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LIBRARY

OF THE

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21

:husetts

ULTURAL
LLEGE

;_.DATE.LL--La.^a-

I 81^-1^

This book may be kept out

TWO WEEKS

only, and is subject to a fine of TWO
CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on
tlie day indicated below.

f

TR ANS ACTIONS^^ ^^/^^J )

assacljiisttts Jorticnltural ^ocietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

PART I.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
1894.

cHApa is^^-*^^

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by tlie Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions are
not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefully revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society is
not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements, the
correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature
in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all of
which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

J. D. W. French, ^ Committee on
C. MiNOT Weld, >■ Publication and

B. M. Watson, Jr., J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

^iissacbttsdts potticultutEl f oddg.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 6, 1894.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

This being the commencement of the term of office of the new
board of officers and standing committees, the President delivered
the usual annual address, as follows :

Address of President Kidder.

Ladies and Gentlemen :

Another year !

It is hard to be spontaneous when you know a whole twelve-
month ahead on what day and at what hour you are expected to
speak.

It has gradually grown upon me that our Society would be
better off, on the whole, if the make-up of the committees changed
a little more from year to year. Now, do not misunderstand me :
I am not aiming at any particular committee, much less at any
individual. In the report of the nomination committee in 1892, it
was recommended that the term of office of your presidents be
limited to two years. I am now free to confess I think this was
beginning at the wrong end of the question.

Seriously, I think it requires one year for your presiding officer
to find out what is wanted, so that practically his influence is not
felt before his second year. Then, if you find you wish a change.

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

make it, by all means, but the point I am trying to make is that it
is not desirable to have any rule under which you are obliged to
change, whether or no.

But to go back to your standing committees. Here the natural
tendency is to be guided by precedent — habit. And here I think,
perhaps, is where a limit of term might be applied. Again, not as
an inviolable rule, and in this, as in the President's case, I should
advise more than two years, but, perhaps, say four. No one's
feelings need be hurt if there were some understanding that
changes were to be the rule rather than the exception.

You do not care to have me give you a mass of statistics show-
ing the condition of the Society. Its condition is much the same
as last year ; the losses sustained through the hard times tell, of
course, to a considerable extent, and the possibility of further
losses must be borne in mind. We should always be on the
defensive in this respect.

It is a year since the Executive and Finance committees were
asked to try to find you more room. The question, already diflS-
cult, has been made more so by the panic, and I hope you will not
doubt my word that every effort within reason has been made, and
that you will still trust the matter in the same hands. Meanwhile
I think it should be our policy to do the best we can with what we
have. It cannot be said that any needed repairs have been
neglected during the past year. Only while we are talking of the
possibility of decided improvement, we do not want to go to any
unnecessary expense on the present property.

Glancing at the Treasurer's membership list, we see that we
have now 789 members — six more than a year ago. But looking
at our records for twenty years past we see that the number used
to be much larger.

I cannot let this opportunity go by of asking you all to lend a
hand in conducting the business of the Society. I refer especially,
perhaps I do not need to tell you, to the frequent difficulty in
getting a quorum at your business meetings.

I shall try to express my gratitude to you for your trust in me
by my work in this new year.

The President reported from the Executive Committee a recom-
mendation that the Society make the following appropriations for
the year 1 894 :

APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1884.

For Prizes and Gratuities :

For Plants, . . . . . . $2,000

For Flowers, . . . . . . 2,500

For Fruits, 1,800

For Vegetables, 1,100

For Gardens, Greenhouses, etc., . . 500

Total for Prizes and Gratuities, . . $7,900

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover
all extraordinary expenses of said Committee,

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of maga-
zines and newspapers, binding of books, and incidental
expenses of said Committee, .... 400

For the same Committee, to continue the Card Catalogue

of Plates, 100

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion,

including the income of the John Lewis Russell Fund, 300

For the same Committee, for a lecture by Dr. William
G. Farlow, in 1891, the payment of which had been
overlooked, ........ 50

For the Committee on Window Gardening (or by
whatever name this Committee may be called), this
sum to cover all incidental expenses of said Commit-
tee, and to be paid through the usual channels, . 250

For the salary of the Treasurer and Superintendent of

the Building, 1,500

For the salary of the Secretary and Librarian, . . 1,500

These appropriations were unanimously voted by the Society.

The President also reported from the Executive Committee, the
election of Charles E. Richardson to be Treasurer and Superin-
tendent of the Building ; and Robert Manning to be Secretary and
Librarian, for the year 1894.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed
February 11, 1893, to consider the arrangement of the Business
Meetings and Meetings for Discussion so as not to interfere with
each other, presented the following report :

The Committee report, recommending that during the lecture
season uo business shall be presented to the Society excepting on

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the first Saturday of each mouth, uuless by general cousent of the
members preseut.

The report was accepted and the recommendation was adopted.

O. B. Hadweu, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion for 1893, reported the following awards for reports of
Awarding Committees for 1892 :

First Prize to John G. Barker, Chairman, for the Report

of the Committee on Gardens, . . . . $10 00

Second Prize to Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman, for the

Report of the Committee on Flowers, . . . 8 00

Third Prize to Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman, for the

Report of the Committee on Window Gardening, . 6 00

J, D. W. French, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion for 1894, presented the Programme of Lectures
for the year 1894.

These reports were severally accepted and adopted.

On motion of Francis H. Appletou it was

Voted, That the Committee on Publication and Discussion
elected annually in October, be authorized to pi'oceed, immediately
after their election, to prepare for the course of lectures for the
following year.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, read
the Annual Report of that Committee. Mr. Strong moved that it
be accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication, and
that the thanks of the Society be presented to Mr. Barker for the
care in preparation of which it gave evidence ; which motion was
carried.

Mr. Barker acknowledged the kindness of the Society in passing
this vote, and said that it had been a pleasure to him to serve on
the Committee, and that in the visits of the Committee they had
the pleasure of the company of others than members. He also
expressed the hope that the Society would assist the Committee by
calling its attention to places worthy of visits.

Arthur II. Fewkes, Chairman of the Committee on Flowers,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

David Allan, Chairman of the Committee on Plants, read the
Annual Report of that Committee.

MEMBERS PROPOSED AND ELECTED. 9

INIrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman of the Committee on "Window
Gardening, read the Annual Report of that Committee.

These three reports were severally accepted, and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The Secretary read a letter from Eliza S. Parkman, conveying
the heartfelt thanks of the family of the late Francis Parkman, for
the testimonial to him adopted by the Society.

The following named persons were proposed as members of the
Society :

Clarence E. Grosvenor, of Charlestown, proposed by Robert
Manning as a Life Member.

Mrs. Mary R. Keith, of Wollaston, proposed by S. A. Merrill,
as an Annual Member.

John Ash, of Pomfret, Conn., proposed by Michael H. Norton,
as a Life Member.

The followimg named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected to member-
ship in the Society :

Arthur E. Whitney, of Winchester,
Nathaniel I. Bowditch, of Framingham.

The President announced that the Schedule of Prizes for 1894,
was ready for distribution, and also that the series of Meetings for
Discussion the present season, would commence on the next
Saturday, with a lecture on Fungi, by William C. Sturgis, Ph.D.,
Mycologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station ;
this lecture being delivered on the John Lewis Russell Foundation.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 3.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 13, 1894.
A Meeting for Discussion was holden today at eleven o'clock,
the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The following lecture was delivered on the John Lewis Russell
Foundation :

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Fungi.

By William C. Stukgis, Ph. D., Mycologist of tbe Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, New Haven.

The subject upon which I have been asked to address you is a
mauy-sided one, and after accepting the invitation conveyed to me
by your Committee, I found myself somewhat at a loss to decide
from what standpoint — morphological, systematic, or economic —
you would desire me to treat that vast and complex group of
plants which we call Fungi. I finally concluded that I should not
go far astray if I attempted to present the subject in its economic
aspects, and confined myself largely to a consideration of the
cause, nature, and means of prevention of fungous diseases to
which many of the highei' plants are liable. But inasmuch as
some degree of knowledge concerning the nature, habits, and
affinities of the fungi themselves is essential to any understanding
of the means which have proved successful in combating their
attacks, I am compelled, even at the risk of being tedious, to
touch upon these points, and to follow the example of the small
boy who, when asked at dinner whether he would take pie,
pudding, or jam, answered that he would take as large a portion
of each as was compatible with the time at his disposal.

We might open our subject then, with the question. What is a
fungus? Not long ago a friend of mine was lecturing at a
farmers' institute upon fungous diseases of plants, and after he
had finished and had invited questions, an intelligent farmer in the
audience requested to be informed " how he could catch them in
their holes." The lecturer was non-plussed for a moment until
further investigation elicited the fact that the inquirer had in mind
the depredations of woodchucks, under the impression that
" fungi" is a technical term for any and every agency destructive
to vegetation. Again, I received last month a letter from a lady
of agricultural tastes, informing me that she had discovered "a
remedy for thwarting the ravages of the parasite known as the
' Fungi ', and causing it to become extinct." I fear what the
consequence might be of informing her of the fact that there are
at present more than forty thousand species of described fungi.
Our inquiry as to the nature of a fungus is therefore a pertinent
one.

All known plants are divided into two great groups — the
Phienogams, which include all the large vegetation of temperate

FUNGI. 11

regions, and are characterized by the production of flowers and
seeds ; and the Cryptogams, or non-flowering plants, which in place
of seeds produce reproductive bodies, generally of minute size and
homogeneous structure, which contain no embryo or plantlet, and
are called spores. This second group includes Ferns, Mosses,
Algae or Seaweeds, and Fungi. Among these lesser groups of
Cryptogams, the Fungi are distinguished by certain well-marked
characteristics. All the higher plants, with few exceptions, are
provided with a green coloring matter called chlorophyll, through
the agency of which the plant is enabled to assimilate inorganic
materials, — water, the chemical constituents of the soil, and the
carbonic dioxide of the air — and transform them into the
starches, sugars, oils, etc., necessary to the life of the plant.

Fungi are completely devoid of chlorophyll, and are therefore
unable to assimilate inorganic matter, but must depend for their
subsistence upon materials already elaborated by other plants or
by animals. We are thus enabled to subdivide the group of fungi,
although this division is purely artificial. Those which live upon
dead, organic material, we call Snjyropliytes ; those which find their
nourishment in or upon living plants or animals we call Parasites;
these distinctions are not, however, strictly accurate, since some
species can exist either saprophytically or parasitically, and others
are saprophytes at one period and parasites at another. It is to
this parasitic nature of many fungi that they owe their economic
importance.

A fungus then is a plant as much as the tree, shrub, or herb
upon which it may grow. It possesses no green coloring matter
capable of assimilating inorganic material, and must therefore live
upon material already prepared. This material it secures from
living or dead plants or animals, and, if from living plants, it may
by its parasitic.nature do great damage to the host. Finally, it is
reproduced normally by means of spores which differ from seeds
in that the former are of simpler organization and contain no
embryo.

Let us now turn our attention to the vegetative part of a fungus
— that part which corresponds to the roots, stems, and leaves of
higher plants.

If the earth be removed from around the base of a common
mushroom, a careful search will reveal the presence of delicate
white strands traversing the soil and giving rise to the conspicuous

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

stalk and cap of the mushroom. These white strands constitute
the whole vegetative system of the fungus and are familiar to us
under the name of '■^ spawn." If a portion of these strands is
examined under a microscope, it is plainly resolved into a number
of very delicate, transparent threads, or, more strictly, tubes, each
of which is divided up at intervals by cross partitions. Each
tube is technically called a lujpha ; the hyphse together constitute
the mi/ceJhon, and it is this mycelium which composes the
vegetative system of every fungus. It is usually inconspicuous
because of the minute size of the component hyph;e, and because,
from the office wiiich it serves, it is usually buried in the sub-
stratum upon which the fungus grows ; nevertheless, either as
single hyphcie or aggregations of hypha?, it is always present.

Coming now to the reproductive portion of fungi, it would be
utterly out of the question in the course of a single lecture, even
to enumerate the variety of spore-forms and their marvellous
adaptations to rapid reproduction. I must therefore content
myself with certain broad, and therefore imperfect, generaliza-
tions. The two principal groups of fungi with which the
economic mycologist has to do, are the Basidiomycetes and the
Ascoriiycetes, scientific divisions based upon the method of
reproduction. The former are characterized by the fact that at
maturity the hypha? or the highly developed mycelium give rise to
numbers of club-shaped bodies called basidia, usually arising side
by side, closely compacted, and pi'oducing on their tips either two
or four spores. This spore-bearing layer may either be exposed
to the air by special means adapted to that end, or it may be
completely enclosed in a leathery case formed from the differen-
tiated and toughened hyphae. In the former category are all our
mushrooms and toadstools ; in the latter are our common puff-
balls. Some idea of the enormous number of spores produced by
the toad-stools and puff-balls may be obtained from the statement
that each exposed surface of every one of the gills which occupy
the lower side of the mushroom cap is composed of closely packed
basidia, each bearing four spores measuring about 0.0003 of an
incli in length ; while the dust which issues in clouds from a
ruptured puff-ball is composed entirely of similar microscopic
spores. Each of these spores is capable of producing a hypha,
mycelium, and finally the fruiting body.

In this group of Basidiomycetes — the mushrooms and puff-balls
— a few species exist parasitically upon the roots of grape vines.

FUNGI. 13

fruit trees, etc., but such attacks are uncommon; most of the
species are simple saprophytes, and with this brief mention of the
fact, we must pass to the second group, the Ascomycetes. In this
group are found very many of our most pernicious parasitic fungi.
Their parasitic effects are readily seen when a potato vine blights,
or the familiar velvety brown blotches called " scab" appear upon
the leaves and fruit of our apple trees. But the fungi themselves are
very minute ; -they are never so conspicuous as the larger forms of
Basidiomycetes, and hence they frequently escape notice, the
diseased condition which they cause being usually attributed to
some more visible agency.

Perhaps the most intelligible method of getting at the character-
istic points of the Ascomycetes, will be to follow out the life-
history of some common form. You are all familiar with a white
or bluish-green mold which readily develops upon old cheese,
bread, leather, and in fact almost any organic substance if kept in
a damp place. If a portion of this mold be placed first in a drop
of alcohol and then in water, and examined under the microscope,
the hypha? will be seen extending in all directions and forming an
entangled mycelium. Here and there the mycelium w^ill be seen
to have produced delicate branches rising from the substratum into
the air. The tip of each of these branches is swollen into a
globular vesicle, on the surface of which are borne chains of
spores, which seen separately appear colorless and transparent,
but in the mass are greenish or bluish in color. If one of these
spores, while still living, falls upon a substance suitable to its
growth, it soon puts out a delicate hypha, which rapidly elongates,
and branches profusely ; these branches interlace and finally we
have a typical mycelium, from which in due course arise the spore-
bearing threads. So far the process of reproduction is simple
enough. But the mycelium arising from the spore may produce
reproductive bodies of another form. The tip of one of the
hypha^ may become coiled in corkscrew fashion and, after being
fertilized in a peculiar manner by a branch which grows up from
below, it becomes enclosed in a network of hyphal branches ; the
latter become denser and externally hardened, and finally form
small yellow knots, within which the spiral is completely enclosed.
On breaking open one .of these knots, which are plainly visible to
the naked eye, being about half the size of a pin-head, the
microscope shows that from the swollen cells of the original spiral,
little spherical or club-shaped sacs have arisen, each containing

,14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eight miuute spores, which upon germiiiatiou produce a mycelium
and spores, thus completing the cycle. Each of these little sacs
thus born in a special receptacle is called an ascus, and the spores
within them are called ascospores to distinguish them from the
aerial spores or conidia.

Here then we find the typical characteristics of the large group
of ascomycetous fungi — usually of very small size — a vegeta-
tive system of delicate tubes or hyphae, branching and interlacing
to form a mycelium which is usually buried in the substance of the
substratum ; and a reproductive system consisting of minute
bodies called spores, born either free in the air, on specialized
branches of the mycelium, or contained in sacs called asci, which
in turn are enclosed in special receptacles composed of the
adjacent hyphoe modified in form and generally indurated.

I have spoken of a seemingly sexual process of fertilization as
giving rise to the ascus-bearing spiral. This condition is
undoubtedly typical of the Ascomycetes, but can no longer be
considered as normal. In the vast majority of cases the
ascospores and their receptacles are formed with no intervening act
of fertilization, and it is not difficult to trace the general trend of
development in the group. The ascospores are as a rule born
in comparatively small numbers ; they mature slowly, but are
correspondingly resistant to unfavorable surroundings. The
aerial spores or conidia on the other hand are produced in enormous
numbers and are short-lived, but this latter condition is com-
pensated for by the fact that they reach maturity very quickly and
germinate within a few hours if the conditions are favorable. It
is therefore by these means that fungous diseases are enabled to
spread so rapidly. Moreover these spores are so minute as to be
readily conveyed, sometimes for miles, by the wind, currents of
water, or insects. We recognize then a distinct tendency through-
out the group towards a repression first of sexuality ; then of
the slowly maturing, resistant ascospores, and the replacement
of the latter by enormous quantities of delicate spores, borne free in
the air, whence they can be carried in all directions, requiring but a
short time for development, and germinating as soon as mature.
It is an evolution toward quantity rather than quality, a fact of
immense importance in the economic study of fungi. There are
at least two other forms of spore which the typical ascomycetous
fungus produces. Like the ascospores they are borne in closed,

FUNGI. 15

or almost closed, hardened receptacles, but are not themselves
enclosed in sacs or asci. There are therefore, four different
stages in the life history of such a fungus, each characterized by
a special form of reproductive body : first, the aerial spores or
couidia, produced in enormous quantities in spring and early
summer ; second, following these, small blackish receptacles, more
or less spherical in form, and visible to the naked eye, containing
naked spores, produced by the hyphse lining the receptacle, these
spores being of two different kinds ; and finally, in the same or
different receptacles, small sacs or asci arising from the base of
the cavity and containing a definite number of ascospores ; these
are usually brought to maturity during the course of the winter,
and, germinating in the spring, complete the cycle by producing a
mycelium and conidia. Such a perfect course of development is,
as I have said, hardly normal. In the majority of cases the
ascosporic stage is either very rare, or has been totally eliminated,
the aerial conidia alone are known, and sj^stematic students are
compelled to group these forms by themselves, as though they
were separate and distinct species, remaining content with
classifying such imperfect forms under "form-genera" and "form-
species." So also in many cases only the perfect or ascosporic
condition is known ; in fact it is rare to find a fungus of this
group in which the complete life-history is known, though every
year sees some form-species properly transferred to the perfect
fungus of which it is merely a condition.

Before leaving this portion of our subject I must mention at
least three other groups of fungi, which almost invariably exist as
parasites upon the higher plants and are therefore of great interest
to the vegetable pathologist. We have considered the Basid-
iomycetes or Mushroom group, in which all trace of sexual
reproduction is lost ; and the Ascomycetes, in which, roughly
speaking, the spores are born free in the air on special stalks, or
enclosed in sacs or asci contained in special receptacles, which
may arise as the result of a more or less sexual process of
fertilization. Between these two groups, and in a manner
connecting them, are two smaller groups — the Ustilagiueai and
the Uredineae, the former including the so-called ^^ Smnts," and
the latter the ^^ Rusts." The Ustilaginefe are characterized by
their inconspicuous mycelium and the incredible number of spores
produced, as well as by certain peculiarities in their development

16 MASSACHUSETTS HOETrCULTDRAL SOCIETY.

which need not be described here. These fungi often attack the
floral organs of wheat and other cereals, distorting the grains or
"transforming them into masses of black dust consisting almost
entirely of the fungous spores. The familiar black masses
covered with a grayish integument which are often found upon
the stalks of corn, are caused by a species belonging to this
group of "Smuts." The Uredineae or "Rusts" are peculiar, in
that they not only may produce several forms of spores, but these
various forms usually occur on different host-plants and are
strictly limited to those plants. If the leaves of the barberry are
examined in the spring, they will often be seen to exhibit on their
lower surfaces small yellow pimples, several of which occupy a
spot a quarter of an inch in diameter. When these pimples are
mature they open and emit a yellow powder — the spores of the
fungus. Now should these spores fall upon a barberry leaf they
come to nothing; if, however, they are carried by the wind or
other agencies to the leaves of a member of the Grass Family,
they germinate, the mycelium traverses the leaf, and presently we
find the leaves streaked with a rusty color caused by the production
of quantities of pale yellowish spores. These in turn are
followed on the same leaves in autumn, by a black or very dark
brown form of spore, differing from either of the other forms and
yet belonging to the same fungus. Neither of these latter forms
can reenter the grass, but alighting upon barberry leaves the
3'ellow pimples are again produced in the spring. In like manner
the familiar brown lumps, called "cedar-apples," which we find
growing upon twigs of the red cedar and producing in the spring
yellow, gelatinous masses, constitute merely one stage in the
development of the fungus which produces the "rust" of apple
leaves. Such a condition of things has of course led to endless
confusion, and before the facts were known each stage received a
different generic and specific name. Even now, with our increased
knowledge, many mere form-species have to be retained as such,
until thorough investigation has completed our knowledge of the
life-history of the fungus in question. All these facts must be
taken into consideration in any rational treatment of fungous
disease. Thus, for example, we no longer recommend extensive
treatment of apple trees for " rust," knowing that the same end
can be readily and successfully attained by destroying neighboring
red cedars whose presence is absolutely essential to the develop-
ment of the " rust" fungus.

FUNGI. 17

Finally, below all the groups thus far mentioned, is one known
as the Peronosporem, to which belong those fungi known as
" mildeivs." They are delicate, mold-like fungi, usually growing
in and upon the leaves of higher plants, and in some cases
producing an actual decay of the tissues attacked, as in the case
of the " mildew " or "rot" of potatoes. Many members of the
group exhibit a definite sexual method of spore-production,
approaching in this particular certain aquatic fungi and algte.

Doubtless a very natural question has ere this occurred to you.
If these fungi and their spores are such minute and delicate
organisms, how are they enabled to withstand the cold of winter
and the drought of summer? The answer to this question is at
the basis of much of our preventive treatment. Those fungi
which produce ascospores, in closed receptacles, find such a
condition a sufficient protection. If they have attacked leaves or
fruit, they fall to the ground with the latter, and the developing
spores remain protected by Nature, and by the surrounding refuse,
ready to spring into pernicious activity with the approach of
warm weather. Again, many fungi, under unfavorable conditions,
produce what are known as '•'•resting sjxrres^'" spherical bodies, of
comparatively large size and resistant qualities, protected by a
dense and impervious outer coat. Such spores may retain their
vitality for years, ready to germinate upon any favorable
opportunity. Still again, the mycelium of many fungi — for
example the '■^black-knot" of plum and cherry trees — is perennial.
During the winter it remains dormant within the tissues of
the plant attacked and is ready in the spring to produce a
fresh crop of spores. Finally, the mycelium of fungi tends,
under certain circumstances, to become twisted up into knots,
often of large size, called ^^ sclerotia." The exterior hyphse of
these knots become very much thickened and indurated, and in
this sclerotial condition the mycelium of a fungus may retain its
vitality almost indefinitely.

With all these facts in mind — the great number of fungi at
present known to science, the high degree of development which
they have attained in respect to organs of reproduction, and the
success which has marked their varied adaptations to survival
under unfavorable circumstances — we are led to wonder that any
of our higher plants are able to resist these minute parasites.
Doubtless the damage would be far greater, but for one fact.
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

These parasitic fuugi are very exclusive in their choice of a host-
_plant ; they are often limited to a single species, and generally to a
single genus. The potato " mildew," for example, attacks only the
potato and tomato ; the ' ' black-knot " occurs only on plum and
cherry trees ; one species of ' ' smut " only on onions ; another only
on cereals, and so on through the majority of species of parasitic
fungi. Were it not for this fact we might well despair of success.
Even as it is, there can be no question that the number of plant
diseases has increased alarmingly within the past twenty or even
ten years. Many of you remember when there was no such thing
in this neighborhood as potato " rot," and the potato crop was far
superior, both in quantity and quality, to what it is today. Ten
years ago Delaware, New Jersey, and even Connecticut could
compete successfully with the product of any peach-growing
region ; today, in places, the peach industry has been almost
ruined by "yellows," and what fruit gTows is of poor qualit}'.
Last year one-fifth of the oat crop of Idaho, valued at more than
$120,000, was destroyed by " smut," and any of our crop reports
will show us similar figures much nearer home. These are serious
facts, but still, I think neither inexplicable nor wholly beyond our
control. The increase in the number of fungous diseases may be
due to one or more of many causes. It may be that distinct
species of parasitic fuugi, hitherto unknown to science, have
appeared upon our cultivated plants — new species in the sense that
they have been studied and named within the memory of the
present generation. No doubt such species existed previouslj^,
but the number of expert specialists in this wide field of botany
was very small twenty-five years ago, and the means of investiga-
tion comparatively inadequate. As an illustration of the rapid
growth of botanical knowledge in this direction, it is striking to
observe that a work recently published gives descriptions of
39,663 species of fungi, as compared with 11,893 species known
in 1862, and that duriug the present year no less than 1,500 new
species have been discovered. It must be remembered that the
majority of these " new species " are merely imjoerfect, or form-
species, and as their life-history becomes known will be denied
specific value and placed under the name of their respective
perfect forms ; also that very few of them are parasitic, and hence
of economic importance; nevertheless there can be no doubt that
this cause has much to do with the increase in the number of

FUNGI. 19

fungi known to cause diseases of economic plants. Again, our
fathers were neither as observant nor as provident against loss as
their experience has taught us to be, in certain directions. Crops
were damaged or destroyed by blight or mildew, and their owners
merely accepted the fact with philosophic resignation, laying the
blame upon the weather, or some mysterious agency unintelligible
to man and against which there could be no protection. Today
we are not content with such conclusions. "We subject the soil to
chemical analysis to ascertain what element of plant-food it lacks,
and that element we supply artificially. We examine the plants
themselves microscopically, knowing that there are parasitic
plants, practically invisible to the naked eye, but capable of
doing immense damage under favorable conditions of temperature
and moisture.

Still again, many parasitic fungi which cause a diseased condi-
tion of cultivated plants, are found to have originated on wild
species related to the cultivated. So long as the fungus limited its
depredations to the wild plants it was considered of no economic
importance. As soon, however, as it transferred its attentions to
the related cultivated plant, its effects became an object of concern,
and that particular economic plant was said to be subject to a new
fungous disease. Familiar examples of this are seen in the case
of the "black-knot" of the wild cherry and plum, which when
transferred to cultivated varieties becomes an object of dread to
the fruit grower; and the common orange "rust" of the wild
blackberry, which upon the cultivated varieties becomes a well-
nigh ineradicable disease.

Finally, it is more than possible that the increase of fungous
disease may be due to our methods of hybridization and so-called
improvement of stock. Just as an athlete may become over-
trained to the point of collapse, in case his training is directed
toward the special development of only one manifestation of
vigor, so is it possible to cultivate and concentrate the energy of a
certain vegetable stock to such a degree in one direction, that it is
vitally weakened in other more essential particulars, and made
peculiarly susceptible to adverse circumstances, whether of
climate, soil, or parasitic disease. This fact is slowly finding
recognition in the case of apples, where pomologists are more and
more turning their attention to the production of hardy and
resistant varieties, rather than varieties which are remarkable for
fruitage alone.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTILTIIRAI. SOCIETY.

I said that the fact of the recent increase of fungous diseases
could be at least partially explained, and I trust that I have made
the matter as plain to you as it is to me. I further said that such
an increase was not beyond our control. Let us then discuss as
briefly as possible, how we may in a measure prevent the attacks
of parasitic fungi. I say prevent rather than cure, because, as
you will remember, the vegetative system of fungi is usually
buried in the tissues of the leaves, fruit, or roots affected and is
practically out of the reach of fungicides. As a rule all proposed
treatment must be preventive rather than curative.

We recognize two definite lines of treatment of fungous
diseases — the one hygienic, aiming to eradicate disease by the
alteration of external conditions conducive to its spread ; the
other consisting in the application to the parts endangered, of
some substance inimical to fungous growth.

Enough has been said regarding the nature and life-history of
fungi, to show you that if we can destroy both the spores and the
mycelium of a fungus while those organs are either dormant or
have not yet reached maturity, we shall get at the root of the
whole matter. Here a little common sense is of great assistance.
Fruit rots and falls prematurely, usually because it has been
attacked by a parasitic fungus ; the same agency causes leaves to
blight and fall from the trees. Such fruit and leaves are allowed
to remain where they fall, because they are of no use. But the
fungus within their tissues remains protected during the winter,
develops slowly, and with the approach of warm weather
produces its spores in vast numbers, each spore able to reproduce
the fungus upon the budding leaves and young fruit of the tree
immediately above it, if a slight breeze should cause it to lodge
there. No preventive treatment of any nature in spring or
summer will protect completely fruit and leaves so wantonly
exposed to disease. If the rotten fruit be not allowed to
remain where it falls it is usually fed to the pigs. The spores
of the fungus pass uninjured through the alimentary canal of the
animals, are voided with the manure, find their way to the com-
post heap, and thence are spread broadcast over our fields and
orchards ; and again we wonder that our summer treatment of the
trees with fungicides is of so little avail. The only reasonable
method to pursue is to gather carefully at the time of harvest, and
at once burn, all diseased fruit and leaves.

FUNGI. 21

But fungi are not reproduced entirely by their spores. In a great
many eases, as I have mentioned before, the mycelium exists
perennially in the twigs and branches attacked, as well as in the
discarded fruit, and is capable of propagating the fungus under the
return of favorable conditions. In the former case the unsparing
use of the pruning-knife is the only reasonable cure. Familiar
examples of such perennial mycelium are the "black-knot" of
plum and cherry trees, in which case it is only necessary to watch
the growth of one of the " knots " from year to year to convince
yourselves that it renews itself annually from within the tissues of
the branch; the dreaded " anthracnose " of raspberries, grape
vines, etc.; also all of our more common "rust" fungi.
Only by cutting out and burning all diseased tissue, can such
diseases be eradicated. The destruction of wild plants which
harbor dangerous parasites is another point of hygienic importance.
Thus we can best protect our cherries from "black-knot" by
destroying neighboring wild cherry trees infected with the disease.
For reasons already explained the "rust" of apple trees may be
completely eradicated by the destruction of adjacent red cedars.

Finally, most fungi require a considerable degree of moisture for
their most rapid development. An unusually warm, damp season
is accompanied by great fungous activity, and plants containing
much water are peculiarly liable to fungous attack. This is
perhaps more noticeable, and at the same time more readily
controlled, in the greenhouse than in the field. In such cases
thorough drainage, and the training of the plants so as to secure
thorough ventilation and the access of air and sunlight will do
more to prevent diseased conditions than any fungicide.

I have dwelt thus extensively on the hygienic methods of pre-
venting disease, because I believe them to be of the utmost
importance, and deserving of far more attention than they usually
receive. I should, however, belie my own experience, did I not
emphasize the value of fungicides to supplement all hygienic
treatment. For convenience we may divide fungicides into three
classes — liquids, powders, and vapors. Of these the first and
second alone are adapted to field work, while the third is invalu-
able in the greenhouse or any enclosed space. Let us consider
first the liquids.

As is well known, the salts of copper exercise, when applied in
sufl3cieut quantity, a most harmful effect upon all vegetation, the

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cheapest and most convenient form being the sulphate, commonly
known as " blue vitriol." The delicate nature of fungi renders
them peculiarly susceptible to the action of this chemical, recent
laboratory experiments which I have been conducting, showing
that comparatively resistant fungous-spores failed completely to
germinate in water containing only 0.03 of one per cent of copper
sulphate. If, therefore, a solution containing four pounds of
copper sulphate to twenty-five gallons of water, be sprayed upon
fungi or their spores, every spore which it touches will be killed.
We act upon this principle in our preliminary or winter spraying.
In March or early April, before the buds have begun to swell, we
give the trees and the subjacent ground, a thorough spraying with
a simple solution of copper sulphate made in the proportions just
mentioned. The spores which have developed in the refuse lying
on the ground, or which have lodged in the cracks and crevices of
the bark, are thus largely destroyed. We start with our orchard
or garden comparatively free from the germs of disease, and have
only to persuade our neighbors to exercise the same sensible
precaution. Unfortunately, despite all our efforts, fungi will
appear later to some degree. If, when the trees are in full leaf,
we should treat them with a solution of the former strength we
should indeed prevent fungous attack, but only by destroying the
leaves as well. We, therefore, make use of a solution contain-
ing three pounds of copper sulphate to twenty-five gallons of
water, and further to prevent any possible damage we add to the
solution sufficient lime (from two to three pounds, mixed with
water to a thin wash) to change all the copper sulphate into
the less poisonous hydroxide of copper. We thus get what is
known as the Bordeaux mixture, the cheapest and most generally
effective of all known fungicides. Others (based upon the
solubility of the carbonate of copper in ammonia) , are the simple
solution of five ounces of the carbonate in three parts of ammonia,
this being subsequently diluted with water to forty-five gallons,
and also the modified formula for what is called Eau Celeste,
consisting of one pound of sulphate of copper, and one and one-
fourth pounds of carbonate of soda, dissolved in one pint of
ammonia and diluted with water to twenty-five gallons. These
are both clear solutions and therefore do not tend to clog the
spraying nozzle as the Bordeaux mixture does when carelessly
made with lumps of lime poured into it. Their principal value is

FUNGI. 23

in the late spraying of fruit, in which case the Bordeaux mixture
tends to spot the fruit somewhat.

