are responsible for the almost universal
mutilation and misplacing of shrubs, and I believe I am safe in
saying that many who are gardeners are often guilty. It would
seem that the gardener's training is directed toward making
successful growers of greenhouse and garden flowers and veg-
etables, and that there is seldom acquired anything more than a

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

very superficial knowledge of the commonest hardy woody plants
and their treatment.

If the ground has been thoroughly prepared in the beginning
and a good top-dressing is given every winter, but little further
cultivation wUl be required after the plants have become
established and have grown sufficiently to cover the ground.
There is no more occasion to tear up the surface, and with it the
surface roots every spring with spade or fork, than there would
be to tear up the surface of a beautiful roadside thicket to keep it
in good condition.

Shrubs and small trees should predominate in a small place.
That very large trees cannot be used to advantage should be
evident to any one giving thought to the subject, yet you will see
in the majority of places large growing deciduous and evergreen
trees placed so near the walks or buildings that they will in a very
few years become obstructions. Broad-leafed evergreens, while
more expensive, are as a rule better and more permanent for a
winter effect on a small place than coniferous trees. The best
plants are those which are nursery grown. Wild plants of certain
varieties, if properly handled, will transplant well, and produce a
good effect, but without experience iu handling such plants the
result is likely to be unsatisfactory. It is very difficult to get
native plants of many kinds in large quantities from the nurseries,
and it is in this that the landscape architect can often help to good
advantage, as it is usually part of his practice to keep informed as
to where such plants can be obtained.

The employment of a trained gardener on a small or medium
sized place is not practicable. Men offering themselves as
gardeners at day laborers' wages are more likely to bring discredit
than credit to a profession that requires for success, intelligence,
enthusiasm, and a true love of the work. A good gardener loves
his flowers and plants next to his family, and is as impatient of
neglect and bad treatment of the one as of the other. Such a
man soon finds and stays in a good position with fair pay, — not
as much as his skill and intelligence deserve perhaps, but in many
ways preferable to other work where more dollars per day are
earned. I believe it is safe to say that the majority of those who
call themselves gardeners, who are drifting about and ready to
accept a position at any price, are not safe men to have on a
place. Their assurance is in proportion to their ignorance, and

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 39

by taking advantage of the ignorance of their employers they can
do more damage to a place than the proprietor himself could,
however ignorant of gardening. For this reason I believe it is
safer for him to employ a willing and industrious man who lays
no claim to a knowledge of gardening, but who will do as he is
told, and give him directions how to do the work on the place. If
errors are then made, they will only serve to increase the
knowledge and interest of the proprietor.

In this writing I have had in view small or medium sized home
places especially. I have hardly touched on the service the
landscape architect may be to the real estate owner in planning
his property to avoid steep grades and heavy cuts and fills, in
preserving and developing the natural features of the place, in so
arranging the lots that each may be accessible and have as nearly
equal advantages as possible, and in planting to utilize the
material on the grounds ; to the village, town, or city in design-
ing public recreation grounds and the surroundings of public
buildings, advising with regard to street tree planting or roadside
improvement ; to cemeteries in designing the grounds and their
decorations ; to public amusement resorts in providing a convenient
and pleasing arrangement of buildings and grounds, laid out in a
manner to educate rather than to degrade public taste.

Some information as to the methods employed by the landscape
architect, or landscape gardener, in carrying on his profession
may be of service to those who contemplate employing such
assistance. Some make a charge for their plan, a profit on the
men employed in superintendence, and also a profit on the plants
used, which they supply partly from nurseries of their own and
partly by purchasing from other nurseries. There are others
whose practice is the same, except that they have no nursery of
their own or no personal interest in one. Others prepare plans
and superintend the construction for a percentage of the cost, and
still others contract for a specified sum to design, furnish all
material, and construct a place. Where it is taken up as a
profession purely, the practice is to make a charge for general
design and report also for working drawings, estimates of cost
and superintendence. Such charges are usually based on the
difficult}' of the undertaking rather than on the cost. On any
purchases of materials that are made it is the practice to give the
client the benefit of the lowest rates which frequent and often
large purchases enable the landscape architect to procure.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Where a trained landscape architect is not available and the
proprietor or any of his family has not the time or disposition to
study into and direct the work, then the safest course would be to
trust to your local florist, nurseryman, or contractor, securing
from him an estimate of the cost in advance. You can hardly
expect to get very artistic or original results, for the greater part
of their time and thought must be given to the successful conduct
of their business, of which this forms only a small department.
It is very often to the local florist, nurseryman, or contractor that
the landscape architect looks for his skilled assistance in carrying
out the details on a place, under the du-ection of his trained
assistants who are familiar with the plans and the results desired.

I believe the time is not far distant when the man who is to
build a new place, or remodel an old one, and who wishes to
secure the best and most economical result, will call in the land-
scape architect to help him plan the ground, as he now calls in the
building architect to help him plan the building.

Discussion.

Edward L. Beard said he would like to add a word or two from
his own observation, and he thought the last sentence of the paper
just read would be an appropriate text. He believed most
emphatically that the time has come when the landscape architect
should be depended upon quite as much as, if not more than, the
the building architect, in the creation of a home. The laying out
and preparation of one's grounds requires the same care as the
planning and decoration of the house. Twenty years ago it was
different. Then the cost of the house was the only thing con-
sidered, and if any trees were introduced they were selected with
little judgment and were planted promiscuously without any
reference to forming a picture, or to improving the appearance of
the house. Some time ago, when at Baltimore, he noticed an
estate of about four hundred acres upon which stood a mansion,
which probably cost at least seventy thousand dollars. But the
house stood alone, with nothing done to the bare grounds to
render the place attractive. Today we do not see these defects as
much as formerly ; taste is growing, — more, he thought in the
Eastern States, perhaps, than in some other parts of the country.
The work of the landscape architect is becoming more important i
more thought and attention are given to the improvemenf of

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 41

homes. He was greatly impressed with the possibilities which the
more general employment of professionals would develop. But
meanwhile, when owners undertake improvements in this direction,
let them look to what the ultimate result of their planting will be,
when the trees and shrubs have attained their growth. There is
no more valuable ally to the advancement of public taste than the
landscape architect, and it is better for the owner of a place, in
having it improved, to spend a little more money and have the
work well done, than to have the grounds planted promiscuously.

President Kidder said we sometimes see exhibitions of singular
taste in efforts at lawn decoration. As an instance he mentioned
seeing a whole kitchen outfit, consisting of a range with its
furniture, including pots, kettles, saucepans, etc., all in position
as in use ; and a plant, or collection of plants, growing in each,
set out upon the lawn as a grand decoration.

Leverett M. Chase spoke of landscape gardening especially in
connection with new public buildings. When such an edifice is
needed, it is often the case that areas of land which may be
selected as eligible for the purpose will be bonded at once by
speculators, in order to secure a large profit from its sale to the
public agents. By a give-and-take arrangement among themselves
— and possibly a similar understanding with officials — the locality
is selected where the structure can be erected. It may be a costly
and showy one, but the beauty of its contour and embellishments
cannot be seen, as in the selection of the ground no attention was
paid to securing broad approaches, or space for lawns, or even
a gravelled or paved yard. The exceptions to this rule are
comparatively rare. What we need to do is to educate the people
in landscape taste, not only by having elegant and costly public
buildings, but by locating them in open places, surrounded by
ample and tastefully arranged public grounds. Toronto, in
Canada, is an instance where this principle is adopted to a larger
extent than in most of the cities in the United States. With us,
in nine cases out of ten, trees are not properlj' located ; nineteen
out of every twenty trees are set so near together that by their
growth they soon crowd each other, and the beauty of the park or
thoroughfare is destroyed.

William C. Strong expressed the great interest he felt in the
subject, and said he had highly enjoyed the treatment of it by the
essayist today. He believed the time is soon coming when we

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

shall rely mostly on the landscape architect to plan our grounds
and locate our houses and other buildings, and that, too, upon
small places at relatively moderate prices. There have been
hitherto comparatively few — except rather large estates, or public
grounds — that have been planned and arranged under the direc-
tion of professional landscape architects. The impression widely
prevails that all such service is an expensive luxury in which but
few can indulge. He thought it would be a great service to the
public, if some of these professional men would aim to popularize
their calling by brief suggestive work, applied to small places at
moderate cost, leaving the labor to ordinary workmen. The
advantage of employing such skilled judgment at the start, if not
too expensive, would be manifest to all. He agreed with the
lecturer, that in planting we should generally avoid fancy colors ;
also that it is very easy to be tempted to use too great variety.
Nature made no mistake in providing green as the prevailing
color. Still there are many exquisite shades of green, which can
be combined in various ways, producing beautiful effects, none of
which will be gaudy. The silvery sheen of some of the Conifers,
the brilliant shades of the Japan Maples, and many other distinct
colors, all have their advantages in producing the best results.

Thomas C. Thurlow thought that most books or treatises on
landscape gardening are better adapted for the use of those
owning extensive grounds, ,with abundant means, than to those
with small grounds and limited means. In our manufacturing-
towns and villages, there are being erected every year, hundreds
of houses — mostly, perhaps, built on lots of fifty by one hundred
feet — and the general view appears to be that the nearer level
the land is, the better. Further than that the owners do not pay
the least regard to the land, or the future use to be made of it.
The one idea appears to be to get the house up and ready to
occupy in the shortest possible time. The sand and gravel from
the cellar is often thrown out, completely covering all top soil,
which should have been carefully saved, together with that from
the driveway and paths. This top soil, with other loam, should
be used to finish grading up around the house, in a natural easy
curve, and to the depth of from one to two feet ; and also upon
the small plat to be used for a lawn, or for growing trees and
flowers. Instead of this, however, the sand and gravel only are
often used for grading up about the buildings, and other equally

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 43

worthless material is hauled in to " fill up " any inequalites on the
proposed lawn and garden.

The speaker used, as an illustration, Haverhill — near which is
his home — now a city of thirty thousand people, but which
within his memory was known in that vicinity as Haverhill
Village. There were over two hundred and fifty houses built
there during the past season, many of them of considerable
pretension, planned by competent architects, and generally
painted in the most approved modern style. And yet it is doubt-
ful whether any one of their projectors ever consulted a landscape
gardener. If a couple of hours' advice costing about ten dollars,
or a simple plan of the grounds, for twenty-five dollars, could
have been obtained from a competent person, many, no doubt,
would have availed themselves of the privilege. But no such
person was to be found. The landscape architects of our day do
not apparently care for these small jobs.

Formerly, when shade trees were needed for the streets of this
town, some New Hampshire farmer was engaged to dig maples
and elms from his pasture or woodland, and the usual price of one
dollar each was paid for tree and planting — the planting often-
times done much the same as you would set a telegraph pole or
hitching post — and if the ' ' Committee " were sharp enough to get
such work done for fifty or seventy-five cents per tree, it was
considered a "smart" transaction. The speaker suggested that
it might be a good plan for this Society to offer a premium for the
best small treatise upon the A B C of landscape gardening and
landscape architecture, and thus promote the knowledge — and the
more general application — of this beautiful art.

O. B. Hadwen had been much interested in the subject of the
€ssay, and considered that its treatment was in the right direction.
He had known for some time the importance of this subject, and
especially in its application to farms, a point upon which he
noticed the lecturer had not touched. The most of the land in
this State is occupied as farms ; but farmers, as a rule know
little or nothing of landscape beauty. They are taught to cut
down trees, but not to plant them, nor to reserve and protect
them. Hence our farm scenery has suffered generally, and has
rarely been improved by the owners. He said it did him good to
see the large stately trees that have been left standing by some
sagacious men, wlien cutting off a crop of wood ; also well

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTILTUKAL, SOCIETY.

developed trees that have been planted for ornament long years
since. He also admired the beauty of some recently introduced
trees such as Schwedler's and Eeitenbach's Norway maples, with
their rich colors, changing from spring through the summer and
to the end of autumn; also coniferous trees which are darker
colored above and lighter beneath ; or with blue, or sage colored
foliage, like Picea pungens, the peculiar color of which is due to
cultivation. Manuring changes the color of Pinus pungens; and
having learned this fact, the farmer must see to it that his trees are
highly manured to develop their beauty.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion announced that
on the next Saturday, "A Historical Sketch of English Horticul-
ture " would be given by Samuel Henshaw, of West New Brighton,
Staten Island, N. Y.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 28, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The Secretary moved that the Finance Committee be added ta
the Executive Committee for the consideration of that part of the
President's Address relating to the Building and the Library*
The motion was unanimously carried.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 4.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Historical Sketch of English Horticulture.

By Samuel Henshaw, West New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.

The subject given to me by your Society is one to which justice
cannot be done in one short essay, but which would require a series
of papers, or even a volume to give an intelligent outline of what
has been done in our profession, even in the last two centuries »
But, as I interpret it, the subject calls for a historical retrospect^

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH HORTICULTURE. 45

and a comparison of what it is today, with horticulture in the most
remote period of English History. Consequently, I am compelled
to begin at the beginning, and take a glance at the records we
have of anything pertaining to horticulture in the British Islands
from the earliest periods.

We are entirely in the dark regarding the cultivation of either
fruits or flowers previous to the Roman occupation of England.
There are some vague hints by the early historians of the cultiva-
tion of certain vegetables and fruits by the aboriginal inhabitants,
but nothing that we can place any reliance on until about the year
80, when Julius Agricola invaded England, although one writer
says the grape vine was introduced about the year 10 of our era.
However, we do know that when once the Romans had obtained
a footing on those Islands it was not long before they introduced
and taught the cultivation of all the known desirable fruits and
vegetables of that period, especially as many of the fruits
and vegetables grew to greater perfection in the climate of Eng-
land than they could possibly be made to do in Italy. The
currant, gooseberry, raspberry, and strawberry are natives of
Britain. From the evidence we have that the rich Roman families
were in the habit of spending their summers in England, to
escape the heated term of their native clime, it is but natural
that they would be anxious to surround themselves there, with all
that contributed to their comfort and enjoyment, both socially and
otherwise. We have abundant evidence, from recent discoveries
made in various parts of England, that the "four hundred" of
that period, selected some of the most favored parts of the Island
for the gratification of theu* luxurious and refined tastes. There
may still be seen the remains of their villa residences at Bath,
Chester, Cheltenham, and various other places, where there were
either mineral springs, mountain air, or the social life incident to
the security afforded by a walled city, which meant ' ' a colony of
summer visitors," and all which that expression means today in a
similar gathering of our own times. When one examines the
elaborate and ornate decorations that have been lately exhumed
at Bath, Chester, and other summer resorts of the wealthy Romans
in England ; the mosaic pavements leading to their baths, the
partly covered courts, and other provision made for the thorough
enjoyment of a summer retreat, it appears improbable that a
colony of such rich and aristocratic people would be willing to

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUL,TIIRAL SOCIETY.

forego, even for a brief period, all the accessories of a luxurious
life, to which they were so accustomed in their winter homes that
they had become necessities to them.

The recent discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii reveal to us
the people who made up the transitory population of the fashion-
able resorts of those times, for, as far as any comparison has
been made, the architecture, decorations, and general design were
very similar, subject of course to the modifications required by
the difference of climate.

Again, they were contemporary, and living under the same
government; having abundance of wealth to gratify all their
luxurious tastes ; having for slaves a conquered people to do
their bidding; with all the southern and middle portion of the
Island held as a colonial part of the Roman Empire for a period
of four hundred years, so that there was ample time to introduce
and acclimatize any of the fruits, flowers, and vegetables they
might desu'e for their own use, and to exchange for the produce
of other climes. We may take it for granted that the apple, pear,
cherry, plum, and many of the native small fruits would be
grown and improved by them. We know little about the flowers
of that period, but the paintings on their walls, to be seen in
many of the once bmied cities, represent palms and other plants
as household decorations ; jars of preserved fruits, and other
evidence of a highly civilized people, tell us that this branch of
horticulture was not neglected by them.

The abandonment of England as a Roman Colony, necessarily
brought about a state of things unfavorable to the progress of
horticulture. History is almost silent on this subject for a long
period, but we have abundant evidence that the work begun by the
Romans was not entu-ely lost sight of or abandoned. Neither did
all the colonists accustomed to the culture and improvement of
the various fruits and flowers, leave England when their rulers
did ; but some continued their residence and the cultivation of
vegetables, fruits, and flowers for their own use and profit.

The Saxon period was an improvement on the preceding two or
three centuries, and we begin to have some little record of what
was being done in the line of horticulture. Some of the early
traditions of the time speak of some of the old-fashioned flowers,
and the use made of them ; for instance rosemary was carried by
the mourners at the funerals of their friends, and that custom is

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH HORTICULTURE. 47

still kept up in many parts of England. Herbs of various kinds
were used to flavor different dishes, and honey was made into a
fermented drink called mead, indicating that bees were kept and
cared for at that period.

But the Doomsday Book brings us face to face with facts that
show plainly the taste and thrift of the common people of Eng-
land in the eleventh century. In it is a record of all the home-
steads in the country at the time of the Norman invasion ; how
many cattle they owned, and their value ; what crops they grew,
and a minute outline of the daily life of the people at that period.
In the unsettled times following, and for several centuries, the
pursuit of horticulture was mainly followed by the inmates of
the various religious houses, and the gardens of the monasteries
and abbeys were resorted to, both for pleasure and profit, for
besides growing the various fruits, vegetables, and herbs for their
own use, the country people in the immediate neighborhood came
in for a share of the good things, which were freely given if asked
for. The old gardens attached to these abbeys may still be seen
in various parts of England. Among those I have seen I will
mention Tintern Abbey, Furness Abbey, Kenilworth Abbey,
Fountains Abbey, and Glastonbury Abbey, and there were many
others. Historians of that period tell us that the monks of Glas-
tonbury made their own wine, cider, and perry, clearly indicating
that the grape, apple, pear, and other fruits were largely grown.

The early poets such as Chaucer, Spenser, and others give us
many glimpses of the various flowers and fruits in their season at
that time. Shakespeare makes frequent mention in his plays of
the different flowers and fruits of his time.

The old laws of primogeniture, however objectionable they may
have been politically and socially, have been of great benefit to
the horticultural world, for they have been the means of preserv-
ing to us intact some of the best examples of horticulture to be
found in the world today ; and where the owners of those old
estates had any taste for improving them, the heirs would continue
to embellish and beautify the ancestral homes. They now often
show samples of the present styles of gardening side by side with
those in vogue centuries ago. In some of these quaint old
" Grandmothers' Gardens " may still be found the flowers and fruits
that were prized for their perfume, their old associations, and their
value as medicines. Sweet herbs always occupy a prominent

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

place in these gardens, for, in many of the old homes, the grand-
mother with her stock of dried herbs, and a knowledge of their
virtues, was often the only doctor thought of. Some of us have
a lively recollection of the bitter and pungent doses these old
ladies could compound from these same innocent looking herbs.
Gerard's "Herbal," published in 1597, is in a great measure
responsible for those old-time doses.

The old gardens at Berkley Castle^ said to be the oldest
inhabited house in England — are well worth a visit. They are
kept much in the same style as they were in the fifteenth century.
Yew and box are still cut and trimmed into the most quaint and
grotesque shapes imaginable, and the sun dial occupies a prominent
position. There were plenty of York and Lancaster roses, eglan-
tine, lavender, rosemary, and other sweet-scented shrubs of great
age, and single hollyhocks, wallflowers and clove pinks in abun-
dance. Haddon Hall, in Derbyshire, is another old place, with a
garden planted in the style fashionable during Queen Elizabeth's
reign. The gardens around the Bishop's palace in Wells, are even
more quaint, for the whole of the grounds is surrounded by a
moat filled with water, with portcullis and drawbridge. The
lawn in this garden is one of the oldest in England, and has not
been disturbed for centuries, yet the grass feels and looks like
velvet.

Horticulture does not appear to have made much progress
during the Wars of the Roses and the Commonwealth. But after
the country again settled down, and England began to colonize
her foreign possessions, a great impetus was given to all branches
of horticulture.

Lord Clive had conquered India, and for doing so received a
severe reprimand from the British Government ; but England has
held on to it for all that, and today considers India one of her
most valuable possessions. That country has yielded many
treasures to horticulture.

The American colonies, founded originally for commercial
purposes, gave fresh zest to the discovery and cultivation of many
plants entirely new to the Old World. Nothing was known,
previous to that time, of the potato, tobacco, maize, and Lima
beans. Among flowers it was the home of the dahlia, poinsettia,
verbena, and many other plants only found on the Western Conti-
nent. The establishment of Kew Gardens formed a nucleus and

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH HORTICULTURE. 49

a home for the development and propagation of anything new in
the way of plants from any part of the world, and from this
source some of the best and most useful products of nature have
had their starting point under cultivation, and by that means have
been disseminated to private places in England, and to the trade
in general.

The sending out of collectors to unexplored regions, both by the
government and private individuals, has added largely to the list
of useful and ornamental plants. Amongst some of the most
distinguished and practical men of the last century who have been
the means of adding to the list of new plants are Sir Joseph
Banks and Dr. Solander (who accompanied Captain Cook in his
voyage around the world), Bartrara, Siebold, Humboldt, Linnseus,
and Parkinson.

Another great help to the dissemination of a knowledge of hor-
ticulture was the publishing of various works on the subject, and
up to the middle of this century the writings of such authors as
Abercrombie, Sweet, Evelyn, Parkinson, Kent, Lord Bacon, and
other contemporary authorities were largely copied. Some of
their directions for the culture of fruits and flowers were quaint
and minute, intermixed with much solid sense and close observ^a-
tion. One of these old writers advises that manure should be
used with great caution, as it might have a tendency to impart a
disagreeable flavor to the crops. Others give very particular
instructions about sowing and planting at the time of a growing
moon, warning their readers that the result would be much better
than if sown at the time of the waning moon.

The London Horticultural Society, with its exhibitions, experi-
mental grounds, and its published " Transactions," has been a great
help in bringing before the public anything new, and the awarding
of certificates of merit to those enthusiasts who were fortunate
enough to raise and bring to its notice any improved form of
fruit, flower, or vegetable, has assisted in this work.

The establishment of an Experimental Garden at Chiswick, also
gave new and valuable aid, particularly to fruit growing, for if
any doubt was raised about the merit or other characteristic of
any new introduction, it could at once be decided by comparison
with the growing plants. This experimental garden has also been
the headquarters for establishing and maintaining a correct nomen-
clature of all the fruits worthy of cultivation ; and when in charge
of Robert Thompson was looked upon as an infallible authority.
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

The common people of Britain, from time immemorial, have
taken a great interest in everything that added to the beauty and
comfort of their homes; the old saying that " an Englishman's
house is his castle" has proved to be true, time and again in
history. The fondness of the people for detached homes, sur-
rounded or approached by a garden, seems inborn, for when
compelled to live in towns where a garden is impossible, tracts of
land in the immediate suburbs are rented and divided up into
separate gardens. Often there is no fence between the different
owners, but a mutual interest serves to keep off all intruders.

A spirit of rivalry exists among them as to who can raise the
best crops, and when a cottager takes any particular fruit, flower,
or vegetable in hand as a hobby, he is bound to show something
creditable, even when cultivating it under the most adverse
circumstances. This spirit of emulation is kept up, in a great
measure, by the almost universal practice of holding periodical
shows in all parts of the country. At these cottagers' shows may
be seen the products of their little gardens, brought together for
competition. Some of the more enthusiastic growers will travel
many miles previous to the time of holding their own show, just to
keep posted on what their rivals are doing, and to learn how the
pet specimens of others compare with their own products.

The Lancashire Gooseberry Growers' shows are known all over
the country, and the amount of time, labor, and enthusiasm the
growers are willing to bestow on their favorite sorts is astonishing.
Then they are constantly trying to raise new varieties from seeds of
an unusually fine berry. These are watched like babies until they
come into bearing, and if one shows any superiority over any of
the old sorts in its class, great secrecy is practised to keep it from
the eyes of rival growers. When the fruit intended for exhibition
is approaching ripeness, there is great anxiety felt, for too much
moisture is liable to burst the fruit and disqualify it for exhibition
purposes. The first prizes were usually a copper kettle or a
silver tea-pot, and when a boy I knew a boat builder, who had
won so many that the ceiling of his living room was hung full of
these trophies, each engraved with the name of the fruit, and when
and where won. It was remarkable that some of the most suc-
cessful growers were those who followed an entirely different calling
for their daily bread — weavers, colliers, carpenters, and men of
other trades, all had their favorite fruit or flower. Tulips were

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH HORTICULTURE. 51

much grown, but always of the late or show kinds. Such kinds
as Greigi, Gesneriana, Parrot, or any of the double forms were
not grown for prize-taking. Each grower had his own seedlings
coming along, and when we remember that it takes seven years to
fix the colors in a seedling tulip, we can see that there was a large
stock of patience required to await the result. Carnations,
picotees, auriculas, pansies, wallflowers, and many other old-
fashioned flowers, seldom seen now, were grown, and many of the
improved forms of these flowers seen today owe their develop-
ment to these amateur growers. Many of these cottagers' exhibits
were equal if not superior to auy that a professional gardener
produced. On a recent visit to England, I saw in the markets of
Manchester, Bristol, Bath, and other places, some of the finest
samples of cucumbers, mushrooms, rhubarb, grapes, and apples,
as well as flowers, that were grown in these cottage gardens and
their small greenhouses and frames.

I cannot close this paper without saying something about the
old gardeners and the part they took in the development of horti-
culture in England. At the end of the last century, and up to the
early part of this century the men in charge of some of the finest
places in England were comparatively isolated from the rest of the
world. The estates were far apart ; travel at that time was slow
and difficult; consequently, they were left in a great measure
dependent on their own resources. This, however, gave them an
opportunity to stamp their own individuality on some of the
features of the estates in their care. Many of the best samples
of gardening today are the work of these men. In many cases
they were landscape gardener, practical gardener, and steward
combined. They felt a personal interest in the improvement and
good name of the estate, many of them holding their positions for
a lifetime, and their sons following in their footsteps. It is not
to be wondered at that much interest would be taken in the
growing and development of anything they took a particular fancy
to, or in carrying out any improvements suggested by their
employers. I might here mention a few of the estates that have
been so improved, and brought to their present high state of
perfection by a long and intelligent treatment at the hands
of practi«al gardeners. Chatsworth, the seat of the Duke of
Devonshire, where the Victoria regia first flowered in England, and
where the first greenhouse was built for the growing of aquatics ;

52 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

also famous as one of the most complete and finished private
places in England, was for a long time in charge of Sir Joseph
Paxton, and later of a man you all knew, the late James Taplin.
Another noted place is Shrubland Park, the seat of Lord
Middleton, where many of the present race of geraniums, and
other bedding plants had their origin. Their introduction we owe
to the intelligent hybridization and selection of the late Donald
Beaton ; amongst some of the sorts that made quite a stir at the
time were Stella, Shrubland Pet, and many of the nosegay kinds.

Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of Marlborough, is a place of
national reputation, and one of the best examples of landscape
gardening as practised by Humphrey Repton. Here he carried out
his.conception of what can be done with water in this art. There
is on this estate, the largest artificial lake I have ever seen.
Trentham, the seat of the Duke of Sutherland, is another well-
known show place, famous for the successful forcing of all kinds
of fruits, together with extensive ornamental grounds.

At Ashton Court, the home of Sir Philip Smythe, I have seen
finer samples of American plants than anywhere else in England.
There are on this estate, plants of Yvcca gloriosa so old that no
one living on the place now, knows when they were planted.
They are larger than any I have seen in either Florida, Georgia, or
any other of the Southern States, and have never been protected ;
but they are propped up like a lot of cripples, to prevent then-
being broken down by their own weight. Here may also be seen
fine specimens of live oaks, magnolias, and many other plants
too tender to survive the winters in other parts of England ; also
examples of the different styles of flower garden planting in vogue
two hundred years ago, and also a terrace wall with its decorations
of urns and pilasters designed by Inigo Jones. At Styal, the seat
of the Gregg family, may be seen all the varieties of the Rhodo-
dendron family worth growing. The successive generations of
the same family have been enthusiastic in hybridizing these
interesting plants, and here they find a congenial home, for they
are planted in the woods, and along a ravine on the banks of the
River Bollin, giving them a much more natural and pleasing effect
than any artificial beds could do.

Worsley Hall, the seat of the Duke of Bridgewater, was famous
for its pineapples in olden times, and is now noted for its fine
collection of fruits. Here also may be seen the " Old Hall,"

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH HORTICULTURE. 53

where the " Father of Inland Navigation" lived. The old building
is carefully kept in the quaint black and white style in vogue many
centuries ago. I have heard my grandfather say that when the
old duke had made a success of his canals he spent a great deal
of his time in the old garden ; that he was partial to the old clove
carnations ; that he was an inveterate snuff-taker, and in order to
facilitate taking it in sufficient quantity, he had it poured into his
waistcoat pocket without a box, and that he invariably took a
good pinch of snuff before smelling of his pinks. The boys in
the garden wondered which he smelled most, the pinks or the
snuff.

At Studley Park, the seat of the Earl De Gray, nature has done a
great deal for the beauty of the place, but it has also been improved
from time to time by a long line of owners who have taken up and
carried out the line of improvements started by their forefathers.
It has also been in the hands of many of the best practical
gardeners at different periods.

Many other private places might be mentioned in the British
Islands where gardening is carried on to great perfection, but
time will not permit enumerating them at present.

Another impetus hag been given to the love of horticulture in
England hy the setting apart of sufficient space in or around the
different towns for Public Parks. Many of these are in the midst of
densely populated and smoky districts, and, as may be imagined, the
satisfactory growing of flowers in such surroundings is almost
impossible. But the men in charge are intelligent and enthu-
siastic, making very creditable displays with a very limited
number of varieties of plants that will endure a smoky atmosphere.
Amongst a number of parks with these unfavorable surroundings
may be mentioned Stamford Park, at Ashton, near Manchester, in
charge of George Lunt, who had the finest display of tulips,
hyacinths, and other spring bulbs and herbaceous plants, that I
have ever seen. These were followed by such l)edding plants as
he had found from experience would grow in such a forbidding
locality. Rhododendrons and some other American plants were
planted, but the beauty of their foliage was spoiled by the quantity
of soot with which it was covered.

The Manchester Botanical Gardens have for a long time been
presided over by my old friend, Bruce Findlay. Here have been
held some of the best shows in England, and the gardens are

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

open to the public during the holiday season, which is ' ' Whit
Week." The prize-takers at these shows have been most of the
famous horticulturists of the present century, for the liberal prizes
offered brought together all the most famous collections of plants,
fruits, and. vegetables, and their growers.

Another great public educator, in connection with these gardens,
is the space always given to the "cottagers' exhibits." These
are gathered from all the surrounding country, and form one of
the most interesting parts of the exhibitions.

I could make a very long list of the frequent prize-takers at
these exhibitions, — men who have been in the front rank, and in
their line have done much to make the many improvements in the
fruits, flowers, and vegetables of today. But, as I said at the
commencement of this paper, a volume might be written of the
improvements that have been made since the middle of this
century, but this paper I am afraid is already too long. At some
future time I might say something of the noted men of our own
times, who have done so much to bring about the present state of
perfection we find in English horticulture.

In closing this paper, let me mention another public educator,
and that is, the marked improvement in the literature connected
with our profession. We all remember the monstrosities that were
formerly made to represent the different fruits and flowers in the
catalogues, and even the magazines of a few years ago, and the
very unreliable, wordy descriptions of any new fruit, flower, or
vegetable. How different they are today ! You can take up the
catalogues of any of the prominent seedsmen or nurserymen and
read them through with a great deal of interest. In many of them
the illustrations are the work of some of our best artists, the
literary composition is as good as that of any of the current
magazines on any subject, and some of them strive to be so
accurate that they employ photographers to make all their
illustrations. In fact, any of them are fit adornments for a
drawing-room table. All this is not brought before the public
without a great deal of expense. I remember once being in the
office of the late Peter Henderson, when his spring catalogues were
being brought in, and I remarked that it seemed a very expensive
way of telling the public what he had to sell ; his reply was, that
it cost him twenty thousand dollars to get them in, and ten
thousand dollars more in postage, etc., to get them out again. If

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH HORTICULTURE. 55

any one had been so rash as to spend that amount of money in
catalogue making a few years ago, he would have become bank-
rupt before any return would have been made on his investment.

All this goes to show that the taste for horticulture is growing ;
the public read more and are getting more interested in the
subject every year. In fact, I believe we are only at the begin-
ning of the capabilities of horticulture, and its refining influence
on the people of England, America, or any other country.

Discussion.

William C. Strong said he experienced a lively interest in the
comparisons drawn between the earliest known efforts in horticul-
ture, in England, with those of recent times, as they were
presented by the essayist. He thought the statements made
contained many good suggestions which may be useful to us. It
was pleasant to learn that some good things could be named as
coming down to the present generation from the iniquitous system
of primogeniture. It kept an estate together and tended to
preserve and continue methods of culture and treatment, which
certainly were advantageous. Here, on the contrary, we as a
people are changeable, and few estates remain in a family after
the founder passes away. He could remember a few early estates
which attained distinction because of the horticultural operations
that were carried on upon them. The Gushing place at Water-
town — now Belmont — was once widely known by reputation.
The Lyman estate at Waltham was the home of scientific agricul-
tural and horticultural practice. These and a few others were
strong supporters of this Society in its earliest efforts to promote
horticultural interests in Massachusetts. But the then owners of
those estates having finished their course, the estates and the work
so well begun upon them have also passed away from us. It is
unfortunate for our horticulture, that we have not the class of
enthusiastic gardeners of whom the lecturer has spoken. But
then another difference in circumstances is that most of our well-
to-do occupants of estates are too much absorbed in business
affairs to take such interest in the cultivation of their home
grounds as is the rule in the old world. In every other direction
we, as a people, are going forward with rapid strides. It would
appear that the general interest in the cultivation of crops in our

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

country is quite strong, since the seedsmen could not afford to
spend money so freely in advertising by expensive catalogues, as
stated, if they had not a sure ground for the expectation of an
abundant return in trade. This Society promotes the work pretty
well, considering our limited room. We must enlarge our avail-
able space before we can extend our work to good advantage.
Let us be on the watch to extend our influence as our opportunities
may open.

Francis H. Appleton referred to the tendency here to divide
large estates into many small ones, as spoken of by the essayist.
This lessens the demand for plans involving large areas and more
than a generation of time to carry them out. His work on the
Gypsy Moth Committee of the Board of Agriculture, had called
him into neighborhoods composed of many small holdings, and it
is interesting to see how much can be and has been made of such ;
surprising results are sometimes found to be possible. Many
cases exist that are object lessons for good. There are many
instances where residents, by pleasant, health-giving, personal
effort, might introduce new attractions and thereby secure a great
deal more enjoyment of home than they now realize can be made
possible. Another influence against home improvement is that, as
a rule, our people are so unstable ; many families change their
place of residence frequently. Business so entirely occupies the
attention of others as to exclude all thoughts of home culture and
embellishment. As the essayist spoke of the work commenced so
long ago and kept up ever since on the great English estates, it
excited the thought that it behooves us to see how much can be
done to improve the small places into which the land is divided in
our own country.

Mr. Appleton said he had been much pleased with the essay, and
had enjoyed it highly, and he moved a vote of thanks to Mr.
Henshaw for his very interesting paper. The motion was
unanimously carried.

Mr. Henshaw in response to the vote of thanks tendered to
him for his essay, said that he at first hesitated to appear before
a Boston audience, especially one whose members were more or
less familiar with his subject. But he was now glad he did not
yield to that prompting, and he sincerely thanked the audience for
the kind attention which had been given to his paper.

COM:knTTEE ON WESTDOW GAEDENENG. 57

0. B. Hadweu announced that the subject of the lecture on the
next Saturday would be "The Progress of Horticultural
Societies ; " to be delivered by Hon. Henry L. Parker, President
of the Worcester County Horticultural Society.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 4, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Charles E. Richardson, Treasurer and Superintendent of the
Building, read his Annual Report for the year 1892, which was
accepted, adopted, and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The Secretary read a letter from Annie E. Robbins, Secretary
of the Middlesex-Worcester Pomona Grange, No. 3, Patrons of
Husbandry, communicating a unanimous vote of the Grange,
endorsing the action of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
in its methods recommended for the extermination of caterpillars.

On motion of E. H. Hitchings, the President appointed the
following Committee on Window Gardening :

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman,
E. H. Hitchings, Henry L. Clapp,

George E. Davenport, George A. Parker,

Mrs. P. D. Richards, William E. C. Rich.

On motion of William C. Strong, it was voted that a Committee
of three be appointed by the Chair, to consider the arrangement
of the Business Meetings and Meetings for Discussion, so that
they shall not interfere with each other.

The Chair stated that he would announce the Committee at the
next meeting.

On motion of Francis H. Appleton, it was voted that the same
Committee consider the expediency of providing additional ballot
boxes ; and that they be authorized to procure not exceeding six
if they deem it expedient.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

Robert Kent James, of Dorchester,

Lawrence Cotter, of Dorchester,

Amos M. Leonard, of Boston,

Samuel J. Trepess, of Brookline,

Mrs. R. Josephine Cobb, of Attleborough.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 11.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Economics of Horticulture,

By Hon. Henry L. Parker, President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.

It seems to be a popular impression that the " Hortus " is a
plaything of the rich; that the science of Horticulture means
costly lawns and pleasure grounds, ferneries and arboretums,
green-houses for exotics collected from every clime, plants and
flowers to gratify a love of the beautiful, and tropical fruits which
only the epicurean taste of the wealthy can afford ; in short, that
Horticulture is a recreation and a "fad" — a luxury for the
favored few.

But there never was a greater mistake. This noble science has
a utilitarian as well as an aesthetic side, and as a factor in political
economy it may be doubted whether any other has played a more
important part. It has been called the " handmaid of agri-
culture." It is more than that ; it is its mentor and guide — its
inspiration. It has given to agriculture new methods, and
directed it into new channels. It has by constant experiment and
long-continued investigation developed from a natural state and
brought into general use, new species of fruits, new edible plants,
new species of vegetables, and taught the best methods of their
cultivation. It has collected grasses, fibrous plants, fodder
plants, resin, gum, and rubber-bearing trees, grown them, tested
them by exhaustive experiment, and distributed those which have
proved of value to every quarter of the globe.

The increased quantities of food for man and beast produced by
these means, the materials of commerce thus multiplied, and the

THE ECONOMICS OF HOETICULTURE . 59

employment thus furnished to countless multitudes, have laid the
foundation of the national prosperity of many countries.

The science of Horticulture is also the auxiliary of the other
sciences. In the propagation of medicinal plants and the produc-
tion of new medicinal agencies, it has proved of invaluable service
to the medical profession.

Vegetable physiology has been in many respects the pioneer of
animal physiology. For example, the doctrine of the cellular
animal tissue originated in and was based upon botanical investi-
gation which led to the discovery of the plant cell.

The cellular structure of plants was first pointed out and
elaborated to some extent by Robert Hooke and others in the
seventeenth century. In 1833, Robert Brown discovered the
nucleus in plant cells. Five years later, Schleiden, the eminent
German botanist, pointed out the formation of cells in plants, and
laid the basis for the now universally accepted cell doctrine.
These generalizations, which Schleiden had made with reference
to plants and plant cells, were afterwards extended by Schwann,
the physiologist, to animals and animal cells.

Certain drugs of vegetable origin — like morphine, strychnine,
atropine, and veratrine — have become of the utmost importance,
if not indispensable, in physiological investigations. It is perhaps
safe to say that certain lines of physiological experimentation
would not have been possible without curare^ the celebrated South
American arrow poison, from the juice of the Strychnos toxifera^
the peculiar action of which is to completely paralyze the motor
nerves.

These results in horticulture and in vegetable physiology have
been obtained for the most part by the founding and support of
horticultural societies, botanic gardens, and arboretums, with their
adjuncts, greenhouses and forcing beds, herbariums, experimental
grounds, museums, pineries, palm-houses, their schools of botany,
and schools of practical gardening, their museums and laboratories,
their collection, and facilities for the collection, of seeds, plants,
and trees, from every clime and every nation.

And it is only at such an institution, equipped with all these
accessories and appliances, that the science of Horticulture can be
most profitably and diligently pursued. And such an institution,
thus equipped, affords the opportunity for researches which may
prove of inestimable value to mankind.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

The best illustration of such an institution is the Botanic Garden
at Kew, — or, speaking more correctly, the Royal Gardens of
Kew, — on the banks of the Thames. These stand at the head of
all similar establishments in the world. They constitute the centre
around which, not only the horticultural and botanical science of
England revolves, but of the whole continent as well, and, for that
matter, of the whole civilized world. It is universally acknowl-
edged to be the most complete organization of its kind in existence.

The great work of Kew, however (although Kew is one of the
oldest of such institutions now in existence) , has been accomplished
principally within the past half century, and since it came within
governmental control.

The pioneer work was done by the Horticultural Society of
London, among the moving spirits of which were its first active
President, Thomas Andrew Knight, F. R. S., and Dr. Liudley,
Assistant Secretary, who contributed many valuable papers to its
"Transactions." This institution was organized in 1804 and
incorporated in 1809, and was the first society of any note, in
Europe or America, to collect and classify plants and trees under
the Linnaean system.

Mr. Knight, in one of his first addresses relating to the objects
of the association, speaks of the then primeval condition of
horticultural science. It is interesting and instructive to compare
the picture he presents with the magnificent results that have since
been obtained. He says :

"We possess no sources from which sufficient information can
be derived to direct us in our enquiries as to how to trace out the
various changes which art or accident has, in successive genera-
tions, produced in each of the vegetables which now occupy the
attention of the gardener and agriculturist ; and are still ignorant
of the native country, and existence in a wild state, of some of the
most important of our plants. We know that improved flowers
and fruits are the necessary product of improved culture ; yet few
experiments have been made, the object of which has been new
productions of this sort ; and almost every ameliorated variety of
fruit appears to have been the offspring of accident or of culture
applied to other purposes. Societies for the improvement of
domestic animals, and of agriculture in all its branches, have been
established with success. Horticulture alone appears to have been
neglected, and left to the common gardener, who generally pursues
the dull routine of his predecessor."

THE ECONOMICS OF HORTICULTURE. 61

This was uttered since this century began ; since then the
common gardener has been transformed into the accomplished
botanist and man of science ; while the practice of his art has
blessed mankind and changed the face of nature.

In 1820 this Society began the construction and maintenance of
an experimental garden at Chiswick, a few miles from London
proper, also on the banks of the Thames.

From this date, for a period of twenty years, more or less, the
Chiswick Gardens became — what the gardens at Kew became later
— the centre of horticultural and botanical knowledge. Expedi-
tions were organized and sent from it to the four quarters of the
globe, for the collection of plants and seeds. In 1824 these
gardens contained the most complete collection of fruit and hardy
trees then existing in England or any other country. The work
of the experimental garden (while floriculture received its due
share of attention) was of a most intensely practical nature. For
the carrying on of this work, the grounds were supplied with every
conceivable structure and appliance necessary and r^edful, —
tanks, cold frames, melon pits, forcing beds, an herbarium, a
library, etc. Buildings were erected for the botanical and other
scientific work attempted and accomplished. Annual reports, of
great economic value, were prepared and published, showing the
results obtained.

Among the active members and those carrying on investigations
were men of the highest scientific attainments — Fellows of the
Royal Society of London, Fellows of the Linnean Society — and
the results of their experience and investigations were also pub-
lished by the Society.

In 1840, however, Kew, which had been languishing for want of
support, was subsidized by the English Government. The
gardens, which before were the property of the Crown, were
surrendered, and became from that date a national establishment.
And as Kew went up, Chiswick went down. The eminent Sir
William Jackson Hooker was appointed Director, and under his
efficient management Kew advanced in usefulness and importance
by leaps and bounds.

There was great difficulty, however, for many years — owing to
the feeling, to which I have already alluded, that the institution
was a sort of plaything for the wealthier classes — in obtaining the
necessary appropriations from Parliament. And the struggles of
Director Hooker for many years in obtaining these appropriations

62 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were both interesting and amusing. Members of the House of
Commons would rise in their places and enquire with great gravity
and earnestness, Why this paternalism? Cut bono? What is
all this worth? Why should the government support mere
pleasure grounds for the benefit of idle loungers ? All this should
be left to those aesthetic individuals, gorged with riches, who
like such things and have no better use for their wealth. This
should be made a private affair. The Government should place
its appropriations where they will do the most good and meet with
a fitting return.

But as year after year went by and the beneficent work of this
institution became more and more apparent, these utilitarians were
silenced. They were beaten at their own game. It was demon-
strated beyond cavil, that the Gardens of Kew were a paying
investment, and were making large contributions to the national
wealth and prosperity. They stand today upon a firm and well
established basis. They have become an institution in which the
nation takes great pride. They are the parents of fifty other
institutions of a like character, in England and her colonies, and
he would be a rash man indeed who would dare oppose any
reasonable appropriation for their benefit.

The limits of this paper will not allow me to state in detail all
the work this institution has accomplished in the line of economics.
I can only generalize.

There is, first, the Museum of Economic Botany, established
about 1847, and which occupies three buildings. Here is
represented, so far as known, every useful plant and tree the
world contains, with a representation, so far as possible, of the
manner of its use.

From the Museum of Timber, cabinet makers, builders,
architects, and furniture manufacturers gather information of
great value in their respective vocations.

The Herbarium is the largest and most useful in the world.
The number of specimens it contains was estimated many years
ago at over one million, and more than twenty thousand are
added annually.

Vegetable diseases and insect pests receive attention, and
remedial agencies are provided with which to contend against them.

The distribution of seeds and living plants from Kew, has been
enormous. They have been sent out to meet the demands for

THE ECONOMICS OF HORTICULTURE. 63

government plantations in the colonies and elsewhere, such as
mahogany seed sent to the East Indies and to Mauritius and the
seed of the Liberian coffee, which, being of a robust habit, will
thrive in hot and moist situations where the Arabian variety is
unable to live. This variety was developed at Kew from seed
sent there for investigation and experiment. It proved so
prolific and hardy that it was sent to take the place of that grown
in the East Indies, which was affected by a fungoid pest, and
that of the West Indies, which was devastated by the white fly.
It is now being grown with uniform success in most of the coflfee-
gi'owing countries of the world, — at the Bahamas, Barbadoes,
Bermuda, Calcutta, Ceylon, Dominica, Jamaica, Java, Mauritius,
Montserrat, Natal, New Granada, and Rio de Janeiro.

One of the most important achievements at Kew was the
introduction of the cinchona or Peruvian bark tree inlso India and
the other colonies of Great Britain.

Some forty years ago great alarm was felt at the high price of
quinine, produced at that time entirely from the cinchona trees on
the western coasts of South America. It was feared that the
supply was becoming exhausted, and for several years attempts
were made to procure plants and seeds and start plantations in
Southern India. The Dutch Government moved first in the mat-
ter and planted them in Java, but they proved to be of a worthless
species, the enterprise proved a failure, and the plantations were
rooted out. The British Government attempted the same thing,
importing plants direct to India, which died on the passage.
Finally, in 1859, an agent was sent from Kew to Peru, to select seeds
and young trees. These were sent to the experimental gardens of
Kew, where they were planted, fed, and nursed. The enterprise
proved successful, and the plants, after attaining sufficient vigor,
were transmitted, first to India, where plantations were started,
and later to Ceylon, Jamaica, St. Helena, Trinidad, Cape of Good
Hope, Queensland, and many other places. In the plantations
at Bengal there are at least 5,000,000 trees. The plantations at
Ceylon are nearly as large, and the sum realized from the sale
of quinine, manufactured or produced from these trees, amounts
to several millions annually. Aside from its value as an article of
commerce, the importance of this drug to the inhabitants of semi-
tropical and malarious countries, as a medicinal agent, can hardly
be over-estimated.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Another triumph for Kew was the iutroductiou, into the same
countries, of the culture of ipecacuanha, which, as a specific for
the dysentery, has a vakie and importance hardly less than
that of cinchona itself.

So, also, Kew has been instrumental in the introduction of
mbber-bearing trees into the colonies of Great Britain. In short,
there is no plant, which has yet been discovered, valuable for
clothing, or as a food, or as a medicine, or for the supply of any
want of man, to which the resources of Kew have not been de-
voted. In only one particular can Kew be said to take a position
inferior to that of any institution of a similar character, and that
particular feature is its arboretum. It must be gratifying to
Americans, and to Bostoniaus, of all Americans, that a British
Journal — and that journal so English a sheet as the " Saturday
Review" — should make this admission: — "The Arboretum is
the richest in Europe, no doubt, but probably inferior to that of
Harvard University, where special attention has been paid to this
department." The failure of the Kew Arboretum to fulfil expecta-
tions, is doubtless due to a shallow, sandy soil resting upon a bed
of gravel.

Not the least important feature of Kew is its literary work.
Three valuable periodicals are issued monthly : the ' ' Botanical
Magazine," edited by Sir Joseph Hooker; " Icones Plantarum,"
which periodical deals with dried or colorless specimens of plants,
and the " Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information." A number of
special pamphlets are also published, from time to time, treating of
fresh discoveries, and sent to the colonial governors, to museums,
and to prominent scientific men everywhere.

I have said that Kew was the parent of other similar institu-
tions. One of the largest and most important of these, is the
Adelaide Botanical Garden, in South Australia. This garden was
founded in 1855, and is situated on the banks of the river
Torrens, which divides the city of Adelaide. It included at first
only forty acres. The whole garden now comprises one hundred
and forty acres. A Museum of Economic Botany has been
constructed, and a Botanical Garden planted. The cost of its
maintenance is about $20,000 a year. It includes a Pinery,
Arboretum, Conservatory, and Fernery, and is, in its appliances
and plan of work in most respects, a copy of Kew. Its experi-
mental grounds comprise about fifty acres of rich chocolate-

THE ECONOMICS OF HORTICULTURE. 65

colored loam. The utility of the establishment of this garden can
hardly be over-estimated. It has largely served the practical wants
of the province by experiments in cultivation, and by the distribu-
tion of plants and seeds. Vines have been imported from France,
and then- usefulness in Australia tested. Guinea grass {Panicuni
giganteum) has been proved well adapted to local culture.

Through the agency of Kew and the Adelaide Garden a most
valuable fodder-plant, called the sheep bush {Pentzia virgata),
has been introduced from the Cape of Good Hope into South
Australia. Seed was sent from Kew to the Adelaide Garden in
1869. In a report of the work of the garden, this description of
the plant is given : — ' ' The leaves and branches contain an
aromatic bitterness, which is liked very much by sheep, and which
gives the mutton a fine, peculiar flavor." The plant is easily
propagated by cuttings, of which every one will grow if planted
when the first rains begin to fall.

Other important gardens in the old world, are those at Singa-
pore, in Southern India, and at Buitenzorg, Java, the latter being
under the auspices of the Dutch Government. A tourist gives
this pen-picture of the Buitenzorg garden, showing that its
management is largely in the direction of economics : — "I visited
that part of tlie garden used in the experimental cultivation
of shrubs and trees useful in a commercial point of view. One
large area was devoted to specimens of the coffee plant, with
its laurel-like leaves of a healthy, dark green. There was the
pepper tree, with its insignificant leaf ; caoutchouc trees I saAv,
of two or three species, with their leaves and bark full of the
precious sap. Much ground was used in the cultivation of
divers sorts of tobacco. Cotton, also, was growing here in
plenty ; so was opium. Cinnamon trees, like vast overgrown
laurels, very odoriferous at a certain season, were not wanting.
The compactly growing nutmeg tree, hungry of manure and re-
quiring incessant care, was well represented. Cloves and ari'ow-
root ; sugar and tea, are produced in these gardens. There is an
acre or two of the smooth cactus, which is very valuable on
account of the bug — Coccus cacti — which generates and lives
upon it. This parasitical insect, at a certain season, is brushed
off the leaves, and when dried becomes the cochineal, so famous
for dyeing." Of course the experience gained by this experimental
gardening is carefully diffused over Java.
5

6Q MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In this country, the pioneer work in horticultural science was done
by Horticultural Societies, of which the Massachusetts was among
the first and most important. These were followed later by
Botanical Gardens and Arboretums, conspicuous among which are
the Arnold Arboretum and the gardens at "Washington and St.
Louis. Experimental stations have also been established in most
of the states, under the auspices of the National Government,
where important botanical work is done.

I hpave spoken of the intimate connection between horticultural
or botanical science and the other sciences, and have said that
investigations and discoveries in vegetable physiology have led to
some of the most important and valuable discoveries in animal
physiology. Let me illustrate farther what possibilities for the
future lie in this direction.

In the Palm house at Kew, — a picture of tropical beauty,
perhaps as perfect as can be found outside the original jungle,
and which no one would for a moment suspect contained a utilita-
rian suggestion — in this Palm house may be found a recently
discovered plant {Gymnema sylvestre), from the leaves of which
an alkaloid can be abstracted, which, taken upon the tongue or
into the mouth, deprives one of the sense of taste for forty-eight
hours without injurious effects. Side by side with this may be
found another plant, called the Mkaculous Berry of the Gold
Coast, the leaves of which, treated in the same manner, produce
a totally different effect, for the decoction cloys the mouth with a
saccharine sweetness so great that it matters not what we eat or
drink afterwards — it will always have, during the time the effect
lasts, the flavor of honey.

If, as the long-continued operation of these drugs would seem
to indicate, they have a central, rather than local, effect upon the
organ of taste, what is more probable than that a series of experi-
ments with these plants may yet lead to the discovery of the
cortical centre of that organ of taste, which has never yet been
anything more than hypothetically located.

But some one may ask, Of what use is such a discovery except
to add one more scientific fact to the sum of human knowledge?
We cannot tell. We do know this, that is is not safe to assume
that the discovery of any simple fact in science may not be of
great benefit to the world, when so many of such discoveries (not
deemed, perhaps, of great importance at the time) used, as they

THE ECONOMICS OF HORTICULTUEE. 67

have been, in the line of other investigations, have been followed
by momentous results.

But great as have been the strides of Horticulture in the
direction of Economics during the past half century, as the
result of experimental study and botanical research its possi-
bilities are still almost infinite.

Professor George L. Goodale, in a very recent address before
the American Society for the Advancement of Science, in speak-
ing upon this topic, says that out of 110,000 flowering plants
known to botanical science, only about one per cent — a fraction
less than one per cent — is utilized by man ; and that of the
flowerless plants the percentage is much lower; that what is
needed is that the promising plants should be systematically
investigated under exhaustive conditions. It is not enough that
an enthusiast here, or an amateur there, should give a plant
a trial under imperfectly understood conditions, and then report
success or failure. The work should be thorough and every
question answered categorically, so that we might be placed
in full possession of all the facts relating to the object
experimented upon. To do this, he continues, requires the
cooperation of many agencies ; Botanical Gardens amply endowed
for research ; Museums and Laboratories of Economic Botany.
We need institutions like those at Kew in England, and at
Buitenzorg in Java, which keep in close touch with all the world.
The founding of an establishment on a scale of magnitude com-
mensurate with the greatness and needs of our country, is an
undertaking which waits for some one of our wealthy men. We
need experimental stations ; and lastly the cooperation of all who
are interested in scientific matters.

A ' ' wealthy man " such as Professor Goodale desired was
found at St. Louis, in the person of Henry Shaw. Henry Shaw
was a business man of great industry and application — a man of
simple tastes and a great lover of nature. He had amassed a
large fortune at the early age of forty years, when he retired
from business and devoted himself, for the remainder of a long
life, to his ti'ees, plants, and flowers. He laid out a garden and
planted an arboretum, which, when planting and laying out, he
seems to have intended for the purposes to which they were after-
wards devoted.

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As early as March, 1859, he was authorized and empowered by
an Act of the General Assembly of the 8tate of Missouri, to
convey certain real and personal estate to trustees, for the purpose
of establishing and maintaining a botanical garden. He did not
make this conveyance in his lifetime, but devised by his will,
executed January 26, 1885, almost his entire estate, real and
personal, to trustees named therein, for a botanical garden, a
museum, and a library connected therewith, and devoted to the
science of botany, horticulture, and allied objects. Mr. Shaw
died in 1889, and the Missouri Botanical Garden is now in suc-
cessful operation, as the result of his bounty.

The appraised value of the property is $3,000,000, yielding in
1890, a net income of $50,000. A large amount of the estate
consists of unimproved real estate, lying in the outskirts of the
city of St. Louis, which is destined sometime to become of
enormous value. This will make it, in the words of Professor
Trelease, its Du*ector, " the best endowed institution of the
kind, which has ever existed, and will make St. Louis the
botanical centre of the new world, and will draw to it students
from every quarter of the globe."

Six scholarships have been founded, by means of which
successful candidates may, for six years — during the period from
fourteen to twentjt years of age — receive instruction in economic
botany, entomology, and such land surveying and book-keeping as
is necessary for the management of gardens and large estates.
Furthermore, the instruction is in practical, as well as theoretical
gardening ; and one qualification of every applicant is to be
always insisted on, viz : a taste for the manual labor of
gardening.

I have attempted, thus briefly, to demonstrate the utilitarian
side of the science of Horticulture, and to show the position it
occupies in Economics. The moral remains, or — as Jack Bunsby
-would say — the bearing of these observations lies in the applica-
tion of them.

Since the science of Horticulture occupies so important a
position in political economy, it becomes a question for Horti-
tcultural Societies, per se — Societies like the Massachusetts and
"Worcester County for example — , to consider whether they have not
a duty unfulfilled in this regard, and whether the trust imposed
upon them, to advance this noble science, is fully executed simply by

THE ECONOMICS OF HORTICULTURE. 69

the expenditure of their annual income in the distribution of prizes.
It is true, there is a certain stage in education when the object
lesson is desirable if not necessary ; but are they not clinging too
long and too closely to kindergarten methods ? Should they not
initiate some form or method of botanical investigation, or, like
their pioneer, the Royal Horticultural Society, plant an experi-
mental garden? Of course the natural reply is, expenditure must
be measured by income — limited means will not permit such outlay.
We must continue to revolve in the same circle until extraneous
aid shall reach us from some source — perhaps from the advent of
Professor Goodale's "wealthy man."

But if a beginning were only made in however humble a way?
and good results shown, would not the extraneous aid more surely
come? And what forbids the Commonwealth, which from time
immemorial has taken agriculture under its protection, which has
drawn annually so many thousands of dollars from its treasury
for the destruction of insect pests, for sanitary purposes, for
experimentation in sewage disposal, for a thousand things from
which no return could ever be expected — what forbids the
Commonwealth from lending to these societies its fostering care,
when it can so easily be demonstated that every dollar thus spent
will prove a paying investment?

Better still would be a recognition from the general government.
And just as the many smaller societies in England and her
colonies — of which Kew has been the foster-mother — have been
given life, and been enabled to follow in a more modest way, the
methods of Kew, through the governmental aid afforded her, so
might our own government, by giving an institution like the
Missouri Botanic Garden at St. Louis a national character and by
making that institution a steward and dispenser of its bounty
to other institutions of a like character, become the means of
eventually bringing all the horticultural societies of the country
in touch with St. Louis as a centre and in touch with each other.

The value and importance of such governmental aid to the
science of horticulture would lie, not so much in the annual
or periodic appropriations for its benefit, as in the prestige
that would arise from such a connection with the government.
St. Louis would then become our national Kew. All our mili-
tary and naval officers, all our missionaries to foreign lauds, would
become so many agents for its enrichment. All our exploring and

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

scientific expeditions would contain their corps of botanists, charged
with the duty of adding to its treasures, by the discovery of new
plants and flora. And from the treasures thus collected at our
national centre, there might be such a dissemination to societies
of a kindred nature, throughout the land, as to make the work
beneficent, beyond conception, "for the relief of man's estate."

These are practical questions which I do not assume to answer.
I make these crude suggestions and submit them with the topic
under discussion for your consideration.

Discussion.

Rev. Charles S. Harrison of Franklin, Nebraska, connected with
one of the state experiment stations, said he had been a home
missionary in the great west for a third of a century, and had
also endeavored to be a missionary along horticultural lines. He
believed the evangel of nature should be proclaimed with the
evangel of grace. The wealth of the great west was in the
fertility of the soil, and in the brains of the farmer. The west,
like many portions of the east, needs a higher rural development.
He was much impressed with a visit he made to the farm of
Webster at Marshfield, and wished we had the brains of a
Webster for every one hundred and sixty acres of land. Then
what marvellous results would be attained. For his part he had
fifteen acres under high cultivation at Franklin, Nebraska. He
was trying to see what would thrive there. He had thousands of
choice evergreen trees and shrubs, and farmers would go over his
place in utter astonishment, not knowing that such a transforma-
tion was possible. He told them he had no patent on this thing ;
that what he had, they could have just as well. He spoke of two
men in Colorado — one, a gaunt, ragged looking man, with a wife
to match, and a team which looked like the couple that rode
behind them. They were all in a dilapidated condition. The man
was cursing the country and the climate and his neighbors ; he
was all awry with God and man and nature. A little way from
him was Jesse Frasier, who went into that country a poor man
also, but was now raising SI 0,000 worth of apples a year. The
difference was entirely in the heart and brains of the two men.

Mr. Harrison often told the people of the newer west that in the
air and light and earth, all around and beneath them, there were

THE ECONOMICS OF HORTICULTURE. 71

millions on millions of bushels of luscious fruits ; that what they
needed was to plant fruit trees, on which all this wealth could
gather. He was so much impressed with the possibilities of the
great plains, that for years he had been experimenting with Rocky
Mountain evergreens. Mr. Fernow, Chief of the Division of
Forestry at Washington, visited him. He said he was almost
discouraged in the attempt to find an evergreen for the plains. Mr.
Harrison took him out to a grove of Pinus ponderosa^ which he
had purposely neglected, — in a place so dry that some years no
water could reach the roots ; yet these trees had made a foot a year
in growth. "There," said he, "is the future sawlog of the
plains. " Unfortunately P. loonderosa is not a success in the
east, while P. Douglassii, P. Engelmanni, and P. concolor do
remarkably well. He thought that somewhere in the west,
perhaps not far from St. Louis, the government should establish a
grand Arboretum — to cover at least one township of thirty-six
square miles — where the different forms of landscape planting
could be shown, and the different kinds of fruits and trees could be
tested. Then, at no distant day, there should be another
Arboretum for the north and one for the south. He thought that
this Massachusetts Horticultural Society, as the mother of kindred
societies in the United States, should take the lead in this matter,
and use all possible diligence to secure so desirable an object.
Our nation is great and rich, and the cost would be light compared
with other enterprises which do not show a tithe of the results
this would ensure.

Leverett M. Chase believed that our country possesses every
variety of soil and climate, and that with the proper application of
skill in cultivation, we can grow any and everything. But he
wanted very much to see one more crop successfully raised — one
which can be produced on farms and nowhere else, and that is a
crop of noble men and noble women.

Mr. Chase then moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Parker for his
able and very interesting lecture.

William C. Strong rose to second the motion of Mr. Chase, and
added that the idea of establishing an experimental garden had
engaged the minds of the leaders of this Society from its organiza-
tion. The matter came up again when the improvement of the
Back Bay lands began.. Some thought that available space might
be secured there ; but before any definite plan could be decided

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

upon the opportunity passed by. We are occupying too expensive
a home for our work, and yet have too little room.

Francis H. Appleton felt extremely indebted to Mr. Parker for
the valuable suggestions which show what can be done by mem-
bers of the Society who have the disposition. He thought every
member should consider seriously whether the Society is using its
means to the greatest and best advantage, by keeping them locked
up in this land and building. If it shall become possible in the
future to add experimental gardening to our work, or to join, in
any practical way, with an established garden, he thought it only
reasonable to believe that the Commonwealth might be disposed
to entrust funds to the Society — whose objects and evident pur-
poses were to be progressive — to directly promote the public good
by practical effort to develop horticultural science.

Benjamin P. Ware spoke especially of the suggestions of the
close and intimate relation of horticulture to agriculture. He
doubted whether it is generally known how much the community
is indebted to this Society for improved and new varieties of
vegetables, and for the number of improved fruits and flowers we
now enjoy. The original experiments in cross-fertilization by
Marshall P. Wilder produced wonderful Camellias and Azaleas.
Essex farmers caught the inspiration, and Buxton's Dan vers
Onion and the Intermediate Carrot, were the first results produced.
The Stonemason Cabbage — which is a standard variety the world
over — also the Deep Head, and the Improved Savoy Cabbages;
the Hubbard, the Essex Hybrid, the Marblehead, and the
Improved Turban Squashes ; the Essex Tomato, and many other
standard varieties of vegetables have been put upon the market
by Essex County growers. Not only in Essex County, but in
other localities, the farmers and market gardeners have been and
are constantly making advances along the line of better quality
and character of most varieties of fruits and vegetables. Agri-
culture is greatly indebted to horticultural experiment and
enterprise, — far more so than is generally supposed.

The vote of thanks moved by Mr. Chase was unanimously
adopted.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Discussion,
announced for the next Saturday, a lecture on "Fungi — the
Latest Discoveries Relating to their Connection with Horticul-

C03IBATING THE FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 73

ture," by B. T. Galloway, Chief of the Division of Vegetable
Pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C. This lecture is delivered on the John Lewis Russell
foundation.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 11, 1893.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder in the chair.

The President announced the Committee to consider the arrange-
ment of the business meetings and meetings for discussion so as
not to interfere with each other, as follows : William C. Strong,
Francis H. Appleton, and William H. Spooner.

It was voted that, agreeably to the rules of the State Board of
Agriculture, three prizes, of ten dollars, eight dollars, and six
dollars, be offered for the best reports of Awarding Committees,
and that the Committee on Publication and Discussion be
requested to award the same.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 18.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Combating the Fungous Diseases of Plants : Progress of
THE Work in the United States.

By B. T. galloway, Chief of the Division of Vegetable Pathology, United States

Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

[This Lecture was delivered on the John Lewis Russell foundation.]

It is my purpose to lay before you today the present condition
of our knowledge concerning the most approved methods of
combating some of the important fungous diseases of plants.
The nature of fungi and the manner in which they produce the
various diseases we call blights, mildews, rots, etc., are already
generally known to you ; consequently it hardly seems necessary
to go over this ground again. Doubtless the question of greatest
importance to all growers of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, is,

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

How can such crops be protected from the ravages of fungi in the
most economical and practical manner? This question I shall try
to answer, but before taking up the matter in detail it would
perhaps be well to clearly define the limitation of our discussion.

For convenience the diseases with which we are especially
concerned may be divided into two classes, viz. (1), those recur-
ing year after year independently of climatic or other conditions,
and (2) , those whose prevalence and destructiveness depend more or
less on the weather, the soil, and other surroundings. Examples
of the first class may be found in black-rot of the grape ; leaf-
blight of the pear, quince, cherry, and plum ; black-spot of the
rose, etc. To the second class may be referred such diseases as
downy mildew of the grape, potato rot, downy mildew and rot
of lettuce, and numerous others which I need not mention
here. Of course it must be understood that no sharp line of
distinction can be drawn between these classes, since what in one
section may properly belong to the first, may in another be
referred with equal propriety to the second, and vice versa.

It is obvious that the maladies belonging to the first class are
more easily combated than those of the second ; first, because they
appear every season at about the same time, and second, because
their progress is more or less regular; therefore, when certain
phases in their development occur it is known what to expect. In
diseases dependent on climatic and other similar conditions there
is an element of uncertainty that often completely baffles the
horticulturist. Not knowing what to expect he seldom prepares
for anything ; consequently before he is aware of it his crops are
destroyed.

In the matter of treatment practically the same methods are
followed in each class, the only difference being that it is possible
in one instance to obtain good results by following certain rules,
while in the other success depends largely on the exercise of
proper judgment in connection with the rules given. A careful
study of the weather, the soil, and other conditions which influence
plant growth will in many cases enable the intelligent fruit grower
to cope as successfully with one class of diseases as another.

In a study of the weather the daily maps issued under the direction
o,f the United States Dei^artment of Agriculture in many of the large
cities will be of the greatest service. A striking example of the
use to which these maps may be put is to be found in the vicinity

COMBATING FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 75

of this city, where acres are devoted to the forcing of lettuce
under glass. It is well known that lettuce grown in this way is
subject to several diseases which almost invariably manifest
themselves under certain partially known conditions of moisture
and heat. Every lettuce grower is aware that during the short
winter days constant care as regards watering and ventilating is
necessary to keep the plants free from rot, mildew, and burn.
In all of this work it would be of the greatest service to know
when to expect good or bad weather. For example, the sun may
be shining brightly, with no indication whatever of cloudy weather ;
water is applied and immediately it turns cloudy and cold, remain-
ing so for perhaps a week or more. The top soil, under these
conditions, does not dry out and as a result rot sets in, and in a
very short time the whole crop may be destroyed or rendered
worthless. If the cloudy weather could have been foreseen,
water might have been withheld and in such a case the plants
might have passed through the unfavorable conditions in good
shape. By the aid of the maps a gardener, with his knowl-
edge of local meteorological conditions derived from long and
continuous observations, might without difficulty have determined
from ten to twenty-four hours in advance the coming of just such
weather as we have here described. The forecasts, telegraphed
over the country and published in the daily papers and elsewhere,
are so brief that they do not enable the horticulturist to exercise
his judgment at all. With a map before him, however, he has a
bird's-eye view of the situation. He sees, approaching, a storm
area covering thousands of square miles. He can tell pretty
accurately how fast this storm is traveling, and can therefore,
with a reasonable degree of certainty, predict when its influence
will be felt in his region. Further, he can usually tell whether the
disturbance will bring rain or snow, much wind or little wind, and
the direction from which the latter will blow. All this a few years
ago would have seemed incredible, and yet it is possible at the
present time for any one who has access to the bulletins issued,
and who will use his knowledge of local meteorology to the best
advantage, to correctly forecast all the foregoing conditions, at
least eighty times out of a hundred. I have dwelt upon this
matter at some length because it seems to me an important one,
there being nothing so intimately associated with horticulture in
all its phases as the weather. This is especially the case with

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plant diseases, and yet, despite the importance of the matter, very
little is definitely known in regard to the direct relationship exist-
ing between plant maladies and weather conditions. A long
series of observations will be necessary to establish these relations,
and when this is accomplished it may even be possible to predict
accurately for some time in advance when a certain disease is
likely to appear. This of course will be a great step in advance
of our present methods so far as treatment is concerned, and will
practically place all diseases on the same footing.

Having now pointed out the differences existing between the
two classes of plant diseases, let us consider the methods that
may be adopted in preventing them. I shall leave out of consid-
eration entirely methods of culture, taking it for granted that
every fruit grower, market gardener, and florist will, in this
respect, give his plants the very best treatment possible. Having
done this he may rest assured that for the prevention of some
diseases his work will be less difficult, while for others his cares
and labors will not be lessened at all. You will observe that the
word prevent is used in all cases. Few, if any, of the diseases
with which we are concerned can be cured, which at once shows
how radically different our treatments must be from the ordinary
methods pursued in fighting insects. As in the case of the latter,
however, when this work was begun, attention was immediately
turned to the use of preparations in the form of powders and
liquids, which when applied to the plants would protect them from
the attacks of their parasitic fungous foes. On its face the prob-
lem does not seem like a difficult one, yet when it is looked into
carefully it will be seen that the obstacles to be overcome are
exceedingly numerous. It was important to find substances that
would destroy or render incapable of growth the spores or
reproductive bodies of fungi without injuring the plant to
which these substances were applied. Further, it was necessary
to determine when to apply the substances, how to apply them,
and, finally, to ascertain their effects on the crop from a hygienic
stand-point. The general results of this work will now be given,
it being understood, of course, that perfection has not been
reached in any branch of the subject.

Turning our attention first to the preparations employed as
fungicides, it may be said that fully a hundred liquids and
powders have been used in this country alone for work of this

COMBATING FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 77

kind. For work out of doors the powders were soou discarded,
as it was found that they were all too easily removed by rain,
wind, and dew. The liquids, consisting of various compounds of
copper, iron, zinc, etc., were tried with varying degrees of success.
Some were found to be of no value whatever ; others so seriously
injured the plants that their use was abandoned. Several seemed
to be eflScient fungicides, but owing to the fact that they were
easily removed or were too expensive, it was necessary to discon-
tinue their use. Strange as it may seem there is but one prepara-
tion that has stood the test of every trial, and it may be placed
today at the head of all other fungicides. I refer to the Bordeaux
mixture, which is fast becoming almost a household word among
the fruit growers of the country. There are preparations cheaper,
more easily applied, and possessing greater wetting power* than
the fungicide mentioned, but they either lack in efficiency or prove
injurious when applied continuously. Bordeaux mixture, as most
of you are aware, is made by adding milk of lime to a solution of
bluestone or sulphate of copper. The original formula called for
16 pounds of copper sulphate and 30 pounds of lime to 22 gallons
of water. These amounts have been reduced, from time to time,
until now we use almost entirely, a mixture containing 8 pounds
of copper sulphate and 6 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water.
The copper sulphate, which may be obtained in granular form at
wholesale at 4 cents per pound, is dissolved in 7 or 8 gallons of
water, a 50-gallon barrel being used for the purpose. The lime is
slaked in a separate vessel and after thinning to the consistencj'
of whitewash it is poured into the barrel containing the copper
sulphate solution and the two liquids are thoroughly mixed, after
which enough water is added to fill the barrel. It only remains
now to strain the mixture, when it is ready for use. The last opera-
tion is frequently omitted entirely, but it certainly saves time in the
end to strain out the bits of lime, sticks, and straws, which clog
the nozzle and give trouble in other ways. Our custom is to strain
through a gunny sack tied over the head of a barrel, the latter
having been made perfectly clean by rinsing with water. Frequently

* By wetting power is meant, in this connection, the property liquids possess of
spreading evenly over any surface with which they may come in contact. It is
something more than mere adhesiveness, for a liquid may possess this quality to a
high degree aud yet roll up in drops when it strikes a leaf. The drops adhere, but
the leaf is not wet at all except in limited areas.

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAl, SOCIETY.

when lime of poor quality is used there is some free copper
sulphate present in the mixture, and if such is the case tender
foliage is likely to be injured. It is very seldom, however, that
anything of this kind happens, but to be on the safe side it is best
to test the mixture for free copper sulphate before using. This
may be done very quickly and easily by adding to the mixture a
few drops of a solution of potassium ferrocyanide or yellow
prussiate of potash. If there be the least trace of free copper
sulphate present a brick-red color is noticed as soon as the
potassium ferrocyanide solution is added. If the mixture has been
properly made there is no change whatever in color. An ounce
of the potassium ferrocyanide dissolved in 4 ounces of water will
answer for testing a hundred barrels of the mixture. Four ounces
of the solution having the strength indicated should not cost more
than 10 or 15 cents. Paying 4 cents per pound for copper
sulphate and from 15 to 20 cents per bushel for lime, Bordeaux
mixture prepared in accordance with the foregoing formula will
not cost over 1 cent per gallon.

Only one other fungicide is worthy of mention here and that is
the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate. It is made by
dissolving 5 ounces of copper carbonate in 3 pints of strong
ammonia and then diluting with water to 50 gallons. Before
adding the ammonia it is best to stir up the copper carbonate in
sufficient water to form a thin paste. If the quantity of ammonia
indicated does not produce a clear solution more should be added
until this is brought about. The chief points in favor of this
fungicide are, (1) ease of preparation and application, (2)
cheapness, and (3) the property it possesses of not discoloring
the parts of the plants to which it is applied. On the other hand
the strongest objection to its extended use is that it sometimes
injures the plants upon which it is sprayed. Grapes, for example,
sprayed an entire season with it may in all probability be entirely
free from disease due to fungous attacks, yet as a rule they do not
appear healthy, the leaves in many cases being small and yellow
and the wood more or less imperfectly matured. Careful experi-
ments have demonstrated that these appearances are due to the
continuous action of the solution on the tender growing parts of
the plant. It is frequently more noticeable the second year than
the first and is of course much more plainly marked on certain
plants and certain varieties than others. It is believed that at

COMBATING FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 79

times the solution can be used to advantage without fear of injury
to the plants. This matter, however, will be more fully discussed
as we proceed.

Having now given you the present condition of our knowledge
with respect to the most serviceable fungicides, your attention is
called to the second phase of our subject, i. e., when and how to
apply these preparations. In a lecture of this kind it is of course
impracticable to describe in detail the methods that should be
followed in treating each particular disease. The matter can only
be considered in a somewhat general way, such information being
given as will enable those interested to obtain a clear insight into
the nature of the work. As to the proper time for spraying no
rigid rules can be laid down. It must be understood that the
whole object of the work, as already stated, is prevention ;
therefore the great importance of doing everything in time can not
be too strongly urged. A grape, for example, no sooner puts
forth its leaves than the spores of the black rot fungus are ready
to infect them. The same is true of the berries as soon as they
form ; therefore, to protect both leaves and berries it is necessary
to begin spraying at least a week or ten days before the fungus
usually appears. Experience has shown that this period coincides
quite closely with the time when the leaves are one third grown ;
consequently we recommend in all of our publications that the first
treatment be made as near as possible to the date mentioned. In
ten or twelve days the vines will have made sufficient growth to
require a second application, and so the work is continued until five
or six treatments in all have been made. Practically this plan is
followed in all of our work, the number of applications and the
times at which they are made varying with the different crops.*

*DlKEOTIONS FOB TREATING SeVEKAL IMPORTANT PLANT DISEASES.

APPLE BITTER ROT, GloBOsporlum fructigenum Berk.

Remove from the trees and destroy during the winter or early spring; all
shriveled apples. Spray with Bordeaux mixture, first when the fruit is the size
of marbles, again in two weeks, and a third time a month later. The rotten
apples that fall to the ground during the growing season should be collected and
fed to the hogs or destroyed. The cost of the treatment for ordinary-sized trees
will be about 10 to 15 cents each.

APPLE LEAF SPOT, Phyllosticta, Phoma, etc.

Spraying with Bordeaux mixture the same as for bitter rot will usually hold
this disease in check. It would probably be well, however, to allow only two
weeks to elapse between the time of the second and third sprayings. If the
season is rainy a fourth spraying should be made three weeks after the third.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bordeaux mixture is the principal fungicide used and it can be
recommended unqualifiedly for all the diseases with which we are
especially concerned. In certain cases, as for example the
treatment of black rot of the grape, the cost of the work can be
materially decreased by using both Bordeaux mixture and
ammoniacal solution. The former should be applied two or three
times in the early part of the season while the latter may be used
for the later applications. Treatments carried out in accordance
with this plan rarely injure the most tender plants ; moreover they
have the special advantage of not spotting or otherwise disfiguring
the fruit at a time when such disfigurement is likely to decrease
its market value.

Probably one of the most important questions in connection with
the work under consideration is the manner in which the fungicides
are applied. Every precaution should be taken in preparing the
mixtures, solutions, etc. They may be applied at just the right
time, and yet unless the work be properly done, in nine cases out of
ten failure will result. When we first began to apply fungicides
there were no machines entirely suited to the work. In many
cases old brooms, wisps of straw, watering cans, syringes, and

APPLE POWDERY MILDEW, Podosphcera oxyacanthm (DC.) D By.

This disease is troublesome only in the nursery, where it is especially injurious
to seedlings. Spray with ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate ; first when
the leaves begin to unfold and thereafter at intervals of two weeks until five
or six treatments in all have been made. Endeavor to make about four sprayings
before budding the stocks and two after this operation has been performed.
The cost of six treatments, using proper machinery, should not exceed 6 or 8
cents per thousand trees.

APPLE SCAB, Fusicladium dendriticum {W3i.\\t.)'Pc^\.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture; first, just as the flower buds begin to open;
second when the petals of the flowers are falling, and third when the fruit is
the size of peas or slightly larger. If the season be rainy a fourth treatment
should be given ten or twelve days after the third. Four ounces of Paris green
added to each 50 gallons of the mixture at the time of the third spraying will
hold the codling moth in check. The Paris green should first be made into a
thin paste by adding a little water. This paste readily unites with the mixture
and does not seem to decrease its value in any way. The cost of the work as
here described will range from 4 to 5 cents per tree for each application.

CHERRY LEAF BLIGHT, Cylindrosporium padi Karst.

In the nursery, spray with Bordeaux mixture; first when the leaves are about
one third grown. In two weeks spray again, following with a third application
fifteen days later. Adopting this plan, three sprayings will be made before
budding, after which two more applications at intervals of two or three weeks
should be given. In the orchard, four or five applications of the Bordeaux mix-
ture should be made, beginning when the leaves first appear and repeating at

COMBATING FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 81

various other contrivances were used as a means of distributing
the preparations, the result being in many cases imperfect work
and consequent lack of success in holding the diseases in check.
It should be borne in mind that to be eflfective a fungicide must
be applied in such a manner that all parts of the plant exposed to
the attacks of the fungus are thoroughly protected. In other
words the ideal in this matter is attained when the preparation
applied forms an even film over the entire surface of the leaf,
fruit, or other part of the plant it is intended to protect. For
many reasons it is difficult to attain the ideal, yet it may safely
be put down that, other things being equal, the more finely the
liquid is divided as it is thrown upon the plant the more evenly
will it be distributed. To break up the liquid into a mist-like spray
requires a specially constructed nozzle and a good strong force-
pump. The nozzle in addition to being durable, inexpensive, and
simple in construction, must be provided with some means of
quickly removing any obstruction that may lodge in the necessarily
small orifice through which the liquid is forced. All these require-
ments are found in the Vermorel nozzle, which has from time to

intervals of two weeks to twenty days. The cost of treating unbudded nursery
stock usually averages from 20 to 25 cents per thousand trees. The second year
the cost will be slightly more as the buds will make more growth than the stocks.
The third year's treatment will average from 30 to 35 cents per thousand trees.
In the orchard full-bearing trees may be sprayed as described above, at a cost of
from 12 to 15 cents each.

CHERRY ROT, Monilia fructigena Pers.

This has proved a difficult disease to treat. It causes the greatest loss in rainy
seasons, appearing suddenly and destroying great quantities of fruit just about
the time the ripening process begins. Some benefit has resulted from the use of
Bordeaux mixture, applied every six or eight days, beginning twelve or fifteen
days before the cherries ripen. It has proved very difficult to make the mixture
stick to the fruit and doubtless this is the chief reason why the rot has not been
more readily prevented. As a means of increasing the wetting power of the
mixture it is suggested that two or three bars of Ivory soap be added to each
50 gallons of mixture. The soap should be first shaved up and melted In about
a gallon of water. Add the melted soap to the Bordeaux mixture and stir
thoroughly in order to effect a perfect union.

GRAPE BLACK ROT, Guiynardia bidxvellii (Ellia) Y . & R.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture; first, when the buds begin to open. Spray
again when the leaves are one third grown, and a third time when the vines are
in full bloom. After this apply the fungicide every ten or twelve days until the
first sign of ripening fruit; then discontinue all treatments. Good results will
follow the use of Bordeaux mixture for the first three sprayings and ammouiacal
solution of copper carbonate for the others. The course of treatment first
described will cost about 2\ cents per vine ; using the combined fungicides the
cost will be reduced to 2 cents per vine.

6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAX, SOCIETY.

time been improved until now it is well nigh perfect. The style of
pump to be used depends somewhat on the nature of the work in
view. For an all round apparatus, involving work on moderately
low-growing crops, such as dwarf pears, grapes, raspberries,
blackberries, strawberries, potatoes, etc., we have found nothing
better than the knapsack form of sprayer. If there are twenty-
five or thirty acres of such crops to treat, however, it will pay to
use horse power machines. These are now on the market in
various styles, ranging in price from $50 to $75. Some of these
machines are automatic, i. e., force the liquids through the
nozzle or nozzles by means of pumps operated by specially
constructed gearing. As a rule we have not found this style of
apparatus very satisfactory, as it offers little opportunity to
properly control the spray. It is, moreover, expensive, and
being necessarily complicated is apt to get out of order. The
most satisfactory apparatus we have used for general work is a
simple one, which may readily be constructed at home. It consists
of a barrel, mounted head up, on either light truck wheels or a sled
made of heavy, durable timber. In case wheels are used the
barrel should be swung between them so that its bottom will rest
about eight inches from the ground. Barrels mounted in this way
and designed to be drawn either by hand or horse-power may be
obtained from almost any seedsman. Having procured and

GRAPE DOWNY MILDEW, Flasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & De Toni.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture ; first soon after the berries are formed. Make a
second application of the same preparation in twelve or fifteen days, followed by
others at similar intervals until the fruit begins to ripen. In regions where
both black rot and downy mildew prevail the treatment for the former will hold
the latter in check.

PEAR LEAF BLIGHT; CRACKING AND SPOTTING OF THE FRUIT, Entomos-
porlum maculatum Lev.

In the nursery spray with Bordeaux mixture as recommended for cherry leaf
blight. For combating the fungus in the orchard, where it causes the premature
fall of the leaves, and the cracking and spotting of the fruit, spray first with the
Bordeaux mixture about the time the flower petals fall, make a second spraying
ten days later, and follow after two weeks with a third. The cost of treating full-
grown standard trees as recommended will average from 10 to 14 cents per tree.
Dwarf trees may be treated for about one third less.

PEAR SCAB, Fusicladium dendriticum (Wallr.) Fckl.

For this disease, follow the directions laid down for apple scab.

QUINCE LEAF BLIGHT AND FRUIT SPOT, Entomosporium maculatum Lev.

Treat the same as pear leaf blight. The cost will average about 10 cents per
tree.

COMBATING FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 83

mounted the barrel, the next important step is to attach a good,
strong, durable, double-acting force-pump, provided with two
lines of discharge hose, each about twenty feet long. Fasten the
pump by means of wood screws to the head of the barrel, as near
the edge as possible. The suction pipe should extend to within
an inch of the bottom of the barrel and should have upon its free
end a coarse strainer. For filling the barrel an opening six inches
long and four inches wide should be made in the head. Some
means of closing the opening should be provided, but this is a
matter so simple in its nature that it is hardly necessary to say
anything further about it. With the attachment of a nozzle to the
free end of each hose the outfit is complete. A machine "made in
accordance with the foregoing plan will cost from $20 to $25, and
will require for orchard work a horse and two men to manipulate it.
When used in the vineyard, however, or in spraying low-growing
crops a horse and one man are sufficient to operate it.

As an indication of what can be done with the various machines
mentioned, it may be said that in vineyard work one man with a
knapsack pump can spray from four to five acres a day. With an
automatic horse power machine operated by two men, from
seventeen to twenty acres a day can be sprayed. With the ban-el
apparatus drawn by one horse and operated by two men, ten acres
may be counted a fair day's work.

Having now reviewed the various questions connected with
fungicides let us turn our attention to a matter which of late has
attracted more or less attention in the horticultural world, viz., the
relation of spraying to the public health. We are all willing to
admit, of course, that copper in any form is not a desirable food.
While we are willing to admit this, some of us are not pre-
pared to accept the published statements to the effect that it is
to be classed with the virulent poisons. I may say without
entering upon any lengthy discussion of the matter, that all the
evidence goes to show that fruit properly sprayed with the
Bordeaux mixture and other fungicides containing copper is
entirely harmless. This statement, it must be borne in mind, is
not based upon theoretical grounds or presumptive evidence. It
is founded on carefully made chemical analyses and field
experiments extending over a period of three years. Granting
even that this evidence is faulty we have a much stronger
refutation of the statement as to the danger of this work in the

84 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mere fact that thousands upon thousands of fruit growers the
country over are spraying every year with fungicides, and as yet
not a single authenticated case of poisoning from eating fruit thus
treated has been brought to our attention.

In conclusion I wish to call attention once more to the impor-
tance of doing everything at the proper time and in the proper
manner. Success in this as in everything else comes only after
careful work and rigid attention to details. Study the subject
thoroughly in the field and library, and I am sure that every
moment thus expended will be amply repaid in better crops, better
prices, and, what is more important, the satisfaction of knowing
that you have made a good fight for what is rightfully your own
and have succeeded.

At the conclusion of the lecture, Mr. Galloway gave additional
remarks on weather maps. He stated that the maps were issued
twice a day at Washington, being prepared from data collected at
nearly one hundred and sixty stations in the United States and
Canada. At these stations observations were made daily at 8
a. m. and 8 p. m., 75th meridian time. In making the observations
it was noted whether the weather was clear, cloudy, snowy, or rainy.
The temperature, barometric pressure, direction, and velocity of
the wind, etc., were also determined, and as soon as possible all of
this information was telegraphed to Washington. From Washing-
ton the data were sent to various commercial centers, where maps
were also prepared and distributed for general information. He
next displayed a series of maps made at Washington and
extending from December 6 to December 12, inclusive. These
maps showed the general path of a storm over the country.
Originating in the extreme Northwest or Southwest the storms pass
easterly at the rate of from twenty-five to thirty-five miles an hour.
Thus the track may be easily followed and the disturbance noted
fully thirty-six hours before it arrives.

The lecturer then exhibited many photographic views of fields,
vineyards, and orchards, located in various parts of the country,
each showing treated and untreated plants. The striking contrasts
gave conclusive evidence of the advantage of using fungicides.
One prune orchard in California was, in part, treated for leaf rust
and with success. The portion that was not sprayed was
attacked and the foliage all fell off before midsummer. One case
was where black rot of the grape prevailed. The portion treated

COMBATING FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 85

ripened its fruit while the untreated portion was wholly worthless.
Some other photographs showed knapsack pumps and larger
apparatus for use in spraying, some of the pictures being views of
these machines in operation. Several kinds of nozzles were also
shown. Mr. Galloway said that each had its advantages and
that all would serve the purpose if properly used. He spoke in
praise of the Vermorel nozzle, saying that one must rely on an
instrument that could be readily cleared of obstructions.

Discussion.

Samuel Hartwell asked how much of the Bordeaux mixture was
required to properly spray a vine or tree during a season.

Mr. Galloway replied that for grape vines five or six years old
1 gallon per vine would answer for the season. For a dwarf pear
tree it required from 1 to 2 gallons for each treatment, and for an
apple tree twice this amount of liquid was necessary. Of course
the amount of liquid used would depend on the size of the tree,
the kind of machine used, and the experience of the operator.

Benjamin P. Ware inquired how long after mixing the Bordeaux
mixture could be safely used ?

Mr. Galloway answered that Bordeaux mixture should not be
used after having stood a week or more. It is always best to have
the mixture perfectly fresh.

In answer to an inquiry from a lady as to how many diseases
had been successfully treated, Mr. Galloway said the question
was a difficult one to answer off-hand. This work had been in
progress only a few years, but he thought that in that time more
than a hundred plant maladies had been brought under the control
of the horticulturist.

In reply to a question by E. W. Wood as to the possibility of
checking lettuce diseases by spraying ; also as to the effect of sub-
irrigation on lettuce diseases, Mr. Galloway said that the whole
question of lettuce diseases was exceedingly complicated. Spray-
ing he thought was undesirable ; moreover from the vei'y nature of
the crop he did not believe it would ever prove of much value. The
prevention of lettuce diseases, or in other words the growing of a
good crop of this vegetable under glass, must be accomplished by
rigid attention to methods of culture. Heat, light, moisture, and
soil must all be watched with the greatest care. Good crops,
almost entirely free from disease, were being grown every day.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

but th(} men who grew them could hardly give the reasons for their
success. There are not enough data on the question of sub-
irrigation to warrant any conclusions as regards its effects in
preventing rot and other diseases of lettuce.

Mr. Ware suggested on the ground of economy of storage
space and expense, that special carriages for conveying the spray-
ing mixtures in quantity, are wholly unnecessary. He found a
common express wagon more satisfactory. The barrel containing
the liquid could be set in it just as well. In spraying a field of
potatoes, the horse would pass between two rows, the wheels
would reach outside of the same two rows, and the spraying
would cover four rows each side of the wagon as well as those two
rows, making ten rows at each crossing of the field. In spraying
trees the wagon, being higher than the special carriages, brought
the operator nearer to the work ; this was an advantage, as the
finer the spray the shorter the distance the mixture can be thrown.
He considered the express wagon better than any other vehicle in
all field work in this line. Another thing he would mention ; as
Paris green settles quickly, he added to the apparatus a small
branch-pipe leading directly from the pump into the barrel and
reaching nearly to the bottom, thus keeping its contents thoroughly
stirred up all the time the pump is being worked.

Mr. Galloway regarded Mr. Ware's suggestion as a good one.
He stated that many large orchardists and vineyardists spray their
crops in this way.

In reply to Mr. Wood, who inquired about rust on pinks and
also about black knot of the plum, Mr. Galloway could give no
information as to any method of treating black knot successfully.
Kerosene emulsion had been used, but he doubted its efficacy as a
preventive or cure. Regarding pink rust, no results as to remedies
had been reached.

Francis H. Apple ton asked whether the New York law in regard
to the destruction of plum trees affected with black knot is enforced,
and if so what had been the result.

Mr. Galloway said that he did not think the law was generally
enforced. In some sections ah effort was being made to carry it
outj but on the whole he thought very little attention was paid to
it. The trouble was not with the law but with the people, who
were not sufficiently interested in it to enforce it.

The President asked whether spraying should be continued
until the fruit is ripe.

COMBATING FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. 87

Mr. Galloway said that as a rule the fungicides are applied
when the fruit is young. He would recommend desisting when
the fruit begins to ripen. At one time the grape growers upon
the Hudson River were over zealous in this matter, and although
the season was a dry one they sprayed their vines continuously
until the fruit was ripe, and when the fruit was gathered and sent
to market it was covered with Bordeaux mixture. The
experience of growers varied under different circumstances, and
in each case the treatment must be governed by existing
conditions. In a dry season, other things being equal, two or
three applications would be sufficient. In spraying for apple scab
the last application should be given when the fruit is about the
size of marbles.

In reply to a question upon the treatment of peach rot, Mr.
Galloway said that the disease is caused by the same fungus that
attacks plums, and that no remedy yet tried had been successful
to any appreciable extent. The leaves of the peach are quite
tender, and therefore sprays should be applied with caution.

The thanks of the Society were unanimously voted to Mr.
Galloway for his interesting paper.

O. B. Hadwen announced for the next Saturday, a paper upon
"Wild Flowers and Ferns," by Mrs, P. D. Richards, of West
Medford.

It was also stated that for the last lecture in this course, instead
of the paper on Forestry by J. B. Harrison of Franklin Falls,
N. H., as announced in the programme, James Comley, of Lexing-
ton, had kindly consented to give a paper upon his recent visit to
Japan.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 18, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society' was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The Secretary read a circular from Francis H. Appleton,
Trustee and Secretary of the Massachusetts Society for Promot-
ing Agriculture, announcing that James E. Owen, C. E., of the

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

State of New Jersey, would speak in Massachusetts at three meet-
ings, in Beverly, in "Worcester, and Boston, upon the celebrated
Highways of his State, and the legislation under which they were
constructed, and cordially inviting the public to attend.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 25.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Wild Flowers and Ferns.

By Mrs. P. D. Richards, West Medford.

What I shall say about wild flowers and ferns will be mostly

about those I have seen growing either in their own homes or in

cultivated grounds.

. f

I have selected for description or notice, those only which

seemed to me most worthy of our attention, either for beauty,

rarity, or some other attractive quality, as it is impossible in the

time allowed to me this morning, to even mention the names,

except as a mere list, of the nearly five hundred native plants

shown to the public in 1886, under the auspices of this Society.

What a fund for entertainment and education is to be found
out of doors ! Pleasures pure and simple for those who have
eyes for seeing and minds for understanding. The early spring —
after the close winter, which has kept you from the woods and
fields — is getting ready for you its ever interesting and varying
exhibit.

First, after the bright, fresh grass which gives token of the new
life, as an object of interest, is the Hepatica or Liver-leaf
{Hepatica triloba) . This you will find on the wooded hill-sides in
warm, sheltered places, as early as the first of April, if the
weather has been favorable. If you have great desire to look
into its bright, winsome face before that time, take up a well-
budded root in the autumn, and if well cared for it will give you
pleasant greeting in the first month of the new year. I experi-
mented with a plant several years ago, that was well blossomed
on the tenth of January, and continued flowering for two months,
the last petals falling off on the tenth of March, just as the new
leaves were appearing.

The Spring Beauty (Claytonia Caroliniana) is another charming
flower of this season, and can be found from Maine to Minnesota,

WILD FLOAVERS AND FERNS. 89

according to the "Manual," but is not found wild in this part of
our State. In fact only one natural location is given in the
" Middlesex County Flora," Ashby — in the extreme western part
of the county — where all sorts of entrancing things, not within
our reach here, grow. Minot Pratt, of Concord, that indefatig-
able and enthusiastic botanist, who brought to the classical town
so many treasures from the far off wild woods, beautified his own
grounds with this plant, and if one could see on a sunshiny April
day the mass of pretty rose-tinted, red-lined flowers just inside of
the old stone wall in front of the Pratt place, there would be no
question in his or her mind about the fitness of the common name,
for it is indeed one of the beauties of spring.

In this vicinity, I should look for Bloodroot {Sanguinaria
Canadensis) next. This sends up a beautiful, indented, sheath-like
leaf enclosing the flower bud. The brilliant star-like flower soon
opens, and well repays one for the trouble of a long walk. This
plant loves moisture, and you will find its home near running
brooks in the moist earth ; also by rocks on the hill-side when the
ground is springy. This makes an excellent garden plant. You
can bring home roots with leaves and buds, which can be kept in
deep saucers or platters until the flowers blossom and fall ; then
put the plants in the earth, and they will be almost certain to give
leaf, bud, and blossom when another April sun sends its genial
warmth upon the earth.

The Mayflower {Epigcea repens) is too well known to need any
description. Although not within easy reach of our city, its
popularity brings it here in great abundance. It is to be hoped
that cai'e is taken in the gathering, so that there need be no fear
of its being exterminated.

The Golden Saxifrage can be found in sluggish brooks or
swamps if you look carefully for it. And when you find how
minute the flower is, you wonder how it can bear the burden of its
long name, Chrysosplenium Americanum, and you resolve from
that moment that nothing will tempt you to give it any other than
its common name. The little, greenish-yellow flowers are, how-
ever, very interesting when seen through a powerful glass, and,
as it is still early spring, every flower counts.

The Early Crowfoot {Ranunculus fascicularis) dots the south-
ern hill-sides with its bright yellow flowers, and Cassandra
calycnlata, with its racemes of white heath-like bells and leathery

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

looking leaves, adorns the upland meadows. The swamps and
slugglish streams are aglow with the Marsh Marigold (Crdtha
pahistris) and ihe "honey-yellow flowers" of the Spice-bush
(Lindera Benzoin) greet us with their jpleasant fragrance.

The beautiful Dog's-tooth Violet (Erythronium Americanum) —
which is not a violet but a lily — often opens its flowers in the
latter part of this month, and sometimes it keeps flowering for
several weeks.

Those who botanize in a systematic way, know that location
has much to do with the early and late blossoming of plants of
the same species, and direct their steps when seeking some flower,
according to the time of the month. The Dog's-tooth Violet
location that I visit, is really one continuous plat of plants, by
the side of the brook, branching off into the swamp and running
down the hills, but I am sure to find in about the same places, the
early blossoms, the middle season, and the late flowers.

If you wish this plant for the garden, always take up those that
are in bud or flower — so as to be certain that the plants are
mature — and if you dig deep enough and take a little earth
below the bulbs, they will flourish finely in damp, cultivated
ground. The foliage is so beautiful, with its pale green, mottled
leaves, that a little plat of it is very attractive, even if the
blossoms do fail to appear.

The Wind-flower or Anemone {Anemone nemorosa) is common,
but varies in beauty according to location, and is, perhaps, not
quite so attractive as the less common Rue-anemone (Anemone
thalictroides) with its umbels of pure white flowers surrounded
by the rue-like leaves.

Another desirable April flower for the garden is the Pasque-
flower {Anemo7ie patens, var. Nuttalliand) which grows so abund-
antly on the western prairies. " H. H." says in her description
of the Colorado Flowers : ' ' The first Colorado flower I saw was
the great blue wind-flower, or anemone. It was brought to me
one morning, late in April, when snow was lying on the ground,
and our strange spring-winter seemed to be coming on fiercely.
The flower was only half open, and only half way out of a gray,
furry sheath some two inches long; it looked like a Maltese
kitten's head, with sharp pointed blue ears, — the daintiest, most
wrapped-up, little blossom. ' A crocus out in chinchilla fur !' I
exclaimed. ' Not a crocus at all ; an anemone,' said they who
knew."

WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 91

My acquaintance with these plants dates from May 3, 1888, at
which time I received a box of them from Minnesota. They
were entirely new to me and unknown, but they really had a
familiar look, as an acquaintance had recently described to me
what he supposed to be a large hepatica that he had found in the
West, and my first thought was that this was that flower, and it
probably was, as he had no knowledge of botany and had, from
a similarity of appearance, mistaken the name. Another season
I received good roots of the plant, which gave me a flower the
third week in April of last year. And I am looking foi-ward to
the pleasure of seeing many more in the coming spring, for I
think my plants are now well established.

The violets should, perhaps, next claim our attention. They
are found sparingly in April, but are very abundant in May.

The Arrow-leaved Violet {Viola sag iltata) loves the southerly
hills and well sheltered valleys, and is the advance guard of this
family. Soon will follow the Dog Violet {Viola caiiina, var.
Muhlenbergii) , which can be found in damp, shady grass, not far
from the brooks, and will be readily distinguished from the other
blue violets by its leafy stem and creeping branches. The
common Blue Violet {Viola palmata, var. cucullata) grows abund-
antly by the brooks and in the meadows ; and by its side or near
it, the Sweet Violet {Viola blanda), the Lance-leaved Violet {Viola
lanceolata), and the Primrose-leaved Violet {Viola primulcefolia) ;
the last three being our white violets. The Bird-foot Violet
( Viola pedata) loves the higher lands and can be found in fields,
pastures, and woods; and, perhaps, if you look carefully and
long you may be rewarded with variety bicolor, with its velvety
upper petals looking so like a real pansy. The Yellow Violet
( Viola pubescens) gi'ows in the woods, and while you are looking
for that, remember that the Canada Violet ( Viola Canadensis) is
also found in woody places. The least common of the violets,
excepting the Canada and Yellow, is Viola palmata, whose leaves
are usually hand-shaped, the flower large and often pale violet-
blue. It is found on the slopes of thinly wooded hills, and
sometimes by the roadside.

It makes a very interesting collection, if you can procure the
violets all at one time, placing small bunches of each with their
leaves, surrounded by moss to keep them distinct, in a deep dish
or platter. Your friends will exclaim with delight, and say, as I

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have heaicl people say with regard to similar collections, " I didn't
know there were so many kinds — I thought violets wei*e only either
blue or white."

Whoever has botanized in May will remember the bright
picturesqueness and extreme loveliness of the woods and hills.
To me no other season has quite the charm this has. In one
particularly lovely scene large, ledgy rocks jut out from the side
of the hill. Rough and full of crevices is the background Nature
had to work upon. A little earth thrown here and there is the
beginning ; then a few spores and seeds wafted by the winds and
dropped by the birds. Result — whprever there is a cranny or
nook, a fern or plant has established itself. Strong, bright
Aspidium marginale, delicate Woodsia obtusa, the clinging Poly-
podium vulgare or Rock Fern, and almost hidden in a crevice the
rare, beautiful Asplenium Trichomanes. The Early Saxifrage
(5. Virginiensis) with its clusters of small, white flowers, is quite
at home anywhere on the rocks where it can find foothold, and the
graceful Columbine {Aquilegia Canadensis) with its beautiful
blossoms like torches of flame, is set singly and in clusters in the
clefts, where one would suppose it impossible for a plant to find
nourishment. Large leaves of the Bloodroot are at the base of the
rocks, and a little lower down the hill are the pretty Rue-anemone
and small Solomon's Seal {Polygonatum hiflorum). And as you
ascend the hill you find the earth at the top brightened with the
Early Crowfoot {^Ranunculus fascicular is) .

The treasures of this and the summer months are so great and
varied that it is extremely difficult to know which to select for
notice, although there are certain flowers that one must never
ignore, as who would ever presume to speak of the flowers of May
and omit Rhodora {Rhododendron Rhodora) and Painted Cup
{Castilleia coccinea), which last year were at their best in the
second and third weeks of this month.

Corydalis glauca (the Pale Corydalis), with its rose-colored
flowers tipped with yellow, is a rock flower, and seems to be
content with as little nourishing soil as the brilliant columbine.

The Smilacinas, the Buttercups, — of which you will easily find
four species, including Ranunculus multifidus (the Water Butter-
cup),— the Bellworts, and the Trilliums are all found at this time
of the year.

Senecio aureus (Golden Ragwort), true to its name, brightens up
the meadows ; the Clintonia borealis with its greenish yellow bells

WELD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 93

is spariugiy found iu clamp grounds, and the Bearberry {Arctos-
taphylos Uva-ursi) now and then covers the rocks and ledgy hills
with its thick evergreen leaves, being alike attractive both in
flower and berry. The common western name of this plant is
Kinnikinnick.

Goldthread {Coptis trifolia), with its glossy leaves and gold-
colored roots, must not be passed by, even if its small, white
flower does come and go, almost, while one is hunting for it, for it
is one of the plants that can be used for winter decoration. A
few plants with r(5ots put into a glass vase, have an attractive look
and can be kept all winter, and will give you flowers and new
leaves before the warm days of spring.

The Mandrake {Podophyllum peltatum) and the Shooting-Star
of the prairies (Dodecatheon Meadia) are both fine showy plants,
well adapted to garden culture.

Ledum latifolium (Labrador Tea) grows sparingly in cold bogs,
and can be found in a few locations within an hour's ride of
Boston. Its beauty and rarity will repay one for a long and
tiresome search for it.

Menyanthes trifoUata (Buckbean) also grows in the bogs, but
if you wish to see this lovely flower at its best, you must seek
it in its own home. Before I ever saw it, its rare beauty had been
described to me, but I was told as I tell you, that I must see it
growing. So one of my botanical friends properly introduced me
to what I sometimes think is the most delicately beautiful of all
the flowers of May. The upper surface of the funnel shaped
corolla is white-bearded ; this gives to the racemed flower its
peculiar charm.

The Fringed Polygala (Polygala paucifolia) , which is generally
rose-purple, though sometimes, " rarely pure white," is thus flnely
described by John Burroughs : " When we came upon them beside
an old wood road, it was as if a flock of small, rose-purple
butterflies had alighted on the ground before us. The whole
plant has a singularly fresh and tender aspect. Its foliage is of
a slightly purple tinge, and of very delicate texture. Not the
least interesting feature about the plant is the concealed fertile
flower which it bears on a subterranean shoot, keeping, as it were,
one flower for beauty and one for use."

During a botanizing trip last May, which was taken specially to
have the pleasure of seeing the White Fringed Polygala in its own
home, I was told by my host that there was a possibility of finding

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

the Painted Cup (Castilleia coccinea) in a meadow near by, which
we would visit if the owner would give us permission to gather the
precious flower. The request was made and this was the answer,
sadly given : "I am so sorry, but there are no Painted Cups now,
and have not been for a long time. One Sunday when I came

home from church I met Mr. and two friends, with their

hands filled with big bunches of the pretty flower, and since that
day I have never found a single plant in the meadow. I am so
sorry, for I did so love to have them to take to church on
Children's Sunday. But," she said, brightening up a little, "the
Ehodora grows back of the barn, and the Blue Fringed Gentian
{Gentiana crinita) by the brook here," pointing to some low land
through which a smjill stream made its way.

What treasures on one small farm ! Rhodora, Painted Cup, and
Fringed Gentian — three of . our most charming flowers, which
had been immortalized in verse, close neighbors to each other !
And how sad the thought that some one who ought to have known
better had exterminated one of them.

If you really love the growing life about you, do not carelessly
and recklessly destroy it. Take with care what you need and can
use, but be sure that you do not eradicate comparatively rare
species. I say comparatively rare, because my oldest botanical
friend will seldom allow that a plant is really rare. Also, when
you find fine specimens by the pathside, leave them, when you
can, to gladden the eyes of other passers-by.

An excellent pteridologist wished to examine, for scientific
purposes, WooOsia obtusa, a very pretty fern and not common in
this vicinity ; but the specimen most convenient for him to take,
looked so lovely he could not bring his mind to the point of
disturbing it, and so I presume it lives in its own home even to
this day.

The last of May brings to us the first of the Orchis Family —
Orchis spectabilis (the Showy Orchis) with its two shining leaves
and its scape of whitish pink-purple flowers. This is rare in this
vicinity. The first of the Lady's Slippers (Cypripedmm acaule)
can be found abundantly if you know just where to look, according
to a flower report given last summer. It said ' ' The great vase of
pink lady's slippers shows that Boston children who can get into
the woods may claim their orchid conservatories as well as the
rich."

WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 95

If you look very carefully through the bogs aud low woods you
may find C pubescens — the Large Yellow Slipper — and if you
do, you may consider it one of the red-letter days of your life ;
and you will be forgiven if you shout to the full extent of your
voice, as an old botanical friend of mine did, when this same
plant surprised him with its golden-hued slipper.

These Cypripediums make good garden plants, being very
satisfactory under cultivation. A lady who has a wild garden of
over one hundred plants, wrote to me last summer that she had
twenty-five blossoms of the yellow slipper, having both the large
and small, and both doing equally well.

When I call to mind the flowers of the first of June, I always
think of the Arethusa and Pitcher Plant because I used to find
them together at that time before the march of improvement took
away their sustenance.

The Wild Calla, Erigerons, Cornels, and Viburnums, soon follow ;
and from the second to the third week we may expect to find the
Wild Roses.

Have you ever noticed in your walks and drives what an
important factor in nature the wild rose is ? There is no plant
that seems to be used so profusely and effectively by Nature for
decorative purposes ! By the roadside, in the thickets, along
unsightly walls, the edges of swamps, and also attractive groups
in the pastures — wild roses here, there, and everywhere.

" A rose is sweet,
No matter where it grows; and roses grow,
Nursed by the pure heavens and the strengthening earth,
Wherever men will let them.

Every waste
And solitary place is glad for them."

And then they come so early and stay so long ! You ought to
be able to find them from the middle of June until the first of
August ; and the last lingering blossom will possibly stay until
past the middle of the latter month. I found, one year, a single
rose — Rosa Carolina — on August 20. As I was entering a
small swamp, its beauty beamed upon me from afar, and it was
surprising to see how one small rose could brighten the scene.

If you wish to study the roses and learn their scientific names,
you will have little difficulty if you give close observation. You
will readily find four species and possibly five.

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Thoreau says in his Journal of June 16, 1854, after describing
the roses, nitida, lucida, rubiginosa: " I bring home the buds of
the three, ready to expand, at night, and the next day they
perfume my chamber. Add to these the White Lily — just begun
— also the Swamp Pink and the Great Orchis and Mountain
Laurel, now in prime, and perhaps we may say that the fairest
flowers are now to be found, or say a few days later."

The orchids for this month are both attractive and rare, the
"great orchis" (^Habenaria Jimbriata), mentioned by Thoreau,
and Cypripedium spectabile, being the most beautiful. Pogonia
verticillata, Liparis Loeselii, and Habenaria Hookeri are very rare
in this vicinity ; but Habenaria virescens, Pogonia ophioglossoides,
and Calopogon pulchellus are not uncommon.

The Pyrolas and Chimaphilas are among the pretty June flowers,
and Linncea borealis (Twin-flower) , beloved by the great Linnaeus,
begins to blossom about the middle of this month. Linnaeus,
during his journey through Lapland, gathered it at Lycksele on May
29, and chose it for his own special flower. Previously this pretty
and singular little plant had been called Campanula serpyllifoUa
(Thyme-leaved Bell-flower) but Linnaeus, prosecuting the study
of plants on his new principle, soon found this to constitute a new
genus. And after he became famous as a scientific botanist, he
allowed his friend, Gronovius, to publish an account of it and
give to the plant his name.

If you wish for special adornment for a corner of your garden,
put in it that gold-colored flower. Genista tinctoria (Woad- Waxen),
which so completely covers the hills of Salem and Lynn at this
time of the year. Those same hills have been compared, when the
Woad- Waxen is in its prime, to " a field of the color of gold, if it
be not the ' Field of the Cloth of Gold.' " I greatly enjoy some
thriving plants that I brought from Essex County a few years ago.

In the first days of July ive have the interesting Milkweeds,
Asclepias purpurascens, A. phytolaccoides, and A. obtusifoUa ; the
brilliant lilies, Lilium Philadeljjhicum and L. Canadense, and
the pretty little blue Day Flower (Commelina Virginica), which is
so easUy naturalized here that I want to recommend it for the
wild gardens which are interesting people so much in these
progressive days. This plant begins to grow wild in Southern
New York and runs over the land to Florida. It is said that
Linnasus named this plant for the three Commelyn brothers —

WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 97

Dutch botanists — two of whom were authors, the other published
nothing. The two bright blue petals represented the two brothers
who did something for the world ; the inconspicuous petal being
for the brother who was of no use.

The Droseras, those insectivorous plants that Darwin experi-
mented with ; and the pretty Floating Heart {Limnanthemum
lacunosum) , which looks so like a small pond lily, come to us at
this season. And we find — at least in one place in Massachusetts
— the beautiful Rhododendron maximum, which grows sparingly
in New England, but is very common along shaded water-courses
in the mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. I saw it grow-
ing wild for the first time last year, July 16, when it was a little
past its prime.

The Cassias — Marilandica, Chamcecrista, and nictitans, three
interesting members of the Pulse Family, make good garden
plants.

The orchids that I find in this month are Spiranthes gracilis,
Goodyera picbescens, Habenaria tridentata, H. lacera, and H.
psy codes.

The two early golden-rods, Solidago Canadensis and S. juncea,
are found in the latter part of this month, as are those early Asters
A. corymbosus and A. macrophyllus ; and that favorite of all,
the bright, cheerful looking Cardinal Flower {Lobelia cardinalis) .

Several years ago I was told that if I should go to a town some
fifty miles from Boston in the first week in August, I could find
the White Fringed Orchis {Habenaria blephariglottis) and the
Turk's-cap Lily {Lilium superbum) , in great abundance — two
flowers so beautiful that they seemed worth taking a journey of
over fifty miles, to have the opportunity of gathering as many
of them as I desired. So a year ago last summer I went, and
had the great pleasure of seeing how and where they grew. With
them were many other attractive flowers, the rarer ones being
Bartonia tenella, Eupatorium teiicri folium, and Rhexia Virginica
(Meadow Beauty).

August comes so laden with notable wild flowers that it will
be hardly possible to more than mention their names. I think
that the flowers of August rival those of June, mentioned by
Thoreau, for I had, on August 8, 1891, the finest show of wild
flowers that I have ever been able to collect at any one time.
There were large bunches of the White Fringed Orchis, the
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Turk's-cap Lily, Meadow Beauty, Wild Bergamot {Monarda
Jistxdosa), Cassia Marilandica, Coreopsis rosea, Cardinal Flower
and Golden-rod.

The Gerardias, which flower in August, are an interesting genus
of plants, six of which, G. flava, G. quercifolia, G. pedicularia,
G. pupurea, var. paupercula, G. tenuifolia, and G. maritima can
be found not many miles from this city, and five Desmodiums are
near neighbors to the Gerardias.

We have now the Brasenia peltata (Water Shield), that odd
looking plant of the ponds, the submerged portions of which are
covered with a mucilaginous substance transparent as glass ;
Monarda Jistulosa (Wild Bergamot) , Coreopsis rosea — which is
rare north of Plymouth — four Polygalas and the beautiful
Sahhatia chloroides, which bears transplanting, if you put it in a
proper location.

Most of the Asters and Golden-rods are now in flower, for I
find that on August 31, 1889, I had the blossoms of twenty-two
Asters and nineteen Golden-rods. Some of them, of course,
were past theu" prime and others just coming into flower. Many
of the Asters make very satisfactory garden plants, the purple
Aster, A. Novce Anglim, with its variety roseus, A. spectabilis, and
A. ericoides being particularly good.

The Iron Weeds ( Vernonia Novehoracensis and V. fasciculata) ,
with their bright purple flowers make a fine show, and take kindly
to cultivation.

The fragrant Spiranthes cernua is abundant in moist ground,
and that odd looking orchid, Corallorhiza, which always looks to
me as if it were parasitic, can be found in this month, under old
pine trees.

The Closed Gentian {Gentiana Andrewsii) and the delicate
greenish veined, white flowers of the Grass of Parnassus (Par-
nassia CaroUniana) , will fittingly end this month, leaving only the
Fringed Gentian {Gentiana crinita), Rattle-box {Crotalaria
sagittalis) , and some of the later Asters for September.

The Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis Virginiana) belongs to October
and is the last flower of the year. Of this Thoreau says, " There
is something witch-like in the appearance of the witch-hazel, which
blossoms late in October and November, with its irregular angular
spray, and petals like furies' hair or small ribbon streamers. Its
blossoming, too, at this irregular period when other shrubs have

WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 99

lost their leaves as well as blossoms, looks like witches' craft.
Certainly it blooms in no garden of man's."

Wild Flowers and Ferns are so intermingled where they grow
naturally, that it seems eminently proper to treat of both in the
same paper.

A poet-naturalist said, " Ferns were made to show what beauty
can rest in a leaf," and another charming writer of out-of-door
papers said, "They are one of the triumphs of nature.
Numerous in species, exquisite in form, tender in color, graceful
in motion, harmless in growth, wholesome in odor, sensitive yet
persistent, refined yet abundant."

You will, I think, all agree with me in saying, that this descrip-
tion is true to fact. What is there in nature more exquisitely
beautiful and graceful than the Ferns ?

The study of ferns, fascinating as it is, is often attended with
many difficulties, though the helps thereto are much better than
they were several years ago. I well remember the difficulties that
I encountered and the long time that elapsed before I could obtain
any real aid. I would take my botany and study, but the
descriptive words seemed to have but little if any meaning. The
plates even, as I had no named specimens to compare them with,
were unsatisfactory. I finally had an opportunity to listen to a
lecture by a noted Professor, and his simple, plain statements and
object teaching gave me my first real knowledge of ferns. It was
refreshing, after my struggle with the scientific terms, to hear him
call a brake a brake, and describe the peculiar fruiting of the
Pteris as a hem on the frond. These things I could understand
and remember. Do not misunderstand me, and infer that I think
scientific terms unnecessary, for they are all important, only it
seems to me best, as I found by experience, to become familiarized
with simple, general names before attempting the scientific.

Ferns, as you all know, are flowerless plants, belonging to the
class called Cryptogamous. In this sub-kingdom there are
several large families, among which are the mosses, horsetails,
lichens, and liverworts, but the Ferns or Filices occupy the place
of distinction.

Mr. George E. Davenport, one of our best authorities upon
Ferns, gave you so much valuable information in his excellent
paper upon the subject, read before this Society in March, 1891,
that it is unnecessary for me to tell you anything about the growth

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of ferns from the spores, their fruiting, and the books to be used
in studying them, even if I had time, and moreover it has not
been my purpose to make this paper in any way scientific, only to
tell you something of some of the wUd plants that have been
specially interesting to me.

There are forty-two species and eight or more varieties — some
of the latter being a matter of opinion among our best botanists
— of ferns, that grow naturally in the state of Massachusetts.
On the table at youi" left are herbarium specimens of these ferns
which I thought some of you might like to look at.

In the forty-two species of ferns which I credit to Massachusetts
I include the Grape Ferns (Botrychiums) and Adder's Tongue
(Ophioglossum), which really are only Fern Allies, but are still
classed with the ferns. Professor Eaton says of them, " They are
not Filices as is now well known," but "they are closely related
to them, and are certainly Ferns in the ordinary acceptation of the
term."

In calling to mind the ferns that you have found in your walks,
you will naturally first remember the spring ferns, among which
are the Osmundas, or so called Flowering Ferns. These with a
little study and observation are readily learned. They are among
our largest northern ferns. I have found fronds of the Royal
Fern {Osmunda regalis) and the Interrupted Fern (0. Clay-
toniana) nearly five feet in height. The Royal Fern is the only
Osmunda growing in Great Britain, and is much valued in that
country, where it has been known to attain the height of twelve
feet, though its general growth is from six to nine feet.

It is related that one of the boatmen employed by Sir Walter
Scott on his visit to Killarney, said that Sir Walter scarcely
uttered a syllable in praise of the scenery, but when he came to a
spot where the Royal Fern grew in abundance, he stopped the
rowers and exclaimed, " This is worth coming to see !"

You will, I am sure, also be attracted by the almost feathery
fronds of the Lady Fern {Asplenium Filix-foemina) , which you
will often find by stone walls and near the edges of the swamps.
This is the favorite fern of the poets. Scott thus alludes to it :

" Where the copse is the greenest,
Where the fountain glistens sheenest,
Where the morning dew lies longest,
There the Lady Fern grows strongest."

WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 101

Shirley Hibberd compares it " to a plume of ostrich feathers of
the most intense and delicate tint of yellowish green." The
shade of green however varies much with situation and age.

Aspidium spinulostim, one of the Shield Ferns — partially ever-
green — is to me one of our most beautiful ferns. It may be that
the real use I can make of its beauty has much to do with its
being such a favorite. If you take up a root in August or the
first of September, before the autumn winds and rains have
broken the stipes, you will have a fern for your parlor that will
give delight to yourself and your friends for months. And when
the fronds get broken, as they probably will in time, cut them off,
put the fern where it will have a gentle freeze, and let it rest
awhile. In the latter part of March give water, heat, and light,
but not much sunshine. If the proper conditions have been
observed you will have in about two weeks a fern whose delicate
beauty will charm every beholder, and it will be particularly
interesting to yourself, for you have watched day by day its
almost magical growth.

The Ostrich Fern {Onoclea Struthiopteris) is, as Mr. Davenport
told 3'ou, an excellent garden fern. It is also very satisfactory
for house growth and experimental purposes. This fern is rare
in this vicinity. I know of but three locations in Middlesex
County, and only three are mentioned in the Essex County Flora.

Late one autumn an Ostrich Fern plant was sent to me by
mail from Lincoln, Massachusetts. It spent the winter in a cold
room, put loosely into the earth, and a little water was given at
long intervals to prevent it from becoming absoluteh' dry. It
was properly potted and brought into a warm room a little after
the middle of April. On April 24, I felt certain that one of the
crosiers had moved upward a little and that there was no doubt
now about the life of the plant.

On May 1, the frond was twenty-one inches long, showing that
it had grown nearly three inches each day. After the first week
the growth was not so I'apid, but there were in due time six
beautiful, well developed fronds, forming a perfect vase shape.
The slender stem was well defined, then a gradual curve outward
of rare symmetry, until the broadened fronds bent over their tips
for the rounded edge. Later, one fertile frond was developed in
the centre, but if the plant had remained in its own home there
probably would have been more.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

In writing to a botanical friend about it, I said, " I am curious
to learn how long I can keep the fronds bright and green. Will
they know when the time for the sere and yellow leaf comes, and
droop and decay just the same as when out of doors? Time, I
suppose, will answer me if I patiently wait."

And this I wrote as the result :

" Perhaps you may remember that I was experimenting with an
Ostrich Fern last year, hoping to induce it to retain its dress of
green until the end of the autumn months at least. But when
Miss Ostrich found that her sisters, aunts, and cousins were
donning suits of russet brown, she was very desirous of following
the fashion. And when I remonstrated and told her that
although the brown was a handsome color, it was not durable —
that the dress would soon be ragged, torn and faded, she would
sigh and put on such an unhappy look I knew that she would take
advantage of the first opportunity to dress like the rest of the
world, and she did. She held up her head two or three weeks
longer than her ouL-of-door relatives, but the fatal dress brought
her to grief about the middle of October, when she went to join
the great majority."

I have here a dried frond of what Professor D. C. Eaton says is
" the largest of all the ferns of the United States," Acrostichum
aureum. It is often from eight to eleven feet high, and its United
States habitat is Florida. It is perhaps the only known fern
which grows only within the influence of salt water. It is found
as far as the water is brackish and ceases as soon as the water
becomes entirely free from salt. I have sent four times to Florida
for a living plant ; three attempts have failed but I expect another
plant soon which I hope will grow. This specimen was brought
to me from the Island of Jamaica. You will find an herbarium
specimen on the table which was gathered in or near Rio Janeiro.

This growing fern, Scolopendrium vulgare (Hart's Tongue),
is among the rarest of the American ferns, but is a common plant
in Europe.

I specially recommend our native ferns for garden culture, for
I have many times seen them most successfully grown.

This I quote from a letter giving some description of a wild
garden: "I wish you could see two most luxuriant and graceful
clumps of maiden-hair fern — one growing against the front wall
of this old brick house, with fronds all leaning outward, and a

WELD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 103

very thick patch in the open garden, fronds growing all round.
Ever}' one recognizes their marvellous beauty."

It has been most truly said by a writer about plants, that
" Learning the name of a plant is only our introduction to it.
We should never cease to study their habits, their modes of
growth, and the uses of ever}- organ in root, stem, and leaf."

"Flower in the crannied wall,

I pluck you out of the crannies,
Hold you here, root and all, in my hand,
Little flower ; but if I could understand
What you are, root and all, and all in all,

I should know what God and man is."

All other books pale before the ever varying Book of Nature.
There is no end to the entertainment, if you look no higher than
this, that is afforded without money and without price to any who
have a little leisure. Without price? Perhaps not, for whatever
is of real worth must be paid for in some way, and to reap a good
harvest from Nature you must sow earnest seekings well mixed
with enthusiasm, and then you will be repaid a hundred-fold.

Discussion.

E. H. Hitchings said :

The Committee on Discussion have asked me to say some-
thing at this time, so I will give you a few reminiscences, mainl}'
connected with the Middlesex Fells. I have been familiar with
them from childhood. Sevent3'-seven years ago, when I was
about eight years old — as nearly as I can recollect — I picked
the White Huckleberries, in Maiden. About fift}' years later I
went to the same place and found them still growing there, and
apparentl}' on the same bushes, which looked as if they might be
fifty years old or more. I picked them and had them on
exhibition here in my collection of native plants. All the
common flowers that grow near Boston, may be found in the
Fells, and also some of the rarer ones.

But what interested me as much as anything I learned there
was the fact that the wild flowers, even in this cold region,
blossom ever}' month in the year. I have spoken of this before,
and you will excuse me for speaking of it again today, as I want
to introduce a fact in this connection, which I think will be new

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to most of you. When I spoke on this subiect before I said
substantially : " To those who are not accustomed to observe care-
fully, the vegetable world, for four months in the year, appears
to be in a state of rest. But Nature knows no rest. There are
no Sundaj^s in her calendar. She works every day in winter as
well as summer."

I then gave you the dates showing that flowers had been
collected twent}' months in succession, and also that I had found
the Hepatica in flower from September to May inclusive — nine
months. November 30, 1890, I found three plants in flower in
Stoneham, a blue one, a dark purple one, and a large plant with
white flowers and a large number of buds. December 12, two of
the plants were still in flower, the purple one and the large white
one. Lowell in writing of these early flowers says :

" I, country-born an' bred, know where to find
Some blooms thet make the season suit the mind,
An' seem to metch the doubtin' bhiebird's notes, —
Half-vent 'rin' liverworts in furry coats,
Bloodroots, whose rolled-up leaves ef you oncurl,
Each on 'em 's cradle to a baby-pearl, —
But these are jes' Spring's pickets; sure ez sin.
The rebble frosts '11 try to drive 'em in."

But the Hepatica, or Liverwort as Lowell calls it, does not seem
to mind the frost. Here they are in flower in December, with
the ground frozen so hard that you could not dig up one of the
plants.

I did not go into the woods again until March 10, 1891. Then
the large white-flowered plant was still in blossom, the petals of
the earlier flowers lying on the ground and a single bud left.
George Herbert wrote, nearly three hundred years ago, "God's
Mill grinds slow but sure." Here is a good illustration of it — a
single plant growing and blossoming from November 30 to March
10. A plant in May usually keeps in flower about a week. But
these are not the only plants that bloom in winter. The Early
Buttercup, the Chickweed, the Shepherds'-purse, the Alder, and
Willow and others have been found.

Let me quote you a few lines from R. W. Emerson : '' If I go
into the woods in winter, and am shown the thirteen or fourteen
species of willow that grow in Massachusetts, I learn that they
quietly expand in the warmer days, or when nobody is looking at

WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS. 105

them, and though insignificant enough in the general barrenness
of the forest, yet a great change takes place in them between fall
and spring ; in the first relentings of March they hasten, and long
before anything else is ready, these osiers hang out their joyful
flowers in contrast to all the woods. . . They bend all day to
every wind ; the cart-wheel in the road may crush them ; every
passenger may strike off a twig with his cane ; every bo}' cuts
them for a whistle ; the cow, the rabbit, the insect, bite the sweet
and tender bark ; yet, in spite of accident and enemy, their gentle
persistency lives, when the oak is shattered by the storm, and
grows in the night and snow and cold. When T see in these
brave plants this vigor and immortality in weakness, I find a
sudden relief and pleasure in observing the mighty law of
vegetation, and think it more grateful and health-giving than any
news I am likely to find of man in the journals, and better than
Washington politics."

Later in the season, when the Hepatica is in perfection, there
is a pine grove in Stoneham where you may get them by the
thousand, of nine or ten shades of blue, purple, pink, and pure
white. But the dark purple ones, with their yellow anthers in
contrast with the petals, are my favorites.

Still later in the season, not far from this grove, is a little
brook, winding through the meadow among the alders and
willows, where — about the middle of June — you ma}' find the
Ranunculus aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Gray (White Butter-
cup), filling the brook and making it perfectly white. Further up
in the Fells, is a small pond full of Ranunculus multifidus
(Yellow Water-Crowfoot).

But the rarest of all the Buttercups found in this vicinity, is
the Ranunculus Flamviula, var. rejytans. The nearest place for
this that I know, is on the banks of a stream about twelve miles
from Boston

About a mile this side of the stream, in a beautiful white pine
grove, carpeted with Mitcliella repens, in full bloom, filling the air
with fragrance, I once saw six plants of Hahenaria orhiculata^
each of them with their two large, round, shining leaves lying flat
on the ground, and a scape fifteen inches high, with flowers
almost as white as snow. It was a sight worth walking miles to
see. I took a single plant and pressed it, and have it here now,
with specimens of all the Orchids that grow in this vicinity, which
I shall be glad to show you.

106 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAI, SOCIETT.

Not far from this grove is a bit of meadow, about half as large
as this room, full of Menyanthes trifoliata (Buckbean), Eriophorum
alpinum (Small Cotton Grass), and Parnassia CaroKniana (Grass
of Parnassus).

Another place which ought not to be omitted when speaking of
the Fells, is Winter Pond in Winchester. Here you may find
three very rare plants, Echinodorus parvulus^ Scirpus supinus,
var. Hallii, and Eleocliaris Engelmanni, var. detonsa. The
Coreopsis rosea also grows here. In the last edition of the
Manual, Professor Watson made an error in copying Dr. Gray's
remarks on these plants in the " Botanical Gazette." Professor
Watson says, E. obtusa; Dr. Gray wrote E. Engelmanni, Steud.,
var. detonsa^ Gray. See " Botanical Gazette," October, 1878,
article, '' Some Western Plants."

Mrs. Richards said something about an old botanist finding
the Yellow Lady's Slipper. Now I don't make any pretension to
being either old or a botanist. To be a botanist requires a long
life of hard study, and I have had to work for a living ever since
I left school, and have had only the leisure hours, when there was
no work. In regard to old age, I don't believe in Daniel
Webster's theory. At a dinner of the Webster Historical Society,
an anecdote was told, in which he was reported as saying to a
young lady, " If you live to be fifty years old, you will find that
there is nothing new to learn, nothing new to lose, nothing new
to live for."

I think Longfellow took a more rational view. In a letter to a
friend he writes, " To those who ask how it is that I write so
many things that sound as if I were still a young boy, please saj-,
there is a pear tree in the neighborhood or neighboring town,
planted by Governor Endicott two hundred j'ears ago ; it
still bears fruit not to be distinguished in flavor from that of
the young tree ; it makes new wood every year so that some part
of it is always 3'oung. Perhaps that may be the case with some
men as they grow old ; I hope it is so with me."

I did find the Yellow Lady's Slipper. I had been looking for it
nine or ten years. I knew it had been found in a large swamp
about- twelve miles from Boston. On the 25th of May, 1879, I
invited a friend to go out with me. In the cars we met two
brothers who had been looking for the flower as long as I had.
Soon after we got to the swamp we found the pink azalea in

-VVTLD FLOWERS AND FEENS. 107

■flower. Later we found the Hahenaria orbiculata — not in
blossom — and other interesting plants. About noon the older
brother said, " well, C. if we expect to get home to dinner, it is
about time to start ; we will leave Hitchings to find the Yellow
Lady's Slipper." After eating our dinner in a pleasanter place
than any room I ever dined in, I said to my friend, "We have
plenty of time, I will look into the swamp once more and see
what I can find." In a few minutes I found thirty plants of the
Yellow Lad3's Slipper, all in flower, one of them with two
blossoms on the stem. The next day when I came home to
dinner, I found a letter from one of the brothers saying they
found it a few minutes after leaving us.

We sometimes have a surprise, not so pleasant as this was. I
had one last year. Three or four years ago I found the Pent-
Memon pubescens growing wild, on a rough, gravelly ridge covered
with bushes, in Melrose. Two years ago I found the Liparis
Loeselii about a stone's throw from the same place, growing in a
meadow, with the Arethusa, Fogonia, Calopogon, Ophioglossum,
and other interesting plants. Last year I went there, and the
owner had dug away the ridge, Pentstemons, bushes, and all, and
carted them into the meadow. Well, I suppose he will get a good
crop of hay there sometime, but I don't think he will enjoy it half
as much as I have the flowers. I have spoken about my first
" find;" now a few words about my last one. Jul}' 31, 1891, I
found a very rare plant in fruit. June 5, 1892, it was in flower.

Now I want to sa}' a word or two about the names of plants.
Suppose I should tell 30U that my rare plant was the Cancer-root
(the common name), nine-tenths of this audience could probably
say, " Oh, I found the Cancer-root years ago." But when I give
you the botanical name Gonopliolis Americana and show you this
photograph of the plant, you see at once the necessity of using
the scientific name. When I saw the plant in flower, I could not
help recalling Tennyson's remarkable lines, which Mrs. Richards
has quoted :

" Flower in the crannied wall,

I pluck you out of the crannies,
Hold you here, root and all, in my hand,
Little flower ; but if I could understand
What you are, root and all, and all in all,

I should know what God and man is !"

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The plant is a parasite ; having no root of its own, it has to
borrow the root of an oak on which to grow. There is no
description in the Manual, or any book that I can find of the
attachment of this plant to the root of the oak, but you will see it
in this photograph, and also rudiments of new plants for a year
or two to come. I have a root here which shows the rudiments
for five or six years.

Mr. President, there is no end to this subject, so I will close by
quoting the last verse of Horace Smith's Hymn to the Flowers.

" Were I, O God! in churchless lands remaining,
Far from all voice of teaciiers or divines,
My soul would find in flowers of thy ordaining
Priests, sermons, shrines."

Mr. Hitchings exhibited herbarium specimens of fifty species
of native orchids.

Felker L. Temple had been much interested in the essay, and
wished to add a few words from his experience. About six or
eight years ago he was riding upon a driveway in the wooded
countr}' near Lake Winnepesaukee, about the middle of August,
when he observed a quite long branch of witch hazel in full bloom.
It was so unusual a sight at that season that he stopped and ex-
amined the tree, and found that the branch had been much twisted,
in fact, so much as to nearly stop the flow of sap. He was led to
believe that the blooming was hastened by the exhaustion or
scanty supply of sap in the branch, which would naturally be the
condition at the usual time of flowering, in October or November.
Several other branches, also more or less in flower, were found to
be twisted in the same manner, but to different degrees.

]\Ir. Temple then spoke of an interesting find among the native
asters. In the autumn of 1892, he and a friend found six indi-
vidual plants of what seemed to be Aster dumosus with entirely
double blossoms. These double flowers were, in one plant, about
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and in the other five from an
inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in diameter.

Several other plants were also found with semi-double flowers,
all of which plants have been planted out to preserve them, and it is
hoped to exhibit the flowers at Horticultural Hall, in August, 1893.

Thomas Harrison spoke of the plentiful growth of Garget
{Phytolacca decandra) in the vicinity of Stoneham and Melrose

THE CARNATION AND ITS CULTURE. 109

Highlands, particularly in places where the upper surface of the
soil has been removed. He admired this plant for its beautiful
foliage, which he considered as striking and effective as that of
either cannas oi- thriftily growing dahlias.

Charles W. Jenks moved a vote of thanks to Mrs. Richards for
her very interesting paper, which was unanimously passed.

Thomas Harrison then moved a vote of thanks to Mr, Hitchings
for the highly interesting botanical reminiscences he had given,
which was also unanimously adopted.

President Kidder announced for the next Saturday, a paper
upon " Carnations and Their Culture," by Richard T. Lombard,
of Way land.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 25, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 4.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Carnation and its Culture.

By Richard T. Lombard, Wayland.

The Carnation, by reason of its real merit, has since 1860
rapidly forced itself into an important place in the flower trade of
the northern and central parts of our country.

Nearly four thousand florists are engaged, either wholly or in
part, in growing this plant for cut flowers ; and it is estimated that
last year fully two hundred million blooms were sold, yielding
over a million of dollars to the growers.

Its variety of color, fragrance, beauty of form, and keeping
quality, have made it a decided favorite, and it may justly be
styled the '* Flower for the multitude."

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A flower of so much importance in trade, and one so generally
loved, is certainly of sufficient importance for us to give it careful
study.

The subject would seem to divide itself into three parts.

First : - — Its history.
Second : — Its garden culture.
Third : — Its cultivation under glass.

Its History. — The wild species from which our cultivated
varieties were derived is Dianthus Caryophyllus, — Dianthus, from
dios, divine; anthos, flower; thus we have the " Divine Flower," a
term generally given it and by which it is so well known. This
species was called Caryophyllus, a designation evidently given on
account of the clove fragrance of the flower. At the time of its
introduction into England its prevailing color was a very light
shade of pink, or more properly " flesh color," and from this fact
it received its name of "Carnation." There is no doubt that
under the influence of English soil, climate, and culture, its color
became darker, and we find a few years later it was called "Pink."

The wild carnation was single, having but five petals, and its
native habitat was extremely limited, being found only in parts of
France, Italy, Austria, and in the northwest part of India ; and
always upon high, well drained land, where limestone was found.
It has never been known to thrive in its wild state except near the
habitation of man. The general construction of the plant and the
character of its foliage is such that it withstands drought wonder-
fully, and recovers from it rapidly when water is supplied.

From one or more of the places named — but more probably
from Italy — the wild variety has been naturalized in various
countries, more particularly in England ; but wherever naturalized
as a wild plant it has only succeeded in limestone districts or
near old buildings on well drained soil. As we know the plant it
clearly shows the climatic influence of Southern Europe.

Its peculiarities are such that under cultivation it has taken
almost any character, as to color or form of flower, which the
careful cultivator has desired. It has been popular in one
generation and unpopular in the next. When it was in favor the
flowers were increased in size and the varieties were numbered by
hundreds; and when the "carnation fever" abated, it quickly
lapsed to its ordinary size and the varieties were few.

THE CAENATION AND ITS CULTURE. Ill

At one time the fringed petals were sought for and obtained ;
and at another, smooth edged or "rose leaved" petals were
wanted, and this desire was gratified. The gardeners of two
hundred years ago thought the flower imperfect if it did not split
its calyx, and on refractory flowers the knife was used on the
calyx that did not burst. But for the last hundred and fifty years
great effort and care have been taken to prevent the bursting of the
calyx, which to this time has not been wholly successful.

Pliny refers to the carnation as having been used in the days of
Augustus Caesar, to give a spicy flavor to wine. While greatly
loved and admired by the ancients, its improvement was not
undertaken to any great extent until it found a home in England.

It is not quite clear when it was introduced into England ;
probably as early as the year 1200.

Chaucer wrote of its cultivation in 1386, from which time it has
always been considered as a florist's flower.

It was first called "Carnation" by Henry Lyte in 1578, and
designated as " Pink " about the year 1600.

Edmund Spenser called it "Coronation," but this name never
found common use.

Shakespeare, in "The Winter's Tale," Act IV, says, "The
fairest flowers o' the season are our carnations." He also alludes
to it in "Henry V."

It is well settled that as early as 1655 there were more than one
hundred varieties, all of them " fair, large, and double flowers."
In recent years there have been as many as one thousand varieties,
each with an individual character, as color, habit, vigor, marking,
whether early or late, etc.

One of the early cultivators says, "It calls forth our admiration^
ministering to our delights, and gladdening the hearts of the
children of men." As early as 1665 there was a large variety and
as to color, we find white, various shades of pink, scarlet,
crimson, and yellow for selfs ; also a great number of fancy
marked.

Professor L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, has stated, "that
in all probability the original color of the carnation was light, sky-
blue and without fragrance." I have not found that the early
writers allude to "blue" as a color of the carnation, or that any
blue flowers have been known since it has been cultivated ; yet
the opinion of so high an authority should have great weight.

112 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

But as to fragrance, I must differ from him, for certainly the
evidence is quite conclusive that, except for its fragrance, it would
have remained to the end of time, the small, plain, five petalled,
wild flower of its native land.

Its well known habit of ' ' sporting " from seed has not changed
for four hundi'ed years at least, and the uncertainty of this
manner of growing makes the business of raising seedlings very
fascinating, as each opening bud has a charm of its own.

In 1675 John Rea, of England, had three hundred and sixty
varieties, the flowers all double and measuring from two to three
inches across.

The first yellow carnation was brought to England, from
Poland, in 1590, and 'was grown extensively in the seventeenth
century. It was very popular with all who grew flowers. It is
evident that the cultivators of Poland, at that time, were fully as
far advanced in gardening art as those of England.

This brief history would be quite incomplete, without stating
that near the end of the seventeenth century, a gentleman by the
name of Fairchild, living at Hoxton, England, produced a hybrid
carnation between Dianthus Caryophyllus and Dianthus barbatus,
and Dr. Maxwell T. Masters says, " it was not only the first
hybrid carnation ever raised, but actually the first artificial
hybrid of any kind on record."

From the earliest cultivation of the carnation to about 1810, it
was entirely grown from seed or propagated by layers. At this
time a new system was begun, the propagation by cuttings ;
the only difference in this work, between then and now, is that
they obtained bottom heat by the same method we use in prepar-
ing our hot-beds, while we use steam or hot water pipes or a flue.

About 1840 the improvement of the carnation was begun in
France, and actively carried on by M. Schmitt, of Lyons ; and a
few years later by Alphonse Alegati^re, they following the same
line of work so well begun by Fairchild, and with advantages to
aid them of which Fairchild could not have dreamed in his time.

M. Jean Sisley made the assertion that Alegati^re " created a
new species." My reply to him is, that this is simply an error,
for no power less than the fiat of the Deity can create a new
species of any kind, for it is a well settled law that " a species
may be modified by external influences, and thus give rise to races

THE CARNATION AND ITS CULTURE. 113

or varieties ; but it never abandons its own proper character to
assume another."

The fact is that the seed of long past ages contained the latent
power which, for more than six hundred years, by culture,
selection, hybridization, and crossing, has marched onward and
upward in development, by the well established law of evolution,
until we have the perpetual varieties of today. And this develop-
ment has been brought about by the careful and intelligent labor
of such men as Fairchild, Hogg, and Dodwell in England ;
Schmitt and Alegati^re, in France ; and Sewall Fisher, Charles T.
Starr, and others, in America, — all have contributed to the result,
and the credit is not due to any one in particular, but each is
entitled to a share of the honor.

The first Carnation Society was formed, and the first exhibition
of the flower (as a separate exhibition) took place in England,
July 25, 1850.

I have been unable to find who first grew, or at what date the
first carnations were grown, in this country; they were probabl}'
grown here before the present century, for at an exhibition held by
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, August 1, 1829, a
seedling carnation was shown ; again on June 10, 1830, David
Haggerston and the Messrs. Winship exhibited "fine carnations,"
and at one of the weekly exhibitions of this Society, held the
same year, ' ' one hundred different varieties of carnations were
exhibited," which was a much larger number than has been shown
in recent years. These were evidently the half-hardy sorts, which
were wintered in cold frames. We can well imagine with what
pride and satisfaction the pioneers of this grand old Society,
gathered about the tables to admire the beauty and enjoy the
fragrance of such a worthy display ; it is quite possible that
President Dearborn, Daniel Webster, Harrison Gray Otis, John
Lowell, and many other notables Avere among those present.

In 1831 this Society offered a prize of three dollars, for the best
pot of carnations.

Between 1860 and 1870 floriculture took a great start around
Boston, and between these dates it is believed that importations
of carnation plants were made, chiefly from France. It maj^ have
been a few years later, as I have been unable to find any data bj'
which to fix the exact time. These importations were of the
varieties called " Perpetual," and from the time of their introduc-
8

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion, the old half-hardy varieties seem to have almost disappeared.
The first varieties to come were, La Purity and Edwardsi, and a
little later President Degrauw and Crimson King ; these were the
foundation of those now grown.

With us, from that time, the interest in the carnation has been
on the increase, and on October 15, 1891, the American Carnation
Society was formed in Philadelphia.

New varieties are grown from seed, and the chances of getting
one equal to or better than the parents is as one to five hundred.

I am convinced that no advance can be made without taking the
best types for parents and giving them the best possible condi-
tions. Very rarely can a good one be obtained by chance, for, as
a rule, in this as in everything else, hereditary influence and
environment will impress the new plant, and if you seek success
these must not be disregarded.

Carnations grown under ordinary treatment, and with an
unsplit calyx, have for more than four hundred years varied but
little in size — from one and one-half to two and one-half inches in
diameter. In England they have had flowers four inches across,
but this was the flattened flower resulting from the split calyx.
We have at the present time a few varieties which will, under high
culture, and by disbudding and forcing, produce a few flowers
from three to three and one-quarter inches in diameter.

I know of a few persons who assert, with seeming confldence,
that we are to have a variety Jhat will give us flowers not less
than four inches in diameter, with stems as strong as common lead
pencils, and not less than eighteen inches long, with foliage eight
inches long and one-half an inch wide.

In this progressive age it will not do to say, " this cannot be
done," for the seeming impossible of today is, on the morrow, not
only possible but the fact. While I do not say that this point
will not be attained, yet the whole history of the plant would seem
to preclude a flower of such a type under any such treatment as is
now given by the best growers.

My idea of a first-class flower is this, — It should be symmet-
rically formed ; its petals fringed or serrated and of good
substance ; if a self, the color evenly distributed throughout its
petals ; its calyx non-bursting ; it should be fragrant ; its centre
full, well raised, yet not crowded ; and should measure from two
to three inches across ; the whole flower giving a pleasing effect to

THE CARNATION AND ITS CULTURE. 115

the eye. Auy flower whose petals grow well above the calyx
before expanding, is not likely to burst the calyx.

The plant should be vigorous, strong, healthy, freel}^ branching
from two to three inches above the soil ; foliage of a rich blue-
green and not over one-fourth of an inch in width ; flower stems
well branched, giving a stem to each flower from eight to twelve
inches long, and with sufficient strength to hold the flowers erect.

The carnation will succeed in any ordinary soil, from light
sandy loam to a firm clay. It prefers a fairly rich loamy soil —
well rotted turf with one-fourth its bulk of old manure, with a
bushel of air-slaked lime and a bushel of hard wood ashes to
every two loads of soil.

Different varieties require different soil ; as a rule give the plant
the same soil in which the parent plant was first grown. If a
variety originated in a heavy soil and succeeded in such soil, the
chances are that it found a congenial condition as to soil, and
would ordinarily do best in soil of a like character ; likewise, if
the parent plant grew in a sandy loam and succeeded, it would be
more likely to do best in such soO.

It is well settled among growers that few if any varieties do
well in every place where carnations are grown ; therefore, in
selecting stock, take those which originated in a soil similar to that
you have.

It has been said that the State of Pennsylvania has what is
called a " Carnation belt," a spot of earth made expressly for this
plant. I am free to admit that Pennsylvania has a great number
of the special bounties of creation, for which the people of the
other states are compelled to pay heavy tribute, if they desire to
use them ; but that it is favored with a soil or climate particularly
suited for the carnation is simply a myth. To show the correct-
ness of my position, I need only to remind you that whenever her
growers have exhibited flowers in competition with those of other
parts of the country, or sent plants gi'own within her borders to
other States, the outside growers have not found anything to fear,
in their competition with this, so called, favored locality, either as
to flowers, plants, or new varieties.

For myself I believe in New England and her institutions. I
venerate her " granite hills " and love her "rock bound coast."
I honor her sons and daughters who have exhibited in this hall as
fine flowers, fruits, and vegetables, produced from her rugged soil,

116 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as can be grown north of the thirty-ninth degree of latitude, and
we can all sing with Whittier :

" But scarce would Ceylon's breath of flowers be sweet,
Could I not feel thy soil, New England, at my feet!"

G-ARDEN Culture. — That the carnation is not more generally
grown in our gardens, for summer flowering, is quite surprising,
when we consider the ease with which it can be grown, and the
abundance of fragrant, lasting flowers, of such varied colors.
It surely ought to give more pleasure than the sub-tropical weeds
which have so little to commend them ; at least we should not
discard the plants of our own latitude for less desirable ones from
the tropics.

To have plants for summer flowering, they should be propagated
in October or November, put in flats or thumb-pots, and kept in a
cool house until March 1 ; then they should be repotted in three and
one-half inch pots and have plenty of sunlight and air. Put them
in cold frames about April 1 , and plant in the garden from April
25 to May 10. They should be pinched back only once — about
March 1.

Treated in this manner they will commence to flower in June and
give a constant supply until November. In 1891 I gathered from
two thousand plants an average of forty flowers per plant, and
cut five hundred perfect blooms on the fifth of November. Last
season was less favorable, and I did not have good flowers later
than October 15.

But we want something more than this ; we need the hardy and
half-hardy varieties that are so plentiful in England, France, and
Germany, and which were very generally grown about Boston
forty years ago. They were grown both in pots and in gardens.
Their cultivation is very simple ; in fact the same as the Sweet
Williams, if grown from seed, or they can be grown from cuttings,
and protected during winter by frames. I sincerely hope they will
be grown here again within a few years, at least as freely as the
Sweet Williams.

Cultivation Under Glass. — Nature's method of increase is
by seed, but this has proved so uncertain and slow with the
carnation, that the wisdom of man has devised a way to multiply
by cuttings. We can thus rapidly increase such varieties as are
found best suited to our needs ; by this means we retain the same

THE CARNATION AND ITS CULTURE. 117

characteristics, whether they are desirable or not. But while the
cutting takes a separate existence, it seems that when this method
is carried on year after year the process of deterioration goes on
also, until the vital force of the variety becomes so much impaired
and weakened that it ceases to have sufficient strength to maintain
its existence and continue profitable to the grower. Whenever
man supersedes Nature's course we find more difficulties to
surmount.

A cutting is a small side-shoot, which grows from a joint of
the flower stem. It should be taken off when about three inches
long, and the end cut smooth. The most favorable time to root
them is from January 1 to March 1 .

The propagating bench should be on the north side of the
greenhouse, shaded from the direct rays of sunlight, and free from
all draughts of air. Put in the bench clean, sweet sand three
inches deep, and with a brick press the sand very firm, which will
reduce it to about two inches in depth ; then with a trowel cut into
the sand about one inch deep. In these channels insert the
cuttings, one-half inch in depth and one-half inch apart ; the rows
should be from one to two inches apart. Press the sand about
the cuttings and water thoroughly, and afterwards water as often
as may be necessary to keep the sand moist, but not soggy. In
a house with an average temperature of 50° and with bottom heat
from 60° to 65° the cuttings will root in about forty days, and the
loss, with most varieties, should not exceed five per cent.

The cuttings, when rooted, may be potted in thumb pots, or
put in " flats," and placed in a house of 55° at night, and 65°
during the day, being shaded the first few days. After they have
become established, put them in a much cooler house, where they
may have a period of rest until put in cold frames early in
April. Plant them in the field — from ten to fifteen inches apart
— from April 25 to May 15. If properly hardened in cold frames
they will not be injured by frost, even if the ground should freeze
an inch in depth. They should be pinched back as often as
required until July 1 or August 15, according to the season and
the variety. Conditions having been favorable, the plants should
by September 15 be large and stocky, and ready to put in the
greenhouse.

The soil — compounded of materials as before named — should
be prepared in the spring, and well worked over. Just before

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lifting the plants, put the soil in the benches not less than five
nor more than seven inches deep. If solid beds are used the
soil should be six inches deep. When ready to remove the plants
to the greenhouse, select a time when both plants and ground are
as dry as possible.

Lifting plants should never be undertaken when the soil and
plants are wet. If the plants are thirsty when taken up, they will
be sure to take water as soon as water is given, after being put
into the bench.

It is important to remember that no matter how fine the
varieties, or how vigorous and healthy the plants, success will, in
a great measure, depend on the manner of lifting and planting, and
their treatment for the sixty days following their transfer to the
greenhouse.

They can be lifted with either spade or fork, saving all the roots
possible, and carefully removing all the soil you can without
breaking the roots. I have had the best results when the ground
was so dry that all the soil would fall from the roots and leave
them almost as clean as the tops, but all the roots were thereby
saved.

Plant them in the bench from six to twelve inches apart accord-
ing to variety ; they must not be planted any deeper than they
were in the field ; if they are they will surely rot off just at the
surface of the ground. Many carnations are supposed to be
diseased when they rot off, when in fact the trouble is simply
mismanagement and nothing more.

After the plants are set, the soil should be well wet from top to
bottom, and not watered again until it shows indications of
becoming dry. Syringe the plants several times a day, when the
sun shines, until they are established. A slight shading of clay
and water thrown on the glass may be necessary for a week or
two. All doors and ventilators should be kept open constantly
until compelled to close them on account of frost, and even after
fires are started, the ventilators should be kept open both day and
night, for a time at least. If, before fires are permanently
started for the winter, a cold rain should come on, and continue
for several days, do not fail to start a fire, for by doing so you
will, in all probability, save your plants from the disease called
" spot," as this disease is brought on by such conditions as a long
cold storm and a wet soil.

THE CARNATION AND ITS CULTURE. 119

The plants should never be watered unless the soil is dry, but
they love and should always have a humid atmosphere, and this
can be obtained by keeping the walks, and the ground under the
benches, wet.

For the best results, give them a night temperature of from 50°
to 55°, and from 65° to 75° during the day, with humidity from 70
to 74 per cent, and abundance of air whenever practicable.

Most varieties require to be staked and tied, or to have some
other means taken to keep them up from the soil, so that air can
better circulate about the base of the plants, causing them to dry
off more i*eadily after being watered.

From December 1 to March 1 , avoid, so far as possible, wetting
the foliage, or so late in the day that it will not dry before night.
In warm weather, when ventilators and doors can remain open, to
syringe at night is beneficial.

Liquid manure should be given as often as once a month after
January 1 , and the houses should be shaded about April 1 . Under
this treatment they ought to give a constant supply of flowers from
October to August.

The carnation should not be overfed nor grown in a high tem-
perature, for if this is done its constitution becomes impaired and
disease quickly makes its appearance.

The insect enemies of the carnation are few ; a weekly fumiga-
tion with tobacco, and humidity at 74 per cent, will prevent their
appearance ; where red spider can live, the carnation has not a con-
genial home.

As to its diseases I can only say the " Spot," if it appears, will
depart when the conditions on which it lives are removed.

The disease called " Rust," while new with us, is quite generally
found at present. As yet we know but little of it ; my observation
is that, while it is troublesome and annoying, it can readily be
kept under control.

Other than these, there is no disease which has come under my
notice, except the general loss of vitality in certain old varieties,
due to conditions which I have previously stated, and which might
properly be called " old age."

I have thus given you the history of the carnation from the earli-
est known record to the present time, and the manner of its culture
derived from the combined experience of the best growers. I am
well aware I have left unsaid much that is important, yet it would

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAI, SOCIETY.

be quite impossible to go further into detail iu the time at my dis-
posal, and in closing I cannot say anything better for the carnation
than did Thomas Hogg, as follows: — " Of all the flowers that
adorn the garden, whether they charm the eye by their beauty, or
regale the sense of smell by their fragrance, the carnation may be
justly said to hold the first rank."

Discussion.

"William H. Spooner requested Mr. Lombard to name his choice
of the best six varieties of carnations at this time.

Mr. Lombard, after referring to the great variety of opinion
that exists upon that point, named Silver Spray, white ; Buttercup,
yellow ; Grace Wilder, pink ; Hector, scarlet ; Ferdinand Man-
gold, crimson, and J. J. Harrison, variegated. More growers
succeed with these varieties than with any others, while many
growers would not consider some of them first-class.

A lady inquired as to the value of ashes in soil for carnations.

Mr. Lombard replied that he had found the following formula
best adapted to growing these plants : He cut, and placed on the
ground, a layer of good sod or turf, face down ; upon that a layer
of hard wood ashes ; over that course he put a layer of well-rotted
horse manure, and lastly a layer of air-slaked lime. The
proportions of the materials are three parts sods, one part of
manure, and one-fiftieth part of ashes and lime, one-half each.
If the turf is from a clayey soil, use horse manure ; if from a
light sandy soil, use cow manure. The whole history of the
carnation shows that it is fond of lime; this is a very important
point. Wood ashes are good for everything in vegetation. With
the exception of Buttercup and Fred Creighton, which succeed in
heavy soils, all varieties of carnations now grown prefer a rather
light, but rich soil.

Lucius H. Foster inquired whether the essayist anticipated an
advance in the price of carnation flowers, with the possible
increase in size and quality. They have been selling at one dollar
per hundred ; will they not bring from eight dollars to fifteen
dollars per hundred in coming time, as has been the case in regard
to the chrysanthemum?

Mr. Lombard believed there would always be a limited demand
for the largest flowers produced, and that the price for them might

THE CARNATION AND ITS CULTURE. 121

range from ten to fifteen dollars per hundred ; but the greater
demand would be for flowers of three inches and less diameter.
Perhaps one-fourth of the crop might be from three and one-fourth,
to four inches across.

Mr. Foster asked whether it is probable that the greatly
enlarged flowers will be of as good quality in other respects as are
the best flowers of today ?

Mr. Lombard said he thought the tendency was to produce large
flowers with long stems, but that to gain those points, other
qualities, such as number of flowers, fragrance, delicacy of color,
etc., must be sacrificed to size, just as in the chrj'santhemum.
Still he believed improvement would go on, and that in time we
may have large flowers that are perfect otherwise, but it will take
a long time.

Mrs. E. M. Gill asked whether the lecturer ever used soot or
salt in his carnation soil.

Mr. Lombard replied that he had not used soot, but had used
about two quarts of salt in a load of loam, or mixed soil, with good
effect.

Mr. Foster asked whether lime was used as a fertilizer, or only
to make the soil sweet.

Mr. Lombard had used air-slaked lime to keep soil sweet, but
lime is an important ingredient in soil for carnations, not only as
plant food, but in its effect on other elements in the soil.

A gardener asked for information about sea sand for the cutting
bench.

Mr. Lombard did not consider that any one kind of sand afforded
special advantages. It should be sweet — that is the important
point ; he had tried many kinds of sand, from different localities.
Beach sand should be thoroughly washed ; so with most other
kinds. He preferred sand from a place which was exposed to the
sunshine. For the cutting bench, Thomas Hogg used sand and
loam, half and half, successfully. The speaker has a young man
who secured eighty per cent of cuttings from using all loam. He
regarded both salt and lime as beneficial to carnation plants.

Joseph H. Woodford suggested in preparing cuttings for the
bench, after cutting square across just below a joint, cutting a
slit upwards, about half-way or more through the joint. In his
experience he had found the loss was less than one per cent;
an important consideration when handling choice varieties. Mr.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"Woodford added that the carnation is an excellent plant for an
outside window garden. When in Northern Italy, he noticed they
were used in that way very freely and with beautiful effect.

Mr. Lombard agreed with Mr. Woodford's views, and proposed
that this Society offer liberal premiums for half hardy varieties for
the purpose last mentioned.

Mr. Foster wished to learn whether the essayist's opinion had
changed in regard to lifting carnation plants dry.

Mr. Lombard stated that long ago he thought it necessary to
keep a ball of earth on each plant. But three years ago he re-
ceived a lot of three hundred plants, which were sent without earth.
On opening them they began to wilt, and he feared that he should
lose all of them. He threw some soil over the roots, proceeded to
plant them, and then watered them thoroughly. The result was
he lost none. The next year he tried the dry-lifting plan on one-
half of six thousand plants, with satisfactory^ results. Last year
all of his winter flowering stock, except the Puritan variety, were
thus treated ; among them were twenty-eight hundred plants of
Mrs. Fisher, of which up to the present time he had lost onlj^ three
plants. With proper care in handling the plants during the trans-
fer from the ground to the winter benches or borders, there is no
good reason why every plant should not live. If the roots are
saved in lifting there is no risk.

Mr. Foster asked whether the plants are staked and tied up be-
fore they are brought into the house, and before they are watered.

Mr. Lombard replied that the plants are tied up as soon as set,
except a few varieties, like Tidal Wave ; and as soon as a space
of about four by six feet is filled, it is thoroughly wet down.
The plants being taken up dry and set at once, are thirsty, and
take up water readily ; they start to grow immediately and are
soon in flower.

Hon. John D. Lyman, of Exeter, N. H., mentioned tree-mould
and soot, and asked if they were valuable as fertilizers.

Mr. Lombard said that if vegetable matter rotted or was burned
the process was very similar, but rotted wood has not the quality
of ashes, although it has a value, because all decayed vegetable
matter is a fertilizer, but rotted wood is very poor compared with
decomposed leaves. He had never used soot as a fertilizer, as he
could not get it in sufficient quantity to test it.

Mr. Woodford asked about overhead watering for carnations
growing in the greenhouse.

POISONOUS PLANTS. 123

Mr. Lombard replied that from the first of December to the first
of March, no water should be applied to the foliage ; but at all
other seasons, when the ventilators can be left open, and especially
in warm weather, carnations enjoy overhead watering.

On motion of O. B. Hadwen, seconded by Leverett M. Chase,
a vote of thanks to Mr. Lombard, for his interesting and
instructive lecture, was unanimously carried.

Mr. Hadwen, as Chairman of the Committee on Discussion,
announced for the next Saturday, a paper upon "Poisonous
Plants," by Professor "William P. Brooks, of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, Amherst.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 4, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T, Kidder, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 11.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Poisonous Plants.

By William P. Brooks, Professor of Aericulture, Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst.

The subject upon which I am to speak is one of a very
comprehensive character, if treated in the broadest manner. An
exhaustive monograph upon the subject, however, it is not my
purpose to attempt. Such a treatment would require an amount
of research and time which it has been beyond my power to devote
to the work of preparing this paper. I shall therefore confine
myself for the most part to a consideration of the poisonous
plants of the eastern United States and of Japan, with the flora
of both of which I have some degree of familiarity.

124 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAl, SOCIETY.

Even with this restriction my subject covers a large number of
plants of various and often very valuable properties. It will
possibly surprise many to learn that there are no less than thirty-
nine species of poisonous plants in the United States, either
indigenous or naturalized, which are mentioned in a recent work
on Medicinal Plants, as either now or formerly considered valu-
able in the treatment of disease. Yet how common is it to see in
descriptions of patent medicines the statement, that the compound
"is entirely harmless, as it contains only vegetable substances."
The charlatans who make up these "taking" descriptions are
either wofully ignorant or count', possibly justly, upon a wonderful
degree of ignorance in their — victims; shall I say? It should
be more generally known that many of the most virulent of
poisons are of vegetable origin. Morphine, strychnine, aconitine,
and prussic acid, may be mentioned, as examples of generally
known poisons which are of this character. I cannot, however,
think of this faith in the beneficent nature of plants, those imme-
diate products of the soil, and the life-giving waters, air, and
sunshine, but as infinitely to the credit of human nature. Child-
like man — man nearest to God — is ever trustful. It is sad to
think of the many rude shocks, the result of primitive faith in the
goodness of Nature, which have been necessary to teach man
the qualities of the things about him. How many times, when
pushed by stern necessity, he must have partaken of vegetable
products with noxious qualities, only to repent when too late;
perchance escaping himself, to continue a life held worse than
death, bereft of those he held dearer than life itself.

In taking up a subject of this character it seems desirable at
the outset to form a clear conception of its exact nature and
limitations. A poison, in the ordinary understanding of the term,
signifies a substance capable of destroying life when taken in
small quantities. More generally a poison may be defined to be a
substance having an inherent deleterious property, rendering it
capable of destroying life by whatever avenue it is taken into the
system ; or it is a substance which when introduced into the sys-
tem, or applied externally, injures health or destroys life, irrespec-
tive of mechanical means or direct thermal changes. Only when
taken in the sense implied in the last of these phrases does the
term become comprehensive enough to include all the plants of
which I shall speak.

POISONOUS PLANTS. 125

I find, however, the decision of the question, what plants to
take up, somewhat difficult, since my subject is poisonous plants
and not vegetable poisons. Under the latter caption the limita-
tions of the subject would be perfectly evident ; but, while I find
no difficulty in defining a poison, and while it is usually possible to
ascertain from published works whether any given plant contains
a poison, I do in some cases find myself in doubt as to whether
a given plant should be regarded as poisonous. Just what
should be comprehended under the term poisonous plants, I find it
troublesome to decide. Should I, on the one hand, consider all
plants poisonous which contain a compound capable of acting as a
poison ; or, on the other hand, should I include under the term onl}^
such plants as are likely to cause disease or death when some
natural part or product of the plant is in question. In other
words are we to rank as poisonous all plants from any part of
which a poisonous principle can be extracted in quantity howsoever
small ; or should we restrict the term to such as contain the
poisonous principles in such quantities as to render the use of
some part or parts in natural form dangerous to health or life ?
Should the subject be considered in the former sense, even with
the geographical restrictions which I have assigned myself, it
would comprehend such a number of species as to render its
appropriate consideration upon this occasion an impossibility.
My intention, therefore, is, to include only such species as may be
dangerous to either man or beast in such forms as they are likely
to be met with or prepared without resort to the refinements of
chemical extractive processes.

The poisonous principles found in plants are of several distinct
classes. By far the greater number of vegetable poisons, however,
are alkaloids ; but besides compounds coming under this class, there
are a few poisonous acids and glucosides. In a number of instances
the poisonous principle resides in an essential oil, while in a rather
surprising number it has not yet been determined. The natural
alkaloids are complex and quite variable compounds somewhat
resembling ammonia. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitro-
gen, and some of them also contain oxygen. If they do not
contain oxygen they are usually volatile. One of the best known
of the non-volatile alkaloids is morphine, the most active principle
in opium, which, as is generally known, is derived from the poppy.
Nicotine, the well known poisonous alkaloid of tobacco, is an

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

example of the volatile class. The vegetable acids are also of
very variable composition. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. One of the most poisonous is the oxalic acid, found in
sorrel and many other plants ; fortunately it is usually in propor-
tion so small that the plant is harmless.

The glucosides are compounds, usually containing only carbon,^
hydrogen, and oxygen, but in a few instances nitrogen also,
which, combining with water, have the property of forming that
sugar which is known to chemists as glucose (grape sugar), or
some other saccharine matter. The poisonous principle in the
buttercups and euphorbias appears to be of this class.

The essential oils, all containing carbon and hydrogen, and some
in addition nitrogen and oxygen, are yet more variable in their
composition. Such oils are in some cases volatile ; in others they
are non-volatile. Oil of hemlock, oil of tansy, and oil of juniper,
are well known examples.

Concerning the general nature of the poisonous principles found
in plants, I have only to add that in numerous instances com-
pounds of more than one of these classes co-exist in the same
plant. Thus, for example, in the poison hemlock we have an
alkaloid, an acid, and an essential oil, while in the buttercups we
have a glucoside, an acid, and an essential oil.

Poisons have been included under four classes, known as corro-
sives, irritants, neurotics, and gaseous. The first three of these
classes are abundantly represented among vegetable poisons.
The corrosives, among other general effects, eat into the delicate
tissues with which they come in contact. Oxalic acid is a good
example. The irritants cause violent inflammation of the parts
with which they come in contact, and usually prove fatal through
their action upon the alimentary canal, causing violent purging,
though there are also probably always well marked nervous
symptoms. The essential oils and many of the alkaloids act in
this manner. The neurotics produce very marked nervous symp-
toms, which are the indirect cause of death. Prussic acid, mor-
phine, strychnine, and aconitine are among the best known
poisons of this class.

We do not find the gaseous poisons largely represented among
natural vegetable products. These poisons sometimes act as
irritants ; in other cases they produce a specific effect, such
as entering into combination with the red pigment of the blood,

POISONOUS PLANTS. 127

rendering it incapable of carrying oxygen. Thie best — and so
far as I am aware the only — example of a gaseous poison among
natural vegetable products is afforded by several species of the
genus Rhus, which undoubtedly sometimes poison without con-
tact, acting as a very powerful irritant.