One more liquid fungicide is deserving of mention — a solution
of one pound of potassium sulphide in forty-five gallons of water.
This is a cheap fungicide and in some cases moderately effective.
The Bordeaux mixture, however, presents many advantages over
any of these fungicides. The excess of lime which it contains
renders it very adhesive, so that a heavy rain is necessary to wash
it off from the foliage, and usually three treatments only are
required during the season. Furthermore, the presence of lime
allows of the addition of arsenical insecticides, such as Paris
Green or London Purple ; the arsenite retains its insoluble form
and no burning of the leaves results, while its action as an insect-
icide is unimpaired, and we have a cheap and effective combined
fungicide and insecticide. This is not true of any solution con-

A'-v

Jaining ammonia. If the arsenite be added to such a solution it is
rendered soluble by the ammonia, and extensive damage to the
leaves is sure to result from its application.

Lastly, the Bordeaux mixture presents one very peculiar
property. It has been repeatedly proved that if the mixture be
applied to potatoes, for example, the latter experience a benefit
over and above that caused by the prevention of the " mildew" or
" rot." Even when no disease is present the vigor of sprayed
vines is greater than that of adjacent vines which have received no
treatment, all the other conditions being the same for both.
Whether this distinctly beneficial action of the Bordeaux mixture
is due to a decrease in the rate of transpiration of water from the
leaves, caused by the presence of the copper salt, or whether the
land-plaster, into which the lime of the mixture is in a great
measure changed, acts as a fertilizer, is a question which has not
yet been settled ; but the fact remains as not the least of the
advantages obtained by the use of Bordeaux mixture as a
fungicide.

Among the many fungicides which are used as powders or
vapors, sulphur or mixtures the basis of which is sulphur easily
head the list. Even for out-door work powdered sulphur is often
an invaluable fungicide, as, for example, in treating the leaf-blight
of celery, when no other fungicide seems to be quite as effective.
Experience has taught us to apply the sulphur to the plants on a
dry day in full sunshine, though it is difficult to say why the treat-

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ment is more effective under these conditions. It has been sup-
posed that the fungicidal action of sulphur was due to the evolution
at ordinary temperatures of the poisonous gas known as di-oxide
of sulphur, . but we now know that this gas is given off by sulphur
only at very high temperatures. We must, therefore, content
ourselves for the present with the simple facts and wait for the
explanation of those facts.

In greenhouse work sulphur-vapor has long been an accepted
fungicide. Mixed to a paint with oil, and applied to the heating-
pipes, it exercises a mild but constant preventive action upon
fungous growth. If the IjCtter is sudden and persistent, sulphur,
or a mixture of linseed oil and sulphur, allowed to boil without
taking tire, in shallow iron dishes, for five or ten minutes, will
speedily rid the plants of all forms of " mildew." In the case of
the " rusts," particularly of carnations, and of the various leaf
diseases to which violets are so frequently subject, the bleachiry^'
action of sulphur renders its use inadvisable, nor in such cases
does it seem to have much effect. The destruction of the parts
affected, thorough drainage, and the use of some liquid fungicide,
will give decidedly better results.

One word in closing, regarding the proper method of applying
liquid fungicides. It is almost needless to say that a watering-
pot, rose-nozzle, or whisk broom, are entirely inadequate to the
purpose. The liquid is distributed unevenly ; in one place the
fungus escapes entirely, in another the leaves are burned by the
excessive amount of the fungicide; and, furthermore, such rough
methods are wasteful of the material and hence not economical.

The only proper means of applying liquid fungicides are nozzles
made for the purpose. Many different forms of spraying-nozzles
have been devised, but perhaps the most generally useful is that
known as the Vermorel, which delivers a copious mist-like spray
adapted to coat every leaf evenly with a thin film of the fungicide.
This nozzle is now prominent on the market at about Si. 25 apiece.

To maintain a constant spray and to deliver it with sufficient
force, a force-pump of some kind is necessary. For all green-
house work, or for work out of doors on a small scale, such as
vineyards of an acre, potato fields not exceeding two or three acres,
and gardens, some form of knapsack sprayer to be carried upon
the back and shoulders is invaluable. A very admirable one is of
the Galloway pattern ; it consists of a copper receptacle fitted
with a small force-pump, and holding four or five gallons. This

FUNGI. 25

is now made by many manufacturers of pumps and pumping
apparatus and is advertised by Messrs. W. & B. Douglas, of
Middletown, Conn., at about $11.00.

For work on a larger scale, as in orchards or in potato fields of
five acres or more, the best apparatus consists of a cask or barrel
mounted on a two-wheeled vehicle and provided with a powerful
force-pump capable of throwing the spray to the tops of orchard
trees. Such pumps are usually fitted for two discharge pipes,
allowing of the simultaneous spraying of two orchard rows. If
these pipes are of sufficient length and are attached to long poles
there is no difficulty in applying the fungicide to every part of the
tree. For the application of Bordeaux mixture to potatoes on a
large scale, an apparatus was devised at the Connecticut Station
last year, which gave complete satisfaction. By its means two
men can treat ten acres a day, spraying four rows simultaneously
at the average walking speed of a horse. This apparatus will be
fully described in the forthcoming report of the Connecticut
Station.

Of course the initial expense of spraying apparatus is consider-
able, and the cost of materials and labor counts for something ;
but when we consider that a properly constructed knapsack
sprayer or brass force-pump will last for years ; that by the use of
fungicides we can harvest a crop of apples, ninety per cent
of which will be clean and free from " scab" and other diseases ;
that our grapes may be absolutely protected from "black-rot,"
and that the yield from sprayed potatoes may equal 322 bushels
per acre as compared with 102 bushels per acre from untreated
vines attacked by mildew, the initial outlay and the subsequent
cost of applying fungicides cannot but seem inconsiderable. In
these days of scientific agriculture and sharp competition, we
cannot afford to neglect any means which tend to increase profits,
and among the many means to this end I know of none more
important than the judicious use of liygienic and fungicidal
methods, by which the danger of fungous disease may be reduced
to a minimum.

I fear that I have defeated my own ends by wearying you with a
multiplicity of details. If however, you take away with you some
conception of the broad and general facts regarding the nature of
parasitic fungi, and the means which long study and numberless
failures as well as successes have placed at our disposal in com-
batting their attacks, I shall be more than satisfied.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

In reply to a question, Dr. Sturgis said that it was of great
importance that all fallen fruit, leaves, and other debris, should be
gathered up carefully and destroyed by fire, as all such collections
are almost sure to be stocked with spores of destructive fungi,
which if allowed to remain, would early in the following spring
be distributed by the winds, thus almost insuring the destruction
of a heavy percentage of the fruit that might set for that season's
crop. Even the most careful spraying of trees does not insure the
extinction of these germs.

Dr. Sturgis replied to another question, that the Wild Cherry
trees have been a fruitful source from which has come the black-
knot fungus, so destructive of our cultivated plum and cherry
trees. He believed that as a preventive measure, all wild cherry
trees which show any evidence of the disease should be destroyed.

Dr. Sturgis stated to another questioner, that the cracking by
frost of sap vessels in some hard-wooded trees, sometimes caused
an abnormal growth, closely resembling the black-knot of plum
trees, but that it was quite distinct from that disease in character.

Apple-leaf rust ( Roestetia pirata ) is a fuugus produced from
spores, which have their origin in what are called Cedar-apples.
This latter was long considered a natural product of the Red
Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), but investigation proved that it
was a fungus and had been named Gy^iinosporangium macropus.
Still later it was found to be only another form, or another
stage of growth of the same fungus as the Apple-rust (Rnistelia
jdrata), and that the spores of neither could be developed, except
upon the plant which produces the other form. Dr. Sturgis illus-
trated this by a case where an orchard was protected from wind
by red cedar trees. The fruit trees nearest the cedars were a
mass of leaf-rust every season, and the disease diminished as the
distance between the cedars and fruit trees increased. In that
case he recommended that the cedars be cut off from a belt one-
fourth of a mile wide, believing that would prove an effectual
remedy ; but where the 'wind had full sway it would carry these
red cedar fungus-sporidia for miles, and then they would be as
destructive as at nearer points.

Whenever the foliage of sprayed trees is thereby injured it
shows that the mixture is too strong and needs further dilution

FUNGI. 27

with water until no harm follows its use. These spraying com-
pounds are beneficial, not only to the leaves of trees and plants,
but also to the fruit. Paris green added to Bordeaux mixture, in
the proportion of one pound of the former to one hundred gallons
of the latter, will destroy the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomo-
nelJa). For this purpose, spraying with Bordeaux mixture and
Paris Green should be commenced early, and the Bordeaux
mixture alone can be safely continued to within one month of the
picking season. Spraying with ammoniacal solution of copper
carbonate may then be kept up to within two or three weeks of
gathering the fruit. Paris Green cannot be safely used with the
latter fungicide, since the arsenite is soluble in ammonia and will
burn the leaves.

Speaking of the popular dread of being poisoned by eating fruit
from trees or vines that have been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.
Dr. Sturgis said that one would have to eat six tons of grapes —
stems included — to get an effective dose of the copper salt. If,
owing to excessive or too late applications of Bordeaux mixture,
the fruit shows traces of the fungicide at the time of harvest it
may be cleaned by dipping it into a weak solution of acetic acid or
vinegar. A better way, however, is to use the ammonia solution
in place of the Bordeaux mixture for the last two applications.
This dread of being poisoned by American fruit was during
several years quite prevalent in Great Britain, and on one occa-
sion, when a shipment of apples which were packed in second-
hand flour barrels, arrived, the flour remaining in the barrels was,
at first, believed to be white arsenic from American spraying
mixtures.

A vote of thanks to Dr. Sturgis for his admirable lecture was
unanimously passed.

In his acknowledgment of this vote Dr. Sturgis said he con-
sidered it a great honor to be called to deliver a lecture before the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper upon
^'Pruning," by Edwin Hoyt, of New Canaan, Conn.

28 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 20, 1894.
A Meeting for Discussion was holden today at eleven o'clock,
the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair. The follow-
ing paper was read by the author :

Pruning.

By Edwin Hoyt, New Canaan, Conn.

How shall I trim these trees? is a question often asked by
customers who come to the nursery for trees. It is very seldom
that a customer knows just how and where to prune, important
yet simple as it is. We notice as we ride through the country
that a large part of the young trees set out are planted just as
they were received from the nursery — not a branch cut and in all
probability not a jammed or broken root trimmed. Now I will
not say that trees thus set out will not grow, for many of them do,
but I do say that from this cause very many of them die, and a
large proportion of those which do live make a feeble growth,
and, unless the season is very favorable, will succumb to the
elements and die in a few years, or prove very unsatisfactory to
the planter. It is surprising, however, to see how much vitg-l
force there is in a well-grown tree, and how every particle of that
force will be used to sustain the tree when taken up and reset.

Nature is true to herself, but her laws cannot be violated with-
out loss in some way. It is, therefore, necessary to study and
assist her when we can. If her laws are properly obeyed and
assistance added she will never be found lacking. It is almost
impossible to remove a nursery tree and reset it so as to keep a
perfect balance between the roots and top. When a tree is
removed we must study how to assist Nature in her work of
restoring the equilibrium lost by taking up the tree and resetting
it into other soil.

This can be done by judicious cutting of the top to meet the
loss of root, by cutting all broken or spade-cut roots smoothly,
thus assisting Nature in callousing the roots, and also by putting
proper plant-food wliere the roots as they start out can readily
appropriate it to make new growth. It is wonderful to see how
luxuriantly Nature will respond, in all vegetable life when proper

PRUNING. 29

nourishment, care, and attention are given her. Nature never
allows man to be her debtor. Whatever he does for her intelli-
gently, she is sure to pay him back again with large interest.
Yet how thoughtless, how blind we are, not to study her laws
more closely, and follow them more strictly. There are millions
of trees sold and planted every year which die, or if they live,
never amount to anything, simply because those setting them out
■do not study Nature's laws and treat trees intelligently.

This can be seen anywhere you go, and you will hear a large
number of farmers today denouncing fruit as an unprofitable crop
to raise. Now this no doubt is true from their practice and
experience, but it is all wrong and need not be so. The innocent,
neglected, and abused tree is all right and should not be condemned
or rejected as unprofitable because of man's ignorance, laziness,
or shiftlessness and, I might add, because of his sinfulness in
being so careless with the good things given us by an all-wise
Creator, who gave us the trees with their many kinds of fruits,
who causes the various kinds of trees all standing in the same
kind of soil, all fertilized alike, one to bear an apple, one a pear,
one a cherry, one a peach, and so on ; who caused the apples,
some to ripen in summer, others to ripen in the fall, and still
others throughout the winter and spring ; some to be sweet, others
to be sour ; some to be yellow, some green, others striped and
red, so that all tastes and fancies can be pleased ; who causes the
spring-time to come with its green verdure and beautiful and
fragrant blossoms ; the seed-time and later the summer and
autumn, with their fruits and harvest. Surely God is all love and
all goodness unto man.

Are we guiltless if we always take from the tree and return to it
little or nothing? Has man nothing to do, that he may receive
and enjoy these luscious and health-giving fruits? Should he
merely set the roots of a tree into the soil and then leave it to
combat with starvation and neglect, as thousands of trees through-
out New England are left to do? Ride through the country and
notice the many orchards stsindiug, sod-bound and in wet
undrained soil perhaps, with all that can be grown from the soil
in the way of hay and pasture taken off and not a penny-worth of
fertilizer added to it for the trees. Not a dead limb cut out, to
say nothing of those chafing or growing crosswise, not an insect
destroyed ; and the poor tree — how it is trying to do its best while

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the owner, who has neglected every essential thing on his part for
successful results, exclaims, "It don't pay to raise fruit." I
knew a farmer who ploughed his field for corn and planted it, but
who never cultivated, ploughed, or hoed it. He had no corn. Did
he deserve any? He said it did not pay to raise corn. I knew
another farmer who prepared his gi'ound nicely for corn, planted
and cared for it intelligently, and received upwards of a hundred
bushels of shelled corn per acre. He was amply paid for his care
and expense. He said it paid him. *

Happily there are some who plant out trees intelligently, feed
them bountifully, trim and care for them thoughtfully and pru-
dently, and receive from them in return most profitable crops, as
quantities of pear and other trees about Boston and some other
places demonstrate.

I give a few examples : An orchard of ninety trees in New
Canaan produced 206 barrels of picked apples the eighth season
after planting. A tree upon our farm, fifteen years old, yielded
12 barrels of choice picked apples. 'Franli Olmstead, of Cheshire,
Ontario County, N. Y., sold from his orchard of one and one-half
acres the year before last 379 barrels of apj^les at $2.40 per bar-
rel, and from the same orchard he had between 300 and 400
bushels of paring and cider apples. A tree standing in Glastonbury,
Conn., a year ago produced 95 bushels of apples. Hale Brothers
of Connecticut, three years ago sold about $24,000 worth of peaches
from their orchard of thirty-five acres. I saw a few years ago
exhibited in this hall a bushel or more of Clapp's Favorite pears,
every one of which was perfect in form and color, showing great
care and skill in the management of the trees and in the handling
of the fruit. The exhibit made a lasting impression upon my
mind, and I hardly sell a Clapp's Favorite tree without that basket
of perfect and beautiful pears standing as a picture before me.

From the above examples, where proper feed, care, and atten-
tion have been given to the trees, we are justified in saying that
fruit raising may be conducted, not only to great profit, but also
with great pleasure, when intelligently done. The day has gone
by for slipshod, hap-hazai'd farming or fruit-raising. We are
living in an age of thorough investigation and scientific research.
Never was the mind of man more intensely absorbed in experi-
ments and research in the various departments of agriculture and
horticulture than at the present day. Agricultural experiment

PRUNING. 3 1

stations are established iu every State in the Union. Experiments,
analyses, and tests of fruits and plants are made, and the re-
sults are published in bulletins and sent free all over the country.
We come together in our State Board of Agriculture meetings, in
our horticultural meetings, and our Farmers' Institute meetings, to
hear statements of and to discuss the different methods practised ;
to give our experience and observations on some question relating
to our work, wherein we are most interested, and another will give
his experience upon that branch in which he is most interested,
and so on until the time allotted for the meeting is all occupied.
By these methods a large amount of thought and valuable infor-
mation is brought together. Then the press is on hand to gather
up the valuable and interesting points, and through that medium
thousands are reached who cannot attend the meetings. So that
there is but little excuse at the present day for any who are
interested in agriculture or horticulture to " go it blind." •

My life work has been, and is now, the growing and handling
of trees, and while there is much I do not know about it yet, still
there are some things which my experience and observation have
taught me. I am here to show you by some object lessons how we
trim and treat trees and plants when taken from the nursery to be
transplanted into their new homes, where it is so important for
their future success that all the conditions shall be made as favor-
able as possible for them.

The first preparing of the tree for setting and its proper plant-
ing, although very important, is not by any means all that is
necessary. Start the tree thriftily and iu good shape ; then feed
it liberally, cultivate it thoroughly, prune it properly, watch for
and destroy insects and mildew, and for faithful and intelligent
work God will reward you ibountif ully.

Mr. Hoyt brought with him trees, shrubs, and vines, of several
varieties each, and representing various conditions. After deliver-
ing the foregoing preliminary remarks, he proceeded to illustrate
his ideas of the right pruning necessary to produce the best
results, explaining the theory at every step, as follows :

For pruning I like a knife much better than shears ; the latter
are apt to bruise the bark, which should be avoided if possible.

Here is a two years old apple tree. I have seen such a tree
planted with not a limb cut off, nor even shortened iu ; I have also

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seen them pruned to a bare stem. The sap always goes to the
highest point, therefore the last bud will make the strongest shoot
and the tree should branch evenly. This tree shows that it was
not properly pruned in the nursery, as here is a branch growing
towards the centre, and the central shoot is growing a little to one
side. It is the Early Harvest variety, which has a natural tend-
ency to " huddle up " its top.

People often complain that there is too little root to young trees
received from nurserymen. Long roots are unnecessary in culti-
vation ; more small roots and fibrous roots are far preferable. In
removing long roots or bruised or spade-cut roots, always cut
from the under side. When planting or resetting a tree, fill in the
earth around the roots carefully and firmly ; fingers are the best
tools for this purpose. After the roots are covered put on
fertilizer — not coarse manure, but a mixture composed of eight
parts of bone phosphate, eight parts of muriate of potash and four
parts of nitrate of soda. The large roots do not feed the tree,
but the feeders are produced from these large roots. There is sap
enough stored up in a healthy young tree to last until feeding
roots are developed anew. Bone-dust is not all soluble, but in
time the tree will absorb the most of it. Do not put in too much
fertilizer at the planting, nor at any one time ; it is not economy
to put plant-food into the soil for a tree to use two or three years
hence ; it is better to give some each year.

An unshapely tree shows its defects conspicuously. Horizontal
limbs should be so pruned as to have the last bud left on the
upper or top side, that its future growth shall be upward ; and the
other limbs are to be pruned to grow in desired directions. This
tree, as I have pruned it, will in a few years have a well-balanced
top. •

Here is a Bartlett pear tree ; it is well shaped but the limbs are
too long ; the roots, running directly downward, are no better for
so much length ; cut them oif several inches in proportion to their
length. A tree should be two years old when planted out.
Always leave the strongest and most upright shoot for the centre.
When there are two shoots of nearly equal size, cut the one
nearest to straight over the centre of the plant longer, to form
the new leader. Cut the other not over six inches long, leaving
the last bud upon it on the outside, to throw the new shoot farther
off and out.

PRUNING. 33

These two peach trees are of the same age, were grown in the
same soil, and received the same treatment; but one, as you see, is
three times as heavy as the other ; the difference, you notice, is
mainly in diameter. I think, however, that the sap vessels in the
heavier one are larger, for which reason it is more liable to injury
during winter. I believe that in three year's time the smaller one
will overtake the larger in both size and value.

Here is' a peach tree from which the lower limbs have been
pruned off, leaving only the branches at the top. If the top is
left as it is, the tree will feel the wind too much, and doubtless will
be twisted and broken by it. Will it do to trim this peach
tree like an apple tree? It is better to cut off the top and all
the side branches, leaving only a bare stem two and one-half to
three feet high.

In resetting peach trees, set them no deeper than they were in
the nursery, for if you do you will get the feeding roots below the
best soil. The roots, if left undisturbed by the plow, will come
very near the surface. If mulch is placed about the tree and left
for a year or two, the roots will be found right at the surface of
the soil when the mulch is removed.

Fall planted peach trees should not be pruned until the following
March. I find that four branches are as many as are needed the
second year ; they will grow from two to three feet, and of this I
should cut off one-half the next spring. There is too much cut
wood surface exposed if pruned in the fall, and the drying winds
of winter will season these cut ends and kill the nearest bud in
most cases.

Here is a quince tree two years old. These little limbs you see
upon the trunk are of no account, therefore I prune them off and
cut back the four largest to form a new top.

These Sugar Maples are four years old, but are as they were
grown in the nursery. Two years ago they were headed back in
the nursery, but not moved. They now have more limbs than are
needed to make a proper head when reset ; some must be cut out
and others shortened in. If shaped and started aright now, and
the treatment continued for two or three years, they will never
need any more pruning.

Here is another maple that was not pruned or shortened in, in
the nursery, as it should have been. Now I have pruned it as it
should be, to make a good top. It is seldom the best way to
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

prune off all the limbs, leaving a bare stem two inches in diameter,
as trees taken from the woods are usually treated. Trees of the
size and proportions here shown (if nursery grown) are much
better shaped, and make handsomer and in all ways more satisfac-
tory trees.

The Carolina Poplar is a tree of very rapid growth. Some
persons would plant it without pruning ; but that would be a
mistake. "When trained for lawns the limbs should be shortened
in, to thicken their tops, and also to increase their ability to
withstand the force of the wind without breaking. If for street
trees, they should be pruned up higher.

The California Privet is a quick-growing hedge plant. These
were grown from cuttings. They should be set deeply, and cut
back fully one-half. Some planters set them without pruning ;
but they are very rapid growers, and I recommend pruning them
not only in March but also in July, cutting off fully one-half of
the new growth, and sometimes more, else they will soon lose all
symmetry as a hedge.

Here we have a Green Mountain grape vine, three years old.
All that is wanted from it the first year is one shoot. Let it grow
upright and train it to a stake. If properly fed it will grow from
six to twelve feet during the season. November is the best time
to prune grape vines, therefore during that month cut down the
vine to the lowest wire, which should be two and one-half feet
from the ground. The second season allow three shoots to grow
from the main stem, and in November cut them back to two feet.
In the following spring tie down two of these shoots to the lowest
wire, for the lower arms ; and the third shoot tie to the second
wire, which should be eighteen inches above the lowest wire.
Each of the lower arms, grown the preceding year, will produce
from two to four bunches of grapes from each eye. Most persons
allow too much fruit to remain on the young vine, thus weakening
the plant and getting a poorer quality of fruit. It is better to
leave only one bunch to a lateral to mature in the first two or
three bearing years, and never more than three bunches each when
the vine is older. The new laterals of the third season's growth
should be cut back to two eyes, excepting the end laterals which
may be cut back to twenty inches, and tied down to extend the
lower arms. Two of the three new shoots of this third season's
growth are cut back to eighteen inches, for new arms for the

PRUNING. 35

second wire, while the main shoot extends to the third wire. The
succeeding year grow two new arms for the upper wire ; extend
the lower arms by their end laterals, and prune as directed for the
third year. Thereafter the strength of the plant is expected to be
given to the production of fruit, and the laterals are to be pruned
accordingly.

When the Black Cap raspberry is to be planted, cut off the
cane to an eye near the crown of the roots ; set the root at least
two inches below the general level of the ground, but if set too
deep, the sprouts are liable to damp off and die.

If the common Red raspberry is lifted and reset, the removal
exhausts the plants so much that no fruit will be produced that
year. The fruit is borne upon canes of the preceding year's
growth, therefore do not expect any fruit the first year, however
thrifty the plant may be, but cut the plant off, leaving it only from
six to ten inches long. In the second year it will be best to cut
back the new canes to three or four feet. It is injurious to leave
the whole length of the canes on at the time of transplanting. It
is also best to prune out the old canes that have fruited, as soon as
the fruit is all gathered.

Budded Roses should be planted deep, so that the earth covering
may be three or four inches deep over the base of the branches,
and after the planting is completed the tops should be cut off,
leaving not. more than three or four inches of wood above the
ground. The roses come from the new growth. The annual
pruning should be done at the end of March, leaving only a few
inches of the last season's growth on each branch to flower the
following summer.

Clematises, when planted, should be cut down to within a few
inches of the ground ; then the succeeding year's growth will be
six, eight, or ten feet, according to the strength of the root, and
the favorable character of the location. In setting the plant
there should be a mound of good soil in the centre of the bottom
of the hole, and the mass of roots should be opened well and
spread over this mound, and soil worked into and among them, so
that each root will be surrounded by fine soil.

Here is a currant bush two years old. Some persons train them
in tree form, but it is never satisfactory unless special care be
taken to train and protect it. The bush form is its natural one,
and thus grown it may be renewed by right pruning. Currant

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bushes generally need pruning for two or three years after being
planted, especially if the soil is rich and the growth strong.
Pruning should be done in March, before the sap starts after the
winter rest; but if the frost is out of the ground earlier, the
pruning should be done earlier. When branches get old they
should be cut out and new shoots be allowed to grow. Currants
like plenty of food, therefore manure the plants well.

Discussion.

Mr. Hoyt replied to a question upon clearing trees of dead and
useless wood during the fall and winter months, that it could be
done, so far as dead wood extended, but if living wood is cut too
early, the stub is apt to die down, making it necessary to cut
again just before the growing season opens.

The next question was : Should young trees always be staked
when transplanted? Mr. Hoyt said that while it is better to
stake them, it is not always necessary to do so.

Is it best to pinch the tops of raspberries when three or four
feet high, or let them grow as they will, and prune in the spring?
Mr. Hoyt thought it best to let the plants grow and prune off the
tops to three or four feet in March. He said the pinching caused
laterals to start out below the point of pinching, and these laterals
being of late growth were tender and apt to be injured by the
frost of winter, therefoi-e it is better to let the buds remain
dormant through the summer. When cut back in March the buds
will then come out strong, and develop healthy fruit stems. The
fruit is produced on this new spring growth. He would advise
those having raspberries or blackberries to experiment on a few
plants and note the results.

The relative earliness of fruit production, from scions set in the
limbs of trees or in the stump or roots, being asked about, Mr.
Hoyt said fruit would come sooner from a top-grafted tree, unless
a mass of suckers started up around its base, in which case the
tree should be thrown away. He had known trees two years old
when taken from the nursery, to bear a half-bushel of apples
the fourth summer after transplanting into the orchard.

The pruning needed after a young orchard is established would
be simple. Never allow a limb to grow cross-wise of the tree;
prune so as to cause branches to grow outward, and cut out all
suckers as soon as they appear. That is about all there is to it.

PRUNING. 37

How to prune aright a top-heavy Bartlett pear tree, waa asked.
Mr. Hoyt replied that it should be headed down sufficiently to
restore the true proportion of all parts. This would tend to
increase the relative strength of the trunk, and the upper growth
should be kept within due proportion by judicious pruning in
March. It is a natural trait of the Bartlett and also the Clapp's
Favorite to run up tall.

When should one prune a neglected orchard? was the next
question. Mr. Hoyt would take hold of it a short time before the
trees started into growth in the spring, and would wish to complete
it in one season. Summer pruning tends to check growth, and
is, as a rule, unadvisable, unless limited to pinching off the
top of an extra strong shoot. This may be practised on grape
vines by pinching off the ends of laterals, after the third leaf from
the last fruiting joint. Pruning when the tree is dormant, but
near the time for spring buds to start, induces growth, which is
always gratifying to the producer of plants of all kinds.

Mr. Hoyt was asked to state the facts as to non-success of
attempts to graft certain apple trees, with certain other varieties.
He answered that some varieties of crab apple trees cannot be
successfully grafted with our eating apples. They are unsuited for
stocks upon which to graft other varieties. He mentioned the
Transcendent, the Marengo, and some others as conspicuous for
this trait.

The best method of enriching land for raising trees was
brought up. Mr. Hoyt said there was nothing like nitrate of soda
and potash to bring out a healthy growth. The former is very
soluble, and will be easily dissolved by the first long rain. For
that reason the mixture should be applied in moderate quantity
— say four hundred pounds per acre — at each application.

His opinion of cutting out fibrous roots was asked, and he
replied that he did not know that any harm would come from
leaving them on. If the tree had not been dug up these roots
would have remained and done their work.

The expediency of growing annual crops in orchards was the
next point inquired about. Mr. Hoyt answered that a crop of
either oats or rye seems to be poisonous to a young orchard ;
wheat is not so bad in its effects. But strawberries and other low,
hoed crops might be cultivated for a time in a young orchard.
The only advantage gained by using manure instead of fertilizer,

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is to make the soil lighter, and to cause moisture to be absorbed
more readily, and retained better. But the soil of an orchard
should be fertile or be made so by the application of a suitable
fertilizer — one that is readily soluble so as to feed the crop the first
year. For fruit-bearing trees, the fertilizer should have a larger
proportion of potash than for other crops. He recommended the
following proportions : four hundred pounds nitrate of soda, eight
hundred pounds muriate of potash, and eight hundred pounds of
bone phosphate, thoroughly mixed and spread under and around
the trees on each acre, every year, for if your orchard gives you a
crop of apples, you are in debt to it. It is natural for a tree to
bear fruit, and to make it bear a crop every year it is necessary
not only to thin the fruit early each season to prevent over-bear-
ing, but also to feed it as above every year. Under such treat-
ment even the Baldwin apple is now made to bear a crop of fruit
every year. One annual bearing Baldwin tree stands where street
wash regularly runs over the ground.

Ip relation to planting apple and peach trees in the same orchard,
Mr. Hoyt said that he would not advise it, as the apple will bear a
richer soil than the more tender peach, and the latter does better
apart from the other. The peach has lived and been fruitful fifty
years in past times, and the speaker believed it would do this
again sooner or later.

Mr. Hoyt being requested to advise as to the best selection of
phosphates replied that, other things being equal, the only point
to settle is, which is the cheapest.

How to deal with borers, he said, was a question that permitted
but one answer. Eternal vigilance is absolutely necessary.
Watch the trees every year, and twice a year, and exterminate
the pest on discovery of its presence.

For the black- wart, after cutting out all affected wood, apply to
the cut surface- — but not on the bark — kerosene emulsion, or
cover with salt and bind it on.

The proper time to plant forest trees, and apple and peach
trees, depends on circumstances. First, there is a great difference
in soils ; where the soil is damp, or more moist than that word
implies, he would not set any trees in the fall. He would not
reconnnend setting peach trees anywhere in the fall. Besides
peaches, the quince and plum should always be set in the spring,
for if set in the fall they will have to resist at once both the shock

HARDY GRAPES. 39

of removal and the effect of winter. Nurserymen transplant in
the fall in order to save time in the spring, when trade is most
active ; but they are also familiar with the habits of trees, and
aim to supply favorable circumstances as far as possible, to offset
those that are unfavorable.

Apple trees should bear half a bushel of fruit on the fourth year
from setting in the orchard. The eighth year from setting, an
orchard at New Canaan bore two barrels of apples per tree.
Experience has proved that it is feeding and care that produces
apples.

Mr. Hoyt advised all amateurs to let cherry grafting alone.
When it is to be tried it should be done just as the frost is coming
out of the ground, and for other fruits before the new leaves are
out too far on the trees so treated. Yet apples can be grafted up
to June.

It would be far better to cultivate the whole area of an orchard,
than a circle around each tree. If you wish to improve the pro-
duct of a tree by grafting or by more judicious and thorough
culture, always bear in mind the fact, that by no treatment, how-
ever excellent, can you make a young tree out of an old one.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Hoyt for his very interesting,
instructive, and practical lecture, was unanimously passed.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper upon
'' Hardy Grapes," by Dr. Jabez Fisher of Fitchburg.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 27, 1894.
A Meeting for Discussion was holden today at eleven o'clock,
the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The following paper was read by the author :
Hardy Grapes.

By Jabez Fisher, M. D., Fitchburg.

It is now forty years since I made my first purchase of grape
vines, which included one vine of the Concord, then for the first
time offered for sale. Two years later, having in the meantime

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seen and tasted the fruit, I obtained six more, and in a moderate
way propagated from them. A few grapes from these vines
whetted my appetite, until in 1860 a crop of five hundred pounds
was despoiled of its foliage by a freezing temperature on three
successive nights, the 28th, 29th, and 30th of September. The
only use made of the fruit went to show that a grape not good
enough to be eatable was unfit to turn into merchantable vinegar.
Notwithstanding this unfortunate result my enthusiasm urged
me on and I continued to increase the Concord and at the same
time purchased such other varieties as oily tongued agents praised.
My first stimulating success came in 1865. In the spring of
1864 I had three-fourths of an aci'e of Concord vines just in
condition to make a strong growth of wood for fruitage the next
year, and which everything seemed to favor throughout the season.
The spring of 1865 opened very early. The weather conditions
were propitious all through, dryness and warmth prevailing, with
no untoward influences. The crop was enormous and well
ripened. Four and one-half tons grew upon this area, which sold
for a uniform price of twenty-two cents per pound, net, the terms
being my own. It seemed as if I had struck a bonanza. Many
people came to see the fruit while on the vines, and were mostly
inspired to go and do likewise. I have never heard, however, that
any one of them succeeded in approaching very near such a
result, and I certainly have never been able to equal it. The
following four years were passed while vainly waiting for a
repetition, and it was not until the fifth that a satisfactory product
rewarded my efforts, although in the meantime small crops and
large prices were the rule.

In 1871 a very fine crop was promised, but out of a product of
five and three-fourths tons, I sent to market only one and one-
fourth tons. The season of growth and maturity was apparently
favorable and the frost held off until October 21st, but the larger
part of the fruit was unsalable, even in those days of high prices
and slight competition. I then appreciated for the first time that
a grape vine left to its own resources would set and carry more
fruit than it was possible for it to mature, and as a consequence
the quality would be so far depreciated that much of it might be
worthless. Tliat lesson, which cost me a high price, I have never
forgotten, and if I have erred since it has been in the opposite
direction of too severe thinning. Since 1871 large crops have

HARDY GRAPES. 41

generally, though not always, alternated with small ones, but
through judicious thinning the quality has been satisfactory
considering the variable seasons. In the whole of my experience
there have been three total failures. The entire destruction of the
foliage before ripeness, previously mentioned, in 18G0, was followed
in the years 1875 and 1888 by seasons so cool and uncongenial
that, although the fruit had all the outward appearance of perfect
maturity, it contained so little sugar as compared with the
accompanying acid, that not a berry was fit for sale except for
cooking purposes. This was through no fault of mine, and
therefore no apology is called for.

In consequence of the enormous extension of the industry, the
prices brought in market have constantly tended downward, from
twenty-five cents per pound, net, in 1866, the highest which I ob-
tained, until tons were sold in 1893, at a fraction of over one
cent, from which freight and commission w^ere to be deducted. I
do not mean to say that any of mine were sold at these lowest
figures, but the markets have been abundantly supplied with fairly
eatable fruit at extremely low prices. This condition of affairs is
due to two things. One is an unusually large product, and the
other is the effect of what is variously called a panic, a business
depression, or a want of business confidence, that resulted in
depriving multitudes of people of the power of purchasing even
so cheap a luxury. It is a strange and lajnentable state of things,
when the very abundance of earth's products must lie and rot and
waste, while thousands who would gladly utilize and enjoy it can-
not, in consequence of enforced economy through compulsory idle-
ness.

In view of the present situation, what is the outlook for the
future? Is it expedient for a person in this State to set a vine-
yard, large or small, in the expectation of deriving from it such
an income as would be fairly remunerative as compared with other
crops or businesses? I know of several cases where the owners
have taken out and destroyed their vines within two years, and of
others who are contemplating such action. I hardly feel like
advising such a move, and yet it depends upon circumstances. It
is evident that there can be no profit in growing grapes in this
region, for market, where the net prices obtained do not reach at
least two cents per pound. There have been many tons sent to
market that did not realize that and yet brought all that they were

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

worth. Neither should I advise a novice to start in the business.
If, however, a person has a vineyard well situated and in good
condition, I think it wise to attempt the growing of the best
possible quality of product. Prices for 1894 are likely to be
better than the last season. The quantity grown will probably
be less, and the anticipated improvement in business together with
this hope gives us the right to assume that prices will be better.

To attain the quality that commands the highest price calls
really for only a few conditions, but they are imperative, and are
as important to the amateur with his few vines as to the extensive
cultivator. What I have to say in a brief way in this regard will
apply equally to both classes.

My own experience, coupled with observation, has taught me
that the best soil, where there is a choice, is a strong one inclining
to clay, but not too heavy, and it must be well drained, either
naturally or artificially. A gentle southern or southeastern slope,
near to but not on the summit of elevated land is desirable.
Shelter of laud, trees, or buildings is useful. No especial prepara-
tion of the soil is necessary. A field in fit condition for corn is
also suitable for grape vines. Two years old plants may be the
best but usually are not. Unless they have been transplanted at
one year and the roots shortened in, I should choose one year
olds. Spring is the preferable season for planting, and the earlier
the better, providing the soil is friable. Cultivation should take
place as soon after every packing rain as the surface will work
mellow. No training is necessary the first year. As soon as the
leaves fall the vine should be cut to the ground, leaving two or
three buds only. The second year a temporary stake should be
used to support the growing vine, which needs no other training,
and no pruning except that a single cane only is allowed to grow.
The autumn pruning is like that of the first year, two or three
buds only being left upon the vine.

At the commencement of the third season a permauent support
should be provided according to the system of training that is to
be adopted, whether trellis, stakes, or otherwise. The object in
view during the season is to grow a single, strObg cane for fruit-
age the subsequent year. When the length of six feet is reached
the end is to be stopped by pinching off the point. All laterals
which grow from this cane should be pinched sutliciently close that
they may not divert growth from it, but otherwise there should be

HARDY GRAPES. 43

full freedom of development. If the growth should be satisfac-
tory, i. e. make a strong cane from five to six- sixteenths of an
inch in diameter, it will be safe to allow it to fruit for half its
length, and it should be cut back to that point at the fall pruning.
If less vigorous, the whole should be cut away as in previous
years. Nothing so injures a young vine as to allow it to cany a
crop of fruit beyond its capacity. It is like putting a three years
■old colt to do the work of a fully developed horse, or a boy of
fifteen or sixteen years to perform a man's labor. I am confident
that more failures and discouragements arise out of this mistaken
policy than is generally believed.

If the vines are planted six feet apart in the row, the subsequent
treatment is to fruit the one cane and grow a new one to replace it
■the following year, cutting out the one that has borne fruit. If
the vines are twelve feet distant, they may be allowed to fruit two
arms of six feet each and produce two new canes to replace those
fruited. This will require a year or two more to reach full bearing.
At the less distance each vine may be allowed to carry as many
clusters of fruit as there are spurs growing from the arm, and at
the greater distance double this number. These fruiting spurs are
to be tied to the trellis if the best results are aimed at, or allowed
to swing free, as in the Kniffen system, if the cheap way is
preferred.

This is what is known as the renewal system, the vine being, so
to say, renewed each year and thus kept perpetually young. As
the fruiting wood is cut away at the annual pruning, there is no
doubt that the particular roots which have supported it mostly die,
while the new, vigorous ones, corresponding to the new cane,
remain to carry the crop at the next fruitage ; thus in reality only
the trunk of the vine is permanent, whatever its age. This mode
of treatment insures large clusters, and if the fertility be ample
and the fruitage not too heavy, the berries will also be large with
a heavy bloom which is at once attractive in market and an
evidence of high quality.

If the land is in good heart and no other crops are grown upon
it, no fertilization will be required previous to the third year, but
otherwise it should be supplied from the commencement.

What is fertility ? Chemistry teaches us that all plants obtain
the elements which go to make up their structure either from the
soil or the atmosphere. The soil furnishes the ash ingredients and

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the atmosphere and soil together the gaseous. The ash comes
from the disintegration of the particles of soil, to some extent
through weathering as it is called, but mainly, I think, from the
decomposing action of the roots of plants. Almost any plant
growing in a clear glass vessel will so far decompose the glass
itself as to corrode or etch the surface, and if sutHcient time be
given will produce the appearance of ground glass. This action
takes place very slowly to be sure, but the millions of soil
particles give sufficient surface to the roots, so that the plant
obtains enough by which to continue its existence, and if all the
elements which it requires be in plentiful supply, the resulting
product will approach a maximum. Many of these elements do
occur in most soils in sufficient quantities for a full growth and
development of most plants, but a few do not. These, named in
the order of the relative amounts generally necessary, are Potash,
Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, Lime, and Magnesia. Hence, to grow
profitable crops these substances must be added to the soil in some
form so that the plant may obtain enough to satisfy its full needs.
Barnyard manure has always been looked upon as a complete
type of fertility. It consists largely of hay with more or less
grain, ground fine by the animal that, through digestion, withdraws
a small percentage of nutriment from it, and excretes the
remainder. If all the liquid and solid matters thus voided are
saved they constitute a very complete fertilizer. The solid
portion alone, however, is incomplete, or one-sided in composition,
as is also the liquid, which is the other sided. Neither one alone
can supply the place of the other, nor compensate for its absence.
It is found in practice, in the growing of fruits at least, that its
place can be supplied with other substances, both with economy
and better results. Barnyard manure like all organic substances
is available only after its decomposition, which requires two or
more years for its completion, and it is a serious economic question
if it be best ^to apply costly materials on which dividends are
unnecessarily postponed. Chemistry shows that the more valuable
constituents of barnyard manure can be supplied in commercial
substances, in better forms, at a cheaper rate and with surer
results. The average composition of fruit trees and vines,
together with the fruits, as shown by many analyses, led me to
believe that for satisfactory results, there should be applied to
each acre annually, not less than 100 to 120 pounds of potash, 40

HARDY GRAPES. 45

to 50 pounds of nitrogen, the same amount of phosphoric acid,
and 9 pounds of magnesia, with some lime. To obtain these
substances in the best and cheapest forms, I am using a formula
made up as follows :

225 pounds high grade Sulphate of Potash, 100 pounds Sulphate
of Ammonia, 200 pounds Nitrate of Soda, 200 pounds South
Carolina Floats, 50 pounds Sulphate of Magnesia, 75 pounds
Plaster. Total, 850 pounds.

These ingredients are nearly all quite soluble and the vines are
able to appropriate them as required through the growing season.
They should cost sixteen dollars or more, according to the
quantity required or the facilities for obtaining them.

What are the drawbacks? It is not all plain sailing. You may
cultivate a vine or two in the garden and with reasonable care
expect success, but when you plant an acre you invite insects and
diseases, by offering them opportunities for development and
increase. Sometimes these enemies interpose very serious
obstacles to success. Generally, however, they are easily kept
under the control of the wide-awake and persistent cultivator.
The steel-blue beetle, Haltica chalyhea, appears early in the
spring, at the time of the swelling of the buds, and does its injury
by eating a hole into their sides, which arrests the development of
the shoot with its fruit. Hand picking is a perfect and the only
efficient remedy. It should be attended to before the injury
rather than after. The common rose bug, Melolontha subsjnnosa,
makes its appearance just as the vines begin to show bloom, and
each one easily consumes the embryo grapes of a cluster at a
meal. By holding a small cup partially filled with water, having a
little kerosene on its surface, under him and suddenly calling his
attention to it, he will, unless the weather is very warm, accept
your invitation and drop in to investigate. One person by this
means can capture a thousand in a brief time, and an hour or two
in the cool of the day will generally be ample to keep them from
doing much injury. If they should appear in such numbers as to
threaten destruction to the crop, I should put on force enough to
keep them down, but, I should at the same time search out their
breeding place, which is generally a field of grass near by, and in
some way prevent their future multiplication. It does not
necessarily follow, however, that the numbers appearing in one
season have any very close relation to those that present themselves
in the succeeding; one.

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The diseases of the grape vine are mainly of a fungous character^
sudh as mildew of the foliage and black rot of the berries.
Seve'ral successive moist seasons, favorable to the spread of these
troubles, will sometimes grow to seriously injure the crops and the
vines, but as a rule Massachusetts is not a great sufferer thereby.
We have an effective remedy in solutions of copper, but they
should be applied in such a manner as to prevent rather than cure
the disease. It is a case where a stitch in time saves nine. As I
before stated, three times in my experience of forty years the
seasons were so unpropitious that I failed to realize anything for
the crop, as its acid rendei'ed it unsalable. This condition I know
no means of preventing.

My experience in gi'owing grapes for the market has been
limited to the Concord. Originally I set a number of varieties,
and have nearly every year continued to plant a single vine of
every new kind that the owners told large stories about, at first
trusting, but latterly only hoping, that something better than the
Concord might make its appearance. I have not yet seen it. A
few varieties earlier or later give me more or less satisfaction for
family use, but so far no one that tempts me to plant a duplicate
vine. Other growers, differently situated, find partial substitutes,
but I am sure that a well grown and thoroughly ripened Concord
grape never yet has gone begging for a customer.

There exists in the community a somewhat extensively enter-
tained prejudice against swallowing the seeds of grapes. Many
people will not eat this fruit because of the fear of the malady
known as appendicitis. If they are obliged to crush the pulp to
get at and discard the seeds, they find the former so sour as to
destroy all the pleasure. This would not be the case if the grapes
were first-class and well ripened. Most of you are probably aware
that there is in every human being a small appendage to the
coecum, the commencement of the large intestine, called the
appendix vermiformis, which has no known function and appar-
ently no earthly use, except as it gives business to the surgeon
when it gets a patient into trouble. This appendage may become
inflamed either with or without a foreign body in it. Generally,
however, a collection of fecal matter in the form of a soft concre-
tion or stone is the cause of the inflammation. Most cases are so
mild as to cure themselves. Occasionally, however, the disease
pursues so rapid a course that nothing can prevent an early fatal

HARDY GRAPES. 47

termiuation. At times an abscess results which requires operation.
When the concretion ulcerates rapidly through the appendix, or
when the abscess breaks into the abdomen, it sets up a peritonitis
which proves fatal. The remedy lies in the surgeon's knife which
if used in season, by removing the inflamed appendix saves the
life and prevents any subsequent recurrence.

In order to ascertain if there exists any connection between the
swallowing of grape seeds and this affection, I requested one
of the most eminent surgeons of Boston, Dr. Maurice H. Richard-
son, who has operated many times in these cases, to give me his
opinion. He informed me that in all his experience he had never
found a grape seed as the cause, but always a little hardened fecal
matter. Foreign bodies have been found to some extent, but the
rule is as here stated. Dr. Richardson assures me that while he
rejected the seeds of grapes for many j'ears he has now given up
the custom as an entirely unnecessary and inefficacious precaution
in the prevention of appendicitis. It might appear from the more
frequent notice of deaths in the newspapers of late that this disease
is largely on the increase and tiius in some way connected with the
enormously increased consumption of grapes, but the affection is
better diagnosed than formerly, when, without an operation or a
post mortem examination, it was set down as inflammation of the
bowels or peritonitis.

I have purposely refrained from wearying you with many details
of management that would be interesting only to a few, knowing
that the discussion which is to follow would bring out such points
as might be desired.

As a final word I desire to insist upon and emphasize the two
indispensable conditions for the highest success, which also apply
to the growing of all the larger tree fruits as well as grapes. One
is the necessity of ample, annual fertilization, and the other is the
severe thinning, by which quality of product, and consequent high
price are to be realized and maintained.

Discussion.

A gentleman in the audience spoke of a grape vine which was
infested with a caterpillar through the season. It was of a grayish
color, and varied from half an inch to two inches in length. A
hundred or more were taken ofl:, with a pair of nippers, every day
for several mouths.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Fisher said that sometimes a particular insect will breed in
a vineyard, and feed upon the vines. The only way to deal with
insects is to exterminate them early. Like the flea-beetle {Haiti ca
chalybea), so destructive of the grape foliage, the caterpillars
mentioned might have been checked in the early part of the season
by some spraying mixture. Paris green would undoubtedly have
destroyed them if they ate of it.

Richard T. Lombard said that Paris green did not appear to
kill the cutworm. He had used Paris green on his carnation
plants under glass in such quantity as would kill vegetable-
eating insects, yet the cutworm destroyed the foliage with appar-
ent impunity.

A stranger remarked that in Western New York the Worden
grape brought better prices than the Concord.

Dr. Fisher said he had had the Worden grape in cultivation
for twenty years and had never had it ripen a week earlier than
the Concord. Generally it colors only one or two days before the
Concord. It has a larger berry, but he considers it a diluted
Concord. Like Moore's Early it splits badly with fall rains ; it
has not the sparkle of the Concord, when both are thoroughly
ripe ; will not bear transportation as well, and is always a poorer
keeper.

The loria being mentioned, Dr. Fisher said that at Fitchburg
the season is not quite long enough for it to ripen. He had got
tired waiting for it. It may do well if grown in a favorable
corner of a well protected garden.

Samuel Hartwell said that his first experiment in grape culture
was to set four hundred one year old vines of Moore's Early.
They were planted in a well tilled field, in drills. The next year
he reset them in the same field, in vineyard form, eight feet apart
in the rows, which were nine feet apart, thus covering one acre,
and giving ample space to drive through with a horse and cart.
With liiin, Moore's Early proved a good grape, ripening well every
year. It is not so great a bearer as the Concord, but generally
sets as much fruit as the vines are able to mature thoroughly.
He has not pruned as severely as Dr. Fisher has done. His
vines have two arms from three to four feet long each way. The
l)rices received for the fruit have averaged from five to six cents
l)er pound, in Boston market. He received nine Imndred dollars
in one year, for the fruit and cuttings sold from the first acre.

HARDY GRAPES. 49

During the two or three years after they came into hearing, the
crops of fruit were larger than they ever produced afterwards.
He was generally able to get his grapes into market early, w^hile
higher prices ruled ; but last year the highest price received was
eight cents ; the market was soon over stocked and prices went
down rapidly. His next planting was a new vineyard of four
acres, with Moore's Early ; and the same season he planted a
three-acre vineyard of so-called white grapes, including one thou-
sand Hayes, the rest of the ground being planted with Pockling-
ton and Niagara. The Poeklington is verj^ showy, and perhaps is
the best native white grape. The Niagara drops its berries easily,
especially where the ground is depressed and the soil is richer.
The Hayes was quite unsatisfactory. Upon the whole the white
grapes proved an unprofitable investment. He has taken out the
Hayes altogether, and on that ground are planted one thousand
^•ines of the Worden, which he considers a week earlier than the
Concord. It is ready to take off as soon as Moore's Early are
marketed. A Concord man who has a fondness for grapes,
desires to have some Wordens saved for him. He appreciates their
peculiar flavor. The fertilizer used by Mr. Hartwell is a mixture
of three tons of ground bone, and one tori of muriate of potash.
Of this he applies from five to six barrels to the acre. Insects
have never troubled him much until last year, when rose bugs
were more numerous than ever before. Mr. Hartwell referred to
Dr. Fisher's statement, that when a fruited arm or branch is cut
away the roots that supported that part died, and said he could
not bring himself to believe in that theory ; if true in the case of a
grape vine, why not in trees? He knew of an elm tree from
which all the roots on one side were cut aw^ay ; yet no one branch
of that tree appeared to suffer any more than any others from this
great loss.

In reply to a question concerning the storage of grapes, Dr.
Fisher said that after being gathered they should be kept in a
cool, dry, still atmosphere, at a temperature of about forty
degrees. Below that point, if dampness should exist, the fruit
will lose its flavor. Thoroughly ripe Concord grapes will not keep
long under any treatment. Catawba grapes will keep all winter,
if not allowed to become so dry that the stems will shrivel, nor so
moist that they will mould.

4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

E. W. "Wood doubted whether marketmen would agree with Dr.
Fisher in regard to the quality of the Coucord grape. He gets-
his fruit perfectly ripe. As a rule marketmen prefer the Worden
grape. Girdling, it is claimed, extends the season two or three
weeks, by forcing the ripening process in advance of the usual
date. Another advantage gained is that the berries are larger,
while chemical analysis shows that the quality is equally good.
There is some question as to whether the grapes of finer quality —
like the best Rogers Hybrids — may not be ripened earlier, and
also gain other advantages, by the girdling process, especially by
amateur growers, who in many cases have smaller areas and
better protected grounds.

Dr. Fisher said that during a term of three years he made some
extended experiments in girdling grape vines. In some cases he
girdled one of two fruiting arms. On some vines he girdled both
arms. He found that on the average, the grapes on a girdled arm
ripened ten days earlier than usual, but the grapes on the other
arm ripened later than usual, therefore he lost on the latter about
half as much as he gained on the girdled portion. When
both principal arms were girdled, whatever grapes were growing
upon other and smaller shoots failed to ripen at all. In two or
three years' experience, he found that those vines which were sub-
jected to girdling failed to make as good a growth or to ripen their
wood as well, and therefore set less fruit, which proved poorer.
In fact they required two years to recover from the effects of
girdling, and in three years' time he concluded he had gathered
less fruit on the whole. Rains falling on nearly ripened girdled
grapes caused many of the berries to split open. Moore's Early
sets a very light crop ; and this, and Worden, and the girdled
Concord, are all very liable to split open if rain comes at their
ripening season. He was certain that they did not pay him.
They might prove a success with others under different circum-
stances.

Mr. Wood knew of a vineyard at Concord where the girdling
system has been practised eleven years, and no difference in the
vigor of the vines has been noticeable ; they were heavily loaded
with large fruit, which last year ripened at the beginning of
Septemljer. The owner would feel like going out of the business
if he could not girdle and gain the advantage thereby secured.
Mr. Wood had met with similar expressions of opinion at
Worcestei', nnd in various other sections of the State.

HARDY GRAPES. 51

Dr. Fisher declared that nothing else in the grape line is so
mean as an uai'ipe Concord. No other grape is better than a well-
fed, ripe Concord. That is the point about which, and to which
all he had said was directed. There is a great difference in grapes
of the same variety, as they are grown in or near Fitchburg, or
are grown in portions of the state of New York. He considers
the latter too sweet for most tastes. After eating freely of them,
as of confectionery, one needs some cheese to counteract their
cloying effect. Respecting the flavor of any fruit, he said that if
it is produced upon a vigorous plant the flavor can be greatly
improved l)y thinning out the fruit that sets ; then the tree, shrub,
vine, or plant, will have to mature only the amount it can carry to
perfection. All extra fruit ensures just so much deterioration of
quality or flavor. His practice is to thin out each cluster when
the berries are about the size of peas. As a rule, from his long
experience, he can judge about right as to the extent of the
thinning ; but sometimes circumstances connected with the
weather, insects, fungi, or possibly the fertilizers, may be so
peculiar as to make it very difficult to judge aright in this matter
of thinning, but with him it is never overdone.

Referring again to the theory of special roots feeding corres-
ponding single branches, and even twigs and leaves. Dr. Fisher
said that a full-grown tree, in the absence of any injury or muti-
lation*, will have a root for every limb, a rootlet for every twig, and
a multitude of feeders for every part and parcel of the foliage.
The annual feeding roots all die each year after performing their
functions, as do the leaves ; while the larger roots remain perma-
nently, like the limbs and branches above the soil. In the case of
the grape vine, a large proportion of which is pruned away each
autumn, the roots corresponding to these arms, or branches, also
mostly die and decay. If it were otherwise the ground would be
filled in a few years, with roots many times greater in bulk than
the unpruned portion of the vines remaining, which is never the
case. Hence, in girdling, the large root corresponding to the gir-
dled arm does not ripen but dies, and is of no value to the vine
afterward. If a large limb of a tree is severed, the root supply-
ing it ceases its functions and decays. Conversely, the euttiug-off
of a main root deprives the limb, which it specially supplies, of
means of growth, and it dies, or becomes much enfeebled thereby.
If it does not fully do this, it is only because of a means of com-

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICtnLTURAX, SOCIETY.

peusatioii which Nature emploj's, by a very gradual process of
supplementary cu'culation, analogous to that which follows the
occlusion of a large artery in the animal body. If the artery is
too large, or the operation too sudden, or the surrounding tissues
much weakened, the new circulation cannot take place in time to
prevent the death of the parts to be supplied with blood, and they
necessarily succumb. Cultivators under glass, who suffer from
the injuries caused by nematoid worms, may notice the sudden
death of leaves or parts of leaves, which results from the supply
of sap being cut oft", by the work of these worm pests upon the
roots.

Dr. Fisher, in answer to a question as to what varieties, and
how many of each, should be included in an order for twenty-five
grape vines for home use, said he should hardly recommend plant-
ing twenty-five varieties. He spoke of the Cottage grape — a
seedling of the Concord — as one that is sure to ripen in this lati-
tude. When nearly ripe it is a pretty good fruit, but if left to
mature fully, it loses all its acid and becomes worthless. It is a
strong grower, and therefore adapted for high training under
this treatment ; bearing arms even ten feet long can be allowed
to fruit when well grown and fully established.

On motion of Leverett M. Chase, a vote of thanks to Dr. Fisher
for his valuable lecture was unanimously passed.

The subject of the next Saturday Meeting for Discussion was
announced as : " Electricity and Plant Growing," to be introduced
by L. H. Bailey, Professor of Horticulture, Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 3, 1894.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Leverett M. Chase, Chairman of the Committee to procure a
portrait of Ex-Presi<le)it William H. Spooner, reported that the
Committee had attended to that duty, and asked to be discharged.
The report was accepted and the Committee was discharged.

MEMBERS ELECTED. 53

Charles E. Richardson, Treasurer and Superintendent of the
Building, read his report for the year 1893, which was accepted
and referred to the Committee on Publication.

J. D. AV. French offered the following resolutions, which were
unanimously passed :

Resolved, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society approve
House Bill (H. R. 119), —A Bill to Protect Public Forest Reser-
vations, — and urge the immediate passage of said Bill.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the
Senators and Representatives of this State, in the United States
Congress.

On motion of E. W. Wood, it was voted that the Society offer
the use of one of its halls to the American Carnation Society at
its Annual Meeting, in 1895.

On motion of Mrs. P. D. Richards, it was voted that the name
of the Window Gardening Committee be changed to Committee
on School Gardens and Children's Herbariums, and that this
Committee be appointed by the Chair. The Chair appointed as
that Committee :

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, Chairman,
Henry L. Clapp, Mrs. P. D. Richards,

George E. Davenport, William E. C. Rich,
George A. Parker, Miss Katharine W. Huston.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected Members of the
Society :

Clarence E. Grosvenok, of Charlestowu,

Mrs. Mary R. Keith, of Wollaston,

John Ash, of Pomfret, Conn.,

Frank C. Bosler, of Carlisle, Penn.,

Herbert S. Carruth, of Dorchester,

Samuel M. Boardman, of Milton.

Philip A. Chase, of Lynn, and John C. Cobb, of Milton, were
proposed by Nathaniel T. Kidder, as members of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 3.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Electricity and Plant-Growing.

By L. H. Bailey, Professor of Horticulture, Cornell University, Itbaca, N. Y.

Plants depend upon two sets of factors for their life and
growth : food, supplied directly by the soil and atmosphere ;
environmental conditions, as warmth and sunlight. Given these
agencies, plants thrive anywhere and at any time. There are
certain other circumstances, however, which greatly modify the
rate and direction of growth and development, without being
essential to the life of the plant. It is these accessory influences
and conditions which largely determine the value of cultivation ;
for amelioration is effected only when man adds some facility
which Nature withholds. There is no absolute or fixed standard
of the conditions of life, and every change in them, however
slight, is reflected in some way in the plant itself. Every plant is
different from every other plant because no two of them are
subjected to exactly the same conditions of existence. So it
happens that every condition which comes under the dominion of
man influences plants profoundly, because these conditions are
thereby widely diverted from their original scope. The difference
between the modification of plants in nature and in cultivation is
mostly one of intensity or degree, and not one of kind ; for it is
only when man practises direct selection that he may adopt what
may l)e called an unnatural or abnormal ideal. Now these
accessory circumstances which diversify the vegetable kingdom
are chiefly of four kinds :

1. Excess in the primary conditions of life, as an unusual or
abnormal supply of food, warmth, or light. This, in one form or
another, is the chief means of the variation and consequently of
the evolution of i)]ants.

2. Modifications in the periodicity of diurnal and seasonal
changes. Plants soon become accustomed to the circumstances in
which they live, or fitted into them ; and a change in this environ-
ment must inaugurate a new set of adaptations. What is called
the "rest" of cultivated plants is sim])ly an adai)tation to condi-
tions in which the plants once lived. In most parts of the globe
there is a season of enforced inactivity, due to cold or dryness ;
and when plants are taken from these regions into greenhouses

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 55

they demand a like period of inaetivity. This is particularly true
of bulbous plants, and all those which spring from fleshy under-
ground parts ; and even with woody greenhouse plants the
gardener allows a certain season when the plant is kept in a state
of partial inactivity. But this season of "rest" is not a
necessary attrilnite of vegetation, as most gardeners think, but is
simply an adaptation, and in many cases it can be wholly over-
come through long continued cultivation. Some plants modify
themselves more readily than others in this respect, due to
differences in the elasticity of their organization. If cultivation
often overcomes this period of passivity, and thereby proves it to
have no necessary vital function, observation of unmolested floras
may show it as well, for there are certain regions in which
vegetation never ceases to grow ; and, furthermore, the gradation
from trees to shrubs and herbs in certain species, or congeneric
species, from the south to the north, shows that the duration of a
plant may be determined wholly by the seasonal periodicity in
which it is placed. This leads me to introduce a phenomenon
which is particularly germane to the general subject that I am
shortly to bring to your attention — the fact that plants undergo a
diurnal variation in function. It is well known that the chief
activity of the plant in da^^time is directed towards the getting and
making of food, or assimilation, while in the nighttime it uses this
food in making growth. ^ But this, again, is only an enforced
adaptation or division of labor, for, as the plant cannot assimilate
in darkness, it devotes the greater part of its energies at that time
to the building of tissiie, and leaves itself free to "make hay
while the sun shines." But both these functions may and often
do proceed simultaneously ; and in the long days of the Arctic
regions plants complete the whole process of growth and fructifica-
tion in sunlight. If we once disaltuse our minds of the common
belief that plants must rest at night, we shall be prepared to
understand that artificial light in the hours of darkness can work
no injury unless it carries with it something beside illumination.

3. Plants are modified by physical manipulation, as training
and pruning and the horticultural methods of propagation ; and

4. By the application of stimuli. The effects of stimuli upon
plants are little known, largely because any circumstance which
incites unusually rapid growth is commonly classed as a stimulant.
But the term should l)e applied to those agencies which appear to

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

exert some exciting intlueuce upon the physiological processes,
and not to the action of greater warmth or more food, or to any
intensification of the ordinary conditions of existence. I insist
upon this distinction here because it enables me to contrast two
phenomena which are often confounded in their effects upon
plants, but which are in essence far apart : namely, the eft'ect of
electric light, which simply adds light to light or, in other words,
increases the daytime, and the electric current, or electrification,
which in some way disturbs or excites the normal functions.

I. The Application op Electrical Illumination to Plant-
Growing. We are now ready to approach the subject of the influ-
ence of electrical forces upon vegetation in a philosophical spirit.
These forces or agencies are of two general types — the electric
light, which is simply a method of illumination, and electric currents,
which are a means of electrification. The former of these agen-
cies is the one to which I invite your chief attention. We may
feel sure, at the outset, that illumination at night will not injure
the plant ; and as it has long been proved that artificial lights
exert much the same influence upon plants as the sunlight does,
only in smaller degree, we shall expect that good results will
follow, and in proportion as the energy of the artificial light
approaches the energy of solar light. The electric arc light com-
mends itself above other common artificial lights because it is the
most powerful. The spectrum of this light is that of carbon,
combined, probably, with certain products of combustion. It
contains the same parts as the solar spectrum and in approxi-
matel}^ the same proportions ; but it is richer in the ultra-violet
rays and probably somewhat weaker in the orange rays, which
accounts for its dazzling blue- whiteness. It is pretty well ascer-
tained tliat the orange portion of the solar spectrum is particularly
promotive of the assimilative power in plants. This fact suggests
that the use of an orange globe for the electric light would bring
its spectrum nearer to that of sunlight. Our experiments with
color-screens show that an amber glass — which is the nearest
approach to orange in commercial glass — gave more rapid growth
or earlier results than other colors ; but it is doubtful whether the
assimilative power of the ordinary electric light is sufficient to
render minor modifications of tlie visil)le portions of its spectrum
practically appreciable in plant growth. Incandescent electric
illumination has not been carefully studied in its effects upon

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 57

plants, although experiments made by one of my foi-mer pupils,
and yet unpublished, show that it may hasten growth. But the
amount of light is much less than in the arc-lamp, as the ordinary
incandescent bulbs give from sixteen to fifty candle-power only.
But we hope to investigate the subject soon.