Concerning the Cryptogamous plants, which properly come
within our field, I shall be brief. They are numerous, but in many
cases neither the plant itself nor the nature of its poisonous
principle is well understood.

In this connection, though possibly not in themselves directly
poisonous, I must allude to the various micro-organisms which are
often a cause of serious illneSs and even death. The development
of vegetable organisms of a very low order (ferments and bacilli)
upon a certain class of nitrogenous foods, such as fish and meat,
sometimes results in the production within such foods of a class
of compounds known as ptomaines, which are very active and
virulent poisons.. Here it is probably not the plant itself which
is the poison, but substances which are the result of its growth.
So far as the effect goes, however, it makes no difference whether
it is plant or product which does the mischief, and the two have
always been associated in fatal cases so far as I am aware.
While I was in Japan a case, for some time very mysterious, of
ptomaine poisoning was brought to the attention of the authorities.
Professor H. E. Stockbridge — then of Sapporo, now President
Stockbridge, of North Dakota — succeeded in tracing the mischief
to the use of an article of food known to the Japanese as susJii.
This is a mixture of rice and fish, to which a little rice wine is
added, the whole being allowed to ferment until the wine is con-
verted into vinegar. It is usually allowed to become decidedly
strong before eating. The poisonous principle in this case proved
to be the alkaloid known as muscarine, the identical compound
upon the presence of which the poisonous qualities of some
species of mushrooms depend. Two other ptomaines were also
found in this food.

Since, under certain conditions, poisonous alkaloids may be
formed under the influence of bacilli, in highly nitrogenous foods,
especially meats and fish, usually perfectly wholesome, which have
undergone partial putrefaction, the obvious deduction is that such
articles should neither be used as food nor be given to animals.

The mushrooms perhaps more appropriately come under my
subject, as many of these contain, in themselves, a viiiilent poison-

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ous principle. This is probably in all cases dependent upon the
presence of an alkaloid, of which muscarine, just now alluded to,
is the best understood. This alkaloid takes its name from the
species Agaricus muscarius^ the best known and first investigated
of the poisonous mushrooms. The numerous instances of serious
illness, and even death, resulting from the consumption of mush-
rooms supposed to be edible and wholesome, should serve as a
sufficient warning against experimenting with the plants of this
class. No one, not perfectly familiar with all the characteristics
of edible species, should venture in this field ; and I shall attempt
no description of the respective characteristics of the edible and
poisonous mushrooms, believing that, unless made far more
specific than would be either appropriate or possible on this occa-
sion, such descriptions are more likely to prove mischievous than
useful, through tempting persons, qualified neither by natural
capacities nor by training to make the nice distinctions essential
to safety, to select where danger lurks on every side. The only
safe rule is to reject all mushrooms not positively identified by
some one perfectly familiar with such matters.

Coming now to Phsenogamous plants, I find a large number of
species, representing many orders and genera, which are more or
less poisonous. I have endeavored to exclude everything,' the
poisonous character of which is not well vouched for, depending,
in the case of United States species, upon Millspaugh, Hooker's
translation of Le Maout and Decaisne's General System of
Botany, and Gray ; and in the case of Japanese species, following
Motoyoshi Ono's list. In some instances, the poisonous character
of species in Ono's list does not seem to be confirmed by the work
of occidental botanists and chemists, and I am aware that the list
is incomplete. I follow it, however, in the absence of a later
authority, and prefer to state the Japanese notions in regard to
those species noticed, just as I find them set down.

Ono's list includes representatives of sixteen orders and twenty-
seven genera, and numbers thirty-eight species. Most of the
orders in this list are represented by poisonous species in the
United States. The only ones not so represented are Fumariacese,
Coriarieae, Ilicineffi, Amaryllidacese, and Alismacese. With the
exception of the second and third, these orders are represented in
our flora, and possibly by species quite as poisonous as the Japan-
ese. The poisonous nature of our species does not, however.

POISONOUS PLANTS. 129

appear to be established. We find, also, in Japan, species set
down as poisonous, belonging to Phytolaccacefe and Loganiaceiie.
These orders are represented in the United States by species which
contain a poisonous principle, but which do not appear to come
properly under our consideration if we adhere to the rule of
selection which I have adopted.

The orders represented by poisonous species in both countries
are Ranunculacese, Papaveracete, Anacardiacese, Umbelliferae,
Ericacese, Solanacese, Thymelseaceae, Euphorbiacese, and Liliaceae.
In the United States we find undoubtedly poisonous species also
in Berberidaceffi, Cruciferffi, Droserace;B, Caryophyllacese, Sapiu-
daceae, Leguminosse, Lentibulariese, Primulacese, Asclepiadacea?,
Urticaceoe, Coniferse, Aracese, and Gramineje. We find, also,
species which contain a poisonous principle which can be extracted
by chemical processes belonging to Geraniacea?, Composite, and
Lobeliacese. This enumeration of the orders containing poisonous
species, tedious in itself, has seemed necessary to show the very
wide distribution throughout the vegetable kingdom, of plants
which it is believed in all cases contain virulent poisons. Natur-
ally, however, there is the widest difference in the characters and
degrees of virulence of these poisons. I will now take up each of
these orders and point out some of the chief peculiarities, proper-
ties, and uses of the poisonous plants in each.

Ranunculace/E. — In this order all of the Buttercups are more
or less poisonous. Perhaps the most active is Ranunculus
sceleratus. Death has been known to follow from the internal
use of the plant, while the yellow oil which can be extracted
from all the species is a powerful poison. The active principle
appears to be an acrid narcotic ; but the Ranunculi contain
glucosides, acids, and essential oils. The poisonous principle
appears to be volatile and is generally expelled by boiling.
Accordingly the buttercups are occasionally used as pot herbs
and usually with safety ; though illness sometimes follows.
In view of the well known poisonous properties of these plants
it would seem to be about time that the pleasant picture of
the peaceful cow, grazing upon the yellow buttercup and making
golden butter, which exists in the minds of non-agricultural
writers of rural poetry and prose, were abandoned. Every
farmer's boy knows that cows, as a matter of fact, never do feed
on these plants.
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICXILTURAL, SOCIETY.

The allusion to butter brings to mind that I have seen the state-
ment that the juice of certain Ranunculi has been used to coagulate
milk in cheese-making, in place of rennet. Such cheeses must be
of the hardest white oak character, though made of the best of
Jersey milk, because they could never by any possibility cure into
anything other than dried curd ; as it is the action of rennet
during the process of curing which renders the curd in part
soluble and digestible.

Besides the buttercups, we have in Ranunculacese one yet more
powerful poisonous species, Helleborus viridis, in the United
States. The glucosides Helleborin and Helleborein, found quite
abundantly in this species, especially the former, are very powerful
poisons. They appear to be most abundant in the root.

One Japanese author credits Clematis paniculata with poisonous
properties, and says that if flower or leaf be chewed it spoils the
teeth, or will cause them to drop out ; and in large quantities
causes vomiting, dizziness, and death. It is used as a cathartic.

Several species of Aconitum grow in Japan, and their highly
poisonous character is well known. The value of aconitine in
medicine as a diaphoretic is, also, too well known to need descrip-
tion. The use made of one or more of the Japanese species by
the Ainos, the aborigines of Japan, in poisoning their arrow heads,
deserves passing notice. Like most savages these people make
the process of preparing their poison a secret which is known to
but comparatively few even of their own numbers. As nearly as
can be learned, they reduce the root to a pulp, mix it with
materials of unknown character, but, in the opinion of Dr. Stuart
Eldridge, who has investigated this subject,* probably inert, and
then bury the mixture in the earth. When exhumed it is found to
have become a stiff, dark, reddish brown paste. One side of the
arrow head, which is left hollow for the purpose, is smeared with
a mixture of this paste and some animal fat. About ten grains
of the paste appear to be generally used. The arrow head is
rather weakly lashed to the shaft, it being desired that it shall be
detached and left in the wound, which, owing to the weakness
of the bow used, is generally a slight one. These bows are set in
the woods so as to conunand one of the usual run ways of the
animal to be taken, and the animal himself is made to discharge

* Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. IV, p. 78.

POISONOUS PLANTS. 131

the arrow by means of a stout cord which crosses his path. The
chief animals taken in this way are bears, which reach a very
large size. One of the first effects of the poison appears to be
paralysis ; and it is asserted that the animal is almost invariably
found dead, within a very short distance of the spot where
wounded. The flesh of animals so killed is freely used as food ;
though the precaution is taken to cut out quite a large piece of
flesh about the wound.

The Ainos know no antidote for this poison, saying that the
only way to save life, in case of a wound inflicted accidentally or
by design, is by the immediate excision of the wounded part.

BerberidaceyE. — This order includes one species which Gray
says is poisonous. This is Podophyllum pellatum, commonly
known as Mandrake, the leaves and roots being drastic and
poisonous. The great importance of this plant, as the source
from which podophyllin, a widely used cathartic, is derived, is
generally known. This plant is common aijd found in most
collections.

PAPAVERACEiE. — The best known, perhaps, of all the vegetable
poisons, opium, which is the inspissated juice of the plant, comes
from the poppy, which has escaped from cultivation in some locali-
ties, but I will not take up your time in talking of this. Besides
the poppies, we have in this order, two generally known species,
reputed to contain poisonous principles, viz. : Chelidonium viajus,
and Sangninaria Canadensis or Bloodroot. Of the former Ono
says : "It is poisonous, and cannot be eaten either boiled or raw."
Millspaugh mentions no instances of poisoning of either man or
beast from eating these plants ; but speaks of death from over-
doses of drugs extracted from them. Ono mentions, also,
Madeaya cordata, which he says must not be eaten. He adds
that if boiled with bamboo this herb has the property of making
that cane soft, whence its common Japanese name.

Crucifer^ — Si7iapis alba, the White Mustard, is set down as
poisonous. The essential oil extracted from the seeds is a
virulent, irritant poison. Sheep and cattle, however, may be
freely pastured upon the green plant with no injurious results,
so that the plant, perhaps, should hardly be included in our list.

Droserace^. — The Droseras, or Sundews, contain a highly
poisonous principle which has been used in medicine, and it has
long been considered poisonous to sheep, according to Millspaugh.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have never known of an instance of poisoning among sheep
from eating it, however ; probably because they are unlikely to eat
it in sufficient quantities.

Caryophyllace^. — In this order we have the Corn Cockle,
Lychnis Githago. This is a naturalized species, commonly grow-
ing in grain fields. The seed is with difficulty separated from the
grain and is, consequently, sometimes ground with it ; and
instances of injurious consequences following the consumption of
bread made from such flour have been observed. Poultry of some
kinds will eat the seeds, but death follows. Some observers say
that chickens will not eat it, though it is often placed before them
in wheat screenings.

FuMARiACE^. — This order is credited by Ono with one poison-
ous species, Corydalis Wilfordi, the smell of which he says some-
times causes vomiting.

CoRiARiE^. — This order, not represented in the United States,
furnishes in Japan the very poisonous Coriaria Japonica. This
genus, according to Hooker, contains in its leaves, and especially
in its seeds, an acrid and powerful poison, and he adds that the
adulteration of senna with the powdered leaves of plants of this
genus sometimes makes that a fatal medicine. Ono says children
in Japan often die from eating the frbit ; and adds that it receives
its common name from the fact that it is often used as a rat
poison.

GeraniacevE. — Several species of oxalis and sorrel contain that
very virulent poison, biuoxalate of potash, commonly known as
oxalic acid ; but not in such quantities as to render the eating of
the plants in moderation particularly injurious. There can be
little doubt, however, that the practice of children's eating these
leaves because of their pleasant acid taste should be discouraged.
It may be remarked in passing that the tubers of some of the
stemless species of oxalis are edible and wholesome.

Anacardiace^. — The numerous species of Rhus, including
the Poison Ivy {Rhus Toxicodendron ) and Poison Dogwood of
this country {B. venenata) ; the Lacquer Tree (Rhus vernicifera) ,
and a number of other species ; including the ^Aiti* Toxicodendron,
or Poison Ivy, in Japan, render this an especially important order.
It is the one order of poisonous plants which almost every one
knows, because there are comparatively few who have not felt its
effects or seen those who have experienced them. Though so

POISONOUS PLANTS. 133

widely known and bearing such an unenviable reputation as
poisonous plants, the species of this genus do not appear to be
dangerous to life. The ordinary, well known effects of ivy
poisoning need no description. They are caused by a volatile
acid which appears to be thrown off from all parts of the plant.
The ordinary symptoms, though not dangerous, should not be
neglected, as under neglect permanent marks are sometimes
formed. Millspaugh mentions a case where the crust formed
remained chronic for thirty years.

The same authority says that a resin extracted from Rhus
venenata is sometimes a constituent of polishes used in shoe
manufacturing, and that he has met cases of poisoning among
workmen whose business was the application of such dressings.

The great economic value of the Rhus vernicifera, which
furnishes the invaluable lacquer of Japan, undoubtedly the finest
of all varnishes, is generally known. This species also yields in
its seeds a vegetable tallow which is collected in large quantities,
extensively used for domestic purposes and largely exported.
This Rhus is much cultivated for both purposes and would pos-
sibly be hardy here. I have thi'ee small trees in Amherst, which
have withstood four winters and made a rapid growth.

The workmen in the lacquer industry usually suffer from Rhus
poisoning at first, but soon become inured to it in so far as to
suffer no active symptoms. I have often been struck with the
sallow, unhealthy appearance of such workmen ; but so far as I
am aware this trade is not supposed to shorten life. Freshly
finished lacquer ware may cause all the ordinary symptoms of
Rhus poisoning ; but when old there is no danger in handling it.

It appears somewhat singular, at first thought, that plants appar-
ently so venomous are not more dangerous if taken internally. I
have known a well authenticated instance of the giving by mistake
(in place of a tea which, if I remember aright, it was intended
should be from the elder) of a strong infusion made by steeping
the stems of the poison dogwood, and it was followed by no
injurious consequences. I have also seen the larv.e of a species
of the gipsy moth feeding voraciously upon the leaves of Rhus
Toxicodendron. This was in Japan where acres of forest, in
which the undergrowth was a dense thicket of low growing poison
ivy, were almost entirely defoliated.

The immunity of some individuals from the ordinary effects of
contact with ivy and dogwood, and the extreme susceptibility

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of others even to their proximity, are anomalies which it is hard to
account for. There would seem to be need for furthur study
concerning the nature of the poisonous principle in these plants.

Sapindace^. — This order contains one species, the Ohio Buck-
eye (^sculus glabra), the fruit and leaves of which. Hooker
says, are considered deadly poisons. I do not feel sure that the
species deserves such characterization.

Leguminos^. — Gymnodadus Canadensis, the Coffee Tree,
furnishes some principles useful in medicine, and its seeds are said
to have been used as a substitute for coffee. Insects have been
observed to be attracted to trees of this species in large numbers
only to meet with death as a result of feeding upon its leaves ;
and these leaves, sprinkled with molasses water, have been used
as a fly poison with success.

Umbeluferje. — This order contains a large number of poison-
ous species, both in the United States and Japan. Death has
been known to follow eating the roots of Pastinaca saliva, or Wild
Parsnip, and such roots seem to be especially dangerous in their
second year. The roots ef Archangelica atropurpureum when
fresh are poisonous and are said to have been used for suicidal
purposes by the Canadian Indians. In regard to ^thusa cyna-
pium, or Fool's Parsley, there appears to be some difference of
opinion, some asserting that it may be freely eaten ; others that it
is highly poisonous. It is possible that locality sometimes affects
its character so far as to make it at times harmless ; but it appears
impossible to doubt that serious illness and even death sometimes
I'esult from eating it. Millspaugh quotes from a German medical
journal, an account of the fatal poisoning of two children through
partaking of soup in which this plant was boiled. Thaspiuni
vureum, or Meadow Parsnip, appears to have a highly poisonous
root. The fatally poisonous qualities of Cicuta macalata (Water
Hemlock) and Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock), are too
generally known to need especial mention. I do not remember
to have seen any recent mention of injurious consequences to
cattle resulting from eating either of these plants ; but while in
Japan, the Sapporo Agricultural College herd lost one fine Short-
horn cow from eating of the closely allied Cicuta virosa. Ono
speaks of this as highly poisonous, and cautions his readers
against even touching it. I doubt whether he is right here, for I
have often handled it with impunity. The Water Parsnips,

POISONOUS PLANTS. 135

belonging to the genus Sium, are poisonous according to Graj^
Conium maculatum appears to be more poisonous to carnivora
than to herbivera. Horses have been made to eat considerable
quantities of the dried plant witliout seriously injurious conse-
quences. Most of these plants are credited by Millspaugh
(homeopathist) with yielding medicinal agents of some value.
They contain both alkaloids and essential oils.

Ericace^. — The laurels, azaleas, rhododendrons, and even the
Indian pipe, of this order, are undoubtedly poisonous ; and Ono
includes Andromeda also. There can of course be little or no
danger of any person's eating any part of these plants, and
they are not ordinarily poisonous to the touch. There is, how-
ever, one recorded instance of such poisoning, which happened to
a young lady. While she was handling the plant the stem was
accidentally crushed and some of its juice spurted upon her lips.
She suffered all the ordinary symptoms of Rhus poisoning. It
should be added that her lips were somewhat chapped, so that
more of the juice was absorbed than would ordinarily have been
the case.

That sheep, especially young animals, and calves are sometimes
killed by eating the leaves of both Kalmia latifolia and Kalmia
angustifolia, is generally known. This is most likely to occur in
winter or at any time when grass is short. That some animals
eat these leaves with impunity appears to be certain. Some species
of deer are known to feed upon them, yet it is stated by some
authorities that the use of the flesh of animals, such as the hare,
and of birds, such as the pheasant and partridge, which have fed
largely upon laurel or its fruit, is poisonous to man. It is
asserted that the use of the milk of goats which have browsed
upon poisonous herbs is sometimes attended with fatal conse-
quences. There appears to be some doubt of the accuracy of the
observations upon which these statements depend, or at least
others report opposite results.

The nature of the poisonous principle in the laurels is not
understood ; but it is generally held that the Kalmia angustifolia
is tiie most poisonous of our species. Though we cannot under-
stand, we can the more readily believe the apparent anomalies just
alluded to, in view of the undoubted fact that some of the cater-
pillars of the gipsy moth can freely eat leaves sprayed with Paris
green and thrive thereon, while others quickly succumb to its
poisonous effects.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The honey extracted from the flowers of azaleas and rhododen-
drons, according to Hooker, is extremely poisonous. Such honey
is credited with having maddened the soldiers of Xenophon, and
is supposed to have been gathered from the flowers of Azalea
Pontica. To what extent our honey bees garner from our native
and cultivated species, I am unable to state ; but it would seem
certain that they must do so to some extent. The uniformly
wholesome character of our honey indicates that this poisonous
character cannot be very pronounced.

Ono says that if cattle eat the leaves of Andromeda Japonica
they act as if intoxicated, whence its common name, which means
" to intoxicate the horse." These leaves are said to be used as an
insecticide.

Our Kalmias are included among medicinal plants by Millspaugh,
but they are probably of little value as such.

Lentibularie^ contains one species, Pingxdcnla vulgaris, reputed
poisonous to sheep, according to Hooker.

SoLANACEvE. — A Considerable number of species in this order
are undoubtedly poisonous. In the United States we have the
nightshades, Solanum Dulcamara and S. nigrum, the berries of
both of which appear to have been the cause of death in some
instances. The fruit of the first has often been eaten without
injurious consequences, but should be avoided, as there is cer-
tainly one well authenticated instance of death following its use.
Numerous deaths have occurred among children as a result of
eating the berries of the Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade),
against which they should be particularly warned. This species is
found in Japan, and its fruit has the same reputation there as
here, as has also that of Solanum lyratum. Both are reputed
medicines, as are also the two United States species of which I
have spoken.

Hyoscyamus niger, or Henbane, contains a highly poisonous
alkaloid, Hyoscyamine ; and both roots and young shoots have
caused death. The seeds are more poisonous yet. The species
furnishes a drug useful in some cases of delirium.

Datura Stramonium contains a highly narcotic, irritant poison.
The use of its shoots as a pot herb has sometimes produced
serious results. Beverly, in his history of Virginia, has the
following concerning some soldiers sent to Jamestown to quell
the rebellion of Bacon, who partook of these shoots : " the effect

POISONOUS PLANTS. 137

of which was a very pleasant comedy, for they turned natural
fools from it for several days. One would blow up a feather in
the air ; another would dart straws at it with fury ; another, stark
naked, was sitting up in a corner like a monkey, grinning and
making maws at them ; a fourth would fondly kiss and paw his
companions, and smile in their faces with a countenance more
antic than any in a Dutch droll. A thousand simple tricks they
played, and after eleven days returned to themselves again, not
remembering anything that had passed." The seeds appear, also,
to be highly poisonous. The highly poisonous character of
tobacco, which belongs here, is well known and will not be dwelt
upon.

Our Japanese author speaks of two other Solanums, Scvpula
Japonica and Datura alba, as poisonous. The roots of the first,
in times of famine, are gathered, he says, under the impression
that they will serve as a substitute for potatoes ; but they cause
death. All parts of the second, he says, are poisonous. The
seeds cause insanity, and its common name signifies "mad egg
plant."

Phytolaccace.e. — Ono says the root of Phytolacca Kcempferi
produces craziness and even death ; but that it will cure chronic
rheumatism.

AscLEPiADACE^. — Gonoholus macrophylhis, according to Hooker,
furnishes an acrid, milky juice which has been used to poison
arrows ; and Periploca Grceca, according to the same authority,
has been successfully used to poison wolves.

LoGANiACE^. — This gives us, in the United States, the so-
called Pink Root (Spigelia Marilandica) , which contains a poisonous
principle but furnishes a valuable medicine ; and in Japan,
Buddleia curvijlora, concerning which we find the statement that
' ' if mixed with coal and thrown into water it causes the fish to
float upon the surface as though intoxicated." It is further added
that such fish are poisonous to man.

Thymel^ace^e. — Thi-ee Daphnes, D. Psendo-Mezereum, D.
Kiiisiana, and D. GenJcwa, are said by Ono to be poisonous,
causing numbness and sometimes death. The bark of the first is
sometimes used for making paper. The third, if thrown into the
water, causes the fish to float upon the surface and sometimes to
die. It appears doubtful whether these species deserve their
reputation as poisonous, although they undoubtedly contain a

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

poisonous principle. Dirca palustris, or Leatherwood, appears to
be moderately poisonous, serious results from eating its berries
being recorded.

EuPHORBiACE^. — The Euphorbias all contain a poisonous prin-
ciple. Our Japanese author includes five species in his list as
poisonous, and among American species E. hypericifolia and E. cor-
ollata are alluded to by Millspaugh, as producing poisonous effects.
Momentary blindness, he says, is sometimes experienced while
gathering the plant. "Slabbers" in horses is supposed to be
caused by these species. They are all reputed to have useful
medicinal qualities. The castor bean, Ricinus communis^ and
Elceococca cordata, according to Ono, also contain poisonous
principles. He states that death has resulted from the consump-
tion of food fried in the oil extracted from the seeds of the latter.

Urticace^. — An infusion made from Urtica urens, a stinging
nettle, has caused intense suffering, producing frightful swellings
of a most hideous appearance upon various parts of the body, but
the patient ultimately recovered. The ordinary stinging sensa-
tions produced by contact with this species is too well known to
need description.

Conifers. — The seeds and leaves of Taxus baccata, or Yew,
are said to be very poisonous, but the fleshy part of its fruit is
edible.

LiLiACE^. — The False Hellebores (Veratrum) , of which we have
three species in the United States ( V. viride, V. Woodii, and V.
paroiflorum), and the same number in Japan, have highly poison-
ous roots, useful as insecticides ; the white hellebore, so useful in
destroying the currant worm, coming from the root of V. album,
which is one of the Japanese species.

GramineuE. — Lolium temidentwm, Bearded Darnel, according to
Gray, is almost the only instance of a grass with noxious quali-
ties. Hooker says the seed is poisonous and if mixed with cereals
causes "vomiting, giddiness, and intoxication."

With this hurried and imperfect sketch, I must leave this part
of my subject. The limits of time which I mentally assigned
myself when beginning to write have already been exceeded ; but
one important — and to me very interesting — side of the subject has
not been touched. I allude to the reasons for the formation in
plants of these poisonous principles. This subject does not
appear to have been adequately studied. A somewhat careful

POISONOUS PLANTS. 139

examination of the works on physiological botany by Sachs and
Vines, and of Darwin's writings on the origin of species and
cognate subjects, has disclosed little on this point. I will call
attention to a few points only.

Vegetable physiologists appear generally to look upon the
alkaloids as waste products, produced as a result of changes
within the plant, necessary to the formation of indispensable
constituents, but themselves of no further use. Organic acids
and glucosides they regard as intermediate products, incidentally
formed during the synthetic processes which go on in the plant.
They are stepping stones, so to speak, on the road to something
directly useful or essential to the plant, — the dough which later
becomes the finished bread.

The acids may, in some cases, act as digestive agents, just as
<3ertain acids play an important part in the work of digestion in
the animal economy.

Naturally, since there is such a wide variety among poisonous
substances, the reasons for their formation must be various. My
instinct is always to look for the explanation of all observed
peculiarities in plants in the relations of such peculiarities to the
plants themselves. Nature appears to hate useless parts or quali-
ties in her children.

The fact that the poisonous principles in plants are often stored
in parts of the plant, such as bark, leaves, or seed envelopes,
which are later cast off, is regarded by Vines as evidence that they
are to be looked upon as waste materials. It at once occurs to
my mind, however, that it is precisely in such portions that the
poison would prove useful in the particular direction in which it
appears to me it must most frequently serve the species, viz. : for
protection. The frequency with which we find the poison most
abundant in seed and fruit suggests this purpose, for these are the
parts, for the production, protection, and dissemination of which,
the plant labors, so to speak, from the start. In bark and leaf,
also, the poison must most efficiently serve to repel insects and
animals which would consume.

In conclusion, then, I desire to express my conviction that we
owe the existence of this great class of substances — for the most
part so useful as medicines, though poisonous if taken in excess
— to the action of that universal tendency, in obedience to which
every species becomes gradually better and better fitted to survive
in the unending struggle for existence.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

Rev. Calvin Terry inquired what antidotes or remedies were
recommended in cases of poisoning by the plants which had been
mentioned in the lecture.

Professor Brooks replied that if the poison had been taken into
the stomach, a physician should be called, but that an emetic might
be given at once, and when that had taken effect, a strong cup of
tea would probably prove useful, as the tannin it contained would
cause the poison then remaining, if an alkaloid, to assume an
insoluble form, and thus render it for the time being, harmless.
Persons who enter and remain long in a poorly ventilated room,
freshly varnished with lacquer, are sometimes poisoned by the
gases arising from the varnish in drying. It is like Rhus poison-
ing, causing a distressing inflammation of the skin. A thorough
bath in an alkaline water is an excellent remedy. Common
bi-carbonate of soda is a good alkali for this purpose. This treat-
ment is more efficacious if taken as a preventive. Another way
to apply it is by a bandage, which should be kept constantly wet
with the alkaline water.

Mrs. P. D. Richards had found a strong solution of salt and
water beneficial in external poisoning, especially for botanizing
students ; but perhaps a wiser plan would be to wear a good pair
of gloves while botanizing.

Professor Brooks remarked that most poisons from plants are
acids ; therefore alkaline applications, such as solutions of bi-car-
bonate of soda or of common salt, used either as a bath or by
bandages kept saturated, are generally useful.

President Kidder said that a gentleman friend who was quite
easily poisoned found that an application of soap in the form of a
strong lather was a remedy. Mr. Kidder stated that he was
himself very susceptible to plant poisons, and had tried the lather-
bath with success, as the irruption never came out after a thorough
washing of this kind.

Professor Brooks said his experience had been the same as
President Kidder's, but that this treatment should be used as a
preventive measure, at once upon reaching home after a ramble
during which one had been exposed to such poisoning influence ;
otherwise it will fail.

Mr. Terry said he could hardly go within a rod of poison ivy,
or other similar plants, without being poisoned. But he knew

POISONOUS PLANTS. 141

others who were not so affected ; they could even handle such
plants with apparent impunity. He had been told of various
remedies ; one says, use peat or mud applications ; another,
plantain leaves ; and still others recommend soap, as sure to
mitigate the suffering from poisoning.

Professor Brooks referred to the Japanese as recognizing a
great number of poisonous plants. They are made particularly
familiar with this class of plants from their search for material for
"greens ;" for which purpose they make use of a great variety of
wild as well as cultivated plants. He said they probably use this
kind of food to a much greater extent than do any other people.
Everybody rambles over fields as well as public grounds,
gathering plants and young shoots for greens. In a lecture
before a body of market gardeners, sometime since, a list was
given of eighty-four or eighty-five species of plants collected for
this purpose. Some that are poisonous when gathered are ren-
dered harmless by cooking.

Thomas Harrison asked for a remedy for the poison of the
stinging nettle.

Professor Brooks expressed doubt whether the sting of the
nettle is poisonous. He spoke of a person he knew, who fed
the green plant to her 3'oung turkeys regularly, and he never heard
of any harm coming from such practice.

Mr. Harrison inquired whether White Sumach is poisonous.
A friend of his declared it to be so.

Professor Brooks did not know that white sumach was poison-
ous. It appears remarkable that some persons are so highly
sensitive to the poisonous effect of plants, while so many others
are not at all affected by them. But while we cannot understand
why it is so, we can more readily believe these apparent anomalies,
in view of the fact that some caterpillars of the gipsy moth can
and do eat with avidity the leaves of plants that have been care-
fully and thoroughly sprayed with Paris green, and apparentlj-
they thrive upon it, although most of the species die quickly after
eating but little of it.

A lady knew of seven cases of poisoning ; one of which was
that of a little girl who simpl}^ inhaled, or tried to inhale the odor
of the flowers of the Mountain Laurel — Kalmia lati folia.

Mr. Harrison said that if Paris green fails, as a renxedy for the
gipsy moth, we must find another. Stavesacre — Delphinium
staphisagria — holds a high place among insect poisons.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Professor Brooks said that there is no doubt of the exemption
of some individuals of the gipsy moth caterpillars, from the
poisonous effect of Paris green. The fact has been fully estab-
lished by the careful experiments instituted by Professor Fernald
for the purpose of testing this question.

Mr. Terry asked why is the world filled with such dangerous
productions? Why were they created? It must be another
method for teaching us to discriminate between good and evil,
both material and moral.

Professor Brooks believed this provision to be of practical use
to the plants. It is of great advantage to them in the struggle
for existence. It teaches both animals and insects to avoid them.
The fact that the poison is more frequently in larger amount in
the seed — the most precious product of the plant — appears to
corroborate this view. This class of plants is extremely useful
to us ; many medicinal remedies are prepared from them, in
accordance with the rules of the pharmacopoeias, which are esteemed
valuable. Then again, by practical experiment it is found that if
some poisonous plants are cultivated, they not only lose their
poisonous character, but become exceedingly valuable as food for
our race ; the potato is one example and celery is another. Is
not the poison eliminated under culture because it is no longer
necessary to preserve the species? We find that wild animals,
when domesticated, lose some features or characteristics which
were prominent in their primeval condition. The horns of cattle,
which are very long and large in the wild state, become reduced to
a small fraction thereof, after many generations of domesticated
life. This rule holds good in other orders of animals.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott took a practical view of the subject.
She had learned that in West Roxbury the city of Boston has cut
out many rods of roadside bushes, including considerable quanti-
ties of poisonous plants ; and she suggested that this Society
should take steps to secure the removal of such growths from
roadsides in other districts, and exert its influence to have wood-
land freed from these dangerous plants. In this respect we have
a duty to children, who should be protected from harm ; especially
should an effort be made to eradicate those noxious species of
Rhus. She felt a deep interest in this subject as she was quite
susceptible to the poison of plants, and had suffered a great deal
in consequence, although she had tried every remedy suggested

POISONOUS PLANTS. 143

by the specialists. She had also beeu inconvenienced by having
workmen on her farm laid by several days at a time in consequence
of poisoning while cutting ditches where such plants were found
growing. It is better to prevent suffering, which even soap,
recommended by the President, would not always relieve.

Mr. Harrison had been exempt from injury by poisonous plants
nearly all his life, and thought himself poison-proof. He could
formerly handle such plants freely ; he would haul them up into
heaps and suffer no way in consequence. But a while ago he
was digging in a part of Cambridge which had been filled several
feet over the marsh, and while digging at the point where marsh
and filling met, he became severely poisoned. He ascribed it to
the decaying vegetation, but never learned what plants ever grew
there. His son had always been very susceptible to the poison of
plants. Mr. Harrison believed many persons were poisoned by
the poison ivy in the autumn, by gathering its brilliant colored
leaves with those of other plants, they being ignorant of the
character of the plants from which the leaves were taken.

Professor Brooks said that from the statements made here today
showing the varying degrees of susceptibility to plant poisoning,
and also the difficulty of finding men to cut down or dig up,
poison ivy, it is evident that there is room for a new profession,
viz.: that of "Poison Ivy Exterminators." We live in an age
of specialties, and this new profession would seem to be especially
suited for those fortunate individuals who are exempt from the
effects of this poison. But even those not naturally exempt need
not despair of entering it, for in Japan many persons who, on
beginning to work in the lacquer industry, suffer more or less from
Rhus poisoning, gradually acquire immunity from its effects, or
at least become so far hardened that they suffer from none of the
active symptoms.

Mr. Terry called attention to the fact that the leaflets of the
Ampelopsis quinquefoUa (Virginia Creeper) are in fives, while
those of the Mhus Toxicodendron (Poison Ivy), sometimes mis-
taken for the former, are in threes.

John C. Hovey stated that he had never been poisoned by Rhus
of any kind, but he had been poisoned by the stinging nettle, —
Urtica dioica.

Professor Brooks, in reply to a question, said he supposed that,
in cases of Rhus poisoning, the varying degrees of susceptibility

144 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCLETY.

were due to the difference in the texture of the skin of the several
patients ; but that matter could be determined only by examina-
tion.

President Kidder spoke of a case where the plant, Ampelopsis
Veitchii, climbing upon a stable, pushed a branch in at a window,
and a horse was poisoned by eating the growing plant.

Professor Brooks stated that any green food, to which a horse
is unaccustomed, may cause its death by fermenting in its
stomach. Ono makes no mention of the Japanese Ampelopsis as
a poisonous plant.

On motion of O. B. Hadwen, a vote of thanks to Professor
Brooks for his able and instructive lecture was unanimouslj^
passed.

Mr. Hadwen, as Chairman of the Committee on Discussion, also
announced that on the next Saturday, a paper upon "Aquatic
Plants," by L. W. Goodell, of Dwight, would be given.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 11, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 18.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Aquatic Plants and Their Culture.

By L. W. Goodell, Pansy Park, Dwight.

No class of plants is attracting more attention at the present
time than the aquatics. The great interest that has been
awakened in them is chiefly due to the fine displays that have
been made in the public parks and at the shows of our own and
other Horticultural Societies, during the past few years. They
are now grown in the parks of nearly all the large and many of
the smaller cities of the country, and always attract the attention

AQUATIC PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 145

of crowds of people. Boston seems to be the only large city
without aquatic plants in its parks. I am informed by Superin-
tendent Doogue, that the conditions here are unfavorable for their
culture. It would be interesting to know what there is in the
water or soil of Boston injurious to them.

No more attractive feature can be added to any public park, or
private place, than a water garden. There are thousands of
natural ponds scattered all over the country, in which the many
beautiful hardy water lilies would grow to perfection, and take
care of themselves if once introduced.

Nearly all kinds can be grown with success in large tubs, or
cemented tanks of any size desired ; and that large class of flower
lovers who cannot afford a large and expensive water garden, can
cultivate and enjoy them in this way with little expense. On
many places there are small streams of water running through
rich meadows, where an artificial pond can easily be made. The
earth for the bottom of such a pond, if not already rich, must be
made so, by the addition of thoroughly decayed manure. One of
the most important points in the cultivation of aquatic plants,
especially the tender varieties, is warm water, and in selecting a
site for an artificial pond, whether it is to be large or small, it
should be where it will get as much sun as possible, at least for
six or eight hours during the day ; and, if possible, where it will
be sheltered from the cold north winds, by trees or buildings.
If the water garden is to be of small size, it is best to make it in
some regular form, like a circle, oval, or parallelogram; but if
large, an irregular outline, like a natural pond, is more pleasing.
If the water supply comes through pipes and is limited, it is
necessary to cover the bottom and sides with a coating of cement.
The soil should be excavated to a depth of two and one-half feet,
and the bottom, after being shaped, should be pounded down as
hard as possible. It should be gradually sloped to the top, from
a line within four or five feet of the edge ; or, it can be made of
the full depth to the edge, and an eight-inch brick wall laid for the
sides. This is the most common way, but it adds considerably"
to the expense and is not necessary, except in soils that heave
badly with frost in winter. But if the edge is well protected
with leaves or straw and boards — as the edge of all cemented
ponds ought to be — there is not nmch danger of injury in any
soil. A small pipe should be laid upon the bottom to some lower

10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

part of the grounds for the purpose of drawing off the water when
necessary for planting or cleaning the pond. A fountain can be
added if desired, but if the tender aquatics are cultivated it should
not be allowed to play except on special occasions, or when
necessary to keep the pond full ; otherwise the cool water would
lower the temperature too much.

Aquatic plants are hearty feeders and the soil for them should
be of the richest possible nature. Good turfy loam and at least
one-third part of thoroughly decayed stable manure should be
used, and the addition of some good, high-grade, commercial
manure, at the rate of three or four pounds to each cubic yard of
soil will cause a more rapid growth. The soil should be spread
to the depth of a foot over the bottom and pounded down as hard
as possible ; then spread on two inches of sand or fine gravel to
hold the soil down and prevent it from mixing with the water.

To insure success in growing the tender Nymphaeas without
artificial heat, shallow water is one of the most important points,
as the sun heats it up much better than deep water. During the
early part of the season four or five inches is enough, which may
be increased to a foot as the season advances. The best season
for planting all kinds of aquatics is the spring, and the first of
June is early enough, in this latitude, for the tender varieties.
When ready to plant, draw off nearly all the water, set stakes
where the plants are to grow, and set them out just as you would set
plants on dry land. The large, tender Nymphaeas should be set
from eight to fifteen feet apart ; and the hardy varieties from four
to eight feet.

In planting large artificial or natural ponds, do not, above all
things, set the Nymphaeas in regular rows at equal distances
apart, as though it was an agricultural crop needing cultivation
with a horse hoe. This I once saw done in a pretentious public
park. Conceal the artificial, and imitate Nature as closely as
possible. Let the planting be done in irregular groups around the
margin. Give some of the plants plenty of room for full devel-
opment, with here and there a scattering plant to partially connect
some of the groups, but leave plenty of open water between, and
in the middle of the pond.

The attractiveness of a water garden is greatly increased by
harmonious surroundings, and there is no more appropriate place
for the cultivation of subtropical plants, such as Cannas, Musas,

AQUATIC PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 147

Caladiums, Castor Beans, and the like, than in a border on the
north or back side.

To grow the large, tender water lilies to full size and perfection,
artificial heating of the water is necessary. This is usually done
by running over the bottom of the pond coils of pipes from a
conveniently located greenhouse boiler. Instead of covering the
entire bottom of the pond or tank with soil, it is better to put it in
boxes a foot deep and three or four feet square, and a depth of at
least two feet of water over the crowns of the plants is best.

In beginning a list of aquatics, the grandest of all, that truly
royal plant, Victoria regia, should stand at the head. To grow
this magnificent plant in the open air to full size, with flowers
from twelve to fifteen inches across and leaves from six to eight
feet, requires a tank thirty feet or more across and artificial heat,
all of which involves considerable expense. But it can be grown
and flowered without artificial heat with good success even in cold
New England, with little expense. I have flowered it in this way
for three years. The most important point to ensure success is,
to get a strong growth early in the season. To accomplish this,
I set out a good plant about the first of June, and then made a
frame around it of planks ten or twelve feet square aud wide
enough to come five or six inches above the surface of the water
and covered it with hot-bed sash ; this gave nearly all the advan-
tages of artificial heat ; the temperature of the water and soil
often rose to one hundred degrees, which caused very rapid
growth, soon filling the frame with leaves. Both sash and frame
were then removed to give the plant more room. My plants made
leaves five feet across and were in flower for a month. The
variety experimented with was the crimsoned-flowered Victoria
Randi. This differs from the typical Victoria, in having the
vertical rims of the leaves much higher, and the flowers turn to a
deeper red when they fade. It also flowers earlier, and the plants
do not grow so large.

Earyale ferox is an East Indian water lily resembling the Vic-
toria regia in its general appearance, but its leaves are only two
feet across, and they do not turn up at the edge ; its flowers are
small and of a deep violet color. It is much hardier and more
easily grown.

The most attractive and popular of all aquatic plants are the
Nymphjeas, and there is nothing in the floral world more gorgeous

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

than some of the tropical varieties. These are divided for the
sake of convenience into day-blooming and night-blooming species.
The day-bloomers open their flowers early in the morning and
close about the middle of the afternoon. The night-blooming
varieties open after sunset and do not close until nearly noon of the
next day, if the weather is cool or cloudy. Each flower opens
four times. The following are day-blooming varieties :

Nymphcea Zanzibarensis is one of the most beautiful and the
most easily grown of the tropical water lilies. Its flowers are of
a rich, deep blue, and when well grown will measure fully ten
inches in diameter.

N. Zanzibarensis azurea is like the preceding in everything
except color, which is of a lighter shade.

M. Zanzibarensis rosea varies in color from a pale rose to deep
rose, almost crimson in some specimens. All of the above varie-
ties are very free blooming, beginning when the plants are quite
small and continuing until frozen up in the fall. They are so
hardy that they will stand a good deal of cold weather without
material injury.

N. scutifoUa is, also, very easily grown, and bears an abun-
dance of flowers all summer. These are from four to six inches
across and of a light blue, shading to white in the centre. It is a
native of the Cape of Good Hope, and is hardy south of Wash-
ington, D. C.

N. stellata^ from tropical Africa, is a free blooming and
desirable species, with large, bright blue flowers.

N. gigantea is a native of Australia, and is considered by many
to be the finest of all. Its flowers are of the largest size, with
numerous petals of a beautiful purplish blue, shading to white at
the base, and it has a mass of golden stamens. This species
when well started grows freely and produces flowers in abundance,
but is one of the most difficult of all to manage in the younger
stages of its growth. The young plants have a disagreeable habit
of losing their foliage, and the tubers then go to rest for an
indefinite length of time. I have had tubers remain dormant two
years, in spite of all efforts to start them into growth.

N. elegans is a pretty species from New Mexico and Texas, with'
small white flowers tinted with pale blue.

N. gracilis, from Mexico, has large white flowers resembling
those of N. dentata, but the plant is of smaller growth.

AQUATIC PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 149

N. Jlava, from Florida, has small, golden yellow flowers, but is
of little value for northern culture in the open air, as it seldom
blooms here.

N. Mexicana is a new species from Mexico, which was thought
at first to be identical with N. Jlava, but it is quite distinct. The
plant is of stronger growth, the foliage larger, and it also flowers
quite freely in the open air here. Both of these species must be
kept over winter in a greenhouse in growing condition.

The following are night-blooming varieties.

N. Devoniensis, a hybrid between N. Lotus and N. rubra,
raised many years ago by the Duke of Devonshire, is one of the
most gorgeous varieties in cultivation. The flowers are of a
brilliant, rosy red ; from ten to twelve inches across, and borne
in abundance, a dozen or more often being open on a plant at one
time.

N. rubra is a native of the East Indies ; it resembles N. Devon-
iensis, but the flowers are more cup-shaped and of a lighter color.

N. Sturtevanti is a hybrid of American origin and a magnificent
variety but a poor bloomer. It resembles N. rubra in color but
the petals are broader and the foliage is quite distinct.

N. Lotus is a native of the tropics of the Old "World. It grows
in abundance in lower Egypt, and is the true Sacred Lotus of the
ancient Egyptians and was sometimes engraved on their coins.
The seeds and roots when dried and ground were made into bread
by them. The flowers are six to eight inches across with broad,
white petals.

N. dentata is the largest of all white water lilies, the flowers
being from ten to fourteen inches across and of a pure, paper
white. It blooms very freely through the season and is one of the
easiest of the tropical Nymphaeas to grow.

Hardy Nymph^as. — Water lilies that will endure the winter in
the Northern States are called hardy. The books tell us, and it is
generally believed, that no water lily will bear actual freezing
of the roots, and that they must be planted in water deep enough
to be below the reach of frost. But my experience during the
past winter has convinced me that this is an error, which, while
easily disproved, nobody seems to have hitherto detected. One of
my artificial ponds is supplied with water by a small stream which
was frozen up during the severe weather of January, and the
pond dried up, freezing to the bottom. This pond contained my
stock of Nymx)hcBa odorata rosea, N. alba candidissima, and

150 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

N. Marliacea cliromatella. Being very anxious as to their condition
I had large blocks of ice cut out. The roots were frozen solid in
the soil to a depth of six inches and had to be cut out with an
axe. Several of each variety were thrown under a greenhouse
bench to thaw out, when it was found that not a single bud on
them was injured in the least, and they are now making good
growth in a tank of water. It is very likely that other varieties
will also stand freezing of the roots, but this can only be deter-
mined by actual tests, as some varieties may be more susceptible
than others.

NympJicea odorata is our own well known, fragrant water lily,
and is considered by many the most beautiful of hardy varieties.

N. odorata rosea has beautiful rose-colored flowers, and is
known as the Cape Cod Pink Water Lily, because it was first
discovered there many years ago. It is now extensively cultivated
and is generally considered the most lovely of hardy varieties.

N. odorata superba is a fine variety with larger flowers than the
type.

N. odorata minor is a variety having flowers only about one-half
the size of the common, and is very pretty. It grows in abun-
dance in the ponds of New Jersey.

N. odorata sulpliurea is a new variety with yellow flowers and
will no doubt become a great favorite. Its foliage is mottled with
reddish purple and brown spots.

N. odorata exquisita is a new variety with rosy carmine flowers,
of a deeper shade than those of N. odorata rosea.

N. odorata gigantea is a native of Florida, where it was dis-
covered two or three years ago. Both flowers and foliage are
larger than the type. The flowers are more cup-shaped and
are produced later in the season and it is a freer bloomer. The
leaves are very large and thick, often measuring over a foot in
diameter, and sometimes nearly two feet ; their edges are ruffled
and sometimes turned up, forming a slight rim after the manner
of the Victoria regia.

N. odorata Caroliniana is the largest and finest of all the
odorata varieties. It is supposed to be a cross between N.
odorata rosea and N. alba candidissima, and was raised by Dr.
H. T. Bahnsou of North Carolina. It has the vigorous habit
and free-flowering qualities of the latter variety. The flowers are
quite fragrant, from four to six inches across, and of a delicate
salmon-rose color, deeper in some specimens than in others.

AQUATIC PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 151

N. alba is the common White Water Lily of Europe, with
flowers larger and more freely produced than those of our common
variety, but without fragrance.

N. alba rosea is a pretty, pink variety of the preceding, but not
so deep in color as our Cape Cod pink variety nor as desirable, as
it is a poor bloomer.

N. alba candidissima is the largest and best of all hardy, white
water lilies. The flowers are pure white, the petals very broad,
and much more waxy than those of N. odorata. It begins to
bloom in May, and continues to bear its superb flowers in abun-
dance until frozen up in the fall. With good treatment the flowers
measure from five to seven inches across, and I have counted as
many as twenty-two open at one time on a strong plant.

N. tuberosa is the common, native species of the Western
States. It has large white flowers, but does not bloom well in
cultivation.

N. pygmcea is the smallest water lily known and is a little
gem. It is a native of China and Siberia. Its flowers are
white and about the size of a silver half-dollar, opening at noon
and closing at night. It is a free bloomer, being the first to
flower in the spring and the last in fall.

N. pygmcea helveola is a good variety with light yellow flowers
about two inches in diameter.

N. Marliacea chromatella is one of the very choicest and best of
the hardy varieties. The plant has the vigorous habit of N. alba
candidissima and it flowers freely from May to October. The
flowers are from four to six inches across, with broad petals of a
beautiful light yellow, and bright orange stamens. This variety
should be grown in water two feet or more deep. If grown in
shallow water its abundant foliage grows in a bunch so thickly as
to hide the flowers, while in deep water its leaves spread out and
float on the surface.

N. Marliacea albida has medium sized flowers of a pure paper
white, resembling those of N. alba.

N. Marliacea carnea is of a delicate blush or flesh color, and a
charming variety that will become popular.

N. Marliacea rosea is of a delicate rose color, deeper than the
preceding, and a great acquisition.

N. Laydekeri rosea is the newest and one of the finest of the
small varieties. Its flowers, which are freely produced and are

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

about two inches across, are of a peculiar rosy-purple color in the
centre, shading to white at the tips of the petals.

Nymphaeas cross with each other very readily, but the raising of
new varieties in this way is yet in its infancy, and the possibilities
in this direction have only just begun to be realized. The time
is not far distant when varieties will be much more numerous than
now. M. Marliac, the French grower to whom we are already
indebted for some of the choicest varieties, has two superb
novelties which will be flowered for the first time in this country
at the Chicago Columbian Exposition. One of these has been
named JV. Lay dekeri rubra punctata, and has large flowers varie-
gated with brilliant red. The other, named ^. Marliacea flammea,
has flowers of an amaranth red with orange red stamens. Several
American growers are also doing good work in this line. Benjamin
Grey has a beautiful new variety which has been named N.
Greyce ; it is a cross between N. gracilis and N. scutifolia. In
habit it resembles the latter, but the flowers are of a bright rose
pink, are larger than those of N. Zanzibarensis, and borne on
stout stems from fifteen to eighteen inches above the water. It
is a great acquisition.

William Tricker, of Staten Island, has a new variety, not yet
named. It is a seedling of N. dentata, supposed to be crossed
with N. Zanzibarensis rosea. The petals are wider than those of
N. rubra, and more like those of N. Sturtevanti. They are white
at the base, shaded to rosy carmine at the tips.

Some varieties of water lilies are easily grown from seeds, and
it is exceedingly interesting to watch their development from the
seeds to flowering plants. The easiest to raise from seeds are the
Nymphcea Zanzibarensis varieties, N. scutifolia, N. ccerulea, and
N. dentata. The seeds should be sown in February or March, in
small pots of good soil well firmed down. Scatter the seeds on
the surface and cover with an eighth of an inch of fine sand. Then
they should be immersed in a pan of water deep enough to cover
the tops an inch or two. The water should be kept at a tempera-
ture of from 75° to 80° until they germinate, which will be in from
six to ten days. If the temperature is much less than that named
they will not germinate at all, or only after a long time. The
seeds of N. dentata require about three weeks. Before the plants
get crowded they should be transplanted to three-inch pots, and be
shifted to four inch, if necessary, before the time to plant them out

AQUATIC PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 153

in June. Those who have no greenhouse can start the seeds near
a stove in the dwelling-house where the water will keep at the
right temperature, moving them to a hot-bed, cold-frame, or a
warm, sunny windoAv, when up. The little plants grow with
astonishing rapidity under proper conditions, and begin to bloom
in about one hundred days. I have had the Zanzibar varieties
begin to flower in sixty-five days, from seeds started in June.
These varieties are particularly well adapted to tub culture.

The Victoria regia is always propagated from seeds, which
should have the little caps or shells that cover the germs, carefully
removed before sowing. Plant in five inch pots in February,
covering them with an inch of soil. The water should be kept at a
temperature of about ninety degrees. They germinate in from
fifteen to twenty days, but are always more or less uncertain
about coming up, even with the best of care.

The Nuphars are interesting plants, resembling the Nymphaeas.
They have yellow flowers borne on stems above the surface of the
water. N. advena is our common native species. N. pumilum is
a pretty species of smaller growth. N. Japonicum is a new
species from Japan. N. luteum is a European species.

The Lotus, or Nelumbium, is one of the most magnificent of
aquatic plants. Its grand circular foliage (sometimes two feet or
more in diameter) and gorgeous flowers rise four or five feet above
the surface of the water. Its flowers are produced freely from
June to September, each flower opening four times. At first they
are cup-shaped, but on the last day they expand to a diameter of
from six to twelve inches. There are two species and several
varieties, all of which are hardy here, having endured four or five
winters where ice formed a foot or more thick over the roots.
They can be grown in any warm pond with a rich, muddy bottom,
in water not more than two or three feet deep. There is no
reason why Lotus ponds should not become as common in this
country as they are in Japan. The plants spread rapidly by
means of runners beneath the surface of the mud, these runners
often travelling several rods in a season. Thick tubers are
formed deep in the pond, during the latter part of summer, which
live over winter. The best time to move and plant them is in the
spring, when they are just starting into growth, which is the latter
part of May in this latitude. The tubers should be covered six
inches or more with soil. The Lotus can be easily grown in large

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tubs, which should be moved to a cellar in winter, or cemented
basins can be made in the lawn, where it would do still better. If
grown in a water garden with other aquatics the roots must be con-
fined in compartments to prevent them from injuring other things.
Make partitions of bricks, set on edge in cement, and high enough
to come a little above the surface of the soil. The soil should be
very rich and not less than a foot deep.

Nelumbium luteum is the American Lotus, a native of the
Southern and some of the Western States, Its flowers are of a
sulphur-yellow color.

N. speciosum is commonly called the Egyptian Lotus and is the
"Sacred Lotus" of the Hindoos. Its flowers are creamy white
shading to pink at the tips of the petals. This does best in a rich
clay soil.

N. speciosum roseum has flowers of a bright pink, shading to
bright rose at the tips of the petals. This variety makes a
stronger growth with me than N. speciosum^ and is in every way
superior to it.

N. speciosum album grandifiorutn has large, pure white flowers.

N. speciosum album striatum is white, splashed and marked with
crimson on the edges of the petals, and is a superb variety.

Limnocharis Uumboldti is a showy plant bearing an abundance
of lemon-yellow flowers all summer. It is commonly called the
"Water Poppy, from the resemblance of the flowers to those of
the California Poppy. It has oval, floating leaves, and multiplies
by means of runners which creep about in shallow water. It
succeeds best in water not more than six or eight inches deep.
It is half-hardy but must be wintered in a house.

L. Phimieri is a fine, tender species, a foot or more tall, with
rich, velvety, green leaves and spikes of small, lemon-yellow
flowers.

Eichhornia crassipes major, which has been given the appro-
priate common name of Water Hyacinth, is of very easy culture
and great beauty. Its glossy, dark green leaves have thick, bulb-
like leaf-stalks filled with air, causing the plants to float on the
water. It bears large spikes of delicately colored flowers resem-
bling in form a spike of hyacinth blooms. Each flower is two
inches in diameter and of a soft, lilac rose color with a blue
blotch near the centre, enclosing a golden-yellow spot. It will
grow and flower if left floating on the surface of the water, but

AQUATIC PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 155

grows and flowers much better if set on the edge of a pond, where
it can grow in the soil. Here it will soon spread and form a large
mass of plants, and bloom freely for several months. It can be
grown in the house in winter, in a tub, pan, or anything that will
hold a little rich soil and water. It makes a very interesting
window plant, and would be well worth growing even if it had no
flowers.

E. azurea is a very choice and beautiful species from Brazil.
Its flowers resemble those of E. crassipes niajor^ but they are
light blue with a deep indigo-blue centre. Its manner of growth
is entirely different; it branches freely and creeps about on the
surface of the water, very much like a verbena on dry land, each
plant covering a space from three to five feet in diameter, and it
keeps in bloom all summer.

Pontederia cordata, our native Pickerel Weed, has spikes of
blue flowers and is well worth growing on the margin of an
aquatic garden. There is a fine, white variety of this species
which was sent me from New Hampshire last year.

Limnanthemum Indicum — the East Indian Water Suowflake —
is an exceedingly pretty and interesting aquatic recently intro-
duced. The plant throws up leaves to the surface like a Water
Lily, and the flowers are borne in clusters on the petioles near the
blade ; roots aie also emitted at the same place, forming a new
plant. The flowers are pure white, an inch or more across, and
thickly covered with a growth of hairs, like the Mrs. Alpheus
Hardy chrysanthemum, but much more numerous. In a tub or
shallow pond it will flower all summer, and all Aviuter in a warm
room or greenhouse. It will stand considerable freezing without
injury, but must be wintered in a house.

L. nymphceoides is the European Floating Heart, with pretty,
golden-yellow flowers. It is perfectly hardy and should be intro-
duced with caution in an aquatic garden, as it spreads very rapidly
and is liable to become a nuisance unless care is taken to keep it
in check.

L. lacunosum, the native species, is prett}' and interesting with
its clusters of white flowers.

L. tr achy sper mum is a native of the Southern States, and
resembles L. Indicum, but does not have the hairy growth.

Myriophyllum proserpinacoides is a native of Brazil, and has
been given the common name of Parrot's Feather, on account of

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

its beautiful pinnate leaves. It grows in shallow water and is one
of the prettiest plants that can be imagined for a water-tight
hanging basket, vase, or tub, containing some rich soil, and kept
filled with water. Several plants should be set around the edge
and they will soon trail over the edge several feet in the most
graceful manner, completely covering the vase or basket with the
most beautiful foliage. It is not quite hardy.

Sagittaria Japonica flore pleno is a very choice, double-flowered
Arrowhead, from Japan, and is perfectly hardy. The flowers are
white, nearly as large and double as a balsam. It grows best in
water not more than six inches deep.

S. Montevidiensis is a very large, tender species growing three
or four feet high, bearing spikes of large, white flowers with a
crimson spot at the base of each petal. It is easily grown from
seeds and should be treated as an annual.

Ouvirandra fenestralis, the Lace-leaf Plant, is one of the curiosi-
ties of the vegetable kingdom. It is a native of Madagascar,
and has long, narrow leaves which spread out horizontally beneath
the surface of the water. They are of a dark green color, and
are merely a network resembling a skeletonized leaf or a piece of
lace. It can be grown in a warm house in pots of rich soil,
immersed in a pan or^tub of water kept at a temperature of about
70°.

Cyperus Papyrus is the Egyptian Paper Plant, and should be in
all collections of aquatics. It has triangular stalks from five to
eight feet tall, supporting at the top an umbel of long, narrow
leaves. It grows best in rich soil and shallow water, and is
tender.

C. alternifolius resembles the preceding, but is of smaller
growth with wider leaves.

C. strictus is also a desirable species. It grows six or seven
feet tall.

Zizania aquatica is a highly ornamental annual grass from six
to ten feet tall, which grows in abundance in the lakes and rivers
of the Western States, where it is known as Indian Rice. It has
been introduced, and is now naturalized in some places in the
Eastern States, growing in shallow water. Care should be taken
not to allow the seeds to scatter about, or it may become a nuis-
ance in a water garden.

Azolla CaroUmana is a pretty, moss-like plant which floats on
the surface of water, covering it like a carpet. When grown in

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 157

the shade it is of a beautiful green, but is tinged with red in the
sun. Patches of it here and there have a very pretty effect, but
it multiplies very rapidly, and soon becomes so abundant as to be
unsightly, if too freely introduced.

Pistia stratiotes, or Water Lettuce, is a native of Florida. It
forms a rosette of beautiful velvety, yellowish green leaves, and
floats on the surface of the water, or takes root in the mud in
shallow places. It needs a warm, shady place in the house.

Salvinia nutans is a little floating plant with soft, green, hairy
leaves.

Aponogeton distachyon from South Africa — sometimes called
Cape Pond Weed — is a very fine, tuberous rooted plant, with
oval, floating leaves, and forked spikes of very fragrant, white
flowers. It is hardy if planted below the reach of frost, or it
may be grown in a tub in a greenhouse in good, rich soil.

There are many other species and varieties of aquatics, some of
them natives of this country, which are interesting and could be
easily introduced in a water garden, but the above list contains
the most valuable of those in cultivation at the present time.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on
Tuberous Rooted Begonias, by John G. Barker.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 18, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 25.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Tuberous Rooted Begonias.

By John G. Barkkr, Superintendent of Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston.

It may be interesting to you to know who was the introducer
of these deservedly popular plants ; and to inform you we make
an extract from the "Gardening World": "The honour belongs

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to the late Richard Pearce, a native of Plymouth, England, t(>
whose energy and daring as a traveller we are indebted for the
earliest species, introduced from Bolivia and Peru. He also sent
home fromJja.'Pa.z, Begonia Pearcei and B. Veitchii. He travelled
largely and collected many good things, which were introduced by
James Veitch & Sons and Benjamin S. Williams. In 1867 he
went to Panama for William Bull, where, unfortimately, he con-
tracted a fever and died a fortnight after his arrival, which added
another name to the long roll of intrepid men who have lost their
lives while endeavoring to enrich our gardens with the beautiful
plants of foreign lands." It was said of him that "though a man
of small stature he had a lion's heart, and his early death was a
great loss to British horticulture."

In the "Tuberous Begonia, its History and Cultivation," by
contributors to the " Gardening World," we are informed that all
the varieties of the Tuberous Begonia then in existence (1888),
both single and double, were derived from six species, viz. : B.
Boliviensis, B. Pearcei, B. Veitchii, B. roscejlora, B. Davisii, and
B. Clarkei, and of these the first named five were introduced
into England by James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, and by them
put into commerce.

We find that B. BoUviensis was the first of the series introduced
by the Messrs. Veitch, and in 1867 it was figured and described
in the Botanical Magazine, t. 5657, as "a tuberous-rooted,
deciduous kind." B. Pearcei, the next to arrive, in 1865, also
came from Bolivia. This is also figured in the Botanical Magazine,
t. 5545, with description.

B. .Veitchii was the next addition, made in 1867, and put into
commerce in 1869. It proved quite valuable, for practically it is
the progenitor of the varieties which give the round flowers so
much admked. It is figured and described in the Botanical Mag-
azine, t. 5663.

B. rosccflora was imported by the Messrs. Veitch from the
Andes of Peru, and flowered first in. the Chelsea Nursery in 1867.
It is also figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 5680.

B. Davisii was discovered by Veitch's collector, near Chupe,
in Peru, and flowered for the first time with them in 1876, and
was placed in commerce three years later. It is figured in the
Botanical Magazine, t. 6252.

B. Clarkei was first flowered in 1867, and is figured in the
Botanical Magazine, t. 5675.

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 159

Garden Hybrids. — The first hybrid raised in Europe, and
without doubt the first one put into commerce of which any record
can be obtained, was B. Sedeni, which was sent out by the Messrs.
Veitch in 1870, having been raised by their foreman, John Seden.
It was introduced to public notice in June, 1869, when it was
awarded the Silver Floral Medal of the Royal Horticultural
Society, as "the best new plant shown for the first time in
bloom." After this introduction we find a selected list of eighteen
varieties raised by James Veitch & Sons, which were sent out
between the years 1870 and 1882 ; these were undoubtedly selected
from many thousands of seedlings, which shows how very careful
this firm must have been in selecting that number only in twelve
years.

In our search we find that the same firm introduced a valuable
white variety, which was named Queen of Whites, and was sent
out in 1878, at half a guinea each. About 1871, the interest in
the tuberous begonia was developing very rapidly, and we find
that James O'Brien (then with Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son),
Mr. Bull, Mr. Sutton, and others, recognizing their usefulness,
went to work with much ambition to improve them, and introduce
them to the public. Mr. O'Brien has the credit of raising the
first two doubles in England ; they were Princess of Wales and
Princess of Teck, and when exhibited at South Kensington were
greatly admired. Other firms were early in the field, among them
being Messrs. Sutton & Sons and James Carter & Co. Messrs.
Sutton were apparently very successful in introducing new shades
of color.

In 1875 John Laing gave his earnest attention to them, believ-
ing there was a grand future before them as greenhouse decora-
tive plants. The excellence to which Mr. Laing has brought them
is wonderful ; we are indebted to him for what is known as the
Forest Hill strain. In 1878 Mr. Laing startled the floral world by
a magnificent group of seedlings at South Kensington, for which
the Royal Horticultural Society awarded its Gold Medal.

Then we hear of the Swanley collection, raised by Henry
Cannell, who in 1881 built a house one hundred and fifty feet
long, especially for their cultivation. Mr, Cannell has been
remarkably successful in raising double varieties, and has a col-
lection of marked excellence.

We have before us a catalogue for 1893, just received from
Thomas S. Ware, of Tottenham, Loudon, and we find that in the

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

great begonia contest, at the International Horticultural Exhibi-
tion, in July, 1892, he was awarded the first prize, for a group
occupying a space of one hundred and fifty square feet, arranged
for effect. If we can judge anything from the illustration, this
exhibition was truly grand. In further perusal we find that Mr.
"Ware has divided them into sections, as follows : 1, Mixed Single
Begonias for Bedding; 2, Cheap Single Bedding varieties to
Color ; 3, Singles for Pot Culture ; 4, Singles to Color for Conserv-
atory Decoration; 5, Singles to Color for Exhibition; 6, Singles
to Color for Hanging Baskets.

Having made you acquainted with the introducers, and the
progress made by our English cousins in the introduction and
improvement of a plant which has more than realized all our most
sanguine expectations, I now call your attention to the progress
made in our own country as far as I have been able to obtain
reliable information.

My attention was first directed to the Tuberous Begonia about
the year 1878, when a small packet of seed was sent to me by
my father, who was then carrying on a floral business in Norfolk,
Va. After very careful instructions as to how I should sow the
seed, treat the young plants, etc., he remarked that he knew I
should watch them with care and be pleased with the result.
Being anxious to improve all I could in the style of bedding
plants, a carefully selected spot was chosen for the bed of what I
anticipated would be my choicest gems. Its location was near the
entrance to Pine Grove Cemetery, Lynn ; it was protected from
the hot sun, about four hours in the middle of the day. The bed
was thoroughly prepared, with about one-third each of well
decomposed barn-yard manure, leaf mould, and good loam, well
mixed. The plants were set out from three inch pots about June
10 ; they commenced to flower about July 10, and were constantly
in bloom from that time until the end of the season, rivalling any
bed of flowering plants in the grounds.

In the " American Florist," of March 1, 1886, Vol. I, p. 237,
under the signature of "C. C," we read that "great improve-
ments have been made in this flower within the past few years.
At all the large exhibitions in Berlin, Paris, London, etc., these
begonias have been well represented, and have attracted much
attention." It further says " There are many points in theii* favor.
A compact habit, dark glossy foliage, handsome flowers in

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 161

shape as well as richness and variety of color, make them very
desirable both for pot plants and bedding. Some of the single
ones are of very large size, often measuring from five to six
inches across ; and the double ones fairly resemble well formed
roses and camellias." From this time on we have seen many
articles favoring their more extensive cultivation ; and while we
knew of their being cultivated by numerous growers in perhaps a
moderate way, and more largely in the greenhouses, we have not
heard of their extensive use as bedding plants until quite recently
— say within six or eight years. In the "American Florist" for
February 26, 1891, Vol. VI, p. 483, appears a good article with
an illustration showing a house of tuberous begonias of J. F.
Meech at Charlevoix, Michigan, who writes enthusiastically of the
future possibilities of this charming plant.

In the number for October, 1891, Vol. VII, p. 165, a bed is
shown around the house of Mrs. Robert Pitcairn, Pittsburg, Pa.,
which, it is said, was planted June 1, and from the 20th of that
month it was a mass of flowers and foliage ; it further says, all
who have seen this bed admit that these begonias make the hand-
somest bed of flowers ever seen in this city. This bed was eighty
feet long, and eight feet wide at the broadest portion. The
greater part of it had full exposure to the sun, but one end was
quite shaded, and this end was the poorest part of the bed.

William Falconer, (now the editor of our new semi-monthly
visitor, "Gardening,") in the same issue, writes an able article upon
tuberous begonias, as he saw them at Thomas Griffin's nursery,
Westbury Station, Long Island, N. Y. We all bow to such
authority, therefore I ask you again to listen to a very brief
extract from this article: "The behaviour of these plants, as we
saw them in the open air beds, was very encouraging. The main
block of beds was right in the open field and unshaded by any-
thing. The beds showed no gaps and the plants were from ten to
twenty inches high and very luxuriant, with fine, bold foliage and
a mass throughout of brilliant blossoms. A large mass of these
begonias planted in beds slightly shaded by trees showed all the
luxuriance and floriferousness of those grown in the open block
and undoubtedly are far superior for such a position to geraniums
of any sort."

John Thorpe, one of the best known horticulturists in this
country, and Chief of the Bureau of Floriculture at the World's
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fair, is equally enthusiastic in his commendation of the tuberous
begonia. He says: "I have always considered the tuberous
begonia among the most beautiful of flowers ; but now that a strain
is produced that can be grown out of doors in full exposure to the
sun, their value is incalculable. I predict for them a popularity
beyond that of any flower ever used for bedding purposes."

William Saunders, Superintendent of the garden and grounds
of the Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C, and Pro-
fessor William R. Smith, Curator of the Botanic Garden,
Washington, D. C, speak of their usefulness as bedding plants
being very great. William Doogue, of our owq city, says that
he is convinced that they can be used as bedding plants under
ordinary circumstances.

The reason that I have taken so much pains to bring to your
attention the opinions of others as to the value of the tuberous
begonia is, that I believe there is the greatest future before it of
any plant of recent introduction, whether it is used for the con-
servatory, the window, or the open garden. I think one of the
reasons why it is not better known is this : we have been too apt
to think that it would not flourish except under glass, and have
not had confidence enough to give it a fair trial as a bedder. We
have grown it moderately at Forest Hills until last year ; but then
quite extensively, having planted out several thousands in different
locations all through the grounds, in large and small beds, and on
graves. In all cases they were the best beds of flowering plants
in the cemetery, affording a remarkable variety of color in their
flowers, — white, rose, orange, yellow, scarlet, and crimson, in
numerous shades. Then a comparison between them and other
flowers is a great feature in their favor. The geranium has
thus far had the lead as the best bedder, but I am strongly
inclined to think that hereafter the leading plant will be the
tuberous begonia. I need not remind you how a rain storm
destroys the flowers of the geraniums, especially the single varie-
ties, but with the begonia it is not so ; they are bright again in
twenty-four hours, flower and foliage standing up in bright array,
showing no injury received during the storm.

At Forest Hills we are obliged to have large quantities of
bedding plants, and we wish to have the best there are going. I
think a great advance has been made in the introduction of the
Crozy Cannas and the Tuberous Begonias, and I hope they will

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 163

speedily take the place of the faded Coleus beds, which are not
creditable to any well managed place. Perhaps other old varieties
of plants will suggest themselves to you that may be dispensed
with hereafter. I think there is but little character to what is
usually called a foliage bed ; you can go to a dry goods store and
buy colored cloth that will produce as good an effect. Of course
I do not include the sub-tropical beds, but only those beds which
are filled with what are known as foliage plants. Flowering plants
are decidedly better ; what combination of colored foliage can
compare with a solid mass of the tuberous begonias, or a large
bed with Crozy Cannas in the centre, surrounded by a broad band
of Heliotrope, with a border of tuberous begonias? A bed
arranged in this way is not only an object of beauty and a delight
to every one who sees it, but if you wish for flowers in the house,
you have them there. The begonias are charming for this
purpose ; if you desire a good bed of flowers, a bright vase, a
cheerful window, or some choice cut flowers for decorative pur-
poses, you will not be disappointed in them.

Having had no experience with the double varieties, I have only
made the slightest reference to them. I have used all single
varieties for our purposes. We depend altogether on seedlings for
bedding.

Our mode of cultivation is as follows : the seed was sown
January 4, in shallow boxes, in light soil sifted fine, and covered
very slightly, after which it was pressed firm with a smooth board,
and carefully but thoroughly watered with Scollay's rubber
sprinkler ; they were then kept shaded from the sun in a tempera-
ture of 60°.

The seed germinated January 24, and many of them were large
enough to transplant by February 24, shallow boxes and light soil
being again used, and the plants set out about one inch apart. It
is necessary that they be kept shaded for a few days, or until they
are somewhat established ; then they are grown in full sunlight,
until the sun gets warmer later on in the season, at which time a
little shade in the middle of the day will be very beneficial. From
these boxes they are again shifted into other boxes which are a
little deeper — perhaps three inches — and planted four inches
apart. After they are established in these boxes, it is necessary
that they should have all the light and air possible, so as to harden
them for the transfer to the open ground, which may be made from

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTJLTURAL SOCIETY.

the first to the fifteenth of June. They like a deep, rich soil and
plenty of water, as they are gross feeders. After the frost has
destroyed the foliage the tubers can be taken up and gradually
dried off in boxes on the greenhouse benches, where there is
plenty of air and light. When dried they should be packed away
in shallow boxes and placed in a dry, cool place. As soon as
they show signs of growth in the spring, they should be potted in
small pots and gradually changed from the small ones to those
of a larger size until planting out time comes again. I believe
these simple directions will serve for cultivation in the window
garden equally as well as in the greenhouse.

As I wish to enforce what I have said by the experience of
others, I take pleasure in calling your attention to the experience
of two well known cultivators, Frederick L. Harris, gardener to
H. H. Hunnewell, Wellesley, Mass., and Thomas Griffin, the large
and successful cultivator at Westbury Station, Long Island, N. Y.

Letter from Frederick L. Harris.

For some years past Tuberous Begonias, both single and
double, have been grown extensively as decorative plants, and also
for bedding. Very few plants of recent introduction have
afforded so much satisfaction, and when it becomes more generally
known how easy is their culture they will be as common as
geraniums. They can never become obsolete, for we have nothing
equal to them for general cultivation and gorgeousness. Bedding
begonias have become quite a feature at Wellesley, and the method
adopted here may be of service to those desirous of engaging in
their culture. In March the tubers are potted in small pots and
kept in a temperature of 50°, and very little water given until they
start into growth. This will be in the course of three or four
weeks, when more water may be added, but with caution ; other-
wise decay will be the result.

About May 25, have your border prepared by being well
■enriched to the depth of not less than eighteen inches. Then
select the strongest, and plant them about one foot from plant to
plant, after which water thoroughly. They may not require any
more attention, unless a very dry season intervenes, until they
begin to bloom, and then a good soaking is necessary, but without
wetting the foliage more than is unavoidable. Their after culture

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 165

is quite simple ; stir the surface of the border frequently and top
dress with well rotted manure.

The above remarks are for single begonias only. Doubles do
not flower so profusely, but the weight of the flower is such that,
the flower stem being weak, rain and heavy dews tend to prema-
ture decay, When growing them in pots for conservatory decora-
tion, they certainly deserve a place equal if not superior to the
single varieties. To grow these successfully, guard against over
watering, although they require a generous supply, provided the
pots are well drained, and filled with roots ; then you may give
water ad libitvm. Do not syringe, but keep a moist atmosphere.
The prettiest and most effective way to grow the doubles to
advantage is in wire baskets, and when in bloom remove them
to the piazza where they can enjoy a little shade. When needing
water — which will probably be twice a day, in a dry time — the
most simple and effective way to give it is to take a pail of water
and sink the basket in it to soak well ; the moss and soil then
become saturated, and will not need another plunge so soon as
when water is given by pouring it upon the basket.

Letter from Thomas Griffin.

As a plant for the decoration of conservatories or for bedding
out;, the Tuberous Begonia has few equals. The ease with which
they can be grown, and the brilliant effect they produce, will
always entitle thein to a foremost position with lovers of plants.
That their cultivation is not thoroughly understood by the majority
of growers cannot be denied ; but it is only a matter of time,
before they will be quite as popular as the chrysanthemum, carna-
tion, or rose. Then the price of them is within the reach of all,
and the small amount of room required to keep them in winter
recommends them to cultivators, even if they do not possess a
greenhouse. To obtain the best results, you should lay the
foundation by starting with a good strain, for a poor one will
never give satisfaction. The varieties that have well formed and
round flowers, thrown up well above the foliage, are much to be
preferred, especially for bedding purposes. There are a few
sorts which have immense drooping spikes, that present a very
graceful appearance when elevated on a pedestal, where their great
beauty can best be appreciated, for that is the only position where

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTJLTUEAL SOCIETY.

they can be seen to advantage. A house devoted entirely to
them, with a few nice pahns and ferns to relieve their glowing
colors, can be better imagined than described, and is well worth a
long journey to see. There are now varieties with such delightful
fragrance as still adds to their attraction and gives them the final
charm.

Having grown them in England, and for five successive seasons
in this country, enables me to speak practically on the subject.
We grow them here by the acre, which gives us a good opportunity
for testing their adaptability both for out-door and conservatory
decoration.

They are, easily raised from seed, sown not sooner than the
middle of January nor later than the end of February. They
have then plenty of time to make strong plants, fit for planting
out by the first week in June. They should be sown in leaf
mould sifted very fine, and grown on in a temperature of about
70°, gradually hardening them off previous to planting them
outside.

The soil should be made very rich, for they should grow without
any check from first to last. Choose an open position where roots
of trees or shrubs will not rob them of food or moisture, for they
cannot survive such deprivation. If they can be shaded for two or
three hours during the hottest part of the day so much the better.
The east or north side of a house or other building I consider the
ideal place for them, though I have grown them by thousands in
the open field without any shade from trees or buildings. I con-
sider a little shade beneficial, especially in such a summer as the
last. They delight in plenty of moisture, and, therefore, should
be mulched with short manure or cocoanut fibre refuse, which
helps to retain it, and prevents the ground from getting hard,
which frequently occurs from watering them, and also by heavy
thunder storms.

Plants from tubers are much preferable to seedlings, especially
where immediate effect is required ; they also make much larger
plants. They should be started into growth by placing them close
together in shallow boxes or under the benches, in a temperature
of about 60°, and slightly syringed once or twice a day. It does
not matter whether or not they have any soil at this stage, but as
soon as growth commences they must be brought to the light, and
every encouragement given them to grow sturdy and strong.

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 167

They must not be coddled with too much heat or moisture, especi-
ally if required for out-door planting later on ; for the leaves will
be too thin to stand the weather, and consequently, will burn
easily, thus giving the plants a check and spoiling their beauty.
About the first week in March is a good time to start them for
bedding purposes, giving them plenty of time to make plants by
June, and is much perferable to starting them later and hurrying
them on in heat.

If required for the conservatory they should be started in the
same manner as advised above, and be potted on as they fill
their pots with roots. Ten or twelve inch pots are large enough
for the final shift, and by feeding them with liquid manure when
the roots are running thickly round the pots they will continue
to grow and flower for a great length of time. It is very essential
at all times that they have good drainage, for though they like
plenty of water while growing it must never become stagnant
about their roots.

Good, turfy loam, with one-fourth short manure well mixed
with it, will grow them to perfection. A little bone-dust may be
added, but all patent fertilizers must be avoided ; the chemicals
contained therein are apt to have a decaying influence on the
tubers. Liquid manure from either cow or horse dung, well diluted
and used clear, is both safe and beneficial.

If grown under glass they must be shaded to prevent the
temperature running up too high, and ventilation, both top and
bottom, with the floors damped once a day, will suit them
admirably.

Discussion.

Henry Ross said that Mr. Barker's paper had interested him
very much, because it was so practical and straightforward in
stating the view^s of the writer. But he could not agree with all
that had been said. He thought Mr. Barker's remarks too con-
demnatory of the use of foliage plants and foliage beds. If
anything is beautiful and gives pleasure and satisfaction, it is a
bed of foliage plants. The difference in opinions leads to discus-
sion, and that is one object of these meetings. He did not care
to see too much foliage bedding, but if such planting were done
away with, he would consider it a great loss. Mr. Barker gave

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

him some tuberous begonias, which he planted out, aud he was
much disappointed in the result, but he found that he did not
cultivate them rightly ; he did not make the ground rich enough.
He went to Forest Hills to see how the plants succeeded there,
and was delighted with what he saw. But he would not have
geraniums discarded ; they grow quite evenly, and if any inequality
appears, the plants can be trimmed into shape readily. The
begonia is apt to send out strong, one-sided shoots, which give
the bed an irregular appearance. Mr. Barker had given to him a
large number of plants of tuberous begonias, which he proposes
to plant out in the coming season, and hopes to grow them
successfully this time.

E. W. Wood referred to the quotation from John Thorpe, of
Pearl River, New York, as given by Mr. Barker, and then asked
if the difference in tuberous begonias, as to ability to bear full
sunshine was peculiar to certain varieties. He then remarked that
the tuberous begonia was a recent child with Mr. Barker, which
accounts for his enthusiasm in its favor. He further stated that
as a testimony in support of the continued use of foliage plants
for bedding, he would say, that the handsomest ornamental bed he
ever saw, was one filled with foliage plants, at Pine Grove Ceme-
tery, of which Mr. Barker then had charge ; and Mr. Wood
believed that Mr. Barker designed and directed the planting of
that bed.

William Stone, Superintendent of Pine Grove Cemetery, Lynn,
spoke of some beds of tuberous begonias which he planted ; one
was where the shade of an elm tree fell upon it during two or three
hours in the middle of the day ; another bed was in the full sunlight
except at the latter part of the day; both were beautiful, and
gave entire satisfaction. He agreed entirely with Mr. Barker as
to the brilliant future in store for the tuberous begonia. He also
endorsed the praise given to the Crozy Cannas, of which he has
one seedling which he considers superior to the parent. He said
geraniums had been the most popular bedding plants during so
long a period that a change was very desirable, and the present
excellence of the begonia is such as to give it great popularity.
But it is possible that we shall some day wish to go back to
geraniums ; in fact, while we enjoy the new we also wish to retain
the old for variety of material. In reply to a question, Mr. Stone
said he used mostly the single-flowered tuberous begonias.

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 169

Edward L. Beard said the tuberous begonias had been known a
long time. His interest in them dated back sixteen years, and he
had spent considerable money in importing and experimenting
with them. But the interest of amateurs is more important than
that of professionals. He was convinced that amateurs would
find them more or less disappointing, for these reasons : first, that
it is difficult to keep the tubers over winter under ordinary condi-
tions, and, second, if planted in the open ground dry, as early as
possible they will not come into bloom until the middle of August,
and possibly as late as the first of September, giving a very short
season of perfection of bloom, if indeed the flowers come to make
a satisfactory showing. Therefore, if one has no greenhouse or
other effective means of starting them early in the spring, which
is necessary to bring them into flower soon after being planted
out, there will be a great opportunity for disappointment. He did
not wish to throw discredit upon them, for he esteemed them, in
perfection, just as highly now as he did sixteen yfears ago. He
would not deny their effectiveness when started early in a green-
house ; but who can start them thus early without a greenhouse or
some other suitable means, which the average amateur does not
possess? Without a suitable place to dry them off, and to keep
them afterwards until the time to start them in the spring, they
are very apt to suffer from either wet rot or dry rot, if not injury
from a chill.

Mrs. P. D. Richards inquired if the tuberous rooted begonia
could be successfully grown as a window plant.

Mr. Barker believed this class of plants to be excellent for the
window garden ; but after their summer growth in the garden they
must be dried oft" and have a period of rest. However, if they
are started late and have been in flower but a short time before
being lifted for window culture, they might prove of use at that
time. But even the commercial grower has not yet awakened to
all the possibilities of the tuberous begonia, although they can
grow them freely for summer use. He would be suspicious as to
any success in flowering with tubers planted dry in the open
ground. They can be started in a window successfully. Mr.
Barker called upon Mr. Westwood, his assistant, to state how
many geraniums and how many tuberous begonias they had on
hand. The reply was, "Fifteen thousand Tuberous Begonias
and forty thousand Geraniums." Mr. Barker then said there

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

would be some foliage beds, as well as geranium beds, besides
tuberous begonia beds in the grounds ; that his remarks upon
these three indicated their present comparative importance in his
estimation, but that the first two, especially the first, would have
their places in less conspicuous parts of the grounds than they
have held in the past, while the begonias would be the leading
bedding plants. He added as another recommendation of the
last, that at any time it is easy to lift plants and set in new ones,
or transplant them in order to make the beds more even.

Mr. Stone said he wintered his tuberous begonia roots on
shelves in his potting house, over the boilers, where they get very
dry. Many of them are now reminding him that it is time they
were potted, as they have begun to grow. These plants are more
satisfactory than some others, as they can be easily lifted and reset
without suft'ering a check upon their growth.

A lady stated that she planted dry bulbs or tubers in the ground
in the spring ; that they grew well, and produced flowers in
August and to the end of the season. When early frosts came
she covered them with papers. Some of the flowers on her plants
were five inches across.