If the electric light, therefore, is similar to sunlight in essential
effects upon plants, it remains for us to discover two things :
1. Does the light contain injurious properties along with illumin-
ation? 2. Are all plants equall}' susceptible to its influence?

Although Herve-Mangon had demonstrated in 1861 that the
electric light can occasion the production of chlorophyll or green
matter in plants, and that it can produce heliotropism or draw
plants towards itself, and although Prillieux had shown in 1869
that it is capable of promoting assimilation, it was not until near
the close of the seventies that any application of the light to
horticultural purposes was attempted. The first horticultural
experiment was made in England by Dr. C. W. Siemens, a
renowned physicist. Siemens experimented with a variety of
forced plants, mostly those which produced edible fruits, as straw-
berries, tomatoes, grapes, and melons. Upon all these plants the
effect of the arc light was marked, sometimes injuriously and
sometimes beneficially. Dr. Siemens soon found that a naked or
unscreened light was injurious to plants at short range, but that
the interposition of a clear glass globe or an ordinary window
pane prevented such injury. He demonstrated that the light can
be placed aliove the house with good results, and thereby also
showed that the modification of the plants was due to illumination
and not to electrification nor to products of combustion. In
general, plants were earlier under the screened light than in
natural conditions ; that is, thej' grew more rapidly, and this is
the result which we should have anticipated, if it is true that the
electric light simply lengthens the day. At the close of his
experiments, Siemens was very sanguine that the electric light can
be profitably employed in horticulture, and he used the term
"electro horticulture" to designate this new application of electric
energy. He anticipated that in the future " the horticulturist will
have the means of making himself practically independent of solar
light for producing a high quality of fruit at all seasons of the
year." He had shown that growth can be hastened by the addi-
tion of electric light to daylight, that injury does not necessarily

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

follow continuous light throughout the twenty-four hours, that
electric light often deepens the green of leaves and the tints of
flowers and sometimes intensifies flavors, and that it aids to
produce good seeds ; and he thought that the addition of the
electric light enabled plants to bear a higher temperature in the
greenhouses than they otherwise could bear. But whatever may
be the value of the electric light to horticulture, the scientific value
of Siemens's experiments is still great. They have furnished data
in regard to several obscure relations of light to vegetation.
"Nature" made the following comments upon this feature of the
application of the electric light by Dr. Siemens: ''But the scien-
tific interest of its present application nmst rest mainly on the fact
that the cycle of transformation of energy engaged in plant life is
now complete, and that, starting from the energy stored up in
vegetable fuel, we can run through the changes from heat to
electricity, and thence to light, which we now know we can store
up in vegetable fuel again." While the experiments were designed
for practical purposes, and while the economic results seemed to be
important, the most valuable conclusions of these signal investiga-
tions are such as concern the purely scientific questions of the
interrelations of plants and electrical illumination.

Whilst Siemens was concluding his experiments in England,
Deh^rain was conducting similar ones in Paris ; but while Siemens
had attempted only to supplement daylight by electric light for a
part or all of the night, the other endeavored to grow plants by
the continuous electric light alone, with practically no aid from the
sun. He found at once that the naked arc injures plants, even
though it promotes assimilation more rapidly than the screened
light. Barley in head and flax in flower were brought into the
lighted compartment; also chrysanthemums, pelargoniums, roses,
and a variety of ornamental plants. After seven days of contin-
uous electric lighting most of the plants were seriously injured.
All the pelargoniums lost their leaves, cannas were discolored,
four o'clocks were tarnished, and bamboos were blackened.
"But tlie most curious effect was produced upon the lilacs; all
tlie parts of the leaves that had received the direct rays from the
lamp were lilackened, while those protected l)y the upper leaves
preserved theii- beautiful green color, and tlie impi'cssion i)r()(lu('ed
upon tlie epidermis by tlie electric rays had the clearness of a
photographic plate." Similar effects were produced upon azaleas,

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 59

deutzias, and chrysanthemums. It was found that this discolora-
tion did not extend beyond the first layer of palisade cells.
Plants which received solar light by day and electric light at night
only, were injured in the same manner but in a less degree. The
injury was most marked upon the old leaves. The pelargoniums
soon sent out new shoots and the young leaves resisted the action
of the light much longer than did the mature ones. The flax
continued to grow and the barley ripened. It was found that
plants under the electric light alone were able to assimilate, but
the action was very slow. As much assimilation took place in an
hour on a bright summer day as in several days of electric light.
At the expiration of two weeks the condition of the plants was so
bad that a change was made, and thereafter a globe was used
upon the lamp. Deh^rain also found that while established plants
may continue to live and even to grow when exposed only to an
electric light, sprouting seeds die before making true leaves. The
functional difference between the germinating seed and the inde-
pendent plant is expressed by the fact that in the former oxygen
is freely absorbed and carbonic acid gas is given off, while in the
mature plants the reverse is true in the main — carbonic acid gas is
freely taken in and oxygen is freely given off ; but it is not known
whether these processes are concerned in the widely different
effects which the light exerts upon these stages of vegetation. I
have also observed an injury to follow in exposing very young
plants to the arc light, but I cannot account for its cause.
Deherain's general conclusions in regard to the influence of
electric light upon plants are as follows :

"1. The electric light from lamps contains rays harmful to
vegetation.

2. The greater part of the injurious rays are modified by a
transparent glass.

8. The electric light contains enough rays to maintain full-
grown plants two and one-half months.

4. The light is too weak to enable sprouting seeds to prosper
or to bring adult plants to maturity."

At this point our own experiments were projected. These were
begun in January, 1890, and have been continued uninterruptedly
during the forcing season to the present time. I shall now invite
your attention to a general survey of these investigations, referring
you to our three bulletins upon the subject for the details. I

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

confess that I had expected to be able to reach definite conchisions
at the close of the first winter's experiments ; but at the present
time, while we are engaged in the fifth annual series of investiga-
tions, we find ourselves still very far from definite conclusions
concerning some of the primary and fundamental phenomena of
the experiments. For four winters we endeavored chiefly to grow
crops by the aid of the light, and although we have succeeded
with several species, we have now given up for the time being all
commercial or so-called practical considerations, and we are now
endeavoring to discover the fundamental facts concerning the
exact composition of the arc light, and its direct action upon
vegetable tissue and physiological processes. Although this may
seem to be driving the cart before the horse, it is nevertheless the
necessary and logical order of experiment in untravelled fields,
because we have first to discover the phenomena before we can
search for their causes.

Our first experiment was with a naked two thousand candle-
power lamp hung inside a forcing-house and running all night. A
forcing-house sixty feet long and twenty feet wide was divided by
a partition, one part being run in the ordinary manner, the other
receiving electric light at night in addition to the normal daylight.
The general effect of the light was to greatly hasten maturity, and
the nearer the plants grew to the light the greater was the acceler-
ation. This tendency was particularly marked in the leaf-plants,
endive, spinach, cress, and lettuce. The plants "ran to seed"
before edible leaves were formed, and near the light the leaves
were small and curled. This is well illustrated in spinach. The
electric light spinach matured and produced good seeds while that
in the dark house was still making large and edible leaves, with no
indication of running to seed. An examination of leaves of the
plants under the microscope showed that while there was appar-
ently the same amount of starch in each, it was much more
developed in the electric light specimen, the grains being larger
and having more distinct markings, and giving a better color test
when treated with iodine. Lettuce, growing in a row nearly
under the lamp, behaved in a similar manner. F<n' three feet
either side of the lamp, most of the i)lants were killed outright
soon after they came up, and the remaining ones in the entire row
(tlnrty-five plants) wei'e seriously injured, the leaves curling and
remaining very small. The plants increased in stature, vigor,

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 61

and size of leaves with increased distance from the lamp. Those
nearest the lamp made most leaves early in their growth, and they
maintained this advantage until about four weeks old, although
the leaves were smaller. Five weeks after sowing, the average
height of plants within four feet of the lamp was 1.2 inches;
between four and five feet, 1.34 inches; between five and six
feet 1.8 inches ; between six and seven feet, 2 inches; between
seven and eight feet, 2.2 inches. The average height of plants in
the dark house at this time was 2^ inches, and the plants were
much more vigorous, and had larger and darker leaves. The
increase in size was not uniform with increase in distance from the
lamp. There were somewhat regular alternations of lower and
higher plants, although there was a general progression in height.
This alternating elevation and depression was probably due to the
concentric bands of varying intensity of light which fall from the
arc, and which are caused by the uneven burning of the carbons,
those zones which were marked by the shadow giving the better
results in growth. Cress and endive gave similar results. With
endive we chanced to get a signal illustration of the injurious
effect of the light. One of two parallel rows of plants was in the
shade of a post, and while the exposed row gradually increased in
size as it proceeded from the light, this shaded row gradually
decreased, or was largest nearest the light where the shadow was
most intense.

Some of the most marked results in this first series of experi-
ments were obtained with the radishes. The young radish plants
were strongly attracted by the light, and in the morning they all
leaned at an angle of from 60° to 45° towards the lamp. During
the day they would straighten up, only to reach for the lamp again
on the succeeding night. This was repeated until the roots began
to swell and the plant became stiff. As the plants grew, the
foliage became much curled, and the amount of this injury was in
direct proportion to the nearness to the lamp. Those nearest the
lamp — within three or six feet — were nearly dead at the expira-
tion of six weeks, while those fourteen feet away showed little
injury to the leaves. The crops obtained in the dark or normal
house were about twice greater than those in the light compart-
ment. The entire plants and the tops were almost lialf lighter in
the light house, and the tubers were more than half lighter, while
the per cent of tubers large enough for market was as nine in the

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTFCULTURAL SOCIETY.

light bouse to twenty-six in tlie dark house. And it should also
be said that the average size of the tubers graded as marketable
was less in the light house than in the other. A portion of a
plantation of radishes in the light house was protected by the fan-
shaped shadow cast by an iron post an inch and a half in
diameter. In the shadow the foliage was scarcely injured, while
those leaves which projected into the light were curled. Chemical
analysis showed that the plants under the electric light had
reached a greater degree of maturity than those in the normal or
dark house. The ash was more, potash more than double,
chlorophyll (including extracted gums) somewhat more. The
total nitrogen was essentially the same in all samples, but it was
noticeable that in the electric light plants more of the amide
nitrogen had been changed into other forms than in the other
sample ; and the electric light samples were richer in albuminoids.
The light house plants from the shadow were much nearer in
composition to those in full light than to those in the dark house.

Dwarf peas in the light house, particularly those in direct light,
blossomed about a week in advance of those in the dark house,
and they gave earlier fruits, but the productiveness was less,
being in the ratio of four in the light house to seven in the
dark house ; and the plants were considerably shorter in growth.
The decrease in production was due largely to the fewer peas
in each pod, for the number of fruitful pods produced in each
case was as seven in the light house to nine in the dark
house, and there were many seedless pods in the light house. In
other woi'ds, the production of pods (or flowers) was about the
same in both houses, but the plants in the light house produced
onl}' four-sevenths as many seeds as those in the dark compart-
ment.

Carrots gave wholly indifferent results. They did not appear to
be affected greatly even by the naked light, though growing but
three or four feet away. Carrots require a long period of growth
and were therefore exposed to the light for about four months,
and yet the plants which grew directly in front of the lamp were
but little inferior to those which stood ten or twelve feet away, or
even to those in the dark house. No other pljtnt in our experi-
ments has withstood the electric light so well.

Here, then, was proof that two distinct series or classes of
results proceeded from the naked electric light : plants are injured,

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 63

and they are forced into earlier maturity. We are, therefore, able
to answer the two questions which we asked ourselves at the
outset: 1. There is other influence than mere illumination in the
electric light. 2. Different plants are differently affected l)y the
light.

It now remains for us to determine how to avoid or coi'rect the
injurious etfects while we still hold to some of the accelerating
influences of the light ; and we must also ascertain what plants
most readily adapt themselves to such changed conditions of life
as the electric light introduces. Both Siemens and Deherain
found that ordinary glass cuts off many of the higher refrangible
or ultra-violet rays in which the electric spectrum abounds and
which are too intense for the welfare of most plants. Common
glass has this property in a marked degree, and it cuts off many
of these rays in the solar spectrum. In our next experiment,
therefore, the injurious portion of the electric light was cut out by
a globe surrounding the arc. We first tried an opal or
whitened globe, and the light, as before, ran all night. There
was at once a marked change. The effect of the modified light
was much less evident than that of the naked light. Spinach
showed the same tendency to run to seed, but to a much less
extent, and the plants were not affected by proximity to the
lamp. Radishes were thrifty in the light house, and the leaves
did not curl, but they produced less than in the dark house,
although the differences were much less marked than in the former
experiments. The loss in growth of radishes due to the electric
light averaged from one to five per cent in the screened light,
while the loss occasioned by the naked light had been from 45 to
65 per cent. It was noticeable, also, that while the tops or leaves
were lighter under the naked light, they were heavier under the
modified light than those of normal plants ; and this is interesting
in connection with the fact that lettuce did much better under the
modified light than in normal conditions.

We had now prevented most if not all of the secondary
injurious influence of the light due to the ultra-luminous portion
of the spectrum, and we had found one plant — the lettuce —
which was able to adapt itself completely to the new conditions
and, by availing itself of the added light, had been greatly
benefited. The other plants were imable to adjust themselves to
the accelerated assimilation, and ran too quickly to seed, or

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

matured before they had attained a normal stature. The next
logical step, therefore, was to run the light only a portion of the
night, in order that the change from normal conditions should not
be too violent.

The third stage in our experimentation, then, concerned itself
with the naked light running the first half of the night. The
foliage of radishes was noticeably larger in the electric light house,
as it had been before under the modified light, but the tubers were
practically the same in both houses, and the date of maturity was
the same. Notwithstanding its greatpr size, the foliage in the
light house showed some signs of curling. Peas were grown, and
in every case they were larger and more fruitful in the dark house.
The electric light did not increase the size of leaves, as it did in
the radishes. These results, also, are similar to those obtained in
previous experiments.

Lettuce, however, was greatly benefited by the electric light.
We had found that under the protected light running all night,
lettuce had made a better growth than in normal conditions, but
now it showed still greater difference. Three weeks after trans-
planting lettuce of equal age upon the benches of the light and
dark houses, the plants in the light house were fully 50 per cent
in advance of those in the dark house in size, and the color and
other character of the plants were fully as good. The plants had
received at this time 70J hours of electric light. Just a month
later the first heads were sold from the light house, but it was six
weeks later when the first heads were sold from the dark house.
In other words, the electric light plants were two weeks ahead of
the others. This gain had been purchased by 16 If hours of
electric light, worth at current prices of street lighting about
$7.00. This experiment was repeated by reversing the houses for
the purpose of eliminating errors, and the results were essentially
the same. Seeds were sown in flats, Feb. 24, 1891. Until March
17th, they were grown under ordinary conditions, at which time
they were set in their permanent positions in the two compart-
ments. We began to pick lettuce from the light house April 30,
but the first of equal size from the dark house was obtained May
10. The electric light plants were, therefore, upon the benches
forty-four days before the first heads were sold. During this
time there were twenty nights in which the light did not run, and
there had been but eighty-four hours of electric light, worth about

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 65

$3.50. This gain of ten clays in maturity is remarlvable when we
consider tliat the light never ran later than eleven o'clock at night ;
that nearly half of the nights had no light, and that the experi-
ment was made late in the season, when the strong sunlight tends
to obscure any effect of the artificial illumination. These results
were uniform throughout a house 20 X 30 feet in extent, in both
instances. All subsequent experiments strongly confirm these
results ; and nothing can be more definitely stated concerning the
effects of electric arc light upon vegetation than that a 2,000-
candle-power lamp, run half the night or even less, exerts a most
marked beneficial influence upon lettuce throughout a house sixty
feet square. In fact, I consider this point so well established that
we have discontinued experiments in the general forcing of lettuce
by the electric light.

The influence of this naked light upon productiveness and color
of flowers was found to vary with the different species, and differ-
ent colors within the same species. Several named varieties of
tulips gave interesting results. When these came into full flower,
it was found that in every case the colors were deeper and richer
in the light house ; but the colors lost their intensity after four or
five days, and were then indistinguishable from those in the dark
house. The plants in the light compartment had longer stems and
larger leaves than the others ; and there was a greater number of
floriferous plants in the light. These tulips were grown at
distances of ten and twelve feet from the lamp. Petunias were
much affected by the light. The plants were much taller and
slenderer in the light, even at the farthest corners of the house
twenty and thirty feet from the lamp, and they bloomed earlier
and more profusely. When the specimens were in full bloom, it
was found that the height of plants in the dark house was to the
height of those in the light house as five is to six. White petunias
were not changed in color by the light, but purple ones quickly
became l)lue, especially near the lamp.

Other fiowers behaved differently, each according to its kind ;
but all those, of whatever species, which stood within five or six
feet of the naked arc were injured. Flowers opening near the
light were of short duration, but those ten or twelve and more feet
away did not appear to be modified in this regard. But it was
apparent that, in general, the light hastened blooming and caused
the production of longer stems, but this effect was much obscured
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

by the injuries resulting from the unscreened arc. Subsequently
we have found that the use of a glob-e or pane of glass will avert
the injuries to flowers as well as to foliage, and the long stems
and open inflorescence, together with increase in earliness in some
cases, may be obtained without fear of injury. Yet we are not
ready to recommend the electric arc lamp for the growing of
flowers.

If the noxious effects of the electric light can be overcome by
the interposition of glass, it remained to determine whether the
light can be hung above the house to advantage, the glass roof
serving as the screen. A lamp, surrounded by a globe, was hung
six feet above the middle of a glass roof, and lettuce, endive,
beets, radishes, and spinach, and other plants, were grown
beneath. The lamp was so arranged that half the house had no
electric light, while the other half received the full glare of the
arc. The lettuce, as usual, was from a week to ten days earlier
in the lighted compartment, and the effect was marked in the
remotest corner of the house, forty feet from the lamp. Endive,
Avhich had been injured in other experiments, now showed no bad
results, although it did not appear to be benefited ; but radishes,
which had been among the plants most seriously injured in all our
experiments, now showed for the first time a decided gain in the
light compartment, indicating that at a certain degree of attenua-
tion, the light may be made acceptable to any plant. The plants
in the light house were ahead in every feature. The proportion
of tops to the entire plant was greater in the light than in the dark
house, the difference being that between 55 per cent and 49 per
cent. In 1890, under the naked light, radishes were uniformly
injured, the loss ranging from 45 to 65 per cent ; the same year,
under a light protected by an opal 'globe, the injury was still
apparent, but the loss in tubers was only from one to five per cent
of the crop, but at the same time the weight of leaves was
increased ; now this year, under light strained through a globe
a'nd a glass roof, there was an increase in both tubers and tops.
Similar results were obtained with beets and spinach ; but cauli-
flowers were decidedly better in the dark house, thus adding a new
source of perplexity, the discussion of which will be resumed
presently.

Violets and daisies were also grown in this experiment. In
botli instances, strong plants were set in the beds a few days

ELECTRICITY AND TLANT-GROWING. 67

before the light started. The violets (Marie Louise) were all set
in the light liouse at twelve to sixteen feet from the lamp, where
they received the full benefit of the light. Half of the bed of one
hundred plants was covered each night with a black enamel-cloth
box, provision being made for ventilation, and the other half
received the light. Three weeks after the light started, the
exposed plants began to bloom, while no buds could be found in
the darkened portion. It was not until five weeks after the start-
ing of the light that a flower appeared in the darkened plants,
while the others had continued to bloom. Fifty strong plants of
the low daisy (Bellis perennis) were divided between the two
houses. Those in the light compartment were from fifteen to eigh-
teen feet from the lamp, in rather weak light. The first bloom
appeared just four weeks after the starting of the light, and it was
in the light house. For a month or six weeks thereafter the
lighted plants bloomed more profusely ; but at that time the dark
house plants began to surpass the others, both in numbers
and size of fiowers and vigor of plants. In other w^ords, the
lighted plants bloomed earlier and never made such stocky plants,
and they soon exhausted themselves. It is probable that they
would have endured longer if they had been established in the
beds for a longer period before the light was put upon them.

In addition to all these plants, we have exposed many other
plants to the influence of the arc light with varying and interesting-
results. Of these, the most obstinate appear to be cucumbers,
tomatoes, and beans, none of which we have been able to persuade
to cast off the ways of their fathers ; but we are still hopeful that
they may respond to the attractions of the higher education !

I have already referred to the poor performance of caulifiowers
under the light ; and this introduces a subject which I have only
hinted at heretofore — the fact that the electric light often changes
the habit or method of growth of the plant. The light makes
cauliflowers grow tall, and draws the leaves up to a nearlv
vertical direction ; whilst plants in a normal house or far removed
from the light are lower and spread their leaves, at maturity,
nearly horizontally. Plants near the light are also lighter green
than others, and, contrary to other experience, they seem to be
somewhat later in heading. The difference in stature of plants at
distances of ten and fifty feet from the lamp was very marked, the
average heights at these respective points being as five is to three.

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The plants at the remote end of the rows, although lower and
weighing only about four-fifths as much as those near the lamp,
produced earlier heads. In other words, the light seemed to
produce leaf and stem growth at the expense of heads ; and this
rapid growth of the strongly lighted plants was further shown by
the much more brittle and tender tissue of these plants.

Most plants show a similar modification of habit under the
immediate influence of the light. As a rule they grow taller.
This tallness is ordinarily due to a longer growth, but it is some-
times only the result of erectness. Thus on the, seventh of last
month, I secured two pots of oxalis, each containing two plants
of equal size, and placed one pot eight feet from the lamp and the
other forty-five feet from it in diffused light ; and at the same
time I took two equal pots containing one plant each and set them
in the same positions. Three weeks later there was a marked
difference in the two lots, those nearest the light being considerably
taller than the others ; yet these tall plants appeared to have made
no more growth than the others, for the total growth of one pot in
the light was to the corresponding pot in comparative darkness as
58 is to 74, while in the other the ratio was reversed, being as 43
is to 33. This taller growth was probably a species of heliotropism
or growing towards the light, for the artificial light proceeds from
a definite point overhead, while the sunlight is much diffused.

In contrast to this behavior of the oxalis, however, may be
cited the case of three equal primula plants without flower Inids,
which were selected for experiment the first of January. These
were placed together twelve feet fx'om the naked arc. One plant
was unprotected, one was screened by a pane of window glass,
and the third was covered at night so that it stood in darkness.
Four weeks later the plants were in flower with little difl:erence in
the earliness of the first blossoms, although the plant screened by
the pane was producing more buds than either of the others ; but
the plant kept in darkness was much shorter than the other two,
*for while each of them stood five and one-half inches high, this
was only three and three-fourths inches.

It is important that we notice the fact in this interesting
behavior of the primulas, tliat the fully exposed and the glass-
screened plants seemed to be equal in every respect; in other
words, the ])aneful influence upon primulas of the electric arc
light of 2000 candle-power does not extend twelve feet. This

ELECTRICITY AND PLAN T-GRO WING. 69

leads me to say, what you have no doubt already inferred from
this discussion, that the injurious effect of the light ceases at
certain distances, but that these distances vary for each species of
plant. As a rule, there is little injury beyond ten feet, although
certain coleus plants standing fifteen and more feet from the lamp
are injured.

This leads me to ask just what these injurious effects are. It is
now pretty definitely ascertained that they are due to the highly
refrangible or ultra-violet rays of the spectrum ; and these rays
are mostl}" absorbed by plain glass. Plants set near the naked
light soon show a browning of the leaves and fresh stems, and in
some instances the tissues may be killed. But if a pane of glass is
interposed before half the plant, the protected portion will be very
little if at all injured ; and the projecting leaves will usually show
the exact line of demarcation between the screened and unscreened
fields. The character of this injury may be learned from the
following narrative. On the seventh of last December, a strong
heliotrope which had two equal shoots springing from near the
base, was placed about three feet from a naked arc of 2,000
candle-power. One shoot was screened by a pane of third quality
single-thick window glass placed directly in front of it, while the
other branch was fully exposed. Neither branch had made fiower
buds. The next morning, the light having run six hours during
the night, both branches were strongly bent towards the lamp, and
the exposed one, as well as the portions of the leaves of the other
shoot which projected be^^ond the pane, showed a distinct brown
discoloration. After three nights had passed, the exposed foliage
Ijegan to curl, but the protected portion was pushing forward very
rapidly and had already made good flower buds, while the other
showed only the faintest traces of buds. After ten days, the
exposed portions were much browned and stunted, and the small
flower buds which had been formed appeared to be dead. On the
seventh of January, just a month after it was placed before the
lamp, the screened branch was in full and normal flower, whilst
the other was little more than half as high, most of the leaves had
fallen and the remaining ones were small, curled, and dry, and the
few almost lifeless flower Inids were unable to open. Other
heliotrope plants set six feet from the arc showed trifling injury
five or six days thereafter, but the exposed parts flourished and
bloomed several- days earlier than branches behind a pane, and the

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowers were in every way normal. Two branches which were of
equal length when the experiment began, were thirteen and
eighteen inches tall at the expiration of six weeks, the shorter and
earlier portion being that which was fully exposed. It was
therefore evident that while the naked arc is fatal to heliotrope at
a distance of three feet, it is not injurious and it accelerates
maturity at six feet. Coleus plants have proved to be most
interesting subjects for experiment. The purple color of some
leaves entirely bleached out in a few hours if exposed within a
few feet of the naked arc, while those portions of the same
leaves behind a pane of glass remain uninjured ; and the line of
demarcation between the two portions will often be as marked as
if it were the impression upon a photographic plate.

It now remains to determine the nature of this injury. If a
cross-section is made of an injured leaf of heliotrope, it will be
found that the epidermal cells have collapsed, — the walls have
fallen together ; and as these dead walls become opaque, they
ol:)scure or cover up the bright chlorophyll beneath and make the
leaf brown. The chlorophyll bodies themselves may be disorgan-
ized, although this result follows only as a secondary phenomenon.
A careful study of many plants treated to the electric light, has
enabled my colleague, Professor Rowlee, to ascertain the physio-
logical effect of the injurious light. The ultra-violet rays produce
great activity in the protoplasmic contents of the cells, particularly
of the palisade tissue, or hasten the physiological processes.
This activity calls at once for large supplies of water, and it is
drawn first from the overlying epidermal cells ; and these cells,
being emptied of their contents, collapse like an empty grain-bag.
The loose mesophyll or underlying portion of the leaf is abundantly
supplied with moist air in the large intercellular spaces, and it is
also in direct communication with the moisture of the atmosphere
through the stomata ; so the lower tissue is much less injured by
the sudden withdrawal of water than the upper layer. In other
words, vital aeti\ity is hastened so much by the naked light that
the plant cannot supply materials quickly enough, and it is forced
to death; but by removing the plant to greater distances from the
lamp, a point will ])e found where water can be supplied with
sutlicient rapidity to meet tlie demands of the quickened activities,
and the plant will grow more rapidly or at least mature earlier
tlian in normal conditions.

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 71

In the coleus leaf, however, there are two somewhat distiuct
effects of the naked light which obscure each other. The leaf is
injured by the process described above, aud it may also lose its
color. We soon found that some varieties of coleus- are not
bleached, but the upper epidermis simply becomes glossy by
exposure to the naked light. Microscopic examination shows that
those specimens which lose their color, hold the color pigment in
the upper epidermis alone, and that it is extracted by the collapse
of the epidermal cells, and the chlorophyll of the interior cells is
exposed, causing the leaf to become greenish. Iresine (or
Achyranthes) is one of those colored plants which hold the color-
ing matter in the interior of the leaf, and it is not bleached by the
electric light. Knowing these facts, we are able to prognosticate
with some certainty what plants will be injured in color by the arc
light, for those which have the color distributed through the tissue
aud which are, therefore, not discolored, are, normally, nearly or
quite as deeply colored on the under side of the leaf as on the
upper side.

If the electric light exerts such profound effects upon the
physiological processes of plants, we need not be surprised if it
produces anatomical modifications. Bonnier is the only person
who has investigated this subject. His experiments were directed
to both trees and herbs grown under the influence of electric light
run continuously with little aid from the sun, aud the same light
run for a part of the day only. His conclusions as to the behavior
of trees are as follows :

"1. We can produce, by a contiuuous electric light, consider-
able modifications in structure of the leaves and young stems of
trees.

"2. We can produce a condition in which the plant respires,
assimilates, and transpires both day and night in an invariable
manner. The plant then seems to be so much affected by this
continuous light that the tissues take on a more simple structure.

" 3. The intermittent electric light (twelve hours of darkness in
the twenty-four), produces in the various organs a structure which
approaches more nearly the normal structure than that produced
by the continuous light."

His conclusions upon the structure of herbaceous plants are
these :

"1. When the continuous electric light, under glass, produces
in an herbaceous plant a large growth, with intense green color,

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the structure of the organs is at first much modified or differen-
tiated ; but, if the light is intense, and continued during several
months, without check or diminution, the new organs formed by
the plants which adapt themselves to this light, present remarkable
modifications of structure in their various tissues, and are less
differentiated, while at the same time being rich in chlorophyll.

"2. The direct electric light is injurious to the normal develop-
ment of tissue because of the ultra-violet rays, even at a distance
of three meters and more from the lamp."

There remains one point to which I must call your attention :
When do the lighted plants grow? It is known that growth is
ordinarily more rapid at night. But when the sun supplies light
by day and the arc lamp supplies it by night, at what time will the
plant choose to perform this function ? It is probable that most
plants will grow more or less continuously, but more rapidly under
the electric light. In fact, we have found that a petunia plant
which was subjected to normal daylight, then to electric light until
eleven o'clock at night, and to normal darkness from that hour
until morning, grew most rapidly when the electric light was burn-
ing. Careful tests with lettuce gave the following conclusions : 1.
That the electric light did not determine the periodicity of 'growth.
2. That increase of growth under the light occurred only during
the first days of the experiment. 3. That growth in both the
light and dark houses took place in daylight as well as in darkness.

I may now say, in conclusion, that the electric arc light exerts a
powerful influence upon plants in greenhouses, and that all species,
and sometimes even garden varieties, are affected differently.
This varying influence is the effort of the plant to adapt itself to
the new conditions in which it is placed, and the modification
undoubtedly bears some relation to the elasticity or fixedness of
the organization of the plant, and, therefore, to the conditions
under which the species has been evolved. And it must, there-
fore, follow that if plants were to be subjected to the electric light
through several or many generations, more or less adaptive varie-
ties would arise, in the same manner in which plants liave adapted
themselves by profound variation to the requirements of greenhouse
cultivation. The electric light affects plants by hastening growth
or maturity ; but this effect may be so powerful as to destroy the
plant. The injury is avoided, however, by screening the light
through a glass or by removing the plant to such distance that the

ELECTRICITY AND TL ANT-GROWING. 73

mischievous effect of the ultra-violet rays is dissipated. I consider
it to be established that lettuce cau be profitably aided by the
electric light, and it is very probable that many flowers can be
similarly benefited. Beyond this, I cau only say that the funda-
meutal principles involved are uow pretty clearly understood, and
that the near future should give us results of direct economic
value.

II. The Application of Electricity, or Electric Currents,
TO Plant-Growing. There have been many attempts to determine
the effects of electrical currents or electrification upon growing-
plants. The initial experiment was made by Maimbray in Edin-
burgh, so long ago as 1746. He submitted two myrtle trees to the
influence of electricity, and found that their flowering was much
hastened. A number of experiments followed at intervals, but the
results were various and contradictory, and few conclusions can be
drawn from them, until Grandeau approached the subject in 1878.
It will be useful to take a very brief survey of these experiments,
although I caunot discuss them so confidently as I have the influ-
ences of electric light upon vegetation, inasmuch as I have made
no experiments in this direction myself. But the general trend of
the subject, may, perhaps, be determined sufficiently for our
present purpose.

It is necessary, Ijefore proceeding to a discussion of the subject,
however, to say that the application of electricity to plant-growing
is of three general and more or less distinct types : 1 . The direct
application of the current to the individual plant, by means of
which the plant is electrified. 2. The application of electricity
to the soil. 3. Its application to the atmosphere. Unfortunately,
these distinctions are not always kept in mind in discussions upon
the subject, and erroneous conclusions seem to have followed the
confusion.

1. Concerning the direct application of electric currents to
plants, little of an exact nature can be said. It is well known —
and my own experiments have shown it as well — that a mild
electrical discharge will often seriously injure plants. A few
discharges from a small Holtz machine will cause many herbaceous
plants to wilt, and if the application is continued for an hour or
so, the plant may die. On the other hand, there are various
instances recorded in which beneficial results have followed the
application of a mild and steady current, as shown in more rapid

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

growth and earlier maturity of tlie treated plant. Yet we do not
know whether such treatment can be employed to any practical
extent, and it is highly probable that it will never become a
powerful factor in horticultural practice. The most marked
results with electrification are those in which the current has been
applied to germinating seeds and ripening fruits, when it has been
found, in many instances, to greatly hasten sprouting and ripen-
ing. It is probable that in this case the effect of the current is a
chemical one in hastening the metabolism of the seed or fruit
contents.