Mr. Beard could not believe that any considerable show of
flowers could be had before the first of September, — or at best
the end of August — from tubers that wei'e planted dry in the
ground in the spring. If possible, it must be in a spot highly
favored in location. He believed they could not be planted dry
like dahlias, and produce a satisfactory show of flowers through
the season.

Mr. Barker said the people must be educated before they can be
successful in the treatment of plants of any kind. Tubers can
be bought and planted in shallow boxes, and started in a sunny
window. In reply to a lady who asked about starting the tubers
in the pots and soil in which they grew the previous season, Mr.
Barker said the tubers could possibly be kept over in the pots in
which they grew, but on starting them again the old soil should be
all taken off, and fresh soil used, else the tubers would be liable
to decay. The tubers should also be planted first, in small pots.
He then called upon Thomas H. Westwood, gardener at Forest
Hills Cemetery, to state how to treat the tubers in winter.

Mr. Westwood said that anyone who could keep a dahlia
during the winter, could keep a begonia tuber. In lifting them

TUKEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. 171

from the bed a good ball of earth is taken with each one, and
carried into a dry, cool place, where no frost can get at them,
and they can be thoroughly dried. During January and February
this earth is all shaken off, the tubers are cleaned, then put in
sand, in shallow boxes, and placed under the benches of the
greenhouse. They are thus kept dormant until March, when a
little more heat and judicious watering are given, which starts them
growing. When a little growth is made they are transferred into
boxes at least three inches deep, with nice, light soil. From these
boxes they are transplanted into the open ground. Seedlings can
seldom be successfully raised by amateurs, as the appliances as
well as the skill of professionals are required to secure success.

Jackson Dawson was called upon, and said he had no experience
in growing begonias, but had noticed that Mr. Sargent was very
successful in their production and treatment. He understood that
they were started in March and April ; that they were put into
cold frames as soon as it was safe to do so, and from those were
planted out in the open ground. When bedded they make a
perfect mass of bloom, which is kept up until frost comes, and he
regarded them as the finest and best bedders we have, especially
in a shady position.

President Kidder spoke of the inexcusable practice of some
persons, who, after the frost has cut down their tuberous begonias,
merely take out the roots and rake over the beds, leaving them in
such a desolate and unsightly condition not only through the
winter, but also until the time to plant begonias again. He
suggested that with our great variety of evergreens a fine winter
effect might be secured, or at least the beds might be filled with
hardy bulbs for a bright display in the spring.

The President announced that on the next Saturday, James
Comley would give an account of his observations in Japan,
during his recent visit to that far-off and interesting country.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 25, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T, Kidder, in the chair.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURA* SOCIETY.

The Secretary being absent by reason of illness, Miss Charlotte
M. Endicott was appointed Secretary pro tern.

No business being brought before the meeting it was dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
A Visit to Japan.

By James Comley, Lexington.

Some thirty-five years ago, in 1858, I unpacked the first two
cases of plants ever imported into the United States from Japan.
These comprised the Lilium auratum., and six varieties of Retin-
ospora grafted on one stem, which had been cut from the main
trunk and placed in damp soil to preserve the grafts. I thought
this so singular that it aroused my curiosity, and since that time I
have always had a desire to visit the Country of the Rising Sun.
Therefore, when in the fall of 1892, Francis Brown Hayes, Esq.,
proposed a trip to that interesting country and invited me to
accompany him, you may be assured that I was very much
pleased to have the opportunity. Now, after my visit, I feel that
I must go there again before I shall be satisfied, yet I shall never
forget the pleasure afforded me through the kindness of Mr.
Hayes on this occasion.

We left Boston October 5th, and proceeded to New York, where
we arrived on the 6th. When we reached the metropolis, great
preparation was in progress for the celebration of the Columbian
anniversary. I took a flying trip through Central Park and the
place was beautiful, causing me to feel that the people who could
not admire the scenes around them there must be indeed dead to
all sense of the grandeur of Nature, but everyone seemed gay and
to appreciate that which had been prepared for their enjoyment.

We left New York for Chicago the same day, arrived in the
Windy City at 9.30 p. m. on the 7th, and reached Council Bluffs on
the 8th, Between Chicago and the latter city we passed through
vast tracts of cultivated land. There were fields of corn reaching
out as far as the eye could carry, with farm-houses half a mile to
a mile apart, and these were surrounded by Eucalyptus trees,
planted there for shelter. Occasionally we passed through large
cattle ranches containing from five hundred to a thousand head
of cattle in a herd. But beside these there were great horse
ranches with hundreds of animals of all ages running about.

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 173

We reached Humboldt Wells on October 9th, and after passing
that place came in near view of some of the many wonderful
natural phenomena with which our country abounds. Among the
most striking of these were huge stones cropping out of the sides
of the great mountains and standing clearly and heroically by
themselves, fifty to one hundred feet in height. Probably these
are the results of volcanic action, but certainly I had never before
seen anything so strangely peculiar, towering heavenward as they
did.

After leaving Humboldt, we came to a tract of land hundreds
of miles in length, in going through which we passed what seemed
to be an endless line of vineyards, where the fruit was being pre-
pared for raisins. But in addition to these there was an abun-
dance of apricots, almonds, plums, pears, and all kinds of small
fruits. These great fruit orchards were to be seen all the way
to San Francisco.

We arrived at the latter city October 10th, after a very pleasant
journey. The weather being good all the way afforded us an
excellent opportunity to view the beauties of the country through
which we passed. So vast did this seem that one could not help
thinking you could put the whole European continent down here
and yet have plenty of room to grow food and fruit suflicient to
supply the world. One ranch which we passed through was at
least twenty-five miles in width, with intervals where men were
engaged in baling hay for Chicago, and the crop was at least a ton
and a half to the acre.

At San Francisco we stopped at the mammoth Palace Hotel, one
of the largest and most superbly fitted up establishments of its
kind in the world. When walking along the street I noticed a
cable car marked " Golden Gate Park " and I at once determined
to visit that place, which was reached after a ride of some two
miles. I enquired for the superintendent, but that gentleman was
not found at this time. However, I met Mr. J. H. Gordon, the
second superintendent, who was formerly gardener for Mr.
Sturtevant of Roxbury, and who showed me much consideration.
We visited the palm house, where there are some magnificent speci-
mens of almost every kind of palm in cultivation. Hanging from
the roof was a grand old Bignonia venusta in full flower. In the
stove house was a marvellous collection of orchids in bloom.
From this house I was escorted to the tropical fernery, where there

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was a large number of huge baskets hanging, many of which
contained scarce and valuable specimens. In a tank in the centre
was the Victoria regia, the queen of water lilies, in full bloom and
bud, — a very line plant. We passed through other houses con-
taining large and miscellaneous collections of plants, all well
worthy of inspection, and I could only regret that my time was too
limited to make a more extended examination. Truly these
houses reflect credit on the gentlemen in whose charge they are.
The site of the park is an undulating tract of ground, just such as
an ornamental gardener would desire, and certainly it has been
well arranged. Through the centre there runs an avenue some
four miles long and from forty to fifty and one hundred feet in
width. In this park, the gentry of San Francisco, as a part of
fashion's programme, disport themselves every Thursday in
elegant equipages drawn by handsome horses, and there I saw
some of the handsomest turnouts ever shown. This park is
probably the finest in the world, the climate being greatly in
its favor for growing tropical and sub-tropical plants. The main
avenue leads to the Cliff House, from which there is a grand and
expansive view of the noble Pacific Ocean. It is here, too, that
we find the renowned Seal Rock, so often alluded to by travellers,
where the seals go daily by hundreds to bask in the sun, and a
very pretty sight it is to see these harmless creatures as they lie
there sunning themselves. As one goes through the park he can-
not but admire the acacias, veronicas, and the tacsonia as it hangs
from tree to tree, with ferns and palms at intervals. Indeed there
is almost every variety of fern known to the connoisseur and they
seem to thrive wonderfully. Tea roses, such as Safrano,
Mar^chal Niel, and Souvenir, and Himalayan Rhododendrons are
abundant and in fine cultivation. Shrubs of all kinds are in
profusion. One very attractive piece of work was a sun-dial
formed of growing plants, which, by an ingenious arrangement of
the gardener is made to show the time of day. In the rear of this
was a bank of flowering plants and the general effect was as
pleasing as it was unique. No less than one hundred and fifty
men are employed all the year round in attending to this immense
park.

My first visit to this earthly paradise had given me so much
pleasiire that I improved the opportunity on my return to renew
acquaintance with it, and then I had the pleasure to meet Mr.

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 175

McClennan, the superiutendent, who paid me every attention and
drove with me through the park, pointing out objects of interest
and explaining his plans for the future development of this
Arcadia. The land all around San Francisco is so fertile that it
requires no stimulus other than a sufficiency of water to produce
the best results, and the water used in this park is all procured
from artesian wells, being pumped up to the high grounds.

While here I took occasion to visit Sutro Heights, the seat of
Adolphus Sutro, the many times millionaire, whose place adjoins
the park. This is one of the most lovely spots that could be
imagined, with fine trees of every kind, — Araucaria Milleri, A.
Cookii, A. BidwllUi, etc. Dracenas and palms are numerous and
all good specimens. Close at hand are the public baths, a grand
institution, open free to everyone.

On October 12th, I visited Sherwood Hall, the property of
Timothy Hopkins, another elegant place, or rather a place which
ought to be one of the finest in the country. But I was shocked
to find so fine and noble a house and grounds turned over to
commercial uses and the beautiful flowers being sold as if this was
no more than an ordinary flower market. Here are some of the
finest floral specimens to be found anywhere, with splendid palms,
agaves, and other plants. The lawns through the grounds had
been broken up and violets planted everywhere. Indeed, I was
told that more than eight acres were planted with nothing but
violets, six acres with chrysanthemums, and four acres with sweet
peas, and pinks and other marketable flowers in like proportion.
The Hall had evidently been a grand place when properly cared
for, but it is sorrowful to see everything running to decay as it
now is. Scattered round the extensive grounds are numerous
vases which have co&t fabulous sums of money — some as
much as five thousand dollars each ; and beside these there is
quite a large collection of statuary, representing thousands of
dollars spent, now all going to ruin.

At the railway station near Sherwood Hall, I saw specimens of
Agave Americana thirty to forty feet high in flower.

On the day following my visit to the latter place I went to look
over one of the great vegetable farms so numerous near San
Francisco. There was every sort of known vegetable, and
strawberries in profusion. This farm is ten acres in extent, and
seemed to be literally dotted over with windmills used for

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pumping water from artesian wells, irrigation being the only thing
necessary to promote growth, thus confirming what I had previously
been told. Indeed it is almost impossible to believe the wonderful
stories told of the prolific nature of the soil.

In the evening I had a ramble through the famous Chinatown of
San Francisco, taking a guide with me. There I saw such sights
as would disgust any person who has respect for his kind. The
abodes of these people are simply hovels, and they herd together
more like swine than human creatures. Their principal enjoyment
consists in opium smoking, while vice is openly carried on, the
residents being devoid of all shame. They are allowed to live in
this loathsome manner simply because they pay exorbitant rents
for the hovels they occupy, out of all proportion to what they are
worth. On the top of the shanties they live in, these Mongolians
sell Chinese goods and do a thriving trade.

We sailed from San Francisco for Yokohama on October 15th,
in the steamer Peru, Captain Ward, of the Northern Pacific Steam-
ship Line. The voyage was a very rough one and I suffered
dreadfully from that old enemy of the landsman, sea-sickness.
The wind blew from the north-west all the way across and so we
were twenty days at sea, allowing for the difference of time,
and nine of those days I was too ill to eat anything at all. The
oflficers of the vessel did all they could to relieve the passengers,
and were courteous and obliging at all times. Although a very
young man. Captain Ward proved to be a capital officer and knew
how to command. The weather was so very rough one night that
I was violently thrown from my berth to the state-room floor, and
the officer of the watch hearing my fall came to the door to enquire
as to the port-hole window, which he thought had been blown in,
the noise was so loud. Others again thought that I must have
received serious injury by the fall. Fortunately there were no
bones broken, but I was terribly sore when I picked myself up,
and very soon after I was covered with black and blue marks
where I was bruised. However, I got over everything all right
and was glad to arrive at Yokohama, all well, on November 3d.

To an American or European the first sight of Yokohama is at
least interesting. In the background there rises what might seem
a forest of trees, for every street gives its quota to the scene,
being full of foliage. At the wharf our first astonishment was not
to see any horse cars or other carriages such as we had been

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 177

accustomed to, but in their place were a lot of curious looking
vehicles called rikishas ; they are drawn by men who are generally
clad in grey or blue clothes of light texture, and in their own
tongue or broken English they ask, " Will you ride, Mister?"
How hardy these men are none can tell until they have had experi-
ence ; it is no uncommon thing for them to run forty or fifty miles
in a day, and then they come in smiling as though they had not
over exerted themselves. They are always cheerful and are glad to
get a sum equivalent to fifteen cents an hour. But beware how you
treat these poor fellows, for if you try to run them down, to use a
Japanese expression, your name is mud. While the}^ will work
hard and honestly for you if you treat them well, they will care-
fully shun those who attempt to take advantage of them and
wherever you go in Japan after once ill-treating the jinrikisha
man, you will find that your character is known, be it hundreds
of miles away. But be honest with them and no better servants
ever lived ; they will draw you eight or ten miles an hour without
a murmur. Horses are seldom seen here except in the carriages
of the grandees. The rikisha is the common vehicle and there
are thousands in every city. There was no choice and therefore
we had to take one of these peculiar vehicles to get to our
hotel, the Grand, which is carried on in European style. It is
the finest house of its kind in Japan. The servants are all native
but they are well trained. In this house the guest can obtain any-
thing he desires, even to home dishes, — Boston baked beans
among them.

We arrived at the hotel about ten o'clock in the morning, and
after lunch had a look round this city of temples and gardens, and
let me say here that everyone seems to have a garden, if it be only
in a backyard. I shall have something to say about these later.

While I was in Japan I assure you I made the most of my time ;
every morning I went out prospecting and so gained much
information.

In Yokohama I visited the establishment of Louis Bo?hmer
& Co., nurserymen and florists, No. 28, Bluff. Mr. Ba'hmer
very courteously invited me to "tiffin," which I may explain is
the Japanese term for lunch. Afterwards he showed me through
his extensive grounds and greenhouses. I was very much
surprised to see everything in such perfect order, with plants and
shrubs of all kinds at their best. Many noble specimens were
growing in China vases which were hundreds of years old. There
12

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCLETT.

was also every variety of plants for house or lawn decoration.
Here I found a good collection of chrysanthemums of many
varieties, but only one which I thought to be extraordinary, and
that one I secured. I also obtained a great many valuable plants
of other species from the same firm, many of which have arrived,
and more are to arrive in April. I was much pleased to meet Mr.
Boehmer's new partuer, Mr. Alfred Unger, who was exceedingly
attentive to me. This gentleman is a young German and he
promises to be a valuable addition to the firm. He is polite,
active, and a good busiuess man of considerable knowledge.

From the windows and the veranda of the hotel we could see
miles across the bay, with steamers coming and going all the time.
Looking to the right there was a magnificent hill covered with
foliage, on top of which was a large temple, which I visited early
in the morning. As I approached the steps I saw two young
maidens who appeared to beckon me to enter. Here I was taught
my first lesson in Japanese manners. Judge my surprise when I
reached the steps and one of the young girls seized my right foot,
and the other took hold of the left, each offering me a slipper to
put on. I took my boots off and put my feet into the slippers,
which they assisted me to do. Then they bade me enter the
temple. I was at once astonished and delighted by the magnifi-
cence of the interior. The whole building was surrounded with
sculpture of every imaginable kind, representing men, animals,
birds, and flowers, all executed in the highest style of art. The
whole scene was solemn in the extreme. Leaving this temple I
could not avoid noticing two large trees, which proved to be
Ginkgo trees, about fifteen feet in diameter and one hundred feet
in height to the lowest branches. The effect of the trees, one on
each side of the entrance, was grand.

The Cliff Gardens, Yokohama, form only one of many pretty
spots near this interesting city ; it is a beautifully laid out piece
of ground, large in extent and open to the people at all times.
There I saw dwarf figures composed of chrysanthemums repre-
senting all kinds of character. Here are some elegant specimens
of the Camellia Japonica, in every shade of color. These com-
posed a hedge of flowers twenty feet high and six feet through,
extending about five hundred feet in length. It was really a sheet
of flowers when I was there. Then close beside was the Daphne

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 179

odoratissima eight feet in diameter and full of buds ; also beautiful
specimens of the Umbrella Pine (Sciadopitys verlicillata) and other
Pines and Gardenias.

While there I paid a visit to the Yokohama Gardeners' Associa-
tion's grounds, Nos. 21 to 23 Nakamura Street, and there I saw the
floral and nursery business carried on in the most perfect manner.
This establishment covers two hundred acres of land, including
greenhouses and stores too numerous to mention. Palms, peonies,
plums and cherries, evergreens, and all clashes of shrubs in
cultivation — also magnolias, are here. Besides all these, there are
hundreds of thousands of dwarf trees from five to five hundred
years old. Truly this is the most beautiful collection of its kind
in the world. The chrysanthemums were grand, from six hundred
to eight hundred varieties being on view. Among these were
about seventy altogether new varieties, which I obtained, — all
wonderful in color and shape. The gardeners, although unable to
speak more than a few words of English, readily understand when
you appreciate their work of cultivation. I visited their gardens
several times and was most courteously received. They are great
seedsmen. Most of their plants are growing in bamboo baskets
or glazed pots so that they are ready for removal at any time.
They are dwarf, well rooted, compact plants of all growths.

I visited every place of note in Yokohama where I might expect
to find a chrysanthemum, and discovered one or two new varieties
in each place. These I generally obtained on the spot, though
this is not an easy thing to do at all times. It is impossible to
purchase from the gardeners of the gentry. The latter are digni-
fied with the title of noblemen and stand high in the esteem of the
people, while they are as proud as the most ancient of the British
nobility, and would refuse to sell anything which they have in
their handsome grounds. It is, therefore, necessary in some way
to become intimate with the gentlemen themselves or to placate
the servant. To do this of course one has to use his brains, and
a little stratagem when desirous, of securing specimens in their
possession. Above all else it is necessary to satisfy these people
that the transfer is purely a matter of friendship and that you
have no intention to use the plants for commerce or othei-wise than
for your own private collection in another country. They object
to all commerce when the garden is concerned, and will not sell
even to the dealer of Japan.

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In this way I visited nearly one hundred places in Yokohama
and saw scores of old and beautiful plants which money could not
purchase.

From Yokohama I went to Tokio, the capital of Japan and
the residence of the Mikado, with its many temples and grandly
wooded grounds, filled with children at play and dapper little
mothers, themselves scarcely more than children in appearance,
carrying their infants on their backs as though they had no
weight ; joking artd gossiping with each other, the happiest mortals
in creation. The palace of the Mikado is a large and handsome
structure surrounded by most beautiful grounds. But beside this,
there are in Tokio many gardens scarcely inferior; all contain
most curious trees and shrubs and are carefully kept. Here I saw
one of the best collections of chrysanthemums in Japan. The
Imperial gardens are difficult of access ; indeed, there is no admit-
tance at all when the Mikado is residing at the palace. However,
I managed to obtain the favor of a sight of this great home of
the Japanese flower, and feasted my eyes on a vision of beauty
for a brief space.

Tokio abounds in elegant parks and drives, and possesses a fine
museum which would put to shame many of those seen in Europe.
In the great park may be seen almost every animal known, with
birds and monkeys innumerable. The Imperial Botanical Garden,
is one any country might well be proud of, for there is to be seen
one of the largest collections of named plants in the world.*
While there I met a botanical student with whom I entered into
conversation, and he informed me that there were no less than
eighteen thousand named varieties in these grounds. He pointed
out some beautiful spots laid out in an artistic manner. There
were many beautiful palms, and other trees, shrubs, and green-
house plants.

Dangozaka, the great chrysanthemum garden, is about fifteen
minutes' walk from the Uyeno Park, and is situated on the slope of
a hill. In this place it has been the custom, from the days of the
Tokujiro Shoguns, to arrange chrysanthemum flowers deftly, to
represent notable persons, birds, or animals, or to tell of some
event in history. As the visitor approaches from the street, flags
and banners seem to invite him, and the showmen tell of the great
skill they have to show. The visitor pays the fee, a few " sen,"*

* Nine of these coins equal one cent of United States money.

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 181

and is led forward by a man who explains the allegory. The
costumes of the figures are composed of chrysanthemums ; the
faces are carved in wood or plaster, the whole being realistic
in appearance. The construction of these models is most interest-
ing. First a frame of bamboo of the required size, is made, and
the plants, growing in pots, are arranged in the rear of this frame in
such a manner that neither stems nor pots can be seen from the
front. Then the blooms are drawn through and arranged in
artistic fashion among moss on the front of the frame. These
models last for about a month, and old and young go to view the
show, which is considered one of the great events of the year.
Other places which I visited in this vicinity are Megura, Asakusa,
Simei-Iriya, Hanka Yen, Senzokumura, and Kusubun-at-Honjo.

On Sunday afternoon, after visiting the chrysanthemum show,
and when about half a mile from the palace, I came across a vast
concourse of people who were evidently holding a celebration of
some kind ; there must have been sixty thousand men, women, and
children. Horse racing, dancing, and all kinds of games were in
progress, and everyone seemed to be delighted. As I got near
to the crowd I was surrounded by a host of happy, smiling, little
girls who seemed to think I was a modern Gulliver, for they
greatly admired my size, which is much above that of the average
Japanese. I could not but remark how pretty these little dolls
were in their nice, silk dresses, with their hair tastefully braided.
In all my experience I never saw so orderly a crowd. There was
no jostling or hustling, but all seemed to be willing to help each
other enjoy themselves.

I found many curiosities and novelties in Tokio, and that
Sunday afternoon as I stood watching those people at play, I pro-
cured one of my finest specimens from off a handcart. But it
was not until I had done a great deal of talking that I could
persuade the man to sell it to me.

In Tokio I came across the lotus gardens, covering seven acres
of land. The Lotus is highly prized by the natives. To them it
is the symbol of purity, as it grows in the mud but brings forth
a lovely flower. A good man, untarnished with the vices of his
friends or contemporaries, is called " Deichu no nachisu," or a
lotus in the mud. The flower represents, secondly, virtue, as its
fragrance sweetens the air in its vicinity ; thirdly, it represents
siugle-mindedness, as it has no branches, and fourthly, it repre-
sents usefulness, as its root is edible.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

From Tokio I went to Nikho, another great city, which stands
on the rise of a hill, and is noted for its magnificent temples and
its picturesque situation among a range of exceedingly high hills.
For a man who loves Nature there could be nothing more delightful
than to roam among these mountains, clad as they are with such a
wealth of foliage of all shades. These mountains extend for
twenty miles, and every step reveals some new wonder. It would
be impossible were I to attempt it, to do justice in words to this
grand scenery. When I was there all creation seemed to wear its
best garb. The trees were all in handsome foliage of every
hue ; the maples were perfectly magnificent, while palms, rho-
dodendrons, azaleas, hydrangeas, honeysuckles, weigelas, and
deutzias, were equally grand, all growing spontaneously together.
Hydrangeas, in great variety, over twenty feet in height, were to
be seen growing wild. On one mountain side there were twenty-
four varieties of shrubs growing in a space of twenty-five feet
square. These were so thick that it would have been impossible
to get through them. I felt that I should dearly like to spend
years in the study of the many grand plants on these mountains,
being sure that there were among them many novelties, yet undis-
covered by us. On one occasion I came to a grand waterfall on
the mountain side, the top of which was a crevice some four
hundred feet high. At that time I was being carried in a basket
on the shoulders of four men. It was impossible for even the
accommodating rikisha to get along here ; the foothold was not
more than three or four feet wide in places. These men are so
accustomed to carrying people up the mountains that their step is
as sure as that of a goat. So I was carried up eight or ten miles.
The effect of the landscape was glorious in the extreme. In one
place two hundred feet below a waterfall, I saw a bush at the
foot of the ravine, covered with bright red berries, and at the risk
of a fall, I climbed down to see what it was. I found it to be a
Barberi-y bush, but surpassing anything I had ever seen before
for the brilliancy of its color, which was a dark carmine or
crimson. This was the only plant of its kind I saw, and I pro-
cured all the berries or seed. I planted them at home and am
glad to say that they seem to be doing well. Near this place
there is a Japanese tea-house, an accommodation common all over
the country and which takes the place of our own roadside hotel.
To this some friends with myself had previously forwarded

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 183

substantial refreshment, and a rest and a bottle of lager beer were
very enjoyable, with the cool breeze coming from a large lake
close by ; we were then up some four hundred feet high. This
lake is several miles in extent and feeds the waterfalls. One
would wonder how so large a volume of water could be gathered
from the hills at such an altitude, although the range is from two
thousand to four thousand feet in height. On another occasion
four jinrikisha men carried me up these mountains, and I picked
about one hundred varieties of seeds from plants growing there.

Near the temple of Nikho I saw some fine specimens of Cryp-
tomeria Japonica. One morning, going out early, as was my
wont, I came to a tea-house, and there saw growing in the yard a
magnificent collection of chrysanthemums. There were four
pretty Japanese girls sitting on the veranda of the house, and I
asked permission to step in to look at a particular flower more
closely. At first they seemed afraid to allow me to enter, but
soon they not only invited me in, but handed me tea in one of
their tiny cups. I praised the flowers and they seemed pleased
and offered me some of them. The young girl who seemed to
own the flowers, took up the specimen I most admired, retaining
only a side shoot for herself, and that she planted where the other
had been. I was pleased to get the plant and offered to pay for
it, but this she would not listen to, saying she was much pleased
to give it to me, and in the hearty fashion of the country told me
to call again. In the meantime she had asked my name and gave
hers in return, which was Toh Me. I promised to go again in the
evening, seven o'clock being agreed upon as the time. Accord-
ingly at that time I went again, but then I was accompanied by
some friends who were equally desirous of seeing something of
the inner life of the people of the country. When we got there
the girls seemed astonished to see that I was not alone. I soon
put them at ease, however, by saying they were my friends.
Slippers were handed to eacli, and when we had put these on we
stepped into a dainty little room, and tea and supper were handed
round. After the ladies had taken a whiff of tobacco from one
of their tiny pipes, without which no Japanese girl could exist,
they retired. Presently a screen was drawn back disclosing
an adjoining room into which directly after, the girls all stepped,
but dressed in the flowing dancing costume of the country. Two
of the girls sat down in separate corners of the room and played

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on the peculiar musical instruments which they use, singing at
the same time. The other girls then commenced to dance. But
what dancing that was ! The highly paid premier dancers who
come here year by year from Italy and France, do not compare
with these girls in ease and grace. The dance of the Japanese
is in itself a poem. It is always intended to represent some
phase of life, and is readily interpreted by those who have lived
there any length of time. We spent two hours very pleasantly
here, an old lady handing round refreshments as the entertainment
progressed, and when we left it was with the request to come
again.

From Nikho we went to Mineosta, then to Shidyawa and
Yogoya, finally arriving at Kioto, where we stayed a week. This
is one of the finest cities of Japan, and it was here we found the
best chrysanthemums. They were to be seen in evei'y garden, and
I secured some very handsome varieties, among which are many
of an entirely new class. Here I visited some of the great rice
farms and the noted orangeries, together with some of the great
mountains. This place, like all Japanese cities, has many hand-
some temples ; and one, which is in course of erection, has already
cost over $6,000,000. It is a most wonderful structure, with
immense arches enriched with delicate carving of every conceiv-
able kind, including many floral designs of most poetical concep-
tion. Around this temple again are shrines erected to the memory
of departed friends, and these are equally elaborate in their
decoration.

On one of the farms near here, I saw no less than eight acres
of Lilium auratum bulbs and five acres of Caladium esculentum
roots, sweet potatoes, buckwheat, and four acres of lotus. The
farmer claimed to have thirty varieties of lotus and I secured
some of each, although the nurserymen and city dealers do all
they can to prevent strangers dealing directly with the grower.

In another place I saw six acres of pseonies of all ages, and
three acres covered with young plum, cherry, and peach trees in
all stages. These were being grown for shipment. Persimmons
were plenty and mulberry trees were grown by the acre. The
latter were cultivated for the rearing of silkworms, which is a
great industry in this neighborhood. In the ravines between the
great mountains here, the ground is perfectly yellow with the fruit
of orange trees.

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 185

While I was in Kioto I went to Sacco, about one hundred miles
distant, to visit the finest chrysanthemum show in Japan. Sacco is
a very large city, all laid out in squares, the streets running in
perfectly straight lines for four miles, from north to south,
each from fifteen to twenty feet wide, with equally straight
cross streets. This arrangement gives the place a very neat
appearance, the houses being low and built closely together. In
the show there were thirty different classes of chrysanthemums,
all arranged in booths built of bamboo, each class by itself. Speci-
men plants were grown in almost every conceivable shape, showing
remarkable skill in cultivation, four or five kinds being grown in
one pot, and trained to make a perfect pyramid of flowers of
different colors. Few people can realize how surprised I was to
see this marvellous display, after all the many wonderful shows
I had seen in Japan. The varieties and classes were perfectly
gorgeous, and so grand that I could not have believed such an
efl'ect possible. After a careful examination and deciding in my
own mind what I should like to take away, I asked if I could
purchase any. At first I was refused, but after considerable talk
and when I had convinced the people that I wanted them for
private use and to take out of the country, making a solemn
promise to that effect, I was told I might have some. I began to
point out such as I should like from those in the exhibition, but I
was told that I could not take any of those on view, but must
select from others growing on a plot of land in the rear of the
exhibition, where there were the same varieties in the open air.
Imagine my further astonishment when. a bamboo gate was opened
and I saw over a quarter of an acre of land literally covered with
plants, all named, two or three of every kind and more of some.
Many of these plants were from seven to eight feet high, with
flowers from seven to fourteen inches in diameter. The gentleman
who owned the place was old and feeble, and his wife sent the head
gardener to accompany me while I made my choice. I went over
the whole place row by row to all the classes and when I had got
through I had no less than one hundred and seventy-five varieties.
I returned to Kioto very much pleased as you may suppose, and
hastened to Yokohama once more to get my treasures safely
started off for Boston. I had by this time gathered in all about
four hundred varieties of chrysantliemums, beside other plants.
Among these were one hundred varieties of maple, seventy-five

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

varieties of tree paeouies, fifty varieties of herbaceous paeonies,
fifty varieties of plums, fifty varieties of ctierries, fifty varieties
of flowering peaches, six varieties of hydrangeas, one of these
being the rarest plant in Japan ; numerous varieties of ornamental
trees, some of which are fifty, one hundred, and two hundred
years old, with twenty varieties of lilies, besides lotuses, rhodo-
dendrons, azaleas, magnolias, evergreens in great variety, wista-
rias, citron and oracge trees, and six varieties of bamboo.
Some of these I brought with me and the remainder I expect to
arrive next month.

I left Yokohama on my return journey November 29, again
sailing in the Peru, after I had seen all my plants on board. One
palm I carried aboard in my hand and brought in my stateroom,
along with a pretty little Japanese dog, which some friends had
given me while in the mountains. We had a pleasant voyage and
I arrived in San Francisco in fifteen days. After seeing my
plants on the train there, en route for Boston, I remained two
days in that city. I then left for Pasadena by the Southern
Pacific route, and there I stayed at the magnificent Raymond
Hotel, which is under the management of Colonel Wentworth,
who was formerly at the White Mountains. This hotel is situated
on a hill with vast mountains on the one side, and a valley extend-
ing for miles on the other. For many miles before you reach the
hotel this huge mountain can be seen. The Raymond is a
spacious house, elegantly furnished and fitted with the most
approved modern conveniences, and possesses a splendid staff of
servants. It is a place where any one will feel at home. Here I
met Mr. Charles H. Hovey — son of the late Mr. Charles M. Hovey,
of Cambridge — who is the Superintendent of the extensive grounds
and greenhouses. He was pleased to see a Boston face in his far
away home, and took pleasure in showing me over the grounds,
which are beautifully laid out with forest trees and ornamental
shrubs, and also groves of Navel orange trees, many of which are
fine specimens. In the grounds I saw many varieties of carnation
pinks, larger and of a better color than any I had ever seen
before. These were all of his own raising. Here, too, were
many hundreds of American Beauty roses in perfection. One
greenhouse was filled with cinerarias, which reflected great credit
upon the skill of Mr. James Barratt, the gardener, who was
formerly with the late Mr. Charles M. Hovey. There were also

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 187

some fine cypripecliums and other orchids. The whole place was
in excellent condition and did credit to the management. Mr.
Eaymond has expended a large amount of money on this hotel
and everything about it is of the very best. Here I saw some
wonderful specimens of palms growing out-doors. Mr. Hovey,
on the second day of my stay, invited me to accompany him in a
drive to Los Angeles, which proved to be a treat. This is com-
paratively a new city, only fifty years old, and yet there are many
beautiful trees and palms there — Araucarias from thirty to forty feet
high, and palms from twenty to thirty feet high — with a great variety
of other trees and shrubs, which all seem to thrive. Altogether I
was delighted with my visit to this pretty place.

I arrived at Chicago, December 20th, and at once proceeded to
Boston, which I reached in a miserable snow-storm. After so
recently leaving a tropical climate, where the average temperature
during my stay was sixty-five degrees, the change was great,
I assure you.

Japan is a paradise for travellers. There everyone has an
opportunity to practice the lost art of politeness, for civility is a
common virtue, even among the lower classes. I mastered
sufficient of the language in five days to get along pretty well, and
make myself understood ; although the peculiarity of the rather dis-
cordant dialect is such that you can learn it one day and forget it
the next more easily than anything else I know of. The guide
books are excellent, and the jinrikisha men are most faithful and
intelligent attendants. A rikisha is a two-wheeled conveyance,
after the style of an old English gig, and is drawn in a comfortable
and rapid manner by a native, who is at once driver and motive
power, your guide, your servant, your loyal adviser and friend.
Europeans too often go to Japan with an idea that the native is some-
thing inferior to themselves, and so they treat them much as they
might a dog ; but the Jap is quick to detect this, and he will
resent it. On the other hand if you treat them with due respect
they discover that as quickly, and then they will do anything in
their power to please. They are wonderfully keen in their
discrimination of human character, and will not make friends if
not satisfied on a first introduction. ,

The Japanese men dote on women. The latter are exceedingly
submissive, attentive to your wants, and pleasing in manner;
they are shy, demure little dolls, and seem to be ahvays happy.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

They make excellent housewives. On several occasions I was
invited to take tea with Europeans who have taken unto themselves
Japanese wives. In each of these cases I found the children well
educated in English and music, and the mothers very accomplished.
One Scotch gentleman who had married a Japanese woman had a
pretty little family, two girls and a boy, and I was surprised to
find how well they were educated.

The home in Japan is very sacred, no stranger or foreigner is
allowed to enter there. You may go to their residence and visit
certain rooms, but you will never be allowed to put your foot into
the inner sanctuary. There are in Yokohama alone some six
thousand Europeans, and many of these are married to natives,
although it is but little over thirty years since foreigners were first
allowed to settle there. The guides are particularly interesting in
their way, but like the guides of European countries they have
learned their lesson and repeat it parrot fashion, and like those of
other countries often point out what they call wonderful things,
but which are anything but such. When I was at Nikho the
guide said he would show me a tree I had never seen before.
This turned out to be a camellia, about twenty feet in height,
which was completely covered by mistletoe. Truly it did look
peculiar, but when I told the man what it was he seemed to be
dreadfully put about.

The theatres of Tokio are grand, and I was surprised by the
size and beauty of the Imperial Opera House, which I visited, and
was equally pleased with the music and dancing. The Imperial
box, in which we sat, faces the stage in the middle of the house,
and below it is a range of smaller boxes in each of which is seen
the everlasting little stove for making tea. I was greatly amused
when there to see a Japanese just below me in one of the smaller
boxes — he was a large man for a native, but nothing like my
weight — standing up and beckoning me to go to his box. He
drew the attention of the whole house to our box by his antics and
his calling out to me, " You big, you big." Of course I did not
go down to him, but directly after two pretty little girls, who were
with the big Jap, came up to our box and sat down one on each
side of me and remained there through the performance, laughing
and joking, and seemed greatly to admire my corpulence.

The Japanese gardens are the most fairy-like places. You see
there growing tiny trees and flowering plants, diversified with

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 189

ponds, bridges, paths, summer houses, lanterns, and all things
necessary to make the scene beautiful. Here are dwarf pines, six
or eight inches high, known to have existed one hundred and
twenty-five years, and others a foot high and five hundred years
old. In the garden of Yeiju-in, standing within the temple
grounds, there are many pseony plants, mostly old, but one which
is one hundred years of age. It is about eight feet high and is
quite a tree.

Most of the soil of Japan is ji rich peaty loam, but this is
interspersed with a yellow, light clayey soil. Both these are
extremely fertile, and in each there seems to be planted that which
is peculiar to the ground. The fertilizer most commonly used is
rice straw, cut into small pieces as though it had been through a
hay cutter; but the people depend almost entirely upon the
irrigation from the rivers, the soil being most prolific. Yet it is
most carefully cultivated. A weed or a waste piece of land will
not be seen in a long railway journey. The farmer seems to
utilize every bit of land in his possession. The farming instru-
ments, however, are very crude. A spade is never seen, and the
only implement is the big bog hoe, with a blade about four inches
wide. The ground is light, and after turning it over with the hoe
it is left for two or three days, exposed to the sun. Then it is
levelled down and the seed sown. Everything but rice iscarefullj'
planted in straight rows* Occasionally one may see a black bull
hitched to an ancient looking insti'ument, which is dignified by the
name of plough, but it is so small that it looks more like a toy
than anything else. Women and men are engaged in the fields,
and while I was there they were harvesting rice. The manner in
which they threshed the rice was singular. Women and j'oung
children draw the straw across what seems to be a saw on a saw
horse and the teeth caught the rice and separated it.

It is a matter of some wonder to our own gardeners how the
Japanese curtail the growth of their plants as they do, while we
find pleasure in increasing their size. There is as much art in
keeping down the growth, and having dwarf plants, as in extend-
ing the growth. After consideration and noticing the plants in
Japan, my opinion is that the glazed or marble pots they use, and
which are not porous, retain moisture longer without watering,
and it is not necessary to repot so often. I mean to test this by
experience. If you ask a Japanese how he does this, he

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

immediately avoids the question and turns to something else.
How they do manage to keep down the plants to this small size is
a matter of conjecture only. But I noticed that all over Japan
they use very finely sifted soil for potting, and make it very firm
and tight round the roots. They seem to understand the true art
of watering, and this, it appears to me, is the main secret of their
success.

Nature and art go hand in hand in Japan. The people never
try to appear to be other than they are, and never force things.
By this I mean there is none of that eternal rush we have here.
The native takes things easy and never hurries. They are a clever
and industrious people. They are perhaps the cleanest in the
world, and take their bath two or three times a day^ with the
water almost at boiling heat, and this is practised as much in the
country as in the cities. The bath tub is everywhere. During
my visit I went through several silk and vase factories and was
surprised to see the beautiful specimens of work done, even by
children of only five to ten years old. They were making vases
and other porcelain ware which would take as long as eleven months
for the completion of a single piece, because of the amount of
labor, and the time necessary to dry the work at each stage.
They are equally clever in needle- work.

If tourists wish to renew their life, I should say by all means go
to Japan instead of Europe ; there they may have enjoyment and
rest. Besides, the beauty of the country has no end. Long as I
have cultivated the chrysanthemum I had never seen a flower until
I went to Japan, where everyone loves it. I visited five hundred
places where the flower is cultivated, and these were only the
principal gardens in a few of the large cities.

I do not desire that anyone should think by my reading this
paper that I want to say I have seen Japan. I have only seen
what is comparatively a very small portion of that wonderful
country. Some people speak of going to Japan and having seen
it, but too often they have only had a glimpse of it. You do not
see Japan by looking through its temples, or riding over its
mountains, grand as they are. You need to go among the people
— among all classes, and into the backyards as well as the front-
yards to find what there is to know. In the most unlikely places
you will find the most curious novelties. It is the same in the
country, among the rice fields, and there you will meet what may

A VISIT TO JAPAN. 191

be termed the lowest stratum of society. But go where you will
you will find politeness and a refined manner, even among the
humblest. It seems to be born in them ; especially is this the case
with the women, who always answer you with a smile and a bow.
If I have afforded my hearers any pleasure, I can only say I
feel repaid for any trouble I have been at in preparing this paper.
On the table will be seen photographs of some of the places I
visited in Japan, which are open to your inspection. From time
to time I hope to be able to show in this room some of the results
of my trip to Japan.

A number of photographs of Japanese persons, travellers, the
rikisha, views, colored drawings of plant leaves ; a large screen
of intricate design in needle-work, done by children of ten to
twelve years of age ; a living plant of Sago Palm, one hundred
and twenty-five years old, in a pot — about seven inch — in which
it has been kept during the last fifty years ; also a very pretty and
engaging little Japanese dog, were exhibited by Mr. Comley, as
illustrations of points in his paper.

O. B. Hadwen, the Chairman of the Committee on Discussion,
announced that this was the last lecture of this course. On his
motion, a vote of thanks to Mr. Comley, for his graphic and very
interesting lecture, was unanimously passed.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Prefatory Note, 3

Business Meeting, January 7, 1893; Appointment of Secretary -pro tern,
p. 5 ; Address of President Spooner, 5, 6 ; Address of President Kidder,
7-9; Member proposed, 9; Report of Committee on Extermination of
Insect Pests, etc., 9; Committee on Portrait of President Spooner, 9;
Appropriations for 1893, 9, 10; Appointment of Secretary and jTreas-
urer, 10; Committee on President's Address, 10; Chairman of Com-
mittee on Plants, 10; Announcement of Meetings for Discussion, 10;
Four members elected, 10, 11

Business Meeting, January 14; Members proposed, p. 11 ; Report of Com-
mittee on Window Gardening read, 11; Committee on Portrait of
President Spooner, 11 ; Committee on President's Address, 11 ; Reduc-
tion of Postage on Agricultural and kindred matter, .... n

Meeting for Discussion; Village Improvement, by B. 6. Northrop, pp.

12-24; Discussion, 24, 25

Business Meeting, January 21 ; Members proposed, 26

Meeting for Discussion; Landscape Gardening, by Warren H. Manning,

pp. 26-40; Discussion, 40-44

Business Meeting, January 28; Finance Committee added to Executive

Committee, to consider President's Address, 44

Meeting for Discussion; Historical Sketch of English Horticulture, by

Samuel Henshaw, pp. 44-55; Discussion, 55-57

Bu-siNESS Meeting, February 4; Report of Treasurer read, p. 57; Exter-
mination of Caterpillars, 57; Committee on Window Gardening, 57;
Committee on Arrangement of Meetings, 57; Five members elected, . 58

Meeting for Discussion; The Economics of Horticulture, by Hon. Henry

L. Parker, 58-70 ; Discussion. \. . . 70-73

Business Meeting, February 11 ; Committee on Arrangement of Meetings,

p. 73; Prizes for Reports, 73

Meeting for Discussion; Combating the Fungous Diseases of Plants, by

B. T. Galloway, pp. 73-85; Discussion, 85 8T

11 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PAGE

Business Meeting, February 18; Announcement of Lecture on the High-
ways of New Jersey, 87, 88

Meeting for Discussion; Wild Flowers and Ferns, by Mrs. P. D. Rich-
ards, pp. 88-103; Discussion 103-109

Business Meeting, February 25 109

Meeting for Discussion ; The Carnation and its Culture, by Richard T.

Lombard, pp. 109-120; Discussion 120-123

Business Meeting, March 4, 123

Meeting for Discussion; Poisonous Plants, by Professor William P.

Brooks, pp. 123-139; Discussion, 140-144

Business Meeting, March 11, 144

Meeting for Discussion; Aquatic Plants and their Culture, by L. W.

Goodell 144-157

Business Meeting, March 18, 157

Meeting for Discussion; Tuberous Rooted Begonias, by John G. Barker,

pp. 157-167; Discussion . 167-171

Business Meeting, March 25, 171, 172

Meeting for Discussion; A Visit to Japan, by James Comley, pp. 172-191;

Closing Proceedings, 191

TRANSACTIONS

mu\nsttt8 §oxtmlimnl ^ocitii

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

PART II.

BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
1894.

TRANSACTIONS

^^nssaduiisi^tts g0vticultuval ^mtt^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 1, 1893.
A duly uotified Stated Meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

George E. Davenport announced the decease, on March 28, of
E. H. Hitchings, of whom he spoke as a most valuable and
valued member of the Society ; who had been one of the most
conspicuous figures in it, and who had done much to educate the
community in a knowledge of native plants. He moved that a
committee of three be appointed to prepare a memorial of Mr.
Hitchings. This motion was carried, and the Chair appointed as
that Committee, Mr. Davenport, Edwin Faxon, and Mrs. P. D.
Richards.

On recommendation of the Executive Committee

Hon. J. Sterling Morton, of Washington, D. C,
Secretary of Agriculture, was elected an Honorary Member of the
Society.

B. E. Fernow, of Washington, D. C,
Chief of the Divisio^of Forestry, IT. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, and

William Trelease, of St. Louis, Mo.,
Director of tlie Missouri Botanic Garden, were elected Correspond-
ing Members of the Society.

H. A. SiEBRECHT, of Ncw Rochellc, N. Y., and

Mrs. S. H. Coleman, of Jamaica Plain,
having been recommended by tlie Executive Committee as
members of the Society, were on ballot duly elected.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Secretary read a letter addressed to the President by
Samuel Henshaw, Secretary of the Boston Society of Natural
History, inviting the members to attend a lecture before the
Society of Natural History, by Professor George L. Goodale, on
Wednesday evening. The thanks of the Society were voted for
this kind and courteous invitation, and it was also voted that the
card accompanying it be posted in the Library Room.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, stated that the Committee would be obliged to those
having in mind subjects which they deemed proper for considera-
tion at the next season's meetings for discussion, if they would
leave a memorandum of such subjects with the Secretar}^ of the
Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 6.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 6, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Hon. George M. Brooks, of Concord, was proposed by Charles
E. Richardson as a Life Member of the Society.

0. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on the Columbian
Exposition, read a report of the doings of the Committee, and
asked that the Committee be discharged, and that the Treasurer of
the Society be directed to pay such bills for necessary expenses
incurred, as should be audited and approv^ by the Committee.
It was voted that the report be accepted and the Committee
discharged, and that the Treasurer pay such bills for necessary
expenses as should be approved by the Committee.

George E. Davenport, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of the late Ebenezer H.
Hitchings, read the following :

Preamble and Resolutions of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society on the death of Ebenezer Herring Hitchings.

MEMORIAL OF E. H. HITCHINGS. 197

On Tuesday, March 28, 1893, aud ou his eighty-fifth birthday,
there passed from this life, a member of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, who for many years has been a conspicuous
figure in the rooms of the Society, aud whose instructive exhibi-
tions of native plants have not only made his name widely known
and dear to all lovers of Nature's floral beauties, but whose
earnest enthusiasm, communicating itself to others, made for him
a host of friends who will cherish his memory so long as thej^
live.

Such was the freshness aud buoyancy of his spirits, and the
strength of his love for Nature's charms, which seemed to increase
Avith increasing years, that some of us, although not unmindful of
the inevitable certainty of the summons which, sooner or later,
comes to us all, had come almost to believe that somewhere,
during his intercourse with Nature, he had indeed discovered the
fountain of perpetual youth, whose magical waters had given to
him exemption from the common lot of man.

But we are awakened from this dream to the reality of that
which we call Death, and today we are here to pa}^ our tribute to
our friend, whose taking away came to us with all the suddenness
of the shock which comes to one from the unexpected death of
some dear one suddenly, in all the strengtii of youth.

But he has left to us a precious legacy, in the lesson of his life,
and those of us who, lilve him, love the wild flowers and Nature,
may point with pride to the loveliness of his declining years and
exclaim : Behold the influence upon the human soul of that which
beautifies old age and makes life worth the living even to the end !

To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the loss of such a
man as he whose death we now deplore, with his immeasurable
influence for good in the educational direction of its work, is so
great — leaving as it does, a void which it will be difficult to fill —
that we can only feebly express our deep sense of it in any
resolutions we may frame and place upon record.

Desiring, however, to show in some manner our appreciation of
the life work of our departed brother member, and to pay that
tribute of respect due to his memory, we do hereby

Resolve, That it is with feelings of the profoundest sorrow that
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society records the death of
Ebenezer Herring Hitchings, an old and valued member of the
Society, whose unflagging interest in its welfare characterized his

198 MASSACHUSETTS HOIiTICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

long aud useful membership, and whose constant and earnest
endeavors to create an interest in, and love for our native plants,
and to disseminate throughout the community a knowledge of the
rare and choice things to be found in Nature, through the medium
of frequent exhibitions of the best in their seasons, from year to
year, gave to the service of his membership an unusual importance
and value, thereby making his loss all the greater. Therefore, be
it also

Resolved, That this Society, Avhile thus recording its sorrow for
the death of Mr. Hitchings, furthermore desires to place upon
record its appreciation of the character of the man, the value of
his membership and its sincere respect for his memory.

Resolved furthermore, That a copy of the Preamble and these
Resolutions be sent to the family of the deceased, as an
expression of the sympathj^ of this Society with them in their
bereavement.

George E. Davenport, )

Edwin Faxon, > Committee.

Josephine L. Richards, }

The adoption of the Resolutions was seconded by John C.
Hovey, who spoke of Mr. Hitchings as the first botanist placed on
the Flower Committee, and one of the first to exhibit native plants,
persevering in the work until their exhibition had reached its
present extent. Mr. Hovey concluded by expressing the hope that
in the future there may rise up those who will make his place good.

On puttiug the question on the adoption of the Resolutions the
President called for a rising vote, and ih&y were unanimously thus
adopted.

William B. S. Dowse of West Newton,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as an
Annual Member, was on ballot duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 3. ■

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 3, 1893.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden today at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

IMPROVEMENT OF ROADS. " 199

In the absence of the Secretary, the President appointed Miss
Charlotte M. Endicott Secretary pro tem.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as Members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

Thomas H. Lord, of Boston.

Hon. George M. Brooks, of Concord.

Charles N. Carter, of Boston.

Mrs. Naxcy J. BiGELOw, of Southborough.

Thomas E. Pigott, of Winthrop.

William C. G. Salisbury, of Brookline.

W. Clifford French, of Boston.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 1, 1893.
A duly notified Stated Meeting of the Society was holdeu at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported from that Committee a recommendation that the Society
make an additional appropriation of one hundred dollars for the
use of the Library Committee, for the purchase of magazines and
newspapers, binding of books, and incidental expenses of the
Committee. The report was accepted and the appropriation was
unanimously voted.

The Secretary read circulars from Col. Albert A. Pope, con-
cerning the improvement of roads. After discussion it was voted
that the President of the Society be authorized to petition the
Senate Committee of Congress, setting forth the importance of
good roads in relation to agriculture, and asking the Committee
to consider the expedieuc}' of legislation by Congress for the
improvement of roads.

The Secretary announced the receipt of a letter from Hon. J.
Sterling Morton, of Washington, D. C, Secretary of Agriculture,

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

acknowledging and accepting the Honorary Membership in this
Society to which he had been elected ; also letters from B. E.
Fernow of Washington, D. C, Chief of the Division of Forestry,
United States Department of Agriculture, and William Trelease,
of St. Louis, Mo., Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden,
acknowledging and accepting the Corresponding Memberships in
this Society, to which they had been elected ; and a letter from
Dr. George King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Calcutta, acknowledging the receipt of his Diploma as a Corres-
ponding Member of this Society.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were on
ballot duly elected :

Jabez a. Sawyer, of Cambridge.
William C. Barry, of Rochester, N. Y.
Col. Richard F. Barrett, of Concord.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 5, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President
appointed the following named members a Committee to nominate
candidates for officers and standing committees of the Society for
the next year :

William H. Spooner, Chairman.
J. D. W. French, E. W. Wood,

John G. Barker, Arthur H. Fewkes,

Samuel Hartwell, Benjamin M. Watson, Jr.

The Secretary read an invitation to the Society, from the Aus-
tralian Association for the Advancement of Science, to attend their
meeting at Adelaide, South Australia, commencing September 25,
1893. The thanks of the Society were voted for the invitation.

ANNUAL MEETING. 201

Miss Sarah Parker, of Roxbury,
haviug been recommended by the Executive Committee as a mem-
ber of the Society, was upon ballot duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 2, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to nominate candidates for officers and standing
committees of the Society for the year 1894, reported a printed
list, which was accepted. It was voted that the Committee be
continued, and requested to nominate candidates in place of any
who might decline before the election.

John C. Pakje, of Boston,
having been recommended b}' the Executive Committee as a
member of the Society, was on ballot duly elected.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 7, 1893.

A Stated Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
being the Annual Meeting for the choice of Officers and Standing
Committees, was holden today at eleven o'clock, the President,
Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chau-.

The Secretary stated that the meeting had been duly notified to
the members of the Society agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws.

On motion of William H. Spooner, it was voted tlmt the polls
bo opened and kei)t oi)on two hours.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Spooner as Chairmau of the Nominating Committee made
the additional report that the Committee had nominated Augustus
Parker as Vice-President, and Augustus Hemenway as member of
the Finance Committee, — both in place of Frederick L. Ames,
deceased. The report was accepted.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President
appointed William H. Hunt, O. B. Hadwen, and Samuel Hartwell
a Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given, and
report the number. The polls wej'e opened at a quarter past
eleven o'clock.

While the voting was in progress a letter from James Boyden
was read by William C. Strong, offering, in behalf of Miss Simp-
kins, of Yarmouthport, a Silver Cup, of the value of forty dollars,
to be awarded as a prize for the best twelve blooms of any pink
Chi-ysanthemum, other than Pompon, the stems to be not less than
two feet long, and the exhibit to be made in one vase at the
Chrysanthemum Show, November 7-10. It was voted that the
thanks of the Society be presented to Miss Simpkins for this
liberal prize, and that the Secretary prepare a circular announcing
it, to be sent to chrysanthemum growers.

The President made the oflicial announcement of the death of
Frederick L. Ames, whom he spoke of as a valuable friend of the
Society, and as one known the world over as a lover of horticul-
ture. On motion of Mr. Spooner it was voted that Professor
Charles S. Sargent, Dr. Henry P. Walcott, and Francis H.
Appleton be a Committee to prepare an expression of the feelings
of the Society in regard to the death of Mr. Ames.

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee as members of the Society, were upon
ballot duly elected :

Henry Sargent Hunnewell, of Wellesley.

Philip Codman, of Brookline.

John George Jack, of Jamaica Plain.

Albert A. H. Meredith, of Milton.

Akchibald Smith, of Somerville.

The following named persons were proposed as members :
Ellertou P. Whitney, of Milton, by Nathaniel T. Kidder, as a
Life Member.

MEMORIAL OF F. L, AMES. 203

Charles Eliot, of Miltou, proposed by Nathaniel T. Kidder,
as. a Life Member.

William Christie, of Newton, proposed by Charles N. Brackett,
as a Life Member.

The polls ATere closed at a quarter past one o'clock, and the
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes, and report
the number given, reported the whole number to be forty-six, and
that the persons named on the ticket reported by the Nominating
Committee had a plurality of the votes cast.

The report of the Committee was accepted, and the persons
reported as having a pluralit}' of votes were, agreeably to the
Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the President to be elected
Officers and Standing Committees of the Society for the year 1894.

Adjourned to Saturday', November 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 4, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The following named persons were proposed as members of the
Society :

Desmond Fitz Gerald, of Brookline, proposed by Nathaniel T.
Kidder.

Francis II. Peabody, of Boston, proposed b}' Nathaniel T.
Kidder, as a Life Member.

F. Tracey Hubbard, of Cambridge, proposed b}' Edward L.
Beard, as an Annual Member.

Francis Blake, of Weston, proposed by Benjamin M. Watson,
Jr., as a Life Member.

Francis H. Appleton, from the Committee appointed at the last
meeting to prepare an expression of the feelings of the Society in
regard to the death of Frederick L. Ames, presented the following :

Frederick Lothrop Ames,
Died September 13, 1893.

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Your Committee to whom was assigned the duty of preparing a.
Memorial of the late Hou. Fredericiv Lothrop Ames, to be placed
upon our records, respectfully submit the following tribute :

In 1865 Mr. Ames became a Life Member of our Society, and
he has taken a prominent part in promoting the objects for which
the Society was founded, in collecting, raising, and importing, in
great variety ; in contributing largely to our exhibitions, and
in giving of his knowledge and good judgment, while an important
officer since 1879.

It was largely, but by no means exclusively, through his wide
knowledge of orchids, and his wonderful collection of them —
probably the finest — that he was known throughout the horticul-
tural world. His ambition and success in establishing that noted
collection, surrounded in his glass houses by much of rare horti-
cultural beauty and in great variety, has resulted in having the
fame for this work credited not alone to Mr. Ames and his own
State, but also to our Nation. Honor to the man whose work
brings honor to his country !

Let us recall that this Society has been built up from small
beginnings, and has reached its present standing by the energy,
loyalty, and zeal of its members, guided by a wise and careful
regard for a safe and high standard as to its financial policy, until
it has become a movement of usefulness and a source of great
pride, not only to all its members, but to persons of ever}' degree
of horticultural taste, whether directed in the lines of business or
recreation.

It is largely due to Mr. Ames' guardianship of the careful
financial policy, which this Society has constantly maintained
from the beginning, that its usefulness in protecting and promot-
ing all horticultural interests is so great. He regarded the welfare
of this Society from a high and sound standpoint, knowing well
that constant improvement is the only principle under which that
standard can be maintained.

Mr. Ames was a member of the Executive Committee from
1879 until and including 1892, and a member of the Finance
Committee from 1882 until the time of his death. He was a
faithful and diligent servant of the Society upon this latter Com-
mittee, having its greatest usefulness always at heart. He was a
Vice President from 1886 until 1891, and also in 1893.

His love of rural life in all its varied forms, and his interest in
its development, made him a valued member. His generosity

APPROPRIATIONS FOR PRIZES.

205

in the promotiou of botanical research at Harvard Uuiversity
should be appreciated by all horticulturists. The knowledge that
he possessed of the details of horticultural managemeut would be
recognized as remarkable, especially when his extensive business
responsibilities are borne in mind.

His loss to our Societ}^ is great, and in recognition of his faith-
ful and useful services as an officer and member, we recommend
that these expressions be placed upon our records, and that a copy
be sent to the family of our late associate.

Charles S. Sargent, ^

Henry P. Walcott, v Committee.

Francis H. Appleton, I

The report was unanimously accepted and adopted.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee read
the following report :

At the regular meeting of the Executive Committee held Oct.
26, 1893, it was unanimously voted to recommend to the Society
to make the following appropriations for prizes and gratuities for
the year 1894:

For Plants,
" Flowers, .
" Fruits,
" Vegetables,
" Gardens,

Total,

$2,000
2,500
1,800
1,100

500

$7,900

The report was accepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws, was laid over for final action at the stated meeting on
the first Saturday in January, 1894.

William H. Spooner stated that important matters would come
before the Finance Connnittce during the present year, and moved
the election of Augustus Hemenway, to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of F. L. Ames. Mr. Hemenway was accordingly
elected.

Tlie following named persons, having been recommended by the
Pvxecutive Committee as members of the Society, were upon
ballot dulv elected :

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ellerton p. Whitney, of Milton.
Charles Eliot, of Milton.
William Christie, of Newton.
William Endicott, Jr., of Boston.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 2, 1893.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was liolden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens,
reported the awards made by that Committee during the present
year, and asked further time to prepare the remainder of the
report. The report was accepted and further time was granted.

Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman of the Committee on Flowers,
reported the amount awarded by that Committee in Prizes and
Gratuities to the present time, and asked further time to prepare
the remainder of his report. The report was accepted and further
time was granted.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, read the
Annual Report of that Committee, which was accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman of the Committee of Arrange-
ments read the Annual Report of that Committee, which was
accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication.

William C. Strong moved that a committee of three be
appointed by the Chair, to take proper notice of the death of
Ex-President Parkman. The motion was carried, and the Chair
said that he would announce the committee at the next meeting.

On motion of William H. Spooner it was voted that when the
Society adjourn it be for two weeks.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Establishing
Prizes, reported the Schedule of Prizes for the year 1894, as

ELECTION OF MEIVIBERS. 207

prepared by that Committee. On motion of Mr. Strong it was
voted that the Schedule be laid before the Society' in print at the
next meeting.

The Secretarj^ read a letter from Ernst H. Krelage, of Haai'lem.
Holland, presenting to the Library, as a souvenir of the visit
which he paid to it a short time ago, a rare book (which was laid
before the Societ}') on the Culture of Hyacinths and other bulbs.
The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Krelage for this
donation.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of
the Society :

Desmond Fitz Gerald, of Brookline.

Francis H. Peabody, of Boston.

F. Tracey Hubbard, of Cambridge.

Francis Blake, of Weston.

Frederick Cole, of Wellesley.

Theophilus D. Hatfield, of Wellesley.

Warren J. Robinson, of Somerville.

Thomas J. Rowland, of Nahant.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 16.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 16, 1893.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The President announced the Committee to prepare a memorial
of Ex-President Francis Parkman, as P^x-Presidents Henry P.
Walcott, William C. Strong, and Williahi H. Spooner.

Arthur E. Whitney, of Winchester, was proposed by Robert
Manning, as a Life Member of the Society.

Nathaniel I. Bowditch, of Frainingham, was proposed by J. D.
W. French, as a Life Member of the Society.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Schedule of Prizes for 1894 was, agreeably to the vote
passed at the last meeting, laid before the Societ}' in print. After
some discussion and amendment it was adopted and referred back
to the Committee on Establishing Prizes, to fix the date of the
Spring Exhibition, with full powers.

Dr. Walcott, Chairman of the Committee to prepare a memorial
of Ex-Presideut Parkmau, reported the following :

Francis Parkman died at Jamaica Plain, November 8, 1893.

Literary societies have already fitly commemorated the loss of
our greatest historian ; our oldest university has publicly rehearsed
to a younger generation the lessons of the life of the scholar who,
conquering a frail and suffering body, carried to completion the
great work which in youth he had selected for the labor of a life-
time.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society here records its loving
remembrance of one of its most active and interested associates.

He was for three years the energetic and wise President of this
Society. He practised the art of gardening with a success rarely
equalled by those even who have devoted their lives to that
occupation. He was the first Professor of Horticulture in the
Uuiversit}^ at Cambridge. He introduced to cultivation in this
country many new and attractive plants. He produced new
varieties in the lily and the poppy, which will long adorn the
gardens of the world, and he wrote one of our most useful books
on the rose and its culture.

No man gave to the art, to the encouragement of which this
Society is dedicated, a more loving or devoted service.

For the Committee,

H. P. Walcott.

December 16, 1893.

After remarks by Mr. Strong, of the Committee, the memorial
was unanimously adopted, and it was voted that it be entered on
the records of the Society, and that a copy be sent to the family
of Mr. Parkman.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
read the annual report of that Committee.

William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Committee on the
Library, read the annual report of that Committee.

EXTENDING GALLERY IN LIBRARY ROOM. 209

Robert Manning read his annual report as Secretary and
Librarian.

These three reports were severally accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

Francis H. Appleton moved that a committee be appointed,
agreeably to the request in the Report of the Library Committee,
to obtain an estimate of the cost of extending the gallery in the
Library Room, around the Librarian's room. At the suggestion
of the President the vote was amended so as to refer the matter to
the Executive and Finance Committees, who were already charged
with the consideration of the subject of better accommodations
for the Exhibitions and Library. As thus amended the vote was
unanimously carried in the affirmative.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Flowers was submitted
by the Secretary, who read a note from Arthur H. Fewkes, Chair-
man, stating that he was too ill to attend the meeting. It was
voted that the reading of the report be postponed until the next
meeting.

The meeting was then dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

By DAVID ALLAN, Chairman.

During the year 1893, the sum of $1,686 was awardedjm Prizes
and Grratuities for Plants, leaving an unexpended balance of $314.

March 4, Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, was
awarded a Silver Medal for a new first-class Rose, — a hybrid
between Gen. Jacqueminot and the single Bosa rugosa.

At the Spring Exhibition, March 21-24, a Silver Medal was
awarded to Francis Brown Hayes for Cycas revoluta.

June 13, a Silver Medal was awarded to F. Sanders, of St.
Albans, England, for Draccena Sanderiana.

July 29, Hou. Joseph S. Fay received the award of a Gold
Medal for Superior Cultivation of Hydrangeas.

At the Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, September 6
and 7, Silver Medals were awarded to George McWilliam for
display of Caladium argyrites ; Nathaniel T. Kidder for Davallia
Fijiensis ; Joseph H. White for Nephrolepis exaltata ; and Pitcher
& Manda of Short Hills, N. J., for Araucaria excelsa compacta,
a grand evergreen sub-tropical shrub.

The Annual Chrysanthemum Show was held on the 7th, 8th, 9th
and 10th of November, when several growers staffed the finest

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 211

plants ever shown at any exhibition in the United States. The
varieties were :

A. Fewkes. Louis Boehmer.

Canning. Mrs. Bishop.

Grancliflora. President Hyde.

Ivory. Puritan.

J. H. White. W. A. Falconer.

Lincoln. W. B. Smith.

In the next season we expect even better results, the prizes
offered being within the reach of the small as well as the large
growers.

For the Committee,

DAVID ALLAN,

Chairman.

212

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS.

February 4.

Lachenalias. — Three six-inch pots, John L. Gardner

Gratuities : —

George M. Anderson, Display of Cyclamens
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Heaths, etc.
I^athaniel T. Kidder, Acacia heterophylla
■George B. Gill, two pots of Narcissuses
John L. Gardner, Freesias

February 25.

Gratuity : —

Charles E. Eichardson, Seedling Amaryllis

$5 00

6 GO
3 GO
2 GO
1 00
1 GO

2 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 21, 22, 23, and 24.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties, in pots, Nathaniel

T.Kidder

Second, Francis Brown Hayes .......

Orchids. — Ten plants in bloom, the second prize to E. W. Gilmore

Society^ s Prizes.

Indian Azaleas. — Two distinct named varieties, in not exceeding
ten-inch pots, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Second, Francis Brown Hayes ....
Specimen plant, named. Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Francis Brown Hayes ....
Single plant, of any named variety, in not exceeding
inch pot. Dr. C. G. Weld ....
Orchids. — Three plants in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ....
Single plant in bloom, E. W. Gilmore f.

Second, Francis Brown Hayes ....
Stove or Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen in bloom, other than
Azalea or Orchid, named, Dr. C. G. Weld, Acacia puhescens
Second, John L. Gardner, Boronia heterophylla

an eight

20 00
15 00
25 00

6 00

4 GO

8 GO

6 00

5 00

10 00

8 00

5 GO

4 00

8 00

6 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 213

Hardy Flowering Deciduous Shrubs, Forced. — Four of four

distinct species, named, Bussey Institution . . . . 8 00

Second, Bussey Institution (J 00

Hardy Flowering Evergreen Shrubs, Forced. — Four of four

distinct species, named, Bussey Institution . . . . 8 00

Cyclamens. — Ten plants in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . 8 00

Second, George M. Anderson 6 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 4 00

Three plants in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Second, George M. Anderson 3 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 2 00

Single specimen in bloom, George M. Anderson . . . . 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

Hard-Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Four in bloom, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Hardy Polyanthuses. — Ten plants, Fancy and Gold Laced,

William Patterson ........ 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Auriculas.— Six, in pots, Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Cinerarias. — Six varieties in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots,

John L. Gardner 8 GO

Second, Elisha S. Converse 6 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Three varieties in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots. Dr. C. G.

Weld 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner 4 00

Single plant in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . . . 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld '. . 2 00

Special Prize for Florists only.

General Display of Spring Bulbs. — All classes, Bussey Institu-
tion 12 00

Second, William S. Ewell & Son 10 00

Regular Prizes.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each

pot, in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 8 00

Third, George M. Anderson fi 00

Six distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom.

Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Third, George M. Anderson 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAX, SOCIETY.

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Third, George M. Anderson 2 00

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . 2 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 1 00

Three pans, not to exceed twelve inches, ten bulbs of one variety

in each pan, in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 8 00

Third, John L. Gardner 6 00

Two pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, in bloom, Dr. C.

G. Weld 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder G 00

Third, John L. Gardner 5 00

Single pan, with ten bulbs of one variety in bloom, Nathaniel T.

Kidder 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld . ... . . . . 4 00

Third, John L. Gardner 3 00

Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs in each, in bloom, Nathan-
iel T. Kidder 5 00

Second, William S. Ewell & Son 4 00

Third, Bussey Institution 3 00

Three eight-inch pans, nine bulbs in each, in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Second, William S. Ewell & Son 3 00

Third, Bussey Institution ........ 2 00

Three ten-inch pans, twelve bulbs of one variety in each pan,

William S. Ewell & Son 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, Bussey Institution 4 00

Fourth, Nathaniel T. Kidder 3 00

Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in

each, distinct varieties, in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld . . 6 00

SecoHd, Bussey Institution ....... 4 00

Third, John L. Gardner 3 00

Jonquils. — Six six-inch pots, number of bulbs at the discretion of

the grower, in bloom, Bussey Institution . . . . 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner 2 00

LiLiuM Harrisii. — Three pots, not exceeding ten inches, George

M. Anderson 8 00

Second, Bussey Institution 6 00

Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, Bussey Insti-
tution 5 00

Second, William S. Ewell & Son 4 00

Anemones. — Three pots or pans, Bussey Institution . . .• 5 00

Ereesias. — Six pots or pans, John L. Gardner . . . . 5 00

Third, Bussey Institution 3 00

IxiAS. — Six pots, in varieties. Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . 4 00
Roman Hyacinths. — Six eight-inch pans, ten bulbs in each pan,

Bussey Institution ......... 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS.

215

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld
Third, John L. Gardner

Orchids, and other rare

Gratuities : —
Siebrecht & Wadley, New Rochelle, N. Y

plants .....
Bussey Institution, Andromeda speciosa
L. H. Parker, Cypripedium acaule .
Joseph Tailby, Rose W. A. Richardson
Martin H. Cummings, Carnation Gov. Russell
Rea Brothers, Seedling Primula Sieholdi
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Display of Plants
Francis Brown Hayes, " " "

William Patterson, " " "

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Collection of Plants
Dr. C. G. Weld,
Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J., New Plants
John L. Gardner, Collection of Plants

April 1.

Gratuity : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Azalea Mile. Marie Van Houtte .

April 8.
Gratuities : —
Jackson Dawson, Forced Spiresa aruncus
Whittet & Co., Seedling Cactus

4 00
3 00

5 00

5 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

10 00

10 00

10 00

8 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

3 00

1 00

4 00
1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 6.

Pelargoniums. — Six named Show or Fancy varieties, in pots, in

bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner ' 6 00

Indian Azaleas. — Single specimen, in pot, named, Nathaniel T.

Kidder 6 00

Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots, Joiin L. Gardner . . 8 00

Second, Joseph 11. White . . . . . . . . 6 00

Single plant, Jolm L. Gardner 3 00

Second, Joseph H. White 2 00

Gratuities .—

Norton Brothers, Two plants of Dendrohium ihyrsiflorum . . 3 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Hydrangeas . . . . 5 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, " " Streptocarpus . . . . 4 00

Bussey Institution, " " Ixias 4 00

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May 13.

Gratuities : —

Eobert Petremant, Forty-six pots of Auriculas . . . . 3 00
Lewis H. Farlow, Cattleya Mendelii, in bloom . . . . 1 00
Mrs. S. H. Coleman, Seedling Gloxinia 1 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.

Jdne 22 AND 23.

Stove and Greenhouse Floweeing Plants — Two distinct named

varieties, in bloom, no Orchid admissible, Nathaniel T. Kidder 15 CO

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Specimen Plant in Bloom. — Named, other than Orchid, Dr. C.

G. Weld 7 00

Second, John L. Gardner 5 00

Specimen Foliage Plant. — New and rare, other than Orchid, Dr.

C. G. Weld 7 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Hard Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Three, of three distinct

named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . 8 00

Gloxinias. — Six pots, not less than eight-inch. Dr. C. G. Weld . 8 00

Second, Charles Francis Adams 6 00

Orchids. — Six plants, of six named varieties, in bloom, E. W. Gil-
more 25 00

Second, John L. Gardner . . . . . . . . 15 00

Three.plants, of three named varieties, in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 15 00

Second, John L. Gardner 10 00

Single specimen plant, named, E. W. Gilmore . . . . 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner 6 00

Tuberous Begonias. — Six pots, of six varieties, Elisha S. Con-
verse 6 00

Gratuities : —

E, W. Gilmore, Orchids , 3 tOO

John L. Gardner, Orchids and Ericas 3 00

Anthony McLaren, Phormium tenax variegata . . . . 1 00

July 22.
Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Platyclinis filiformis 5 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Lilium Wallichianum 2 00

Miss Philena Baker, Cactus bearing thirty flowers . . . . 1 00

July 29.
Hydrangeas. — Pair, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 8 00

PRIZKS AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 217

August 12.

Gratuity : —

George M. Anderson, Heliconia aiirea striata . . . . 2 00

August 26.
Gratuities : —

Charles Storer, Cattleya Gaskelliana . . . . . . 1 00

James Comley, Begonia Rex var. Duchesse de Brabant . . . 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 6 akd 7.

Special Prizes, offered hy the Society.

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs not more than twenty-four inches in

diameter, George A. Nickerson . . . . . . 12 00

Second, Joseph H. White 8 00

Pair, in pots not more than fourteen inches in diameter, Dr. C.

G. Weld 8 00

Regular Prizes.

Greenhouse Plants. — Six greenhouse and stove plants, of differ-
ent named varieties, two Crotons admissible, George A.

Nickerson .......... 30 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 25 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 20 00

Single plant for table decoration, dressed at the base with living

plants only, only one entry admissible, George A. Nickerson 8 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse . 6 00

Third, Joseph H. White 4 OO

Specimen Flowering Plant. — Single named variety, Joseph H.

White . . 8 00

Second, Joseph H. White 6 00

Fuchsias. — Six, in not over ten-inch pots, Joseph H. White . . 6 00
Ornamental Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties not offered in
the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, Nathaniel T. Kidder 20 00

Second, Joseph H, White ... ... 15 00

Third, George A. Nickerson 12 00

Single specimen, variegated, named, not offered in any collection,

George A. Nickerson ........ 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Third, Joseph H. White 4 00

Caladiums. — Six named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 OO

Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 10 00

218

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, George A. Nickerson

Adiantums. — Five distinct named species, George A. Nickerson

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ......

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, named, not less than six feet in
height, George A. Nickerson .....

Ltcopods. — Four named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, George A. Nickerson ......

Dracaenas. — Six named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Crotons. — Six named varieties, in not less than twelve-inch pots

George A. Nickerson

Six in six-inch pots, Dr. C. G. Weld

Cycad. — Single plant, named, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Joseph H. White

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Orchids. — Single plant in bloom, the second prize to David Allan

Gratuities : —
Dr. C. G. Weld, Display of Plants ....

Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J., Display of Plants
Francis Brown Hayes, " •' "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Collection of varieties of Begonia Rex
Mrs. George L. Brown, Vallota purx^urea

Joseph H. White, Caladiums

Joseph Clark, Campanula pyramidalis alba .

R. MoLellan, Lomaria gibha var. .....

8

00

8

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

4

00

8

00

6

00

10

00

6

00

10

00

8

00

G

00

4

00

15

00

10

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

October 7.
Oratuity : —

Hon. Joseph R. Leeson, Cattleya Bowringiana

2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Chrysanthemdms. — Display of twelve named plants, any or all

classes, distinct varieties, Walter Hunnewell . . . . CO 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 50 00

Third, Arthur Hunnewell . 40 00

Fourth, Dr. C. G. W*eld 30 00

Group of Plants, arranged for effect, limited to one hundred and

fifty square feet, William H. Elliott 45 00

Second, Bussey Institution . 40 00

Third, Francis Brown Hayes 35 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties. Dr. C. G. Weld . . 20 00

Second, Walter Hunnewell . . . . . . . 15 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 10 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 219

Specimen Incurved or Chinese, named Tariety, Dr. C. G. Weld . 6 00

Second, Arthur Hunnewell ....... 5 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Specimen Japanese, named variety, Walter Hunnewell . . 6 00

Second, Arthur Hunnewell ....... 5 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . . . . . 4 00

Specimen Pompon, named variety, Arthur Hunnewell . . 5 00

Second, Arthur Hunnewell ....... 4 00

Third, Dr. Henry P. Walcott 3 00

Gratuities : —

William H. Elliott, Display of Chrysanthemums . . . . 25 00

David Allan, " " Orchids 3 00

Joseph Tailby, Callas, 2 00

November 18.
Gratuity : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of New Chrysanthemums . . 15 00

December 30.

Gratuity : —

John L. Gardner, Orchids, Heaths, and Poinsettias . . . . 10 00

SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDAL.

July 29. Hon. Joseph S. Fay (M. H. Walsh, Gardener), Superior Cultiva-
tion of Hydrangeas.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

March 4. Jackson Dawson, Hybrid Seedling Rose, Arnold; a cross between
Rosar vgosa and Gen. Jacqueminot, serviceable as a hardy
decorative shrub.
Spring Exhibition, March 21-24. Francis Brown Hayes, Cycas revoluta.
June 13. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, Herts, England, Dracana Sander-

iana.
Annual Exhibition, September G and 7. George McWilliam, Display of

Caladium argyrites.
" " " . *' Nathaniel T. Kidder, Davallia

Fijiensis.
*' " " " Joseph H. White, Nephrolepis

exalt ata.
Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills,
N. J., Araucaria excelsa com-
pacta.

SOCIETY'S BRONZE MEDALS.

Annual Exhibition, September 6 and 7. Pitcher & Manda, Geonoma acaulis.
September 23. Hon. Joseph R. Leeson, Saccolabium guttatum.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

Spring Exhibition, March 21-24. Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J.,

Cypripedium Grayanwm unicolor.
Rose Show, June 23. William W. Lunt, Cattleya gigas.

" " " Jackson Dawson, New Hybrid Seedling Rose, a cross

between Rosa Wichurtana and Gen. Jacqueminot.
July 15. Hon. Joseph R. Leeson, Cattleya Leopoldii.

Annual Exhibition, September 6 and 7. Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills,

N. J., Cypripedium Allanianum.
" " " " Pitcher & Manda, Cypripedium

luridum.
" " " " Pitcher & Manda, Display of Rare

Plants.
" '♦ " " Dr. C. G. Weld, Pteris tremula

Smithiana.
" " " " Nathaniel T. Kidder, Allamanda

William sii.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 7-10. Rea Brothers, Aster grandiflorus.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

By ARTHUR H. FEWKES, Chairman.

The report of the Committee ou Flowers, for the year 1893, is a
short one, as there has been but little out of the ordinary course
in the way of exhibitions. In general there has been not less
than the usual interest manifested either by the exhibitors or by
those who visit our exhibitions and we have had excellent displays
of all the favorite and time-honored flowers.

The displays of Herbaceous Plants, while not lacking in
interest, have not been so numerous as last year and the com-
petition has been less spirited.

We have noted an increase in the number of mixed displays,
which we deplore, for, while they serve to embellish the tables,
they are not educational, and it has been our endeavor to make the
highest awards where the idea of the exhibitor has been to give as
much information to the public as possible.

With the great increase in the production of new varieties of
florists' flowers, especially in Carnations and Chrysanthemums,
the want is felt for some form of award which will recognize what
good qualities are apparent in a new variety, but will give such
instructions to the originator as will prevent him from making use
of this award for advertising purposes and giving to the trade a
variety which does not bear our full approval. We have adopted
a form of award which we call a Complimentary Notice and which
is in the nature of a letter of advice to the originator.

The interest in Aquatics has been so marked that we anticipate
some very interesting displays on the earlier date on which
additional prizes will be offered next season.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICIILTURAL SOCIETY.

During the early part of the season the tables were brightened
by many choice displays ; those of forced Wistaria by Francis
Brown Hayes were particularly beautiful and were made for four
consecutive Saturdays, beginning February 11. On the same
date Honorable Mention was awarded to Arthur H. Fewkes, for a
seedling Scarlet Geranium of great promise.

On March 4, J. McGregor showed a seedling Crimson Carna-
tion, Jacqueminot, which was remarkable for its clear color, large
size, and fine stem. A First Class Certificate of Merit was
awarded to him for this variety.

SPRING EXHIBITION.
March 21, 22, 23, and 24.

The cut flower department of this otherwise excellent exhibition
was not equal to. former years, although there were some very fine
displays. The competition in the classes for Roses was very
meagre, there being none in the Hybrid Perpetuals and only two
competitors in the Teas.

The Carnations were quite well represented. The best Crimson
shown in competition was F. Mangold ; the best Pink, The
Princess; the best Scarlet, Hector; the best White, Mrs. Fisher;
and the best Yellow, Buttercup.

Violets and Pansies were very well shown.

Joseph Tailby & Son were awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit for their seedling self yellow Carnation, Henriette Sargent ;
and George B. Gill and Arthur H. Fewkes were awarded
Honorable Mention for seedling Carnations ; Siebrecht & Wadley,
of New Rochelle, N. Y., for a new Hybrid Tea Rose, and John
N. May, of Summit, N. J., for Hybrid Tea Rose, Mrs. W. C.
Whitney.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 6.

Cut flowers at this show were not numerous but there were some
very fine collections of Pansies ' and Nai'cissuses shown. The
native plants attracted much attention, as these early wild flowers
are always sure to do. Two new Carnations, of a deep pink color,
were shown by William Nicholson. The one named Nicholson

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX FLOWERS. 223

was of great size as well as good color ; the other, Ada Byrou,
was similar in color aud remarkably fragrant. Honorable
Mention was awarded them.

From the May Show until the Rhododendron Show, the exhibits
increased in excellence each week, as the late spring flowers began
to come in. .

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 13 and 14.

This show was postponed one week from the regular date, June
6 and 7, on account of the lateness of the season. It was
undoubtedly the most successful show of this kind we have ever
held. The displays of Rhododendrons were wonderful, the
principal exhibitors being Francis Brown Hayes, H. H. Hunuewell,
John L. Gardner, Joseph Clark, Samuel J. Trepess, and Edwin
Sheppard & Son.

The collection from Francis Brown Hayes was especially
remarkable, filling the greater part of the tables in the lower hall
as well as the entire stage. He was awarded a Gold Medal for
this display.

The Paeonies shown were the best we have had for many j^ears.

The display of Flowering Trees and Shrubs from Hon. Joseph
S. Fay, was a very attractive exhibit and filled the entire stage in
the upper hall. The Hawthorns and Laburnums were very
noticeable among them. A Silver Medal was awarded him for
this display.

It was a little late for the Hardy Azaleas and consequently the
displays of these Avere not as good as usual, but in all other
seasonable garden flowers — German Irises, Hardy Pyrethrums,
Papavers, and all other kinds of Hardy Herbaceous Plants — the
displaj's were numerous and of great excellence.

J. W. Manning was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit
for a very large and finely colored variety of Papaver orientale.

ROSE SHOW.

June 22 and 23.

This show was also postponed from the 20th, making it two days
later. It was fully ccjual to any we have had in late years, and
the prizes were quite generally competed for.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As has been the case for several years previous, the finest roses
came from the southern part of the State — Wood's Holl and New
Bedford.

In the class for a single bloom of a variety introduced since
1890, Hon. Joseph S. Fay took all three prizes with the varieties
Margaret Dickson, Mrs. Paul, and Duke of Fife, in the order
named.

Margaret Dickson is in the way of Merveille de Lyon, but with
more color and very fine foliage.

Mrs. Paul is a very large flower with reflexed petals, light rose
in color, with darker shadings.

Duke of Fife is a large, broad petalled flower with full centre,
bright crimson in color and fragrant. The foliage is large and
bold.

The miscellaneous displays were quite numerous and many
excellent things were shown.

Thomas C. Thurlow made a magnificent display of Herbaceous
Paeonies, for which the Appleton Silver Medal was awarded him.

Jackson Dawson showed an interesting lot of seedling Hybrid
Roses, two of which were awarded First Class Certificates of
Merit. No. 2, a cross between Multiflora and Miss Hassard, has
the foliage of the latter but with the habit of the former, only
with much larger flowers and beautifully crimped petals ; the color
is pure white. No. 3 is a cross between Multiflora and Gen.
Jacqueminot, with the same sized flower as Multiflora but double
and slightly tinged with pink.