2. In the application of electrical energy to the soil, there are
more definite results, yet the experiments are by no means uniform
in their conclusions. In fact, there are the most opposed results,
but this disagreement is no doubt very often due to unlike
exterior conditions, and particularly to unlike species of plants
which have been the subjects of experiment, and not to variation
in fundamental action. This is well shown in the experiments of
Warner, at the Hatch Experiment Station of Massachusetts, who
was the first to enter this field in America. He found that
parsnips, lettuce, salsify, radishes, and peas, were benefited by
the application of electricity to the soil ; but under the same
conditions, carrots gave indifferent results, while turnips and beets
gave decidedly poor return. There was even a difference between
varieties of the radish, the White Strasburg thriving better than
the French Breakfast. But even at the best, this application of
electricity so far promises little in the way of commercial results.

Although it is not my purpose to analyze the results of the
various experiments in the application of electricity to the soil, I
wish to submit a few suggestions in passing. In the first place,
it has not been proved, so far as I know, that the effects are due
to the mere electrification of the soil. It is quite as probable that
the injuries or benefits follow some chemical or mechanical effect
which the current may exert upon the soil or the interstitial air.
But what I particularly wish to say is that I have not yet read of
an investigation in this direction which satisfies the demands of
exact experimentation. The electric plots in these experiments
are provided with wires or metal plates beneath the soil, while the
control plots are left in a normal condition. The placing of the
apparatus in the soil requires the removal and replacement of all
or a part of the earth, and the soil is therefore in a ditferent and

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT-GROWING. 75

usually better mechanical condition than that of the control plots.
Or even if the soil were to be removed and replaced in the controls,
the presence of the wires and plates would of itself introduce a
great element of error, for the wires would become important
factors in aerating and draining the soil and probably in modifying
its temperature ; and metal plates would certainly be likely to
iuHuence soil temperature. It is well known that in certain cases
the germination of seeds can be hastened by running a twig down
■to them : it becomes a means of providing oxygen from the air,
and probably, also, of relieving the soil of some of its superfluous
water. One of the important advantages of plowing under coarse
manures or green crops is the mechanical etfect which follows, for
every strand of vegetable fiber forms a tube for the passage of
water and air. And it has long been the practice in cool
countries to put earthenware or other plates beneath fruit trees to
warm their feet. While I am convinced that the application of
electricity to the soil may produce marked effects upon vegeta-
tion, I shall not be ready to accept the results of experiments
until the control plots are wired like the others — with non-
conducting material, of course — and the temperatures and
humidity of the soil are given careful attention.

3. It is very probable that atmospheric electricity exerts a
powerful influence upon vegetation. The experiments of
Grandeau, cited above, were designed to determine this point.
Plants were grown in the free atmosphere, which is always in a
greater or less state of electrification, and also in a wire cage from
which the atmospheric electricity was excluded. Maize in the free
air was in every way better than the other, not only in the bulk of
all its parts, but in the amount of ash, and of both nitrogenous and
non-nitrogenous matters. Leclerc, who made investigations at the
same time, arrived at identical results. Grandeau's conclusions
are as follows :

1. Atmospheric electricity exerts a considerable influence upon
the production of vegetable matter. Other things being equal,
plants will develop better when exposed to the influence of
atmospheric electricity.

2. Plants deprived of the influence of atmospheric electricity
have, in the same length of time, given 50 to 70 per cent less bulk
and 50 to 60 per cent less fruit and seeds than the plants subjected
to normal conditions; i. e., those to which atmospheric electricity
has free access.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

3, The proportion of albuminous matter does not appear to be
sensibly influenced by the electricity, but those plants from which
the electricity is withheld appear to contain less water and more
mineral content.

4. Tall plants have a mischievous influence upon the develop-
ment of those which grow at their feet, not only because they
deprive them of heat and light, but also because they absorb the
atmospheric electricity.

Cell, shortly afterwards, reached similar results, while Naudin
arrived at directly opposite conclusions. But the signal results
obtained by the first three experimenters are generally accepted as
strong evidence that normal atmospheric electricity is in some way
beneficial to vegetation, and that iu the experiments of Naudin
there must have been some unknown conditions which obscured
the results.

By far the best investigations upon the electrification of the
atmosphere in reference to plant-growing with which I am
acquainted, are those made in Finland and France by Professor
Lemstrom, physicist in the University of Helsingfors, with whom
I have the pleasure of acquaintance. Lemstrom was first led to
his inquiries by observations upon vegetation and meteoi'ological
phenomena — especially auroras — in the high north, particularly
in Finnish Lapland and Spitzbergen, where he came to the
conclusion that much of the rapidity of vegetation in the short
summers is due to climatic electricity. His first experiments were
made in the laboratory in 1885, and the results were so promishig
that he •at once turned his attention to the field. During the
summer of 1885, Lemstrom made an experiment upon a small field
of barley, in Finland. One portion or the field was covered with
small parallel wires, a meter apart, and secured to porcelain
insulators upon short posts at the margins of the field. At
intervals of a half meter, each wire was furnished with a metal
point from which the current could discharge into the atmosphere.
This covering of wires was attached to the positive pole of a four-
disc Holtz machine, which supplied the current. The current was
ai)plied from the middle of June till the first of September, from
six to ten o'clock in the morning, and from five to nine o'clock in
the evening. The barley was well up when the experiment began.
The harvest showed that the electric plot was over 35 per cent
ahead of the remainder of the field in yield, and the quality of the
grain was improved.

ELECTRICITY AND PLANT- GROWING.

77

The following year, the investigation was continued upon a
more extensive plan, with garden vegetables, and the results were
strikingly interesting, although some plants did not thrive so well
under the treatment as in normal conditions. The percentages of
gain in edible products were as follows :

White Beets

Red Beets,

Potatoes,

Radishes,

Parsnips,

Leeks,

Celeriac,

Turnips,

Ruta Baga,

Plants which showed loss were as follows

Carrots,
Kohl Rabi,

Cabbages,

Two conclusions clearly follow from these results : Atmospheric
electricity, applied artificially, may exert a powerful influence
upon growing plants ; the character of this influence varies with
the species. Here, then, is another illustration that the response
of plants to external influence is a matter of adaptation with each
individual species, and which is probably governed by the phylo-
genetic history of this type.

Experiments were also made in Finland in 1886 and 1887, upon
cereals and potatoes, and the general results were very favorable.
Aside from this fact, two general conclusions are stated by the
experimenter, drawn from all the foregoing experiments :

1. The plants studied fall into two groups —

(a) Those in which the electricity favors the development :

1 07

per cent gain

65

li

76

a

59

((

54

a

42

a

36

u

2

((

1

a

)ws :

5

per cent loss

5

u

((

43

u

( (

Wheat,
Rye,

Barley,

Oats,

Beets,

Parsnips,

Potatoes,

Radishes,

Celeriac,

Leeks,

Kidney Beans,

Raspberries,

Strawberries.

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

{b) Those iu which the electricity more or less hinders the
development :

Pees, Turnips,

Carrots, Cabbages,

Rata Baga, Tobacco.

2, The more fertile the soil, and, consequently the more vigor-
ous the vegetation, the greater is the harvest due to the influence
of the electric current.

It now remained to determine whether the results obtained iu
Finland can be expected iu other parts of the world, or if they are
possible only in high latitudes. The scene of experimeutation
was now transferred to France, where cereals, garden vegetables,
aud a variety of fruits were treated. An incident in this experi-
ment was the behavior of strawberries which were subjected to an
aerial discharge of from 2,000 to 3,000 volts continuously, night
aud day, from the middle of April to the middle of June. The
first flowers appeared upon the 29th of April in the treated area,
and upon the 7th of May in the other portion. The treated plants
were in every way superior to the others until the 18th of May, at
which time there followed eight days of excessively hot weather.
The treated plants languished, and the yield was much less than
that of the normal area. The conclusion drawn from this inter-
esting test is that the simultaneous action of electricity and high
temperature is injurious to plants, and suggests that the electric
current be discontinued in the hottest part of the day, as had been
done in the Finnish experiments.

The season of 1888, iu France, was abnormal because of the
excessive rainfall and coldness of the summer, yet the general
results of the investigations were encouraging, and justified the
statement that "the effect of electricity produced by the method
described is the same in the two countries, from which one may
conclude that the effect will be the same in all parts of the globe."
And it is further concluded that " the effect of the electric current
depends to a certain degree upon external conditions or environ-
ments in whicli the plant is placed ; or, in other words, the more
favorable the external conditions, the more marked is the effect of
the electricity."

Altliough these remarkable experiments of Lemstrom have
shown that the application of electricity to the atmosphere gener-

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 79

ally influences plants profoundly, and usually beneficially, it is yet
undetermined just how this effect is brought about. It is highly
probable, however, as Lemstrom himself suggests, that the modifi-
cations are not the direct result of electrification of the plants or
the atmosphere, but rather follow some chemical change in the
atmosphere which is engendered by the current. The experimenter
is to continue his studies, and I expect to supplement them in
America, for I consider it the most promising field in the many
obscure interrelations of electric energy and horticultural practice.
I expect little practical result to follow auy method of direct
electrification of vegetation, but there is promise in those broader
applications which intensify the normal processes of Nature.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on "The
Construction of Plant Houses," by W. A. Burnham, Irvington-ou-
Hudsou, N. Y.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 10, 1894.

A Meeting for Discussion was holdeu today at eleven o'clock,
the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair. The follow-
ing paper was read by the author.

The Construction op Plant Houses.

By W. A. BUKNHAM, Irvington-on-Hiuison, N. Y.

I have been requested to give a paper on Greenhouse Construc-
tion, and so far as practicable to illustrate by diagrams and plans
the most approved construction. In accepting the invitation of
your Committee I cannot hope to cover the whole field of invention
and the plans which have been presented to the public as the
ne plus ultra of greenhouse building, but will present only such
modes and details of construction as have come under my personal
observation during the past twenty-one years of my experience as
a builder, and by their use have proved their adaptation to the
requirements of a greenhouse.

The progress of greenhouse building during this time has been
very marked, as also it had been during the previous ten years, sa

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCLETY.

that as a business of any dimensions or interest in this couutiy it
dates since the close of the civil war. It is true that previous to
this date there were numerous elaborate private conservatories
and extensive ranges of glass for commercial purposes, but mostly
representing in style and detail the crude and inexperienced ideas
of architects and carpenters. These buildings were generally
unsightly in appearance, impracticable for the care and growth of
plants, often very expensive to build, and by reason of their
defective and improper details, very perishable and costly to keep
in repair.

The evolution in greenhouse architecture and construction
during the past thirty years has been remarkable. Probably in no
branch of building in this country has greater progress been made.
Commencing with structures for conservatory work, modeled and
shaped like huge bird cages, and in construction clumsy and inar-
tistic to a degree, without a pretense of adaptation to plant life —
aud, for florists' and amateurs' use, heavy frames covered with
clumsy sash and small cheap glass — we now have conservatories
and greenhouses which in artistic appearance add greatly to the
interest and attractions of the best kept private grounds aud
public parks ; while iu lightness of construction, durability, and
adaptation to their various purposes they have become one of the
most inexpensive and satisfactory additions which can be made to
a country home or city residence.

It is estimated that there are at the present time over six thou-
sand florists in the United States, aud about ten times as many
private greenhouses as there are florists' establishments. Estimat-
ing the florists' houses to be worth $7,500 each, and those on
private places the average sum of $4,000 each, we have a total
invested in glass of not less than $285,000,000. These figures
are no doubt considerably less than the actual amount so invested.

The progress which has been made in greenhouse building has
been chiefly along the following lines :

1st. ]\Iore artistic designs and adaptation to location.

2d. Better arrangement of plans for light, ventilation, and
heating.

3d. Greater economy in construction and durability.

4th. General adaptation to the growth and exliibition of plants.

Selection of Plans. — To those proposing to erect a conserva-
tory or greenhouse for a private place, as an attachment to a

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 81

dwelling or in the adjoining grounds, the selection of an appro-
priate plan is of the first importance. For such purposes particular
attention must be given to the style, form, and ornamentation, to
make it in keeping with its surroundings. This can be done only
by the employment of some person of skill and experience in this
special branch of architecture. When such an attachment is to be
made to a new dwelling house, the architect of the latter should
be consulted, but for ordinary detached buildings this is not
necessary. An ordinary architect has little or no experience in
such work, and while he may make a design in harmony with the
architecture of the building with which it is connected, it would be
a rare exception should the height and pitch of the glass be
properly arranged to admit the sunlight to the best advantage, the
ventilation proportioned and located to do its work effectively and
without injury to the plants, or, what is of quite as great impor-
tance, should the design be made so that it can be executed by any
known method of construction in a workmanlike manner.

To determine the size of the greenhouse to be built no rule can
be given, as this can only be determined by the taste and require-
ments of each family. When these are known it is a simple
matter to decide on the proper size. A rule frequently adopted,
and which has some advantages, is to make the glass of such
extent that the same help employed in the kitchen garden and on
the lawn in the summer shall be kept employed in the winter
months. It is better to adopt a size that proves too small than to
build larger than is required. When necessary, additions to an
ordinary greenhouse can be readily made. What can be worse
than a larger house than is required, only partially filled with
plants, or the space occupied with worthless trash, as is frequently
the case? A smaller house containing only choice specimens, well
kept, will cost the owner much less, and continue a source of
satisfaction and pleasure to both the owner and gardener. The
form of house which should be selected depends greatly on the
kind of plants to be grown and the location. For roses, mid-
winter flowering, forcing, and early vineries, what is known as the
three-quarter-span, having the ridge running about east and west,
with the long slope to the south, is generally approved. For most
other purposes the full span house, the ridge running north and
south, is generally used. The ridge and furrow style, being a
series of full span houses united by means of wide, open gutters
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

between them, presents many advantages for a considerable range
of glass. It is compact in the space required, and costs less for
construction and heating.

The floor line of a greenhouse should usually be a few inches
above the outside grade. Storage pits are an exception, and are
generally arranged by covering an excavation with glass. As the
object is simply to keep the plants from freezing, a low tempera-
ture is all that is required. This can be obtained from the natural
heat radiated from the surfaces of the excavation, so that with a
proper covering for the glass no artificial heat is required. In
houses requiring a temperature of fifty degrees or more, such an
excavation under them increases the amount of fuel required to
maintain the temperature, as such surfaces, being below the tem-
perature of the house, absorb a portion of the artificial heat
supplied.

Recently another form of house has been added to those already
so well known. It is a modification of the three-quarter-span
house, having the short slope of roof ou the southerly side. The
height of both sides is the same. The pitch of the northerly side is
from 22^° to 30°, and on the southerly side about 45°. The plant
tables are all on a level. It is claimed for this style of house that
in the dark winter months the sun's rays strike the glass at nearly
right angles, and that in consequence more of the rays enter the
house than through an ordinary pitch roof, and better results are
thereby obtained ; also that the low pitch ou the north side allows
the houses to be set up against each other in a manner similar to
the ridge and furrow system already described. The claim that a
greater number of effective rays of light enter the house where
they strike the glass at right angles, than would enter the house
through a longer plane of glass at a less pitch, is doubtful. A
long, flat glass roof on tlie north side, where the sun never shines,
to hold snow and ice until the warmth of the house melts it off, is
certainly a disadvantage which can readily be appreciated in this
latitude. Undoubtedly this style of roof admits a large amount
of light, but in this respect it has no advantage over a full span
roof running east and west. Architecturally it presents a very
awkward appearance. The level table plan keeps all the plants
except the front bench more or less in the shade of each other,
which is largely avoided in the arrangement of elevated tables
such as are usually adopted in regular three-quarter-span houses.

THE CONSTEUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 83

Location of Greenhouses. — In some grounds there is only
one possible site where the greenhouse can be located. In such a
ease the question to be decided is as to the best form of house for
the desired uses, which can be placed in the location. In other
cases there is a choice of situation, when important questions arise
as to where the house will look best on the grounds, be most con-
veniently attended, and accessible to visitors. It is seldom
desirable to place the houses conspicuously in the front. Like the
flowers, they thrive best in a sunny and quiet spot. They should
not be placed too far from the dwelling, and should be located
where they can have a pleasant approach through a well kept part
of the grounds. The best location for a range of glass can usually
be readily determined by one who has had experience in the choice
of locations and is familiar with all the requirements. It is in
choosing the site best adapted to the purposes of a greenhouse
that the services of an experienced greenhouse architect will be
found of great value to the owner.

Houses used chiefly for bedding stock and forcing purposes are
usually best located near the garden. Where a range of glass is
to contain a conservatory or winter garden, plant houses, fruit,
and forcing houses, it is generally best to build them all attached,
so that they can be attended and warmed from one point. The fruit
and plant houses should not be mixed together but should occupy
separate parts of the range. To obtain the best results the houses,
such as rose houses, forcing houses, and early vineries, should
have full sunlight on the south side, and no trees should be
allowed on this side nearer than three times their height. For
conservatories and other houses where palms, ferns, and foliage
plants predominate, a location which excludes the direct sun
is often selected, either from choice or necessity, and is very
satisfactory. In respect to heating, the ideal place for a green-
house is on a southerly slope, neither on top of a hill where the
winds are severe, nor yet in the valley where the thermometer
usually marks several additional degrees of cold.

Construction of Greenhouses. — After location and plans
have been duly considered comes the equally important matter of
construction. At the present time there are three general modes
of construction from which those wishing to build a greenhouse
can choose, and each, under certain conditions, would be preferable
to either of the others.

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL. SOCIETY.

First: Sash Bar Houses. — These differ from other houses in
the bars being made of greater dimensions and strength, constitut-
ing tlie principal framework of the structure. The cheapest,
though not the best mode, is this old-fashioned post and sash bar
house, furnished with an entirely new set of details. As formerly
constructed, it was so frail that it would last in good condition not
much more than five years. Some houses of this class have been
rebuilt three times in twenty years and are now in a very shaky
condition. If they had been constructed in accordance with the
new details, and with the materials now in use, they would easily
have lasted without rebuilding until the present time. The con-
struction is entirely of wood, except the purlin and i-idge supports,
which are usually gas pipe posts. A list and description of the
different members which go to make a complete section of the
house are as follows : ridge in three sections, so that the splices
are mismatched, with side grooves for ventilators and glass ;
projections for support of lower edge of sash bars ; and a dripped
cap. The ventilators are of the usual style, but fastened to-
gether with light metal caps, so that although made in sections
they are practically the same as a continuous single sash the
length of each ventilating shaft. The gutter is formed in three
sections like the ridge, so that all joints are mismatched. The
joints are butted in lead, with metal slip tongues. The side posts
are of locust, cedar, or cypress, and not less than six inches in
diameter. For a slight additional cost iron posts can be substi-
tuted. The sides are of double boarding with two thicknesses of
strong building paper between. The sash bars are of cypress 1^
by 2^ inches, rabbeted for the glass and dripped to carry away
leakage and condensation. They are usually placed for 16-inch
glass and continue from plate to ridge without framing. Station-
ary glass or sash ventilators can be substituted for the boarding
above the side tables if desired. At the foot of tlie top ventilator
a header is fitted over the bars without cutting them, receiving
the glass, and in a simple and eft'ective manner doing away
with all fi-aming at that point. Where a small original invest-
ment is an important factor, there is no construction superior to
this. It is especially adapted for florists and market gardeners
commencing business on a small or borrowed capital, where it is
important to secure the largest possible income for the least
present investment.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 85

Second: Wood Frame Greenhouses. — The second st^^le as to
desirabilit}' and cost consists of an improved construction, wood
forniiug the principal part of the frame. The sills are made in
three sections to cap a brick wall, and are adjustalile to its
inequalities. The splices being made at different points in the
length, the sill is the same as though of but one piece its entire
length. The members of the sill are carefully pitched to turn off
water. The rafters are in two pieces, the long roof piece running
from ridgo to plate, and the upright between sill and plate. These
are joined at the plate or angle by means of a cast iron bracket
securely bolted ; a similar bracket is used at the ridge. The sash
bars are If by ^ inches, dripped to collect condensation. The
purlins which support the light sash bars are of angle iron fastened
by iron lugs, and bolted to each other through the wood rafters.
There is no place left in this construction where the wood used is
not protected in the most thorough manner against decay. The
house is very light, and at the same time, strong and durable.
This construction is only adapted for straight roofs. The form of
the house is simple, but very neat and graceful. Perhaps a larger
number of this style of house have been built than any other, and
as they present equally as good an appearance as a more expensive
construction, they are likely to remain a popular style of house.

Third: Iron Frame Greenhouses. — We come now to the
third class, and by far the most important, as it embraces the best
forms of construction throughout. It consists of wrought iron
frame, cast iron sills, wrought iron benches with slate or brick
liottoms — in fact every part of the house which bears any strain,
or which if decayed would injure any other part, is of iron and
comparatively indestructible. Wood is used as a cap for the iron
work to prevent trouble caused by contraction and expansion, and
as a setting for the glass.

The first range of glass where this construction was used was
erected in 1881 for the late Jay Gould. At a recent interview,
Mr. Mangold, Mr. Gould's superintendent, stated that so far as he
knew not a light of glass had been broken by any settlement or by
expansion or contraction during the twelve years since it was built,
and with the exception of painting, there has not lieen a dollar's
worth of repairs in that time. Before the erection of this house
and the adoption of this mode of construction, the nearest

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUIiTURAL SOCIETY.

approach to it was in tlie couservatory at tlie Botanic Garden at
the Capitol in Washington. That house was originally built
entirely of iron, the glass being set directly on the iron rabbets.
In this form it was not a success, and after repeated repairs and
modifications, wood rabbets for the glass were substituted, and in
this modified form it has since been fairly successful. The
experience of Superintendent Smith with this house and his
valuable suggestions led the way to a decided and important
improvement. During the winter of 1880-1881, Mr.. Gould's
extensive range of glass and collection of plants were entirely
destroyed by fire, caused by a defective flue. The old houses were
of wood construction, and Mr. Gould requested that if possible
the new ones should be of iron. Up to that date there were no
greenhouse builders in this country using iron for construction, so
that to meet Mr. Gould's desire, it became necessary to plan a new
dei)arture in the method of construction. With the experience of
the Botanic Garden in mind, the new details were perfected and
successfully embraced in rebuilding Mr. Gould's houses, and were
almost innnediately adopted Ijy the late Peter Henderson in an
extensive range for commercial jiurposes. With such endorse-
ments the new method of construction soon became popular, and
most of the important glass buildings erected since that time have
been built on substantially the same plans. The winter garden
and greenhouse of William B. Forbes at Milton was one of the
earliest examples of this style of construction in the vicinity of
Boston. The system admits of any form of roof which may be
desired, from a plain and simple lean-to, to a large, full span,
curvilinear structure, with Gothic or ogee curves. In curvilinear
work it has entirely superseded the former wood construction.

The iron sill is cast in sections of the same length as the
distance from centre to centre of rafters, usually six to eight feet
long, and shaped to cap an eight or twelve inch wall, according to
the size of the building. A lug is attached by a tap bolt to the
end of each sill ; the rafter is placed so that it rests partly on the
end of each sill, and when a single bolt is placed through both
lugs it will be seen that the two pieces of sill and rafter are all
substantially secured. The exi)ansion of the sills is allowed for
in a very simple manner by drilling the lioles in the lugs slightly
larger than the tap bolts. The form of the sill is sucli that great
strengtli is obtained with the use of but a few pounds of metal

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 87

per foot. The top of the sill is beveled so that it does not hold
water, aud is provided with a stop cast on solid for the ventilator
or sash to close against.

The wrought iron rafter is formed of refined bar iron from ^ by
3 inches dimensions for small houses, twenty feet and less m
width, to ^ by 6 inches for houses having a fifty feet span. This
iron can be had in any lengths desired and can be bent to the
shape of the roof, cold, by means of a screw or hydraulic press.
No matter what the shape of the roof, this supporting rafter can
be bent or welded to conform to it, giving equal strength with a
simple straight line house. Purlins are placed laterally between the
rafters about four feet apart. These are made of wrought iron
bars or angles aud serve to brace the rafters sidewise ; also for
the support of the light sash bars and glass. In joining the
purlins to the rafters care must be taken to allow for the expansion
of the metal and some special provision must be made for it, as,
when the sun shines directly upon the iron, it has been known to
expand nearly ^ inch in an ordinary length of purlin. Such- an
expansion in each purlin in a house one hundred feet long would
amount to a total increase in the length of between one and two
inches, aud would cause certain destruction to the glazing and
other parts of the structure. In this connection the experience of
one of the proprietors of an important New England iron works
may be of interest. He stated that his father, who was an expert
engineer and had established the works many years before, had
built himself an iron framed greenhouse. The first season it was
ruined by contraction and expansion of the metal. "With this
experience as a guide he attempted to remedy the trouble, and
made extensive changes to cure the defects, when it was again
badly damaged. This time he gave it up and rebuilt it with wood,
saying that an iron frame was not adapted for greenhouse
purposes. This old wooden greenhouse, after standing many
years, was replaced by one of the modern iron constructions with
entirely satisfactory results. The amount of wood used in this
construction for sash bars, caps, sashes, doors, etc., is very small,
and as no weight or strain of the building depends on any piece of
it, and as each piece is itself supported by the iron frame, a very
long time must elapse before any repairs are needed ; but when
that time comes any part of it, or all, can be readily renewed.

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ventilation. — How the ventilatiou shall be aiTanged in the
house depends on the form of the house and the plants to be
grown in it. In the old-fasliioned greenhouses the ventilation at
the ridge was generally provided for by means of a few detached
sashes opening at different points on the roof, either hinged or slid-
ing, and usually operated with a cord and pulley or a lever attached
to each sash. The great amount of extra labor and inconvenience
of this plan was not its only fault. When the sashes were opened
for ventilation there was a strong draft, the warm air of the house
escaping at one opening and the cold air rushing in at another.
This was likely to occur with the most careful handling on the part
of the operator.

The present system of long lines of ventilators opening gradu-
ally and together by means of a gear and worm apparatus, or
other device, is a change for the better which those who have used
both the old and the new Avay can best appreciate. The usual
practice is to hang the upper ventilators to the ridge. Sometimes
the hinges are placed at the bottom of the sash so as to open them
out from the ridge. There does not seem to be much difference in
the two plans in regard to ventilation or protection from the winds
when in use ; there is, however, a decided difference in the
mechanical construction, in favor of having them hung to the
ridge. It is usual to place only one line of ventilators on a three-
quarter-span house at the ridge, and no matter how they are hung,
there must always be more or less trouble with winds on one side
of the house or the other. To avoid this difhculty and increase
the amount of ventilation, in some modern three-quarter-span rose
houses two lines of ventilators have been adopted at the ridge.
On windy days the ventilators in the opposite side of the roof can
alw^ays be used. While it involves some additional expense for
ventilating apparatus, it secures perfect ventilation and freedom
from injurious drafts. For rose houses and others which are to
be run in the sunnner mouths, side sash ventilators opened in
connection with the top ventilators will reduce the temperature in
the house on a hot day to within a few degrees of the outside
temperature. This double ventilation forms a current under the
glass so that most of the heat from the roof passes out of the
upper ventilators and does not come in contact with the plants.
Where the sides of palm houses and conservatories are of consid-
erable height, the side ventilation should be placed close up to the

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 89

plate and the heat will pass off without injury to the plauts. If
the ventilation is at the bottom and top of a high house, it acts like
a chimney in creating a strong and injurious draft, drying the
plants, and passing oft' the cooler air of the house instead of the
heated air next to the glass. Without doubt, the system of
ventilating apparatus having gear and worm attachment for open-
ing the ventilators is the simplest in construction, neatest in
appearance, and the least likely to require repairs. It is the only
system adapted to all kinds of conservatory work, where a good
appearance is an important consideration.

Glass. — A very fine quality of glass for greenhouse purposes
is now made in America. This statement may be a surprise to
some who have been in the habit of depending on foreign importa-
tions for a superior article, and it is only within a very short time
that such a statement would have been true. The use of natural
gas and other improved methods in its manufacture, and greater
care in selecting the grades have established its equality. The
double thick will average nearly ten per cent thicker and stronger
than the French glass, and in a hail storm this might easily mean
the difference between a broken roof or one that stood the storm.
The size of glass to be recommended depends largely on the style
of roof to be covered; 12, 14, and 16-inch widths and lengths of
from IG to 24 inches embrace the sizes best suited to greenhouse
work. The use of obscured or ground glass in conservatories and
houses for palms, ferns, and tropical and other foliage plants is
generally commended by gardeners and florists who have had
experience in growing plants under it. Its advantages are in not
drawing or burning the plants, no matter how far they may be
placed from it ; it renders the light more soft and genial, the
coloring of the flowers and foliage is improved and retained in
good condition a much longer time, and the unnatural burning
sensation caused by the sun shining through clear glass is
effectively removed without perceptibly diminishing the amount of
light in the house.

Glazing. — What is the best method of glazing? is a question
which is frequently asked, and in many cases not from mere
curiosity but from a very laudable desire to secure something
better than the inquirers now have, or, if about to glaze a new
house, to do it in the best way. There is nothing in the market at
the present time but what has been fully tested and its merits and

^0 " MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

failures kuowu. Various patents for metal sash bars have from
time to time been issued, and judging from the claim of superiority
made by the venders, perfection in glazing has been reached.
There is a sentiment entertained by some, particularly those who
do not know the special conditions to be met in glazing a green-
house, that metal is more lasting than wood, but a little considera-
tion of the subject will serve to show why so little success has
been achieved in this style of glazing. It will be shown by an
examination of any so-called puttyless glazing that it is not tight,
or if tight when first erected it has not remained so. If a soft
metal like copper, lead, or zinc is used, it has no elasticity and
when expanded by the heat it does not contract again to its former
shape, and in a short time the metal sags away from the glass
until there is a considerable opening along every joint. These
metals, including galvanized iron, are not, when rolled out thin
and subjected to the conditions of a greenhouse roof, as durable
as wood. All these metals have great conductivity of heat and
cold, causing a large loss of heat when used as sash bars, whereas
wood is one of the best non-conductors. It is impracticable to
set glass without the use of putty or its equivalent, either in wood
or metal bars. Common sheet glass has a concave side and all the
edges of each light are more or less curved, so that to clamp them
down to straight lines between two pieces of metal or wood, as is
done in every method of glazing without putty, breaks many lights
while the setting is being done and is followed later by more
breakage as the glass is subjected to any additional strain. The
larger the size of the lights used, the greater will be the curves
and consequent breakage. By bedding the glass in putty these
inequalities in the lines of the glass are allowed for and there is
comparatively no breakage. The bars should have V shaped
rabbets so that the putty cannot work out. By the use of proper
machinery the spacing for the glass can be made so perfect that
Avhen the outside of the bar is painted the glass cannot be removed
witliout first scraping off the paint. The best glazier could not
make a good job of glazing on a roof where the spacing has been
carelessly or improperly done. Much depends also on the quality
of the putty used. The best is made from kiln dried and bolted
gilder's whiting mixed with pure linseed oil. As the wholesale
price of the best putty in the market is generally quoted at less
than the first cost of the honest ingredients l)ought separately, it

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 91

is appareut that most of it is adulterated by the mauiifacturers.
Such an adulterated article might answer for sashes in dwelling
house windows, but its use in greenhouse work has caused most of
the discredit to putty glazing and should be carefully avoided.

Painting. — For painting a greenhouse there are no better
materials than pure white lead and raw linseed oil. Adulterated
white lead and various mixed paints have been recommended and
used, but in the end have proved more expensive, and have
frequently caused serious damage to the glazing and framework.

The paint should be applied and rubbed out thin. The priming
or first coat should be put on the material before it leaves the
factory. If heavy coats of paint are put on one over the other it
is likely to form itself into a separate body, become detached from
the wood, and, as painters say, " peel ofl." On new work for
commercial purposes two coats of lead are sufficient. On con-
servatories and private greenhouses where more attention must be
given to the finish of the work, a third coat should be added. In
this case tJie priming coat should be a mixture of raw oil and
whiting, yellow ochre, oxide of iron, or other pigment which when
applied forms no body. In such painting the preservative quality
is principally in the oil. All new woodwork should have an
additional coat after standing one year. This fills the cracks and
joints which are likely to open in the best work when first exposed,
and renews the paint which was first applied by re-supplying to it
the oil which has been absorbed by the new wood.

To keep a greenhouse roof in good repair it should be repainted
every two years. It is safe to say that a roof which is regularly
and properly cared for will last twice as long as one which is
neglected for several years and only repaired when it must be, at
a greatly increased expense.