Hicks Arnold was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit
for Lcelia Arnoldianum.

The weekly exhibitions from July 1 to the Annual Exhibition,
sustained their usual excellence but there was little of which to
make special mention. The displays of roses the week after the
regular Rose Show were fully equal to those then shown, and Mr.
M. H. "Walsh exhibited his new seedling Hybrid Perpetual Rose,
named by his employer, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, the Michael H. Walsh.
This is a magnificent, fragrant rose, in the way of Baron de
Bonstetten but of a much richer crimson, very large, with strong
wood and bold foliage. A First Class Certificate of Merit was
awarded this rose.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 225

July 29, Fisher Brothers & Co. were awarded a First Class
Certificate of Merit for their new pure white Sweet Pea, Snow-
flake.

August 12, Thomas H. Flynn was awarded a First Class
Certificate of Merit for the new Canna, Florence Vaughn.

August 26 was Aster day, and the Large Flowered varieties
were well represented, the prizes being all strongly competed for.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.
September 6 and 7.

The public is seldom treated to a more beautiful display of
flowers than was put before them at this exhibition. Asters,
Dahlias, and Zinnias have seldom been better shown. Among the
cut flowers the Aquatics were the centre of attraction. Two fine
displays of these were made, by John Simpkins, and William
Tricker of Dongan Hills, Staten Island, N. Y., the latter was
awarded Honorable Mention for the new Nymphcea tuberosa
hybrida.

The native plants attracted much attention and seemed to be
thoroughly appreciated by a large number of visitors.

Owing to cold and windy weather just previous to the exhibition,
the displays of Flowering Cannas were far from satisfactory,
which was quite unfortunate, for their brilliant flowers are a
welcome addition to the exhibition.

September 23 was prize daj' for Native Asters, and larger and
better displays were made than ever before, forming a very
attractive exhibition.

September 30 Jackson Dawson exhibited his new, fall flowering
Astilbe, A. Chinensis var. Japonica, which is remarkable for its
late season of blooming. A First Class Certificate of Merit was
awarded him for it.

October 4, J. Warren Clark made a fine display of seedling
Gladioli, including many distinct and choice varieties. A Silver
Medal was awarded him for the collection.

October 14, a new seedling Canna was shown by A. H. Fewkes,
with large spotted yellow flowers, for which a First Class
Certificate of Merit was awarded.

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

October 28, J. F. Clark exhibited a seedling Chrysauthemum,
No. 1, '93, somewhat in the way of the variety Banquet, but
fuller and deeper yellow in color ; a very fine early yellow. A
First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded this for good quality
combined with earliness.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 7, 8, 9, and 10.

This was one of the most successful Chrysanthemum Shows we
have ever held — not so much in point of numbers as in the general
perfection of the flowers shown. It seems as though the limit of
size, combined with fine texture, has been reached, for it would
appear next to impossible to develop Chrysanthemum flowers to
greater size than some of the specimens shown by John Simpkins,
and the scarcely inferior ones shown by several other exhibitors.

The prizes in the principal classes were all well competed for,
and there were many exhibits not in competition. The special
prizes offered by Miss Simpkins and Edward Hatch did not bring
out as much competition as could be wished, probably owing to
the late date at which the prizes were offered. The greatest
competition was shown in the class for twenty-five blooms of
twenty-five varieties, and in the classes for seedlings. There were
nearly forty entries in the latter classes and many beautiful
varieties were presented. One shown by Pitcher & Manda of
Short Hills, N. J., and named Pitcher & Manda, was a most
distinct departure, it being a very large, full, double, somewhat
flat flower ; white, with the centre florets clear yellow, producing a
very striking effect.

First Class Certificates of Merit were awarded to Pitcher &
Manda for Chrysanthemums Pitcher & Manda and Dorothy
Toler ; to Mann Brothers for Chrysanthemum Mutual Friend ;.
Theophilus D. Hatfield for Chrysanthemum A. H. Fewkes ;
Sewall Fisher for Carnation Nicholson ; Edwin Lonsdale,
Philadelphia, Pa., for Carnation Helen Keller, and William Edgar
for a vase of Mignonette Edgar's Improved.

Complimentary Notices were issued to James Wheeler for
Chrysanthemum Mrs. Joseph H. White ; James Brydon for
Chrysauthemum Portia ; T. D. Hatfield for Chrysanthemum J.
Pethers, and to Sewall Fisher for Carnation Ada Byron.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 227

A Silver Medal was awarded to A. H. Fewkes for Seedling
Cauna No. 2, '93.

The Shady Hill Nursery Co., having obtained the greatest
number of first prizes throughout the season for Herbaceous
Plants, became entitled to the Appleton Silver Medal. As no
other competitor has exhibited more than once the Bronze Medal
is withheld.

We lament the loss by death of one of our number, Mr. E. H.
Hitchings, who had served with us so long and faithfully. We
not only miss his presence among us, but we miss the choice
collections of rare wild flowers he so delighted to collect and
exhibit.

The Committee have awarded during the year one Gold Medal,
three Society's Silver Medals, two Appleton Silver Medals,
nineteen First Class Certificates of Merit, Nine Honorable
Mentions, and five Complimentary Notices.

The amount appropriated for the year 1893, was $2,400 00

We have awarded in prizes and gratuities, includ-
ing medals $2,340 00

Leaving an unexpended balance of $60 00

We have also awarded in Special Prizes the amount of $80.00.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Comnfiittee,

Arthur H. Fewkes,

Chairman.

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FLOWERS.

January 7.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Basket of Camellias $2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 100

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

George Mc William, Laelias 1 00

January 14.

Gratuities : —

George B. Gill, Carnations 1 00

" " " Cut Flowers 1 00

February 4.

Orchids. — Display of species and varieties, filling not less than

twenty bottles, E. W. Gilmore 15 00

Second, John L. Gardner . . . . . . . . 10 00

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than

six varieties, in vases, Richard T. Lombard . . . . 5 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,

not less than six varieties, in vases, Francis Brown Hayes . 4 00
Second, John L. Gardner 3 00

Gratuities : —

George B. Gill, Carnations 1 00

Charles E. Richardson, Acacia longifolia 1 00

Rose Buxton, Lilium Harrisii ....... I 00

H. K. Southworth, Vase of Pinks 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Basket of Flowers 1 00

V February 11.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias and Cut Flowers . . . . 3 00

" " " Forced Wistaria 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 1 00

February 18.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Pyramid of Wistaria and vase of Camellias 8 00
George S. Harwood, Five varieties of Violets 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 229

February 25.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Koses and Wistaria . . , $5 00

H. H. Hunnewell, Clematis indivisa . . . . . . 2 00

H. L. Soutliworth, Vase of Carnations J. J. Harrison and Nellie

Lewis 1 00

James McGreggor, Seedling Crimson Carnation . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 2 00

March 4.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses, Wistaria, etc 6 00

J. C. Eogers, Roses, Carnations, etc 3 00

George B. Gill, Seedling Carnations 1 00

Joseph H. White, Callas 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 3 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill " " 1 00

March 11.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses, etc. ....... 4 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 21, 22, 23, and 24.

Tender Roses in Vases. — Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet,

J. Newman & Son $8 00

Second, Peck & Sutherland 6 00

Twelve blooms of The Bride, J. Newman & Son . . . . 8 00

Second, Peck & Sutherland 6 00

Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four

varieties, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 4 00

Second, H. K. Southworth 3 00

Third, William Patterson 2 00

Violets. — Best collection of varieties, fifty blooms of each in a

bunch. Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Second, Harry S. Rand 3 00

Third, William Patterson 2 00

Carnations. — Twelve blooms of any named crimson variety, E. G.

Bridge, for F. Mangold 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named pink variety, Galvin Brothers, for

The Princess 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named scarlet variety, E. G. Bridge, for

Hector 3 00

Twelve blooms of any named white variety, E. G. Bridge, for

Mrs. Fisher 3 00

230

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve blooms of any named yellow variety, H. K. Southworth,
for Buttercup .........

Centre Piece. — Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Norton Brothers

Gratuities : —
Bussey Institution, Cherokee Roses
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, three dishes of Pansies
Richard T. Lombard, Vase of Carnations
Peter Fisher & Co., New Carnation, Jacqueminot, .
Siebrecht & Wadley, New Rochelle, N. Y., Cut Orchids
E. Sheppard & Son, Orchids and Azaleas
Harry S. Rand, Vase of Sweet Peas
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Iris Susiana .
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " . .

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " . .

April 15.
Gratuity : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Mackaya bella

April 29.
Gratuities : —
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

$3 00

8 00

6 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

'1 00

1 00

7 00

5 00

1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 6.

Hardy Narcissuses. — Collection of not less than ten named

varieties of blooms, John L. Gardner . . . . . 6 00
Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four

varieties, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . . . . , . 5 00

Second, Denys Zirngiebel 4 00

Third, " " 3 00

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood 6 00

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding thirty bottles, Mrs.

P. D. Richards 5 00

Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Display of Pansies 5 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers 3 00

John L. Gardner, Hyacinths . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 1 00

May 13.

Gratuities : —

Bussey Institution, Collection of Hardy Narcissuses . . . 3 00
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Shrubs 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

231

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants

Mat 20.

Gratuities : —

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Tulips and Streptocarpus

Dr. C. G. Weld, Tulips and Narcissuses .

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowering Shrubs

J. Willard Hill, Pansies .

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers,

May 27.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowering Shrubs .
Bussey Institution, Collection of Darwin Tulips

• " " Collection of Species of Tulips

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers .

June 3.

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons ....
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut flowering Trees and Shrubs

" " " Collection of Pyrethrums

Shady Hill Nursery Co., Tree Pajonies
Benjamin D. Hill, Tree Paeonies and Lilacs
Walter H. Cowing, Collection of Aquilegias .
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " ...

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

June 10.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Rhododendrons
J. W. Manning, Collection of Herbaceous Plants
William C. Strong, Collection of Pyrethrums .
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Display of Clematis .
Benjamin D. Hill, Clematis and Pajonies

82 00
1 00

5 00
4 00
4 00

1 00
4 00

2 00

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4 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

4 00
4 00
2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

10 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
I 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 13 and 14.

//. //. Hunnewell Premiums.

Rhododendrons. — Twelve distinct Hardy varieties,
Samuel J. Trepess, a piece of plate valued at
Second, John L. Gardner, a piece of plate valued at
Six distinct Hardy varieties, named, Samuel J. Trepess

named,

20 00
15 00

10 00

232

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Second, Joseph Clark . . . . . . . . ^5 00

Single truss of any Tender variety, named, Joseph Clark . . 2 00

Second, John L. Gardner 1 00

Hardy Azaleas. — From any or all classes, fifteen varieties, one

vase of each, Thomas C. Thurlow 8 00

Cluster of trusses, one variety, Thomas C. Thurlow . . 2 00

Society's Pi'izes.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Twelve named varieties, Arthur H. Fewkes

Second, John L. Gardner ........

German Irises. — Six distinct varieties, one spike of each, Mrs. E.
M. Gill

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Hardy Pyrethrums. — Display, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . .

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co

Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Collection of thirty
species and varieties, named, cut blooms, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Herbaceous Plants. — Thirty bottles, .J. W. Manning .

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co.

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs, A. D. Wood

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding thirty bottles, of named
species and varieties, Mrs. P. D. Richards . . . .

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Display of Rhododendrons and Azaleas
Jolin L. Gardner, Collection of Rhododendrons, etc.
F. W. Vanderbilt, Newport, R. L, Collection of Rhododendrons
O. B. Hadwen, Collection of Rhododendrons .
E. Sheppard & Son, Hardy Azaleas and Rhododendrons
Joseph Clark, Rhododendrons and Clematis montana
Thomas C. Thurlow, Collection of Hardy Azaleas .
" " " Collection of Pseonies

Leverett M. Chase, Pseonies

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Irises, Paeonies, etc.

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Clematis ....

Benjamin D. Hill, Clematis, etc

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Hardy Pyrethrums

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Collection of Herbaceous Plants

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants ....

Walter H. Cowing, Collection of Aquilegias

William H. Spooner, Hybrid Roses ....

Mrs. A. A. Johnson, Laurel .....

E. Sheppard & Son Pelargoniums ....

Fisher Brothers & Co., Vase of Canna Mme. Crozy

Elisha S. Converse, Tuberous Begonias .

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers ....

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 233

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.
Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties,

three of each variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .... $35 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 30 00

Third, John L. Gardner 25 00

Special Prizes Offered by the Society.

Six blooms of John Hopper, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Six blooms of Marquise de Castellane, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Six blooms of Mme. Gabriel Luizet, Nathaniel T. Kidder .

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Twelve blooms of any other variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Gen
Jacqueminot .........

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Magna Charta

5 00
5 00

4 00

5 00

4 00

7 00

5 00

Regular Prizes.

Sixteen distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 20 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 15 00

Second, William Patterson 10 00

Six distinct named varieties, three of each variety, J. Eaton Jr. . 15 00

Second, Joseph H. White 10 00

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 8 00

Three distinct named varieties, three of each, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 10 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 8 00

Third, «<<'«<< 5 00

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, one of each, Hon. Joseph

S. Fay 15 00

Second, John L. Gardner 10 00

Third, William H. Spooner 8 00

Eighteen distinct named varieties, one of each, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 12 00

Second, John L. Gardner • . . 8 GO

Third, William H. Spooner G 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, one of each, Francis Brown

Hayes 10 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Third, J. Eaton Jr 4 GO

Six distinct named varieties, one of each, Hon. Joseph S. Fay fi 00

Second, John L. Gardner 4 00

Third, Francis Brown Hayes 3 00

Three distinct named varieties, one of each. Dr. C. G. Weld . 3 00

234

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY.

Second, John L. Gardner ........

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Best single bloom of a variety introduced since 1890, Hon. Joseph
S. Fay, for Margaret Dickson ......

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, for Mrs. Paul ....

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, for Duke of Fife ....

Moss Roses. — Six distinct named varieties, three clusters of each,

the third prize to John L. Gardner

•General Display. — One hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, i'rancis
Brown Hayes .........

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Third, John L. Gardner

Fourth, Benjamin G. Smith

Fifth, George B. Gill

Tuberous Begonias. — Twelve spikes, of not less than four

varieties, Elisha S. Converse .

Second, E. W. Gilmore

Sweet Williams. — Thirty spikes, not less than six distinct varieties

E. Sheppard & Son

Second, Walter H. Cowing .

Third, Shady Hill Nursery Co

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill .. .

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Roses

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses .

William H. Spooner, Display of Roses

Dr. C. G. Weld, Roses .

E. Sheppard & Son, Hardy Roses, etc.

Benjamin G. Smith, Hybrid Roses .

George H. Lomax, " "

William C. Winter, Display of Roses

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Moss Roses

John L. Gardner " "

Jackson Dawson, Display of seedling Hybrid Roses

Walter H. Cowing, Spanish Irises and Sweet Williams

O. B. Hadwen, Collection of Pseonies

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Pseonies ....

Benjamin D. Hill, Pseonies, etc.

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Hydrangea scandens

" " " Syringa JPekinensis

Isaac E. Coburn, Collection of Pelargoniums

Francis Brown Hayes, Foliage and Flowers

Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Display of Herbaceous

Plants ...........

.$2

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10

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

235

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Cut Flowers
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, " "
Rea Brothers, " "

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers .

July 1.

English Ibises. — Best Collection, Walter H. Cowing
Delphiniums. — Collection of twenty spikes, R. & J. Farquhar & Co
Foxgloves. — Twelve spikes, Nathaniel T. Kidder ...

Second, Walter H. Cowing ......

HBRBACEOua Plants. — Forty bottles, Shady Hill Nursery Co.
Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood ....

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Collection of Hardy Roses

Roses .
Herbaceous Plants

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay,
Francis Brown Hayes,
J. Eaton Jr.,
William H. Spooner,
Charles W. Parker,
Charles W. Parker,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants
Walter H. Cowing, Collection of Sweet Williams
Frederick S. Davis, " " " "

E. Sheppard & Son, " " " "

Walter H. Cowing, Vase of Shirley Popple*
Daniel D. Lee, Nymphseas
Benjamin D. Hill, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

July 8.

Vase op Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. A. D. Wood .

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, Mrs.

P. D. Richards

Second, Walter E. Coburn

Gratuities : —

Joseph S. Fay, Hybrid Roses and Delphiniums
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Delphiniums
Charles W. Parker, Hybrid Roses
Levcrett M. Chase, Lilium candidum
Frederick S. Davis, " "

Bussey Institution, " "

$5

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3 00

10 00

3 00
2 00

4 00
2 00
2 00

236

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Isaac E. Coburn, Pelargoniums, etc.
E. Sheppard & Son, Iris Kampferi .
Frederick S. Davis, " "
Bussey Institution, English Irises .
Elisha S. Converse, Tuberous Begonias
Benjamin D. Hill, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

July 15.

Parlor Bouquets. — Mrs. A. D. Wood
Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill .
Third, George B. Gill

Oratuities : —
Thomas C. Thurlow, Delphiniums
Charles W. Parker, Roses
E. Sheppard & Son, L-is Kcempferi .
Adin A. Hixon, Petunias, etc. .
Isaac E. Coburn, Tuberous Begonias, etc
Frederick S. Davis, Shirley Poppies
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Benjamin D. Hill, " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " "

Rea Brothers, " "

Mrs. S. H. Coleman, " "
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers
Miss Charlotte M. Endicott, Wild Flowers

Jolt 22.

Hollyhocks. — Double, twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors,

Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, E. Sheppard & Son

Six blooms, of six distinct colors, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Twelve spikes, Hon. Joseph S. Fay ......

Gloxinias. — Display of Cut Flowers, the second prize to E. S.
Converse ..........

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. P. D. Richards
Second, Walter E. Coburn . .

Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hollyhocks

Charles W. Parker, Roses ........

Joseph Breck & Sons Corporation, Collection of Sweet Peas .
Walter E. Coburn, Sweet Peas, etc. ......

Charles E. Richardson, Lilium auratum and Lilium speciosutn
Melpomene

$3 00
3 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

4 00
3 00
2 00

3 00
2 00

2 00

00
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00
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00
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1 oo

1 00
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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR rLO^\T:RS.

237

Hon. Joseph R. Leeson, Magnolia foetida

Daisy Vivian, Nasturtiums

Benjamin D. Hill, Clematis, etc.

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Mrs. A. D. Wood,

E. Sheppard & Son, " "

July 29.

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling thirty vases, Adin A. Hixon
Second, George S. Harwood ......

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Shady Hill Nursery Co.

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill . . . .
Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Gratuities : —
Hampden Co. Horticultural Society, Sweet Peas
George 8. Harwood, Sweet Peas
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Herbaceous Plants
Joseph Burnett, Hollyhocks
Daniel D. Lee, Water Lilies
Adin A. Hixon, Petunias .
John Parker, Dahlias and Cut Flowers
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers
Walter E. Coburn,
E. Sheppard & Son,
Benjamin D. Hill,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Rea Brothers,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

August 5.

Pe«ennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, Thomas C.
Thurlow ..........

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co.

Third, Rea Brothers

Vase of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood ......

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Native Flowehs. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, Mrs.
P. D. Richards

Second, Misses Eleanor and Mollie Doran . . . .

Third, Walter E. Coburn

Gratuities : —

R. W. Williams, Salpiglossis

Elisha S. Converse, Begonias ........

$1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00
3 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

6 00
4 00

3 00
8 00

4 00
3 GO

3 00
3 00
5 00
5 00
2 00

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2 00

2 00

1 00

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238

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers $3 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " .< 2 00

Mrs. S. H. Coleman, " " ...... 1 00

Agnes A. Fisher, Native Flowers 1 00

August 12.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties, in spikes, Francis Brown

Hayes

Ten named varieties, in spikes, Francis Brown Hayes
Six named varieties, in spikes, " " "

Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred
vases, George M. Anderson .......

Phlox Drummondi. — Thirty vases, not less than six varieties, Mrs.

Mary T. Goddard

Second, William Patterson

Gratuities : —
George M. Anderson, Gladioli
Francis Brown Hayes, Roses, Phlox, etc.
Adin A. Hixon, Petunias and Sweet Peas
Walter E. Coburn, Sweet Peas and Petunias
Edwin S. Hill, Collection of Petunias
John C. Hovey, Ipomaea lepiophylla
E. Sheppard & Son, Zinnias, etc.
John Parker, Collection of Dahlias .
William C. Winter, Collection of Dahlias and
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

Begonias

6 00
3 00
2 00

8 00

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August 19.
Gratuities : —

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli 4 00

E. Sheppard & Son, " 3. 00

Dr. C. G. Weld, " . 2 00

William E. Endicott, Seedling Gladioli 1 00

William C. Strong, Gladioli and Lilies . . . . . . 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, Petunias and Begonias . . . . . 2 00

Aaron Lummus, Dahlias 2 00

John Parker, " . . . ' 2 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Asters 3 00

Mrs. S. H. Coleman, " 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Zinnias 1 00

Rea Brothers, Perennial Phlox 1 00

Benjamin D. Hill, Clematis . . . . . . . . 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers ... ... 8 00

George Hollis, Native Asters . . . . . . . . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

239

blooms, not less than twelve

not less than t

welve varieties

. August 26.

Asters. — Large Flowered, of all classes, fifty vases, not less than

twelve varieties, William Patterson

Second, Charles H. Yates

Third, Francis Brown Hayes

Truffaut's Paeony Flowered, thirty

varieties, F. P. Alexander

Second, Joseph H. White

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms

Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, William Patterson

Pompon, thirty cut plants, not less than six varieties, the second

prize to Adin A. Hiion. ......

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles. Shady Hill Nursery Co

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Asters

E. Sheppard & Son, "

Charles H. Yates, "

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants .....
J. Warren Clark, Gladioli ......

Mrs. E. M. Gill "

Adin A. Hixon, Petunias and Tuberous Begonias

John Parker, Dahlias

E. Sheppard & Son, Dahlias ......

Aaron Lummus " ......

Benjamin D. Hill, Clematis, etc

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ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 6 and 7.

Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fuyul.

Aquatic Plants. — Display, including not less than twelve flowers

of Nympha^as and Nelumbiums, John Simpkins . . . 30 00
Second, William Tricker, Dongan Hills, N. Y. . . .20 00

Regular Prizes.

Asters. — Collection of fifty varieties, one flower in each vase,

Charles H. Yates 5 00

Second, William Patterson 4 00

Third, Francis Brown Hayes 3 00

Dahlias. — Double, twelve blooms, distinct named varieties, John

Parker 6 00

Second, William C. Winter 5 00

Third, .. u w 4 Oa

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Six blooms, distinct named varieties, William C. Winter . . #4 00

Second, William C. Winter 3 00

Third, John Parker 2 00

Specimen bloom, John Parker 2 00

Second, William C. Winter 1 00

Liliputian, display, twenty-five bottles, not less than eight named

varieties, William C. Winter 4 00

Second, William C. Winter 3 00

Third, Aaron Lummus ........ 2 00

LiLiOM Lancifolium. — Collection of named varieties, the second

prize to Benjamin D. Hill . . . . . . . 3 00

Tkop^olums. — Display, filling twenty-five vases, William Patter-
son 4 00

Second, A. L. Cain 3 00

Marigolds. — Display, filling twenty-five vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 3 00

Second, A. L. Cain 2 00

Cannas. — Collection of not less than ten named varieties, in spikes,

with foliage, David Fisher . 6 00

Tuberous Begonias. — Twelve spikes, not less than four varieties,

Walter E. Coburn 5 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse 4 00

Third, William C. Winter 3 00

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

E. Sheppard & Son 4 00

Second, Francis Brown Hayes . . . . . . . 3 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill 2 00

DiANTHus. — Collection of Annual and Biennial varieties, filling

fifty bottles, William Patterson 4 00

Basket of Flow^ers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 3 00

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles. Misses

Eleanor and Mollie Doran 5 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards 4 00

Gratuities : —

Charles H. Yates, Asters 4 00

William C. Winter, Dahlias 4 00

Rea Brothers, Cactus Dahlias 1 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli 6 00

David Fisher, Clematis paniculata ■ . . . . . . 2 00

Walter E. Coburn, Petunias and Begonias 3 00

Mrs. Julia A. Cain, Geraniums and other Cut Flowers . . . 2 00

William Patterson, Gloxinias 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Flowers 10 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 2 00

Benjamin D. Hill, " " . . . ... . 2 00

E. Sheppard & Son, " " 100

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

241

Septembkr 16.
Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Shady Hill Nursery Co

Gratuities : —
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Herbaceous Plants .
Rea Brothers, " "...

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli . . . . .

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Collection of Cannas
William C. Winter, Dahlias and Tuberous Begonias
Walter E. Coburn, Petunias, Pansies, and Begonias
Ettore Tassinari, Phlox and Zinnias
Elisha S. Converse, Tuberous Begonias
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Benjamin D. Hill, " "

September 23.
Perennial Asters. — Display of native or introduced species and
varieties, George Hollis .

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards

Third, Shady Hill Nursery Co.

Gratuities : —
William C. Winter, Dahlias
John Parker, "

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli
Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Benjamin D. Hill, " "

September 30.
Gratuity : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendrons and Begonias

October 4.
Gratuities : —
L. W. Goodell, Pansies, Begonias, Phlox, etc.
E. Frank Close, Tuberous Begonias
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers and Foliage
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers ....

$8 00

5

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

1

00

1

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

3

00

2

00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

4 00

1 00
7 00

2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Special Prizes from the Josiah Bradlee Fund.
Chrysanthemums. — Twenty-five blooms of twenty-five distinct
varieties, named, Joseph H. White, a piece of plate, or value
in money ..........

Second, Elijah A. Wood

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld

20 00
15 00
10 00

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Six vases of six named varieties, ten blooms each, Charles V.

Whitten $30 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 25 00

Special Prize Offered by Miss Simpkins.

Twelve cut blooms of any pink Chrysanthemum, Edmund M.

Wood & Co., variety Viviand Morel, a Silver Cup, value . 40 00

Special Prizes Offered hy Edward Hatch.

Best vase of twenty blooms of yellow Chrysanthemums, Charles

V. Whitten, variety William H. Lincoln . . . . 25 00

Second, William Edgar, variety William H. Lincoln . . 15 00

Special Prizes Offered hy the Society.

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, red, Joseph H.

White, variety Mrs. Joseph H. White 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, pink, T. D.

Hatfield, variety Sweet Brier 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, white, Mann

Brothers, variety Mutual Friend . . . . . . 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, yellow, T. D.

Hatfield, variety A. H. Fewkes 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, any other color,

Pitcher & Manda, variety Pitcher & Manda . . . . 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Twelve cut blooms. Incurved, named, Joseph H. White . . 10 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese, named, John Simpkins . . . 10 00

Second, Joseph H. White 6 00

Third, T. D. Hatfield 4 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, Joseph H. White 10 00

Second, Elijah A. Wood 6 00

Third, T. D. Hatfield 4 00

Six cut blooms, Incurved, named, Joseph H. White . . . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White 4 00

Third, Elijah A. Wood 2 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese, named, John Simpkins . . . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White . . 4 00

Third, Elijah A. Wood 2 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, John Simpkins . .. 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White 4 00

Third, Elijah A. Wood 2 00

Six cut blooms, Reflexed, named, Elijah A. Wood . . . 6 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse 4 00

Six cut blooms. Anemone, named, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . 6 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

243

Vase of blooms, on long stems, arranged in the Society's large
China vases, John Simpkins ......

Second, Joseph H. White

Fourth, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, red, named, Edmund M
Wood & Co., variety Cullingfordii ....

Second, Norris F. Comley, variety Alice Comley
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, pink, named, Edmund M
Wood & Co., variety Harry Balsley ....

Second, Edmund M. Wood & Co., variety Roslyn
Third, William Edgar, variety Mrs. Irving Clark
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, white, named, John
Simpkins, variety Mrs. Jerome Jones ....
Second, Edmund M. Wood & Co., variety Niveus
Third, John Simpkins, variety Niveus ....
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, yellow, Edmund M. Wood

& Co. , variety Golden Wedding .....
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, any other color, named
Edmund M. Wood & Co., variety Harry May
Second, Edmund M. Wood & Co., variety Joey Hill

Gratuities : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Pyramid of Chrysanthemums and Pine

Foliage

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Chrysanthemums . . .

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of Chrysanthemums

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of blooms of Chrysanthemum Mrs.

Jerome Jones

Joseph H. White, Collection of Chrysanthemums ....
Elisha S.Converse, n u n . . . .

George Putnam School, eight varieties of Hardy Chrysanthemums
J. F. Huss, Skeletonized Foliage and Flowers .....
Mann Brothers, Two vases Carnations, Daybreak and New Jersey

William Nicholson, Carnations

David Allan, Cut Orchids ........

William C. Winter, Tuberous Begonias

November 18.
Grattiities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Chrysanthemums

George Sanderson, Carnations

18

00

16

00

12

00

10

00

8

00

10

00

8

00

6

00

10

00

8

00

6

00

10 00

10 00
8 00

15

00

10

00

10

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

5

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

December 2.
Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Chrysanthemums
T. D. Hatfield, Vase of Chrysanthemum Eiderdown

6 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDAL.

Rhododendron Show, June 13, 14. Francis Brown Hayes, Display of
Rhododendrons.

244

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

Hon. Joseph S. Eay, Display of Flower-

Ehododendron Show, June 13, 14.

ing Trees and Shrubs.
October 4. J. Warren Clark, Seedling Gladioli.
November 7. Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Canna 2-'93.

APPLETON SILVER MEDALS.

Shady Hill Nursery Co., Best Collection of Herbaceous Plants, exhibited at
stated times during the season, as specified in the Schedule.

Rose Show, June 22 and 23. Thomas C. Thurlow, Collection of Herbaceous
Paeonies.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

March 4. James McGreggor, New Seedling Carnation Jacqueminot.

Spring Exhibition, March 21. Joseph Tailby & Son, Self Yellow Seedling

Carnation Henriette Sargent.
Rhododendron Show, June 13, 14. J. W. Manning, Seedling Pai^aver

orientale.
Rose Show, June 22, 23. Hicks Arnold, L(Blia Arnoldiana.

" " '* " Jackson Dawson, Seedling Hybrid Rose, No. 8,

Multiflora X Gen. Jacqueminot.
" " " " Jackson Dawson, Seedling Hybrid Rose, No. 2,

Multiflora X Miss Hassard.
July 1. M. H. Walsh, Seedling Hybrid Perpetual Rose Michael H. Walsh.
July 29. Fisher Brothers & Co., Seedling Sweet Pea Snowflake.
August 12. Thomas H. Flynn, New Canna Florence Vaughn.
September 30. Jackson Dawson, Aetilbe Chinensis var. Japonica. •
October 14. Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Canna 2-'93.
October 28. J. T. Clarke, Seedling Chrysanthemum 1-93.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 7. Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J.,

Seedling Chrysanthemum Pitcher
& Manda.
" " Pitcher & Manda, Seedling Chrysan-

themum Dorothy Toler.
" " Mann Brothers, Seedling Chrys-

anthemum Mutual Friend.
" T. D. Hatfield, Seedling Chrys-
anthemum A. H. Fewkes.
*' " Edwin Lonsdale, Philadelphia, Pa.,

Seedling Carnation Helen Keller.
" " William W. Edgar, Seedling

Mignonette Edgar's Improved.
" " Sewall Fisher, Seedling Carnation

Nicholson.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 245

HONORABLE MENTIONS.

February 11. Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Geranium.
Spring Exhibition, March 21. Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Carnations.
" George B. Gill, " «'

" " " Siebrecht & Wadley, New Rochelle, N. Y.,

new Hybrid Tea Rose.
" " " " John N. May, Summit, N. J.,] new Hybrid

Tea Rose Mrs. W. C. Whitney.
May 6, William Nicholson, Seedling Carnation Nicholson.
" " " " " " Ada Byron.

Rhododendron Show, June 13. Rea Brothers, Lychnis flos cuculi alba

plena.
Annual Exhibition, September 6. William Tricker, Dongan Hills, N. Y.,
JVymphcea iuberosa hybrida.

COMPLIMENTARY NOTICES.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 7. James Wheeler, Seedling Chrysan-
themum Mrs. Joseph H. White.
" " " " James Brydon, Seedling Chrysanthe-

mum Portia.
" " " T. D. Hatfield, Seedling [Chrysan-

themum Mrs. Pethers.
November 18. Norris J. Comley, Seedling Chrysanthemum 1-93.
" " T. D. Hatfield, Seedling Chrysanthemum Eiderdown.
" " Sewall Fisher, Seedling Carnation Ada Byron.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOB THE YEAR 1893.

By E. W.- WOOD, Chairman.

If the exhibitions of fruit during the past season were to be
taken as an indication of the fruit product of the State it would
be conceded that there had been an abundant crop. Considering
that it has been the off, or non-bearing, year for apples in the New
England States and that a large portion of the fruit was blown
from the trees in August and September, the exhibits have been
unusually large. This fact together with simOar results within
the past few years indicates that under ordinary conditions the
variation in the amount of the apple product has been growing
less marked — a desirable change for both producer and consumer.
The fruit has not been as fair and free from imperfections as
when the injurious effects of the insect pests are distributed
through an abundant crop, showing the necessity of spraying the
trees and protecting the fruit.

Of pears there has been an abundant crop ; the market has
been over-supplied, and had it not been for the opportunities for
cold storage, the returns, especially for the early varieties, would
have disappointed the growers. Other conditions were unfavor-
able for the sale of pears ; the general depression in business had
its effect and an unusual supply of peaches was put on the market
in competition with the earlier varieties.

The ci'op of peaches has been larger than for several years, and
the opinion heretofore expressed in these reports, that improve-

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 247

ment in growing this fruit might be expected from raising seedling
trees, seems to have received at least partial confirmation in the
fact that the proportion of seedling fruit on exhibition has con-
stantly increased for several years. It is claimed for the Crosby
peach, a seedling recently introduced, that it passes through the
winter with its fruit buds uninjured while the older varieties
standing beside it fail to produce fruit. It is generally admitted
that continued reproduction by buds and cuttings tends to weaken
the constitution of plants and trees. The growers of the peach
have been confined almost exclusively to a few varieties for many
years ; and during this time the trees have been attacked by a
disease, often difficult to detect in its earlier stages, rendering it
impossible to prevent the use of diseased pits and buds in the
propagation of the old varieties. The most direct means of restor-
ing vigor and fruitfulness to the peach would seem to be through
growing seedling trees, first securing pits from healthy stock.

Plums have been shown in about the usual quantity, and we
cannot look for a large increase in the exhibitions of this fruit
until some successful means shall be discovered of combatting the
black wart. Some encouraging attempts have been made at
the Experiment Stations and it is believed that the difficulty may
be overcome by spraying the trees with copper solutions. There
have been some Japanese varieties of the plum of excellent quality
recently introduced, and deserving the attention of fruit growers.
It is claimed that they are not as liable to injury from the wart as
the old varieties, but to this it may be answered that they have
not been long enough under cultivation here to decide that point.

Very few cherries have been shown. It is surprising that a tree
so easily grown and so ornamental, and at the same time bearing
a desirable fruit, should be so much neglected. There is hardly
any tree more beautiful than the heartshaped varieties of the
cherry ; growing in upright pyramidal form, with their thick, dark,
glossy foliage they form an attractive feature when judiciously
planted around the buildings.

Quinces have been shown in larger quantities than for several
years. This fruit has not realized satisfactory prices in the
market, which fact cannot be attributed to its quality, as it is one
of the most desirable fruits for preserves and jellies, either alone
or with other fruits, to which it imparts its peculiarly agreeable
flavor. The Orange variety is the most generally grown, but the

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

finest specimens shown at the exhibitions were the Rea and Cham-
pion varieties.

The weekly exhibitions through the season have been well
sustained. The amount of small fruits shown has been above the
average in past years. The Strawberry Exhibition was interest-
ing in various directions ; the fruit as a whole was of superior
quality ; unusual interest was shown in the new varieties, and
the competition in the different classes was more generally filled
than usual. Of the new varieties the Marshall was easily the
most marked ; entered in four classes it took the first prize in
every class. It is a very promising berry, and if its cultivation
in other localities proves as successful as in the place of its origin,
it must soon become one of the leading varieties. The Hersey
Columbia took the first prize for any ' ' new variety not previously
exhibited." It is above medium size, of good form, dark color,
and good quality. It is claimed to be an exceedingly good
cropper, and seems to be promising and worthy of trial. It is
gratifying to see the increased interest in growing seedling straw-
berries ; experience has shown that the profitable life of most of
the varieties of the strawberry has not lasted more than ten years,
when they have been replaced by new and more desirable kinds.
Any additions that will increase the size, or improve the quality,
or extend the season by earlier or later varieties, will be welcomed
by both growers and consumers.

At the Annual Fruit Exhibition, notwithstanding it was the off
year for apples, there was an unusual amount of fruit shown.
The pear exhibit was exceptionally large and of superior quality,
and for the first time in many years every prize offered was
awarded. A still more remarkable fact of this exhibition was
that all the prizes offered for peaches were awarded, and at the
exhibition of September 16, when a longer list of prizes was
offered for peaches, all were awarded except for one variety.

Recognizing the fact that a large proportion of the preserved
fruit sold in this market is imported from foreign countries, and
that evaporated fruit had become an important and profitable
industry in some of the states, the Committee of Arrangements
have been considering for the past two years the propriety of
inviting the dealers in preserved and evaporated fruits to make an
exhibit in connection with our Annual Fruit Exhibition. As this
would only show the finished product it was thought that an

REPORT or THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 249

exhibition of the process of manufacturing it might prove of
more practical advantage to the fruit growers, and an invitation
was extended to one of the largest concerns in the country,
engaged in evaporating fruit largely for export trade, to bring one
of their medium sized machines and keep it in operation during
our Annual Exhibition. It proved a very interesting feature of
the exhibition and attracted much attention. At the close of the
exhibition the machine was purchased by the Agricultural College
at Amherst, where it has been in operation up to the present time.
The following statistics will show the importance of information
on this subject to the fruit growers in Massachusetts. There were
exported during the five years from 1870 to 1875, 13,348,746
pounds of evaporated fruit, returning a value of $716,894. For
the five years from 1888 to 1893 the amount was 87,782,433
pounds, returning a value of $4,750,141. Of the evaporated
fruit shipped during the last five years 62,300,000 pounds were
shipped from New York and only 607,000 pounds from Boston.

As usual the fruit shown at the last exhibition, November 18,
was the finest in quality of any shown during the year.

Of new fruits shown, F. H. Frazier, Danville, Indiana,
exhibited, January 7, Arnold pears, a late seedling variety of very
good quality, and was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.
February 4, Edwanger «&; Barry, Rochester, N. Y., showed five
varieties of winter pears ; they were fair in quality but would be
chiefly desirable for their late keeping qualities. They received
Honorable Mention. September 6, Charles H. Hovey, East
Pasadena, California, showed a very fine collection of oranges
and lemons, and was awarded a Bronze Medal.

The Committee have awarded during the year in prizes and
gratuities $1,592, leaving an unexpended balance of $2(

E. W. Wood,

Benj. G. Smith, ] Committee

Chas. F. Curtis,

O. B. Hadwen,

Warrek Fenno,

Samuel Hartwell,

J. W. Hill,

Fruits.

:250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AAVARDED FOR FRUITS.

January 7.
Grahiities : —

Asa Clement, Apples . $1 00

-John L. Bird, Pears . . . 1 00

F. H. Frazier, Danville, Indiana, Arnold Pears, First Class

Certificate of Merit.

Francis Brown Hayes, Japanese Lemons . . .... 1 00

<3r. L. Simmons, English Walnuts 1 00

February 4.

Crratuities : —
EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., New Winter Pears, Honorable
Mention.

William C. Eustis, Collection of Apples 2 00

Edwin A. Hall, Pears . . . 1 00

A. H. Lewis, Apples and Pears 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 21, 22, 23, and 24.

"Winter Apples. — Baldwin, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, Rev. Calvin Terry

Third, O. B. Had wen .
Northern Spy, George C. Rice

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, Asa Clement
Roxbury Russet, Asa Clement

Second, George Sanderson

Third, Elisha S. Converse .
Tompkins King, George C. Rice

Second, William C. Eustis
Any other variety, O. B. Hadwen, Palmer

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Rome Beauty

Third, George Sanderson .
"Winter Pears. — Any variety, A. H. Lewis, Glout Morceau

Second, Edwin A. Hall, Winter Nelis

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

April 6.

Gratuities : —

"Warren Heustis & Son, Baldwin Apples
Edwin A. Hall, Collection of Pears .

1 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 251

Mat 13.

Gratuities : —

"William Brown, Peaches . . $2 00

Benjamin P, Ware, Apples 1 00

May 20.

Gratuity : —

William Brown, Peaches ......... 2 00

June 13.

Gratuity : —

Winter Brothers, Peaches • . . 2 00

EOSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.
Special Prizes from the Theodore Lyman Fund.

Stkawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variety, Marshall

F. Ewell, Marshall S20 00

Second, George F. Wheeler, Leader . . . . . . 16 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Bubach 12 00

Special Prizes Offered by the Society.

For the best two qnarts of any variety, to be judged by points,

Marshall F. Ewell, Marshall 6 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Jessie 5 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Jessie 4 00

Fourth, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Parry 3 00

For the best ten baskets, of two quarts each, and not less than three

varieties, Isaac E. Coburn . . . . . . . 15 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 12 00

Third, George F. Wheeler 10 00

Five baskets, two quarts each, of one variety, Marshall F. Ewell,

Marshall 8 00

Second, William Doran & Son, Sharpless 6 00

Third, George F. Wheeler, Leader 5 00

Two quarts of Belmont, George V. Fletcher . . . . 4 00

Second, William Dorau & Son 3 00

Third, George F. Wheeler 2 00

Bubach, Isaac E. Coburn 4 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 3 00

Third, John L. Gardner 2 00

Champion, George V. Fletcher 4 00

Second, George F. Wheeler 3 00

Third, Wilfred Wheeler 2 00

252 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Charles Downing, William Doran & Son $4 00>

Second, George F. Wheeler 3 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 2 00

Crescent, Isaac E. Coburn 4 00

Second, George F. Wheeler . . . . . . . 3 GO

Cumberland, William Patterson 4 00

Second, Wilfred Wheeler . . . . . . . . 3 00

Third, George F. Wheeler 2 00'

Jessie, George V. Fletcher 4 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ........ 3 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse . 2 Oa

Jewell, George V. Fletcher 4 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 3 00

Leader, George F. Wheeler 4 OO'

Miner's Prolific, George F. Wheeler 4 00

Sharpless, William Doran & Son 4 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . » 3 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 2 00

Wilder, William G. Prescott, 4 00

Any other variety, Marshall F. Ewell, Marshall . . . . 4 00

Second, Bela F. Lincoln, Hersey Columbia . • . • 3 00'

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Haverland 2 Ott

Collection of not less than six varieties, one quart each, George

V. Fletcher, 8 OO

Second, George F. Wheeler 6 00

One quart of any new variety, not previously exhibited, Bela F.

Lincoln, Hersey Columbia ....... 3 00

Second, Samuel H. Warren, Weston 2 00

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Oliver K. Robbing . . 2 00
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Elisha S. Con-
verse, Black Hamburg ........ 6 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Muscat of Alexandria . . . 4 00
Peaches. — Six specimens of any variety. Winter Brothers,

Waterloo 3 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Amsden 2 00

Gratuities : —

Benjamin P. Ware, Apples 1 00'

Edwin A. Hall, Pears 1 Ott

July 1.

Strawberries. — One quart of any variety, Marshall F. Ewell,

Marshall 3 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Belmont 2 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Jessie 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

253

"Cherries. — Black Tartarian, Leverett M. Chase

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, Edwin Hastings ....
Coe's Transparent, Leverett M. Chase .
Any other variety, Winter Brothers, Gov. Wood

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, White Heart

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 GO
3 00

2 00

Gratuities : —
Winter Brothers, Hamburg Grapes and Strawberries . . . 2 00
James G. Allen, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Seedling Strawberries,
Honorable Mention.

July 8.

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, George S. Curtis, Black

Tartarian 3 00

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Downer . . . . 2 00

Third, John L. Bird, Coe's Transparent 1 00

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son,

Highland Hardy 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert 2 00

Currants. — Two quarts of any red variety, William Doran & Son,

Versaillaise 4 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay ..... . 3 00

Third, Sumner Coolidge. Fay 2 00

Two quarts of any white variety, Benjamin G. Smith, French

Transparent .......... 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, White Gondouin . . . . 2 00

Gratuity : —
Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes 1 00

July 15.

Raspberries. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two
quarts each, William Doran & Son ....

Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son, Hornet .
Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Franconia ....

Currants. — One quart of Versaillaise, William Doran & Son
Second, Benjamin G. Smith ......

One quart of any other red variety, Benjamin G. Smith, P\ay
Second, Francis Brown Hayes, Fay .....

One quart of any white variety, Elisha S. Converse, White Grape
Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Dana's Transparent
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, Joseph S
Chase, Triumph ........

Second, Dr. Walter G. Kendall, Downing

Third, Elisha S. Converse, Downing

4 00
3 00
2 GO
2 00

1 GO

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 GO

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTFCULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
Amos Bates, Seedling Gooseberries, Silver Medal.

Elisha S. Converse, Foreign Grapes

Charles N. Brackett, Cherries . .

Charles S. Snaith, " ........

George S. Curtis, "

July 22.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Mrs. E. J. Cutter,

Cuthbert

Second, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert . .
Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Franconia ....
Currants. — One quart of any Red variety, Elisha S. Converse

Fay

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Versaillaise

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay

One quart of any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Dana'i
Transparent .........

Second, Elisha S. Converse, White Grape
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Dr. Walter G. Ken

dall, Lucretia

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Foreign variety. Winter
Brothers, Crown Bob .......

Second, William G. Prescott, Industry ....

Third, George S. Harwood, " ....

Gratuities : ^ —

Charles N. Brackett, Clierries

Winter Brothers, Grapes .

July 29.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety. Dr. Walter G. Ken-
dall, Lucretia ......

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Dorchester

Third, William C. Eustis, "

Apples. — Tetofsky, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Charles N. Brackett

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Leverett M. Chase ....
Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Giffard

Second, Rev. Calvin Terry, Madeleine

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Osband's Summer
Peaches. — Any variety, Charles S. Smith, Alexander

Second, E. J. Cutter, Page's Seedling

Gratuities : —

Winter Brothers, Collection

Peter Fisher, Foreign Grapes

#1 00
1 00
1 00
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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

255^

August 5.

Apples. — Red Astrachan, the second prize to Samuel Hartwell

Third, Winter Brothers

Sweet Bough, George V. Fletcher

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....

Tliird, Samuel Hartwell

Any other variety, Charles F. Curtis, Williams

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Early Margaret .

Third, Varnum Frost, Tetofsky
Pears.— Giffard, Rufus T. Tobey ....

Second, Charles N. Brackett ....

Third, Warren Fenno .....

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Bloodgood

Second, Elisha S. Converse, Bloodgood

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Jargonelle
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Dr. Walter G. Kendall
Lucretia ........

Second, E. W. Wood, Kittatinny

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Dorchester
Peaches. — Any variety, J. W. Page, Page's Seedling

Second, William G. Prescott, Early Canada

Third, Winter Brothers, Waterloo

GraUnty s —
Andrew Wellington, Apricots .....

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August 12.

Apples. — Oldenburg, William T. Hall
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Williams

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, "

Third, Varnum Frost, "

Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Charles N. Brackett

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Third, Warren Fenno .....

Manning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .

Second, Frank Ware ......

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Giffard .

Second, Warren Fenno, Giffard
Apricots. — Any variety, Andrew Wellington .

Second, Charles E. Grant .....

Third, Benjamin G. Smith ....

Peaches. — Any variety. Winter Brothers, Waterloo

Second, William H. Slocum, Page's Seedling

Third, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling
Foreign Grapes. — Any variety, George A. Nickerson, Black
burg

Second, Elisha S. Converse, Black Hamburg

Ham

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256

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 19.

Apples.— Chenango, Charles F. Curtis .
Second, Samuel Hartwell .
Williams, Varnum Frost
Second, Walter Russell
Third, Charles F. Curtis
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Summer Pippin
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Gravenstein
Third, William T. Hall, Oldenburg .
Pears.— Rostiezer, Elisha S. Converse .
Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Third, Charles N. Brackett
Tyson, Aaron S. Mcintosh .

Second, E. J. Hewins
' Third, John L. Bird ....
Any other variety, E. W. Wood, Clapp's Favorite
Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Clapp's Favorite
Third, Elisha S. Converse, " "

Peaches —Any variety, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling
Second, Winter Brothers, Waterloo
Third, " " Amsden

Plums. — Any variety, Joseph S. Chase, Botan
Second, Rufus T. Tobey, Bradshaw
Third, George V. Fletcher, "

$3 00

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August 26.

Apples. — Foundling, Asa Clement

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Warren Fenno
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell

Second, C H. Handley

Third, George Sanderson ■.
Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno

Second, Dr. Walter G. Kendall

Third, Winter Brothers
Porter, Cephas H. Brackett .

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Third, C. H. Handley
Summer Pippin, Warren Fenno

Second, Samuel Hartwell .
Any other variety, Varnum Frost, Williams

Second, Walter Russell, "

Third, Asa Clement, "

Pears.— Andrews, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Benjamin G. Smith

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

257

Bartlett, Varnum Frost

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Third, Leonard W. Weston
Boussock, John L. Bird

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Any other variety, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Tyson

Second, E. J. Hewins, Tyson

Third, Elisha S. Converse, Clapp's Favorite
Peaches. — Collection, Winter Brothers .

Single dish of any variety, the second prize to Winter Brothers
Hale's Early ....

Third, Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling
Plums. — Bradshaw, George V. Fletcher .

Second, Kufus T. Tobey . . . ,
Imperial Gage, George V. Fletcher

Second, Charles E. Grant . . • .
Washington, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Any other variety, Joseph S. Chase, Botan

Second, Winter Brothers, Smith's Orleans

$3 00
2 00
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4 00

2 00

1 00

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1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
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1 00

September 6.

Gratuities : —

George McWilliam, Collection of Foreign Grapes, the Appleton

Gold Medal.
Charles H. Hovey, East Pasadena, Cal., Collection of Oranges and

Lemons, the Society's Bronze Medal.

September 9.

Gratuity' : —

Nathan D. Harrington, Seedling Peaches

1 00

September 16.

Apples. — Foundling, Asa Clement .
Gravenstein, Artemas Frost .

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, William T. Hall
Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno

Second, Dr. Walter G. Kendall
Porter, William Patterson

Second, Charles S. Smith .

Third, John Parker
Pumpkin Sweet, Mrs. J. S. Whiting

Second, Samuel Hartwell .
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Washington Strawberry

Second, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin .

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Holden ....
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258

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUL,TIIRAL SOCIETY.

Crab Apples. — Transcendent, Nathan D. Harrington . . . $2 00

Second, Warren Fenno 1 00

Any other variety, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Hyslop . . . 2 00

Second, E. C. Stone, Russian 1 00

Pears.— Bartlett, A. T. Brown . 3 00

Second, William Milman . . . • • • • • • 2 00

Third, Varnuai Frost . . . . , . . . 1 00

Belle Lucrative, Elisha S. Converse 3 00

Second, Clifford R. Weld 2 00

Third, George W. Hall 1 00

Boussock, Charles N. Brackett 3 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis 2 00

Third, John L. Bir.l 1 00

Hardy, J. J. Oakes 3 00

Second, William Milman 2 00

Third, Charles F. Curtis 1 00

Paradise of Autumn, Leverett M. Chase 3 00

Second, William Milmai 2 00

Third, William H. Hunt 1 00

Souvenir du Congres, Peter W. Pierce . . . . . , 3 00

Second, Dr. Walter G. Kendall . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno 1 00

Any other variety, Nathan D. Harrington, Sheldon . . . 3 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis, Louise Bonne of Jersey . . 2 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse, Golden Beurre, . . . . 1 00

Peaches. — Crawford's Early, J. L. Duncan 3 00

Second, Mrs. Fannie E. Gay 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid 1 00

Foster, John L. Bird 3 00

Second, Nathan D. Harrington ....... 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell 1 00

Oldmixon, Leverett M. Chase 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Third, Charles S. Smith 1 00

Stump the World, Charles E. Grant 3 00

Second, Nathan D. Harrington 2 00

Third, F. J. Kinney .... .... 1 00

Any other variety, G. T. Raymond, Seedling . . . . 3 00

Second, Nathan D. Harrington, " .... 2 00

Third, Jackson Dawson, " .... 1 00

Peaches, Orchard House Culture. — Joseph H. White . . 4 00

Nectarines. — C. C. Donnell 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno ........ 1 00

Plums. — Bradshaw, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 1 00

Imperial Gage, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 259

Lombard, George V. Fletcher $2 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase 1 00

Any other variety, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Pond's Seedling . 2 00

Second, F. J. Kinney, Gen. Hand 1 00

Native Grapes. — August Rose, William H. Hunt . . . 3 00

Cottage, Samuel G. Damon ........ 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell . . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

Eumelan, Benjamin G. Smith . . ..... 3 00

Massasoit, F. J. Kinney 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith .... ... 2 00

Moore's Early, Samuel Hartwell 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon ....... 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

Any other variety, F. J. Kinney, Worden 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, " 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith i 00

Any variety from girdled vines, F. J. Kinney, Worden . . 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney, Concord 2 00

Gratuity : —

Robert Manning, Brown Turkey Figs 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

October 4 and 5.

Special Prizes, Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples.— Baldwin, Marshall W. Chadbourne . . . . 5 00

Hubbardston, Artemas Frost . . . . . . . 5 00

Pears. — Bosc, John L. Bird 5 00

Sheldon, Samuel G. Damon 5 00

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell, . . . . . 5 00

Rhode Island Greening, William O'Connell . . . . . 5 00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Pears. — Anjou, A. T. Brown 4 00

Second, William S. Janvrin 3 00

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid 2 00

Fourth, Warren Fenno . 1 00

Bartlett, Varnum Frost 4 00

Second, A. T. Brown 3 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon 2 00

Fourth, George V. Fletcher 1 00

260

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Native Grapes. — Concord, George B. Andrews
Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, F. J. Kinney

Worden, George B. Andrews ....
Second, Samuel Hartwell ....
Third, F. J. Kinney

Special Prizes Offered hy the Society.
Pears.— Anjou, Cephas H. Brackett . . . .

Seckel, Marshall W. Cliadbourne
Peaches. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell
Native Grapes. — Any variety, George B. Andrews

Regular Prizes.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, William Patterson

Second, E. R. Cook .

Third, George V. Fletcher
Fall Orange, Asa Clement

Second, Charles S. Smith

Third, C. H. Handley
Fameuse, H. Whittaker

Second, Artemas Frost

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Fletcher Russet, Joiin Fletcher

Second, William H. Teele .
Foundling, Asa Clement
Gloria Mundi, Mrs. John Clark

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, E. R. Cook
Golden Russet, Warren Fenno
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Artemas Frost

Third, H. Whittaker .
Hubbardston, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, John Parker

Third, Leonard W. Weston
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell

Second, William H. Teele

Third, A. M. Knowlton
Lady's Sweet, David L. Fisk

Second, William H. Teele

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Foreign Grapes. — For the heaviest and best ripened bunch of

any Black variety, not less than six pounds, Mrs. J. W. Clark 10 00

5 00
5 00
5 CO
5 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

261

Mackintosh, the second prize to Samuel Hartwell
Maiden's Blush, Dr. Walter G. Kendall

Second, E. R. Cook .
Mother, Asa Clement

Second, O. B. Hadwen

Third, Warren Fenno
Northern Spy, William T. Hall

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, O. B. Hadwen
Porter, John C. Hovey .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, C. M. Handley
Pound Sweet, George V. Fletcher
Pumpkin Sweet, Asa Clement

Second, George W. Stevens
Rhode Island Greening, Charles N. Brackett

Second, William O'Connell

Third, Artemas Frost
Roxbury Russet, E. R. Cook

Second, George Sanderson

Third, George V. Fletcher
Sutton, David L. Fisk . .

Second, O. B. Hadwen
Tolman Sweet, Artemas Frost

Second, Asa Clement

Third, Joshua T. Foster .
Tompkins King, John Fletcher

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, William C. Eustis .
Washington Royal, Charles N. Brackett

Second, O. B. Hadwen

Third, Samuel Hartwell .
Washington Strawberry, Mrs. John S. True

Second, Warren Fenno
Any other variety, Edmund Hersey, Brewer

Second, William Everett, Jacobs Sweet

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Ben Davis .
Crab Apples — Hyslop, G. Blanchard

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Any other variety, Benjamin P. Ware .

Second, Nathan D. Harrington, Transcendent

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Society's Prizes.

Pears. — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon

Second, A. T. Brown . . . .

Third, Nathan D. Harrington

4 00
3 00

2 GO

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTJLTURAI. SOCIETY.

Bosc, Mrs. Mary Langmaid f 4 00

Second, John L. Bird 3 00

Third, Lewis E. R. Smith 2 00

Fourth, A. T. Brown 1 00

Clairgeau, Warren Fenno 3 00

Second, William S. Janvrin 2 00

Third, William T. Hall 1 00

Cornice, Charles N. Brackett 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno ........ 2 00

Third, S. F. & F. L. Weston 1 00

Dana's Hovey, George Frost 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon . . . . , . . . 2 00

Third, E. W. Wood 1 00

Dial, Thomas M. Davis 3 00

Second, E. L. Draper 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

Fulton, Elisha S. Converse 3 00

Second, S. F. & F. L. Weston 2 00

Third, Hon. James J. H. Gregory . . . . . . 1 00

Hardy, William Milman 3 00

Second, Rufus T. Tobey . 2 00

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh . . . . . . . 1 00

Howell, Mrs. Mary Langmaid . 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith . 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett 1 00

Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno . . . . . . 3 00

Second, John L. Bird 2 00

Third, David L. Fiske 1 00

Lawrence, William S. Janvrin 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno 2 00

Third, Thomas M. Davis 1 00

Louise Bonne of Jersey, John W. Martin 3 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis 2 00

Third, Leverett M. Chase 1 00

Marie Louise, Mrs. E. M. Lancaster 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon 2 00

Third, Charles E. Swain 1 00

Merriam, Aaron S. Mcintosh 3 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis , . 2 00

Third, E. J. Hewins . . 1 00

Onondaga, Charles N. Brackett 3 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis 2 00

Third, Leverett M. Chase 1 00

Seckel, Nathan D. Harrington 4 00

Second, William Milman 3 00

Third, H. A. Stevens 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOE FRUITS. 263

Sheldon, Mrs. Mary Langmaid 84 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon 3 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 2 00

Souvenir du Congres, A. T. Brown ...... 3 00

Second, G. W. Wilkinson 2 00

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne 1 00

St. Michael Archangel, W. Heustis & Son 3 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

Superfin, Leverett M. Chase 3 00

Second, J. M. W. Ober 2 00

Third, Thomas M. Davis . . . . . . . . 1 00

Urbaniste, Elisha S. Converse 3 00

Second, John L. Bird . . 2 00

Third, G. T. Raymond 1 00

"Vicar, Mrs. E. M. Lancaster 3 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Charles E. Swain . . 100

. Winter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis 3 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall 2 00

Third, Winter Brothers 1 00

Any other variety, A. M. Leavitt, Belle Lucrative . . . 3 00

Second, A. T. Brown, De Tongres 2 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse, Kingsessing 1 00

Quinces. — Orange, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 3 00

Second, A. T. Brown . . 2 00

Third, George V. Fletcher 1 00

Pear, « << << 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith 2 00

Rea, George S. Harvvood 3 00

Second, George S. Curtis 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

Any other variety, Charles S. Smith . . . . . . 3 00

Second, William S. Janvrin 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 1 00

Peaches. — Crawford's Late, Samuel Hartwell . . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid 2 00

Third, William H. Hunt 1 00

^ny other variety, John L. Bird 3 00

Second, W. D. Hinds 2 00

Third, A. L. Whiton 1 00

Peaches, Orchard House Culture. — Charles E. Grant . . 4 00

Second, L. L. White 3 00

Plums. — Coe's Golden Drop, Charles E. Grant . . . 2 00

Any other variety, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 1 00

264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Joseph S. Chase
Delaware, George B. Andrews

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, E. R. Cook .
Herbert, Joseph S. Chase

Second, Samuel G. Damon
lona, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Lindley, F. J. Kinney .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Samuel G. Damon
Niagara, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, P. G. Hanson .
Pocklington, A. C. Oshorn

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, George B. Andrews
Prentiss, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Joseph S. Chase .

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Wilder, Benjamin G. Smith .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, George B. Andrews
Worden, " " "

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Any other variety, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Luther Eames .
Six bundles of Concord, from girdled vines, P. J. Kinney
Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, George A
Nickerson ......

Fourth prize to Benjamin G. Smith .
Black Hamburg, two bunches, Mrs. J. W. Clark
Buckland Sweetwater, George A. Nickerson .
Muscat of Alexandria, Joseph H. White
Wilmot's Hamburg, George A. Nickerson
Any other variety, Mrs. J. W. Clark

Second, Joseph H, White ....
Cranberries. — Half-peck, L. J. Fosdick

Second, Edmund Hersey

Third, Rev. Calvin Terry ....

Gratuities : —
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Apples and Pears .
Warren Heustis & Son, Pears

$3

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

265

Mrs. John S. True, Pears and Quinces
American Manufacturing Co., Evaporator Exhibit

October 14.
Gratuity : —

Charles H. Hovey, East Pasadena, Cal., Pomegranates

October 28.
Gratuity : —

Nathan D. Harrington, Seckel Pears ....
November 18.
Special Prizes, Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Samuel J. Trepess
Hubbardston, Artemas Frost .

Society's Pr
Baldwin, "William H. Mcintosh

Second, Walter Kussell

Third, Charles S. Smith .
Danvers Sweet, Benjamin P. Ware
Fletcher Russet, John Fletcher

Second, William H. Teele .
Hubbardston, Artemas Frost

Second, Marshall "W. Chadbourne

Third, John Parker
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Hon. Starkes Whiton .

Third, William H. Teele .
Lady's Sweet, William H. Teele .
Northern Spy, Ida E. Burbank

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, William T. Hall
Rhode Island Greening, Artemas Frost

Second, William O'Connell

Third, Charles N. Bracket!
Roxbury Russet, Cephas H. Brackett

Second, Joshua Stowe

Third, Eustis Baker ...
Tolman Sweet, Artemas Frost

Second, Asa Clement

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh
Tompkins King, H. E. Small

Second, Asa Clement

Third, William C. Eustis .
Any other variety, Artemas Frost, Gravenste

Second, John Parker, Yellow Bellflower

Third, A. T. Brown, York Imperial .

$1 00
25 00

2 00

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^66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pears. — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon $4 00

Second, A. T. Brown 3 00

Anjou, A. T. Brown • 4 00

Second, William Milman ........ 3 00

Third, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Fourth, .[. M. Swett 1 00

Clairgeau, William T. Hall 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon 1 00

Cornice, Warren Fenno ,• • 4 00

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne 3 00

Dana's Hovey, Samuel G. Damon 4 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall 3 GO

Third, Warren Fenno • 2 00

Fourth, A. H. Lewis 1 00

Diel, Edwin A. Hall 3 00

Second, A. T. Brown • . • 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon 1 00

Olout Morceau, Mrs. G. A. Curtis 3 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall 2 00

Third, A. H. Lewis 1 00

Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno 3 00

Second, John L. Bird 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon 1 00

Langelier, A. T. Brown » 3 00

Second, A. H. Lewis 2 00

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh . . . . . . . • 1 00

Lawrence, Samuel G. Damon 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno 2 00

Third, Leverett M. Chase 1 00

Vicar, Elisha S. Converse 3 00

Second, William H. Mcintosh 2 00

Third, Charles E. Swain 3 00

Winter Nelis, Edwin A. Hall 3 00

Second, A. T. Brown 2 00

Any other variety, William Milman, Mount Vernon . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon, Sheldon 2 00

Third, S. F. & F. L. Weston, Columbia 1 00

Foreign Grapes.— Two bunches of any variety, George A. Nick-

erson, Alicante . . 5 00

Second, George A. Nickerson, Lady Downes . . . . 4 00

Third, Joseph H. White, Alicante 3 00

Gratuities :

Thomas M. Davis, Collection of Pears 5 00

L. J. Fosdick, Cranberries 3 00

P. G. Hanson, " 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 267

APPLETON GOLD MEDAL.

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, September 6, 7. George McWill-
iam, Collection of Foreign Grapes.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL.
July 15. Amos Bates, Bates Gooseberries, a new Seedling.

SOCIETY'S BRONZE MEDAL.

Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers, September 6, 7. Charles H.
Hovey, East Pasadena, Cal., Collection of Oranges and Lemons.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE OF MERIT.
January 7. F. H. Frazier, Danville, Indiana, Arnold Pears.

HONORABLE MENTION.

February 4. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., New Winter Pears.
July 1. James G. Allen, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Seedling Strawberries.

REPORT

OP THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The exhibitions in this department the past year were more or
less affected by the lateness of the season. This was especially
the case for a few weeks during the earlier part of the summer,
contributors finding it difficult to meet the requirements of the
Schedule, with a season from ten days to two weeks behind the
average.

This was in a great measure overcome, however, as the season
advanced, and there was a corresponding improvement in our
weekly exhibitions, which continued until the close of the season.
In the arrangement of the Schedule, it is the aim of the
Committee for Establishing Prizes to fix the dates for our shows
to correspond with average seasons as nearly as possible. If a
season is a week or ten days later than the average, which
occasionally occurs, our exhibitions during the earlier part of such
a season, and before warm, settled weather sets in, are sure to be
more or less affected, as witnessed the past year.

There has been a noticeable improvement in our shows of
Forced Vegetables during the months of January and February,
both in the quantity and variety of specimens shown as compared
with the previous year. Nearly all the prizes offered were
competed for.

The show of vegetables at the May exhibition on the 6th of the
mouth, brought out a fine display of the different varieties usually

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 269

seen at that season, most of which, however, were grown under
glass. Although it was prize day for Asparagus, none was
shown for premium until the Rhododendron Show, June 6. Last
year the first Asparagus was exhibited May 10, and all the prizes
were awarded. This leaves a wide margin between the two
seasons as regards earliness, and accounts for the lack of exhibits
on prize days earlier in the season.

At the Rose and Strawberry Show the display of vegetables was
remarkably full and fine, all but two third prizes being awarded.
An interesting featui*e of this exhibition, and one which attracted
particular attention from the visiting public, was the large and
well-grown collection of Lettuce, made by M. H. "Walsh, gardener
to Hon. Joseph S. Fay, consisting of eighteen named varieties.
This exhibit afforded a favorable opportunity, such as is seldom
offered, for comparing the different varieties, which those inter-
ested were quick to appreciate. The Appleton Silver Medal was
awarded Mr. Fay for this fine display, and superior cultivation
of lettuce.

The weekly exhibitions during the season, commencing on the
first Saturday in July, have been good, and very few inferior
specimens have been seen on our tables.

Owing to the lateness of the season, such vegetables as require
a good degree of heat in order to bring them to maturity were in
most instances found to be behind the requirements of the
Schedule. Melons, Tomatoes, Egg Plants, Lima Beans, Sweet
Corn, etc., were among the kinds which passed the first, and
sometimes the second prize day, without a single specimen being
shown. It was an unusually poor season for the Melon ci'op, and
considerable complaint was also made by the growers, of great
injury done to the vines by the black flea, or louse, and the rust.
The first exhibit of Greenflesh Melons was made August 19, when
Isaac E Coburn showed some fine specimens. He was the onlj'
competitor, and the only person who showed Melons during the
month.

The exhibition on September 16, was one of the largest and best
of all the weekly shows. The various crops, which on account of
the lateness of the season had previously lagged behind, seemed
to have made up for lost time and to have fully caught up with the
season and the Schedule. The quantity, quality, aud variety of
the specimens shown excited the admiration of visitors, and was

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

an agreeable surprise to your Committee. The specimen Melons,
Cauliflowers, Celery, Tomatoes, Egg Plants, and Lima Beans, were
excellent, showing both care and skill in cultivation, and would
compare favorably with any former exhibition. Hon. Joseph S.
Fay's collection of melons contained some fine specimens and
attracted considerable attention, as did also Hon. Aaron Low's
twenty- four well-grown varieties of tomatoes.

Judging from specimens shown, the past season must have been
remarkably favorable for the growth of the Cauliflower. Finer
flowers than those shown by William H. Teele and A. M.
Knowlton, both at this and the Annual Exhibition, are rarely
seen. These gentlemen have for several years taken the lead at
our exhibitions as successful cultivators of this popular vegetable.
They have, it is true, set the standard high ; nevertheless it is
hoped it will not discourage other growers from endeavoring to
attain to, or even surpass it. There is still " room at the top."

On July 29, a new tomato was shown by Samuel J. Trepess,
under the name of May's Favorite, which struck your Committee
very favorably on account of the many points of excellence which
it appeared to possess, aside from the uniformity and beauty of
individual specimens. They were grown on the trellis system —
without doubt the best manner of growing the finest and most
perfect fruit. This method of culture may in a measure account
for the unusual excellence of the specimens shown as compared
with those of common field culture. For the amateur, or for the
kitchen garden, when only a limited number of plants are required
and space is an object, the trellis system has its advantages and
can be recommended. It furnishes the most perfect fruit, requirea
less room, and places each fruit where it receives the full benefit of
sun and air and is easily seen and gathered when required. The
market gardener who grows by the acre could not with profit
adopt this system on account of the expense attending it.

At the Annual Exhibition the Lower Hall was completely filled
with the display of vegetables alone, forming the largest, and we
think the best, exhibit this department has ever made.

The show of Celery, both for the Special and Regular prizes,
was of a high order of merit, Warren Heustis & Sou taking the
first prize in both classes. The other principal exhibitors were
Varnum Frost and H. R. Kinney. Appearance goes a great way
in vegetables as well as fruits. The finest appearing of all

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 271

Celeries, the Golden Self Blanching and White Plume, are we
think, the poorest in quality. When compared with the old
Boston Market, they are not only tough and stringy, but lack the
flavor and crispness characteristic of that famous old variety.

The potato exhibit at the Annual Exhibition was considerably
larger in quantity than that of last year, and we think there was
also an improvement in the quality of the specimens shown. The
season seems to have favored the crop, which was of excellent
quality and in this vicinity quite free from disease.

At the weekly shows Hon. Joseph S. Fay again took the lead
and the prizes, and also was awarded the first premium for the
best four varieties at the Annual Show. There has been a
noticeable improvement within the past few years in the character
of specimens offered for competition, which is quite encouraging,
and that is the absence of eoarse, overgrown, and sometimes
unwashed specimens, which havfe occasionally in former years,
been placed on exhibition, and which for the credit of our Society
the Committee have felt called upon in the way of their duty, to
remove and place under the table.

At the closing exhibition, November 18, this department was
well represented and made a full and interesting display of the
varied products of the season. Most of the premiums were
competed for and awarded. Aside from the prize list, quite large
miscellaneous collections were shown by H. R. Kinney, AValter
Russell, Warren Heustis & Son, and Dr. Walter G. Kendall.

This brings us to the close of our exhibition season. And now
we have harvested the hopes of a year ago and are thankful for
the measure of plenty with which we are surrounded, let us plan
for another seedtime and harvest, hoping to avoid past errors, to
increase thrift, improve our exhibitions in all possible ways, and
have a better balance sheet to show for the coming year than we
now have for the past.

The annual appropriation for Vegetables was $1,100. Of this
amount, the Committee have awarded in prizes and gratuities
$1,044, leaving an unexpended balance of $56.
Respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

C. N. BRACKETT,

Chairviax .

272

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 7.

Radishes. — Four bunches, the third prize to John L. Bird
Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Second, John L. Gardner, Sion House
Third, <' .< u

Cauliflowers. — Four, William H. Teele

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ....
Lettuce. — Four heads, John L. Bird
Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone

Second, F. J. Kinney .....

Third, H. A. Stearns

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, William Stobbart

Second, J. C. Rogers

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, Essex

Second, Winter Brothers, Lorillard .

Third, William Stobbart

Gratuities : —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery
" " " " Dandelions

February 4.

Radishes. — Four bunches, George F. Stone

Cucumbers. — Pair, John L. Gardner

Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, George E. Sanderson

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .

Third, William Patterson .
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George Sanderson

Second, Elmer E. Sanderson
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Winter Brothers -.

Second, George M. Hay

Third, Elisha S. Converse .

Gratuities : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Parsley
George F. Stone, "

John L. Gardner, Celery and Cauliflowers
William Stobbart, Collection

$1 00
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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

273

March 4.

Gratuities : —
George B. Gill, Mushrooms
George F. Stone, Collection

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 21, 22, 23, and 24.
William J. Walker Fund.

Radishes. — Four bunches Turnip Rooted, George F. Stone

Second, Walter Russell, French Breakfast

Third, " " White Box .

Four bunches of Long Scarlet, H, R. Kinney
Celery. — Four roots, John L. Gardner .

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Walter Russell
Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone

Second, H. R. Kinney

Third, John L. Gardner
Water Cresses. — Two quarts, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Parsley. — Two quarts, H. R. Kinney

Second, George F. Stone .
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George Sanderson

Second, Elmer E. Sanderson
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Winter Brothers, Nicholson's Hybrid

Third, " " Essex

Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Cucumbers ....
Rev. Calvin Terry, Onions ....
Dr. Walter G. Kendall, Brussels Sprouts
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

April 1.
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four, Isaac E. Coburn .

Gratuity : —
Walter Russell, Lettuce and Radishes

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 6.

William J. Walker Fund.

Cucumbers. — Pair, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Walter Russell ....
Third, John L. Gardner ....
6

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274

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Spinach. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son
Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Walter Russell
Lettuce. — Four heads, Walter Russell .

Second, George F. Stone .

Third, John L. Gardner

Gratuities : —
Winter Brothers, three varieties of Tomatoes
William Nicholson, Tomatoes .
Walter Russell, Radishes ....
George F. Stone, Radishes and Parsley
Francis Brown Hayes, Mushrooms .

May 13.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Mushrooms .
Charles E. Grant, Asparagus

May 27.

Gratuities : —
Charles E. Grant, Asparagus
Sidney Lawrence, Rhubarb

Gratuities : —
Walter Russell, Radishes .
Leonard W. Weston, Asparagus
Hon. George Hey wood, "

June 3.

#3 00

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RHODODENDRON SHO^-

June 6 and 7.

Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, Nathaniel T. Kidder .
Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, Walter Russell

Long Scarlet, Walter Russell
Asparagus. — Four bunches, C. W. Pres«ott

Second, William H. Hunt .

Third, Leonard W. Weston
Cucumbers. — Pair, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Walter Russell
Lettuce. — Four heads, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Deacon

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Boston Curled

Third, " " " " Tennisball

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Samuel Trepess

Second, Francis Brown Hayes, Seedling

Third, " " " Victoria .

Tomatoes. — Twelve, Winter Brothers, Nicholson's Hybrid

Second, Winter Brothers, Essex ....

Third, " " Chemin ....

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

275

Gratuities : —

Walter Russell, Onions and Spinach . , . . . . $2 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Cauliflowers 2 00

" " " " Lettuce 1 00

Warren Ileustis & Son, Collection 2 00

Jdne 10.
Gratuity : —

Benjamin G. Smith, Rhubarb (16 lbs. 14 ozs.) . . . . 1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION,

June 20 and 21.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Crosby Brothers .

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .
Onions. — Twelve, Walter Russell, Portugal

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .

Third, Walter Russell, Danvers
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Walter Russell
Cabbages. — Three, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Second, Walter Russell
Lettuce. — Four heads, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, George F. Stone

Third, Walter Russell
Peas. — Half-peck, Cephas H. Brackett .

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, Charles E. Grant .

Gratuities : —
Peter Fisher & Co., Collection of Tomatoes
Winter Brothers, Tomatoes
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Rhubarb
George Sanderson, "

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Walter Russell, "

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of eighteen varieties of Lettuce
Appleton Silver Medal.

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EXHIBITIONS THROUGH THE SEASON.

July 1.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Early Rose ....
Third, " " " " Queen ....

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276

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Walter Russell .

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Squashes. — Long Warted, Warren Heustis & Son
Cabbages. — Three, Walter Russell

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Wakefield .

Third, " " " " Empress

Peas. — Half-peck of American Wonder, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, Charles E. Grant

Gratuities : —
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Beans
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Walter Russell, "

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, "

$2 00

1 00

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2 00

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3 00

2 00

1 00
3 00
3 00

2 00

July 8.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Queen .

Third, " " " " Rose .

Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Walter'Russell

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Beans. — Half-peck of String, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Peas. — Half-peck of Stratagem, Walter Russell

Any other variety, Charles E. Grant, Shropshire Hero

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Advancer

Third, " " " " American Wonder

Gratuities : —
Dr. Walter G. Kendall, Lettuce ....

William Doran & Son, Collection of Lettuce .
Winter Brothers, Tomatoes .....

Walter Russell, Collection

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection ....

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July 15.

Levi Whitcomh Fund.

Cabbages. — Three, Walter Russell

Beans. — Half-peck of Cranberry, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Isaac E. Coburn

Peas. — Half-peck, Charles E. Grant

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .....

Third. Rev. Calvin Terry

Gratuity : —
Walter Russell, Collection

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PEIZES AND GKATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

277

July 22.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Savoy ....

Third, " " " " Queen ....

Lettuce. — Four heads, Walter Russell ....

Second, Warren Heustis & Son . . .

Third, William Doran & Son

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Sumner Coolidge

Third, Charles E. Grant

Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens, Varnum Frost, 'Emery

Second, Varnum Frost, Comrade

Third, Sumner Coolidge, Emery

Gratuities : —
Charles N. Brackett, Telephone Peas
Rev. Calvin Terry, Advancer "

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Stratagem "
Charles E. Grant, Peas and Beans
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Tomatoes
E. W. Wood,

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Walter Russell, "

Winter Brothers, "

Isaac E. Coburn, "

Dr. Walter G. Kendall,

July 29.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Savoy .

Third, " " " " Rose .

Peas. — Half-peck, Sidney Lawrence, Stratagem

Second, H. R. Kinney, Stratagem

Third, Samuel J. Trepess ....
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Crosby, F. J. Kinney
Any other variety, F. J. Kinney, Farquhar's First Crop

Second, Charles E. Grant, Corey

Third, " " " Burbank

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Samuel J. Trepess, INIay's, Favorite

Second, Varnum Frost, Comrade

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Chenery

Gratuities : —
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Duke of Albany Peas, and Corn
Charles N. Brackett, Peas
John Parker, Collection of Beans
Charles E. Grant, Beans .
Samuel J. Trepess, Squashes
Ciiarles W. Parker, Collection of Herbs

^3 00

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278

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 5.

Beans. — Two quarts of Goddard, Rev. Calvin Terry

Half-peck of Horticultural, Isaac E. Coburn,
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens of Emery, Varnum Frost
Any other variety, Samiiel J. Trepess, President Cleveland,
Second, Varnum Frost, Comrade ....
Third, William C. Winter, Essex ....

Gratuities : —
George M. Anderson, Cucumbers
Charles W. Parker,
Charles E. Grant, Corn and Beans
Sidney Lawrence, Stratagem Peas
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

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August 12.

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, S. A. Merrill . . . . . 3 00

Second, Hon. Aaron Low 2 00

Third, George M. Anderson 1 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Walter Russell . . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

Rev. Calvin Terry, Beans 1 00

S. A. Merrill, Potatoes 1 00

Isaac E. Coburn, Collection 3 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection 2 00

Charles W. Parker, " 1 00

Charles E. Grant, " ....... 1 00

Walter Russell, " 1 00

August 19.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Queen .....

Third, " " " " Rose

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Danvers .

Second, Varnum Frost, Danvers .....

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Red

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Isaac E. Coburn

Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son ....

Second, Varnum Frost

Beans. — Two quarts of Goddard, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Rev. Calvin Terry

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, Hon. Joseph S
Fay

Second, Rev. Calvin Terry

Third, Charles N. Brackett

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

279

Any other variety, Oliver R. Robbins, Burr's

Second, Hon. Aaron Low, Crosby

Third, Samuel Hartwell, " ...

Peppers. — Twelve Squash, George W. Jameson

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ....

Third, Walter Russell

Any other variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Ruby King

Second, Water Russell, Bull Nose

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Bull Nose

Gratuities : —
Samuel J. Trepess, Tomatoes .
Walter Russell, Egg Plant
" " Collection

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Dr. Walter G. Kendall,

August 26.

Cabbages. — Three, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Reynolds
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Warren
Third, " " " " Brunswick

Cauliflowers. — Four, A. M. Knowlton
Second, William H. Teele

Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost
Dwarf Lima, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Martynias. — Twelve, E. W. Jordan
Second, Walter Russell

Peppers. — Twelve Squash, P. G. Hanson
Second, Richard T. Lombard
Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Any other variety, Richard T. Lombard, Bull Nose
Second, Walter Russell, Bull Nose
Third, Natlianiel T. Kidder, Ruby Iving

Gratuities : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery
Rev. Calvin Terry, Beans
Charles E. Grant, Sweet Corn .
Charles N. Brackett, Excelsior Sweet Corn
P. G. Hanson, Tomatoes ....
Waiter Russell, Collection
Isaac E. Coburn, " ...

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September 16.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Samuel Hartwell
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Third, Sumner Coolidge ....

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280

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Salmon Flesh Melons. — Four, Hon. Aaron Low
Second, Joseph S. Fay
Third, H. R. Kinney ....
Watermelons. — Pair, John Parker
Second, Rev. Calvin Terry
Third, Charles E. Grant .
Cauliflowers. — Four, A. M. Knowlton

Second, William H. Teele .
Lettuce. — Four heads, Walter Russell .
Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son
Second, Varnum Frost
Third, H. R. Kinney ....
Parsley. — Two quarts, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Second, Walter Russell
Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost

Second, Charles E. Grant .
Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, Charles N. Brackett
Second, Charles E. Grant .
Third, Hon. Aaron Low
Any other variety, S. A. Merrill, Burr's
Second, William H. Hunt, "

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Stowell's
Egg Plant. — Four, Sumner Coolidge
Second, H. R. Kinney
Third, Whittier & Co.
Tomatoes. — Three varieties, Varnum Frost
Second, Hon. Aaron Low .
Acme, twelve specimens, Varnum Frost
Second, Hon. Aaron Low .
Third, S. A. Merrill ....
Cardinal, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Hon. Aaron Low .
Emery, Warren Heustis & Son
Second, Hon. Aaron Low .
Third, Varnum Frost
Paragon, " "

Second, Hon. Aaron Low .
Any other variety, P. G. Hanson, Livingston
Second, Hon. Aaron Low, Essex
Third, " " " Beauty

Peppers. — Twelve Squash, George W. Jameson
Second, P. G. Hanson
Third, Hon. Aaron Low
Any other variety, Hon. Aaron Low, Ruby King
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, " "

Third, Richard T. Lombard, Bull Nose

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
GO
00
00
00
GO
GO

1 00

00
00
00
00

1 00
3 00

2 GO

3 GO

2 00

1 00

3 GO

2 00

1 fO

3 00

2 00

1 oo'

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

281

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Melons
Hon. Aaron Low, Twenty-four varieties of Tomatoes
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Tomatoes
Charles E. Grant, Lima Beans .
Walter Russell, Collection
Varnum Frost, "

P. G. Hanson, "

Richard T. Lombard, Collection

September 23.

Gratuity : —
Ettore Tassinari, Danvers Onions

83 00
5 00
1 00

1 00
4 00
3 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

October 4 and 5.
Special Prizes.

Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens and best kept during the
exhibition, A. M. Knowlton .......

Second, Wilham H. Teele

Celery. — Best four specimens and best kept during the exhibition,
Warren Heustis & Son ........

Second, Varnum Frost

Regular Prizes.

Beets — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Varnum Frost

Second, Walter Russell

Third, H. R. Kinney .
Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, H. R. Kinney

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Intermediate, Walter Russell

Second, H. R. Kinney

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Parsnips. — Twelve Long, Walter Russell

Second, H. R. Kinney

Third, Charles R. Lancaster
Potatoes. — Four varieties, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, Charles B. Lancaster
Clark, Twelve specimens, E. C. Lewis

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Hebron, Charles S. Smith

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Third, Leonard W. Weston

5

00

4

00

8

00

6

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

282

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rose, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, F. J. Kinney .
Savoy, Hon. Aaron Low

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Tliird, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Any other variety, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Polaris

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Downing

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Queen
Salsify. — Twelve specimens, Walter Russell
Tdrnips. — Twelve Flat, F. J. Kinney

Second, P. G. Hanson
Swedish, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, E. C. Lewis ....
Onions. — Twelve Danvers, Ettore Tassinari

Second, Walter Russell

Third, Hon. James J. H. Gregory
Red,

Second, George F. Stone .