Plant Beds. — No part of the structure requires more care in
construction than the benches. A bench which would be appro-
priate for commercial purposes, or in a growing house in the
kitchen garden, would disfigure a show greenhouse or conservatory.
A substantial and inexpensive plant table for commercial work or
a low priced greenhouse is made as follows : Take ordinary hem-
lock studs 2^ inches by 4 inches or a low quality of pine, lay one
line on the ground for the legs to rest on, and set up pieces of
the same size about two feet long and four feet apart for legs,

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and on top of these legs fix a string piece of tlie same timber..
The corresponding string on the back can usually be attached to
the posts or frame of the house, or may be supported on legs the
same as the front. Bands can be fastened to the string pieces for
sides of beds of whatever depth desired, and the bottoms made
with 1-inch or l|-iuch boards or strips laid in loose, supported at
either end by the string pieces. One of these bottom pieces
should be nailed in fast to every four feet in length to hold the
bench together in width. Where the beds are of considerable
depths the sides can be secured by light wrought iron braces with
slight expense. This arrangement of loose bottoms secures perfect
drainage, is convenient for cleaning the bottoms when replanting,
and for replacing any decayed pieces. The same general style of
construction, with the substitution of Georgia pine or cypress
lumber in place of the hemlock, omitting the timber on the ground
and supporting the legs on piers or on the edge of a cement walk,
is probably the best sort of construction that can be adopted
where wood alone is used for the bench. Iron frames with slate,
tile, or brick bottoms, have come into very general use. They
are usually made of wrought iron, light angles and tees, framed
together and supported by upright pieces of gas pipe. Slate
bottoms are considered the best for tables where the plants are
grown in pots. For the bottoms of beds, common hard-burned
red brick are durable and inexpensive, affording perfect drainage,
and possessing all the advantages for plant growth as to absorp-
tion of warmth and moisture under the soil, in a degree superior
to that of any other bottom. For propagating and other beds
requiring special bottom heat, the brick bottoms have decided
advantages in retaining and evenly distributing the heat to the
sand or soil of the bed. As each brick is capable of absorbing
and retaining nearly a pint of water, such a bottom serves to dry
the bed when too wet, and to add moisture before it becomes too
dry.

Lumber. — The durability of a greenhouse depends largely
upon the quality and kind of wood which is used in it. Soft white
pine, free from knots, sap, and shakes, has until recently been
considered the best lumber to use. Houses are now standing and
in good repair, l)uilt of this wood, which are from twenty to thirty
years old. But such material, which was formerly plenty in the

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 93

market, cannot now be had. The choicest grades and highest cost
white pine lumber which can now be obtained contains a large
proportion of white, or what is known in the trade as " bright",
sap. The medium and lower grades contain still more of it
besides other imperfections. It has become impracticable to
obtain white pine of the same quality as formerly used. Long
leaf yellow pine also has advantages and is well adapted for
florists' houses and for plant beds, as it is strong and durable ;
but, as it does not hold paint well, it is not suitable for conserva-
tories and greenhouses which require nicely finished work. Owing
to this fact, builders who desired to keep up the standard of their
work, looked about for a substitute, which was found in C3q3ress.
It has not only proved itself a substitute, but in the qualities most
necessary for greenhouse work it is far superior to pine. It is
more lasting. Examples are numerous of shingle roofs which
were put on more than a hundred years ago — three or four times
the age which the best pine shingles are expected to last. Cypress
is used extensively in the South for posts on which dwellings are
supported, fence posts, and railroad ties, and for all purposes
where the wood comes in contact with the ground ; and in the
North it has been used for years for water tanks and gutters. Its
durability for such uses is on a par with red cedar or locust. The
best quality is known as red cypress and comes from the Gulf
States. It should not be kiln dried. After it is perfectly air
dried and ready for use, it shrinks less when exposed to heat and
swells less when exposed to moisture than any other known wood.
For these reasons it holds paint better than white pine, and these
qualities peculiarly fit it for use in greenhouse construction.

Heating. — There are but two systems of heating which are
generally approved for greenhouse purposes, viz., steam and
hot water. In conservatories and greenhouses of ordinary dimen-
sions for private use and which are not sufficiently important to
require a night attendant, hot water has advantages and should be
adopted, and with the ordinary attention given to its regulation
and radiation, pipes of four inches external diameter will be found
the most satisfactor3^ For large ranges of glass, consisting of
say ten thousand feet or more, steam has advantages and should,
under ordinary circumstances, be adopted.

Foundations. — Stonework, showing above grade from two to
four feet, forms the handsomest foundation for a glass building in

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a public park or private grounds where the other improvements on
the place are in keeping with it. The cost of a well built stone
founclatiou is about twice as great as one of ordinary red brick.
Brick makes a good foundation, and, if built hollow and laid up in
Portland cement, will serve all practical purposes as well as stone.
Below the grade, common rubble stonework or concrete is the
cheapest and best. The cost of mason work foundations has
always been a large proportion of the entire expense of the
erection of a greenhouse. To avoid or reduce this part of the
cost has been a study with builders, and quite recently this object
has been ver}' satisfactorily attained. In place of the foundation
wall cast iron posts are substituted and placed under each rafter.
To these a base plank is fastened in such a way that it can be
readily removed, whenever it may become necessary, without
interfering with or injuring any other part of the work. The
expense of replacing this base when necessary will be slight. The
sides of the house above the base are double boarded, with a
double lining of substantial building paper between. This con-
struction is not recommended for the best work but is substantial,
and for ordinary conditions it will be found satisfactory. The
large reduction in the cost of the completed structure will enable
many to build who otherwise could not afford a greenhouse.

Walks. — Tile walks are frequently used in conservatories and
add to their attractiveness. Portland cement walks are cheaper
than tile, and when put down smoothly and regularly in blocks are
very substantial at a moderate cost. In vineries, wood slat walks
are used ; these are made in sections in portable form and laid
directly on the borders. Slat walks are also frequently used in low
cost greenhouses and are quite inexpensive, but as they lie
direct!}' on the ground they must be renewed in six or eight years.

In commercial houses cinders are extensively used for walks and
cost very little. There is no reason why such walks should not be
used in private places where the houses are employed entirely for
growing, and not for exhibition or show houses, at a considerable
saving in the cost of construction.

Potting Room. — A greenhouse is not complete without a pot-
ting room attached, where the work of potting plants, washing,
etc., can be conveniently done. It is usual to put the heater in the
cellar under this room. By making the potting room walls of
brick, and the floor of iron beams and arches, the potting room
will be nearly fireproof. Almost the only danger from (ire to a

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 95

greenhouse is its attacliment to the potting house, and if this is
made fireproof insurance is unnecessary. The size of the potting
room depends on the extent of the glass. A very good way to
determine the size is first to ascertain the cellar space required for
the heaters and a winter's supply of coal, and this area will be
found in most cases to approximate a convenient size for the work
room.

The cheapest way to construct a work room is to extend the
frame of the greenhouse over it, either covering it with glass or
substituting iu its place shingles or tin. The most common building
for this purpose is a one story frame structure, with shingle roof,
beveled or novelty siding, narrow matched beaded ceiling inside,
and Georgia pine or spruce floor, and provided with ample windows
for light, and potting bench and soil bins. In buildings which
have an area of two thousand feet or more a small office and seed
room partitioned off from the potting room are desirable.

Discussion.

Francis H. Appletou inquired as to the durability of iron posts
under the sills of greenhouses.

Mr. Buruham replied that iron posts have been in common use
during the past five years ; and many have been used in this way
for ten years or more. These show some slight corrosion, but the
actual loss or waste is not appreciable. From observation of
similar uses of iron supports during longer terms, it is fair to say
that cast iron used for such supports is practically indestructible.

In answer to another inquiry he said that the purposes of ven-
tilation are, to regulate the temperature, to get rid of deleterious
gases, and to introduce fresh air.

To a question as to the feasibility of combining steam and hot-
water heating, Mr. Burnham replied that various machines are
found in factories which are supposed to do many things. But
experienced manufacturers always avoid such machines, as they
are generally unreliable in use for either purpose. The same
principle is involved in trying to heat a building with both steam
and hot water from one apparatus. The pipes cannot be fitted to
serve the double purpose as satisfactorily as for either alone.

In regard to overhead heating, Mr. Burnham cited an instance
of a large building sixty feet high. When artificially heated by
steam coils on the floor at the sides of building there was but one
degree's difference in temperature at the floor and at the ridge ;,

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but when heated by the suu, the difference was increased to three
or four degrees. In this case the circulation of the warmed air
was perfect, as was shown by the slight motion of foliage at
various elevations.

In another large conservatory, which was heated in part over-
head, the ditference in temperature at the floor from that at the
ridge was ten degrees or more, and there was no perceptible
circulation of the air.

In the lofty building there were no pipes in the centre, but in
the latter house there were central pipes, and the air was, in effect,
bottled up or stationary. Still air is the best non-conductor. The
lecturer said that he would never put any heating apparatus in
the ridge of a building. By having ventilators at the ridge, and
side ventilators at the plates, the extra sun-heat is carried up the
glass roof without penetrating the centre of the house or coming
in contact with the plants, and the admission of cold air at the
sides will force out extra heated air at the top, and carry out gas
also. But watchful care is necessary to prevent any strong drafts
through the interior of the greenhouse, which every florist will
agree is very objectionable. An English gardener, on first
observing this system, objected to it quite strongly ; but after a
few mouths' experience and observation he declared that this
house was the best ventilated of any he was ever in.

There is a tendency among florists to dispense with side ventila-
tion to a large extent. They seem to consider two continuous
lines of ventilators along the ridge, one each side, to be the best ;
that if opened on the north side when the wind is southerly, and
opened upon the south side when the wind is northerly, they have
the perfection of ventilation. We should bear in mind that much
ventilation is given by unavoidable openings, as greenhouses are
rarely tight.

As to the aspect of the greenhouse, a three-quarter-span roof
extending nearly east and west, facing south, would be the best
for rose houses. If this house be turned round and the glass is
run down to the level of the bed, we have the modern, short south-
roof plan. In an ordinary three-quarter-span house, by bringing
up the benches, plants can be grown uniformly near the glass.

In a range of adjoining houses there is no opportunity to let in
air at the sides. If your liouse is twenty feet high the plants will
be from fifteen to eighteen feet from the glass.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT HOUSES. 97

Reference being made to the house with a short slope to the
south, Mr. Burn ham said it was a good house for some purposes,
as it admitted a good deal of light to plants which could be grown
near to the glass ; but during the prevalence of snow and ice, it
might remain covered by them a week or more at a time, which
was an important drawback from its usefulness. It has been
recommended for forcing vineries, but has no advantages for this
purpose. The best form of house for grapes is the full span, with
curvilinear sides, ridge running north and south. This form
utilizes the sunlight from the rising to the setting of the sun, as
some portion of the glass is always at the proper angle for that
effect. A house of this style, but running east and west, was built
for the late William Astor ; the south side for forcing, the north side
for retarding the maturing of the grapes. Into the latter portion
very little direct sunshine penetrated, and the crop of fruit ripened
at about the holiday season. The borders, when frozen, were
covered so as to keep the vines from starting until about June 1st.

In answer to a question as to the preferable size of glass for
greenhouses, Mr. Burnham stated that the general opinion among
florists would favor sixteen by twenty-four inches. The larger
sizes come into what the trade call "the next bracket" and cost
about two cents per foot extra. Glass fourteen to sixteen inches
wide, by sixteen to twenty-four inches long is preferable to larger
sizes, making the tightest glazing and involving the least cost for
repairs. If the larger glass is used, the sash bars must be
increased in depth. The careful glazier will assort glass into
three grades, as straight, curved, and much curved, and set the
lights which are alike together, thus avoiding openings at the laps.

Mr. Appletou asked whether there would not be trouble with
vermin in a house where iron posts were used. Mr. Burnham
answered that, as compared with a solid masonry foundation,
there might be some objection to the posts on this account, but it
would not be fatal to their use ; in the past most florists' houses
have been built on wooden posts without serious trouble from
vermin. As compared with a dry stone wall below grade, as
frequently used, where vermin could harbor for the winter, the
iron posts would be decidedly preferable.

The President announced for the next Saturday a paper on
" Mushrooms," by William Falconer, Glen Cove, N. Y.

7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 17, 1894.
A Meeting for Discussion was holden today at eleven o'clock,
Vice-President Francis H. Appleton in the chair. The follow-
ing paper was read by the author :

A Talk About Mushrooms.

By William Falconer, Editor of '• Gardening," Glen Cove, N. Y.

As the modus operandi of growing mushrooms is detailed iu
almost every book ou horticulture, in the seedsmen's catalogues
and repeatedly in the gardening papei^s, I will confine myself to a
talk about mushrooms, rather than elaborate on how to grow them.
Mushroom growing is becoming quite an important industry in
this country and it is attracting great attention. Prior to a few
years ago a peculiar veil of mystery hung over this branch of
horticulture, and gardeners alone indulged in it. Mushrooms
were cultivated in the dark, in caves and in cellars ; the seed was
not sown ; the plants were not set out ; spawn was indefinable y
successful cultivators were silent, and the general public were kept
in darkness. But it is not so now. The people are beginning to
see through it ; they have an intuitive sense that thei'e is money
in it; they are throwing themselves into the venture. Within
the last four years mushroom growing in this country has quad-
rupled in extent. The production of mushrooms, however, has
not kept pace with the increased volume of cultivation, because
there have been many failures. But the industry has become
firmly planted ; the people are talking of it ; they are seeking
information about it ; they see an addition to their incomes in it,
and they are going to try it. This ambition is not peculiar to
horticulturists alone; it is more evident in amateurs — in fact some
of our largest nuishroom growers in the country are not horticul-
turists, but manufacturers and others, who, having unoccupied caves
or cellars, have gone into the business with the view of profitably
utilizing room that would otherwise be idle and unproductive.

Florists have gone into the mushroom business in a surprising
manner ; tackling it systeuuitically ; occupying with it thousands
of square yards under their greenhouse benches, that otherwise
would be worthless to them. In these latter cases, mushrooms

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 99

are a comparatively inexpensive auxiliary to their other business ;
almost all they receive fx'om it, above the price of labor and
spawn, is net profit ; for they need the loam and rotted manure in
their florist-work anyway.

Chicken raisers have also taken to the mushroom business for
profit ; they want to grow something that will briug them money
in the winter time.

I need not tell you about the increasing enthusiasm of private
gardeners, for in the neighborhood of Boston you have among
them some of the best mushroom growers in the country.

What will be the effect of this rapid increase in the production
of mushrooms? It will reduce the price from a fictitious to a
popular basis, and place a wholesome delicacy on the tables of the
middle classes, which, hitherto, has been restricted to those of
the wealthiest. Many families who now use the tasteless, indi-
gestible putty-balls from imported cans, will repudiate the foreign
article and accept no other than the wholesome, toothsome, juicy
domestic product.

But we should see to it that the price does not fall so low as to
render the cultivation of mushrooms unprofitable. How can we
do this? By proclaiming their virtues and making them popular
with the multitude. Eat them yourselves and encourage others to
eat them. Talk about them; write about them; keep them con-
tinually before the minds and eyes of the people ; make them
popular and increase their consumption ; the demand will then
regulate the price. To make mushrooms generally popular three
things are necessary, namely, to increase the supply, moderate the
price, and bring them to the notice of the people.

Messrs. J. M. Thorburn & Co., of New York, wrote to me the
other day: "If mushrooms could be obtained in the market at
moderate prices, the demand would increase tenfold at once." A
Philadelphia gentleman writes me : " One thing we have pressing-
need of now, is a good Distributing Agency in every big city.
Take Philadelphia ; if it was properly canvassed by a well
equipped company for distributing the product of the growers
direct to the consumers, it would use twenty times as many mush-
rooms as it does now. There are a few commission fruit men
here, who have most of the business, and they cater to some of
the hotels, and the enormous host of well-to-do people are not
approached at all. Another thing — these well-to-do folks are

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lamentably iguovant of the delicious morsel, and need educating
up to the gastronomic delights they are missing by not having
fresh mushrooms frequently on their tables. Let us tackle this
matter of educating the great American public, not forgetting the
great American cook. There is no limit to the extension of the
industry."

Oh, the cook ! How few hired cooks can cook mushrooms !
Improperly cooked, this esculent is tough, leathery, dry, tasteless.
Properly cooked, it is the most delicious morsel in the vegetable
kingdom, and with an aroma to tempt the gods. A few weeks
ago I sent a small basketful of the new mushroom to Dr. Thomas
Taylor, Chief of the Division of Microscopy, of the Department of
Agriculture at Washington. In replying he said that "to test
their edible qualities I tried the skill of our cook in the Lunch
Room here today (February 3) ; but she made a 'mess' of them
and literally spoiled my anticipated feast. I was especially disap-
pointed, as I had invited the Secretary to try a part of them."

As it IS, however, there is a sure and growing demand for fresh
mushrooms. A lady in New York's most select society said in
my presence, some weeks ago : "It is'nt polite to give a dinner
without mushrooms." This is law with the four hundred. And
what is politeness in that inner circle, is as firmly fixed politeness
in the ten thousand other wealthy families in that city who may
not bask in McAllister's grace.

Many of the old market gardeners are bewailing this sudden
increase in the production of mushrooms and the consequent
lessening of prices. They are not making as much money off the
same quantity of produce as they used to and are becoming
dissatisfied. It is the same in the mushroom business as it is in
the florist's business. Ten years ago not one-third as many cut
flowers were grown for market as there are now, and prices have
dropped accordingly. But multitudes use flowers now that didn't
use them then. The abundant supply has created a popular
demand, and so far from crushing out the florists, new men are
continually going into the business ; old florists are increasing
their plants, taking advantage of better conveniences, improved
methods of cultivation, and easier facilities for marketing.
Adopting these new ways of lessening the cost of production is
the secret of the florists' present success.

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 101

Between twenty and thirty years ago the supply of midwinter
lettuce was obtained from cold-frames and hotbeds — an exceed-
ingly costly and laborious method — but prices ran high and
gardeners made a living. As winter salad was an expensive luxury
restricted to the wealthy, the demand was limited. Then the
South became prominent in truck gardening in winter, and shipped
its product to the North. This additional supply had the effect of
lowering the price, and northern gardeners had either to devise
some other means of growing lettuce in winter, than in outdoor
frames, or hand the business over to the South, for they could not
compete with the southern prices. Did they hand it over? Ride
out to Arlington, look upon the villages of greenhouses there for
forcing vegetables, and find the answer. No, they devised means
by which they produce a better and more marketable article than
they used to raise in frames. They do it at a third of the former
cost and in quantity impracticable by the old method, and they are
superseding the southern product in the market, and the northern
gardeners are making money. The cheap and plentiful truck of
the South gave lettuce to everybody, making its use universal and
the demand is insatiable. With no greater demand than we had
twenty-five years ago, the Arlington of today would swamp the
eastern market.

And so it must be with mushrooms. The period of a limited
supply and high prices is past. A popular wave in mushroom
growing has set in, and it now behooves us to devise some
improved or new method of cultivation, by which we can produce
mushrooms at the low prices and yet make money.

As now grown, mushrooms are a somewhat uncertain crop. We
may have had the most extraordinary success during the last year,
but may have only partial success this season, yet, so far as we
know, our materials and preparations were as good, and the care
the same in both cases. Now here are two points to discover :
First, What caused the success? Find that out and remember it.
Second, What caused the failure? Find that out too, so that in
the future we may avoid it. Don't grow mushrooms unless you
have a good place to grow them in. This must be under cover,
be it a shed, cellar, greenhouse, stable, or the like. Don't use
anything except the very best of materials," that is, good, fresh
horse manure, clean sweet loam, and Al spawn. Be exceedingly
careful in the preparation of the manure, for this is the most vital

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

point, so far as I know, in mushroom growing. Have it moist,
throughout, but never wet. Prepare it under cover, safe from
rain and the drying influence of sun and wind. Turn it repeatedly
till its rank smell and violent heat subside, but don't let it rot up
too much. Above all things don't let it burn or become " fire-
fanged." Spread it out to cool and throw it together to warm up.
We now use more straw in the manure than formerly because the
spawn runs more readily in it ; remember it should be stable- wetted,
not hose-wetted, straw.

As a rule the beds are a board deep, that is seven inches of
packed manure with one or two inches of loam on the top. When
the beds are made up we cover them with rank straw from the
manure to arrest the condensed moisture, and even after spawning
and moulding over, we keep the beds still covered with hay or
straw to preserve the moisture in them.

It is just as easy to grow mushrooms on a small scale for home
use, as it is to grow flowers, or strawberries, or potatoes, and
comparatively with no more expense ; in fact, when we do the
work ourselves, we don't reckon any expense, and we reap a
delicious luxury for our pains.

Most market gardeners and florists make mushrooms a catch crop.
Those who make it a main crop, however, are getting up special
facilities for it. For instance, Mr. Charles L. Hill, of Geary
street, San Francisco, who has a large fruit-canning factory some
miles out of the city, has also in connection with it, what he calls
a "mushroom factory," which consists of ranges of sheds filled
with beds. His object in starting this mushroom place was to have
something to can in winter. He came to see me last summer and
told me about it. His mushroom houses are so arranged that he
does the work by machinery. He loads and unloads the manure by
machinery, and runs it into and out of his sheds on little railroad
cars, thus very greatly reducing expenses. And as he has an
abundance of steam power from his adjoining factory, his ideas of
doing the nuishroom work by machinery are only in embryo.
Our farmers unload their hay by machinery, and why not the
mushroom grower liis manure? The contractor fills his gravel-cars
by steam shovels, why should not the mushroom-grower turn his
manure by power? F. R. Pierson & Co., of Scarborough, N. Y.,
have a cut flower rose-growing establishment of over fifty thousand
square feet of glass, and the roses are all planted in raised

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 103

benches, iu which the soil is reuewed every year ; this necessitates
ii complete removal of the old soil and introduction of fresh ; but
they don't use any wheelbarrows, handbarrows, or carrying boxes;
they carry out the old soil and bring in fresh soil on trucks run on
railroad tracks on the raised paths. These Avere originally made
to answer the double service of footpath and railroad, thus
materially reducing the cost of labor, and proportionately increas-
ing the profits. And the like of that is what we are coming to iu
mushroom growing.

The Uncertainty of the Crop. — Mr. John Peck, a brick
manufacturer at Haverstraw, N. Y., started mushroom growing
three years ago. He happened to get a copy of the book, " Mush-
rooms : How to Grow Them," and it set him to thinking. He had
some large underground cellars which he was not using, and could
get plenty of fresh manure ; so he made up seven hundred and
thirty square feet of beds. His first mushrooms appeared January
18, 1892. On February 1, he made his first shipment, nine
pounds, and that week he shipped sixty-three and one-half pounds.
Up to June 4, he shipped from that space l,438f pounds, and
received from a commission merchant in New York $1,000 for
his crop. He had raised two pounds to the square foot, and as
this was something I never got from a bed, I looked upon his
success as phenomenal, especially as he never grew a mushroom
in his life before. Encouraged by such immense success, he more
than doubled his area of beds last year (1892-93) and this winter
he has about two thousand square feet of bed surface. In the
following letter he tells us about them.

Haverstraw, N. Y., February 7, 1894.

The more I see of mushrooms the less I think I know about
them. This is my third year. My first year, or rather first bed,
was a grand success, but last winter I could not grow any. I did
not get enough to pay for the manure. This winter, so far, I
have done better, but I have not gone far enough to know as to the
benefits of my present way of working. My cellars are of the
ordinary style, with flat roof, but owing to the roof being double I
have not been troubled by any drip. The heating is by an ordi-
nary stove in one end, and I find no trouble in keeping a tempera-
ture of from 55° to 60° in the coldest weather.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have two cellars, each forty-two feet long by nineteen feet
wide and seven feet to the ceiling, with six ventilators in each,
which I find very necessary when making up the beds, to allow the
steam to escape. One bed is built on the floor and the other on
a shelf, so that I have about nine hundred and eighty square feet
in each cellar.

The first crop I raised, two years ago, I described in " Garden-
ing," last April (1893), page 227, and have nothing to add to it.
I have two thousand square feet in bearing since last November,
and up to this date I have not cut as many pounds as I did off my
cellar then referred to, with only seven hundred and thirty square
feet.

Prices this year have been very poor, and there is an immense
supply of nuishrooms in the market. I am told that my mush-
rooms are as fine as any in the market, yet I have received as low
as twenty-five cents per pound for them, and my average to date

is only fifty cents.

John Peck.

I have here another valuable letter, from Mr. A. H. Withington,
now in the orange business in Florida ; but previous to this
season he had been engaged, on a considerable scale, in truck
gardening, berry raising, and mushroom growing at South Amboy,
N. J., for the New York market. He writes me : —

Florida, February 4, 1894.

In regard to mushrooms, the average price last year was about
seventy-five cents per pound, but they fluctuated from one dollar
down to twenty cents per pound, according to supply and demand.
We always found they sold best in February, just before Lent,
and after Lent in April. Sixteen years ago I sold them as high
as two dollars and fifty cents per pound, through commission
merchants. I think the best way to sell them is through commis-
sion men, when one has a great many. At the same time we can
get a little higher prices for the best mushrooms, from fancy fruit
stores and markets. We never sold to hotels or restaurants, and
didn't care for their trade.

I don't think we ever grew a pound of mushrooiiis tliat did not
cost us from forty to fifty cents per pound to grow. Now, as so
many have gone into tlieir culture, lower [)rices must prevail. It

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 105

is just like oranges, lifty cents a box on the tree, is the prevailing
price here now, and growers say they cannot produce them for
that.

A. H. WiTHINGTON.

Mushrooms in Summer. — The only reason why we cannot have
mushrooms in sunnner is that they are then infested with maggots.
The hot weather is not an insurmountable obstacle. The maggot
is the larva of a little fly. It commences with us in April, but is
not very plentiful till May ; in June nothing escapes it. After
August, however, it becomes less plentiful. These little flies are
abundant in the open air and attack every mushroom within sight.
They also get into every cellar, frame, greenhouse, and other
building easily accessible from the outside, and work their
mischief.

The bowels of the earth, as in caves and abandoned quarries,
are inhospitable regions for this little pest, and there mushrooms
can be grown in perfection in summer as well as in winter.

Mr. Abram Van Sicklin, of Long Island, has made more money
in mushroom growing than any other man in America. He has
been at it uninterruptedly for thirty years, but if you visit his
place he will not show you his crop, nor will he ever mention it
to you. Some years ago I had the temerity to ask him about
his mushrooms, but the only answer I got was, "Ah, there's no
money in them now. They are growing them in such quantities in
abandoned slate quarries up about La Salle that we cannot com-
pete with them in the market." But he was then, as he still is,
one of the largest shippers to the New York market. At my
request Mr. William Scott, of Buffalo, a keen, practical observer,
who has visited the cave beds near there, has written me as
follows, concerning them.

Buffalo, N. Y., February 5, 1894.
The village of Akron is about twenty miles east of Buffalo,
situated on a limestone ridge. For many years immense quanti-
ties of water lime (hydraulic cement) have been manufactured
there. The layer of cement rock, ranging from seven to ten feet
in thickness, is in many places from twenty to thirty feet below
the surface earth and useless rock ; so that it is cheaper to tunnel
than to remove the stone and earth that is over the limestone.

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The cave I visited — belonging to a Mr. Eckerson — ]is the
largest and most successful in mushroom production. It is per-
haps fifteen or twenty acres in extent. After walking about three
hundred yards (without the help of torches it would be~the]jdarkest
place I was ever in), we came to the mushroom beds. Mr. Ecker-
son had naturally chosen a part of the cave where the roof and
floor were quite dry, and for that matter, I may add, perfectly
even and smooth. He had nearly three acres occupied^with the
beds in all stages of development — some producing, some]]comiug
in, others just spawned, and others being made up. He had some
beds in ridge shape, about three feet wide at the base and. two and
one-half feet high, tapering to a narrow ridge at the top. These,
he said, he did not like and would have no more of them. The.
flat beds were sixteen feet long, seven feet wide, and ten inches
deep. They are all made on the rock surface, and are kept neatly
in place bj^ hemlock boards, one foot wide and sixteen feet long.
The temperature of the cave would go up to 65° in summer and
never fall below 58° in winter, so it is nearly uniform the whole
year round. He procures his manure from neighboring towns, by
the carload. It appeared to have more straw in it than is usually
allowed in orthodox instructions, and it came from livery stables.
I asked Mr. Eckerson what spawn he used, and he said French
exclusively ; he had no use for the English article. From April
till October is his greatest harvest, as greenhouse mushrooms are
then about useless, being wormy, and cave mushrooms have the
market to themselves.

He ships them in baskets, each holding five or six pounds, and they
netted him one dollar per pound the year through. New York and
Chicago are his markets. I have never seen any other mushrooms
like those grown in that deserted stone quarry. I believe they
would weigh thirty per cent more to the bushel than any surface
grown mushrooms. They were fat, juicy, rotund, solid, and
immaculately white.

William Scott.

Spawn: Tiik Amount Sold. — Three years ago, after careful
inquiry, I estimated that 4,500 pounds of French spawn, and
64,000 pounds of English or brick spawn, were imported into this
country annually. Since then, however, mushroom growing has
increased here very greatly and the importation of spawn has
augmented correspondingly — that is of the English, but not of the

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 107

French spawn. Of the English spawn, between 250,000 and
300,000 ponuds a year are now imported, — more than four times
as much as was used three years ago. About one-third of the
whole is imported through the New York seed houses, one-third
through the Philadelphia seed houses, and nearly all of the other
third through the seed houses of Boston and other cities, Chicago
disposing of about 10,000 pounds. Some large market-growers,
like Scott & Son of Philadelphia, and the Lansdale Mushroom
Co., of Pennsylvania, import their own spawn, each using a few
thousand pounds.

There is an import duty of twenty per cent on spawn, but should
the Wilson bill become a law, spawn will be admitted free.

To give you some idea of how the sale of mushroom spawn has
increased within the last few years, let me quote from a letter from
Mr. G. C. Watson, of Philadelphia: "In the season of 1888-89,
when with Gardiner & Co., we sold 5,000 pounds, and the next
year 50,000 pounds. I started in business for myself last May.
I contracted with an English grower for 5,000 pounds. That
quantity didn't begin to be enough. I have sold and shipped to
date (January 31, 1894), 16,740 pounds and have a shipment of
10,000 pounds now on the way. My sales for the year may
safely be put at 25,000 pounds.

American-Made Mushuoom Spawn. — The manufacture of
mushroom spawn in this country has never received much encour-
agement. Several persons have tried it, and some have succeeded
in getting up a potent article ; in fact, in one or two cases, samples
submitted to me for trial have been as satisfactory as the imported
spawn, while others have been almost or completely worthless.
The best I ever grew was made and sent to me by Mr. S. Edward
Paschall, of Doylestown, Pa. Indeed, my bed planted with it
bore a heavier crop than did another bed alongside of it planted
with English spawn. The mushrooms in both beds were the same
variety. But no well-directed, persistent effort at spawn-making
has come to my knowledge. All the samples that have been
submitted to me for trial have had an uneven, unfinished appear-
ance. While this would not affect the potency of the bricks at all,
it certainly would spoil their sale in the market. We are now too
well accustomed to the even, handsome bricks imported from
England, to accept of anything rough that is made at home.
In my opinion we cannot make spawn as generally good and good-

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

looking as the imported article and sell it as cheap. But the
tendency of home growers has been to charge a higher rate for
what they manufacture.

A very prominent New York seed firm report to me : " We have
bought a good many pounds of homemade spawn from different
parties to distribute for trial among our customers who are practical
mushroom growers, who had used our imported spawn right along,
but in not a single case have we had any inquiry for the domestic
product."

The Nkw Mushroom, Agaricus siibrufescens Peck. — In the
summer of 1892 I observed quantities of a rather uncouth looking,
wild mushroom, new to me, growing on and about the leaf-mould
piles at Dosoris. The mushrooms were not scattered about, one
here and one there, as we find them in the fields, but they grew in
buuches,of two, three, or more, many times a dozen or two dozen
growing together. But the crop was not stead}' ; there might be a
great quantity this week, barely any next week, an abundance the
week following, and so on. After a rain they would spring up
like magic. We had about forty loads of rotting leaves in that
heap, and on forking into it found a steady, gentle heat all summer
long, and that the spawn of the mushroom had run through the
whole mass, over two feet deep. The best mushrooms grew in the
two to three years old rotted mould. I was studying the new
comer with much interest.

About that time my attention was called to the fact that a
neighboring fiorist was picking a large quantity of mushrooms in
his greenhouse and frames, and selling them in New York, getting
big prices for them. I went over to see him and found the rumor
to be true. But it was not the common mushroom at all that he was
growing. It was the interesting stranger which I was studying in
our own leaf-mould pile at home ! It appeared with him the year
before. He had old violet beds inside his grape and tomato house,
and they were full of mushrooms ; old hotbeds in his nursery were
run over with mushrooms, and he had mushrooms in the open
ground, among his asparagus, between rows of pear trees. They
were coming up wherever planted, like a crop of weeds, in the sun-
shine and shade, with apparent indifference. He was picking an
average of thirty-five pounds of them each day and getting from
eighty to ninety cents a pound for them in New York, mostly at
hotels. He had almost a monopoly of tlie market. He had a

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 109

bouauza, aud bis visions of wealth were extraordinary. He was
increasing liis muslirooni-growing facilities proportionately with
his visions and circumstances. But, alas! "The best laid
schemes o' mice aud men gang aft a-gley." While this mushroom
has behaved with varying grace to him since then, it has not been
so productive as it was the first year.