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
White, " " " "

Second, George F. Stone .

Third, H. R. Kinney .
Squashes. — Three Hubbard, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Walter Russell

Third, Charles B. Lancaster
Hybrid Turban, Hon. Aaron Low

Second, P. G. Hanson
Marblehead, P. G. Hanson

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Marrow, Varnum Frost . •

Second, P. G. Hanson

Third, Walter Russell
Turban, P. G. Hanson .
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, Charles B. Lancaster

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, Ettore Tassinari
Red, Hon. Aaron Low ....

Second, Ettore Tassinari
Savoy, Charles B. Lancaster, Green Curled

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, Charles B. Lancaster, Drumhead Savoy
Cauliflowers. — Four, William H. Teele

Second, Charles Morris

Third, A. M. Knowlton

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

283

Goddard

'Celery. — Four roots of Paris Golden, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Varnum Frost

Third, H. R. Kinney ....
Any other variety, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, H. R. Kinney
Endive. — Four specimens, F. J. Kinney

Second, H. R. Kinney

Third, Walter Russell
Lettuce. — Four heads, Walter Russell .

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Deacon

Third, " " " " Tennisball

Parsley. — Two quarts, Walter Russell .

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Horseradish. — Six roots, H. R. Kinney

Second, Walter Russell
Corn. — Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, Mrs. Mary T.

Second, William H. Hunt ....
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, H. R. Kinney

Second, Walter Russell ....
Tomatoes. — Three varieties, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Samuel J. Trepess

Third, Hon. Aaron Low ....
Acme, Twelve specimens, Charles N. Brackett

Second, Hon. Aaron Low

Third, Charles E. Grant
Emery, Varnum Frost .

Second, Hon. Aaron Low
Paragon, Artemas Frost

Second, P. G. Hanson

Third, Varnum Frost
Cardinal, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, P. G. Hanson

Third, Hon. Aaron Low
Any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Ignotum

Second, Artemas Frost, Stone .

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Chenery
Peppers. — Twelve Squash, George W. Jameson

Second, Hon. Aaron Low ....

Third, P. G. Hanson

Any other variety, Hon. Aaron Low, Ruby King

Second, Hon. Aaron Low, Bull Nose

Third, " " " Golden Queen .

$5 00

OratuUies : —

Charles N. Brackett, Sweet Corn

John Parker, Collection of Melons .

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Collection of Beans

1 00

2 00
2 00

284

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection $ 6 OO

P. G. Hanson, " 6 00

Walter Russell, " 6 00

Hon. Aaron Low, " ....... 5 00

Warren Heustis & Son, " 4 00

H. R. Kinney, " . 3 00

Hon. James J. H. Gregory, Collection . . . . . . 3 00*

S. A. Merrill, " 2 00

Ettore Tassinari, " 2 00-

Charles E. Grant, " 2 00-

October 14.

Gratuity : —

P. G. Hanson, Collection 2 00-

November 11.

Gratuity : —

Charles A. Learned, Lettuce ........ 1 00'

EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

November 18.

Cabbages. — Three Red, Hon. Aaron Low, Low's Mammoth

Second, Hon. Aaron Low, Buxton's Premium .

Third, " " " Red Dutch

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, George A. Nickerson

Third, Samuel J. Trepess .
Cauliflowers. — Four, William H. Teele

Second, A. M. Knowlton

Third, Samuel J. Trepess .
Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis &

Second, Varnum Frost

Third, H. R. Kinney .
Lettuce. — Four heads, H. R. Kinney

Second, Charles A. Learned

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, Early Essex

Second, Winter Brothers, Lorillard .....

Son

Gratuities : —
P. G. Hanson, Turnips
Rev. Calvin Terry, Onions
Benjamin P. Ware, Kale .
Charles E. Grant, Watermelons

3 00

2 00

1 oa

3 OO'

2 00
1 00-

3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00
3 00

2 OO

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 285

H. A. Stevens, Mushrooms ^1 00

H. R. Kinney, Collection 5 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection 3 00

Walter Russell, " 3 00

Ettore Tassinari, " 2 00

Dr. Walter G. Kendall, " 2 00

APPLETON SILVER MEDAL.

Rose and Strawberry ^Exhibition, June 22. Hon. Joseph S. Fay, eighteen
varieties of Lettuce an4 superior cultivation of the same.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

In presenting the report of our doings for another season we
are glad to bring to your notice such facts as we trust will prove
that there is continued interest in this department of our work»
Were we to judge the interest by the competition for the various
premiums there would be little reason for the continuance of the
Committee ; we have found it very difficult to arrange them so as
to attract the attention of the various cultivators. The past
season has been notable for few applications for the stated prizes,
but we have been enabled to award gratuities, of which we do
not doubt that you will approve, as just recognitions of superior
skill in the various departments of horticultural productions.

Charles V. Whitten's Lily House, Dorchester.

The first visit of the season was on the 13th of March, to
inspect a house of Lilies. Mr. Cotter, the gardener, informed us
that the house contained 1,500 bulbs in 1,100 pots, 1,000 of the
bulbs being Lilium longiflorum, and 500 L. Harrisii. Most of
these were grown singly in six, seven, or eight-inch pots, accord-
ing to the size of the bulbs. They were all potted early in
October, and placed in cold frames, where they were given a
thorough soaking of water ; then a handful of sand was placed
upon the surface of each pot, after which a covering of two inches
of sifted ashes was placed over the whole, which keeps the pots
from drying out. After this a sharp lookout was kept for the
first appearance of growth in the lilies, when all the ashes was

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS, 287

removed and the plants were gradually exposed to the light.
About the middle of November they began to take them into the
greenhouses, where they filled the room previouslj^ occupied by
the chrysanthemums, and wherS they were retarded or forced as
required.

The excellence of these two varieties for forcing is acknowl-
edged by all cultivators everywhere ; on looking up the various
authorities we find but one opinion. From a list of acknowledged
authority lying before us we copy the statement in regard to L.
lovgiflorum, that the flowers are large, long, and trumpet shaped,
with spreading segments ; dull white outside, but very pure Avhite
inside; fine for forcing. L. Harrisii (L. longijlorum fioribinidum
or the Bermuda Easter Lily) is a splendid variety, differing from
the type in being more floriferous, and producing larger flowers, of
fine substance, averaging four to five inches in length, and well
opened at the mouth ; the flowers are pure white, and of most
delicious fragrance. This variety is excellent for forcing.

This Lily House was certainly all that could be desired ; the
plants were healthy and luxuriant, and the array of flowers was,
to say the very least, beautiful to behold.

In our last report your attention was called to the Rose Houses ;
you will be interested to know that what we then stated to you
was fully sustained by their promising appearance at our later
visit. The house of Brunners was particularly noticeable ; the
plants were imported in November, 1891, and were placed in this
house in January, 1892; an abundant crop was cut from them
the following April, after which they were allowed to make their
summer growth. When the wood was well ripened they were
pruned, and they were stsi'ted into growth the second week in
January, 1893, to produce the crop which we saw March 17. In
every respect this house was a model of cleanliness ; the growth
and luxuriant bloom afforded the best evidence of the skill and
care that had been bestowed upon them.

Estate of Nathaniel T. Kidder, Milton.

This is the second j^ear that this estate has been in competition
for the Hunnewell Triennial Premium. In our last report your
attention was called in a general way to the estate, and at our
second visit everything was found in good order. The exhibits at
the hall by Mr. Kidder have added to the interest of the shows,
as the productions have been during the last season, as in pre-

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vioiis years, of unusual merit; this with the fact that in all
departments of the garden and grounds, skill and careful cultiva-
tion were noticeable, made the Committee unanimous in their
opinion that the estate is worthy of continued consideration for
the premium for which it is entered.

W. W. Lee's Aquatic Garden, Northampton.

September 13th, the Committee enjoyed another visit to this
exceptionally attractive place. Liberal premiums were offered for
Aquatic Gardens, in the hope that a spirited competition might be
awakened in this very interesting and growing department of
ornamental gardening, but we were disappointed in this respect,
Mr. Lee having made the only entry. We can add but little to
what was said in our last report. That Mr. Lee is enthusiastic
in his determination that the aquatic garden should take a front
place in the ornamentation of pleasure grounds, is apparent
from the improved condition of his own garden over that seen last
year. In addition to the Lilies which he had last season in the
heated pond, there were this year Nymphcea Caroliniana, N.
Laydekeri rosea, and N. Marliacea albiclu.

On the slope of a bank at the edge of a new pond which is
being made exclusively for hardy Lilies, there have been planted
over seven hundred Ferns. In that pond there were growing :

NympliiMa ccerulea. Nymphcea odorata gigantea.

" gracilis. Nelumhium speciosum.

" Marliacea carnea.

The complete list of Nymphseas grown by Mr. Lee this season
comprises twenty species and varieties, as follows, — though of
some there are two or three plants.

Nymphcea albida candidissima. Nymphcea Marliacea chromatella.

" cceridea. " " rosea.

" Caroliniana. " odorata gigantea.

" deiitata. " • " rosea.

" Devoniensis. " " sulphurea.

" gigantea. " rubra.

" gracilis. " Sturtevanti.

" Laydekeri rosea. " tuberosa.

" Marliacea albida. " Zanzibarensis.

" " carnea. " " rosea.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 289

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST.

In connection with the visit to Mr. Lee's, a very pleasant and
profitable afternoon was spent at the Agriculturar College, under
the guidance of Professor Maynard. The working of the horti-
cultural department was explained to us by him, and that of the
Agricultural by Professor Brooks, whose statements will be read
with more than usual interest. This was the first time that an
opportunity had been offered to visit the college grounds, and as the
Society has a representation on its Board of Control, it is fitting that
our members should know something of the working of this highly
successful and well managed institution. The time was wheu it
was looked upon as an expensive, unpractical luxury, its friends
were few, and success seemed next to an impossibility ; but
time and the practical results of the persistent labors of the Presi-
dent and the Professors have changed public opinion from the
point of prejudice to that of hearty cooperation, and the institu-
tion is now receiving — not too much by any means — the encourage-
ment it so justly merits. Not more than one of your Committee
had any idea of what had been, and is now being, accomplished
by the institution, in sending out practical young men, thoroughly
fitted to take up the different branches there taught, and practise
them successfully in life. No mere theorists leave the institution
— work they must — and the State and country are richer for it.
"We regret not being able to see President Goodell more than long
enough to receive his hearty welcome, important engagements
demanding his time ; but Ave are more than glad to bring to you
such good reports of the work of the College from the Professors
already alluded to, and we ask for them your careful consideration
of the same, and as far as possible your hearty and zealous
cooperation by encouraging and advancing the good work that is
being done there.

The following is Professor Maynard's statement :

Report of the Botanical Department of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, Amherst, November 1, 1893. By
Professor S. T. Maynard.

The Botanical Department of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College has under its management about seventy-five acres of
laud, divided nearly as follows : Apple orchard, 4 acres ; Pear
7

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

orchard, 2 acres ; Peach orchard, 4 acres ; Cherry orchard, 1
acre ; Plum orchard, 1 acre ; Quince orchard, 1 acre ; Grapes, 2
acres ; Raspberries and Blackberries, 2 acres ; Currants, ^ acre ;
Strawberries, 1 acre ; Market Gardening Crops, 8 acres ; Nursery,
2 acres ; Lawn, ornamental grounds, roads, and walks, 15 acres ;
mowing land, grove and forest plantation, 30J acres.

In all the fruit plantations the principal aim has been to grow a
few trees only of all of the varieties of the most value in any
locality, so that the products of this large area are not as profit-
able as would have been the case if fewer kinds had been planted.

In the market garden, small areas of all the leading kinds of
vegetables are grown, in the most approved way, and the products
are sold in the local markets, thus illustrating the methods of
growing and marketing such crops.

The vineyards consist of two parts ; the old vineyard devoted
to growing commercial varieties, and the new vineyard, where all
the new varieties are grown and tested.

The Old Vineyard. — The vines were set in this vineyard in
1869 — partly rooted vines, and the balance long cuttings planted
three or four in a place, at the proper distance for permanent
growth, which at that time was considered to be six by eight feet.
The soil is a coarse sandy loam, mixed with au abundance of
stones from the size of peas to a foot in diameter, and underlaid,
at a varying depth of from two to four feet, with a hardpan sub-
soil.

The slope is directly to the south, and the vines are protected
by a permanent grove on the north, a planted grove of larch and
Scotch and Austrian pines on the west, and scattered trees in a
grove on the south. At planting the land was manured with
stable manure, and a crop of potatoes was grown between the
rows the first season.

Heavy chestnut posts were set the second year after planting,
with four wires of No. 14 galvanized iron, one foot apart, for the
vines to run upon. The first wire is placed two and a half feet
from the ground.

During the first fifteen years of its history, the vines were
trained in a natural fan system, upon the trellis, and pruned on
the spur system, i. e. all laterals coming out on the radiating arms
were cut back after fruiting, to two buds. The vines are now
trained on the one cane renewal system, i. e. one large cane is

REPORT OF THK C030IITTEE ON GARDENS. 291

growu each year along one of the lower wires, which is to produce
the fruit the following season, while the fruiting cane, which is
carried on the top wire during the season, is cut away, leaving
only one or two buds from which a new cane must be grown to
replace the successive fruiting canes.

The work of planting, cultivating, and pruning has largely
been done by students, each member of the junior class being
obliged to work long enough on the vines to master the systems
of training and pruning.

It was in this vineyard that the first systematic experiments in
girdling the vine were made in a commercial way, and here it was
first proven that grapes from girdled vines contain a larger
percentage of sugar than those grown on uugirdled vines, and
that by this process many varieties which would not otherwise
ripen in Massachusetts can be successfully growu. In this vine-
yard there are grown about twenty varieties, but the vines are
principally Concords,

The New Vineyard. — The soil in which these vines are
planted is a light sandy loam with a western exposure. Two
vines of each variety are planted together, the vineyard including
about a hundred and twenty-five varieties, over one hundred of
which fruited the past season. The vines are trained to two wires,
the fruiting cane being carried on the top wire, and the new cane
for the next year's fruiting being grown on the lower wire.

One vine of the two of each variety, is used to test the value
of insecticides and fungicides, the other being left untreated for
the purpose of proving results.

In this vineyard records are made of the hardiness and vigor
of the vines of the different varieties, and the time of blooming
and of ripening the fruit. The fruit is gathered as nearly as
possible when perfectly ripe, and placed in the cold storage room,
where the keeping qualities of each variety are tested.

The results of all of the above mentioned trials are reported
in the bulletins of the Hatch Experiment Station, as are also all
experiments made in testing the qualities of all new varieties of
other fruits.

Each variety is distinctly labelled with a large sheet-iron label
placed in front of the first vine, so that every one may study the
characteristics of each.

All new varieties reported as promising, are obtained as soon
as possible after introduction ; many from the originators, before

292 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICIILTUEAL SOCIETY.

they are put upon the market, and careful comparison is made
with older varieties, to determine their value for growth in New
England.

The great want of our grape growers is a variety that will ripen
so early as to escape early frosts. It is found that out of the
large number of new varieties tested there are very few which are
even as early as the Concord, and at the same time possess all the
good qualities of that variety. A new variety must be earlier,
equally hardy and productive, and of better quality, to be of any
value to us, and unless they possess these superior characteristics
should never be introduced.

A few of the recent introductions, however, have shown much
promise, and if they continue to behave as well here, and in other
localities, as they have in the past, will be valuable additions to
our list. The two that show the most decided merit are the
Winchell (Green Mountain) and Peabody.

The Winchell is a green grape of medium size of berry and
bunch, of thoroughly good quality, and ripens with, or a little
before, Moore's Early. The vine is vigorous, hardy, and produc-
tive, and the fruit is a good keeper, adhering to the stem for a
long time after picking. Its color may be objectionable for
market, but it certainly is valuable for home use.

The Peabody is a black grape, of larger size of bunch and
berry than the Winchell, ripening with the latter. In quality it
would not be called a sweet grape, but the pulp is tender, separat-
ing easily from the seeds, and of a pleasant, vinous quality. The
foliage is like that of the Clinton, and other varieties of cordifolia
origin, of a very firm texture and resistant to mildew. The
keeping qualities of the Peabody have not been fully tested, but
the indications are that it will proye a long keeper.

In view of our experiments we would recommend for general
planting for home use and market, the following :

Black, Worden, Moore's Early, Concord, and Peabody.

Red, Brighton and Delaware.

White, Winchell, Lady, and Pocklingtou.

The land in both vineyards is kept thoroughly cultivated,
especially in dry, hot weather, when the cultivator is run at least
once each week, to keep the ground loose and free to prevent the
rapid evaporation of the moisture.

The fertilizers used have been varied according to the previous
growth of the vine. If the vines made but a small growth one

REPORT OF XHE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

293

season, we have used iu the next some stable manure ; but the
standing formula is 1,500 pounds of fine ground bone, and 500
pounds of muriate or sulphate of potash. With a good ordinary
growth and medium crop of grapes this might be reduced to
1,000 pounds of fine bone and 300 of potash. This formula is
recommended for all fruits in general.

Select Lists. — The varieties of fruits our experience would lead
us to suggest as best for home use and market are as follows :

xipples. — Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Sweet Bough, Graven-
stein, Fall Pippin, Hubbardston, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin,
Roxbury Russet.

Pears. — Margaret, Gitfard, Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Sheldon,
Bosc, Seckel, Anjou, Lawrence, Dana's Hovey.

Peaches. — Amsden's June, Rivers, Mountain Rose, Oldmixou,
Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late, Reeves's Fav^orite, Crosby,
Stump the World.

Plums. — Green Gage, Imperial Gage, Bradshaw, McLaughlin,
Lombard, Abundance.

Cherries. — Napoleon, Gov. Wood, Early Richmond, Black
Tartarian, Windsor, Downer.

Currants. — Fay, Cherry, Versaillaise, White Grape, Lee.

Blackberries — Agawam, Snyder, Taylor.

Black-cap Raspberries. — Souhegan, Ohio, Hilboru, Kansas.

Red Raspberries. — Hansell, Thompson's Pride, Thompson's
Early Prolific, Marlboro, Cuthbert, Golden Queen.

Straivberries. — Beder Wood, Haverlaud, Bubach No. 5, Bev-
erly, Parker Earle.

Green Houses. — The glass structures consist of
One large octagon, 40x40 feetx 28 feet high,

" " " 40x40 feetx 20 •' "

" rose room, 22 x 25 feet,

" dry stove or cactus room, 25 x 25 feet.

u

moist stove or

lily >

22x25 ''

((

stove

25x25 "

.(

propagating

' 24x53 "

Two

a

i

37x18 "

"

carnation

37x18 ''

One

vegetable

1,

36x42 -

u

cold grapery

18x25 ''

li

cool pit.

15x28 "

294 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the large houses are grown specimen plants of economic or
educational value, while in the smaller houses are grown all kinds
of bedding and flowering plants for the decoration of the grounds
or for sale. In these houses numerous experiments are being
made in the destruction of insects, and the prevention of fungous
diseases attacking greenhouse plants.

In the construction of the houses, it has been the aim to
introduce as many methods as possible of building, glazing,
ventilating, and heating, that the students may know what is best
in every line of greenhouse work.

On the grounds about the greenhouses and other buildings the
lawn is kept closely mown, and trees, shrubs, and flowering plants
are planted in large groups and masses, more than twenty-five
thousand bedding plants having been set out on the college
grounds during the past season.

Amherst, Mass., Dec. 9, 1893.

My Dear Mr. Barker : — I send you today in another cover the
list of varieties of fruits grown on our grounds. Many of them
are young and have produced no fruit but are growing well and
will serve soon to give us the needed information as to their value
for New England.

It is our purpose to obtain every new variety of promise as
soon as it is obtainable, and we would especially request all
originators to send us specimens of any new and promising varie-
ties of fruits, flowers, or vegetables.

When sent in this way we are under obligation to use our
utmost vigilance that none of the stock shall become disseminated,
and will report at the earliest possible date as to their value. We
cannot, however, expect finally to determine the value of a variety
until it has fruited several successive years.

Very truly yours,

S. T. Maynard.

Apples.

Alexander, Baldwin,

Arabskoe, Beauty of Kent,

Arkansas Beauty, Ben Davis,

Arkansas Black, Benoni,

Atkins's Red, Blue Annis,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

295

Brilliant,

Carlough,

Catherine,

Cheeseborough Russet,

Chenango,

Chicago,

Crawford,

Delaware Winter,

Early Coltar,

Early Harvest,

Earl}^ Penuock,

English Cocllin.

Fallawater,

Fall Orange,

Fall Pippin,

Fameuse,

Fanny,

Gano,

Garden Royal,

Gaus.

Gen. Lyon,

Gillyflower,

Golden Sweet,

Grayenstein,

Haas,

Hibernial,

Hubbardston,

Hurlbut,

Hyslop (Crab),

Indian Scion,

Jacobs Sweet,

Jeffries,

Jonathan,

Keswick Codlin,

Kinnard,

Lady,

Lady's Sweet,

Lankford,

Late Astrachau,

Leicester Sweet,

Lord's,

Maiden's Blush,

Mammoth Black Tug,

Mammoth Pippin,

Maun,

Marengo (Crab),

Marshall,

Miukler,

Minnesota Winter,

Monmouth,

Mother,

Northern Spy,

Oldenburg,

Ord Beuie,

Orion,

Paragon,

Peck's Pleasant,

Pewaukee,

Pomme Royal,

Porter,

Primate,

Rambo,

Red Astrachau,

Red Bietigheimer,

Red Russet,

Roxbury Russet,

Salome,

Scarlet Cranberry,

Shiawassee,

Smokehouse,

Sops of Wine,

Stark,

Strawberrj^

Stump,

Summer Pippin,

Sununer Rose,

Sutton Beauty,

Swaar,

Sweet Bough,

Switzer,

296

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Tetofsky,
Titovka,
Tompkins King,
Transcendent (Crab),
Vandevere,
Wagener,

Washington Royal,
Wealthy,

Alexander,

Amsden's June,

Chair's Choice,

Chapman,

Conklin,

Coolidge Favorite,

Crawford's Early,

Crawford's Late,

Crosby,

Elberta,

Ellison,

Foster,

Globe,

Hale,

Holland,

Hyatt,

Japan No. 7,

Japan No. 9,

Japan No. 10,

Lady Ingold,

Angouleme,

Anjou,

Ansault,

Bartlett,

Belle Lucrative,

Bessemianka,

Bosc,

Westfield Seek-no-further,
White Russet,
Williams,
Winesap,
Winter Banana,
Yellow Bellflower,
Yellow Transparent,
Yellow Siberian (Crab).

Peaches.

Lovett's White,

Morris's White,

Mountain Rose,

New Prolific,

Oldmixon Free,

Red Cheek Melocoton,

Reeves's Favorite,

Rivers,

Russian,

Schumaker,

Seedlings of Crosby,
" from Japan,
" of Wager,

Stump the World,

Tong Pa,

Towne,

Wager,

Waterloo,

Wheatland,

Wonderful.

Pears.

Boussock,

Buffum,

Clapp's Favorite,

Clairgeau,

Columbia,

Dana's Hovey,

Directeur Alphand,

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

297

Duhamel du Monceau,

Early Harvest,

Easter Beurre,

Flemish Beauty,

Frederick Clapp,

Garber,

Giffard,

Hoosic,

Howell,

Idaho,

Japan Golden Russet,

Jones,

Josephine of Malines,

Keiffer,

Krull,

Lady Duke,

Lawrence,

Lawson,

Le Conte,

Lincoln Coreless,

Louise Bonne of Jersey,

Marshall,

Merriam,

Champion,

Columbus,

Crown Bob,

Downing,

Golden Prolific,

Houghton,

Industry,

Mount Vernon,

Mystic,

Osband's Summer,

P. Barry,

Pratt,

President Clark,

President Mas,

Reeder,

Rostiezer,

Seckel,

Seneca,

Sheldon,

Souvenir du Congr^s,

Student,

Superfin,

Tyson,

Vicar,

Volga (Wild Pear) ,

Way land,

White Doyenne,

Wilder,

Winter Nelis.

Gooseberries.

Lancashire Lad,

Pale Red,

Red Jacket,

Roosch,

Smith,

Triumph,

Whitesmith.

Currants.

Black Champion,
Black Naples,
Cherry,

Common Black,
Crandall,
Fay,

Greenfield,
Knight's Improved,
Lee,

London Red,
Moore's Selected,
North Star,

298

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prince Albert,
Red Dutch,
Seedlings,
Versaillaise,

Victoria,
White Dutch,
White Grape.

Plums.

Abundance,

Bavay,

Botan,

Botankio No. 1,

Botankio No. 2,

Bradshaw,

Brunswick,

Bryanstone,

Burbank,

Chabot,

Clyman,

Coe's Golden Drop,

Czar,

Damson,

Decaisne,

De Soto,

Duane's Purple,

Early Green Gage,

Excelsior,

Flower,

French Damson,

Garfield,

Gen. Hand,

German Prune,

Green Gage,

Guii,

Hawkeye,

Hortense,

Hottankio No. 1,

Hottankio No. 2,

Huling,

Illinois Iron Clad,

Imperial Gage,

Italian Prune,

Jefferson,

Kingston,

Lawrence,

Lincoln,

Lombard,

Lucombe's Nonesuch,

Manitoba Red,

Marie,

Massu,

McLaughlin,

Missouri Green Gage,

Monroe,

Moore's Arctic,

Niagara,

Ogon,

OuUin's Golden,

Orange,

Peter's Yellow Gage,

Pond's Seedling,

Pottawattamie,

Prince Englebert,

Prune d'Agen,

Prune French Petite,

Puritan,

Quackenboss,

Red June,

Saratoga,

Satsuma Blood,

Shipper's Pride,

Shira tra Beni,

Simoni,

Smith's Orleans,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

299

Spaulding,

Stanton,

Tragedy,

Ura Beni,

Washington,

Weaver,

Acme,

Alexis,

Bengoume,

Early Moorpark,

Gibbs,

Gold Dust,

Wild Goose,

Wolf,

World Beater,

Yellow Egg,

Yocobe.

Apricots.

Hubbard,

Montgamet,

Moorpark,

Peach,

Purple,

Russian.

Downton,

Nectarines.
Goliath.

Cherries.

Belle Magnifique,

Black Heart,

Black Tartarian,

California Advance,

Centennial,

Choisy,

Coe's Transparent,

Downer,

Dyehouse,

Early Purple,

Elton,

Empress Eugenie,

Gov. Wood,

Large Montmorency,

Late Richmond,

Louis Philippe,

Mezel,

Montmorency Ordinaire,

Napoleon,

Olivet,

Ostheim,

Rockport Bigarreau,

Royal Duke,

Suda Hardy,

Windsor,

Wragg.

Champion,
Columbia,
Meech's Prolific,

Quinces.

Orange,

Rea,

Seedlings.

300

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

Agawam (Rogers No. 15),

Amber,

Amber Queen,

Antoinette,

Armenia (Rogers No. 39),

Arnold's No. 1,

" " 2,

" " 16,
Augusta,
August G-iant,
Bacchus,

Barry (Rogers No. 43),
Beauty,
Belinda,
Berckmans,
Bertha,
Black Eagle,
Brighton,
Brilliant,
Catawba,

Caywood's No. 50,
Centennial,
Champion,
Charter Oak,
Clinton,
Colerain,
Concord,
Concord Muscat,
Cottage,
Creveling,
Cynthiana,
Delaware,
Delaware Muscat,
Diana,
Early Ohio,
Early Victor,
Eaton,
El Dorado,
Elsinburgh,
Elvira,

Grapes.
Emma,
Empire State,
Essex (Rogers No. 41),
Esther,
Etta,

Excelsior,
Faith,
Geneva,

Goethe (Rogers No. 1),
Golden Drop,
Golden Gem,
Grein's Golden,

" No. 2,
G. W. Campbell.
Hartford,
Hayes,

Herbert (Rogers No. 44) ^
Herman Jaeger,
Highland,

Howard's Seedlings,
Ideal,

Illinois City,
lona,
Isabella,
Janesville,
Jefferson,
Jessica,
Jewell,
Lady,

Lady "Washington,
Lee's Prolific,
Lindley (Rogers No. 9),
Maria Louisa,
Martha,

Massasoit (Rogers No. 3),
Merrimac (Rogers) No. 19,
Mills,-
Montefiore,
Moore's Diamond,
Moyer,

KEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

301

jSTectar,

Seedling No. 10,

Niagara,

" " 15,

Norfolk,

" 18,

Norman,

" 19,

Northern Muscat,

" " 42,

Norton,

" " 44,

Oneida,

' Standard,

Oriental,

Stayman's No. 3.

Peabody, .

U tt ^

Pearl,

" " 42,

Perkins,

" " 44,

Pizarro,

" " 47,

Pocklington,

Telegraph,

Poughkeepsie Red,

Transparent,

Prentiss,

Triumph,

Eebeeca,

Ulster Prolific,

Requa (Rogers No.

28),

Union Village,

Rochester,

Vergennes,

Rockwood,

Victoria,

Rogers No. 30,

Vitis Arizonica,

" " 32,

" Californica,

" " 33,

' ' cordif olia.

" 34,

" Mexicana,

Rommel,

Walter,

Salem (Rogers No.

53),

Wilder (Rogers No. 4),

Secretary,

Wilding,

Seedling No. 5,

Woodruff Red,

Worden,

" " 9,

Wyoming Red.
Blackberries.

Agawam,

Ohmer,

Crystal White,

Snyder,

Early King,

Stone,

Erie,

Taylor,

Fred,

Topsy,

Hoosier,

Wachusett,

Lovett's Best,

Western Triumph,

Lucretia,

Wilson,

Minnewaski,

Woodford.

302

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Red Raspberries.

Brandywine,

Champion,

Crimson Beauty,

Cuthbert,

Fontenay,

Gladstone,

Golden Queen,

Hausell,

Hers tine.

Highland Hardy,

King,

Marlboro,

Naomi,

Rancocas,

Scarlet Gem,

Stay man's No. 5,

Superb,

Superlative,

Thompson's Early Prolific,

Thompson's Pride,

Victor,

White Mountain.

Ada,

Brackett's Seedling,

Carman,

Cluster,

Corinth,

Crawford,

Cromwell,

Earhart,

Eureka,

Hilborn,

Howard's Seedling,

Kansas,

Accomack,

Alabama,

America,

Auburn,

Barton's Eclipse,

Beaver's No. 3,

Beder Wood,

Beebe,

Belle la Crosse,

Belmont,

Beverly,

Black-cap Raspberries.

Lovett,

Nemaha,

Ohio,

Older,

Palmer,

Progress,

Smith's Prolific,

Souhegan,

Springfield,

Wade,

Winona.

Strawberries.

Boynton,

Brandy wine,

Bubach No. 5,

Chairs,

Charles Downing,

Charlie,

Childes,

Cornelia,

Crawford,

Crawford's No. 51,

Crescent,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

303

Cumberland,

Cutter's Seedling,

Cyclone,

Davis No. 2.

Dayton,

Dew,

Dutton,

Edgar Queen,

Edith,

Epping {Synonym Yankee

Doodle) ,
E. P. Roe,
Equinox,
Eureka,
Feltou,
Florence,
Gandy,
Gen. Putnam,
Gillespie,
Glendale,
Golden Defiance,
Gov. Hoard,
Greenville,
Haverland,
Hinsmore,
Howard's No. 10,

" " 13,

" " 20,

" " 28,

" " 34,

" " 39,

" " 53,

" " 76,

" " 116,

" " 117,

" " 122,

" " 145,

" " 149,

" " 157,

Howard's No. 250,
" " 300,

" " 501,

" " 601,

" " 605,

Jay Gould,

Jewell,

Jucunda,

Lady Rusk,

Laxton's Captain,
' ' Commander,
" Noble.

Leader,

Leunig's White,

London,

Lovett's Early,

Luther,

Marshall,

Martha,

Michell's Early,

Meek's Early,

Middlefield,

Miller's Seedling,

Miner,

Moore,

Mount Holyoke,

Mrs. Cleveland,

Muskingum,

Norwood,

Ohio Centenniel,

Oliver,

Oregon,

Our Choice,

Pacific,

Parker Earle,

Parmeuter's'Seedling,

Phillip's "

Pioneer,

Pomona,

Princess,

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Princeton Chief,

Shuster's Gem,

Regina,

Smeltzer's Early No. 2,

Riehl's No

• 1,

Southard,

Richmond,

Standard,

Rio,

Stayman's No. 1^

Sadie,

Sterling,

Sandoval,

Stevens,

Saunders,

Sunnyside,

Seedling No. 24,

Swindle,

( i 1

' 34,

Tennessee,

(( (

' 35,

Thomson's No. 66,

(( I

' 40,

Timbrel,

;( i

' 41,

Townsend's No. 20,

ii i

' 42,

Triomphe de Gaud,

;( i

' 44,

Van Deman,

a (

' 45,

Waldron,

(( (

' 46,

Walton,

(( (

' 47,

Warfield,

(( (

' 48,

"Warren,

(( (

' 49,

Westbrook,

a i

' X,

West Lawn,

a i,

' XX,

Williams,

Sharpless,

Wilson,

Shaw,

Woolverton,

Shuckless,

Yale.

Shurtlefe's

Seedling,

Professor Brooks's Statement.

Amherst, Mass., February 15, 1894.

Mr. John G. Barker, Jamaica Plain :

Dear Sir : — I send you herewith a statement concerning our
field of potatoes, as requested. I should have sent this earlier
had it not been for the fact that our crop, which was put into pits,
had not all been sorted or exactly measured. It was measured in
baskets (bushel and two-bushel) as picked up. We have been
sorting and measuring more exactly as we have had opportunity to
sell, and I have hoped to finish before the report would be needed,
so that I might be more exact. The tubers run large and of fine

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 305

quality, being very smooth and even. I feel sure the crop has not
been overestimated or overvalued. The sale is rather slow and
will not probably be completed for some time yet. I therefore
send the report now, with regrets that I cannot be more precise.

Truly yours,

Wm. p. Brooks.

Potatoes.

Area, 12.21 acres. Soil, medium loam, well drained and warm.

History of the Field. — Previous to the fall of 1890, it had
been pastured for five or six years ; it was ploughed late in the
fall of 1890, and in the following spring harrowed and planted to
potatoes, fertilizers only being used. It was ploughed in the fall
of 1891 and five acres sown to rye; which was mostly cut for
fodder, and followed by squashes in 1892. On the balance of the
field, in 1892, we had two acres of soya beans, on manure and
fertilizer; two acres of Japanese millet, and three acres of
mangolds, all receiving both manure and fertilizers in moderate
amounts.

Management of the Crop of Potatoes. — The entire field was
ploughed in the fall of 1892, and during the winter it was
manured at the rate of four cords per acre of strong manure,
made by milch cows, and spread as drawn from the cellar.

The land was lightly reploughed in the spring of 1893, and the
following fertilizers were applied per acre :

Nitrate of soda, 125 pounds; plain superphosphate, 400
pounds ; South Carolina rock phosphate, 300 pounds ; bone meal,
100 pounds ; and high grade sulphate of potash, 300 pounds.

These fertilizers Avere mixed just before use, and were put on
broadcast with the Acme fertilizer distributor, and harrowed in.
The seed was Beauty of Hebron, of our own raising, but from
stock imported from IMaiue in 1891. Medium to large tubers, cut
into three or four pieces by hand, were planted. The work was
done with the Aspinwall potato planter, the rows being three feet
and four inches apart, and the pieces were about sixteen inches
apart in the row. The field was rolled after planting. It was
harrowed once just before the plants came up, and again when they
were very small. Later they were cultivated with the Syracuse
cultivator twice, and finally were slightly ridged with Prout's
horse hoe. Little hand work was done, but six men walked
8

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

through the field with hoes when the crop was about half grown,
cutting out weeds that were left by the cultivator, spending one
day at the work. Later, after the crop covered the ground, the
same amount of time was spent in hand pulling weeds.

The crop was dug during the latter part of September, Hallock's
potato digger being used on the greater part of the field. This
does not bring all the tubers to the surface, and the potato hook
was used to rake them out of the loosened earth. By far the
largest item of cost is that for digging.
Below is the account :

Dr.
To ^ cost of manure at $4.00 per cord . . $100 00

" I " " fertilizers 150 00

" 125 bushels seed at $1.00 .... 12500

" preparing land, planting, and cultivating . 161 00

" cost of digging 178 00

$714 00
Cr.

By 3,500 bushels of potatoes at $ .50 . . $1,750 00
Balance in favor of crop . . . 1,036 00

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

The place which the Chrysanthemum now holds as a fall
decorative plant justified the Committee in offering prizes that
would encourage the grower to show his best skill in their
production. It is one thing to see them in the Hall arranged for
exhibition purposes ; it is quite another to see them arranged in the
conservatory for their best effect. As might have been expected
we received several applications, nearly all the places possessing
points of merit, and we have tried in our awards to recognize all
who applied, in a way which we trust will be satisfactory to the
applicants.

In these days of advanced cultivation of this popular flower,
when so much is being written and published in every horticultural
journal, and special papers have been prepared and presented to
societies, it does not seem wise for us to undertake any extended
remarks in this report, and we will only call your attention to the
statements of those to whom prizes have been awai'ded.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 307

Walter Hdnnewell's CHRYSANTHEaroM House, Wellesley.

We have taken pains to describe as correctl}^ as possible the
varieties in this collection, which received the first prize, and which
were in every way a very superior lot. They were grown by
T. D. Hatfield, gardener to Mr. Hunnewell.

A. H. FewJces. — Yellow, a bushy, even grower, with good
clean foliage down to the pot ; in fact this feature characterizes
all of the young plants.

C idling f or dii. — The brightest shade of crimson ; a large and
fine reflexed flower.

Duchess of Connaught. — Pink.

Eiderdown. — White.

Fascination. — A large lemon yellow flower, with long twisted
petals.

George W. Childs. — Deep crimson, without any shade of
brown ; the best of its color.

Gloriana, — Clear lemon yellow ; petals broad, folded, and in-
curved into a ribbon-like ball — a rare feature.

Gougac. — Particolored; a sport from Mrs. Irving Clark, and
identical with that variety except in color. Mrs. Irving Clark is
a pink vai'iety, and this is normally a white sport from it. but
the plant which the Committee saw had sported back to some
extent, some flowers being partly white and partly pink in all
shades or degrees, or wholly pink or white or bronze. It is more
desirable for exhibition than for commercial use.

Ivory. — Pure white, and said to be the finest white in cultivation.

Joseph H. White. — A white, globular flower.

Lady May fair. — Pink.

Louis Boehmer. — Silvery i)iuk.

Mrs. Bishop. — Lemon.

Mrs. Hicks Arnold. — Large, full, double flowers, of an old gold
color, lighting up wonderfully under electric light.

Mrs. Jerome Jones. — White ; the most beautiful late white in
cultivation.

Mrs. Joseph Rossiter. — Blush white.

Mrs. Walter Baker. — Orange.

Mrs. W. G. Newitt — White flower of immense size; a very
valuable variety.

Olga. — Pink; large, and has many good traits, but has been
superseded by newer sorts.

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

V. H. Hallock. — Pearly rose, deeper in the centre.

Walter Hannewell. — Bronze yellow; extra large, perfectly
double, incurved, dwarf.

W. H. Lincoln. — Bright yellow; a large, splendid flower.

Wflliam Falconer. — Large, white, shaded with pink. The
catalogues all speak in raptures of this variety.

In regard to Mr. Hatfield's method of culture, we are happy to
present the following notes by him :

"In size the plants were very even. Ivory measured four feet
six inches in diameter, and was the smallest; Hicks Arnold, six
feet six inches ; this was the largest. Others measuring six feet
were Louis Boehmer, A. H. Fewkes, Joseph H. White, and Mr.
H Caunell. The remainder measured between five and six feet
each.

I strike cuttings in February and keep the plants growing
steadily, not forcing with rich soil, stimulants, or heat. About
the middle of May, I shift my plants into ten to twelve-inch pots,
having carried them along until this stage in seven-inch. The soil,
not an important feature, is moderately rich. The drainage is
good. I do not pack firmly, or fill the pots very full, leaving
room enough for an inch or so of top dressing. Stopping is done
regularly, almost daily ; the main object being to keep the plants
even, looking out for any runaway shoots and encouraging weaker
cues. I discontinue stopping about the first of August, but do
not hesitate to take out a stronger shoot, if one appears after that
date, or indeed at anything necessary to keep the plants symmet-
rical, which is easier than tying them so.

Watering and the application of stimulants are the most
important elements of success. When the drainage is good,
water can be applied freely, but it must always be with a thorough
knowledge of the needs of individual specimens. Withhold
stimulants from a sick plant, and also from a very vigorous plant.
Syringing can be done three times a day during bright weather,
and must be thorough to keep dowu insects. Disbudding must be
practised vigorously, with very few exceptions. I allow more
than one bloom to a shoot in order to fill out a thin spot. I dis-
continue stimulants when the buds show color, and give a little
fire heat, with less side air as a precaution against mildew."

report of the committee on gardens. 309

Arthur Hunnewell's Chrysanthemum House, Wellesley.

To this was awarded the second prize for the best house of
Chrysanthemums ; it contained many fine specimen plants. The
varieties were

Ada Spaulding, Miss A. Manda,

C. B. Whitnell, Mrs. Alpheus Hardy,

Cullingfordii, Mrs. H. Baker,

Duchess of Connaught, Mrs. Hicks Arnold,

fitoile de Lyon, Mrs. Irving Clark,

George W. Childs, Mrs. Jerome Jones,

Harry May, President Hyde,

Ivory, Eobert Bottomly,

Joseph H. White, Savannah,

Joseph Lester, Walter Huunewell,

L. Canning, W. H. Lincoln,

Louis Boehmer, Yellow Ball.
Mabel Ward,

H. H. Hunnewell's Plant Houses, Wellesley.

In connection with the visits to the two places above named, a
call was made at H. H. Hunnewell's. The conservatory was
charmingly arranged in the most tasteful manner. In the windows
opposite the drawing room, the superb display of Orchids was an
exhibition in itself ; the Cattleyas could not be excelled. The
conservatory proper was arranged chiefly with Chrysanthemums ;
on either side was a row of Yews, forming a fine background for
the flowering plants ; while four large Seaforthias at either end,
with Dracaenas and other foliage plants placed among the
Chrysanthemums, lessened materially the sameness of so many
flowers in a large body. The effect of this combination was very
pleasing, and furnished a good suggestion for those who arrange
plants for effect in exhibitions. A hasty look through the other
houses, showed the same excellent care that has always charac-
terized this fine estate. It is always a pleasure to visit Mr.
Hunnewell's grounds, and Mr. Harris's cordiality is as unbounded
and hearty as ever, and although he realizes and acknowledges
that he is not as young as he once was, his enthusiasm is unabated,
and progressive horticulture is as ardently encouraged by him now
as in the years long since passed.

310 massachusetts horticultural society.

John L. Gardner's Plant Houses, Brookline.

By invitation of C. M. Atkinson, the gardener, the afternoon of
November 14 was very pleasantly and profitably spent in looking
over the various houses and the grounds at this well kept place.
As a rule, at this season of the year, but little is expected in the
way of flowering plants except the Chrysanthemum, but of these
there was an excellent display — combined with foliage plants —
in the vineries. A broad walk extended through the centre, and
the plants were arranged ou either side, and by opening the large
double doors, leading into the adjoining greenhouse, a very
pleasing effect was obtained. Although it was evident that the
plants were not grown for specimens, each one might properly be
called a specimen plant, for they were all nice plants and of a
a size easy to handle. The collection was large and choice,
embracing the leading varieties. We all well know that what
Mr. Atkinson does, is always well done, and for effective display
your Committee have not seen any houses more artistically
arranged than this one, and the conservatory of H. H. Hunnewell,
already alluded to. To give a list of the varieties is unnecessary
as two lists have already been given, which is quite sufficient to
guide any one desirous of making up a collection.

The jDlants in the otlier houses were all in excellent condition,
especially the cool orchids, ou which the promise of an abundant
bloom later in the season was visible. Bulbs were growing in the
frames in abundance; the stocky and healthy Cinerarias and
Primulas in the frames already indicated what might be looked
for later ou, and at a future time we hope to be able to give a
more detailed account of the many choice things found at this
place.

Charles V. Whitten's Chrysanthemum Houses.

A commercial establishment is by no means void of interest,
especially where good cultivation is the rule. In the first part of
this report your attention was called to the lilies produced at this
place, and we now take pleasure in giving to you an account of the
Chrysanthemums grown here. Mr. Cotter informed the Chairman
of your Committee, that they intend to discard every variety,
no matter what good qualities it may otherwise possess, if it
is not a first class marketable kind. This year there were fifteen
thousand plants of Chrysanthemum grown for their flowers, in five

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 311

houses ; each plant bore from one to four flowers, according to its
strength at the time of planting. The first house was planted on
the 5th of July, the last on August 1. Flowers were being cut
and marketed in quantity by the 15th of October, and it is
expected they will continue until the middle of December. Mr.
Cotter adds that chrysanthemum growing is not a paying industry
this year. The varieties which are grown in large quantities are :
White, Ivory, Miss Minnie Wanamaker, Pelican, and Mrs.
Humphries.

PinJc, Mrs. John M. Gerard, Viviand Morel, V. H. Hallock, Ada
Spaulding, L. B. Bird.

Yellow, Golden Wedding, W. H. Lincoln, Mrs. Craig Lippin-
cott, Rohallion, H. E. TVeidner.

Bed, Cullingfordii, G. W. Childs.

Bronze, Harry May.

Mr. W. J. Clemson's Chrysanthemum House, Taunton.

November 1, the Committee visited the conservatory of Mr.
W. J. Clemson, Taunton, which was filled with Chrysanthemums.
The house containing the plants is a curvilinear structure, thirty-
five by twenty-nine feet, with side benches, and a centre bench of
four tiers. There were one hundred and fifty plants in ten-inch
and twelve-inch pots, and about one hundred in six-inch pots.
The number of varieties is seventy-five, and the mode of
propagating and growing them is about the same as is practised
by other growers. It may be of interest if we state that the final
potting is about the 20th of June, and no pinching is done after
July 10, unless it is upon straggling shoots. Plants are looked
after twice daily during the hot summer months, and no water is
given unless the plants really require it. A good syringing is
given each evening after hot, sunny days. Very little liquid
manure is given until the flower buds appear, after which it is
given two or three times a week. Sulphate of ammonia and
pulverized sheep manure are used alternately until the flowers are
well developed. To ward off the attack of the black fly and
chrysanthemum fly, the plants are syringed once in five days with
kerosene emulsion or tobacco water.

The plants were all neatly staked and labelled, and were tastefully
arranged. The varieties were well selected. The other houses in
the range contained a miscellaneous collection of plants, such as

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

is usually found in a private place. Mr. W. N. Craig is the
gardener and has been there about a year.

It will be noticed that we have devoted considerable time and
space to the Chrysanthemum. Never before was it so generally
grown, and to such perfection. The horticultural press and the
daily papers every year inform us of exhibitions where none were
ever held before, and the enthusiasm has justified the Society,
through its three different Committees in recognizing this fact,
and the Garden Committee have tried to do their full share without
the appearance of riding a hobby to the neglect of other interests.

Forced Vegetables.

For several seasons there was offered a prize for the best house
or houses of Forced Vegetables ; but the only ones entered in
competition were those of Mr. Varnum Frost, of Arlington, and
they were reported upou at the time. The Committee have always
been desirous of recognizing this and all other industries that
would be of interest to the Society ; but for some unknown reason
we have not been invited to any other of these establishments,
and have only seen them as individuals. The Chairman of j^our
Committee, being in Arlington one afternoon, visited Warren W.
Rawsou, and very much enjoyed looking over his extensive estab-
lishment with him, and receiving from him a description of his
system of working it. With the consent of the Committee the
Chairman presents the following items of interest, which we hope
may be acceptable to the Society.

The capacity of Mr. Rawson's plant is quite large, covering an
enclosed space of 120,000 square feet of ground, the houses being
especially arranged for growing lettuce and cucumbers. The first
sowing of lettuce seed is in August, and additional sowings are
made every five days until time to set out of doors. With so
large a space Mr. Rawson can raise and head at one time, fifteen
thousand dozen of lettuce. There are fifteen houses ; the largest
is 400 feet long by 52 feet wide. The larger ones are used for
heading the lettuce. Those for growing the plants, which Mr.
Rawson considers small, are 130 feet long by 22 feet wide. A
new crop of plants for heading is set in one of the larger houses
each week. There are eight of these houses for heading and it
takes about eight weeks to mature a crop in the months of

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 313

October, November, December, and January. By this arrange-
ment there are two thousand dozen of lettuce for sale each week
until May 1st. Preparations are made for cucumbers, and they
commence setting the plants in the houses about January 15.
These begin bearing in about four weeks after the first house is
set, the others following about one week apart as the lettuce is
taken out. When there are a number of houses in bearing the
quantity of cucumbers produced is from ten to fifteen thousand
per day. Thei-e are three crops of lettuce, and one crop of
cucumbers, grown in each house every season. You will see that
a large number of men are required to run a plant of this size.
The heating is done by steam. There are six boilers of from
forty to sixty horse power each ; two are placed side by side, of
which one is run in moderate weather, and both in very cold
weather, and it takes 700 tons of Cumberland coal each season to
do what is required. In addition to the houses, three thousand
hot-bed sash are used, the whole producing over one million heads
of lettuce and as many cucumbers each season, wliich are all sold
in Boston and New York. At this time (December 1.5, 1893),
Mr. Rawsou is shipping over one hundred barrels of lettuce to
New York each week.

This very brief outline of a plant of the magnitude of this one,
gives only a very general idea of what it is ; the details would
make a small book. A very important item of course is the
capital — which cannot be a small one — with which to run it.
Then the management enters largely into the results ; it is very
easy to sink one's capital in the management, but the thorough
system of working, which was clearly manifest from the seed bed
to the matured crop, gave abundant evidence of the success of
the management. Some may suggest that a comparison of
expenses and receipts would be the best evidence of financial
success, but as the prices of supplies vary, and also those obtained
for the produce, it might be a misleading statement. One thing
is sure, that where the plant is being enlarged each year, there
must be reasonable success, and as Mr. Rawson has had fifteen
years' experience, we feel confident that the statement here
presented as the result of that experience, will commend itself to
your consideration.

The Committee have made the followinii awards :

314

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUX-TUEAL SOCIETY.

Prizes.

For the best aquatic Gardeu, to William W. Lee,

Northampton $50 00

For the best house of Chrysanthemums, to T. D. Hat-
field, Gardener to Walter Hunnewell, Wellesley . 50 00

Second, to Arthur Hunnewell, Wellesley . . . 30 00

Gratuities : —

To Lawrence Cotter, Gardener to Charles V. Whitteu,
Dorchester, for a fine house of Lilies, grown for com-
mercial purposes . . . . . . . 40 00

,To Lawrence Cotter, Gardener to Charles V. Whitten,
Dorchester, for fine houses of Chrysanthemums, grown
for commercial purposes ......

To John L. Gardner, Brookline, for a house of Chrysan-
themums, in excellent taste with other plants

To W. N. Craig, Taunton, for a house of Chrysanthe-
mums .........

To the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, for
a well cared for and successfully cultivated Vineyard .

To the Massachusetts Agricultural College, for successful
general cultivation of Fruits .....

To the Massachusetts Agricultural College, for successful
cultivation of Vegetables ......

To Warren W. Rawson, for superior cultivation of
Vegetables, under glass . .

Total awards . . . . . .

Unexpended balance .......

Amount appropriated ..... $500 00

Respectfully submitted,

40

00

40

00

20

00

50

00

30

00

50

00

40

00

440

00

60

00

John G. Barker,
E. W. Wood,
David Allak,
A. H. Fewkes,
C. N. Brackett,
Henry W. Wilson,
Jackson Davtson,

Committee

on

Gardens.

REPORT

OF THE

€OMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

By JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

The exhibitions of our Society, duriug the past year, have been
quite as numerous as iu former years, yet at only two of them has
there been an admittance fee asked. The Committee for
Establishing Prizes made up the Schedule with this end in view,
and it has been faithfully carried out by the Committee of
Arrangements.

About the same amount of labor is required whether the shows
carry an admittance fee or whether they are free ; therefore it does
not make an appreciable difference in the labor required at an
exhibition, but it does make a difference in the attendance at the
shows, a greater number of persons coming to our free shows
than to the shows where an admittance fee is charged.

We report that all the exhibitions have been very fully attended
throughout the year, and we append hereto the statement of
receipts and expenditures as taken from the Treasurer's books.
The balance in favor of the Society does not differ much from
that of last year, and would not have been very much augmented
if we had charged an admission fee to all the principal shows.

We are more than ever under obligations to the newspaper
reporters, who so eloquently described iu fitting terms our various
exhibitions, for their notices during the year have been copious
and commendatory. We are also pleased to note that more

316 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

interest than usual has been manifested during the past year by
the owners of plants and their gardeners, in contributing to our
shows, thus making them successful as exhibitions and worthy of
our Society.

The arrangement of the plants and flowers during the year has
been so varied as to produce the most pleasing effect, and has met
the general approbation of the public.

The other Committees, in their yearly reports, will tell you of
the progress we are making in the noble art of Horticulture, and
we have no doubt that their reports will be read with pleasure by
every member of our Society.

The receipts of the
Spring Exhibition were . . ' . . $372 00
Chrysanthemum Show .... 1,292 00

Expenditures :
Spring Exhibition
Chrysanthemum Show

Showing a balance of . . .

which has gone into the Treasury of the
Society.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD,

Chairman.

$280
289

10
05

$1,664
569

00

15

$1,094

85

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

By Mrs. HENRIETTA L. T. WOLCOTT, Chairman.

In considering the preparation of a report for the Committee of
which I am the Chairman, I am compelled to ask your attention to
a recital, which may seem tedious, but which it is hoped may not
prove uninteresting.

In the near future the Committee will suggest a change of title
from that of "Window Gardening Committee" to that of
*' Committee on Children's Herbariums and School Gardens."
The reasons why the suggestion is made and the reasons why the
petition should be granted ought to be made somewhat prominent
at this time.

In the year 1878 a request from parties, not active members in
this Society, but philanthropists in the grandest sense, was
placed before the Society. Funds to defray all expenses incurred
in carrying out their plan, were promised. It was to teach
children to raise flowering plants in pots and to care for them, that
desolate homes might become attractive. This appealed to a
number of willing workers. The first Committee appointed by
the President, expected to work early and late, in an untried field,
without pecuniary consideration, but to be recompensed if in so
working the end desired by the founders of this Society should be
accomplished.

318 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICTJLTURAL SOCIETY.

To reach the children in so large a city as Boston, at the first
stage of the experiment, correspondence was held with the-
Superintendents of large Sunday Schools and Missions and other
organizations for children. Clergymen became cordially inter-
ested, and the suggestion of the Committee, to substitute growing
plants for cut flowers at Easter, was at once adopted. The
mercantile value of this idea to florists should have won over that
industrious class of our citizens. In one season over thirteen
thousand plants in pots were distributed in Boston and the subur-
ban churches, while in other cities and towns, the same relative
increase was observed. Changes among the earnest friends of the
movement dampened the ardor of the Committee. Of the six
pastors whose cooperation was so helpful, two, Rev. Mr. Gerry of
the Hanover street District Mission, and Rev. Phillips Brooks, are
no longer living ; two have removed to other parishes — one to an
asylum for over taxed clergymen.

The two remaining friends saw with regret the difficulties which
confronted the Committee. The greatest was the indifference of
the members of this Society — trivial, you may think when others
meet it, but quite important when we ourselves are the annoyed.

Another difficulty was found in securing the plants at the hour
advertised, with also the added difficulty of disposing of their
owners during the time devoted to the exhibition, for little children
could not come alone from the suburbs, and the expense of car
fares often exceeded the sum awarded for the well-raised
geraniums. Out of the city, where teachers or others devoted
themselves to the work, most excellent results were obtained. In
one instance, over two hundred plants were exhibited, with many
vases of native flowers culled in the fields, and prizes were
awarded for those advertised, while gratuities were granted when
patience was shown in keeping pot and plant clean.

Soon the Committee dwindled. Raising, not forcing, small
plants was not profitable, and for several seasons the working
force of the Committee consisted of but two members. The
correspondence was no small item in the burden carried. The
experiment attracted attention in many localities, and letters of
inquiry as to the methods adopted, were received.

In obedience to a demand for some simple directions to children,
as to collecting blossoms for exhibitions, in July, August, and
September, and where and when to look for them ; also regarding

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 319

the care of plants in pots, a small pamphlet was compiled for
general distribution.

While we were quite satisfied with this, we soon became
conscious of the narrowness of scope in the plan. We had
become inoculated, as it were, with the sentiment so often wit-
nessed in this, our beloved headquarters.

We had lost sight of the fact that the whole state of Massachu-
setts would be traversed by earnest scholars, searching for wild
flowers. But the work of one honored member, Ebeu H. Hitch-
ings, has not been in vain. His faithfulness, his untiring industry,
and his unquestioned knowledge have been, and will be, recognized
b}^ students of the pamphlet, who are by no means confined to
Massachusetts nor, indeed, to the New England States. The
expense drew most heavily on our appropriation, and at one time
almost wrecked us financially, but the Committee have never
regretted issuing it. It is now out of print.

While there have been most encouraging signs that the idea of
teaching little children to raise and care for plants, in crowded
city lanes and streets, could be carried out, it became evident to the
Committee, that other work for children could be introduced into
schools and homes, which would serve as good a purpose, and the
results could be much more easily exhibited. Therefore a
resolution to offer prizes for pressed flowers, ferns, and grasses
was adopted. To stimulate the young people, quite large sums
were offered for the best collections of each. This, it was hoped,
would find many young pupils ready to attempt the work. To
encourage them to begin, would possibly prove the first step
towards success.

The Committee also believed that by this early training, the
observing faculties of the children would be so educated in artistic
forms, as seen in plants growing naturally, that the present
tendency to exhibit in the public gardens of the country, flowers,
or rather plants, from which all blossoms are sheared off, arranged
in grotesque designs, would in time gradually disappear. The
portraits of distinguished men ; the symbols of trades ; attempts to
put spiritual suggestions into very material shapes ; the plans of
carpet gardening which drive the housekeeper frantic at seeing
rolls of carpeting framed and left out in rain and sunshine — have
run riot so long, that the Committee realized that but little could
be done to displace them, except by educating the future superin-
tendents of public grounds, denominated gardens and parks.

320 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We admit that some men do not receive education, in the line of
improvement, with cordiality. But sometliing has been done in
this line. In the neighborhood of Boston the superintendent of
one of the largest cemeteries has wrought marvellous changes by
relegating the horrid, glaring combinations of colors, to the
unfrequented paths and substituting graceful shrubs and perennial
plants with the happy result of a succession of flowers.

Visitors to the Columbian Exposition contrasted, with delight,
the arrangement of beds, walks, and shruberies there, which were
designed by Frederick Law Olmstead, a member of this Society,
with crude plans at the Parks outside his special domain. But
the crowds who gazed with pleasure at the latter numbered more in
proportion, just as the throngs in pursuit of coarse entertainment,
who delight in double-headed calves and no-armed men, are double
the crowds at the florists' windows, which offer daily rich treats to
those who cannot purchase.

The increasing quantity of flowers exposed for sale on the
streets attests the growing love of flowers. On Saturday nights
in summer, the throng on the sidewalk extends from Pemberton
square to Howard street, hurrying to buy of the venders who
crowd that locality, with their baskets of pinks, roses, pausies,
etc., which they offer at low prices. They accompany the transfer
with the marvellous assertion that " the fi'eshness and fragrance
will well repay the purchaser." What matter, if the fading rose
takes with it the sentiment of the old, old story, and the young
woman carries it off triumphantly, little heeding the drooping
leaves ? It answers to press for future enjoyment.

In presenting the report of a Public School Garden, we desire
to emphasize the true idea of the school garden. The education
which is supposed to result from planting, in military precision,
rows of plants, replaced by others like magic, does not seem to
the Committee to have any value. It can only be regarded as
failing utterly in any educational line.

But growing plants, from the first sign of germination to the
full perfection of blossom and fruit, and the edible roots in all
stages, give constant opportunity for study. The everchanging
condition becomes most interesting to the students, and teachers
must observe, that while our leading colleges keep grown men at
work, watching growth in feet and inches ; also the power of grow-
ing cells to lift weights, — as was done at Amherst some years

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 321

ago — the active mind of a well balanced child, is also an exceed-
ingly interesting field to cultivate.

Report on the George Putnam School Garden,
Season of 1893.

The plants named below were i^itroduced into the garden during
the season of 1893 :

Sanguinaria Canadensis. Boltonia glastifolia.

Osmorrhiza longistylis. Juniperus communis.

Geranium maculatum. Aspidium Noveboracense.

Lysimachia quadrifolia. Aspidium acrosticJioides.

Polygonatum hijiorum. Asplenium Filix-fcemina.

Asdepias quadrifolia. Dicksonia punctilohula.

Poly gala x)axicifolia. Osmiinda regalis.

Solidago arguta (2 clumps). Botrychium lunar ioides.

Solidago puberula (3 clumps). Clematis panicidata.

There are now eight varieties of hardy chrysanthemums in the
gai'den, named as follows : Pearl Button, Lilliput Button, Brown
Bob, Philip Pompon, Lucretia Crocker, George Putnam, Mrs.
Wolcott, Chrys Parvus. The intention is to have a set of twelve,
to be called the George Putnam set, and to propagate them
sufficiently to obtain some revenue by their sale to schools or
persons desiring such plants, the revenue to be devoted to the
support of the garden. Two new varieties have been promised
already.

The eight varieties named were exhibited at the regular fall
Exhibition of Chrj^sautliemums, and given a gratuity of three
dollars, to which more money was added, and the whole was
expended for manure to fertilize the ground thoroughly. Pre-
viously, application had been made to the School Committee for
manure, but, ostensibly in the interest of the strictest economy,
the application was refused, although the city has manured the
land but once in the history of the school, of more than a dozen
years' duration. In view of this, the generous and unexpected
gratuity of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society is fullj'
appreciated by all interested in the school garden.

Golden rods and asters were planted under large ash trees in the
corners of the garden, but the trees kept off the rain from a large
9

322 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

area, aud their roots came close to the surface aud exhausted the
fertility of the soil to such a degree as to necessitate the removal
of all the plants named, even Aster corymhosus and A. macrophyllus,
which commonly grow under trees.

Not the least interesting are the plants that seem to have
introduced themselves into the lawn of the garden in great
abundance, enough to supply the whole school with plants for
study. At one time dandelions abound, then violets, then cinque-
foils. Whole classes go out in school hours and gather them for
study, and the next year they will be as abundant as ever.

The intention is to have a good assortment of native ferns
growing in the garden. Their study is to be facilitated by the
use of lantern slides made from negatives of all the common
species. The solar camera will enormously enlarge their images
when thrown on the screen, and all their characteristic parts may
be plainly seen by a whole class at once. Nine species are
already in the garden, and some photographs of fronds have been
taken.

The pods of the Scarlet Runner, the seeds of which were
supplied by the Herbarium Committee, have furnished excellent
material for the study of legumes, both in drawing and written
description.

The third season of the garden closes with bright anticipations
of the fourth.

HENRY L. CLAPP,
Principal of the George Putnam School.

The appended list of prizes tells the result of the examinations
by members of the Committee, who faithfully attended to that
duty. Tlie Chairman pleads guilty to having been absent in
another State until the display was read}' for the exhibition.

Of that we can say that rarely could be found the work of
school children — very often with little help — in better condition.
The patience, industry, and enthusiasm shown should be recog-
nized by teachers and friends.

The freshness of color of many flowers, and the subtle odor of
roses and ferns which pervaded the hall, brought back the
memories of summer strolls amid such things so vividly, that we
became somewhat sentimental, and but little disposed to criticise
even those sheets where the tips and toes of the specimens were

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING.

323

curling up for want of proper gummiug material, or those where the
specimens were strapped to their beds, like surgical cases in the
hospital. A little less bandaging in one exhibit, a little more in
another, would possibly have taken the pleasure of the Committee
entirely away, because we do not expect to find experienced work
among the children.

The whole area of the Lower Hall was used and a collection of
one hundred and twenty-five specimens was to be seen in the
Upper Hall.

The examiners were many, those interested in teaching being in
the majority. Many of our members were there, but alas !
many others were conspicuous by their absence ; however, the loss
in every case was theirs. Many who did examine Avent away with
reports and pamphlets, ready to introduce this work in other
places.

The following prizes and gratuities were awarded to children
who exhibited Herbariums in Horticultural Hall, December 1 and
2, 1893:

Grasses. — First prize for thirty specimens, Arthur C

Faxon .......

Flowers. — Special prize for fifty additions, Phillips

Barry .......

First prize for one hundred and twenty-five sped

mens, Arthur C. Boylston
Second prize for one hundred and twenty-five

specimens, Mabel James
First prize for one hundred specimens, Elizabeth

Dudley .......

First prize for fifty specimens, Nellie S. Morris
Second prize for fifty specimens, Lucy C. Lewis
First prize for twenty-five specimens, Mabel C

Macomber ......

Leaves. — First prize for thirty-five sheets, Ethel M

Sargent ......

Second prize for thirty sheets, Mabel L. Trask
Third prize for twenty-nine sheets, Hannah B

Johnson ......

Amount of awards in prizes

$3 00

2 00

5 00

4 00

4 00
2 00
1 50

1 50

2

00

1

00

75

$26 75

324

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

Mary B. Field, twenty-five flowering plants
Ada K. Wood, thirty sheets of leaves
Kate A. Dwyer, twenty-four sheets
Rosamond Amos, twenty-five sheets
Athelstan Brandt, twenty-three sheets
Pauline Brandt, twenty-six sheets
Rosie M. Speucele}^ twenty sheets
Lucy C. Lewis, twenty sheets
Arthur C. Faxon, collection of leaves

Amount of Gratuities

$ 75
70
60
60
60
60
60
60
50

$5 55

Total awards $32 30
School Gardens. — First prize, George Putnam School $15 00

Total awards of all kinds, $47 30

W. E. C. RICH,

Secretary.

The Committee desire to state for the benefit of the members
of the Society that while the appropriation of $250 is asked for
annually, about two-thirds of the sum only has been expended. It
will be observed that the above report of awards does not equal
the gratuities paid for common flowers in the weekly exhibitions
of the Society, yet hundreds of children have been interested and
educated.

Henrietta L. T. Wolcott,
Henry L. Clapp,
W. E. C. Rich,
Josephine L. Richards,

Committee

on

Window Gardening.

REPORT

TO THE

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

By GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, of Fitchburg.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society began the year with a
course of Lectures and Discussions on subjects of special interest
to the horticulturist, by the following named speakers :

January 14. Village Improvement, by B. G. Northrop,
LL.D., Clinton, Conn.

January 21. Landscape Gardening, by Warren H. Manning,
Brookline.

January 28. Historical Sketch of English Horticulture, by
Samuel Henshaw, We«t New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.

February 4. The Economics of Horticulture, by Hon. Henry
L. Parker, Worcester.

February 11. Combatting the Fungous Diseases in Plants;
Progress of the Work in the United States, by B. T. Galloway,
Washington, D. C.

February 18. Wild Flowers and Ferns, by Mrs. P. D.
Richards, West Medford.

February 25. The Carnation and its Culture, by Richard T.
Lombard, Wayland.

March 4. Poisonous Plants, by Professor William P. Brooks,
Amherst.

March 11. Aquatic Plants and Their Culture, by L. W.
Goodell, Dwight.

March 18. Tuberous Rooted Begonias, by John G. Barker,
Superintendent of Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston.

March 25. A Visit to Japan, by James Comley, Lexington.

These meetings are always well attended, and much interest is
taken in both the lectures and the discussions which follow the

326 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lectures. These are published in the Transactions of the Society,
which are free to all its members.

The sum appropriated for Prizes and Gratuities for 1893 was
$7,850. Much is done by this Society to encourage the art of
Horticulture, by offering liberal prizes for the best Vegetable
Garden and best Fruit Garden ; the best Vineyard and the best
kept Greenhouse.

The Spring Exhibition opened March 21, and continued four
days. The Lower Hall contained a fine show of early Vegetables,
and Winter Apples and Pears. In the centre of the hall was a
rich display of Azaleas, Genistas, and other plants in bloom.
The great attraction was in the Upper Hall where were several
choice collections of Spring Flowering Bulbs, which included the
fragrant Hyacinths, Lilies of the Valley, Tulips, Narcissusses,
Jonquils, Freesias, Polyanthuses, and Roman Hyacinths. On the
platform the President of the Society exhibited a very choice
collection of Orchids. On the tables in the centre of the hall
were fine displays of Cinerarias, Cyclamens, Primulas, and
Pansies.

The Rose and Strawberry Show opened June 22, for two days.
The Roses were displayed in the Upper Hall and were up to the
usual high standard of this Society. Besides the roses there were
quantities of other flowers, — one collection of one hundred
named varieties of Pseonies, — and very attractive displays of
Gloxinias, Herbaceous Plants, and Hardy Flowering Shrubs.
The show of Strawberries was excellent. New varieties are
coming in and taking the places of some of the older soi'ts. The
Marshall, a recent introduction, is taking the lead of all other
varieties. Other prominent kinds were Bubach, Leader, and
Jessie. The show of early Vegetables was fine.

The Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers began September
6, and continued two days. The chief attraction in the Lower
Hall was a display occupying the entire platform. This collection
comprised a very large variety of choice Roses, Hydrangeas,
Phloxes, Asters, etc., backed with foliage of Canuas. Other
cut flowers were Zinnias, Tuberous Begonias, Dahlias,
Tropseolums, Marigolds, Petunias, Dianthus, Cannas, and
Gladioli. The Upper Hall was filled with some of the finest
flowering and ornamental leaved plants that the greenhouses in the
vicinity of Boston could furnish, each exhibit being arranged
under the immediate direction of the able Committee of Arrange-

REPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 327

ments, so as to produce the best effect. The collections of
Ornameiftal Leaved Plants were very fine. They included
Crotons, Dracaenas, and Caladiums, with Palms, Tree Ferns,
Adiantums, and Lycopodiums. A beautiful show of Aquatic Plants
in two large tanks attracted much attention. In front of the
platform were some fine bunches of Foreign Grapes ; some of the
bunches weighed between eight and nine pounds each.

The Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables began October
4, and continued two days. The choicest specimens from the
garden and the orchard are placed on the tables of the Society at
this gathering, and a finer display of fruit has never been made in
Horticultural Hall. Many varieties of Apples and Pears were of
the largest size. Gravenstein and Hubbardston Apples ; Seckel,
Bosc, and Sheldon Pears ; Concord, Worden, and Delaware Grapes,
were all of the best quality. The vegetables were shown in the
Lower Hall. They were all well grown.

The Chrysanthemum Show opened November 7, and was held
four days. This exhibition is looked forward to by all lovers of
flowers as the crowning show of the year. This Society is noted
for its splendid exhibitions of everything pertaining to Horticulture,
but if it excels in any one line, it is the Chrysanthemum. The
introduction of this flower into Europe dates from the latter part
of the last century. The first seedling raised in Europe was
produced in 1827 — sixty-six years ago. The Japanese varieties
that are so much admired now, were not known here until 1860.
What a change ! and it could all be seen at the Chrysanthemum
Show of 1893. In Japan this is, and long has been, tlie national
flower. There it is used as a royal seal, and the highest order
in that kingdom is the Order of the Chrysanthemum.

The Upper Hall was devoted to the pot-plants. One exhibit,
of one hundred varieties, included all tlie different coloa-s ;
the pure white, yellow from the palest straw to the deepest old
gold, purple, pink, rose, and carmine. All the classes were
represented b3' well grown specimens, with an abundance of clean
healthy foliage. In the Lower Hall the cut blooms were arranged.
The variety of color, the size and form of the flowers, the great
number of seedlings seen for the first time, many of them
showing new combinations of color, with fine healthy foliage,
together formed an exhibition of beauty and brilliancy beyond
description.

GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, Delegate.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRiRY,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

As far as the concerns of the Library go, the year which is now
drawing to its close has been much like its predecessors ; the
Society's regular appropriation has been expended for the usual
magazines and binding ; the Card Catalogue of Plates has made
progress, though not as much as in some years ; the income of the
Stickney Fund has continued to draw the best botanical and
horticultural works to this room, and the extra appropriation of
one hundred dollars for binding has enabled much of the
accumulated matter to be properly bound and prepared for
consultation.

It is desirable that attention should be called to the value of the
ever increasing mass of reports of the experiment stations of all
parts of the country. The majority of these are of very great
importance, especially those which treat of fungoid and other
maladies of plants. The national government publishes a review
of all of these from time to time.

Mention has occasionally been made that we have reached the
limit of our space, and that the objectionable practice of putting
books out of sight behind others had for some time been
necessary. As may be seen from the Librarian's reports the
material acquired by gift or exchange equals in amount that
which we purchase from the income of the Stickney Fund so that,
even if the latter source of supply were to be taken from us now
instead of continuing for five years more, the need of further

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE LJBRARY. 329

space would still be a pressing one. The best way to meet this,
as it seems to us, is to build a gallery around the librarian's room
similar to that in this room and to place bookcases therein. This
will not afford as much space as needed, it is true, but still
enough to alleviate the pressure very much.

Last year this Committee stated that the time had almost come
when we should be obliged to ask for this additional space ; we
now say that the time has fully arrived and we accordingly
request that a committee be appointed to obtain an estimate of
the cost and to report at the earliest opportunity.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT,

Chairman.

If the arrangement of previous Transactions were kept up, the
list of Library Accessions would here follow the Report of the
Committee on the Library, but so much time is unavoidably
required to prepare this list that in order to avoid delaying the
printing of the Transactions, the Committee on Publication have
directed that it be placed at the end of the book.

REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN,

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

Little can be said iu these departments to vary this report from
those of preceding years. The same gradual growth which has
been recorded in reports of previous years has occurred in that
now closing. The work of editing and printing the Transactions
has been pushed to completion as rapidly and early as possible,
but the disabling for two or three months of the person employed
to assist therein was an unfortunate interference with the rapid
progress of the work. The list of Library Accessions during the
year 1892, it will be noticed, occupies forty-five pages instead of
twenty-seven as in 1891. This list requires much labor and care
in preparation to ensure accuracy — more than any other portion
of the Transactions — and the great increase in length noted,
added materially to the time required to edit and print the work.
This list would of itself in point of size form a respectable
catalogue ; indeed it is larger than the catalogues of many public
town libraries, and it is beyond comparison more difficult to
prepare, but it may be considered as forming an Annual Supple-
ment to the Library Catalogue and therefore no pains have been
spared iu its preparation to ensure fulness' and accuracy.

The record of books added to the Library in 1893 is not as
long as that of 1892, but it shows an increase of nearly fifty per
cent over that of 1891. The great number of additions to the
Library has prevented as much progress in the verification and
arrangement of the Card Catalogue of books as was desirable,
but the work has not been overlooked. All the cards which had
been written for the Card Catalogues of Plates have been arranged,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 331

and are now available for finding the plates indexed thereon.
Besides these two Card Catalogues there has this year been added
a Card Catalogue, arranged by subjects, of the Literature of Ex-
periment Stations and Kindred Institutions, prepared at the Office
of Experiment Stations, and published by authorit}^ of the Secretary
of Agriculture. For this Catalogue we are indebted to President
Goodell, of the State Agricultural College, and for this service,
and also for valuable assistance in collecting the publications
of Experiment Stations throughout the country he is justly entitled
to the thanks of the Society.

Among the noteworthy books added to the Library this year
may be mentioned the fifth volume of Sargent's Silva of North
America ; the Flora Batava in eighteen volumes ; Savi's Flora
Italiana, in three folio volumes ; Moris's Flora Sardoa ; the com-
pletion of Willkomm's Flora of Spain and the Balearic Islands;
the Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden of Calcutta ; Reichen-
bach's Xenia Orchidacea ; Kraft's Pomona Austriaca, in two folio
volumes, supplying the greatest desideratum in this department,
and two Dutch works on Pomology ; all these books being illus-
trated with instructive plates, most of which are colored. A copy
of Brunfels's Herbarium, illustrated with woodcuts, published at
Strasburg, 1532-1536, which has been purchased, is the oldest
book in the Library, the most ancient that we previously possessed
being Fuchsius's Historia Stirpium, published in 1542. As
showing the wide range of our acquisitions I may mention a set of
the Jornal de Horticultura Pratica, in twentj'-two volumes,
published at Oporto, Portugal, and the publications of the Norway
Horticultural Society, which have been received from the
Secretary in exchange for our own Transactions, and which,
though they can be read by few persons here, are at least interest-
ing as informing us of the existence of a horticultural society in
that far northern country. Two South American Agricultural
journals, published by the Asociacion Rural del Uruguay, and the
Sociedad Rural Argentina, have for some years been received
from those associations, and this year there has been added to our
exchange list the name of a journal published on the opposite side
of the Southern Hemisphere, the Agricultural Gazette of New
South Wales.

The old question, where to put the books added to the Library
is again upon us. Often it is a groat perplexity, and sometimes

332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

an utter impossibility to find au appropriate place for them»
There are books now waiting to go on the shelves for which there
is absolutely no proper place.

The many sets of journals, etc., purchased during the last few
years have added largely to the number of books requiring to be
bound. Though the additional appropriation made for this
purpose has all been expended, a large number of both are still
waiting to be bound. These series of journals, etc., and their
binding have added largely to the work here, for the arrangement
of books of the character of most of ours cannot be intrusted to
the binder, and no book is ever sent to him until it is arranged
exactly as we wish to have it bound. Oftentimes this is a work
of much perplexity and one requiring careful study.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 1893.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current to December
31, 1893, with Charles E. Richardson, Treasurer.

1893. Dr.

Dec. 31. To amount paid on account of the Library
during 1893, viz. :
For books, periodicals, and binding . $404 50
From income of Stickney Fund, ex-
pended for books .... 700 00

To amount paid for Furniture and Exhibi-
tion ware ......

To Interest on Funds for Prizes, credited
below ......

To Prizes awarded in 1892, paid in 1893,
as follows :
For Plants ....

" Flowers

" Fruit ....

" Vegetables

" Gardens and Greenhouses
" Hunnevvell Prizes for Rhododen
drons ....

$1,847 15

2,025 63

1,622 40

980 40

290 00

105 00

To amount paid Special Prize, Miss R. Simp-
kins ..... . .

" " on Window Gardening Com-

mittee account, 1892

" "on Window Gardening Com-

mittee account, 1893

" " Salaries of Secretary and As-

sistant and Treasurer . $3,600 00

" " Salaries of members of Com-

mittees . . . . 940 00

" " Extra services in Library . 883 50

" " for Card Catalogue of Plates 49 99

'* " on account of Committee on

Publication and Discussion 250 00

$1,104 50

368 72

1,892 72

6,870 58

42 00

44 25

117 45

Amounts carried over.

$5,723 49 $10,440 22

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amounts brought over, ^5,723 49 $10,440 22"

To amount paid for Heating . . . . 536 60
" " Labor, including Janitor

and Fireman . . 2,319 15

Taxes for 1893 . . 2,560 00

" " Insurance . . . 1,230 00

" City Water Rates . . 148 04

Repairs . . . . 319 74

" " Lighting .... 1,045 13

" " Incidentals ... 607 02

" " Stationery, Printing, and

Postage . . . 2,362 44
" " Committee of Arrange-
ments . . . . 400 60
'* " World's Columbian Exhi-
bition .... 2 65

17,254 86

Total Payments of 1893 $27,695 08

Balance of Cash on hand, December 31, 1893 . . . 17,689 79

$45,384 87
1893. Cr.

Jan. 1. By Balance of account rendered De-
cember 31, 1892 $12,417 19

By Income from Building in 1893 :

Rent of Stores ^ . . $17,470 85
Halls . . 6,195 00

$23,665 85

By Income from Mount Auburn Cemetery . 3,426 79
" Received Massachusetts State Bounty . 600 00
" " Annual Exhibitions, gross re-

ceipts . . $1,664 00

Less Expenses . 569 15

1,094 85

" " from Admissions and Assess-
ments 1,142 00

" Interest received on Bonds . $705 00
'• " " on Deposit

in Bank . 214 10
" " " from all other

sources . 57 37

976 47

" Received from Edward Hatch, Special

Prize awarded 1893 . 50 00

" '• " Miss R. Simpkins, Special

Prize awarded 1893 . 42 00

Amounts carried over, $30,997 96 $12,417 19

TREASURER S REPORT.

335

Amounts brought over, ..... ^

By received from sale of History
" " '; " Transactions,

" " " " Duplicate

book .$2 00
" E. C. R. Walker,
for purchase of
a library book 2 50

),997 96 $12,417 19
2 50
5 00

" " " H. H. Hunnewt

'11, his

i 50

prizes for 1892

65 00

" Interest credited to the following

Funds

against charges above :

Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000,

at 5%

$50 00

John A. Lowell Fund, f 1,000,

at 5%

50 00

Theodore Lyman Fund, $11,000,

at 5%

550 00

Josiah Bradlee Fund, $1,000, at

5% . • ■ . . .

50 00

Benjamin V. French Fund, $500,

at 5%

25 00

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $4,000,

at 5%

200 00

William J. Walker Fund, $2,354.43,

at 5%

117 72

Levi Whitcomb Fund, $500, at

5%

25 00

Benjamin B. Davis Fund, $500,

at 5%

25 00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund, $1,000,

at 5% . . .

50 00

John Lewis Russell Fund, $1,000,

at 5%

50 00

Josiah Stiokney Fund, $12,000,

amount .....

700 00

1,892 72

$32,967 68

E. & O. E.

$45,384 87
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

Boston, December 31, 1893.

Audited and approved,

H. H. Hunnewell,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
^ A. Hemenway,

Finance
Committee.

336

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

December 31, 1893.

ASSETS.

Real Estate

Furniture and Exhibition Ware
Stereotype Platee and copies of History

Library .

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Bonds, 7%
Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield R. R. Bonds, 5%
Sinking Fund, General Electric Company's

Bonds, 5%

A. K. Loring

Committee of Arrangements ....
Cash

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage

Josiah Stickney^ Fund, payable to Harvard Col-
lege, 1899

Prize Funds, invested in the Building, viz. :
Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000 00
John A. Lowell " 1,000 00

Theodore Lyman " 11,000 00

Josiah Bradlee " 1,000 00

Benjamin V. French " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 2,500 00

William J. Walker " 2,354 43

Levi Whitcomb " 500 00

Benjamin B. Davis " 500 00

$20,354 43

Prize Funds invested in Bonds :

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $1,500 00
Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

John Lewis Russell " 1,000 00

3,500 00

Edward Hatch Special Prize, due and unpaid
Prizes for 1893, due and unpaid ....

$250,000 00

6,608 46

262 00

32,697 46

1,500 00

1,980 00

10,000 00

359 41

60

17,689 79

$321,097 72

$1,000 00

12,000 00

23,854

43

50

00

7,850

00

$44,754

43

$276,343 29
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

treasurer's report. 337

MEMBERSHIP ACCOUNT, MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY,

December 31, 1893.

Number of Life Members per last report . . 549

Added during 1893 . 16

Commuted from Annual ...... 5

570

Deceased 13

557

Number of Annual Members per last report . . . 234

Added during 1893 14

248

Commuted to Life Membership 5

Deceased 6

Dropped by request ....... 4

" for non-payment for two years ... 1

16

232

Present membership ....... 789

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

16 new Life Members, @ $30 .$480 00

5 commuted to Life, @ $20 100 00

14 new Annual Members, @ $10 140 00

Assessments ........... 422 00

$1,142 00
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

10

338

MASSACHUSETTS HORTlCtTLTURAL SOCIETY.

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MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 339

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following Expenditures, for grading new lands
for sale during the year 1893 :

Birch to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.

408i days, men $919 13

29| days, man and horse Ill 56

$1,030 69

Larch Avenue (near Majile Avenue).

50 days, men $112 50

23i days, man and horse ...... 88 13

$200 63

$1,231 32
One-fourth of $1,231.32 is $307 83

Mount Auburn, December 31, 1893.

J. W. LOVERING,

Supt. of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1893, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH,

Treasurer.

assarliusetts lortialtaral Sorietg.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1894.

President.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, OF Milton.

Vice-Presidents.
CHARLES H. B. BRECK, OF BRIGHTON. FRANCIS H. APPLETON, OF Peabody.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, OF BbOOKLine. AUGUSTUS PARKER, of Roxbury.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, of Cambridge.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, OF Salem.*

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
CHARLES S. SARGENT, OF Brookline.

Professor of Entomology-
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, OF Cambridge.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
E. W. WOOD, OF West Newton.

Delegate to the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

WILLIAM C. STRONG, OF WABAN.

♦Communications to tlie Secretary, tin the business of the Society, should be addressed
to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

OFFICEES AND STANDESTG COMMITTEES. 341

^tkudii)^ doii\ii\ittee^.

Executive.
The President, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Chairman.
The Chairman of the Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL, Ex officio.
WILLIAM C. STRONG. BENJAMIN C. CLARK.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER. WALTER HUNNEWELL.

Hon. J. R. LEESON.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, OF Boston, Chairman.

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER. AUGUSTUS HEMENWAY.

Publication and. Discussion.

J. D. W. FRENCH, OF BOSTON, Chairman.
C. MINOT WELD. BENJAMIN M. WATSON, JK.

For Bstablistiing Prizes.
CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES,

AND GARDENS, Ex officiis.
CHARLES M. ATKINSON. J. WOODWARD MANNING, Jr.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, OF Canton, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, AND THE

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, Ex officiis.
J. D. W. FRENCH. EDWIN FAXON.

GEORGE W. HUMPHREY. WILLIAM J. STEWART.

Gardens.

JOHN G. BARKER, OF Jamaica Plain, Ciiaiuman.

CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND

VEGETABLES, Ex officiis.
HENRY W. WILSON. JACKSON DAWSON.

Plants.
DAVID ALLAN, OF Ci.iftondale, Chairman.
JAMES COMLEY. WILLIAM ROBINSON.

A. C. BOWDITCH. JAMES WHEELER.

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Flowers.
ARTHUR H. FEWKES, OF Newton Highlands, Chairman.
MICHAEL H. NORTON. J. WOODWARD MANNING, JR.

WILLIAM J. MARTIN. ELIJAH A. WOOD.

Fruits,
E. W. WOOD, OF West Newton, Chairman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. O. B. HADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. WARREN FENNO. J. WILLARD HILL.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, OF Newton, Chaikman.
CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. VARNUM FROST. WARREN H. HEUSTIS.

P. G. HANSON. JOHN C. HOVEY. WILLIAM H. HUNT.

Committee of Arrangements.
JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, of Boston, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, Ex offlciis.
ROBERT FARQUHAR.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Members of the Society and all other persons ivho may know of deaths,
changes in residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any jjariicular, will confer a favor by promptly communi-
cating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose names are marked thus f.

Adams, Luther, Brighton.
Albro, Charles, Taunton.
Alger, Rev. R. F., Becket.
Allan, David, Cliftondale.
Ames, Frank M., Canton.
Ames, George, Boston.
Ames, Hon. Oliver, Boston.
Ames, Preston Adams, Boston.
Amory, Charles, Boston.
Amory, Frederick, Boston.
Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
Andrews, Frank W., Washington,

D. C.
Andros, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis H., Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.
Avery, Hon. Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M. D., Brookline.

Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfield, Francis L., M. D., Worces-
ter.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnes. Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William H. Boston.
fBarney, Levi C. Boston.
Barratt, James, East Pasadena, Cal.
Barrett, Edwin S.. Concord.

Barry, William C, Rochester, N. Y,
Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.
Bates, Hon. Amos, Hingliam.
Beal, Leander, Boston.
Becker, Frederick C, Cambridge.
Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.
Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blake, Francis, Weston.
Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.
Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.
Blaney, Henry, Salem.
Blinn, Richard D., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Boston.
Bocher, Prof. Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
fBotume, John, Wyoming.
Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, AzellC, Somerville.
Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, James H., Brookline.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William H., Boston.
Brackett, Cephas H.. Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.
tBrigham, William T., Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brooks, J. Henry, Milton.

344

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S.
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
Brown, George Barnard, Brookline.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Bruce, Nathaniel F., Billerica.
Bullard, John R., Dedham.
BuUard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, Southborongh.
Burr, Fearing, Hinghara.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfield, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cabot, Edward C, Brookline.
Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.
Cains, William, South Boston.
Calder, Augustus P., Boston.
Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.
Capen, John, Boston.
Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.
Carr, Hon. John, Roxbury.
fCarruth, Charles, Boston.
Carter, Charles N., Boston.
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cartwright, George, Dedham.
Chadbourne, Marshall W., Mount

Auburn.
Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston.
Chase, Andrew J., Lynn.
Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.
fChase, George B., Boston.
Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Childs, Nathaniel R., Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, Ho«. William, Newtonville.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.

Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, J. Warren, Rockville.
Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, James M. , Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Mount Auburn.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Cottle, Henry C, Boston.
Cowing, Walter H., West Roxbury.
Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxbury.
Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston.
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
fCrowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Cummings, Hon. John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Cushing, Robert M., Boston.

fDaggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.
Dana, Charles B., Wellesley.
Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester.
Davenport, George E., Medford.
Davenport, Henry, New York.
Davis, John, Lowell.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Day, William F., Roxbury.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.
Dexter, F. Gordon. Boston.
Dickerman, George H., Somerville.
Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.

MEIVIBERS FOR LIFE.

345

Dove, George W. W., Andover.
Dowse, William B. H., W. Newton.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.
Edgar, William W., Waverly.
fEldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
Eliot, Charles, Milton.
Ellicott, Joseph P., Boston,.
Elliot, Mrs. John W., Boston.
4 Elliott, William H., Brighton.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Everett, William, Dorchester.
Ewell, Warren, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Boston.
Falconer, William, Glencove, N. Y.
Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.
Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale.
Farquhar, John K. M. L., Roxbury.
Farquhar, Robert, Boston.
Faxon, John, Quincy.
Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.
Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.
Finlayson, Kenneth, Brookline.
Fisher, David, Montvale.
Fisher, James, Roxbury.
tFisher, Warren, Boston.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston.
Fleming, Edwin, West Newton.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.
Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.
Flint, David B., Boston.
Flynt, William N., Monson.
Forster, Edward J., M. D., Boston.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, S. Waldo, Parley Vale.
French, W. Clifford, Boston.

Galloupe, Charles W., Swampscott.

Galvin, John, Boston.

fGardner, Henry N., Mount Auburn.

Gardner, John L., Brookline.

Gibbs, Wolcott, M. D., Newport,
R. I.

Gill, George B., Medford.

Gillard, William, Boston.

Gilmore, E. W., North Easton.

Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.

Glover, Albert, Boston.

Glover, Joseph B., Boston.

Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.

Goddard, Joseph, Roxbury.

Goddard, Mrs. Mary T., Newton.

Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.

fGould, Samuel, Boston.

Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Boston.

Gray, James, Wellesley.

Gregory, Hon. James J. H., Marble-
head.

Greig, George, Toronto, Ontario.

Grey, Benjamin, Maiden.

Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.

Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

Hall, George A., Chelsea.

Hall, George R., Fort George, Fla.

fHall, John R., Roxbury.

Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.

Hall, Stephen A., Revere.

Hall, William F., Brookline.

Halliday, William IL, South Boston.

Hammond, Gardiner G., New Lon-
don, Conn.

Hammond, George W., Boston.

Hammond, Samuel, Boston.

Hanson, P. G., Woburn.

tHarding, George W., Arlington.

Harding, Louis B., Stamford, Conn.

Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

Harrington, Nathan D., Somerville.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Cambridge.

Hart, William T., Boston.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

346

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead.

Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rockland,
Maine.

Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.

Hayes, Francis Brown, Lexington.

fHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Heywood, Hon. George, Concord.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hittinger, Jacob, Mount Auburn.

Hoar, Samuel, Concord.

Hodgkins, JohnE., Newcastle, N. H.

Hollis, George W., Grantville.

Hollis, John ^V., Allston.

Holmes, Edward J., Boston.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.

Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.

Horner, Mrs. CliarlotteN. S., George-
town.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hovey, Charles H., East Pasadena,
Cal.

Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.

Hovey, StillmanS., Woburn.

Hubbard, Cliarles T., Weston.

Hubbard, Gardner G., Washington,
D. C.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W. , Dedham.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Henry Sargent, Welles-
ley.

Hunnewell, H. Hollis, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, Francis W., Melrose.

Hunt, Franklin, Boston.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hyde, James F. C, Newton High-
lands.

Jack, John George, Jamaica Plain.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.

Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
fKendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,

Cal.
Kendall, Dr. Walter G., Atlantic.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.
Kent, John, Brookline.
fKeyes, E. W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Keyes, John M., Concord.
Kidder, Charles A., Southborough.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
fKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., Boston..
Knapp, Walter H., Newtonville.

Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lawrence, James, Groton.
Lawrence, John, Groton.
Learned, Charles A., Arlington.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton

Centre.
Lemme, Frederick, North Cambridge.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.
Lewis, A. S., Framingham.
Lewis, William G., Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.
Little, James L., Brookline.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
Lodge, Richard W., Swampscott.
Loftus, John P., Dorchester.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

347

Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.
Lovett, George L., West Newton.
fLowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lyman, Col. Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, M. D., Charlestown.

fMahoney, John, Boston.
Mallet, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Maine.
Mann, James F., Ipswich.
Manning, Jacob W., Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Brookline.
Marshall, Frederick F., Chelsea.
Martin, John S., Roxbury.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R. I.
McClure, John, Revere.
McWilliam, George, Whitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. H., Lexington.
Merrifleld, William T., Worcester.
Merrill, Hon. Moody, Roxbury.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Newton

Lower Falls.
Minton, James, Boston.
Monteith, David, Dedham.
Moore, John H., Concord.
tMorse, Samuel F., Boston.
Motley, Thomas, Jamaica Plain.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,

N. H.
fMunroe, Otis, Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Nevins, David, Framinghani.
Newman, John R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfield
Nickerson, George A., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.

Olmsted, John Charles, Brookline.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.
Paige, John C, Boston.
Palmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parker, Charles W., Boston.
Parker, Miss Sarah, Roxbury.
Partridge, Horace, North Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, Francis H., Boston.
Peabody, John E., Boston.
Peabody, Col. Oliver W., Mihon.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, William G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Penniman, A. P., Walthani.
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
fPerry, George W., Maiden.
Philbrick, William D., Newton

Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, George Francis, Dorchester.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.
Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Poor, John R., Boston.
Porter, Herbert, Maiden.
Porter, James C, WoUaston.
fPotter, Joseph S., Arlington.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G., West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Dr. Mark W., Boston.
fPrescott, Eben C, Boston.
Prescott, William G., East Pepperell.
Prescott, William G., Quincy.
Pringle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P., Jamaica Plain.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, HoseaM., M. D, Worcester.

348

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Raddin, Everett W., North Cam-
bridge.

Rand, Miss Elizabeth L., Newton
Highlands.

Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge.

Rand, Oliver J., Cambridgeport.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Ray, Hon. James P., Franklin.

Ray, Hon. Joseph G., Franklin.

Raymond, Walter, Cambridgeport.

Read, Charles A., Manchester.

Reardon, John B., Boston.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Wakefield.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., AUston.

Robinson, Warren J., Somerville.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ross, Waldo O., Boston.

Ruddick, William H., M. D., South
Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, Hon. John E., Leicester.

Russell, Walter, Arlington.

Salisbury, AVilliam C. G., Brookline.
Sampson, George R., Andover.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Saville, Richard L., Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
fScott, Charles, Newton.
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N. H.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.
Shuman, Hon. A., Roxbury.
Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle, N.Y.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.

Smith, Calvin W., Wellesley Hills^
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.
Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.
Smith, Edward N., San Francisco..
Smith, George O., Boston.
Smith, James H., Dedham.
Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.
Snow, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,

Me.
Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.
Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.
Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Springall, George, Maiden.
Stearns, Frank W., Newton.
Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.
Stewart, William J., Winchester-
Stone, Amos, Charlestown.
Stone, Charles W., Boston.
Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.
Strater, Herman, Roxbury.
Strong, William C, Waban.
Sturgis, Russell, Manchester.
Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D., South'

Framingham.
Surette, Louis A., Concord.
Swain, Charles E., Roxbury.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Tarbell, George G., M. D., Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Portland, Me.
Temple, Felker L., Boston.
Thurlow, Thomas C, West New-
bury.
Tidd, Marshall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W., Roxbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
fTolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
Trepess, Samuel J., Brookline.
fTurner, John M. , Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Dorchester.

Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vanderwoerd, Charles, Waltham.

MEIVEBERS FOR LIFE.

349

Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.

Wainwright, William L., Braintree.
Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
Walcott, Henry P. ,M.D., Cambridge.
Wales, George O., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C R., Roxbury.
Walker, Miss Mary S., Waltham.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.
Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbury.
Ward, Jobn, Newton Centre.
Wardwell, William H., Brookline.
Ware, Benjamin P., Clifton.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Waters, Edwin F., Boston.
Waters, Dr. George F., Boston.
Watson, Benjamin M., Jr., Jamaica

Plain.
Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica

Plain.
Weld, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Richard H., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.

Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
Wheelwright, A. C, Brookline.
Whitcomb, William B., Medford.
White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
White, Joseph H., Brookline.
fWhitely, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Whitten, Charles V., Dorchester.
Whittier, Hon. Charles, Roxbury.
tWhytal, Thomas G., New York,

N. y.

Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D. , Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury.
Wilson, Col. Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Winthrop, Robert C, Jr., Boston.
Wood, Charles G., Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Wright, George C, West Acton.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, will conifer a favor by promptly communi-
cating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Abbott, Samuel L., M. D., Boston.
Allen, Charles L., Floral Park, N.Y.
Arnold, Mrs. Anna E., Roxbury.
Atkinson, Charles M., Brookline.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newburyport.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.

Badlam, William H., Dorchester.

Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.

Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.

Benedict, Washington G., Boston.

Bicknell, Hon. Thomas W., Dor-
chester.

Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor-
cester.

Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., Southboro'.

Bird, John L., Dorchester.

Bird, Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth, Roxbury.

Bliss, Benjamin K., East Bridge-
water.

Bock, William A., North Cambridge.

Bolles, Matthew, Boston.

Bolles, William P., Roxbury.

Boyden, Clarence F., Taunton.

Breck, Charles H., Newton.

Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.

Brooks, George, Brookline.

Brown, David H., W'est Medford.

Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Buxton, Mrs. Rose, Peabody.

Carroll, James T., Chelsea.
Carter, Mrs. Sarah D. J., Wilming-
ton.
Chaffin, John C, Newton.

Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverett M., Roxbury.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.
Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury.
Clapp, Henry L., Roxbury.
Clark, John Spencer, Boston.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Codman, Philip, Jamaica Plain.
Coleman, Mrs. S. H., Jamaica Plain.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Collins, Hon. P. A., Dorchester.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Coolidge, David H., Jr., Boston.
Coolidge, Sumner, Mt. Auburn.
Cotter, Lawrence, Dorchester.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.
Curtis, Louville, Tyngsborough.

Davis, Frederick, Saxonville.
Davis, Frederick S., West Roxbury.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E., East Cambridge.
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.

Eaton, Jacob, Cambridgeport.
Eaton, Warren E., Reading.
Endicott, Miss Charlotte M., Canton.

Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Felton, Arthur W., West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Revere.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

35 L

Fislier, Sewall, Framinghani.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Foster, Josliua T., Medford.
Frohock, Roscoe R., Maiden.
Frost, Artemas, Belmont.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Varnum, Arlington.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gage, Alfred P., Arlington.
Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Brookline.
Gilbert, Samuel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Guerineau, Louis, Northampton.

Haile, Hon. William H., Springfield.

Hall, Charles H., M. D., Boston.

Hall, Harry B., Roxbury.

Hall, Stacy, Boston.

Hall, William T., Revere.

Hanks, Mrs. C. Stedman, Manchester.

Hargraves, William J., Jamaica
Plain.

Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica
Plain.

Harris, Frederick L., Wellesley.

Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.

Harwood, George S., Newton.

Henshaw, Samuel, West Brighton,
N. Y.

Hersey, Alfred H., Hingham.

Hersey, Edmund, Hingham.

Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.

Hews, Albert H., North Cambridge.

Hill, Benjamin D., Peabody.

Hill, Edwin S., Clarendon Hill.

Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.

Hobbs, George M., Boston.

Hollis, George, South Weymouth.

Houghton, George S., Auburndale.

Hubbard, F. Tracey, Cambridge.

Hunt, Henry C, Newton.

Huston, Miss Katharine W., Rox-
bury.

James, Robert Kent, Dorchester.

Jameson, 'G. W., East Lexington.
Jordan, Hon. Jediah P., Roxbury.

Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.
Kidder, Francis H., Medford.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lawrence, Henry S., Roxbury.
Lawrence, Sidney, East Lexington.
Lee, Francis H., Salem.
Lee, William W., Northampton.
Lomax, George H., Somerville.
Lombard, Richard T., Way land.
Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., North Andover.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Loud, Mrs. Mary E., Roxbury.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Hingham.
Lowell, John, Newton.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.

Manda, W. A., South Orange, N. J.
Manning, A. Chandler, Reading.
Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William H., Dorchester.
Martin, William J., Milton.
Masten, Cornelius E., Roxbury.
Maxwell, Charles E., Boston.
May, F. W. G., Boston.
McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.
McDowell, Mrs. Mary, Boston.
Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMullen, Edgar, Boston.
Meredith, Albert A. H., Milton.
Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.
Merrill, John J., Roxbury.
Merrill, Capt. S. A., Wollaston.

Heights.
Milman, William, Roxbury.

Newton, John F., Roxbury.
Norton, Edward E., Boston.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

352

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Brookline.

Park, William D., Boston.
Park, William P., West Boxford.
Parker, George A., Halifax.
Parker, John, Newtonville.
Parker, Walter S., Reading
Patterson, William, Quincy.
Peirce, George H., Concord.
Peterson, Ellis, Jr., Jamaica Plain.
Petremant, Robert, Dorchester.
Pigott, Thomas E., Winthrop.
Pitcher, James R., Short Hills, N. J.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Prichard, Joseph V., Boston.
Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.

Randall, Macey, Stoughton.
Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.
Rich, William P., Chelsea.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Medford.
Robbins, Oliver R., Weston.
Robinson, Nathan D., Roxbury.
Robinson, Walter A., Roxbury.
Robinson, William, North Easton.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.
Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville.

Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.
Schmitt, Georg A., Boston.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Seaver, Edwin P., LL.D., Newton

Highlands.
Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.
Shattuck, Frederick R., Roxbury,
Shedd, Abraham B., Waltham.
Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.
Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.
Snow, Francis B., Dorchester.
Southworth, Edward, Quincy.

Spencer, Aaron W., Boston.

Squire, Miss Esther A., North Cam-
bridge.

Stearns, Mrs. Charles A., East
Watertown.

Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.

Stevens, Miss Mary O., North An-
dover.

Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.

Storer, Charles, Boston.

Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.

Swan, Charles W., M. D., Boston.

Sweet, Everell F., Maiden.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.
Teele, William H., West Acton.
Terry, Rev. Calvin, North Wey-
mouth.
Tobey, Rufus T., Roxbury.
Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.
Travis, Charles B., Brighton.
Turner, Nathaniel W., Boston.
Tyndale, Theodore H., Brookline.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Warren, Samuel H., Weston.

Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

Weld, Charles E., Roslindale.

Wells, Benjamin T., Newtonville.

Weston, Mrs. L. P., Danvers.

Westwood, Thomas, Jamaica Plain.

Wheeler, James, Brookline.

White, Maurice P., Roxbury.

White, W. Henry, Lowell.

Whitney, Joseph, Cambridgeport.

Whiton, Hon. Starkes, Hingham
Centre.

Wilcox, George D., M. D., Provi-
dence, R. I.

Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.

Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.

Winship, Rev. Albert E., Somerville.

Winter, William C, Mansfield.

Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T.,
Dedham.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

353

Wood, Mrs. Anna D., West Newton.
Wood, Elijah A., West Newton.
Wood, E. W., West Newton,
Woodford, Joseph H., Boston.
Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.

Young, Arthur W., Hingham.
Young, Charles S., Newton Centre.
Young, E. Bentley, Boston. .

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVII.— Life Mkmbeks.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments. And any subscription
member, having paid all dues, may become a Life Member by the payment
of twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVIII.— Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXX. — DiscoNTiNDANCE OF Membership.

Any member may withdraw from the Society, on giving notice to the
Treasurer and paying the amount due from him. Any member who shall
neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual assessment, after due
notice from the Treasurer, shall cease to be a member. The Treasurer
shall give notice of such withdrawals or discontinuances to the Secretary,
who shall erase such members' names from the list.

Tlie attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXX.

11.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that
the following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by
promptly communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Joseph
Maxwell, elected, in 1830, and George W. Smith, elected in 1851.

The names of deceased Honorary Members may be found in Part II of the
Transactions of previous years.

Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
Hon. Ephraim W. Boll, Concord.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Wood's Holl.

Major L. A. Hoguet-Latoor, M. P., Montreal, Canada.
Edward Winslow Lincoln, Secretary of the Worcester County Horticul-
tural Society.
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.

Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.
Samuel R. Payson, Boston.
George W. Smith, Boston.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a fcwor hy promptly
reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. Reynolds, M. D., 1832, and Francis Summerest
(or Summerer), 1833.

The names of deceased Corresponding Members may be found in Part II
of the Transactions of previous years.

fiDODARD Andre, Editor in Chief of the Revue Horticole, Paris, France.

Professor L. H. Bailey, Jr., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Napoleon Badmann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan.

Prosper J. Berckmans. President of the American Pomological Society,

Augusta, Ga.
Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial College

of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.

John Croumbie Brown, LL.D., Haddington, Scotland. '

Professor J. L. Bddd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society,

Ames.
William Bull, Chelsea, England.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadelphia.
IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.
George W. Campbell, President of the Ohio State Horticultural Society,

Delaware, O.
Maxime Cornd, Director of the Jardln des Plantes, Paris, France.
Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,

England.
Robert Douglas, Waukegan, 111.
Malcolm Dunn, Dalkeifth, Scotland.
W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, England.
Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Cobden,

111.

356 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. .

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.

Henry John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Colesborn, Andoversford, Gloucester-
shire, England.

William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptoganiic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.

B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Division of Forestry, Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticul-
tural Society, Brownville.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D., Director of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Amherst.

George L. Goodale, M. D., Professor of Botany, Harvard University,
Cambridge.

Obadiah B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.

J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.

Robert Hogg, LL.D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Rochester, England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I., The Camp, Suaningdale, England.

JosiAH Hoopes, West Chester, Pa.

George Husmann, Napa, Cal.

John W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.

William J. Johnson, M.D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Charles Joly, Vice-President of the Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de
France, Paris.

Dr. George King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Secretary of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Columbus, O.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi-
cal Society, Norfolk, Va.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.

T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, South Haven.

Dr. P. MacOw^an, Director of the Botanic Garden, Cape Town, Africa.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.

George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N.Y.

Thomas Meehan, Germantown, Pa.

Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Ala.

D. Morris, F.L.S., Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, England.

Ch. Naudin, Antibes, France.

George Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 357

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Professor D. P. Penhallow, Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,

Canada.
Henry Probasco, Cincinnati, O.
P. T. QciNN, Newark, N.J.
D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.
S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.
Charles V. Riley, Washington, D. C.
William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
Edgar Sanders, Chicago, 111.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
William R. Smith, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Washington, D. C.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.
Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan.

William A. Stiles, Editor of Garden and Forest, Deckertown, N. J.
William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.
Francis Summerest.

William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis.
Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java,
H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
Henry L. de Vilmorin, Secretary of the Societe Nationale d'Agriculture

de France, Paris.
Anthony Waterer, Knap Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

Instead of, as heretofore, dividing this list into Books Purchased
and Books, etc., received by Donation and Exchange, all are
incorporated in one list, in the belief that those who wish to know
what has been added to the Library on any subject will find it
more easy of reference. Books purchased from the income of the
Stickney Fund are marked S. F. ; and those purchased from
the Society's Appropriation for the Library, L. A. AH others
were received by donation and exchange, and the source whence
received is given in every instance when known.

The measurements of the books are in inches and tenths of
of an inch, giving first the height, next the thickness, and lastly
the width. When a pamphlet is less than one-tenth of an inch in
thickness the place of that dimension is supplied by a dash.

HORTICULTURE.

IiOUg, Elias A. How to Plant a Place. A Brief Illustrated Guide, Suited
to Popular use. Tenth edition, revised and enlarged. (The Rural
Library. Vol. 1, No. 4. February, 1892.) Pamphlet, light brown,
7.8X. 1X5.4, pp. 28; 64 cuts. New York: [1892]. L. A.

Bailey, L. H. The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. A Compendium of Useful
Information for Fruit-Growers, Truck-Gardeners, Florists and
others. Completed to the beginning of the year 1892. 2d edition,
revised. Brown cloth, 7.5X.7X5.2, pp. 221. New York. S. F.

HitchingS & Co., Publishers. Greenhouse Heating and Ventilating
Apparatus. Pamphlet, red, 9. 8X .2X7.3, pp. 64 ; cuts. The Pub-
lishers.

— — , . Greenhouse Construction. Pamphlet, green, 9.7X

.1X7.2, pp. 16, (2); cuts. The Publishers.

American Horticultural Annual. A Year-Book of Horticultural Progress
for the Professional and Amateur Gardener, Fruit Grower, and
Florist. 1870 and 1871. 2 vols. Green paper, 7.5X.4X4.9, (I.)
pp. 152; 84 cuts: (II.) pp. 152; 57 cuts. New York.

Bailey, L. H. Annals of Horticulture in North America, for the year
1890. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress.
Dull green cloth. 8.2X.8X5.8, pp. 312; 76 cuts, portraits. New
Yprk: 1891. S. F.

For the year 1891. Gray cloth, 8.1X1.X5.9, pp. 4!5; 77 cuts.
New York : 1892. S. F.

American Florist Company's Directory of the United States and Canada.
Supplement, for 1893, bringing the edition of 1892 up to date.
Pamphlet, 8.3X — X5.7, pp. 22. [Chicago: 1893.] William J.
Stewart.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 359

Gardener's Almanack and Poultry Keeper's and Apiarian's Calendar, for
the year 1868. Edited by George W. Johnson, Esq., F. R. H. S.,
assisted by Edward Hewitt and T. VV. Woodbury. Pamphlet, blue,
7. IX. 2X5. 8, pp. 101. London.

Horticultural Directory for 1868. Pamphlet, blue, green cloth back,
7. 3X. 4X4. 8, pp. 166. London.

Horticultural Directory and Year Book for 1893. 34th year of publica-
tion. Blue green paper, 7.1X1 X4.9, pp. 480. London: [1893].
S. F.

Garden Oracle and Illustrated Floricultural Year Book, 1893. By the
Editor of "The Gardeners' Magazine." 35th year of publication.
Half red cloth, 7. 3X. 8X5.1, pp 246; 2 colored plates, cuts.
London. S. F.

Tillier, Louis, and others. L'Annee Horticole. Revue annuelle des
nouveautes en horticulture. Premiere Annee. — 1892. Light tan-
colored cloth, 7. IX. 6X4.5, pp. v, 216. Paris : 1893. S. F.

Joly, Charles. Note sur le Jardin-ecole de Soissons. Pamphlet, blue gray,
8.5X — X5.3, pp. 6; plan and plate. Paris: 1893. The Author.

HORTICULTURAL JOURNALS.

Trade Journal, The, and International Horticulturist, for Nurserymen,
Florists, and Seedsmen. [Formerly The International Horticul-
turist, etc.] Vol. I, No. 12, Vol. II, Nos. 1-7, Vol. Ill, No. 2.
April, 1889 to June 15, 1890. 9 pamphlets, 11.8X— X8.5, cuts.
Harrisburg, Pa. : 1889, 1890. L. H. Bailey.

Gardening World Illustrated, The. A weekly paper exclusively devoted
to all branches of practical Gardening. Vols. 1-8. 1884-5 to 1891-2.
8 vols. Half green morocco, 14. 2X2. IX 11. London. L. A.

British Gardening. [Formerly the Northern Gardener. ] Vols. 4-9, inclu-
sive. July, 1890 to June, 1893. Unbound, blue paper, 10.9X.1
X8.5. London: 1890-1893. L. A.

Jornal de Horticultura pratica. 23 vols. Vols. 1-18 edited by Duarte de
Oliveira, Junior ; vol. 19 by Joachim Casimiro Barbosa; vols. 20-
23 by Eduardo Sequeira. Vols. 1, 16, 17, 19-23 bound in light
gray paper, 10. 8X. 8X7. 3, others unbound; plain and colored plates,
portraits, cuts. Porto : 1870-1892. L. A.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

World's Horticultural Society. Circular concerning the organizing of the,
etc. Broadside 11.9X9. P. J. Berckmans, President.

, Constitution of the. Broadside, 11.9X9. P. J. Berck-
mans, President.

Worcester (bounty Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1881, 1886 —
1890-91 and 1892-93. Sciiedules of Premiums for 1889, 1890, 1892,
1893. 11 pamphlets, 9. 1-10.2X .1-.4X6. Worcester: 1881-1893.
Edward W. Lincoln, Secretary.

360 ^ MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society. November Exhibition, 1893.—

Chrysanthemums. Pamphlet, 8.4X — X5.4, pp. 4. C. W. Smith,

Secretary.
Hartford County (Conn.) Horticultural Society. Premium List for the

year 1893. Pamphlet, yellow, 9.3X — X5.9, pp. 15. [Hartford:

1893.] Edward S. Young, Secretary.
Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Thirty-
Eighth Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, . . . Jan. 25 and

26, 1893. Pamphlet, light blue, 8.5X.3X5.7, pp. 152. Rochester:.

1893. John Hall, Secretary. [4 copies.]
New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings at its Eighteenth

Annual Session, held at Trenton, N. J., Dec. 14th and 15th, 1892.

Pamphlet, blue gray, 9. X. 5X5. 8, pp. (4), 152. Mount Holly, N. J. :

1893. H. I. Budd, Recording Secretary.
Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association. Reports for 1889-1892,
» 4 pamphlets, tea, 9. 3X. 2X6.1, plain and colored plates, cuts.

Harrisburg: 1890-1893. E. B. Engle, Recording Secretary.
Wayne [Pa.] Horticultural Society. Premium list for 1893. Pamphlet,

light brown, 9. IX — X5.9, pp. 24. Frank Smith, Secretary.
Peninsula Horticultural Society. Transactions. Third Annual Session,

held at Chestertown, Md., January 28-30, 1890. Pamphlet, blue,

8.8X.3X5.8, pp. 95.

Fourth Annual Session, held at Easton, Md., January 20-22,

1891. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp 112.

Fifth Annual Session, held at Dover, Del., January 19-21, 1892.
Pamphlet, light brown, 8.9X.2X5.7, pp. 105. "Wilmington, Del.:

1892. [W. Wesley Webb, Secretary.]
Worth Carolina State Horticultural Society. Thirteenth Annual Report,

1893. By Gerald McCarthy, Secretary. Pamphlet, light gray, 9.1
X. 1X5. 8, pp. 68. Raleigh: 1893. The Secretary.

Georgia State Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Seventeenth

Annual Meeting, held in the city of Rome, August 3 and 4, 1892.

Pamphlet, light green, 9.2X.1X5.9, pp. 86. Atlanta: 1893.

George H. Miller, Secretary.
Florida State Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual

Meeting, held at Ormond, Florida, May 3d, 4th, and 5th, 1892.

Brown cloth, 9. 3X. 4X6.2. pp. 142; portrait. J. M. Hawks, M. D.
Texas State Horticultural Society, Initial Report of the, for 1886 to 1889,

inclusive. Black cloth, 9.3X.3X6., pp. 106. College Station:

1889. E. L. Huffman, Secretary.
. Report of the [Fifth] Annual Meetini;;, for the

year 1891. Pamphlet, terra cotta, 7.5X.3X4.9, pp. 107. Bren-

ham, Texas : 1891. D. H. Watson, Secretary.
Ohio State Horticultural Society. Twenty-sixth Annual Report, for the

year 1892-93. Black cloth, 9. 8X. 7X6.7, pp. 253; 14 cuts. Nor-

walk : 1893. W. W. Farnsworth, Secretary.

LIBKARY ACCESSIONS. 361

Columbus [Ohio] Horticultural Society. Historical Statement, Constitu-
tion, By-Laws, etc. 1892. Pamphlet, tea, 8.8X — X5.9, pp. 16.
Aug. D. Selby, Secretary.

. Annual Report . . . containing Constitution,

Lists of Members, and Quarterly Journal. Prepared by Aug. D.
Selby, Secretary. Vol. 7, No. 4, December 1892, and Vol. 8, Nos.
1 and 2, March and June, 1893. 3 pamphlets, gray, orange, etc., 9.2
X. IX 5.8, pp. 101-133, 1-82; 1 portrait [in No. 4]. Columbus,
Ohio: [1892 and 1893.] The Secretary.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Twentieth Annual Report of the
Secretary. 1890. Black cloth, 9.5 X 1.1X6.7, pp. (8), 372 ; portrait,
cuts. Lansing: 1891.

Twenty-first Annual Report. 1891. Black cloth, 9.5X1.8X7.,
pp. (8), 739; cuts. [Contains general index to Vols. 10-20, 1880-
1890 inclusive.] Lansing: 1891. Edwy C. Reid, Secretary.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1892,
being the Proceedings of the Thirth-seventh Annual Meeting, held
at Champaign, December 6, 7, and 8. Also Proceedings of the
Central and Southern District Societies, and a number of county
societies for the year 1892. New Series. — Vol. XXVI. Dark
green cloth, 8.9X1.7X6.5, pp. XV, 432. Warsaw: [1893.] A. C.
Hammond, Secretary. [5 copies.]

Missouri State Horticultural Society. Thirty-fifth Annual Report, 1892.
Dark maroon cloth, 9. 2X. 7X6.3, pp. 323, ii. Jefferson City : 1893.
L. A. Goodman, Secretary. [40 copies.]

Nebraska State Horticultural Society. Annual Report. 1884. [Con-
tained in duplicate copy of Annual Reports of the Nebraska State
Board of Agriculture and the State Horticultural Society. 1884.]
Pamphlet, tea, 8. 6X. 4X5. 7, pp. 99. Lincoln: 1886. Hon. Robert
W. Furnas, Secretary, Nebraska State Board of Agriculture.

Annual Reports, 1885 and 1886. Black cloth, 9. X. 4X5. 7, pp. 66,
and 67-150. Lincoln, Neb. : 1887. F. W. Taylor, Secretary.

Annual Report. For the year 1893. Containing the Proceedings
of the Summer Meeting held at Nebraska City, June 30, and July 1,
1892, and of the Annual Meeting held at Lincoln, January 10, 11,
12, 1893. Black cloth, 8. 9X. 7X5.8, pp. 284; portrait, 72 cuts.
Lincoln: 1893. F. W. Taylor, Secretary.

Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Twenty-first Annual Report.
1892. Vol. XXI. Black cloth, 9 3X1.1X6.4, pp. 414; 1 portrait.
Minneapolis: 1893. A. W.Latham, Secretary.

Colorado State Bureau of Horticulture. Annual Reports for the years
1891-92. Vol. VI. By Dr. Alexander Shaw, Secretary. Brown
cloth, 9. 2X. 7X6.1, pp. 263; 4 cuts. Colorado Springs: 1892.
George J. Spear.

Washington State Board of Horticulture. First Biennial Report, for the
years 1891-92. Blue green cloth, 9. IX .7X6.1, pp. (8), 304; 1 plate,
cuts. Olympia : 1893. C. A. Tonneson, Secretary.

362 MASSACHUSETTS HORTlCULiTURAL SOCIETY.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol. XV, Parts 2 and 3. January
1893. Edited by the Rev. W. Wilks, M. A., Secretary, and Mr.
John Weathers, Assistant Secretary. Pamphlet, blue gray, 8.4X.9
X5.4, pp. 73-268, iv, cciv; 32 cuts. London: [1893.] The
Secretary.

Vol. XVI, Part I. August, 1893. Pamphlet, blue gray, 8.5X
.7X5.4, pp. 160, c.Kvi; 32 cuts. London: [1893.] The Secretary.

Norsk Ilavetidende. Udgivet af selskabet Havedyrkningens Venner.
Kedigeret af Peter N0vik, Gartner. Vols. 2-9, 1886-1893. 8
pamphlets, buff, 8. 9-9. 5X .4X5.7-6.1, portraits, plates, cuts.
Christiania. Peter N0vik. [A second copy of the 8th volume
from Professor Charles S. Sargent].

Prance, Societe nationale d'Horticulture de. Journal, 3^ serie. Tome 15,
1893. Half claret morocco, 9.2X1.8X5.5, pp. 888. Paris: 1893.
E. Glatigny, Librarian.

, — . Liste generale des membres de la Societe.

Arretee au P"' Mars 1893. (Supp. Jour. Soc. nat. d'Hort. de
France, Numero de F^vrier, 1893.) Pamphlet, gray, 9. X. 4X5. 7,
pp. 158, (1). Paris: [1893.] E. Glatigny, Librarian.

Seine-Inferieure, Societe Centrale d'Horticulture de la. Bulletin. Tome
XXXIV^— 3« et 4e cahiers de 1892; Tome XXXV^.— P'' et 2^
cahiers de 1893. 4 pamphlets, lilac-color, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 157-354,
1-148; tables. Rouen : 1892, 1893. The Society.

Sarthe, Societe d'Horticulture de la. Bulletin. Tome 12.— 1892, 3"^ et 4<^
trimestres: 1893, 1*^ et 2^ trimestres. 4 pamphlets, orange, 8.8X —
X5.7, pp. 205-347, (5). Le Mans: 1892, 1893. The Society.

Cerele horticole du Nord, Bulletin du. 23* et 24^ Annees. 24 numbers,
January, 1892, to December, 1893. 24 pamphlets, blue gray, 8.2X
— X5.2, pp. 296 and 296; cuts. [Lille : 1892, 1893.] M. Mulnard,
Secretaire.

— , — . Supplement. Ville de Lille. Grande

Exposition Internationale des Produits de I'Horticulture et Industries
connexes . . . septembre, 1893, etc. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 8.2X
^.1X5.2, pp. 36. Lille: 1893. M. Mulnard.

Liege, Federation des Societes Horticoles de. — Societe Royale d'Horticul-
ture, Cerele Royal d'Arboriculture. Union Horticole.— Exposition
Internationale, 24 au 28 septembre, 1893. Resultat des Concours.
Pamphlet, 8 2X. 1X5.4, pp 46. Liege: 1893.

Gartenflora. Zeitschrift fiir Garten- und Blumenkunde. (Begriindet von
Eduard Regel.) 41 Jahrgang. Herausgegeben von Dr. L. Witt-
mack. 24 numbers. Pamphlets, yellow, 10. IX. IX 7., pp. 670, 126;
24 colored plates, 139 cuts. Berlin : 1892. Dr. L. Wittraack, Sec-
retary of the Berlin Horticultural Society.

Geneve, Societe d' Horticulture de. Bulletin. 38>"<^ Annee, 1892 ; 39'"«
Annee, 1893. 24 paraplilets, pink, 9.4X — X6.2, pp. 200,208; cuts.
Geneve : 1892, 1893. The Society.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. ^ 363

E. Soeieta Toscana di Orticultura. BuUettino. Anno XVIII. 1893.
(Vol. VIII. della 2^ Serie). Half brown leather, 11. X 1.7X7.6. pp.
380; 12 plates, colored and plain. Firenze : 1893. The Society.

Nurseryraen, American As.sociation of. Proceedings at the Fifteenth
Annual Meeting, held at New York, 1890. Pamphlet, blue, 9.2X.4
X6., pp. xviii, 132; portrait, plates. [Rochester, N. Y. : n. d.]
C. A. Green, Secretary.

Seventeenth Annual Meeting, held at Atlanta, Ga., 1892. Pam-
phlet, tan-color, 9.X.3X6., pp. (8), 148; portrait. 1892. C. A.
Green, Secretary.

• FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.

Sweert, Emanuel. Florilegium Amplissimum, et selectissimum, quo non
tantum varia diversorum florum prajstantissimorum et nunquam
antea exhibitorum genera, sed et raree quamplurimaj Indicarura plan-
tarum, et radicum formie, ad vivum partibus duabus, quatuor etiam
Unguis offeruntur et delineantur. [3d ? edition.] Parchment, 15.4
Xl.X10.,pp. (38); plates 67 and 43. Amstelodami : 1631. S. F.

Savi, Gaetano. Flora Italiana, ossia Raccolta delle piante piu belle, che si
coltivano nei giardini d'ltalia, etc. 3 vols. [I.] pp. (12), iv, 114,
(2); 40 colored plates. Pisa: 1818. [II.] pp. 90, (2) ; colored
plates 41-80. Pisa : 1822. [III.] pp. 86, (2) ; colored plates 81-
120. Pisa: 1824. Half calf, 18.1 X 1.4X 13. S. F.

Bourne, H., A. B. Flores Poetici. The Florist's Manual : designed as an
introduction to Vegetable Physiology and Systematic Botany for
cultivators of flowers. Dull green cloth, 9.5X 1- X6., pp. viii, 9-288;
colored cuts. Boston and New York : 1833. S F.

Hunt, M. A. How to Grow Cut Flowers. A Practical Treatise on the cul-
tivation of the Rose, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Violet and other
winter flowering plants. Also Greenhouse Construction. Olive-
green cloth, 7.4X.7X5.5, pp. vii, iii, 228; 41 cuts. [Terre Haute,
Ind.] : 1893. S. F.

EUwanger, H. B. The Rose. A treatise on the cultivation, history, fam-
ily characteristics, etc., of the various groups of roses, with accu-
rate descriptions of the varieties now generally known.' By H. B.
EUwanger ; with an introduction by George H. EUwanger. Revised
edition. Olive-green cloth, 6.7X1.X4.7, pp. 310. New York:

1892. S. F.

Hatton, W. J. Secrets of Rose Culture. Brown paper, 7.6X.5X5.3, pp.

162. Huntington, N. Y. : 1891. S. F.
D'Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood, Editor. The Rosarian's Year-Book for

1893. Boards, blue gray, 7. IX. 3X5. 3, pp. (7), 87: portrait. Lon-
don and Derby : 1893. S. F.

Burpee, W. Atlee, & Co., Publishers. All About Sweet Peas. An Art
Monograph by Rev. W. T. Hutchins. Pamphlet, white, 5.8X. 1X4.6,
pp.24. Philadelphia: [1892.] The Publishers.

364 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Voorhelm, George. Traite sur la Jacinte. Contenant la maniere de la
cultiver suivant I'experience qui en a ete faite par George Voorhelm,
rieuriste d'Harlem, connu sous les noms de Voorhelm et Van Zom-
pel. pp. 13, (3), 123; 4 plates. Harlem: 1752.

Also, Kampen, Nicolas van, et fils. Traite des Fleurs a Oignons ;
contenant tout ce qui est necessaire pour les bien cultiver, fonde sur
una experience de plusieurs annees. pp. (8), 117; 1 plate. Harlem :
1760.

Half calf, 7 2X.8X4.6. Ernst H. Krelage.

Dahlia Register, The Annual, for 1836. Etc., etc. Dark green cloth,
10.3X1.1X6.5, pp. vi, 104; 54 colored plates. London: 1836. S.F.

Allen, C. L. Bulbs and Tuberous-Rooted Plants. Their History, Descrip-
tion, Methods of Propagation, and complete Directions for their
successful culture in the garden, dwelling, and greenhouse. Wine-
colored cloth, 8. X 1.2X5.6, pp. vi, 311; cuts. New York: 1893.
S. F.

Foster, Prof. Michael, Sec. R. S., F. R. H. S., etc. Bulbous Irises. Pub-
lished by the Royal Horticultural Society. Blue gray paper, 8.3 X
.2X5.5, pp. 85, (1), 58 cuts. London: [1892.] S. F.

Tuberous Begonias ; Culture and Management, etc. By numerous Practi-
cal Growers. Reproduced from The American Garden, with the
addition of much new matter. (The Rural Library, Vol. 1, No. 1.
February 19, 1891.) Pamphlet, 7.9X — X5.4, pp. 20, cuts. L. A.

Bellair, Georges, et Victor Berat. Les Chrysanthemes : Description, His-
toire, Culture, Emploi. Deuxi^me edition. Tan-colored cloth,
7. X. 3X4. 5, pp. iii. Ill; 21 cuts. Paris : 1893. S.F.

Imai, K., Horticulture-amateur in Japan. A Guide to Chrysanthemum
Culture. Pamphlet, green, 8.5X — X5.8, pp. 13, (1); 14 cuts.
Tokio, Japan: 1892. L. A.

Warner, Robert, F. L. S., F. R. H. S., Henry Williams, F. L. S.,
F. R. H. S., and William Hugh Gower, F. R. H. S. The Orchid
Album, comprising colored figures and descriptions of new, rare,
and beautiful Orchidaceous Plants. Vol. 10, parts 115-118. Half
green morocco, 12.4X1.2X10., colored plates 457-472, and descrip-
tive text. London: [1893]. S.F.

Sander, F. Reichenbachia.— Orchids illustrated and described. Second
series. Vol. 2, parts 1-5. Half green morocco, 21.6X2.X 17.6, pp.
44; colored plates 49-68. St. Albans, London, Berlin, New York:
[1893]. S. F.

Linden, J., Lucien Linden, and Em. Rodigas. Lindenia. — Iconography of
Orchids, Vol. 4, parts 19-24, Vol. 5, parts 25-30 and Vol. 6, part
31. [English Edition.] Half green morocco, 14. 2X 1.4X11.4, pp.
52, 52, and 12 ; colored plates 337-388. Ghent: [1893]. S.F.

Marquess of Lothian. The Genus Masdevallia. Issued by the
Marquess of Lothian, K. T., chiefly from plants in his collection of
Orchids at Newbattle Abbey ; plates and descriptions by Miss
Florence H. Woolward ; with engravings from photographs.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 365

Additional notes by Consul F. C. Lehmann, (German Consul in the
Republic of Colombia.) Part III. Blue gray paper, 17.8X.2X
12.9, 10 colored plates, with descriptive text. London: 1892. S. F.
Birkenhead, J., F. R. H. S. Ferns and Fern Culture, etc., etc. Green
cloth, 7.6X.5X5.2, pp. 128; cuts. [Manchester, Eng. : 1892.]
The Author. [2 copies.]

FLORAL SOCIETIES.

"World's Fair Chrysanthemum Show under the auspices of the Horticul-
tural Society of Chicago and the National Chrysanthemum Society
of America. To be held in the Horticultural Building, World's
Fair Grounds, Chicago, 111., Nov. 4 to Nov. 14, 1893. Schedule of
Prizes. Pamphlet, 8.4X— X6., pp. 11. Robert Craig, Director.
American Chrysanthemum Society, Report of the Committee on Classifi-
cation of Chrysanthemums before the, at Washington, D. C,
August, 1892. Pamphlet, blue, 8. IX. IX 5. 7, pp. 37. [Boston:
1893?] E. A. Wood.
Yonkers Chrysanthemum Show . . . to be held Oct. Slst to Nov. 4th,
inclusive, 1893, Schedule of Prizes for Chrysanthemums. 2d
edition. Pamphlet, pink, 9.2X— X5.8, pp. (10.) Yonkers, N. Y. :
1893. John Beattie, Manager.
Chrysanthemuni Society, The National [English.] Annual Report and
Financial Statement. Schedule of Prizes for 1893. Pamphlet,
pink, 8.4X.2X5.5, pp. 68. [London: 1893.] C. Harman Payne,
Foreign Corresponding Secretary.
American Florists, Society of. Proceedings of the Third Annual Con-
vention, held at Chicago, 111., Aug. 16-18, 1887. Pamphlet, gray,
8.9X. 3X5.9, pp. 154, (1); portrait. Boston: 1887. William J.
Stewart, Secretary.

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Convention, held at Buffalo,
N. Y., Aug. 20-23, 1889. Pamphlet, lilac, black cloth back, 9.2X.3
X5.9, pp. 127, xxvi, (1); portrait. Boston: 1889.

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention, held at Boston,
Mass., Aug. 19-22, 1890. Pamphlet, gray, black cloth back, 9. IX
.3X5.8, pp. 102, xxxviii, (1); portrait. Boston: 1890.

Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention, held at Toronto,
Ont., Aug. 18-21, 1891. Pamphlet, pale green, black cloth back,
9.1X.4X5.8, pp. 164, xxviii, (1); portrait. Boston: 1891.

Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Convention, held at Washing-
ton, D. C, August 16-19, 1892. Pamphlet, gray, black cloth back,
9. IX. 3X5. 7, pp. 167, xxxiii, (1); portrait, Boston: 1892.

Proceedings of the Nintli Annual Convention, held at St. Louis,
Mo.. Aug. 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th, 1893. Pamphlet, fawn-color,
black cloth back, 9. X. 4X5. 7, pp. 127, xxvi. (1); portrait, 5 cuts.
Boston: 1893. William J. Stewart, Secretary.
Toronto Gardeners' and Florists' Association. Fourth Annual Chrysan-
themum Show, November 21-24, 1893. Pamphlet, 8.8X— X5.8,
pp. (6). (Toronto: 1893.) A. H. Ewing, Secretary.

366 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUL,TURAL SOCIETY.

FEUITS.

Ives, John M. New England Book of Fruit; containing an abridgment
of Manning's Descriptire Catalogue of the most valuable varieties of
the Pear, Apple, Peach, Plum, and Cherry, for New England
culture. To which are added the Grape, Quince, Gooseberry,
Currant, and Strawberry ; with outlines of many of the finest sorts
of Pears drawn from Nature ; with directions for pruning, grafting,
and general modes of culture. Third edition, revised and enlarged.
Faded brown cloth, 6. 4X. 4X4.1, pp. viii, 144; colored frontispiece
and title-page, cuts. Salem and Boston : 1847. S. F.
Lyon, T. T. Fruit Report. [Bulletin 88. Michigan Agricultural Exper-
iment Station.] Pamphlet, 9.2X. 1X6.1, pp. 31. 1892. The
Author.
Forsyth, William, F. A. S. and F. S. A. A Treatise on the Culture and
Management of Fruit Trees; etc., etc. To which are added an
introduction and notes adapting the rules of the treatise to the
Climates and Seasons of the United States of America. By
William Cobbett. Half calf, 8.5X1.3X5.2, pp. xii, 2.59; 13 plates.
Philadelphia: 1802. S. F.
Morgan, Sampson, Editor. The Fruit Growers' Year Book Illustrated.
1893. Straw-colored paper, 8.2X.3X5.2, pp. 94; cuts. London:
[1893.] S. F.
Kraft, Johann. Pomona Austriaca. Abhandlung von den Obstbaumen, etc.
2 vols. Half red calf, 17.5X1.5X11., [I.] pp. xvi, 45; colored
frontispiece and 100 colored plates. Wien : 1792. [II.] pp. 46;
colored plates 101-200. Wien: 1796. S. F.
Noort, Mathieu van. Pomologia Batava, of Afbeelding en beschrijving
van onderscheidene soorten van Appelen en Peeren, welke in de
Nederlandsche gewesten worden gekweekt. Half dark blue calf,
11.1X1.8X9., 84 colored plates with descriptive text; 4 pp. preface.
[Leyden: 1830.] S. F.
Berghuis, S. De Nederlandsche Boomgaard beschreven en uitgeven door
het bestuur der Vereeniging tot regeling en verbetering van de
Vruchtsoorten te Boskoop, met afbeeldingen naar de natuur door S.
Berghuis. Van eene voorrede voorzien door Dr. H. C. van Hall.
2 vols. Brick red cloth, 12.5X1.6X9.8, pp. xxvi, (16), 120, and
(21), 72, 32, 24, 8, 4; 2 colored frontispieces and colored plates 60,
and 36, 8, 12, 4, 4. Groningen : 1868. S.^ F.
Christ, J. L. Von Pflanzung und Wartung der niizlichsten Obstbaume
und ihrer besonders in Kronberg gezogenen Arten und Sorten, etc.
2 vols. [Vol. 1 is second edition.] Boards, green, 7.1X1.X4.2.
[I.] pp. xxiv, 486, (8) ; 2 plates. Frankfurt am Main ; 1792. [II.]
pp. xvi, 312. Frankfurt am Main: 1791. S.F.

— — . Der Baumgiirtner auf dem Dorfe oder Anleitung wie der

gemeine Landmann auf die wolfeilste und leichteste Art die niizlich-
sten Obstbaume zu Besezzung seiner Garten erziehen, behandlen.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 367

und deren Friichte zu Verbesserung seiner Haushaltung recht

benuzzen solle. Boards, green, 7.3X.9X4.4, pp. (16), 372, (27).

Frankfurt am Main : 1792. S. F.
Christ, J. L. Handbuch iiber die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. [3d

edition.] Boards, green, 8.2X2.3X4.8, pp. xxxvi, 914, (16); 5

plates. Frankfurt am Mayn : 1804. S. F.
— — . Beitnige zum Handbuch iiber die Obstbaumzucht und

Obstlehre von 1797. Boards, green, 7. 7X. 7X4. 7, pp. 300 ; 2 plates

Frankfurt am Main : 1802. S. F.
■ . Poraologisches theoretisch-praktisches Handworterbuch, etc.

Boards, green, 8.7X1.1X7.3, pp. iv, 432; 5 plates. Leipzig: 1802.

S. F.
Bailey, L. H. American Grape Training. An account of the leading forms

now in use of Training the American Grapes. Maroon cloth, 7.3 X

.4X5.2, pp. 95; 37 cuts. New York : 1893. S. F.
Grape Belt, The. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-39, [except 5, 18, 20, and 24.] January

6 to September 29, 1898. Newspapers, 19.-22.X — X 13.5-15.5.

Brocton, N. Y. : 1893. E. P. Harris, Publisher.
Photograph. Crop of one vine of Thompson Seedless Grapes, in

California. At B. G. Stabler's, Yuba City. 10X12.
Rovasenda, Joseph de. Essai d'une Ampelographie universelle. Traduit

de ITtalien . . par . . F. Cazalis . . G. Foex . . Pierre Viala, etc.

Deuxieme edition, augmentee d'un appendice. Green paper, 10.1 X

.6X7.7, pp. XX, 247; 1 colored chart, Montpellier, Paris: 1887.

S. F.
Photograph. Two-quart basket of Jessie Strawberries, from George V.

Fletcher. 5.X7. George V. Fletcher.
Calkins, John S., Olive Culture in California. Pamphlet, 9.1X — X5.8,

pp. 16; 2 cuts. The Author.
Terhune, Mahlon. Apple Exports for seasons 1890-91, 1891-92 and 1892-

93. 3 broadsides, 11.X8.4. June 189 1, May 1892, and June 1893.

George B. Lombard.
Young, Ernientine. Canning and Preserving Fruits and Vegetables and

Preparing Fruit-Pastes and Syrups. (The Rural Library. Vol. 1,

No. 8, June, 1892.) Pamphlet, yellow, 7.8X.1X5.3, pp. 31. New

York: [1892.] L. A.
Manning, VV. S. Bottling British Fruit. Pamphlet, 8.6X — X5.6, pp. 4.

FRUIT GROWERS' SOCIETIES.

Joly, Ch. Note sur la Vingt-troisieme session de la Societe pomologiciue
americaine. (Extrait du Journal de la Societe nationale d'Horticul-
ture de France, Cahier de fevrier, 1893, pages 81 a 84.)
Pamphlet, lilac, 8.7X — X5.4, pp. 4. The Author.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Twenty-fourth Annual Report. 1892.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9. 6X. 3X6.5, pp. iv, 144; cuts. Toronto:
1893. Linus Woolverton, Secretary. [10 copies.]

368 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association. First Annual Report.

1890. Pamphlet, yellow, 8.3X.1X5.8, pp. 58. Vancouver, B. C. :

1890[?] A. H. B. MacgoAvan, Secretary-Treasurer.
Maine State Pomological Society, Abstracts from Transactions of the, for

1879, 1880, and 1881. Pamphlet, blue paper back, 9.1X— X5.8, pp.

8. [Farmington : 1891,] D. H. Knowlton, Secretary.
. Transactions, for the year 1892. Including the

Proceedings of the winter meeting held in Augusta, January 17th

and 18th, 1893. Edited by the Secretary, D. H. Knowlton.

Pamphlet, fawn-color, 9. X .2X5.6, pp. 123. Augusta: 1893. The

Secretary.
, Schedule of Premiums on Fruits and Flowers

offered by the, at the Consolidated State Fair, to be held . . .

September 5, 6, 7, and 8, 1893, being the Twenty-First Annual

Exhibition of the Maine State Pomological Society. Pamphlet, 8.6

X — X5.7, pp. 51-64. D. H. Knowlton, Secretary.
La Pomologie Frangaise. Bulletin de la Societe Pomologique de France.

1893. 12 pamphlets, blue gray, 9. 3X. 1X6.2, pp. 468; cuts. Lyon:

1893. Louis Cusin, Secretaire general.

VEGETABLES.

Niven, Robert, and others. The New Celery Culture. (The Rural
Library. Vol. 1, No. 7. May, 1892.) Pamphlet, gray, 7.9 X. IX
5.5, pp. 27; cuts. New York : [1892.] L. A.

Day, J. W., D. Cummins, and A. I. Root. Tomato Culture. Light brown
paper, 6.5X.2X5., pp. 135; cuts. Medina, Ohio: 1892. L. A.

Livingston, A. W. Livingston and the Tomato. Being the history of
experience in discovering the choice varieties introduced by him,
with practical instructions for growers. Brown cloth, 7.5X.5X5.5,
pp. 172, (4) ; portrait and cuts. Columbus, O. : [1893]. S. F.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler. Art Out-of-Doors. Hints on Good
Taste in Gardening. Olive-green cloth, 7. 2X 1.2X4.9, pp. x, 399.
New York : 1893. S. F.

Piatt, Charles A. Italian Gardens. Green cloth, 11.X.7X8., pp. xiii, 154;
colored frontispiece and 47 plates. New York : 1894. S. F.

PARKS, ETC.

Boston, City of. Department of Parks. Fourteenth to Eighteenth Annual
Reports of the Board of Commissioners for the years 1888 to
1892-3. T) pamphlets, light brown, olive-green, etc., 9. X. 2X5. 6,
plates, plans, cuts, tables. [Boston] : 1889-1893. The Boston
Park Commissioners.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 369

[Boston] Metropolitan Park Commissioners, Report of the Board of.

January, 1893. Dark maroon cloth, 9. 3 X. 8X6. 2, pp. xvi, 147;

frontispiece, 31 plates, maps. [Boston: 1893.] The Metropolitan

Park Commission.
Public Reservations, Second Annual Report of the Trustees of. 1892.

Pamphlet, terra cotta, 9. 2X. 2X5. 8, pp. 63, U; 7 plates. Boston:

1893. The Trustees.
Davenport, George E. A Lecture on the Middlesex Fells. Pamphlet,

olive-green, 9.4X.2X6.2, pp. 27; 8 plates, 2 portraits, 1 map.

Medford, Mass. : 1893. The Author.
Baltimore Public Park Commission. Thirty-third Annual Report, for the

fiscal year ending December 31, 1892. Wine-colored cloth, 9.X.3

X5.9, pp. 55; (12) plates. Baltimore: 1893. The Park Com-
mission.
Minneapolis Board of Park Commissioners. Annual Reports. First to

tenth. 1883-4 to 1892. Half red roan, 8.7X1.4X6.4, plates, maps,

cuts. Minneapolis : 1884-1893.

[Also bound with it] Suggestions for a system of Parks and

Parkways for the City of Minneapolis. By H. W. S. Cleveland.

Minneapolis : 1883. H. W. S. Cleveland.

Whitaker, Joseph, F. Z. S. A Descriptive List of the Deer-Parks and

Paddocks of England. Dark green cloth, 9.1X1.1X6.1, pp. xviii,

204; 3 plates. London : 1892. S. F.

CEMETERIES.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Sixty-first Annual Report. January 2, 1893.
Pamphlet, pink, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 13. - Boston : 1893. The Trustees.

Modern Cemetery, The. An Illustrated Monthly Journal, devoted to the
interest of Cemeteries. Vol. 2, Nos. 11 and 12, and Vol. 3, Nos.
1-10. January-December, 1893. 12 pamphlets, 12. X — X9., pp.
121-144, and 1-120; cuts. Chicago : 1893. John G. Barker.

American Cemetery Superintendents, Association of. Proceedings. Sixth
Annual Convention, Baltimore, Md., Sept. 27, 28, 29, 1892. Pamph-
let, gray, 8. 4 X. IX 5. 6, pp. 55; table. Chicago: 1892. John G.
Barker.

ROADS.

Ontario Department of Agriculture. [Special] Bulletin. The Making of
Roads. Prepared by James A. Bell, . . . under instruction
from the Minister of Agriculture. Pamphlet, 7. 8X — X5.1, pp. 16;
cuts. Toronto : February, 1893. The Minister of Agriculture.

(Massachusetts, Highways of.) Report of the Commission to improve
tlie Highways of the Commonwealth. February, 1893. Black cloth,
9.2X.7X6., pp. 238; plates, cuts. Boston: 1893. The Commis-
sioners.

Hemenway, Augustus, and George Weston Anderson, CompiUrs. The
Law of the Roadside. How to protect our landscape. Etc. (Publi-
12

370 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

cations of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.)
Tan-colored paper, 7. X. 2X5.1, pp. 57. The Massachusetts Soci-
ety for Promoting Agriculture.

Owen, James, Civil Engineer. Address on Highway Construction in New-
Jersey, U. S. A. (Publications of the Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture.) Pamphlet, fawn, 9.2X.1X5.9, pp. 36;
frontispiece. Salem: 1893. The Society.

Pope, Albert A. Highway Improvement. An address . . . before the
Carriage Builders' National Association, at Syracuse, N. Y., October
17,1889. Pamphlet, terra cotta, 8. IX. IX 5. 3, pp. 20. The Author.

Roads, A Catalogue of Books, Pamphlets and Articles on the Construc-
tion and Maintenance of. [Edited by Col. Albert A. Pope.] Pamph-
let, blue, 8. 2X—X5. 4, pp. 12. Boston: 1892. The Editor.

Pope, Albert A., Publisher. Wagon Roads as Feeders to Railways. Pam-
phlet, yellow, 8.9X.1X5.9, pp. 22. Boston: 1892. The Publisher-

, . Road-making as a Branch of Instruction in Colleges.

Pamphlet, pale green, 8.9X.1X5 9, pp. 32. Boston: 1892. The
Publisher.

— , . A Memorial to Congress on the subject of a Road

Department at Washington, D. C, and a comprehensive exhibit of
Roads, their construction and maintenance, at the World's Colum-
bian Exposition. Pamphlet, dark tea, 8. 5X. 2X5. 6, pp.96. [Bos-
ton: 1893.] The Publisher.

. , . A Memorial to Congress on the subject of a Com-
prehensive Exhibit of Roads, their Construction and Maintenance,
at the World's Columbian Exposition. Pamphlet, gray, 8.9X.4X5.7,
pp. 110. The Publisher.

. Improvement of City. Streets. — The Relation of Good

Streets to the Prosperity of a City. An Address. Pamphlet, fawn-
color, 8. IX. IX 5. 3, pp. 40. The Author.

TREES.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
University. The Silva of North America. A Description of the
Trees which grow naturally in North America, exclusive of Mexico.
Illustrated with Figures and Analyses drawn from Nature by
Charles Edward Faxon, and engraved by Philibert and Eugene
Picart. Vol. V. Hamamelidese — Sapotaceae. Boards, light gray,
14.8X2.2X11.8, pp. (vii), 189; plates 198-251. Boston and New
York: 1893. S. F.

Newhall, Charles S. The Shrubs of Northeastern America. Brown cloth,
9.5X1. X6. 2, pp. 249; 116 cuts. New York and London: 1893.
S. F.

Apgar, Austin C. Trees of the Northern United States; their study,
description, and determination, for the use of schools and private
students. Dark olive-green cloth, 7.8X.6X5.2, pp. 224; cuts. New
York, Cincinnati and Chicago : 1892. S. F.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 371

Flint, William F., B. S. The Trees and Shrubs composing the New Hamp-
shire Forests. Their Distribution, Relative Abundance, and Utility.
(From the Nineteenth Report of the Board of Trustees of the Col-
lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, January, 1891.) Pamphlet,
salmon-color, 8. 9X. 1X5. 8, pp. 42. Manchester: 1891. Professor
Henry G. Jesup.

Humphrey, James Ellis. Amherst Trees. An Aid to their study. Pam-
phlet, gray, 7. 4X. 2X4.8, pp. 78. Amherst, Mass.: 1892. H. H.
Goodell, President, State Agricultural College.

Hitchcock, A. S. The Woody Plants of Manhattan [Kansas] in their
Winter Condition. Pamphlet, olive, 8.3X — X5.7, pp. 20. Man-
hattan, Kansas : 1893. The Author.

Aldrovandi, Ulysses. Dendrologise naturalis scilicet arborum historite libri
duo sylva glandaria acinosumq. pomarium. Ubi eruditiones omnium
generum una cum botanicis doctrinis ingenia quajcunque non parum
juvant et oblectant. Ovidius Montalbanus . . . opus summo labore
coUegit, digessit, concinnavit. Stamped parchment, 14.6X2.7X9.6,
pp. (12), 660, (52); cuts. Bononiae : 1668. S. F.

Nisbetj John, D. (Ec, etc. British Forest Trees and their sylvicultural
characteristics and treatment. Green cloth, 7. SX 1.3X5.5, pp. xvi,
352. London and New York : 1893. S. F.

Joly, Charles. Note sur quelques Arbres geants du Portugal. [Extrait du
Journal de la Societe nationale d'Horticulture de France. Cahier
d'avril 1893, pages 231 a 240.] Pamphlet, light blue, 8.4X — X5.4,
pp. 15; 7 plates. The Author.

Laguna, Maximo. Flora Forestal Espaiiola, que comprende la descripcion
de los arboles, arbustos y matas que se crian silvestres 6 asilves-
trados en Espana, etc. Two parts. Half plum-colored morocco.

Text. [2 parts.] 1 vol., 10.5X2.1X7., pp. 372, 459. Madrid:
1890 and 1893.

Plates. [2 parts.] 1 vol., 20.2 X 2. X 15., 80 colored plates.
Madrid : 1884 and 1890. S. F.

Harvey, Alexander, A. M., M. D. Trees and their Nature; or, the bud
and its attributes : in a series of letters to his son. Faded green
cloth, 7.1X. 9X4.9, pp. xxiii, 236; cuts. London: 1856. S. F.

Taylor, Joseph. Arbores mirabiles : or, a description of the most remark-
able trees, plants and shrubs, in all parts of the world.
Taken from the journals of eminent travellers, historians, and
naturalists. Half dark red roan, 6. 8 X. 6X4. 4, pp. 192, (8) ; frontis-
piece, 5 plates. London : 1812. S. F.

Coutance, A. Histoire du Chene dans I'antiquite et dans la nature. Ses
application a I'lndustrie, aux Constructions navales, aux Sciences et
aux Arts, etc. Half blue calf, 8.7X1.3X5.8, pp. 558; tables A-F.
Paris : 1873. S. F.

Seringa, N.-C. Description, culture et taille des Muriers, leurs especes et
leurs varietes.

372 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ttxt. Drab paper, 10. X. 8X6. 4, pp. xi, 336; 46 cuts, table.
Paris : 1855.

Atlas. Drab paper, 12. 6X. 2X9. 7, pp. 15; 26 plates. Paris:
1855. S. F.

[Mulberry Leaves. Illustrations. A Japanese Work.] Light gray
paper, black cloth back, 10.1 X .3 X 14.7, 2 pp. text; frontispiece,
272 figures. Warren H. Manning.

Morlet, Gustave. Les Coniferes de petites et grandes dimensions. Classi-
fication, description, culture ornementale et forestiere. Half dark
red calf, 7.1X1.X4.9, pp. 432. Paris: [1878.] S. F.

Egleston, N. H. Arbor Day Leaves. (No. 1.) A Handbook for Arbor
Day Celebrations and general reading. Pamphlet, olive-green,
8.8X — X6.1, pp. 30. New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago : [1891.]
The Author.

(No. 2.) A Complete Programme for Arbor Day Observance,
including readings, recitations, music and general information.
Pamphlet, light brown, 8.9X— X6.2, pp. 28. New York, Cincin-
nati, Chicago, Boston : [1893.] The Author.

Arbor Day and Wisconsin Trees. A Circular issued by the State Superin-
tendent of Wisconsin for the use of the Officers, Teachers and
Children of Wisconsin Schools. Pamphlet, light brown, 9. 7X. IX
6.5, pp. 48; cuts. Madison: 1893. B. S. Hoxie.

School Arbor Day. (Circular " to the School Superintendents, Teachers,
Trustees and Parents of the Public School Children of California.")
Pamphlet, U.X — X8.5, pp. 4. C. K. Orcutt, San Diego.

FORESTRY.

Houston, Edwin J., A. M. Outlines of Forestry; or. The Elementary
Principles underlying the Science of Forestry. Light green cloth,
7. 5X1. X5., pp. 254. Philadelphia : 1893. S. F.

Ptirst, Hermann, D. OEc, etc. The Protection of Woodlands against
dangers arising from organic and inorganic causes, as rearranged
for the fourth edition of Krauschinger's " Waldschutz " by Hermann
Furst. Authorized translation with numerous notes. By John
Nisbet, D. GEc, etc. Green cloth, 8.9X1.2X5.8, pp. xv, 252; 4
colored plates. New York and Edinburgh : 1893. Charles S.
Sargent.

Pernow, B. E. Economic Conditions Antagonistic to a Conservative
Forest Policy. [From the Proc-eedings of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, Vol. XLI, 1892.] Pamphlet,
9.6X— X6.2, pp. 329-335. The Author.

Watson, W. The Forester's Manual ; containing a practical treatise on
the adaptation of situations and soils to Forest Trees ; with the
application of their woods; and a full treatise on fencing, draining,
planting, thinning, pruning, etc. Faded plum-colored cloth, 6.7X.6
X4.3, pp. xii, 146. Edinburg: 1837. J. D. W. French.

LIBRAEY ACCESSIONS. 373

Pinchot, Gifford. Biltmore Forest, the property of Mr. George W. Van-
derbilt. An account of its treatment and the results of the first
year's work. Pamphlet, gray, 5.2X.2X7.8, pp. 49; 8 plates and 1
map. Chicago : 1893. J. D. W. French.

Forest Leaves. Published by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.
Nos. 5, 10, and 13 [No. 3 of Vol. II.] 8 pamphlets, 10.3X— X7.5,
pp 17-24, 81-92, 33-48; 1 plate. Philadelphia: December, 1887,
November, 1888, and March-April, 1889. John Birkinbine, Pub-
lisher.

World's Columbian Exposition, Official Catalogue of E.xhibits. Depart-
ment N. Forestry Building. Revised edition. Pamphlet, 8.5X.1
X6., pp.39; 2 maps, 1 plate. Chicago: 1893. J. D. W. French.

World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.
Department of Agriculture. General Division of Forestry. Pre-
liminary Address of the Committee of the World's Congress
Auxiliary on Forestry. Pamphlet, 8.X — X6., pp. 5.

Tourney, E. Nouvelle Methode d'amenagement et d'exploitation des
Forets, suivre de la troisieme edition de la nouvelle methode de
semis, de plantation et d'amenagement. Half dark green roan, 5.6
X. 5X3.6, pp. 26, 66; 5 tables. Paris: 1832. S. F.

Saux et Forets, Annuaire des, pour 1893. 32^ annee. Gray flexible linen,
6.x. 7X4.1, pp. 360. Paris: 1893. The Publishers of Revue
des Eaux et Forets.

Carlowitz, Hannss Carl von. Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder Hausswirth-
liche Nachricht und Naturmiissige Anweisung zur wilden Biium-
Zucht, etc. Zweyte und mit einem Dritten Theil (Historia
naturalis arborum, etc., etc.,) von Julio Bernhard von Rohr
vermehrte Auflage. Half calf, 13.8X.2X9., pp. (14), 284, (20),
(8), 248, (24) ; 1 plate. Leipzig: 1732. S. F.

D'Arcy, W. E., Indian Forest Department. Notes on the Preparation of
Forest Working-Plans. Purple cloth, 10. X .6X6.3, pp. 2, vi, 162;
3 charts, 1 plan. Calcutta: 1892. S. F.

AGRICULTURE.

Varlo, C. A New System of Husbandry, etc., etc. 2 vols. Full calf, 7.7
XI. 3X5.1, pp. iv, 364, and (7), 5-368. Philadelphia: 1785. S. F.

Rey de Planazu, . (Euvres d'Agriculture et d'economie rurale, etc.

Nouvelle edition, revue, corrigee et augmentee. Half mottled calf,
lO.X 1.1X8.2, pp. (72), viii, 205; frontispiece, 29 colored plates.
Paris: An X, [1801]. S. F.

Boardman, Samuel Lane. History of the Agriculture of Kennebec
County, Maine. Pamphlet, ssilmon-color, 10. 8 X. 2X7. 9, pp. 40;
frontispiece. New York : 1892. The Author.

. Agricultural Bibliography of Maine. Biographical

Sketches of Maine Writers on Agriculture, with a catalogue of
their works ; and an index to the volumes on the Agriculture of

374 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Maine, from 1850-1892. Pamphlet, blue, 11. X. 5X7. 5, pp. viii,
117; portrait, plates. Augusta: 1893. The Author.
American Agricultural Annual. 1869. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 7.5X.5
X 5., pp. 152; cuts. New York. L. A.

Prairie Farmer Annual and Agricultural and Horticultural Advertiser for
1869. No. 2. Pamphlet, lilac, 7. 5X. 3X4.8, pp. 144; cuts.
Chicago: 1869. L. A.

No. 3, for 1870, containing valuable suggestions for Western
Farmers, Fruit Growers and Florists : etc. Pamphlet, blue, 7.4X.3
X4. 9, pp. 144; cuts. Chicago: 1870.

Landreth's Rural Register and Almanac for 1857, 1871, 1872, 1874, 1875.
5 pamphlets, 7.6X.1-.2X4.7, pp. 55, 71, 75, 87, and 83. Philadel-
phia: [1857-1875.]

Steber's Rural Almanac for 1872. Pamphlet, green paper back, 7.3X.1X
4.7, pp. 49. St. Louis.

United. States Department of the Interior. Census Office. Preliminary
Results of the Production of Cereals. Robert P. Porter, Superin-
tendent of Census. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 10.4X. 2X7.9, pp.
(91). Washington: 1893. The Superintendent.

United States Extra Census Bulletin. No. 23. September 9, 1892.
Agriculture — Irrigation. Pamphlet, 11. 7X .1X9.3, pp. 22 ; 4 maps.
[Washington : 1892.] Robert P. Porter, Superintendent of Census.

Goodell, Henry H., LL.D. The Channel Islands and their Agriculture.
Pamphlet, blue, 9.1X— X5.7, pp. 20. The Author.

CoUingWOOd, Herbert W. Fertilizer Farming. (Chemicals and Clover,
Second Series.) Thin, poor, light lands, profitably brought up to
fertility without stable manure. [The Rural Library, "Vol. 1, No.
12, December 1, 1892.] Pamphlet, blue, 7.8X— X5.3, pp. 30.
[New York : n. d.] Joseph Breck & Sons.

Harris, Joseph, M. S. Food for Plants. [From the writings of Joseph
Harris, M. S. Edited and revised by S. M. Harris.] Pamphlet,
pale green, 7. 8X. 1X5.1, pp. 32.

Potash in Agriculture. Results obtained in the United States. Published
at the office of the German Kali Works. Pamphlet, blue, 8.7X.1X
5.6, pp. 79; 6 plates. Baltimore, Md. . n. d. The Publishers.

Wyatt, Francis, Ph. D. The Phosphates of America. Where and how
they occur ; how they are mined ; and what they cost. With
practical treatises on the manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Acid
Phosphate, Phosplioric Acid, and concentrated Superphosphates, and
selected methods of Chemical Analysis. Fourth edition. Brown
cloth, 9.3X1.1X6., pp. 187; cuts, plates. New York : 1892. S. F.

United States Commissioner of Labor, Sixth Special Report of the. The
Phosphate Industry of the United States. Prepared ... by
Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor. Pamphlet, blue gray,
9. X. 4X5. 8, pp. 145; 9 plates, 3 diagrams, 2 maps. Washington:
1893. The Commissioner.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 375

Grandeau, L. La Fumure des Champs et des Jardins. Instruction
pratique sur I'emploi des engrais commerciaux, nitrates, phosphates,
sels potassiques. Pamphlet, blue gray, 6.8X.3X4.4, pp. x, 155; 1
table. Paris: 1893. Charles Joly.

Corfleld, W. H., M. A , M. B. (Oxon.) A Digest of Facts relating to the
Treatment and Utilization of Sewage. Second edition, corrected
and enlarged. Faded maroon cloth, O.X 1.4X5.8, pp. xxvi, 343.
London & New York : 1871. S. F.

Gerhard, William Paul, C. E. The Disposal of Household Wastes.
Boards, green, 5.9 X. 5X3.9, pp. 195. New York: 1890. S. F.

Paige, James B., V. S., Mass. Agricultural College. Tuberculosis, with
especial reference to the Disease as seen in Cattle and other Domes-
ticated Animals. Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 22. Pres. H. H.
Goodell.

Alvord, Henry E. Differences in Dairy Products. Pamphlet, flesh-color,
9.x — X 5. 7, pp. 25. Boston: 1888. H. H. Goodell, President,
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins and Annual Reports have
been received from the Stations in the United States and Canada.

AGRICULTURAL JOURNALS.

Cultivator, The, a monthly journal devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture,
and to Domestic and Rural Economy. Etc. New Series — Vol. III.
[For the year 1846.] Black cloth, 10.5X1.1X7.2, pp. 8, 392; 3
plates, cuts. Albany: 1846. L. A.

New series— Vol. IV. [For the year 1847.] Black cloth, 10.5 X
1.1X7.2, pp. 392; frontispiece, cuts. Albany: 1847. C. H.
Hovey.

Northwest Horticulturist, Agriculturist, and Stockman. Vol. 5, Nos. I'-
ll. 11 pamphlets, 14. 5X — XU., pp. 176, cuts. Tacoma and
Seattle, Washington: January to December, 1892. C. A. Tonne-
son, Secretary, State Board of Horticulture, Tacoma, Washington.

Farmer's Magazine, The. Vols. 19-24, second series, 1849-1851, and
Vols. 1-16, third series, 1852-1859. 22 vols. Dull green cloth,
and unbound, 9.8X1.4X6.5, London: [1849-1859.] L. A.

Tropical Agriculturist, The. A Monthly Record of Information for
Planters of Tea, Coffee, etc., etc., and other products suited for
cultivation in the Tropics. Compiled by A. M. & J. Ferguson.
Vol. XI, containing numbers I-XII. July 1891 to June 1892.
Green cloth, 10.2X2.1X7.5, pp (16), 955; also supplementary
pages on sales of Tea, Coffee, etc. ; and Report of the Director of
the Royal Botanic Gardens for 1891, pp. 14. Colombo, Ceylon:
1892. S. F.

New South Wales, Agricultural Gazette of. Vol. IV, parts 1-12. 12
pamphlets, green, 9. 7X.1-. 2X6.1, pp. viii, 948; plates, cuts, map,
etc. Sydney : January to December, 1893. H. C. L. Anderson,
Director, Department of Agriculture, N. S. W.

376 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, BOARDS, ETC.

All the publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, here
acknowledged, except a few which are otherwise credited, were received
from Hon. J. M. Rusk and Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Secretaries of the De-
partment.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Secretary of
Agriculture, 1892. Black cloth, 9.4X1.8X6.2, pp. 656; plates,
colored and plain. Washmgton : 1893.

. Division op Pomology.

Report of the Pomologist for 1892. By H. E. Van Denian.
[From the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1892.] Pam-
phlet, tea, 9. X. 1X5. 8, pp. 247-280; 13 plates, colored and plain, 2
cuts. Washington: 1893.

. Forestry Division.

Report of the Chief of the Division of Forestry for 1892. By
B. E. Fernow. [From the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture
for 1892.] Pamphlet, tea, 9. X.2Xo.8, pp. iii, 293-858 ; 6 plates.
Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 7. Forest Influences. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 4X5. 8,
pp. 197 ; cuts. Washington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 8. Timber Physics. Part II. Progress Report.
Results of Investigations on Long-leaf Pine (Pinus palustris).
Under the direction of B. E. Fernow, Chief of Forestry Division.
Pamphlet, tea, 10.9 X. 2X9., pp. vii, 92; 12 plates, 21 cuts. Wash-
ington: 1893.

Circular No. 9. Effect of Turpentine Gathering on the Timber of
Long-leaf Pine. Broadside, 8.9X5.7.

Letter [from B. E. Fernow, Cliief of Forestry Division] to the
Secretary of Agriculture, regarding Forest Growth and Timber
Consumption. Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5.6, pp. 3. 1893.

. Division of Botany.

Bulletin No. 13. Part I. Grasses of the Pacific Slope, including
Alaska and the Adjacent Islands. Plates and Descriptions of tlie
Grasses of California, Oretion, Wasliington, and the North-western
Coast, including Alaska. By Dr. Geo. Vasey, Botanist, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture. Issued October 20, 1892. [Forms first
part of Vol. II of " Illustrations of North American Grasses."]
Pamphlet, tea, 11. 5X. 5X7. 7, pp. 7; 50 plates with descriptive text.
Washington: 1892. [2d copy.]

Part II. Pamphlet, tea, 11. 5X. 5X7. 8, pp. vii; plates 51-100, with
descriptive text. Washington: 1892. [2 copies.]

Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium. Vol. I, No.
VII. Systematic and Alphabetic Index to New Species of North
American Phanerogams and Pteridophytes published in 1892. By
Josephine A. Clark. Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X.1X6.3, pp. iii, 233-264,
iii. Washington : 1893.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 377

Vol. I, No. VIII. Issued October 31, 1893. (I.) Notes on some
Pacific Coast Grasses. By George Vasey. (II.) Descriptions of
New or Noteworthy Grasses from the United States. By George
Vasey. (III.) Descriptions of New Grasses from Mexico. By
George Vasey. (IV.) Descriptions of New Plants from Texas and
Colorado. By J. M. Holzinger. (V.) List of Plants New to Flor-
ida. ByJ. M. Holzinger. (VI.) Descriptions of Three New Plants.
By J. N. Rose. (VII.) List of Lichens from California and Mexico,
collected by Dr. Edward Palmer from 1888 to 1892. By J. W. Eck-
feldt. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 5 X. IX 6.1, pp. iii, 265-292, ii ; plates XIX-
XXIII. Washington: 1893.
United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Vegetahle
Pathology.

Bulletin No. 4. Experiments with Fertilizers for the Prevention
and Cure of Peach Yellows, 1889-'92. By Erwin F. Smith, Special
Agent. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 7X. 6X6.2, pp. 197; 33 plates. Washing-
ton: 1893.

The Journal of Mycology. Devoted especially to the Study of
Fungi in their relation to Plant Diseases. Edited by the Chief of
Division and his assistants. Vol. 7, No. 3. Pamphlet, tea, 9.8X.3
X6.2, pp. V, 195-331; plates 18-31, cuts. Washington: 1893.
. Division of Entomology.

Bulletin No. 28. The More Destructive Locusts of America
north of Mexico. By Lawrence Bruner. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X .1 X5. 8,
pp.40; 21 cuts. Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 29. Report on the Boll Worm of Cotton. (Heliothis
armiger Hiibn.) Made under the direction of the Entomologist, by
F. W. Mally. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.2X5.7, pp. 73; 2 plates. Wash-
ington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 30. Reports of Observations and Experiments in
the practical work of tlie division, made under the direction of the
Entomologist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 67. Washington:
1893.

Insect Life. Devoted to the Economy and Life-habits of Insects,
especially in their relations to Agriculture.* Periodical Bulletin.
Edited by C. V. Riley, Entomologist, and L. O. Howard, First As-
sistant, and others.

Vol. 5, Nos. 3-5. Half green morocco, 9. X 1.2X6.2, pp. 147-401 ;
cuts. Washington : 1893.

Vol. 6, Nos. 1 and 2. 2 pamphlets, tea, 9. 8X .2-. 5X6.1, pp. iii,
206; cuts. Washington: 1893.
. Division of Chemistry.