After watching its habits, and testing its quality, I sent
specimens to Professor C. H. Peck, our state botanist, at Albany,
for identification. He found it to be a new species and has named
it Agaricus subrufescens. In the Annual Report of the State
Botanist of the State of New York, 1893, on page 25, he gives a
technical description of the species aud its origin.

There is no doubt that the new mushroom has come to stay,
especially as a summer cropper. But for some years at least its
culture will probably be restricted to private families, and commer-
cial growers doing a private business. Before now the price of
spawn — five dollars for a five pound package — has been prohibi-
tory, but I believe spawn will be offered this spring by one or two
parties, cheap enough for every person to try it. It will be sold
as flake spawn ; that is, not in bricks, but in the condition in which
we get French spawn, and I shall be disappointed if it costs more
than a dollar per half-bushel or five dollars per barrel.

What are the advantages of the new mushroom? Its extraor-
dinary productiveness when it does well, and its adaptability for
growing in summer. In what way is it better for summer work
than the old sort? We cannot control the old sort at will out of
<loors, or with any certainty at any time in the open air ; and
what we may grow in sheds, frames, or ordinary cellars are apt to
be so infested with maggots as to be unfit for food. On the other
hand, the new mushroom can be grown all summer, and as it
springs up so fast the larvue of the little flies do not have time to
develop before the mushrooms are gathered for use. But, except
for its rapid growth, the new mushroom is no more maggot-proof
than the old one.

What are the disadvantages of the new mushroom? Its toad-
stool appearance ; its uncertain behavior ; and the fact that its
crop comes in spurts, — plenty today and maybe none tomorrow.
But further personal acquaintance may overcome the objection to
its looks, and practical experience may correct its behavior. Bulk
for bulk it is not as heavy as is the common mushroom ; while its

110 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cap is deeper and broader, it is thinner, and hence lighter. Al-
though it does not burst its veil as soon as the other kind, it gets
old very quickly after its veil is burst.

Is it good to eat? Yes, very. It has a pronounced mushroom
flavor ; exudes a fair quantity of juice and the flesh is tender. I
know several persons who prefer it to the common mushroom ; but
for my part, I am still inclined to favor my old and toothsome
friend A. cmnpestris.

The best method of cultivation of the new mushroom is not yet
properly understood. That it requires more heat than the old
mushroom is generally conceded ; also that it needs more water.
By repeated practical experiment, it has been proven that it grows
as well in winter as in summer, provided that the cultural condi-
tions are favorable to its development. It will also grow in a
cellar of Egyptian darkness as well as in the daylight. In fact,
darkness whitens the mushrooms and takes away much of their
outdoor coarseness.

The lavish success that we have had with it at one time, and the
perfect failure at another, when apparently under the same condi-
tions, convince me that there are vital points in its cultivation that
we do not yet understand. Sometimes we may plant a bed with
the spawn ; in four or five weeks mushrooms begin to appear, and
in two months from planting we have an enormous crop. Then,
again we may plant another bed in the same way ; the spawn runs
in it as prettily and thoroughly as in the other, completely per-
meating the whole mass of manure ; but it does not bear a mush-
room ; as yet we do not know why. What shall we do with such,
a bed? Take it out to a warm, dry, airy shed or loft and spread
it out to dry. It will make first-rate spawn, and the probabilities
are that the next bed you make up and plant with this spawn will
produce a heavy crop of mushrooms.

Under date of January 31, last, Mr. Ferdinand Boulon, the
florist who grew it so successfully in 1892, wrote me :

" Under my control the new mushroom has grown at all times
in the year, but I find that it is more productive in summer than
in winter. In winter, after one picking, we have to wait ten to
fifteen days for another picking. In summer the crop is more
regular. It is a good acquisition for summer use. The Agaricus
campestris cannot be grown well in summer on account of the
maggot, but .1. subrnfescen.s grows so quickly that the maggot has

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. Ill

no time to develop iu it. Its cultivation is very easy and it needs
very little cave. If one does not wish to make a special bed for it
he can plant the spawn between early cucumbers, or melons, or
other early crops under glass."

Writing to me last September, Mr. William H. Daniels, a florist
and mushroom grower of Mamaroneck, N. Y., told me that he had
made up two beds, each sixty feet long by two and one-half feet
wide, and planted them with the new mushroom. The manure
was just right. About two weeks after planting, the spawn had
run through the beds, appearing like a thick film at every crack
between the bottom boards. Then he moulded them over with
loam, and otherwise treated them like the common mushroom. In
due time they came into bearing, the young mushrooms appearing
all over the beds. When about one-fourth grown growth ceased
and they stood like that for three or four days. Something was
lacking. Then he thought of water and gave the bed a good
soaking ; the result was that the mushrooms swelled up splendidly
and he had an immense crop.

He made up succession beds and February 2 he wrote again :
' ' I have not yet gathered a mushroom of the new variety this
winter. I made up a bed in my violet house and spawned one-
half of it with the common mushroom, and the other half with the
new mushroom. I am now gathering plenty of the common
variety, but not one of the new variety, although the bed is a solid
mass of spawn. I had an idea when I spawned the bed that the
house would not be warm enough for the new mushroom, but
concluded to try it.

"I sold some of the spawn of the new mushroom to a private
gardener near me and advised him to put it in a warm house,
which he did. The result with him has been a grand crop. I saw
his bed about two weeks ago and it was a picture then. He told
me that he had been picking from it for over eight weeks and was
delighted with it. After the success I had with it last summer I
shall certainly grow it again next summer. I do not think it is
quite as good for shipping as A. ram.2Jestris, but for home trade,
gathered when fresh open, my customers tell me that it is superior
in quality to the old mushroom."

I wrote to Mr. Daniels asking him for particulars as to how his
neighbor grew the mushroom. Under date of February 8, he
kindly replied, as follows :

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"Today I paid a visit to the gardener I told you about, to
obtain from him the secret of his success. He laughed at the
word ' secret ' and said he had no secret about it. The only thing
was the hint I gave him about putting it in his warmest house.
He made up his bed about one foot deep under the hot water pipes
but concluded to box it in, as he thought the heat from the
pipes would dry out the bed too much ; otherwise the bed was
made up and spawned exactly as for A. campestris. ' A great
cropper!' was his exclamation. He said he was never without
mushrooms from that bed for eleven weeks. The manure in the
bed was only at 75° when he planted the spawn, but it kept at that
heat a good while. He estimates that although it takes a greater
bulk of the new mushroom to weigh a pound than it does of the
old one, he gets more than three pounds of the new mushroom to
one of the old sort, from the same space of bed. Now he declares
that while be can get spawn of A. subrufescens he will never go
back to A. campestris.

One thing which he especially likes about this new variety is, that
if the bed is dry on the top, a light watering with a rose-pot does
not injure the young mushrooms, but rather benefits them, whereas
with the old variety it is generally injurious to the young pin
beads.

In the fall of 1892 I gave a barrel of this natural spawn to Mr.
GrifHn of Westbury, who cultivates mushrooms extensively for
market, in capacious cellai's under his barns, heating with hot
water. In the winter of 1892-93 he planted some beds with this
spawn, but did not get any mushrooms from them. The beds,
however, were a complete mass of spawn, so he took them out and
dried the spawn for future use. Last fall he again made up and
planted some beds with this spawn. He has had immense success,
the nmshrooms coming up in great clumps or basketfuls. He
wrote to me about them and I sent Mr. Lendel Hallock, of Queens,
to try to get a photograph of them, but on account of the narrow-
ness of the pathways in the cellar, with the beds placed one above
another, and other complications, he could not get a photograph
either by flash-light or otherwise. Messrs. Griffin and Hallock
took a clump, growing in a space of two feet by one foot, slipped
it into a flat, and carried it out of doors to have its picture taken.
It contained ninety-one mushrooms, large and small, which weighed
six and onc-lialf pounds. The nmshrooms were two days too old,

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 113

and the caps had become wide spread and darkened with spores.
This was because he had kept them, without picking, for me to see.

Under date of January 30, Mr. Griffin wrote me: "I would
very much like to have you see the new mushroom ; there is no
doubt about its being a fine cropper and easy to grow — indeed,
more so than the other variety, under just the same treatment. I
have a lot here that we are eating every day, for I am sorry to say
that it does not take in the market ; in fact, before I knew it, it
had spoiled several shipments for me, as I packed them with the
other, so we have to eat them ourselves now."

Mr. Griffin's bed that is now in bearing is built on the ground,
right under the hot water pipes. After the beds were spawned the
atmospheric temperature was kept up to nearly 70°, but as soon as
the young mushrooms appeared it was lowered to 60°. All of the
beds, till they came into bearing, were kept covered with a thick
layer of rank straw shaken out of the manure. When bearing
begins this covering is removed, except a light scattering which
neither prevents the mushrooms from coming up, nor obstructs
one in gathering them, yet keeps the surface of the ground quite
moist.

The expression "spoiling his shipments," may need explana-
tion. He ships altogether to commission men. They do not want,
and will not handle, any mushroom except the old variety, because
their customers will not take any other, so when Mr. Griffin's
mixed lots reached them, they picked out and threw away all of
the new mushroom, retaining and paying for the old variety only.

The new mushroom with its whitish gills, pale, lemon-tinted neck,
and thick, furry veil, has a good deal of the toadstool look about
it, and since the "mushroom poisoning" scare of last summer,
especially, the people look with distrust upon everything in this
line except the genuine A. campestris.

Discussion.

John M. Kinney said that he had had large experience with wild
mushrooms, especially Boletus, which grow in enormous quantities
in Plymouth County. In that part of Massachusetts there is an
area of three hundred square miles of pine forest, in which these
fungi grow in great abundance. A boy can go out for them, and
in an afternoon can gather five hundred pounds, at a cost of about
one cent per pound. Mr. Kinney had used about a ton in a

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTIOULTUKAL SOCIETY.

season, making them into a table sauce which he considered better
than the much praised "Worcestershire brand.

Mr. Clark stated that in the Annual Report of the United

States Department of Agriculture, for 1890, the Chief of the Divi-
sion of Microscopy gave a list of edible and poisonous mushrooms
found in the United States, with directions for the culture of the
edible species, and various methods of cooking them.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said that at one time she had an experi-
ence of beginning in mushroom culture. She prepared a bed
which made satisfactory progress until, just as it was about to be a
success, floods came and ruined the whole plant. She had some
experieuce in cooking mushrooms taken from an elm tree stump.
Frequently, rumors of cases of poisoning will create a popular
scare, and many people are thus made afraid to use any kind of
mushroom. In every such case of course many tons of this food
will mature and go to waste.

Joseph H. Woodford gave the following recipe for cooking
mushrooms : Take off the skin from the top and brush the dirt
off the stalk. Cut half through the stalk near the gills so it can
be laid on a gridiron, as broiling is the best way to cook it ; let it
broil until it can be easily punctured with a sharp fork. Mean-
while, have a good porter-house steak broiled, and serve the two
together. They will assimilate most satisfactorily.

Jackson Dawson did not consider the porter-house steak an
always necessary accompaniment. After carefully brushing the
dirt from the stems, and taking off the skins from the tops of the
mushrooms, he cuts off the stems, which are stewed until tender.
Sufficient bread is toasted and buttered, and spread upon a platter
and the stewed stems are poured over it. The tops, which have
been broiled, meanwhile, are also served with the other portion.

Samuel Merrill remarked that when the supply was unlimited,
he preferred to have mushrooms broiled, but if only a limited
amount can be had, it is more economical to stew them. Field
mushrooms will give a rich flavor to milk or cream ; in this case, a
quite liberal quantity of milk may be used, with some butter, and
a small amount of flour for thickening, and the mixture seasoned
to suit the taste. The mushrooms are to be broken into small
pieces and put into the milk, and it sliould be stirred constantly
while it is being cooked. It should be left on the fire only one or
two minutes after it reaches the boiling point. If cream is used

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 115

no butter will be uecessary. If the mushrooms are large and
fresh and the supply adequate, he would broil them. He regarded
Agaricus comatKS (the Shaggy Maned) as the best, except ^1. cam-
pestris. It requires about twenty minutes to cook the stems, but
only ten minutes for the caps. He had never found them infested
with maggots. Where the A. co7natus grow at all, they grow
profusely, crowded together. They are found in filled land, in the
suburbs of cities, and often on or near disreputable looking
rubbish heaps.

Professor Benjamin M. Watson, Jr., said that an easy rule for
cooking mushrooms is, to put into a blazer two large spoonfuls
of butter for each pound of mushrooms ; then put in the mush-
rooms, gills upward, and add salt and pepper as the taste requires.
Let them stew until cooked. Just before the cooking is completed,
a spoonful of sherry or a gill of cream may be added. They
should be served on hot, buttered toast. Agaricus campestris can
be easily distinguished by the color of the gills, which, when fresh,
are of a beautiful pink color. Another distinction is its location,
which is always in grassy places, in fields and rich pastures, but
never in woods or damp ground. Every one should know, how-
ever, that there are many poisonous mushrooms, some of which
will make one sick, while others will cause death.

A lady asked how one could distinguish the poisonous species
and varieties ; also if any sources of information were readily
accessible.

Professor Watson advised, as the best method of learning
how to distinguish the edible from the poisonous mushrooms, to get
some one who knows these plants to take a walk in the fields and
woods with you, and show you the characteristics peculiar to each
variety ; also to read authoritative papers upon the subject, espec-
ially those that are illustrated faithfully, such as are published in
the Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, and the articles written by Professor William G. Farlow, of
Harvard University, that have been coming out in ' ' Garden and
Forest," and are now published in pamphlet form. This plan will
be all the more successful if the paper or the book is taken into
the field or forest, and read when a specimen is found. The
study of the natural object is far preferable to the best picture
that can be made.

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTXIRAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Kinney remarked that if any cooked Boletus eduUs, B.
hovinus, etc., either broiled or stewed, be left over, they can, after
they become cold, be chopped fine, and be added to an omelet ; or,
if simply mixed with beaten eggs and cooked, they will make most
delicious dishes. An Italian cook once brought to him a dish of
square-flat macaroni, stuffed with mushrooms, cheese, and various
sweet herbs. He found it to be a most excellent combination. If
mushrooms are carefully cleaned, peeled, sliced vertically, dried
properly, and stored in a dry cool place, they may be taken out
later, at any time, soaked until swollen to the natural size, and then
cooked the same as if freshly gathered, when they will be found
nearly as delicious as are those just from the beds. Mr. Kinney
then referred to the question as to the best treatise to assist a
novice in identifying wholesome mushrooms, and mentioned Julius
A. Palmer, Jr.'s book, "About Mushrooms," published by Lee &
Shepaixl, as one of the best guides. He said that early in his
experience in mushroom hunting he took some fine specimens to
Mr. Palmer for identification. Mr. Palmer at once said they were
Boletus hoviims ; a perfectly wholesome variety. The speaker once
heard this direction given, " If you find a mushroom that you think
is edible, but have some doubts about it, you might eat one today,
and, if you don't hear from it, disagreeably, eat two tomorrow."
He once yielded to this temptation, and "heard from it," by its
causing a quite troublesome eruption upon his face for a time.
Mushrooms are of value as a source of an excellent vinegar. In
one season, when at Wareham, Mr. Kinney made seven barrels of
mushroom vinegar to be used mostly in the preparation of mush-
room table-sauce, referred to in his remarks at the opening of this
discussion. The acid of this vinegar is not acetic acid as in cider
vinegar, but the vinegar is considered equally wholesome by many,
and some prefer it to cider vinegar, as it retains considerable of
the fine flavor of mushrooms, which makes them so popular when
served freshly cooked. This vinegar also holds its good qualities
the same as cider vinegar.

Mr. Stein said he had been through an experience somewhat

similar to that suggested by Mr. Kinney. He had received no
harm as yet, except in one instance ; then he suspected that his
indulgence in strange mushrooms had caused his discomfort. He
looked over his " P^ncyclopedia Britannica," and concluded he liad
all the symptoms of such poisoning ; but he had survived it all.

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 117

He added that he would like to hear a full lecture on the distinc-
tions between the edible and the poisonous mushrooms, in order to
be thoroughly informed.

Mr. Falconer replied to a question about the cost of the spawn
of the new mushroom, that five dollars for five pounds of the
spawn had been the price until now ; but he believed it would be
offered for less than five dollars a barrel during the present year.
Referring to the points of distinction betw^een edible and poisonous
mushrooms, he said that a toadstool that is eaten by slugs is probably
edible. He added that he had a big maltese cat, which is as fond
of cooked mushi'ooms as of meat. He also stated that he made it
a point never to wet a mushroom after gathering it ; if any dirt
gets into the gills, it is nearly impossible to get it out. In cooking
mushrooms, care must be taken not to cook them too long. If
the juice is dried out in that way, it lessens the good quality of
the viand.

Miss Jones stated that those who sold dried mushrooms in

Italy were obliged to get a license before offering their goods for
sale.

Mr. Merrill spoke of similarities of the edible and poisonous
mushrooms. Some edible varieties have white spores ; but the
Deadly Amanita — Agaricus {Amanita) vermis — is also white in
all its parts. The Puff-ball — Lycoperdon giganteum — when in
condition to be eaten is entirely white ; when gone to seed it is like
a bag filled with dark colored dust, the spores. When fresh it is
not only wholesome food, but delicious ; there is no poisonous
variety. To prepare it, the skin must be peeled off ; the flesh,
which is pure white like cream cheese, is to be sliced and cooked
in batter. The taste resembles that of an omelet.

Mr. Falconer mentioned the Fairy Ring champignon — Maras-
mius oreades — as another species of the edible mushrooms. It is
represented as one of the most highly flavored. Another gentle-
man present cordially indorsed this statement, having eaten very
many of them with much enjoyment.

Mr. Kinney, while riding in Franklin Park with a friend,
discovered a Giant Puft'-ball — Li/rojierdon giganteum — that was
larger than the crown of his hat. He carried it to Young's
Hotel, and showed it to the manager present, who thought the
monster fungus was poisonous. Mr. Kinney proposed that it be
taken to the chef de cuisine and his opinion learned. This was done.

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and that official pronounced it very fine. It was served at dinner
the next day, and the manager reported later that it was delicious.

The subject announced for the next Saturday was ' ' Cinerarias
and Calceolarias," by Kenneth Finlayson, Brookline.

A desire having been expressed at the meeting that the receipts
for cooking mushrooms at the close of Mr. Falconer's book,
"Mushrooms: How to Grow Them," should be printed in
connection with this discussion, they are here presented.

COOKING MUSHROOMS.

Baked Mushrooms. — Peel and stem the mushrooms, rub and sprinkle a
little salt on the gills, and lay the mushrooms, gills up, on a shallow baking
tin and put a small piece of butter on each mushroom. Place an inverted
saucer or deep plate over tiiem in the tin, and put them in a brisk oven for
twenty minutes. Then take them out and serve upon hot plates, without
spilling any of the juice that has collected in the middle of each mushroom.

Stewed Mushrooms. — Peel and stem the mushrooms. Take an enameled
saucepan, put a lump of butter in it and melt it; then put in the mushrooms,
and season with salt and pepper and a small piece of pounded mace (if you
like it) ; then cover the saucepan tightly and stew the mushrooms gently until
they are tender, which will be in about half an hour. Have ready some
toast, either dry or fried in butter, as preferred, spread out upon a hot dish,
place the mushrooms upon the toast with the gills uppermost, pour the juice
over them and serve hot.

Stewed Mushrooms. — Peel and stem them; then dip them in water con-
taining lemon juice (this is to prevent their becoming dark-colored in cooking,
or giving a dark color to the stew) and drain them dry. Put them into a
a stewpan, with a good-eized lump of butter and some nice gravy, and let
them stew about ten minutes. Take a little stock or cream, beat up some
flour in it quite smooth, and add a little lemon juice and grated nutmeg. Add
this to the mushrooms and cook briskly for about ten minutes longer or until
tender.

Soyer's Breakfast Mushrooms. — Place some freshly made toast, di-
vided, on a dish, and put the mushrooms, stemmed and peeled, gills
upward, upon it; add a little pepper and salt and put a small bit of butter in
the middle of each mushroom. Pour a teaspoonful of cream over each,
and add one clove for the whole dish. Put an inverted basin over the whole.
Bake for twenty or twenty-five minutes, and do not remove the basin until
the dish is brought to the table, so as to preserve the grateful aroma.

Mushrooms a la Crome. — Peel and stew the mushrooms ; roll a lump of
butter in flour and put it into the saucepan; then add the mushrooms and
some salt, white pepper, a little sugar and finely chopped parsley. Stew for
ten minutes. Take the yolks of two eggs beaten up with two large spoonfuls
of cream, and add the mixture gradually to the stew ; cook for a few minutes
longer and serve hot.

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 119

Curried Mushrooms. — Peel and stew a pound of mushrooms, sprinkle
with salt, add a little butter, and stew gently for fifteen or twenty minutes in
a little good stock or gravy. Then add four tablespoonfuls of cream, and
one teaspoonful of good curry powder, previously well mixed with two
teaspoonfuls of wheat flour. Mix carefully and cook for five or ten minutes
longer, and serve hot on hot plates.

Broiled Mushrooms. — Select large, open, fresh mushrooms, stem and
peel them. Put them on the gridiron, stem side down, over a bright but not
very hot fire, and cook for three minutes. Then turn them, put a small
piece of butter in the middle of each and broil for about ten minutes longer.
Put them in hot plates, gills upward, and place another small piece of butter
on each mushroom, together witli a little pepper and salt, and flavor with
lemon juice or Chili vinegar, and put them into the oven for a minute or two ;
then serve.

Mushroom Soup. — Take a quantity of fresh young mushrooms, stem and
peel them. Stew them with a little butter, pepper, and salt, and some good
stock, till tender ; take them out and chop them up quite small; prepare a
good stock, as for any other soup, and add it to the mushrooms and the liquor
tliey have been cooked in. Boil all together and serve. If white soup is
required use white button mushrooms and a good veal stock, adding a spoon-
ful of cream or a little milk, as the color may require. If the mushrooms
are very young they have but little flavor ; if they are full grown they darken
the soup, and if they are brown in the gills when used, the soup will be
disagreeably dark. If, after preparing, but before cooking, the mushrooms,
you pour over them some boiling water into which a little vinegar or lemon
juice has been dropped, and then drain them off through a colander, you can
prevent, to a great extent, their darkening influence on the soup, but always
at the expense of their flavor.

Mushroom Stems. — The stems of fresh young mushrooms are excellent
to eat, but those of old or stale mushrooms are unfit for food. In the case
of plump, fresh, full-sized mushrooms, the upper part of the stem, that is,
the portion between the frill and the socket in the cap, is used. Any part of
the stem that is tough or discolored or woody, should be rejected. The
stems are excellent for ketchup or flavoring or as a sauce with boiled fowl.

Potted Mushrooms. — Select nice button, or unopen, mushrooms, and to
a quart of these add three ounces of fresh butter, and stew gently in an
enameled saucepan, shaking them frequently to prevent burning. After a
few minutes dust a little finely powdered salt, a little spice, and a few grains
of cayenne over them, and stew until tender. When cooked turn them into
a colander standing in a basin, and leave them there until cold ; then press
tliem into small potting-jars, and fill up the jars with warm clarified butter
and cover with paper, tied down and brushed over with melted suet to
exclude the air. Keep in a cool, dry place. The gravy can be used for
flavoring other gravies, etc.

Gilbert's Breakfast Mushrooms. — Get half grown mushrooms, peel
them and place one layer, gills-side upward, on a pie plate ; put a small
piece of butter on each ; pepper and salt to taste ; add two tablespoonfuls of

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ketchup and one of water ; press round the rim of the plate a strip of paste ;
cover with another plate of the same size pressed firmly in the paste ; put
the whole in a hrisk oven for twenty-five minutes. The top plate should be
left on until served.

Baked Mushrooms. — (A breakfast, luncheon, or supper dish.) For this
mode of cooking, mushroom flaps are better than buttons, and should not be
too large. Cut off a portion of the stalk from sixteen mushrooms, peel the
tops, wipe them off with a piece of flannel and a little fine salt. Put them
into a tin baking dish, with a very small piece of butter placed on each mush-
room ; sprinkle over them a little pepper, and let them bake twenty minutes,
or longer should the mushrooms be very large. Have ready a very hot dish,
pile the mushrooms high in the centre, pour the gravy round, and send them
to the table quickly on very hot plates.

Broiled Mushrooms. — (A breakfast, luncheon, or supper dish.) Cleanse
the mushrooms by wiping them with a piece of flannel and a little salt; cut
off a portion of the stalk and peel the tops ; broil them over a clear fire,
turning them once, and arrange them on a very hot dish. Put a small piece
of butter on each mushroom, season with pepper and salt, and squeeze over
them a few drops of lemon juice. Place the dish before the fire, and when
the butter is melted serve very liot and quickly. Moderate sized flaps are
better suited for this mode of cooking than are the buttons.

Mushrooms A la Casse, Toot. — Cut a round of bread one-half an inch
thick, and toast it nicely ; butter it both sides and place it on a clean baking
sheet or tin ; cleanse the mushrooms as in the preceding recipe, and place
them on the toast, head downwards; lightly pepper and salt them, and place
a piece of butter the size of a nut on each mushroom ; cover tliem with a
finger glass and let them cook close to the fire for ten or twelve minutes.
Slip the toast into a hot dish, but do not remove the glass cover until they are
on the table. All the aroma and flavor of the mushrooms are preserved by
this method. In winter the glass dish should be rinsed in warm water before
using, and with moderate care it will not crack.

Stewed Mushrooms. — Ingredients : One pint of mushroom buttons, three
ounces of fresh butter, white pepper and salt to taste, lemon juice, one tea-
spoonful of flour, cream, or milk, one-fourth teaspoonful of grated nutmeg.
Mode : Cut off the ends of the stalks and pare neatly a pint of mushroom
buttons; put them, as they are done, into a basin of water with a little lemon
juice. When all are prepared take them from the water with the hands, to
avoid the sediment, and put them into a stewpan with the fresh butter, white
pepper, salt, and the juice of one-half a lemon ; cover the pan closely and let
the mushrooms stew from twenty to twenty-five minutes, then ttiicken the
butter with the above proportion of flour; add, gradually, sufficient cream, or
cream and milk, to make the sauce of a proper consistency, and put in the
nutmeg. If the mushrooms are not perfectly tender stew them five minutes
longer, remove every particle of butter which may be floating on the top, and
serve.

Broiled Beefsteak and Mushrooms. — Ingredients : Two or tliree dozen
small button mushrooms, one ounce of butter, one tablespoonful of mush-

A TALK ABOUT MUSHROOMS. 121

room ketchup, salt and cayenne to taste. Mode : Wipe the musliroonis free
from grit with a piece of flannel and salt ; put them in a stewpan with the
butter, ketchup, and seasoning; stir over the fire until the mushrooms are
quite done. Have the steak nicely broiled, and pour over it the mushroom
sauce. The above is equally good with stewed steak.

To Preserve Mushrooms. — Ingredients : To each quart of muslirooms
allow three ounces of butter, the juice of one lemon, salt and pepper to taste ;
also some clarified butter. Mode: Peel the mushrooms ; put them into cold
water and a little lemon juice; take them out of the water and dry them very
carefully in a cloth. Put the butter into a stewpan capable of holding the
mushrooms; when it is melted add the mushrooms, lemon juice, and a
seasoning of salt and pepper ; put them over a slow fire, and let them
remain until their liquor is boiled away and they have become quite dry,
but be careful in not allowing them to stick to the bottom of the stewpan.
When done put them into pots and pour over the top the clarified butter.
If for immediate use, they will keep good a few days without the covering
of butter. When needed later, put them into a stewpan to warm, then
strain off the butter, and they will be ready for use.

Mdshroom Powder. — (A valuable addition to sauces and gravies, when
fresh mushrooms are not obtainable.) Ingredients: One-half peck of
large muslirooms, two onions, twelve cloves, one-fourth ounce of pounded
mace, two teaspoonfuls of white pepper. Mode : Peel the mushrooms, wipe
them perfectly free from grit and dirt, remove the black fur, and reject all
those that are at all worm-eaten. Put them into a stewpan with the other
named ingredients, but without water, and shake them over a clear fire till all
the liquor is dried up, being careful not to let them burn. Then arrange them
on tins and dry them in a slow oven. When ready, pound them to a fine
powder, which should be put into small dry bottles, tightly corked, and sealed,
and kept in a dry place. In using this powder, add it to the gravy just before
serving, when it will require one boil up. It should be made in September
or at the beginning of October. If the bottles used are not perfectly dry,
the powder will speedily deteriorate.

Mushroom Powder. — This is for use as a condiment. The finest, full-
grown mushrooms should be selected and prepared for drying, and dried as
directed under the heading, " Dried Mushrooms," although it is better to dry
them in an oven or drying machine, so that they may be dried quickly, and
become brittle. Grate, or otherwise reduce them to a fine powder, and
preserve it in tightly corked bottles.

To Dry Mushrooms. — Wipe them clean, take away the brown part and
peel off" the skin; lay them on sheets of paper to dry in a cool oven, when
they will shrivel considerably. Keep them in paper bags, which should hang
in a dry place. When wanted for use put them into cold gravy and bring
them gradually to a simmer, and it will be found that they will regain nearly
their usual size.

Dried Mushrooms. — In the flush of the pasture-mushroom season, gather
a large number of mushrooms of all sizes, and see that they are tlioroughly
clean. Remove and discard the stems and peel the caps. Stir them round

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for a few minutes in boiling water, to which a little lemon juice or vinegar
has been added, to prevent them from turning dark colored. Some people
use plain cold water, or cold water with lemon juice or vinegar in it. But
never use salt in preparing mushrooms for drying, as salted mushrooms will
absorb moisture from the atmosphere and soon spoil. Take the mushrooms
out of the water and drain them on a sieve ; then string them and hang them
up to dry and season, in an open, airy shed, as one would do with strings of
drying fruit. They may also be dried in a drying machine or oven, as is
done with apples or peaches. They are used as a substitute for fresh mush-
rooms when the latter cannot be obtained. In preparing dried mushrooms
for use, steep them in tepid water or milk until they become quite soft and
plump, then drain them dry and cook them the same ways as fresh mush-
rooms.

Mushroom Ketchup. — To each peck of mushrooms add one-half pound
of salt ; to each quart of mushroom liquor add one-half ounce of allspice,
one-half ounce of ginger, two blades of pounded mace, and one-fourth ounce
of cayenne. Choose full-grown mushroom flaps, and be careful that they
are perfectly fresh-gathered, when the weather is tolerably dry; for if
they are picked during rain the ketchup made from them is liable to get
musty and will not keep long. Put a layer of them in a deep pan, sprinkle
salt over them, then another layer of mushrooms and salt as before, and so
on alternately. Let them remain a few hours, and break them up with the
hand ; put them in a cool place for three days, occasionally stirring and
mashing them well to extract from them as much juice as possible. Measure
the quantity without straining, and to each quart allow the named proportions
of spices, etc. Put all into a stone jar, cover it closely, place it in a deep
pan of boiling water, set it over the fire and let it boil for three hours. Have
ready a clean stewpan ; turn into it the contents of the jar, and let it simmer
very gently for half an hour. Pour it into a pitcher, where it should stand in
a cool place until the next day; tlien pour it off into another pitcher and
strain it into very dry, clean bottles, and do not squeeze the mushrooms.
To each pint of the ketchup add a few drops of brandy. Be careful not to
shake the ketchup when pouring it into the bottles, but leave all sediment in
the pitcher; cork well, and either seal or rosin the cork, so as to exclude the
air perfectly. When a very clear, bright ketchup is wanted, the liquor must
be strained through a very fine hair sieve or flannel bag after it has been
very gently poured off, and if this operation is not successful it must be
repeated until you have quite a clear liquor. It should be examined occa-
sionally, and if it is spoiling should be reboiled with a few peppercorns. It
may be made any time from the first of September to the middle of October.

Mushroom Ketchup. — This flavoring ingredient, if genuine and well
prepared, is one of the most useful store sauces to the experienced cook,
and no trouble should be spared in its preparation. Double ketchup is made
by boiling down each quart to one pint. This goes further than ordinary
ketchup, as so little is required to flavor a good quantity of gravy. The
sediment may also be bottled for immediate use in flavoring thick soups
or gravies.