Bulletin No. 2. Diffusion. Its application to Sugar-cane, and
record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1883. By H. W. Wiley,
Chemist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 2 X. IX 6., pp. 36; 2 photographic plates.
Washington : 1884. L. A.

Bulletin No. 11. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of
Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., Season of 1885-'86.

378 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Second Report by Guilford L. Spencer, Ass't Chemist. Pamphlet,
blue gray, 8.9X— X6., pp. 26; 1 plate. Washington: 1886. L. A.

Bulletin No. 13. Foods and Food Adulterants. Investigations
made under direction of H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Chemical Divi-
sion. Part eighth. — Canned Vegetables. By K. P. McElroy . . .
and W. D. Bigelow. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 3X5. 8, pp. vi, 1015-1167,
xii. Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 35. Proceedings of the Nintli Annual Convention
of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the
National Museum, Washington, D. C, August 25, 26, and 27, 1892.
Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, Secretary of the Association. Pamph-
let, tea, 9.x. 6X5. 7, pp. xvii, 243. Washington : 1892.

Bulletin No. 36. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1892. By
Harvey W. Wiley, . . . with the collaboration of Dr. Walter Max-
well. Pamphlet, tea, 9.x. 2X5. 8, pp. 74. Washington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 37. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1892.
By Harvey W. Wiley and others. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp.
100. Washington: 1893.
TJnited. States Department of Agriculture. Office of Experiment
Stations.

Experiment Station Record. Vol. 4, Nos. 4-12. November,

1892, to July, 1893. Half green morocco, 9.5X2.9X6.6, pp. vi, 323-
1086. Vol. 5, No. 1. Pamphlet, blue gray, 9.8X.3X6.4, pp. viii,
138. Washington : 1892, 1893.

Experiment Station Bulletin. No. 11. A Compilation of Analy-
ses of American Feeding Stuffs, by E. H. Jenkins, Ph.D. and A. L.
Winton, Pli.B. pp. 155. No. 12. Organization Lists of the
Agricultural Experiment Stations and Agricultural Schools and
Colleges in the United States. June, 1892. pp. 78. No. 13.
Organization Lists of the Agricultural Experiment Stations and
Agricultural Schools and Colleges in the United States. April,

1893. pp. 123. No. 14. Proceedings of a Convention of the
National League for Good Roads held at Washington, D. C, Jan.
17 and 18, 1893, and Hearing by the Committee on Agriculture of
the House of Representatives, Jan. 19, 1893. pp. 101. No. 15.
Handbook of Experiment Station Work. A Popular Digest of the
Publications of the Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United
States, pp. 411. No. 16. Proceedings of the Annual Convention
of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi-
ment Stations held at New Orleans, Louisiana, Nov. 15-19, 1892.
Edited by A. W. Harris, for the Office of Experiment Stations and
H. E. Alvord, for the Executive Committee of the Association,
pp. 176. No. 17. Suggestions for the Establishment of Food
Laboratories in connection with the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tions of the United States, pp. 20. 7 pamphlets, tea, 8.9-9.5 X
.1-.8X6. Washington: 1892, 1893.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 379

Farmer's Bulletin. No. 10. The Russian Thistle and other
troublesome weeds in the wheat region of ^linnesota and North and
South Dakota, pp. 16. No. 11. The Rape Plant: its history,
culture and uses. By Thomas Shaw, Professor of Agriculture in
the Ontario Agricultural College, pp. 20. No. 12. Nostrums for
Increasing the Yield of Butter. By Harvey W. Wiley, Chemist of
the United States Department of Agriculture. 3 pamphlets, 8.7-9.
X — X5.7. Washington: 1893.

List of Station Publications Lacking in the Library in the Office
of Experiment Stations. April 3, 1893. Pamphlet, 8.6X — X5.7,
pp. (2).
United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Statistics.

Reports of the Statistician. New Series. Nos. 100-110. 11 pam-
phlets, tea, 9.x. IX 5. 8, pp. 379-416, 1-458. Washington: 1893.

Report on the Crops of the year. December, 1892. Pamphlet,
tea, 9.x — X5. 8, pp. 28. Washington : 1893.

Report upon the Numbers and Values of Farm Animals and on
Cotton Distribution. January-February, 1893. Pamphlet, tea,
9.x — X5. 8, pp. 20. Washington: 1893.

Report on Distribution and Consumption of Corn and Wheat.
March, 1893. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 16. Washington:
1893.

Miscellaneous Series. Report No. 5. Production and Distribu-
tion of the Principal Agricultural Products of the World. Com-
piled from official statistics. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.4X5.8, pp. 205.
Washington : 1893.

Report No. 6. Rice : its cultivation, production and distribution
in the United States and Foreign Countries. Prepared . . .
by Amory Austin, B. S. With a chapter on the Rice Soils of South
Carolina by Milton Whitney, M. S. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 8, pp.
.sy. Washington: 1893.

Report No. 7. An Agricultural Survey of Wyoming. Prepared
... by John W. Hoyt. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 8, pp. 72;
map. Washington : 1893.

Fiber Investigations. Report No. 5. A Report on the Leaf
Fibers of the United States, detailing results of recent investigations
relating to Florida Sisal hemp, tlie false Sisal hemp plant of Florida,
and other fiber-producing agaves ; bowstring hemp, pineapple fiber.
New Zealand Hax and bear-grass. By Charles Richards Dodge,
Special Agent. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.2X5.7, pp. 73; 10 plates, 12
cuts. Washington : 1893.
. Bureau of Animal Industry.

Bulletin No. 1. Investigations into the Nature, Causation and
Prevention of Texas or Southern Cattle Fever. ... By Theo-
bald Smith, Ph.B., M. D., and F. L. Kilbornc, B. Agr., B. V. S.
Dark claret brown cloth, 9. IX. 8X5. 9, pp. 301; 10 colored plates,
cuts. Washington : 1893.

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUL,TURAL SOCIETY.

Bulletin No. 2. Report upon Investigations relating to the Treat-
ment of Lumpy-Jaw, or Actinomycosis, in Cattle. By Dr. D. E.
Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Pamphlet, tea,^
9.x. 2X5.9, pp. 90; 8 plates. Washington: 1893.
United. States Department of Agriculture. Weather Bureau.

Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, for 1892. By Mark
W. Harrington. (From the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture
for 1892.) Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5.9, pp. 551-626, ii ; 4 plates.
Washington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 6. The Diurnal Variation of Barometric Pressure.
By Frank N. Cole, Ph.D. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 3 X. IX 5. 7, pp. 32.
Washington : 1892.

Bulletin No. 7. Report of the First Annual Meeting of the
American Association of State Weather Services. Pamphlet, blue
gray, 9. 2X. 1X5. 8, pp. 49; cuts. Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 8. Report on the Climatology of the Cotton Plant.
By P. H. Mell, Ph.D. Pamphlet, blue gray, 9. IX. 2X5. 8, pp. 68,
charts. Washington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 9. Report on the Forecasting of Thunderstorms,
during the summer of 1892. By N. B. Conger. Pamphlet, blue gray,
9.2X.2X5.9, pp. 54; Opiates. Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 10. The Climate of Chicago. By Henry A. Hazen.
Pamphlet, blue gray, 9. X. 5X5. 9, pp. 137; charts. Washington:
1893.

Monthly Weather Review. Vol. 20, Nos. 1, 3, 4, 7, 11 and 12,
January, March, April, July, November, and December, 1892;
[and] Supplement to Monthly Weather Review for December, 1892.
— Annual Summary for 1892. Vol. 21, Nos. 1-9, January to Sep-
tember, 1893. 16 pamphlets, blue gray, 12. 6X .IX 10.1, charts.
Washington, D. C : 1892 and 1893.

Bulletins of the New England Weather Service for the months of
December, 1892 to November, 1893. Nos. 10-21. 12 pamphlets,
ll.X — X8.

Weather Crop Bulletins of the New England Weather Service.
Nos. 1-21, 1893. From the week ending May 8 to the week ending
September 25, 1893.

Certain Climatic Features of the Two Dakotas, etc. By John P.
Finley. Black cloth, 11. 8X. 9X9. 4, pp. 206; 163 tables, charts and
diagrams. Washington: 1893.

Reports of the Ohio Weather and Crop Service issued in coopera-
tion with the State Board of Agriculture, for the months of March
to September, 1893. 7 pamphlets, 9.4X.1X6.4. Norwalk, Ohio:
1893. William C. Lane, Librarian, Boston Athenaeum.
Ontario Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Industries. Tenth
Annual Report. 1891. Black cloth, 9.8X.6X6.6, pp. ix, 118, 5-
32. Toronto : 1892. The Department.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 381

Eleventh Annual Report. 1892. 2 pamphlets, salmon-color,
9.6X.2X6.4, pp. viii, 120 and 31. Toronto: 1893. The Ontario
Department of Agriculture.
Ontario Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Returns to the Ontario
Bureau of Industries. May, 1882 (No. 1,) to Aug. 12, 1883 (No.
19). [5th and 7th Reports wanting.] 17 pamphlets, 9.7X.1X6.4.
[Toronto: 1882-1887.] C. C. James, Minister of Agriculture.

— . Bureau of Industries. Bulletins 44-48, Crops and

Live Stock in Ontario. 5 pamphlets, 7.8X — X5 1. [Toronto:
1893.] C. C. James, Minister of Agriculture.

Ontario, Province of, Sheep-Breeders' Association and Swine Breeders'
Association of the. Annual Report. 1892. Pamphlet, salmon-
color, 9.7X.2X6.6, pp. viii, 119; cuts. Toronto: 1893. The
Ontario Department of Agriculture.

— , Dairymen's and Creameries' Association of the. Annual

Report. 1892. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 8. 6X. 5X6.4, pp. 221;
cuts. Toronto : 1893. The Ontario Department of Agriculture.

— , Farmer's Institutes of the. [Sixth] Annual Report. 1892.

Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9. 6X .3X6.6, pp. iv, 140. Toronto: 1893.
A. H. Pettit, Secretary.

Weedhana, Daniel, President of the New England Agricultural Society.
Address at the Annual Meeting held at the Chapel, Tremont Temple,
Boston, February 7, 1893. Pamphlet, flesh color, 8.9X — X5.9, pp.
17. Lowell, Mass. : 1893.

New England Fair at Worcester, Mass., 1893. Official Schedule of
Premiums of the Thirtieth Annual E.xhibition of the New England
Agricultural Society, in connection with the Seventy-sixth Annual
Exhibition of the Worcester Agricultural Society, September 4-8,
1893. Pamphlet, cream-color, 7. 4 X. IX 4. 6. pp. 48. [Worcester:
1893.] N. E. Agricultural Society.

Maine, Agriculture of. Annual reports of the Secretary of the Maine
Board of Agriculture, Twenty-eighth to Thirty-fourth, 1884 —
1891-2. 8 vols. Black cloth, 9.4X1.1-1.6X6.2. Augusta: 1885-
1892. Hon. E. B. Mallet, Jr.

Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Fortieth Annual Report of
the Secretary, together with the Tenth Annual Report of the State
Agricultural Experiment Station. 1892. Black cloth, 9. IX. 2X6.4,
pp. xxi, 407, 354; plates. Boston: 1893. Hon. William R.
Sessions, Secretary.

Massachusetts, Agriculture of. Synoptical and Analytical Index, 1^37-
1892. Prepared and arranged by Frederick H. Fowler, B. Sc,
First Clerk, Office State Board of Agriculture. Black cloth, 9.3X
.8X6., pp. 301. Boston: 1893. Hon. AVilliam R. Sessions,
Secretary, State Board of .-Vgriculture.

Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Annual Meeting at Boston.
January 31, February 1 and 2, 1893. [Contains " New Regulations
and Recommendations, for the Guidance of Societies."] Pamphlet,

382 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9.1X — X5.7, pp. 351-362. Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary.
[2 copies.]

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Crop Reports for the months of
May to October, 1893. Bulletins 1-6. Issued by William R. Ses-
sions, Secretary, State Board of Agriculture. 6 pamphlets, 9. IX —
X5.7. Boston: 1893. The Secretary.

[Massachusetts] Directory of the Agricultural and Similar Organiza-
tions in the State. February, 1893. Pamphlet, 9.1X — X5.6, pp.
429-441. Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary, State Board of
Agriculture.

Massachusetts, Descriptive Catalogue of Farms in, abandoned or
partially abandoned. Fourth edition. November, 1893. By
William R. Sessions, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.
Pamphlet, blue, 9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. (iv), 124; 1 map. Boston: 1893.
The Secretary. [Extra copies for distribution.]

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. Circular on Spraying
Orchards and Roadsides. [Also] a copy of "An Act to Provide for
the Extermination of Insect Pests." 2 broadsides, 11. X 8. Francis
H. Appleton, Secretary.

Amesbury and Salisbury Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Consti-
tution, By-Eaws, and Premium List, for the year 1893, with the
Secretary's and Treasurer's Reports of the Twenty-ninth Annual
Fair held at Amesbury . . . October 4, 5, and 6, 1892. Pam-
phlet, olive-green, 8.3X — X5.4, pp. 47. Amesbury: 1893. J.
Henry Hill.

Worcester North Agricultural Society. Transactions, for the year 1892.
Together with a list of the Committees and Premiums for 1893.
Pamphlet, blue, 9. X. 2X5. 9, pp. 87; portrait. Fitchburg : 1893.
George Cruickshanks.

Marshfleld Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions during
the year 1892. Pamphlet, light blue, 8.9X. 2X5.7, pp. 44. Ply-
mouth: 1898. [Includes] List of Premiums . . . during the
year 1893, pp. 20. Francis Collaraore, Secretary.

Rhode Island State Board of Agriculture. Eighth Annual Report, made
to the General Assembly, at its January Session, 1893. Black cloth,
9.2X1.1X6.3, pp. 420; portrait, map. Providence : 1893. George
A. Stockwell, Secretary.

Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the
Secretary. 1892. Black cloth, 9. X 1.8X6.4, pp. 346, 168, 200, 16;
plates. Hartford: 1892, New Haven. : 1893, and Middletown : 1893.
T. S. Gold, Secretary.

New York State Agricultural Society, Forty-eighth Annual Report, for
the year 1888. Pamphlet, gray, 8. 9 X. 2X5. 8, pp. 98. Albany:
1889.

Forty-ninth Annual Report, for the year 1889. Pamphlet, cream-
color, 9. X. 3X5. 7, pp. 121. Albany: 1890. G. Howard Davison,
Secretary.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 383^

Pennsylvania, Agriculture of, containing Reports of the State Board of
Agriculture, the State Agricultural Society, the State Dairymen's
Association, the State Fruit Growers' Association, the State Horti-
cultural Association, and the State College. For the years 1880-
18S3 and 1892. 5 vols., black cloth, 9.8X 1.6X6.6, colored and plain
plates, charts, cuts. Harrisburg : 1881-1892. Thomas J. Edge,
Secretary, State Board of Agriculture, and E. B. Engle, Recording
Secretary, Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association.

Georgia State Department of Agriculture, Publications of the, for the year
1892. Vol. XVIII. Black cloth, 8.7X.7X6., pp. vii, 299.
Atlanta: 1892. R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner.

Louisiana Department of Agriculture. Reports on the Acreage and
Condition of Crops, etc. Circulars 1-7. Series of 1893. 7 pam-
phlets, 9.x — X5. 8. Baton Rouge: 1893-94. H. C. Newsom,
Commissioner.

Louisiana State Agricultural Society, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual
Session, held . . . January 25-27, 1893. Pamphlet, salmon-
color, 9. X.l X6.1, pp. 64. Baton Rouge: 1893. E. L. Woodside,
Secretary.

Photograph. Exhibit of Ellis County, Texas, at the Great Texas State
Fair and Dallas Exposition, 1890-91 and 1892. 10.X9.7. E. L.
Huffman, Secretary, Texas State Horticultural Society.

Illinois Department of Agriculture. Transactions. For the years 1853-4,
1858-9 to 1867-8, and 1871. Vols. 1, 3-7, and 9. Black cloth, 9.X
1.1-2.8X5.8. Springfield: 1855-1872. Robert Manning.

. Transactions. For the years 1884-1891. Vols.

XXII to XXIX. Black cloth, 9.x. 9-1. 8X6.2. Springfield : 1885-
1892. W. C. Garrard, Secretary.

Illinois State Board of Agriculture. Report of the Fourteenth Annual
American Fat Stock Show, Fourth American Horse Show, Seventh
American Dairy Show, and Fifth American Poultry Show, held by
the Illinois State Board of Agriculture, in the Exposition Building,
Chicago, November 11-21, 1891. Pamphlet, tea, 8.8X.3X5.8, pp.
202. Springfield : 1892.

Illinois State Bee Keepers' Association. First Annual Report. Pamphlet,
light blue, 8.6X.4X5.8, pp. 188. Springfield: 1892. James A.
Stone, Secretary.

Wisconsin State Agricultural Society. Transactions. Vols. 21-23, 27,
29, 30 and 31. 1882-3 to 1884-5 and 1888-9 to 1892-3. Black
cloth, 9.X1.-2.5X6.-6.5. Madison: 1884-1893. John M. True,
Secretary. [Vols. 21, 22 and 23 contain Vols. 13, 14 and 15 of the
Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society.]

Nebraska State Board of Agriculture and the State Horticultural Society.
Annual Reports, for the year 1883. [Prepared by] Daniel H.
Wheeler, Secretary. Pamphlet, tea, 8.5X.2X5.7, pp. 97.
Lincoln, Neb. : 1885 [?] Hon. Robert W. Furnas, Secretary, State
Board of Agriculture.

384 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. Annual Reports, for the years 1886
and 1887. Prepared by Hon. Robert W. Furnas, Secretary. 2
vols., plum-colored and brown cloth, 9. X 1.X5.8-6., (I), pp. 387;
10 plates : (II), pp. 358 ; plates 20 and (2), 40 cuts. Lincoln, Neb. :
1887, 1888. Hon. Robert W. Furnas, Secretary.

California State Agricultural Society. Transactions during the year 1892.
Plum-colored cloth, 9.2X1.2X6.3, pp. 594; frontispiece. Sacra-
mento : 1893. Edwin F. Smith, Secretary.

Timehri : Being the Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial
Society of British Guiana. New Series.

Vol. VI, Part II, December, 1892. pp.. 237-388, (1), vii.
Vol. VII, Part I, June, 1893. pp. 212.

Two parts, half green morocco, 8.6X1.6X6. Deraerara : 1892-
93. S. F.

Sociedad Rural Argentina, Anales de la. Vol. 27. 1893. 11 pamphlets,
ll.lX— X7.5, pp. 242; 1 plate, cuts. Buenos Aires : [1893.] The
Society.

Asociacion Rural del Uruguay. Vol.22. 1893. 24 pamphlets, 10. 5X —
X7.,pp. 587; portraits. Montevideo: 1893. The Association.

Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal. Third Series. Vol-
ume 3. Part IV. No. 12, 31st December, 1892. pp. viii, 631-
862, clxiii-cciv ; cuts.

Vol. 4. Parts I-III. Nos. 13-15, 31st March to 30th September,
1893. pp. iv, 656, clxxvi; portrait, table, cuts.

Four parts. Half dark green calf, 8.5X2.5X6. London: 1892,
1893. S. F.

Scotland, Highland and Agricultural Society of. Transactions, with an
abstract of the proceedings at board and general meetings and the
premiums offered by the society in 1892. Fifth Series. Vol. IV.
Blue cloth, 9.x 1.1X6., pp. 301, 75, 87, iv. Edinburgh: 1892.
S. F.

New South Wales, Department of Agriculture. Report on Condition of
Growing Crops. October, 1892. Pamphlet, pink, 9.6X— X6., pp.
10. Sydney : 1892. H. C. L. Anderson, Director, Department of
, Agriculture, N. S. W.

INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS.

United States Centennial Commission. International Exhibition. 1876.
OflScial Catalogue. Part IV. Agricultural and Horticultural Halls
and Annexes. Department VI. — Agriculture. Department VII. —
Horticulture. Third and revised edition. Pamphlet, gray, 8.5X.5
X5., pp. 294; cuts. Philadelphia: 1876. J. D. W. French.

Paris, Universal Exposition of 1889 at, Reports of the United States
Commissioners to the. Published under direction of the Secretary
of . State, by authority of Congress. 5 vols. Maroon cloth, 9.5X
1.6-3.X7., plates, cuts. Washington: 1890, 1891. Hon. Walter Q.
Gresham, Secretary of State.

LIBRAKY ACCESSIONS. 385

Joly, Charles. Note sur la 13*^ exposition Internationale de Gand. Pam-
phlet, blue gray, 8. 4X — Xo.4, pp. 22, plates, plans. Paris: 1893.
The Author.

World's Congress Au.xiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition. Gen-
eral Programme of the World's Congresses of 1893. (Edition of
May 1, 1893.) Pamphlet, 5.9X— X4.3, pp. 16.

World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.
Programme of the World's Agricultural Congresses of 1893.
Pamphlet, 7.8X.1X5.7, pp. 40. J. D. W. French.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES.

Massachusetts Agricultural College. First Annual Report to the Legisla-
ture. January 6, 1864. (Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
House, No. 11.) Pamphlet, 9.9X — X5.9, pp. 8.

Second Annual Report. January, 1865. (Commonwealth of
Massachusetts. House, No. 8.) Pamphlet, 9.8X — Xo.9, pp. 11.

Thirtieth Annual Report. January, 1893. Pamphlet, drab, 9.1
X.3X5.8, pp. 131; frontispiece, 2 plates. Boston: 1893.

Preliminary Report upon a plan for the general arrangement of
the premises of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Pamphlet,
9.3X — X5.7, pp. 19. [1866.]

H. H. Goodell, President, State Agricultural College.
New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Catalogue for
1892-93 and announcement for 1893-94. Pamphlet, flesh-color, 8.5
X.1X5.7, pp. 47. Las Cruces : 1893. Hiram Hadley, Director of
the Experiment Station.

NATURAL FOOD, ETC.

Natural Food. Vol. Ill, Nos. 6, 7 and 8. June, July, and August, 1893.
3 pamphlets, buif, 13.x — X8. 3, pp. 71-116. London: 1893.

Pood of Paradise, The. (From the Theosophist, March, 1892.) Pam-
phlet, 8.5X— X5.5, pp. 8.

Non-Starch Cookery Recipes. Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5.5, pp. 4.

Densmore, Emmet, M. D. An Exposition of the Non-Starch Food
System (reprinted from "The Vegetarian") with a rejoinder by A. F.
Hills, Esq., President of tlie London Vegetarian Society, and Dr.
Densmore's reply thereto. Pamphlet, 7.2X — X4.8, pp. 27. Lon-
don: 1893.

. Fruit as Food. (From tlie Horticultural Times.) Pamphlet,

S.5X — X5.6, pp. 8.

. Can Ccrealism be sustained? Pamphlet, 7.2X — X5., pp. 4.

. Dr. AUinson and dogmatism. Pamphlet, 7.2X — X4.8, pp. 8.

13

38G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

INSECTS, ETC.

Weed, Clarence M., D. Sc. Insects and Insecticides. A Practical Manual
concerning Noxious Insects and the Metliods of Preventing their
Injuries. Dark green cloth, 8.7X .8X9.1, pp. 281 ; 7 plates, 143 cuts.
Hanover, N. H. : 1891. S. F.

Canadian Entomologist, The. Edited by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A.,
T). C. L., "William Saunders, and others. Vols. 1-24. Brown cloth,
8. 8X. 8-1. 4X6., cuts. London: Ont. : 1869-1892. L. A.

Ontario Entomological Society. Twenty-third Annual Keport. 1892.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.7X.2X6.6, pp. 88; 55 cuts. Toronto:
1893. The Society.

Fernald, C- H., A. M., Ph. D. The Orthoptera of New England. De-
signed for the use of the students in the Massachusetts Agricultural
College and the Farmers of the State. Pamphlet, Idue, 9. IX. IX 5. 7,
pp. 61; 22 cuts. Boston: 1888. H. H. Goodell, President, Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College.

Illinois, Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of. Fifteenth Report
of the State Entomologist on the. Fourth Report of S. A. Forbes
for the years 1885 and 1886. Pamphlet, tea, 8. 6X. 3X5.5, pp. vi,
115; cuts. Springfield: 1889.

Seventeenth Report of the State Entomologist. Sixth Report of
S. A. Forbes, for the years 1889 and 1890. With an Appendix — "An
Analytical list of the Entomological Writings of William Le Baron,
M. D., Second State Entomologist of Illinois. 1850-1874." Pam-
phlet, tea, 8.7X.3X5.8, pp. xv, 90, 36, ix; colored plates A-C,
plates 1-4, 1 portrait. Springfield : 1891. Prof. S. A. Forbes.

Illinois Department of Agriculture. Transactions. Vol. 22. [Contains]
Fourteenth Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and
Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois. Third Annual Report of
S. A. Forbes for the year 1884. pp. vii, 136: with Appendix: —
General Indexes to the First Twelve Reports of the State Entomol-
ogist, pp. xix, 120; 12 plates. Springfield: 1885. Black cloth,
9. XI. 6X6. 2.

Vol. 23. [Contains] Miscellaneous Essays on Economic Ento-
mology by the State Entomologist and his Entomological Assistants.
pp.180. Springfield: 1886. Black cloth, 9. X 1.4X6.1.

Vol. 26. [Contains] Sixteenth Report of the State Entomologist
on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois. Fifth
Report of S. A. Forbes for the years 1887 and 1888. pp. xiii, (1),
104; 6 plates. Springfield: 1889. With appendix : — Contribution
to an Economic Bibliography of the Chinch Bug. 1785-1888. pp.
122, ix. Springfield: 1890. Black cloth, 9.1X1.8X6. W. C.
Garrard, Secretary, Illinois Department of Agriculture.
Illinois, State Entomologist of, OflSce of the. Bulletin No. 4. On the
Fruit Bark Beetle. (Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz.) By S. A. Forbes,
Ph. D., State Entomologist. Pamphlet, tea, 8.5X — X5.7, pp. 63-81,
(1); 1 plate. Champaign, 111 : n. d. Prof. Forbes.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 387

GENERAL BOTANY.

Brunfels, Otto. Herbarum vivas eiuones ad naturfe imitationem, suma cum
diligentia et artificio efBgiatae, una cum effectibus earundem, in
gratiam veteris illius, et jamjam renascentis Herbaria; Medicinae per
0th. Brunf. recens editaj 1532. Quibus adjecta ad calcem, Appen-
dix isagogica de usu et administratione simplicium. Item Index Con-
tentorum singulorum. [Second edition.] pp. (8), 266, (64); (86)
cuts. Argentorati: [15;^2]. [Preface dated 1530.]

Novi Herbarii tomus II, per 0th. Brunf. recens editus 1531. [At

the end 1532.] pp. (2), 90, 199, (5) ; (49) cuts. Argentorati: 1531.

Tomus Herbarii Othonis Brunfelsii III, coroUariis operi praefixis,

quibus respondet calumniatoribus suis, passim errata quaedam prio-

rum torn, diluens. pp. 240, (2); (104) cuts. Argentorati: 1536.

Boards, blue gray, vellum back, 12.8X2.7X8.5. S. F.

Thurneisser zum Thurn, Leonhard. Historia sive descriptio plantarum
omnium, tam domesticarum quam exoticarum : Earundem cum vir-
tutes Influentiales, Elementares, et Naturales, turn Subtilitates nec-
non Icones etiam veras, ad vivum artificiose expressas proponens :
atq. una cum his, partium omnium corporis humani ut externarum
ita internarum picturas, et Instrumentorum Extractioni Ch3'micae
servientium delineationem usumq. ac Methodos deniq. Pharmaceuti-
cas quasvis, ad curam valetudinis dextre tractandam necessarias
complectens. pp. (12), clvi, (20); woodcuts. Berlini: 1578.

Also, Comraelin, Caspar. Flora Malabarica sive Horti Mala-
barici Catalogus Exhibens Omnium ejusdem Plantarum nomina, quae
e variis, turn veteribus tum recentioribus Botanicis collegit, et in
ordinem Alphabeticum digessit. pp. (8), 71. Lugduni Batavorum :
1G96.

Half calf, 15.1X1.X10.1. S. F.

Blair, Patrick, M. D., F. R. S. Botanik Essays. In two parts. The first
containing the Structure of the Flowers, and the Fructification of
Plants, with their various Distribution into method; And the second,
The Generation of Plants, with their Sexes and the manner of im-
pregnating the Seed, etc. Vellum, 8. IX 1.5X5.5, pp. (36), 414; 5
plates. London : 1720. S. F.

Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. Observationum botanicarum iconibus ab auc-
tore delineatis illustratarum. Pars 1-4. Half calf, 15.5X1.3X9.7,
pp. (12), 48, (6), 32", (6), 22, (6), 14, (1); 100 plates. Vindobonaj :
1764-1771. S. F.

, . Collectanea ad botanicam, chemiam et historiam natu-

ralem spectantia, cum figuris. 4 vols, and supplement. Half calf,
12.1X1.-1.9X10., pp. 386, 374, 306, 359, and 171; colored plates
22, 18, 23, 27, and 16. Vindobonae : 1786-1796. S. F.

RottboU, Christian Friis. Descriptiones et icones rariorum et pro maxima
parte novarum plantarum. Editio nova. Blue gray paper, 16.5 X
.4X10.4, pp. (8), 72; 21 plates. Havnia; : 1786. S. F.

388 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Klinsmann, Ernst Ferdinand. Clavis Breyniana oder Schliissel zu Jacobi
Breynii Gedanensis Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum plan-
tarum centuria prima, . . . und zu Johannis Philippi Breynii Icones
fasciculi rariorum plantarum primus et secundus bearbeitet und mit
einigen Anmerkungen herausgegeben von Ernst Ferdinand Klins-
mann. (Separat-Abdruck aus den neuesten Schriften der naturfor-
schenden Gesellschaft in Danzig. V. Bd. II. Heft.) Pamphlet,
drab, 10.8X — X8.7, pp. 30. Danzig: 1855. L. A

Gray, Jane Loring, Editor. Letters of Asa Gray. 2 vols. Red cloth,
8.XL1X5.5. [I.] pp. (6), 368; 2 portraits, 1 plate. [II.] pp. (4),
369-838 ; 1 portrait, 2 plates. Boston & New York : 1893. S. F.

Pennsylvania, University of. Contributions from the Botanical Labora-
tory. Vol.1, No. 1. 1892. Pamphlet, gray, 10.1 X .3X6.7, pp.
74; 13 plates. Philadelphia: 1892. The Authors.

No. 2. 1893. Maize : A Botanical and Economic Study. By
John W. Harshberger, Ph. D. Pamphlet, gray, 10.2X. 4X6.8,
pp. 75-202; plates 14-17. Philadelphia: 1893. The Secretary,
Biological Department.

Creevey, Caroline A. Recreations in Botany. Blue gray cloth, 7.5X1.
X5.2, pp. xiii, 216; cuts, plates. New York: 1893. S. F.

Dana, Mrs. William Starr. How to know the Wild Flowers. A Guide to
the names, haunts and habits of our common wild flowers. Illus-
trated by Marion Satterlee. Dark blue cloth, 8.2X1.X5.6, pp. xvi,
298; 104 full-page cuts. New York: 1893. S. F.

Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin. Edited by Nathaniel Lord Britton and
other members of the Club. Vol. 20. 1893. Half-green morocco,
9.1X1.7X6.3, pp. xiii, 501, (2); plates cxxxiv-clxx, cuts. New
York : 1893. The Club.

. Memoirs of the.

Vol. I. No. 1. Studies of the Types of various species of the
Genus Carex. Notes on Carex. — XI. By L. H. Bailey. (Read
Feb. 12, 1889. Issued May 25, 1889.) pp. 85.

No. 2. Marine AlgEe of the New Jersey Coast and adjacent wa-
ters of Staten Island. By Isaac C. Martindale. (Read June 11,
1889. Issued August 24, 1889.) pp. 87-111.

No. 3. Hepaticae Bolivianse, in Andibus Bolivise orientalis, annis
1885-6, a cl. H. H. Rusby lectse. By Richard Spruce, Coneys-
thorpe, England. (Issued Jan. 20, 1890.) pp. 113-140.

No. 4. Seedless Fruits. By E. Lewis Sturtevant. (Issued May
30, 1890.) pp. 141-185.

•Vol. II. No. 1. Reserve Food-Materials in Buds and surround-
ing parts. By Byron D. Halsted. (Issued September 10, 1890.)
pp. 26 ; 2 plates.

No. 2. Contributions to the Botany of Virginia. I. — Notes on
the Spring Flora of Southwestern Virginia. By Anna Murray Vail.
(With annotations by N. L. Britton, and a list of Mosses by E. G.
Britton.) II. — Notes on the Autumn Flora of Southeastern Vir-

LIBRAKY ACCESSIONS. 389

ginia. By Arthur Hollick. (Issued December 23, 1890.) pp. 27-
56 ; plates 3 and 4.

No. 3. Contributions to tlie Knowledge of the Germination of
some North American Plants. By Theodor Holm. (Issued April
15, 1891.) pp. 57-108; plates 5-19.

No. 4. The Genus Polygala in North America. By William E.
Wheelock. (Issued Dec. 30, 1801.) pp. 109-152.

Vol. III. No. J. On the Flora of Western North Carolina and
Contiguous Territory. By John K. Small and A. A. Heller. (Is-
sued February 20, 1892.) pp. 39.

No. 2. The Naiadacea3 of North America. By Thomas Morong.
(Issued March 15, 1893.) pp. 65 ; plates 20-74.

No. 3. An Enumeration of the Plants collected in Bolivia by
Miguel Bang, with descriptions of new genera and species. By
Henry H. Rusby. Issued April 28, 1893. pp. 67.

Vol. IV. No. 1. Inde.x Hepaticarum. Part I. Bibliography.
By Lucien Marcus Underwood. Issued June 10, 1893. pp. 91.

12 pamphlets, salmcm-color, light brown, etc., 8.7-9.7X .1-.5X
5.8-6.3. S. F.
Hooker's Icones Plantarum; or Figures, with descriptive characters and
remarks, of new and rare plants, selected from the Kew Herbarium.
Edited for the Bentham Trustees by Daniel Oliver, F. R. S., F. L. S.
Under the authority of the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew. Fourth series. Vol. II [or Vol. XXII oi the entire work].
—Part I. July, (1891?), plates 2101-2125, inclusive, with descrip-
tive text. London: 1892. Vol. III. — Parts I and II. April and
September, 1892, plates 2201-2250, inclusive, with descriptive text.
London: 1892. Half green morocco, 8. 6X 1.7X6. S. F.
Baillou, H. Histoire des Plantes. (110-117.) Monographic des Coni-
fferes, Gni'tacees, Cycadacees, Alismacees, Triuridacees, Typhacees,
Najadacees et Centrolepidacees. Blue paper, 10.9X.4X7.. pp. 134;
221 cuts. Paris : 1892. S. F.

(118.) Monographic des Graminees. Blue paper, 11.X.5X7.,
pp. 135-334; cuts 222-340. Paris : 1893. S. F.
Sammlung verschiedenartiger Pflanzenabbildungen. Etc. Boards, white
back, 11. 6X. 9X8. 7, 120 colored plates, manuscript index. Jena:
1845. S. F.
Association pour la Protection des Plantes, Bulletin de 1', fondee a Geneve
le 29 Janvier, 1883. iVo. .9, 1891. Pampiilet, light green, 9.1X.1
X 6.2, pp. 64: cuts. Geneve: 1891.

No. 10, 1892. pp. 76; plates, cuts. Geneve: 1892.

H. Correvon, President.
Ellacombe, Rev. Henry N., M. A. The Plant-Lore and Garden-Craft of
Shakespeare. Green cloth, 8.8X 1.3X.5.9, pp. (1), 303. Exeter:
[1878]. S. F.

390 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ECONOMIC AND MEDICAL BOTANY.

Jamaica, Bulletin of the Botanical Department. Nos. 1-24, 27-29, 34, 36-
48. April, 1887,-October, 1893. [Nos. 27 & 28, and No. 39 are also .
the Reports of the Director of Public Gardens and Plantations,
from Oct. 1, 1889, to March 31, 1891, and for the year ended March
31, 1892.] Pamphlets, 13.7X— XS.3. (Nos. 1-21 bound together
in brown paper.) Kingston : 1887-1893. William Fawcett, Director
of Public Gardens and Plantations.
Jamaica Public Gardens and Plantations. Annual Reports. For the year
ending Sept. 30, 1882, to the year ending Sept. 30, 1889. 8 pamph-
lets, light brown, 13.3X.1-.2X8.4. Kingston; 1883-1890. Wil-
liam Fawcett, Director of Public Gardens and Plantations.
Leeward Islands Gazette, Supplements to the. XII-XXIII. 17th No-
vember, 1892, to 20th July, 1893. [On] The Botanical Station,
Antigua. II. — Meteorological Record for 1892. — Report on Failure
of Cacao Crop in Dominica, 1892-3. — Report of Botanical Station,
Dominica, 1892.— Meteorological Record for St. Kitts for 1892. —
Vegetable Seeds, Antigua and Dominica, 1893. — The CofEee Scale
destroyed by a Fungus. — Report on an Outbreak of Shot-Borer in
St. Kitts. — Rainfall Returns, 1892; Dominica and Montserrat. — Re-
port on Furcraea Fibre Plantations in the Leeward Islands. — Notes
on Antigua Pine-Apples. — Supplementary Note on Furcraea Fibre
Plantations.

12 pamphlets, buff, blue, etc., 11.2X — X8. The Department of
Agriculture, St. John's, Antigua.
Cooke, Dr. M. C. Report ... on the Gums, Resins, Oleo-Resins and
Resinous Products in the India Museum, or Produced in India. Tea-
colored paper, 12. 9X. 3X8. 3, pp. iv, 152; 4 plates. London: 1874.
S. F.
Murray, James A. The Plants and Drugs of Sind : being a systematic
account, with descriptions, of the indigenous flora, and notices of
the value and uses of their products in commerce, medicine, and the
arts. Green cloth, 10. X. 7X6. 4, pp. xxxv, 219. London and Bom-
bay : 1881. S. F.
Oskamp, Dieterich Leonhard. Afbeeldingen der Artsseny-Gewassen
met derzelver nederduitsclie en latynsche Beschryvingen. [Icones
plantarum medicinalium.] 6 vols., half red calf, 8.7X1.4X5.5, 600
colored plates, with descriptive text. Amsterdam: 1796-1800. S. F.
Endlicher, Stephan. Die Medicinal-Pflanzen der osterreichischen Phar-
makopoe. Ein Handbuch fiir Aerzte und Apotheker. Half green
cloth, 8.4X1.5X5.7, pp. xii, 608. Wien : 1842. S. F.
Nees ab Esenbeck, C. G., et Th. Fr. Ludov. Nees ab Esenbeck. De Cin-
namomo disputatio, qua hortum medicum Bonnensem, feliciter in-
structum, rite inauguraturi res ejus viris, rei herbariae studiosis,
commendant. (Amoenitates Botanies Bonnenses. Fasc. I.) Boards,
mottled black, 10.5X.4X8.4, pp. (8), vi, (2); 1 plan, 6 plates, partly
colored. Bonnae : 1823. S. F.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 391

TERRITORIAL BOTANY.

Plumier, Carolus. Plantarum Americanarum fasciculus primus (-decimus) ,
Continens Plantas, quas olim Carolus Plumierius, Botanicorum Prin-
ceps detexit, eruitque, atque in Insulis Antillis ipse depinxit. Has
primuni in lueem edidit, concinnis descriptionibus, et observationi-
bus, .eneisque tabulis illustravit Joannes Burmannus, M. D., etc.
Half brown calf, 1().1X2.4X 1U.7, pp. (S), 202, (4); 202 plates.
Amstelaidami : 1755-1700. S. F.

Allen, John A., Compiler. A [Check-] List of the Plants contained in the
sixth edition of Gray's Manual of the Botany of the Northern United
States, including the district east of the One Hundredth Meridian
and North of North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. Pamphlet,
blue gray, 7.X. 3X4.7, pp. 130. Cambridge, Mass.: 1893. The
Herbarium of Harvard University.

Glatfelter, N. M., M. D. A Study of the Venation of the Species of
Salix described in Gray's Manual with reference to their determina-
tion. (Reprinted in advance from the Fifth Annual Report of the
Missouri Botanical Garden.) Issued Oct. 5, 1893 Pamphlet, buff,
9.2X.1XG.2, pp. 15; 3 plates. (St. Louis: 1893.) William
Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Eaton, Prof. Amos Manual of Botany for North America : containing
generic and specific descriptions of the indigenous plants and com-
mon cultivated exotics growing north of the Gulf of Mexico. Sixth
edition. Full calf, 7.3X1.8X4.5, pp. 137, (1). Albany: 1833.
S. F.

Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. New
Series, No. V. The North American Sileneae and Polycarpeaj. By
B. L. Robinson. [From the Proceedings of the American Aoademy
of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXVIII.] Pamphlet, tea, 9. OX. 1X0.2,
pp. 124-155. [Issued June 22, 1893.] The Author.

Jesup, Henry G., A. M. A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Higher
Cryptogams, both Native and Introduced, found within about thirty
miles of Hanover, N. H., including a few cultivated specie's, to which
is appended a List of Vertebrate Animals of the same region.
Pamphlet, tea, 8.8X.2X5.7, pp. vii, 91; map. (Hanover): 1891.
The Author.

Halsted, Byron I)., Sc. D. Report of the Botanical Department of the
New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station. For the year
1892. [Reports on Fungi, Weeds, etc.] (From Annual Report,
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, 1892.) Pamphlet,
gray, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 273-386; 35 cuts. The Author.

Webber, Herbert J. Appendix to the Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska.
[Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol. VI.
No. 1. Issued March 12, 1892. (Contributions from the Shaw
School of Botany, No. 9. Presented October 18th, 18!>1.)] Pam-
phlet, gray, 9. 2X .1X0.2, pp.47. The Academy. [2d copy.]

392 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MacMillan, Conway. The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley. A List
of the Higher Seed-Producing Plants Indigenous to the Drainage-
Basin of the Minnesota River. (Geological and Natural History
Survey of Minnesota.) (Reports of the Survey. Botanical Series,
I.) Light olive-green cloth, 9.9X2.7X7., pp. xiii, 826; 2 maps.
Minneapolis : Dec. 29, 1892. Conway MacMillan, State Botanist of
Minnesota. [2 copies.]
Robinson, B. L. Descriptions of New Plants, chiefly GamopetalcB, col-
lected in Mexico by C. G. Pringle in 1889 and 1890. (From the
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.
XXVL) Issued July 31, 1891. Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X — XG.2, pp.
164-176. The Author.

. Descriptions of new plants collected in Mexico by C. G.

Pringle, in 1890 and 1891, with notes upon a few other species. (Re-
printed from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. XXVII.) Pamphlet, tea, 9. 7X. 1X6.1, pp. 165-185.
November 2, 1892. The Author.

, and H. E. Seaton. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium

of Harvard University. New Series, No. III. Additions to the
Phsenogamic Flora of Mexico, discovered by C. G. Pringle in 1891-
92. (From the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. XXVIII.) Issued May 13, 1893. Pamphlet, tea,
9.7X— X6.1, pp. 103-115. The Authors.
Seaton, Henry E. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
University. New Series, No. IV. New and little known plants
collected on Mount Orizaba in the summer of 1891. (From the
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.
XXVIII.) Issued June 5, 1893. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 6X — X6.1, pp.
116-123. The Author.
Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander von, et Amatus Bonpland. Plantes equi-
noxiales recueillies au Mexique, dans I'ile de Cuba, dans les provinces
de Caracas, de Cumana, et de Barcelone; aux Andes de la Nouvelle-
Grenade, de Quito et du Perou, et sur les bords du Rio-Negro, de
TOrenoque et de la riviere des Amazones. (Voyage de Humboldt et
Bonpland. Sixieme partie. Botanique.) 2 vols. Half brown calf,
20.8X1.9X14. [I.] pp. vii, 234; portrait, 68 plates, numbered
1-65. [II.] pp. 191; plates 66-140. Paris : 1808. 1809. S. F.
RottboU, Christian Friis. Descriptiones plantarum quarundam Surinam-
ensium. Cum fragmento materiae medicae et oeconomicae Surinam-
ensis. Editio secunda emendatior. Blue paper, 13. X. 2X8. 2, pp.
22; opiates. Hafniae et Lipsiae : 1798. S. F.
Piso, Willem. Gulielmi Pisonis medici Amstelajdamensis, de Indise utri-
usque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim quorum contenta
pagina sequens exhibet. [Edition II.] pp. (24), 327, (5) ; cuts.

Also Georgii Marcgravii de Liebstad, Tractatus Topographicus et
Meteorologicus Brasilise, cum Eclipsi Solari ; etc. pp. 39; cuts.

Also Jacobi Bontii, . . . Historiae Naturalis et Medica? India?
Orientalis libri sex. pp. 160; cuts.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 393

Also Gulielmi Pisonis Mantissa Aromatica ; sive de Aromatum
Cardinalibus Quatuor, et Plantis aliquot Indicis in Medicinam recep-
tis, relatio nova. pp. 161-226, (2) ; cuts.

Parchment, 13.8X1.7X9. Amstelasdami: 1658. S. F.

Gunnerus, Johann Ernst. Flora Norvegica, observationibus praesertim
oecononiicis Panosque Norvegici locupletata. 2 parts in 1 volume.
Half calf, 13.6X1.1X8.7, pp. (8), 96,(4), and (4), 148, (60);
plates 3 and 9. Nidrosiae : 1766, and Hafniae : 1772. S. F.

Xops, Jan, and others. Flora Batava. Afbeelding en Beschrijving der
Nederlandsche Gewassen. Afgebeeld onder opzigt van J. C. Sepp
en Zoon. 18 vols., and parts 288-302 of Vol. 19. Half black cloth,
10. X 1.7X6.6, 151.5 colored plates (80 in each vol.), with descriptive
text. Amsterdam and Leiden : 1800 — [1893?] Also, Alphabetisch
Register. Deel I tot XIV. Half black cloth, 10. X. 3X6.1, pp. 48.
Leiden ; 1873. S. F.

Garidel, (Pierre Joseph). Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux environs
d'Aix, et dans plusieurs autres endroits de la Provence. Calf, 14.4X
3.2X 10. , pp. xxxiv, xlvil, 522, (24); frontispiece and 100 plates.
Aix: 1715. S. F.

Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. Enumeratio stirpium plerarumque, quae sponte
crescunt in agro Viudobonensi, niontibusque confinibus. Accedunt
observationura centuria et appendix de paucis exoticis. Calf, 6.8X
1.2X4.5, pp (4), 315, (7); 9 plates. Vindobona3 : 1762. S. F.

Ammaiin, Johann. Stirpium rariorum in imperio Rutlieno sponte proveni-
entium icones et descriptiones. Instar supplement! ad Commentar.
Acad, scient. imper. pp. (12), 210, (13); 35 plates. Petropoli :
1739.

Also, Gronovius, JanFredrik. Flora Virginica, exhibens plantas
quas nobilissimus vir D. D. Johannes Claytonius med. doct., etc ,
etc., in Virginia crescentes observavit, coUegit et obtulit D. Joh.
Fred. Gronovio, cujus studio et opera descriptae et in ordinem sex-
ualem systematicum redactae sistuntur. pp. (12), 176, (8); map.
Lugduni Batavorum : 17()2.

Half calf, 10.5X1.6X8.5. S. F.

Scopoli, Johann Anton. Deliciae Florae et Faunae Insubricae seu novae,
aut minus cognitae species plantarum et animaliuni quas in Insubria
Austriaca tarn spontaneas, quam exoticas vidit, descripsit et aeri
incidi curavit, etc. Parts 1-3. 3 vols., calf, 16.4X1X11.6. [I.]
pp. viii, 86; 25 plates. Ticini : 1786. [IL] pp. (ii), 115; 2.5
plates. Ticini: 1786. [IIL] pp. (ii), 87; 25 plates. Ticini:
1788. S. F.

Parlatore, Filippo. Flora Italiana, continuata da Teodoro Caruel. Vol.
I'll. Part 2. Asteracee. pp. 257-300. Firenze : Aprile, 1893.

Vol. IX. Rutiflore. Cruciflore. Tiliiflore. Part 1. Crassulacee.
Poligalacee. Simarubacee. — Violacee. Droseracee. Elatinacee.
Per Filippo Parlatore. pp. 232. Firenze : Marzo, 1890. Part 2.
Frankeniacee. — Diantacee, per Enrico Tanfani. pp. 233-624.

394 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Firenze : Febbraio, 1892. Part 3. Brassicacee. Capparidacee.
pp. 625-1085. Firenze : Febbraio, 1893.
4 parts, blue paper, 9.3X.1-.9X6. S. F.

Moris, Josephus Hyacinthus. Flora Sardoa, seu historia plantarum in
Sardinia et adjacentibus insulis vel sponte nascentium vel ad utili*
tateni latius excultaruni. 3 vols. Half calf, 11. X2.4-3.X9.4. [I.]
pp. xii, 006; plates 1-72. Taurini : 1837. [II.] pp. 562; plates 73-
93. Taurini: 1840-43. [III.] pp. 504; plates 94-111. Taurini:
1858-59. S. F.

Willkomm, Maurice. Illustrationes Flors Hispaniae insularumque
Baleariuni. Figures de Plantes nouvelles ou rares decrites dans le
Prodromus Florae Hispaniae ou recemment decouvertes en Espagne
et aux lies Baleares, accompagnees d'observations critiques et
historiques, etc. Liv. XX. [Completion of the work.] Blue
paper, 14. 2 X. IX 10.2, pp. vii, 141-156; colored plates 174-183.
[Stuttgart: 1892.] S. F.

Forskal, Petrus. Flora JSgyptiaco-Arabica. Sive descriptiones planta-
rum quas per ^gyptum inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit,
illustravit. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Gray
paper, 10.7X1. X8. 6, pp. 32, CXXVI, (1), 220; 1 map. Havnise :
1775. S. F.

Maximowicz, C. J. Flora Tangutica, sive enumeratio plantarum regionis
Tangut (Amdo) provinciae Kansu, nee non Tibetiae praesertim
orientaliborealis atque Tsaidam. Ex collectionibus N. M. Przewal-
ski atque G. N. Potanin, elaboravit. Fasciculus 1. Thalamiflorae
et Disciflorae. Light gray paper, 13. 9X. OX 11.2, pp. xviii, 110,
(4); 31 plates. Petropoli : 1889. S. F.

— — . Enumeratio plantarum hucusque in Mongolia nee non

adjacente parte Turkestaniae Sinensis lectarum. Fasciculus I.
Thalamiflorae et Disciflorae. Light gray paper, 14. X. 4X11., pp.
iv, 138, (8) ; 14 plates. Petropoli : 1889. S. F.

Porster, Johann Reinhold, and Georg Forster. Characteres generum
plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris australis, Collegerunt,
Descripserunt, Delinearunt, annis 1772-1775. Vellum, 11.GX1.6X
9.3, pp. x, viii, 150, (5) ; 75 plates. Londini : 1776. S. F.

BOTANICAL MONOGRAPHS.

Putsche, Carl Wilhelm Ernst. Versuch einer Monographic der Kartofl^ln
Oder ausfiihrliche Beschreibung der Kartoffeln, nach ihrer
Geschichte, Charakteristik, Cultur und Anwendung in Teuschland.
. . . Herausgegeben von Dr. Friedrich Justin Bertuch. Boards,
mottled brown, 9. 8 X. 5X8. 2, pp. x, 158; 13 plates, part colored.
Weimar : 1819. S. F.

Reiehenbach, Dr. Heinrich Gustav, fil. Xenia Orchidacea. Beitriige
zur Kenntniss der Orchideen. Vols. 1 and 2, and Vol. 3, parts 1-6.
Half green moro'jco, 11.1X1.4X9. [I.] pp. x, 246; 100 partly

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 395

colored plates. Leipzig: 1858. [II.] pp. vii, 232; plates 101-200.

Leipzig: 1874. [Ill, parts 1-6.] pp. 108 ; plates 201-200. Leipzig:

1878-1892. S. F.
Fitzgerald, R. D., F. L. S. Australian Orchids. Vol. 2, part 4. Green

paper, mottled brown cloth back, 19. GX. 2X13.4, 10 colored plates

with descriptive text. Sydney, N. S. W. : [1891-2?] S. F.
Correvon, Henry. Lea Orchidoes rustiques. Light blue paper, 7.6X.5X

5., pp. (7), 242; 34 cuts. Geneve and Paris: 1803. S. F.
Baker, J. G., F. R. S. Handbook of the Iridea;. Blue-green cloth, 8.8

X.9X5.8, pp. xii, 247. London : 1792. S. F.

PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY.

Trelease, William. Further Studies of Yuccas and their Pollination.
(From the Fourth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den.) Issued March 9, 1893. Pamphlet, light olive, 9. X. 3X5. 9,
pp. 181-220; plates 1-10, 15-23. The Author.

Bailey, L. H. Cross-Breeding and Hybridizing. The Philosophy of the
Crossing of Plants considered with reference to their improvement
under cultivation ; with a brief bibliography of the subject. A
lecture given before the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture
in Boston, Dec. 1, 1891. (The Rural Library, "Vol. 1, No. 6.
April, 1892.) Pamphlet, gray, 7. 8X. 1X5.4, pp. 44. New York:
1892. L. A.

Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., M. P., F. R. S., D. C. L., LL.D. A contri-
bution to our knowledge of Seedlings. 2 vols. Maroon cloth, 9.X
2.X0.2, pp. viii, 008, and (iv), 040; 084 cuts. London: 1892.
S. F.

Bonnet, Charles. Recherches sur I'usage des Feuilles dans les plantes, et
sur quelques autres sujets relatifs a I'histoire de la vegetation.
Half brick-red cloth, 10.7X1.2X8.8, pp. viii, 343; 31 plates.
Gottingue et Leide : 1754. S. F.

FUNGI.

Harvard University, Library of. Bibliographical Contributions. Edited
by Justin Winsor. No. 31 (supplemental to No. 25). A Supple-
mental List of "Works on North American Fungi. By W. G.
Farlow. Pamphlet, 9. 8X — X 0.8, pp. 9. Cambridge, Mass: 1888.
Justin Winsor, Librarian.

Smith, Worthington G. Outlines of British Fungology, Supplement [to
Berkeley's]. Maroon cloth, 8.4X1.2X5.9 ; pp. xii, 380. London:
1891. S. F.

Lucand, Capitaine. Figures peintes de Champignons de la France
(Suites a I'lconographie de Bulliard.) 15^ fascicule. Blue gray
paper, 13.x. 2X10.3, colored plates 351-375. Autun : 1889. S. F.

396 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BOTANICAL SOCIETY.

Xiiunean Society of London. Transactions. Second Series. Botany^
Vol. Ill, part 7. The Caoutchouc-containing Cells of Eucomvnia
vlmoides, Oliver. By F. Ernest Weiss, B. Sc, F. L. S. Blue
paper, 12.X — X9.4, pp. 243-254; plates .57, 58. London: May,
1892. S. F.

. Journal. Botany. Vol. 29. Nos. 202-204. Oct. 12,

1892, Jan. 25, and May 15, 1893. pp. 281-579, vi; plates 29-36.
Vol. 30. No. 205. Aug. 28, 1893. pp. 63; 3 plates. 4 parts.
Half green morocco, 8.6X2. X 6. London : 1892, 1893. S. F.

BOTANIC GARDENS.

Missouri Botanical Garden. Fourth Annual Report. 1893. 1. Report
for the year 1892. 2. Anniversary Publications. 3. Scientific
papers: — a. List of plants collected in the Bahamas, Jamaica and
Grand Cayman. By Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, h. Additional notes on
Yuccas and their Pollination. By William Trelease. Olive-green
cloth, 9.7X1.1X6.7, pp. 226; 23 plates. St. Louis : 1893. William
Trelease, Director.
Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information.
1892. Boards, green cloth back, 9.5X1.X5.9, pp. ii. 319, 51;
plates, cuts. London : 1892. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Director.
Hermann, Paul. Paradisus Batavus, continens Plus centum Plantas affa-
bre sere incisas et Descriptionibus illustratas. Cui accessit Catalogus
Plantaruni, quas pro Tomis nondum editis, delineandas curaverat.
Opus Posthumum edidit William Sherard. pp. (20), 247, 15; 108
plates. Lugduni Batavorum : 1698.

Also Commelin, Caspar. Prasludia botanica ad Publicas Planta-
rum exoticarum demonstrationes, etc. His accedunt Plantarum
rariorum et exoticarum, in prseludiis Botanicis recensitarum, icones
et descriptiones. pp. (8), 87; 33 plates. Lugduni Batavorum: 1703.

Full calf, 9.4X2. X7. 7. S. F.
Xiinnaeus, Carolus, Fil. Decas prima plantarum rariorum horti Upsali-
ensis sistens descriptiones et figuras plantarum minus cognitarum.
pp. (8), 20; 10 plates. Stockholmice : 1762.

Linne, Carohis v., Fil. Decas secunda, etc. pp. 21-40; plates
11-20. Stockholmiae : 1763.

Also Linne, Carolus C. a., [Fil.] Plantarum rariorum horti
Upsaliensis fasciculus primus sistens descriptiones et figuras plant-
arum minus cognitarum. pp. (1), 20; 10 plates. Lipsiae : 1767.

Half calf, 13.6X.7X9. S. F,
Willdenow, Car. Lud. Enumeratio plantarum horti regii botanici
Berolinensis, continens descriptiones omnium vegetabilium in horto
dicto cultorum. Half calf, 8. 4X 1.8X5.4, pp. vi, 1,099. Berolini :
1809.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 397

Also . . . Supplementum post mortem autoris editum. (By
[D. F. C] von Schlechtendal.) Boards, mottled red, 7.oX.5X5.,
pp. X, 70. Berolini: 1818. S. F.
Acta Horti Petropolitani. Tomus IX, fasciculus II, a7id tomus X,
fasciculus I. 2 pamphlets, gray, 10.2X.4-.9XG.4, pp. -117-042, and
1-393, (1); plates 10 and 8. St. Petersburg : 1886 and 1887. A.
Batalin, Director, Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg.
Calcutta, Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden.

Vol. I. The Species of Ficus of the Indo-Malayan and Chinese
Countries. By George King, M. B., LL.D., F. L. S., Superinten-
dent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Part I. Palaeomorphe
and Urostigma. pp. xiii, iWj- plates 1-80. Calcutta and London:
1887. Pa7~t II. Synoecia, Sycidium, Covellia, Eusyce, and
Neomorphe. pp. 07-185, vi ; plates 87-225. Calcutta and London:
1888.

Appendix, (a.) Some new species of Ficus from New- Guinea.
By George King. pp. 9; plates 226-232. (b.) On the Phenomena of
Fertilization in Ficus Roxburghii, Wall. By D. D. Cunningham,
M. B., F. L. S., etc., Surgeon-Major, Bengal Army. pp. 11-51,
(1); frontispiece and plates 1-5 partly colored. Calcutta: 1889.

Vol. II. The Species of Artocarpus indigenous to British India;
also the Indo-Malayan Species of Quercus and Castanopsis. By
George King. pp. (1), 107, iii; 104 plates. Calcutta: 1889.

Vol. III. 1. The Species of Pedicularis of the Indian Empire
and its frontiers, by D. Prain, M. B., F. R. S. E., Curator of the
Herbarium, pp. ii, iv, 190; 1 map, 1 table, plates 1-37. Calcutta:
1890.

.2. The Magnoliaceae of British India, by G. King. pp. 197-225 ;
plates 38-74. Calcutta: 1891.

3. An Account of the Genus Gomphostemnia, by D. Prain. pp.
ii, 227-273; plates 75-105. Calcutta: 1891.

4. The Species of Myristica of British India, by G. King. pp.
275-331, ii; plates 100-174. Calcutta: 1891.

3 vols. Half brown morocco, 14.2-15.2X1.0-3.3X11.8. S. F.

Miquel, F. A. W. Choix de Plantes rares ou nouvelles, cultivces et
dessinees dans le jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. Half red
morocco, 22.4X1.1X15., 20 colored plates with 30 leaves of text.
La Haye : 1804. S. F.

South Australia. Report on the Progress and Condition of the Botanic
Garden and Government Plantations during the years 1877, 1879,
1883, 1884, 1885, 1880, 1887, and 1889. 8 pamphlets, salmon-color
13.x— X8. 5. Adelaide: 1878-1890. Maurice Holtze, Director of
the Botanic Garden.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Ottawa Naturalist. The Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists'
Club. Vol. 0, Nos. 9-11, January to March, 1S93. pp. 141-198.

398 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vol. 7, Nos. 1-9, April to December, 1893. pp. 150. 12 pamphlets,
blue gray, 8.3 X — X5.7. Ottawa: 1893. William Scott, Librarian.
Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. XXVI. Part I.
Nov. 1892-May, 1893. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 6X. 5X6., pp. 152. Bos-
ton : 1893. The Society.
Memoirs. Vol. IV, Number XI. A Bibliogra-
phy of Vertebrate Embryology. By Charles Sedgwick Minot.
Pamphlet, tea, 12. X .4X. 9. 7, pp. 487-614. Boston: 1893. The
Society.
Essex Institute. Bulletin. Vol. 24, Nos. 7-12. July-December, 1892.
Vol. 25, Nos. 1-6. January-June, 1893. 4 pamphlets, 9.6X. 2X6.2.
Salem : 1892, 1893. The Institute.
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Journal. 1892. Vol. IX — Part first.
January to June, 1892. Pamphlet, blue, 9. X .1X5.8, pp. 49. Ra-
leigh: 1892.

Part second. July to December, 1892. Pamphlet, blue, 9.1X.1
X5.9, pp. 51-108; 1 plate. Raleigh: 1892. F. P. Venable, Secre-
tary.
St. Louis Academy of Sciences. Transactions. Vol. VI. No. 3. The
Mapping of Missouri. By Arthur Winslow, assisted by C. F. Mar-
but. Issued September 23, 1892. pp. 57-99 ; 14 cuts, 1 colored
map.

No. 4. Flowers and Insects — Labiatae. By Charles Robertson.
Issued November 25, 1892. pp. 101-131.

No. o. The Opening of the Buds of some Woody Plants. By A. S.
Hitchcock. Issued January 15, 1893. pp. 133-150(?) ; 4 plates.

No. 6. Materials for a Monograph on Inuline. By J. Christian
Bay. (Contributions from the Missouri Botanical Garden. No. 1.)
Issued March 2, 1893. pp. 151-159.

No. 7. Issued March 21, 1893. pp. 161-181; 2 plates.

No. 8. Issued May 10, 1893. pp. 183-190.

No. 9. Sclerotinia libertiana, Fuckel, with a bibliography of
Fungus Root Diseases. By L. H. Pammel. Issued Nov. 1, 1893.
pp. 191-232 ; 2 plates.

No. 10. Issued November 14, 1893. pp. 233-250; 1 plate.

8 pamphlets, blue gray, 9. 5 X. IX 6. 5. The Academy.
Iowa, State University of. Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural His-
tory. Vol. II. No. 3. I. On the early stages of three North Amer-
ican Coleoptera, by H. F. Wickham. II. Report on an entomologi-
cal reconnoissance of Southern Alaska. By H. F. Wickham.
III. On two species of Coleoptera introduced from Europe. By H.
F. Wickham. IV. Report on Zoological explorations on the lower
Saskatchewan River. By C. C. Nutting. Pamphlet, olive, 9.8X.5
X6.5, pp. 195-293; 3 plates. Iowa City : January, 1893.

Vol. II, No. 4. Pamphlet, olive, 9. 8X. 6X6.4, pp. iv, 295-415;
12 plates with descriptions. Iowa City : 1893. The Editors.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 399

Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of the, with the Re-
ports of Committees, for the year 1875, and list of Officers and
Committees for 1876. (Vol. I. Part 3.) Pamphlet, light green,
8.5X — X5.5, pp. 151-196. Minneapolis: 1876.

Bulletin of the, for 1877. (Vol. I. Part 5.) Pamphlet, slate-
color, lO.X — X6.4, pp. 325-35-'. MinneapoUs : 1878.

Bulletin of the, for the years 1878 and 1879. (Vol. I. Part 6.)
Pamphlet, lilac, 9. 6X. 1X6.5, pp. 353-409. Minneapolis: 1880.
W. H. Pratt, Corresponding Secretary.
Kansas Academy of Science. Transactions of the Twenty-fourth and
Twenty-fifth Annual Meetings, (1891, 92,) with reports of the Sec-
retary. Vol. XIII. Claret-brown cloth, 9.3X. 7X6.4, pp. 175; 3
plates, 1 chart, cuts. Topeka : 1893. B. B. Smyth, Librarian.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Henry Wheatland, M. D. : — Sermon preached by Rev. Edmund B. Will-
son, at the North Church, Salem, Sunday, March 5, 1893. Pamphlet,
cream-color, 9. 5X. 1X6.1, pp. 17. [Salem: 1893.] The Essex
Institute.

Menand, Louis. Autobiography and Recollections of Incidents connected
with Horticultural Affairs, etc., from 1807 up to this day, 1892, etc.
With an Appendix, etc. Plum-colored cloth, 7. 5 X. 8X5., pp. xii,
200, (11); portrait, frontispiece. Albany, N. Y. : 1892. The
Author.

. Extracts from various documents on Horticultural Affairs

from 1852-1891, etc. Pamphlet, gray, 9. X .1X5.9, pp. 38. 1 plate.
Albany, N. Y. : 1891. The Author.

North, Marianne. Some Further Recollections of a Happy Life, selected
from the Journals of Marianne North, chiefly between the years
1859 and ISliy. Edited by her sister, Mrs. John Addiiigton Symonds.
Green cloth, 8.2X1.6X5.8, pp. vi, 316; 2 portraits, 1 plate. London
and New York: 1893. S. F.

Prevost, Jean-Louis. Collection des Fleurs et des Fruits, peiuts d'apri's
nature . . . avec un Discours d'lntroduction sur I'usage de cette
Collection dans les Arts et les Manufactures, etc., par M. Gault-de-
Saint-Germain. Half green morocco portfolio, 22.7X l.X 15.2,
pp. iv, 19, (2) ; 48 colored plates Paris: [1805?] S. F.

New York Microscopical Society. Journal. Vol. 9, 1893. 4 pamphlets,
fawn, 9.x. 1X5. 8, pp.129; cuts. New York : 1893. The Society.

New England Weather Service, Statement of Work of the, since the
Transfer from the New England Meteorological Society in March,
1892. By J. Warren Smith. Pamphlet, light brown, 9.1X — X5 9,
pp. 8. The Author.

North Carolina State Weather Service, (First) Annual Report of the, show-
ing the Meteorology of the State of North Carolina for 1887.
Pamphlet, blue gray, 8.9X. 1X5.6, pp.37. Raleigh, N. C. : 1888.
H. B. Battle, Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station.

400 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

New-England Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the Annual
Meeting, 4 January, 1893. Pamphlet, blue gray, 9. 8X. 2X6. 5, pp.
48. Boston: 1893. The Secretary.

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Proceedings at its Fortieth Annual
Meeting, held December 8, 1892, etc. Pamphlet, blue gray, 8.9X2
X5.7, pp.99; portrait. Madison: 1893.

. Second Triennial Catalogue of the Portrait Gallery .

Pamphlet, blue gray, 8.9X.2Xo.7, pp. xii, 74. Madison: 1892.

Reuben G. Thwaites, Secretary.

Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Seventh Biennial Report of the,
to the Legislature of Minnesota, Session of 1893. Pamphlet, buff,
9.1X.2XG., pp. 84. Minneapolis: 1892. J. Fletcher Williams,
Secretary and Librarian.

Kansas State Historical Society. Eighth Biennial Report of the Board of
Directors, for the period commencing Nov. 18, 1890, and ending
Nov. 15, 1892. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 3X6., pp. 134, (1); frontis-
piece. Topeka: 1892. Franklin G. Adams, Secretary.

Boston Public Library. Forty-first Annual Report of the Trustees. 1892.
Pamphlet, blue gray, 9.6X.1X6.2, pp. 58. Boston: 1893. The
Trustees.

Salem Public Library. Fourth Report of the Trustees. December, 1892.
Pamphlet, olive-green, 9.4X.1X6.7, pp. 19. Salem, Mass. : 1893.
The Trustees.

Lawrence, Mass., Public Library of the city of. Annual Report.
For the years 1891 and 1892. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.1X5.7, pp. 38.
Lawrence : 1893. Frederick H. Hedge, Librarian.

Lancaster, Mass., Town Library. Thirtieth Annual Report. 1892-1893.
Pamphlet, straw-color, 9. IX. IX 5. 7, pp.69. Clinton: 1893. The
Trustees.

Astor Library. Forty-fourth Annual Report of the Trustees, for the year
1892. Pamphlet, light blue, 9. X. IX 5. 8, pp. 41. New York: 1893.
The Trustees.

United States Bureau of Education. Statistics of Public Libraries in
the United States. From the Report of the Commissioner of
Education, for the year 1884-85. With additions. Pamphlet,
8.8X.2X5.8, pp. (4), ccxxix-ccxxx, 691-782. Washington: 1886.
Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

— . Report of the Commissioner of Education.

For the year 1889-90. 2 vols. Black cloth, 9.2X1.4-2 5X6.2,
pp. xvii, G02 and vii, 603-1724. Washington : 1893. Hon. William
T. Harris, Commissioner.

. Circular of Information No. 9, 1891. Biological

Teaching in the Colleges of the United States. By John P. Camp-
bell, A. B., etc. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.4X5.7, pp. 183. Washing-
ton : 1891. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.
. Circular of Information No. 2, 1892. Benja-
min Franklin and the University of Pennsylvania. Edited by
Francis Newton Thorpe, Ph. D., etc. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X1.X5.7,

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 401

pp. 450; frontispiece, plates. Washington: 1893. Hon. W. T.
Harris, Commissioner.

United States Bureau of Education. Circular of Information No. 1,
1893. Short-hand Instruction and Practice. By Julius Ensign
Rockwell. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 5X5. 7, pp. 206; plates. Washing-
ton : 1893. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

. Circular of Information No. 4, 1893. Abnormal

Man, being essays on Education and Crime and related subjects,
etc. By Arthur McDonald. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 9X5. 7, pp. 445.
Washington : 1893. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

. Circular of Information No. 7, 1893. Statistics

of Public Libraries in the United States and Canada. By Weston
Flint, Statistician of the Bureau of Education. Pamphlet, tea,
8.9X.4X5.7, pp. xiii, 213. Washington: 1893. Hon. W. T.
Harris, Commissioner.

James, George Francis, M.A., Editor. Handbook of University Extension.
Second edition — Revised and Enlarged. Purple cloth, 9.4X 1.5X6.4,
pp. xix, 421. Philadelphia: 1893. W. T. Harris, Commissioner of
Education.

Cornish, Lester W. Military Instruction in Educational Institutions.
Pamphlet, 9.1X — X5.8, pp. 12. H. H. Goodell, President, State
Agricultural College.

Bowdoin College. Report of the President, for the academic year 1892-
93. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 2X — X6., pp. 27; plans. Brunswick : 1893.
William De Witt Hyde, President.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Annual Catalogue. 1892-
1893. Pamphlet, bufe, 9. 2X. 8X5. 8, pp. 256. Boston : 1892. The
Institute.

. Courses in Electrical Engineering and Physics.

Pamphlet, gray, 9. X. 1X5. 7, pp. 45; plans. Boston: 1893. The
Institute.

Boston Asylum and Farm School for Indigent Boys, Thompson's Island.
Report of tlie Board of Managers. 1893. Pamphlet, slate-color,
8.9X. 1X5.7, pp. 22; 3 plates. Boston: 1893. C H. Bradley,
Superintendent.

Yale University, Catalogue of. CXCIII year. 1892-93. Pamphlet, gray,
8. IX. 8X5. 4, pp. 312; 1 map. New Haven : 1892. The University.

. Report of the President, for the year ending December 31,

1§92. Pamphlet, gray, 8.8X. 2X5. 7, pp.94. 1893. The University.

Illinois, University of. Sixteenth Report of the Board of Trustees of the,
Urbana, Champaign County, Illinois. For the two years ending
September 30, 1892. Black cloth, 8.9X.8XG., pp. 296; frontis-
piece. Springfield: 1892. William L. Pillsbury, Corresponding
Secretary.

United States Consular Reports. Nos. 146-154. November, 1892, to
July, 1S93, inclusive. 9 pamphlets, blue, 8.9X.2-.4X5.7. Wash-
ington: 1892, 1893. Hon. J. W. Foster, and Hon. Walter Q.
Gresham, Secretaries of State.
14

402 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Consular Keports. Special Reports.

Vol. VII. (Part 2.) Tarifes of Foreign Countries. Pamphlet,
terra cotta, 9.x 1.4X5.8, pp. 129-814. Washington: 1892.

Vol. VIII. Fire and Building Regulations in Foreign Countries.
Pamphlet, terra cotta, 8.9X1.1X5.7, pp. 543; 1 plan. Washington:
1892.

[Vol. IX, part 1.] Australasian Sheep and Wool. Pamphlet,
terra cotta, 8. 8X. 5X5. 6, pp. 246, iii. Washington: 1892. Hon.
J. W. Foster, Secretary of State.
Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the,
etc. 1890. (Part II.) Report of the United States National
Museum, pp. xviii, 811 ; 1G3 plates, 99 cuts. Washington: 1891.

For 1892. (Part II.) Report of the United States National
Museum, pp. xvii, 869 ; 84 plates, 151 cuts, 3 diagrams. Wash-
ington: 1892.

2 vols., black cloth, 9.2X2.5X6.2.

. Circular concerning the Hodgkins Fund Prizes. 21.X16.

2 pp. Washington : 1893.

. Bureau of Ethnology. Seventh Annual Report ... to the

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 1885-86. By J. W.
Powell, Director, pp. xliii, 409 ; 27 plates, 39 cuts. Washington :
1891.

Eighth Annual Report, etc. 1886-87. pp. xxxvi, 298; 123
plates, 118 cuts. Washington: 1891.

Ninth Annual Report, etc. 1887-88. pp. xlvi, 617; 8 plates,
448 cuts. Washington : 1892.

3 vols., olive-brown cloth, 11.7X1.8X7.9.

Bibliography of the Athapascan Languages, by James Constantine
Pilling. Pamphlet, blue gray, 9.7X.oX5.3, pp. xiii, 125. Wash-
ington: 1892.

Bibliography of the Cbinookan Languages. By James Constan-
tine Pilling. Pamphlet, blue gray, 9.8X.2X6.5, pp. xiii, 81.
Washington: 1893.

Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. By James Constantine
Pilling. Pamphlet, tea, 9.6X.2X6.5, pp. xi, (1), 86. Washington:
1893. The Smithsonian Institution.

United States Department of the Interior. United States Geographical
and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. Contribu-
tions to North American Ethnology. Vol. VII. A Dakota-English
Dictionary, by Stephen Return Riggs. Edited by James Owen
Dorsey. Dark claret-brown cloth, 11.8X1.7X9.5, pp. x, 665.
Washington: 1890.
Quebec, The Crown Lands of the Province of. Notes on their resources
and administration. Pamphlet, light green, red cloth back, 9.5X.2
XG.5, pp. 55; 1 map. 1893. J. D. W. French.
New York, State Land Survey of the State of, Reports on the Progress
of the. Transmitted to the Legislature Feb. 27, 1889, March 3,

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 403

1890, and February 29, 1892. 3 pamphlets, teivra cotta and tea,
9.x. 1X5.8. Albany: 1889-1892. Verplanck Colvin, Superin-
tendent.

North Shore of Massachusetts Bay. Fifteenth edition. Pamphlet, fawn-
color, 7.6X. 4X4.5, pp. 96; map, cuts. Salem: 1893. B.D.Hill.

Hawks, J. M., M. D. The East Coast of Florida. A Descriptive Narra-
tive. Pamphlet, buff, 6. 8X. 3X5.1, pp. 137, (2); cuts, map. Lynn,
Mass. : 1887. The Author.

California Illustrated. No. 1. The Vacaville Early Fruit District of
California. Second Edition. By Edward J. Wickson. Pamphlet,
gray, 10.3X. 6X6.9, pp. viii. 166, (2;; colored plates. San
Francisco : 1888.

California Illustrated Series. Vol. 1, No. 2. California views in natural
colors. By W. R. Nutting. Pamphlet, buff, 6. 9X .3X 10.5, pp. 30;
colored plates. San Francisco : 1889. W. R. Nutting.

Southern California : an authentic description of its natural features,
resources and prospects, etc. Published by the Southern California
Bureau of Information. Pamphlet, buff, 9.X.2X6., pp. 98; map,
plates. Los Angeles : 1892.

California State Board of Trade, Proceedings of the. Aug. 9, Sept. 13,
and Oct. 11, 1892. [Contains] Paper by W. H. Mills on Distribu-
tion of Fruit. Pamphlet, 9.1X — X5.9. pp. 18, 11.

Brown, George S. Yarmouth, Nova Scotia : a sequel to Campbell's
History. Maroon cloth, 9.4X1.3X6.3, pp. 524. Boston: 1888.
Charles E. Brown.

American Congregational Association. Fortieth Annual Report of the
Directors. Presented June 5, 1893. Pamphlet, cream-color, 9. X —
X5.8, pp. 22, (2). Boston: 1893. The Association.

Cleaves, Henry B., Inaugural Address of, to the Legislature of the State
of Maine, .January 5, 1893. Pamphlet, blue green, 9. IX. 1X5. 7,
pp. 22. Augusta : 1892. Hon. E. B. Mallet, Jr.

Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
Twelfth Annual Report. 1892. Pamphlet, pale green, 8.3X.1X
5.1. pp. 42. Boston : 1893. The Society.

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.
Gardeners' Magazine.
Journal of Horticulture.
The Garden.
Gardening Illustrated.

Horticultural Times and Covent Garden Gazette.
British Gardening.

404 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gardening World.

Orchid Review.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of Botany.

Grevillea.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Lyon-Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Forets.

Repertoire de Legislation et de Jurisprudence forestieres.

Journal des Roses.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et fitrangere.

Journal des Orchidees.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.
American. — Country Gentleman.

Garden and Forest.

Meehan's Monthly.

Agricultural Science.

American Naturalist. t

American Journal of Science.

Zoe.

Periodicals Received in Exchange.

Canadian Horticulturist.

American Gardening.

Amateur Gardening.

Gardening.

Western Garden.

Northwest Horticulturist.

National Nurseryman.

Wiener lUustrirte Garten-Zeitung.

The Mayflower.

Success with Flowers.

American Florist.

Florists' Exchange.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Strawberry Culturist.

Grape Belt.

Forest Leaves.

Botanical Gazette.

Erythea.

West American Scientist.

Maine Farmer.

New England Farmer.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 405

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

Our Country Home.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New-Yorker.

Metropolitan and Rural Home.

Farm Journal.

National Stockman and Farmer.

Farm and Vineyard.

Germantown Telegraph.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch, Farmer and Fruit Grower.

Prairie Farmer.

Orange Judd Farmer.

The Industrialist.

Pacific Rural Press.

Canadian Entomologist.

Good Roads.

Cottage Hearth.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning Journal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

Boston Commonwealth.

Boston Times.

New York Weekly World.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Business Meeting, April 1, 1893; Decease of E. H. Hitchings announced,
p. 195; Electiou of one Honorary, two Corresponding, and two
Immediate members, 195; Invitation from the Boston Society of
Natural History to attend lecture, 196; Request from the Chairman of
Committee on Publication and Discussion 196

Business Meeting, May 6; Members proposed, p. 196; Report of Commit-
tee on Columbian Exposition, 196; Memorial of E. H. Hitchings, 196-
198; Member elected 198

Business Meeting, June 3; Appointment of Secretary pro tem.,\i. 199;

Seven members elected 199

Business Meeting, July 1 ; Additional appropriation for Library Com-
mittee, p. 199; Improvement of Roads, 199; Acceptance of Honorary
and Corresponding Memberships, etc., 199, 200; Three members
elected 200

Business Meeting, August 5; Nominating Committee appointed, p. 200;
Invitation from the Australian Association for the Advancement of
Science, 200; Member elected 201

Business Meeting, September 2; Report of Nominating Committee, 201;

Member elected 201

Business Meeting, October 7; Annual Election, pp. 201-203; Further
Report from Nominating Committee, 202; Prize offered by Miss Simp-
kins, 202; Decease of F. L. Ames announced, 202; Five members
elected, 202; Three members proposed 202,203

Business Meeting, November 4; Four members proposed, p. 203; Memo-
rial of F. L.Ames, 203-205; Appropriations for Prizes for 1894,205;
Vacancy in Finance Committee filled, 205; Four members elected . 206

Business Meeting, December 2; Partial Reports from Committees on Gar-
dens and Flowers read, p. 206; Reports of Committee on Fruits and
Committee of Arrangements read, 206; Decease of Francis Parkman
announced, 206; Schedule of Prizes lor 1894 reported, 207; Book from
E. II. Krelage, 207; Eight members elected 207

Business Meeting, December 16; Committee to prepare memorial of
Francis Parkman announced, p. 207; Two members proposed, 207;
Schedule of Prizes adopted, 208; Memorial of Ex-President Parkman,
208; Report of Committees on Vegetables and Library read, 208;
Rei)ort of Secretary and Librarian read, 209; Vote in regard to
estimate of cost of extending gallery, 209; Report of Committee on
Flowers submitted 209

Report of the Committee o.n Plants, pp. 210, 211 ; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 212-220

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PAGE.

Report OF THE Committee ON Flowers ; Introduction, pp. 221, 222; Spring
Exhibition, 222; May Exhibition, 222, 223; Rhododendron Show, 223;
Rose Show, 223, 224; Weekly Shows, 224, 225; Annual Exhibition, 225;
Saturday Shows, 225, 226; Chrysanthemum Show, 226,227; Conclu-
sion, 227; Prizes and Gratuities awarded 228-245

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 246-249; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 250-267

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 268-271 ; Prizes and Grat-
uities awarded 272-285

Report op the Committee on Gardens; Introduction, p. 286; Charles
V. Whitten's Lily House, 286, 287; Estate of Nathaniel T. Kidder, 287,
288; William W. Lee's Aquatic Gardens, 288; Mass. Agricultural Col-
lege, 289; Botanical Department, 289-304; Statement in regard to
Potatoes, 304-306; Chrysanthemums, 306 ; Walter Hunnewell's House,
307, 308; Arthur Hunnewell's House, 309; H. H. Hunnewell's Plant
Houses, 309; John L. Gardner's Plant Houses, 310; Charles V. Whit-
ten's Chrysanthemum Houses, 310, 311 ; W. J. Clemson's Chrysanthe-
mum House, 311, 312; Forced Vegetables— Warren W. Rawson's Estab-
lishment, 312, 313; Awards 314

Report of the Committee of Arrangements 315, 316

Report of the Committee on Window Gardening, pp. 317-324; Report

of the George Putnam School Garden, 321, 322; Awards .... 323,324

Report to the State Board of Agricdltore 325-327

Report of the Committee on the Library, pp. 328, 329; Note . . . 329

Report of the Secretary and Librarian 330-332

Report of the Treasurer 333-337

Report of the Finance Committee 335

Mount Auburn Cemetery 338, 339

Officers and Standing Committees 340-342

Members of the Society; Life, pp. 343-349; Annual, 350-353; Honorary,

354; Corresponding . 355-357

Extracts from the Constitution and By-Laws .353

Library Accessions; Prefatory notes, p. 358; Horticulture, pp. 358, 359;
Horticultural Journals, 359; Horticultural Societies, 359-363; Flowers
and Ornamental Plants, 363-365; Floral Societies, 365; Fruits, 366, 367;
Fruit Growers' Societies, 367,868; Vegetables, 368; Landscape Garden-
ing, 368; Parks, etc., 368, 369; Cemeteries, 369; Roads, 369, 370; Trees,
370-372; Forestry, 372, 373; Agriculture, 373-375; Agricultural Jour-
nals, 375; Agricultural Societies, Boards, etc., 376-384; International
Expositions, 384, 385; Agricultural Colleges, 385 ; Natural Food, etc.,
385; Insects, etc., 386; General Botany, 387-389; Economic and Medical
Botany, 390; Territorial Botany, 391-394 ; Botanical Monographs, 394,
395; Physiological Botany, 395; Fungi, 395; Botanical Society, 396;
Botanic' Gardens, 396, 397; Natural History, 397-399; Miscellaneous,
399-403; Periodicals purchased, 403,404; Periodicals received in Ex-
change 404, 405

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