CINERARIAS AND CALCEOLARIAS. 123

Mushroom Ketchup. — In making ketchup use the very best mushrooms,
full grown, but young and fresh, as it is highly important to secure fine
flavor, and this yre cannot get from inferior mushrooms. Take a measure of
fine fresh mushrooms and see that they are clean and free from grit; stem
and peel them ; cut them into very thin slices and place a layer of these on
the bottom of a deep dish or tureen; sprinkle this layer with fine salt; then
put in another layer and sprinkle with salt as before, and so on until the dish
is full. The white succulent part of the stems may be used in the ketchup,
but never any of the discolored, tough, or stringy part. On the top of all
strew a layer of fresh walnut rind cut into small pieces. Place the dish in a
cool cellar for four or five days, to allow the contents to macerate. When the
whole mass has become nearly liquid pass it through a colander. Then boil
down the strained liquor to half of its bulk and add its own weight of calf's-
foot jelly ; season with allspice or white pepper and boil down to the consis-
tence of jelly. Pour into stoneware jars and keep in a cool place.

Pickled Mushrooms. — Ingredients : To each quart of mushrooms allow
two blades of pounded mace, one ounce of ground pepper, salt to taste, and
sufficient vinegar to cover the mushrooms. Choose young button mush-
rooms for pickling; rub otf the skin with a piece of flannel and salt, and cut
off the stalks; if very large, take out the red gills, and reject the black ones,
as they are too old. Put them in a stew^an, sprinkle salt over them, with
pounded mace and pepper in the above proportions ; shake them well over a
clear fire until the liquor flows, and keep tliem there until it is all dried up
again ; then add as much vinegar as will cover them, let it simmer one minute
and store it away in stone jars for use. When cold, tie down with bladder
and keep in a dry place. They will remain good for a long time, and are gen-
erally considered delicious. Make this the same time as ketchup, from the
first of September to the middle of October.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 24, 1894.

A Meeting for Discussion was boldeu today at eleven o'clock,
the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair. The follow-
ing paper was read by the author.

Cinerarias and Calceolarias.

By Kenneth Finlayson, Brookline.

The march of improvement in the Cineraria, is as conspicuously
great as in au}^ other class of plants, and when we compare the
best types of the florists' varieties of today with the old species —

124 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cineraria cruenta, from the Canary Islands, introduced into-
England in 1777, and supposed to be the progenitor of the present
varieties, — the contrast is truly remarkable ; thanks to the indom-
itable will and perseverance of the skillful hybridist.

Today we have in the best types, plants of compact form with
immense flowers, frequently measuring three inches in diameter and
sometimes more. The best flowers are a perfect circle in outline,
the petals broad and overlapping each other, and the colors vary-
ing in endless shades of self and combinations. Yet it is singular
that — so far as I know — there is not a true yellow variety to be
seen in all our garden varieties. This is the more remarkable
when we reflect on the fact that quite a number of the species of
this genus are yellow. In my mind, a good yellow cineraria
would be a great acquisition.

Dame Nature seems to have fixed laws, whereby we are appar-
ently unable to get certain colors in some species of plants.
Whether this law be real or only apparent I am not prepared to de-
cide, though 1 am free to s% that I think even the most skillful
hybridist is not so well informed in regard to manipulating colors
to the end of obtaining a desired tint or shade, as he is in select-
ing any other points for the accomplishment of a certain end.
Therefore more knowledge in producing colors in plants may in
time, to a certain extent at least, dissipate from our minds this
idea of the apparently impossible in this direction.

A case in point. It has been thought that no other color than
white could be produced in the calla lily ; but we have now not
only a yellow calla, but a pink one as well, so we are told.

This noble calling of ours then, is by no means exhausted in
any one branch of its infinite ramifications.

The cineraria is eminently well suited for the decoration of the
cool greenliouse and conservatory, its bright and gorgeous colors
arresting the attention at once. There are very few individual
phuits of any kind, of equal size, that compare with it for a blaze
of showiness. But for a liouse plant it is a very indifferent
subject ; the gas and heat of the dwelling-house will destroy it in
a very sliort time. However, where there is a large bay-window,
or a similar structure attached to a dwelling-house, in which plants
are kept, the cineraria will do well. For cutting purposes it is not
well adapted, on account of the flower spikes being stiff and
formal, and also because it wilts ((uickly in warm rooms.

CINERARIAS AND CALCEOLARIAS. 125

We will now consider the cineraria from a cultural standpoint,
and this may be of more interest to the novices present than any-
thing else I may say regarding it, and to them this paper is
addressed. In so doing I shall give my own cultural methods,
since they are more familiar to me.

Propagation. — Cinerarias are propagated by seeds or cuttings,
but the latter method is seldom resorted to, especially in this
country. It was practised more or less extensively in England,
and other European countries some years ago, for the purpose of
perpetuating good varieties which appeared from time to time.
Oood varieties in those days were less frequent than they are
nowadays ; consequently the practice is dying out, and in no way
■can it be recommended, except for the purposes that gave it birth,
and then only when something extraordinarily good appears. It
is impossible to grow as large a plant in the same period of time
from a cutting as from a seed ; hence the folly of the practice.

The best seeds ought always to be purchased as it is as easy to
grow good strains of all kinds of plants as bad ones, and it is
infinitely more pleasing to enjoy their superior excellence after
growing them.

In order to be justitied at any time in blowing up, by dynamite
or otherwise, the retailing seedsman or seed firm and all con-
cerned, for furnishing seeds inferior to what was supposed to have
been purchased, we must make our own efforts toward perfection
in all the details that tend to bring out all that is good in a plant
or strain of plants.

An inferior article is indelibly so under the best cultural care ;
a good article, on the other hand, will show itself under the most
indifferent cultural care.

For large and early flowering plants, the seeds should be sown
sometime in the latter part of May or early in June, in earthen
pans or wooden boxes, four inches deep, the size depending on the
quantity of seed to be sown. These pans or boxes should be well
drained by broken crocks, or any other hard material that will serve
that purpose ; over the drainage put a thin layer of sphagnum
moss to prevent the soil from entering the drainage.

The chief aims in preparing the soil used at this initial stage are
lightness and porosity and to secure these, leaf-mould and clean
sharp sand must be used in equal quantities, with an additional
fraction of fibrous loam. The pans or boxes having been filled

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

within about an inch of the top with this soil, and made level and
smooth, proceed to sow the seeds evenly all over the surface.
Cover them lightly a little more than their own depth ; press gently
with a smooth board ; then water with a fine spray-rose and put a
pane of glass over the top of each pan to check evaporation.

Consign the pans to a frame, to prevent draughts more than,
anything. The seeds will soon germinate in such a place ;
therefore be watchful, and as soon as they make their appearance
well above the soil, remove the glass from the pans in order that
they may not become drawn.

Should the pans in which they germinated be at some distance
from the glass, they can now be taken out and put on a shelf near
the light, but not in a place where the sun will strike them, for
cinerarias will not stand bright sunshine ; it would mean instant
destruction for them at this early stage of their existence. As
soon as the seedlings are strong enough to handle, prick them out
an inch or more apart, in other boxes, diminishing a trifle the
proportion of sand in the soil and increasing the loam. They can
now be transferred to cold frames outside, but must be guarded
against violent draughts and changes of the weather.

The best position for the frames in which the plants are to be
grown during the summer season is in a northern exposure ; that is,
the higher side of the frame should face south and the lower side
north. Should circumstances furnish a high board fence, or still
better a high wall, as an additional shade, so that the sun could
not at any time shine on the plants, that would be the ideal position
for the frames, not only for cinerarias but for a large number of
other plants ; all other shading over the glass could then be
dispensed with. But such a position is seldom offered even on
large estates, therefore we must solve the problem the next best
way, and that is by painting the glass of the frame with a thin
coat of white lead mixed with turpentine or kerosene ; oil makes
the lead stick to the glass too hard, thereby giving considerable
trouble in washing it off again.

In addition to this thin coat of paint, have lath shades made, of
the same size as the sashes, for they are ranch easier to handle.
The frame work of these shades should be of one inch square
stock, with end pieces to connect the sides, and a further piece of
the same stock to run diagonally between opposite corners ; this
will make a strong and durable frame on which to nail the laths.

CINERARIAS AND CALCEOLARIAS. 127

The laths should be uailed across the width, and not lengthwise of
the framework.

The laths should be of half-inch stock and one inch wide, leaving
a space of half an inch between the laths. When finished, paint
them one or two coats, and you will have neat and durable shades
that will last many years. They are also the best shades for many
other purposes.

Presuming now that the seedlings are in boxes under this care-
fully prepared canopy, they will make rapid progress in growth.
In a very short time they can be transferred from the boxes to
three-inch pots, returning them to the frames thereafter and
plunging them in coal ashes, or any other loose material, up to the
rims of the pots. Coal ashes is preferable on account of its
porosity and as a barrier to earthworms.

The soil at this potting may have a further addition of loam,
and a corresponding decrease of sand, with a small quantity of
well decayed cow manure or sheep manure added.

All that is necessary now for a while is shading, watering, and
syringing overhead at least once a day on hot, bright days ;
preferably in the evening after the sun has passed entirely away
from them. This operation is chiefly to furnish the necessary
moisture in the bed, to keep down thrip and red spider, and to
furnish to the leaves the equivalent of moisture that has been
evaporated from them during the day. There is another enemy
that is exceedingly partial to the cineraria, and that is the green
fly, which must be looked after with the utmost vigilance. While
the plants are growing in frames the best way to combat this pest
is to chop tobacco stems and strew them all over the surface of the
bed to a considerable thickness, renewing them at intervals to
insure their destroying effect.

The usually very hot and dry atmosphere during the latter part
of June, and until the middle of August is a severe handicap for
any rapid growth. This is the only time that cinerarias can be
considered as difficult to grow, for in spite of all care, some of
them are likely to perish. After the middle of August it is
comparatively easy sailing for the cultivator, and instead of being
at his wit's end, to keep them living and healthy, he will now be at
his wit's end to keep them successfully provided with pot room ;
for be it understood that, like many other plants of a rapidly
growing nature, cinerarias should not become pot-bound until
they are finally established in their flowering pots.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

The proper size must be determined by each grower, and it
depends upon the purposes for which he wants the plants. A good
commercial size I consider to be a seven-inch pot ; for show and
exhibition purposes I should choose eight-inch and nine-inch pots ;
the latter being sufficiently large for very large plants. A size
larger than this I should not consider advisable to adopt, unless I
was desirous to produce something with which to astonish
spectators.

Returning once more to our plants in three-inch pots : all the
plants that are strong and healthy, and have filled their pots with
roots, can l)e transferred to pots two sizes larger at each successive
potting thereafter; this is the limit I give to the novice. The
'professional can go a size larger, that is from a three-inch to a six-
inch pot, and from a six-inch to a nine-inch pot, and so on.
Much tact as well as knowledge is required in the watering of
plants after such ample shifts. On no account can this extreme
latitude in potting be extended to any other than rapidly growing
plants.

Soil. — The soil can now be considered at length, and on a more
comprehensive scale, since at this stage of growth it is to play
the most important part. What is the best soil for potting plants?
may be asked.

To that question I would reply that for any and all plants
requiring soil to grow them in, the chief component of all soils
should, with few exceptions, be composted sods from grass
pastures that have been out of tillage for a considerable period of
time. If I had my own choice of a place for sod cutting, I
would invariably select the hollows in the pastures, as the best sod
for potting purposes is found there. The soil is always deeper
and richer in such places, the best particles of the surrounding
elevations being washed down there by rains in the i)rogress of
time, some localities of course furnishing richer soil than others.
I cut these sods of the same thickness as those used for sodding,
and lay them up in square piles, grass-face downward ; first three
layers of the sods ; then a layer of fresh cow manure, free from
straw or any other litter. I continue in this manner until I think
I have enough in the j^iles to last me a year or more. If it is left
in this pile for a twelvemonth before using it will be the better, as
it will ])ecome more mellow in that time, and the nitrogen and
other fertilizing substances in the manure will become thoroughly
incorporated with the loam.

CINERARIAS AND CALCEOLARIAS. 129

We have now the chief compoueut of all potting soils, with the
few exceptions before mentioned, and made of the very best
material. All that is necessary to be added at the potting
operation is leaf-mould and sharp, clean sand, in such proportions
as the nature of the plants to be potted dictates.

The loam pile should be chopped with a pickaxe or spade,
preparatory to usiug it, the fineness of the chopping depending on
the nature of the plants to be potted, but never too finely chopped
or screened. Add the other ingredients, if any, mix thoroughly,
and let it lie over for a month before usiug. During this rest the
soil will go through a process of fermentation, thereby sweetening
it. All who can practise this method should do so, as it is
undoubtedly the best,

I pot my cinerarias finally in soil composed chiefly of the first
composition, adding to a barrowful of loam, a six-inch potful of
pulverized sheep manure, a ten-inch potful of leaf-mould and two
ordinary shovelfuls of sand.

Assuming now that we are in the month of October, and the
plants in their floAvering pots, do not plunge them more than one-
third their depth in the plunging material. As the nights are
increasing in length, and the sun's power is less strong, evapora-
tion is consequently less rapid, and anything that causes excess of
moisture around the plants will tend to make them spindling.
Admit considerable of the morning and afternoon sun now to build
up a stocky and sturdy constitution.

Habit. — The best strains are naturally stocky and, as a rule,
will foi'm shapely plants without much training on the part of the
cultivator. But amongst the best strains there is a large percent-
age that show unruliness by throwing the leading flower-head up to
a considerable height above the foliage, thereby impairing the
beauty of the plant. This bad habit ought to be corrected as
soon as a plant shows a tendency in that du-ection, by nipping oiit
the central flower-spike, thus enabling the lateral flower-spikes to
assume their proper rank, as they will almost invariably do, rising
to a uniform height above the foliage and forming a broad, dense
head.

The plants ought to be taken into the greenhouse any time in
November, for early flowering, which will commence in January,
or earlier if desired.

9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The proper night temperature in winter ranges from forty to
forty-five degrees ; and on bright sunny days from fifty-five to
sixty degrees, with an abundance of air whenever the weather
permits. In such a temperature and with such treatment I have
found them do exceedingly well, and remain so clean from insect
pests that I seldom have had occasion to fumigate them more than
once during the winter.

Stimulants. — Cinerarias are gross feeders and will take an
abundance of plant food after the pots are well filled with roots.
If given once or twice a week it will not by any means hurt them,
provided it is not too strong and the weather is bright.

The most satisfactory results have been obtained, in my own
experience, with guano or guano and soot mixed half-and-half.
The soot tends to intensify the color. I take as much guano as I
can grasp conveniently in my hand, which is equivalent to two-
heaping tablespoonfuls, dissolve it in six gallons of water, and
water the plants with it at that strength ; this rule holds good with
the soot and guano.

Cow manure liquid is very good as a stimulant, and can be used
freely. Standen's Fertilizer is excellent, but it is not readily
dissolved in water like some other fertilizers ; it is better therefore
to spread it over the surface of the earth in the pots, as when in
contact with the earth it will dissolve gradually. A teaspoonful is
sufficient at one time to surface a ten- or twelve-inch pot. It is
better to repeat oftener than to give too large a dose at once.

Calceolarias. — I would state that the cultural treatment of
the calceolaria is similar to that of the cineraria in almost eveiy
particular.

The former, however, as a rule is not sown until about the first of
August, and, the seeds being much smaller, the plants, in their
earlier stages, require more attention from the grower in order to
be successful with them.

They are even more impatient of high temperatures than the
cineraria. They require the coolest and shadiest position to
germinate freely. They are also more sensitive to bright sunlight,
and must therefore be well shaded during sunny weather. They
must always, whether in frames or greenhouses, be kept close to
the glass to encourage a sturdy and stocky growth.

The green aphis, being particularly partial to this plant, must
be kept in check at all times ; it will attack the under side of the

CINERARIAS AND CALCEOLARIAS. 131

leaf, and, increasing very rapidly, will do considerable injury
before its presence is discovered ; therefore we must examine the
underside of the leaves frequently. The strewing of chopped
tobacco stems in quantities around the pots is the best way to
ward off this enemy. Calceolarias require an abundance of water
until well grown ; but as little moisture as possible should be
tolerated on the benches, when they are in full flower, otherwise
the flowers will get spotted very quickly. Shading is very
necessary when they are in flower, their beauty being thereby
preserved to double the time it would otherwise continue.

A vast deal more could be said in regard to cultural and other
details in connection with these two plants, but in view of your
possible weariness over the subject, I deem it best to stop.

Discussion.

Mr. Finlayson brought with him several cineraria plants in pots.
Some of them had few, but rather long and straggling branches ;
they had been supplied with all needed plant food, water, heat,
light, and ventilation, and had been protected from all insect pests.
These plants, he said, showed their natural habit of growth, as
they had not been nipped, cut back, or otherwise pruned. He
then brought forward other plants, which he said were of the same
age as those first shown, and had received the same treatment in
all respects mentioned, except that these had been judiciously
nipped early, and whenever it was judged necessary. This treat-
ment caused them to throw out more branches, which were shorter
than those on the nature-trained plants, but were more stocky,
and the plants were more symmetrical. They would also produce
more flowers than could be grown on the other plants. He next
showed a plant in bloom, saying that it had been nipped back
twice, which made it a shapely and good plant, and that the variety
was a good one. He called attention to another flower which
he condemned as a poor one, as he could see through it between the
petals. If the flowers are zoned, the zones should be well defined,
as all colors should be when more than one occurs in a flower.
One plant bore flowers in which the central or disk florets were
yellow, making a fine contrast with the crimson ray florets or
so-called petals. He said that the plants shown were all seedlings.

In reply to a question as to the probable color of flowers on
seedlings from the seeds which grew in one capsule or seed

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

receptacle, Mr. Fiulaysou could not say that one would get the
same color as the parent flower, but sometimes they are thus
reproduced. The central or disk florets are perfect flowers, but
the ray florets are all of but one sex.

Plants are never used a second season. They cannot be grafted
successfully; even if the union of scion and stock could be
effected, the stem is so brittle that a very light wind would be
liable to break it at the junction.

Regarding the possibility of growing cinerarias in a north-east
shady corner, Mr. Finlayson thought it could probably be done,
but he doubted the advisability of a trial, as the result would
generally be far from satisfactory.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on
" Some Insects Injurious to Vegetation," by John G. Jack, of the
Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 3, 1894.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock. Vice President Francis H. Appleton in the chair.

A letter from C. J. Pennock, Secretary of the American Carna-
tion Society, was read, accepting the offer, by this Society, of one
of its halls for the meeting of the American Carnation Society in
February, 1895.

Frederick A. Blake, of Rochdale, was proposed by O. B. Hadwen,

as an Annual Member of the Society.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of
the Society :

Philip A. Chase, of Lynn,

John C. Cobb, of Milton,

Col. William L. Chase, of Brookline,

Augustus H. Kelley, of East Boston,

Charles A. Loring, of Reading,

Marshall F. Ewell, of Marshfleld Hills.

The mcetin*):; was then dissolved.

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 133

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Notes on Some Injurious Insects.

By John G. Jack, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain.

The subject of injurious insects is so broad and many sided,
that it is not easy to select particular points for a short review,
without seeming to neglect others equally important ; because
every person naturally regards those insects which attack his
particular plants or crops as deserving of the most attention.

The ravages of some species of insects appeal to, and directly
or indirectly affect, almost everybody over a wide area ; as in the
cases of the Potato Beetle {Doi-yphora decem-Uneata) , and the Tent
Caterpillar {Clisiocampa Americana and C. si/lvatica) . The
different species of insects which derive their sustenance from
plants may be numbered by tens of thousands in North America
and Europe ; but very few of them are likely to attract the atten-
tion of people who are not entomologists. In the United States,
for instance, there are recorded more than five hundred kinds of
insects which feed upon the oaks, and there are undoubtedly
hundreds of others which have not been studied.

While we have many kinds of insects which may be called
standard pests, or which are pretty constantly abundant and
injurious to certain plants, we can never be sure fr()m what
quarter a new depredator may appear, or what hitherto healthy
plant may be afflicted with an enemy not recognized as previously
affecting, or seriously' injuring it.

It sometimes happens that au insect, once considered rare,
suddenly becomes conspicuously abundant and destructive for a
season, or longer, and then it may almost entirely disappear from
notice for an indefinite time. An insect hitherto regarded as
common, may become a great rarity, or even extinct.

The commonly injurious iusects may, in the course of nature,
be much lessened for a time, by various agencies. The Clisio-
campa Americana or Tent Caterpillars of early summer, for in-
stance, hatch from the eggs very early in the spring, and the young
larvae may be largely destroyed by late frosts, or a period of cold,
wet weather. An almost complete cessation of injuries by a species
of borer, which was destroying immense numbers of conifers in
the forests of West Virginia a year or two ago, is only accounted

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for by the severity of the preceding winter which, it is supposed,
killed the insects.

Certain kinds of birds are fond of particular species of insects,
and if a large flock of these should pass through an infested
region at the proper time, a great diminution of that special insect
pest would be the natural result.

Predatory insects and natural parasites are great aids in pre-
venting the too great increase of injurious species, sometimes
waging a war almost of extermination against them. Occasionally
bacterial or fungal diseases may cause widespread destruction
among insect tribes, as well as among higher animals.

Sometimes we find one species of insect supplanting another
which had much the same habit and fed on similar plants. The
common White, or Cabbage, Butterfly (Pieris rapce), was first
landed from Europe, at Quebec, and as it has spread south-
ward and westward, the native Avhite butterflies have become quite
rare in luany regions. The imported Cabbage Butterfly itself is
not so abundant and destructive as it was at first, because its
numbers have been greatly reduced by a minute parasitic fly which
has followed it.

In recent years the ravages of insects have become more and
and more noticeable, and have necessarily received greater atten-
tion from caltiA\ators. The destruction of the native wild plants
upon which indigenous insects originally fed ; the increased areas
under cultivation, and the consequent abundance of food supply
of certain kinds ; the improvement and diversity of cultivated
plants — are all factors which have constantly tended to attract
insects from their native waste places and woods, to our gardens,
field crops, and orchards. Very often, as our population has
increased, certain kinds of valuable insect eating birds and other
animals have become scarcer.

With active immigration and importation, we must expect also
to receive and naturalize more species of those insects which are
natives of, and are troublesome in, other countries.

Among the most conspicuous of such immigrants already settled
among us, and now well known in the different branches of horti-
cultnre and agriculture, we have the Codling Moth (Carpoca2)sa
pomonella), the Oyster-shell Bark-louse (Mi/tilaspis pomorum),
affecting the apple and other allied fruits ; the Fhited Scale (Icerya.
Purchasi), destructive to trees of the Citrus group, and others, in

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 135

California; ttie imported Currant-borer (^ge.ria tipidiformis)^
and the Currant-worm (Nematus ventricosus), affecting both red
currants and gooseberries; the Asparagus Beetle {Crioceris
asparagi) ; the Gypsy Moth (Ocneria dispar)^ and the Leopard
Moth {Zeuzera pyrina), which has got a foothold in New Jerse}^,
and is destructive to elms by boring into the branches.

Our orchid growers received the Cattleya Fly {Isosoma orchide-
arum) through importation, and within a few years cattle raisers
have become familiar with the Horn Fly {Hcematohia serrata),
which is spreading over the country.

In these notes I intend to refer chiefly to a number of insects,
mostly very common, about which I am most often questioned by
residents of this vicinity.

Those insects which, instead of feeding externally, pass the
most mischievous time of their lives in boring within the tissues of
plants, offer one of the most difficult classes to deal with and keep
in subjection, if once allowed to become abundant. In order to
combat them with best results the life history of each species
should be known. After they have entered and begun boring
in the wood or stem of the plant, it is rarely possible to get
at them with insecticides. Probing for the larva? in the stems,
or cutting out the affected parts, remain as cures. But, if pos-
sible, we should' anticipate the disease by destroying the adult
insects, before their eggs are laid, or otherwise prevent their
deposition of eggs. Besides the direct injury to the plant by
borers, the holes made by them are openings for the entrance of
destructive fungi and disease-laden moisture.

One of the most notable and troublesome of these tree destroying
pests, is the Locust Borer {Cyllene Bobinice), which makes it a diffi-
cult matter to grow the valuable and beautiful locusts or Eobiuias
in some localities. The trunks and larger branches of trees are
sometimes so thoroughly honeycombed by these borers that they
are liable to break oft' in any strong wind. If we carefully exam-
ine the bark in the latter part of August and during September,
we are likely to find these handsome, brown and yellow banded,
wasp-like beetles laying oval, dull white eggs, in crevices in the
bark, and especially about old wounds.

These eggs hatch in a week or two and the young larvae eat
their way into the bark and towards the interior. They are yet

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

quite small wheu winter overtakes them, duriog which season they
remain dormant. With the retui-n of warm weather they renew
their boring operations, and increase rapidly in size until about
the beginning of August, when they cease feeding and enter the
pupal stage. A week or two after this they emerge as beetles
from their burrows in the wood. Thus they complete the cycle of
their existence in just a year.

The beetles are particularly fond of golden rod and some other
yellow flowers, and they should be killed whenever found. They
are easily captured, and should be collected from the bark of the
trees they infest. The aim should be to prevent egg-laying.
This may best be accomplished by giving the trunks and larger
branches a thorough and heavy washing of soap. There are many
ways by which fairly efficient washes may be made, and different
ingredients may be added ; but the following formula, proposed
by Dr. Charles V. Riley, may be taken as a good standard, for a
soap to be applied to the trunks of trees to prevent the inroads of
borers.

Potash lye, one pound ; fish oil, three pints ; soft water, two
gallons. Dissolve the lye in the water, and when brought to
the boiling point, add the oil, and boil the whole about two
hours. Water is added to make up the evaporation by boiling,
and the result will be, twenty-five pounds of soft soap, which will
make from fifty to one hundred gallons of trunk wash, according
to the amount of dilution. The application of the wash should be
most thorough, so that it shall enter well into the crevices of the
bark. In this region it should be applied about the 20th of
August, and again in two or three weeks, if much washed by
rains. It is particularly important that the trees should be looked
after when young.

The young branches of the locusts are subject to serious injury
from another borer, the larva of a small moth (Ecdytolopha
ivsiticiana). This insect causes a swelling of the part of the twig
affected, and an examination in summer will show that it is hollow
and inhabited by a small white larva, which becomes fully
grown and leaves the twig at the end of summer, and usually
forms its chrysalis on the ground. The best remedy which can be
suggested is to cut off these brandies below the parts affected,
and destroy them with their contained larvae. This work must be
done in sunmier when the swollen parts are green and fresh and

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 137

the larvae are iu them ; otherwise it will be labor wasted. The
trees are rapid growers and will soon recover from a necessarily
vigorous pruning. If care is taken to taken to cut and burn all
the infested twigs in any locality, there will very likely follow a
period of comparative freedom from injury.

Complaints are often made of destruction of the ornamental
mountain ash, hawthorns, and apple trees, by the Round-
headed Apple Tree Borer {Saperda Candida). This insect most
commonly attacks the lower part of the trunks, at or near the
ground. The egg-laying takes place iu June and July, and it is
at that time that the trunks should be covered with the soft soap
wash, if there is any danger of attack.

It is said that this insect does not complete its growth, and
reach the perfect, or beetle, stage until the third year from the
time the egg is laid. Throughout this period it remains in the
wood, actively boring during the growing seasons. The greatest
danger to the life of the tree is caused while the insect is boring in
the sapwood, and before it goes deeper into the trunk ; because
the tree may thus become practically gmlled and killed, as the
sapwood is the most vital part, being the medium through which
the sap is conducted from the roots to the branches and foliage.

The presence of the borers may often be detected by the fine
sawdust-like material thrown out from cracks in the bark, and the
well-known practice of reaching after and destroying them with a
flexible wire may be tried. In thin-barked trees, when the borers
are at work directly under the bark, they usually cause a drying
and discoloration of it, and the larvie may thus be located and cut
out. The pale brown and white striped beetles of this species are
not often seen, because they usually move about in the dusk, and
remain quiet during the day.

The opposite of this habit is seen in the beetle of the Flat-
headed Apple Tree Borer (Chrysobothris femorata) , which delights
to bask in the sunshine on the bark of the trees ; but the color of
the insect harmonizes so well with the general color of the bark,
that it is not easily detected. This species is often more common
than the other, and does more widespread injury. As the name
indicates, the boring larva has a broad flattened head, and a com-
paratively slender body.

It rarely attacks well established, vigorous, perfectly healthy
trees, but prefers those of feeble growth, or which are already

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

injured. It is very liable to attack young, newly transplanted
trees, which may be girdled in a single season. Ingress is often
afforded where branches have been cut off and the wounds are not
thoroughly covered. It reaches full development within a year
from the time the egg is laid.

The use of soap wash, to prevent the successful laying of the
eggs, is the best protection. It should be applied with particular
care, about all wounds or scars, and in the forks of the large
branches. Young, newly planted trees should be especially
attended to, in all localities where there is any trouble from this
pest. The application of the wash at the same season will serve
against both the Eouud-beaded and the Flat-headed borers, but in
treating for the former, the soap should be applied very close to
the ground, or even a little below the surface, scraping away a
little of the loose soil for that purpose and replacing it afterward.

The same preventives and remedies can be applied for a large
proportion of the kinds of borers which injure the stems and
branches of our trees and shrubs. The damage is done by the
insects while in the state of grubs or larvae, which are hatched
from eggs that are usually deposited upon or within the bark ; and
the best mode of controlling them is to prevent their entrance.
In applying washes to the bark, we should know the habits of the
parent insects, and especially at what season their eggs are
deposited, because any washes applied at the wrong time will do
little or no good.

Sometimes the stems of plants may be so full}'^ infested that it
would be better to cut and burn them while all the insects are
within. In the Arnold Arboretum the stems of the native willows,
of many species, have recently become greatly infested by an
imported beetle {Cruptorhynclms lapatlii) belonging to the curculio
family. This insect may give great trouble to willow growers, and
as willows grow easily and rapidly from cuttings or from the
stumps, it may l)e that our best remedy will be found in cutting
down and burning all infested parts of the plants while the pests
are within them.

Borers in small branches and twigs are sometimes troublesome.
The Oak Pruner {Elaphidionvillosum), for instance, of ten, causes
small branches of oak, apple, and other trees to break off and fall
to the ground in the autumn and winter. As the larvoe remain in
the twigs all winter, they are easily destroyed by collecting and
burning the detached branches.

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 139

Many insects, which cause the curious abnormal growths known
as galls, remain in these habitations during the winter, and, if
troublesome, they may be cut off at this season and burned. The
large moss-like growths on sweet-brier and some other roses, are
familiar examples.

While the largest number of species of injurious borers belong
to the beetle family, we have also a good many moths whose
larvae are borers and thus do much damage to the trunks and
branches of trees.

The ravages of the Peach Tree Borer (^geria exitiosa) are only
too well known in many localities. The perfect insect is a moth,
which flies in the daytime, and has a wasp-like aspect. In mid-
summer, the female deposits her eggs on the bark, generally near
the surface of the ground. As soon as hatched the young larvte
proceed to bore inwards and downwards, and iisually their
presence may be detected by free exudations of gum.

A heavy wash of soap is a good preventive of egg deposit, but
it should be applied two or three inches below the surface as well
as above ground.

Where the borers already exist, an effective remedy has been
found in removing some of tlie soil from the base of the tree,
forming a little hollow and filling it with boiling hot water. The
larvae will be killed and the tree not hurt.

This suggests the practicability, in exceptional cases, of killing
other borers, higher in the trunks of smooth barked trees, by
winding a piece of waterproof cloth around the aft'ected part of
the trunk, the upper end open and somewhat flaring, and the
lower tightly bound about the bark. Filling this with very hot
water for a moment or two, would destroy borers otherwise hardly
accessible. A drop of kerosene will always kill borers, if it can
be forced into the holes so as to come in contact with the insects.

The upper portions of the roots, near the bases of the stems of
blackberry and of our common clematis or virgin's bower, have,
in this region often been found infested by the boring larvae of
two species of day-flying moths (Bembecia marginata and Acalthoe
caudata). Very good remedies may be found iu scraping away
some of the soil, and giving the infested parts a good dose of
boiling water, or a heavy watering of kerosene emulsion.

Larvne of such insects as the Codling Moth (Carpocapsa
pomonella) and Plum Curculio {Conotraclielus nenuphar)^ are, in

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a certaiu sense, borers, aud the application of insecticides can be
only partially successful.

Recent experiments have shown that some value may be attached
to arsenical remedies if applied at the proper times. The eggs of
the Codling Moth are laid on the surface of the fruit, usually about
the calyx lobes, and the young larva may take enough of the
poison to kill it before it succeeds in eating into the apple, where
it would be safe. On the other hand the Plum Curculio deposits
its eggs within punctures or holes which it makes in the flesh of
the fruit, so that its grubs are generally out of the reach of poisons.
But as the beetles bite into the fruit for the purpose of oviposition,
.and also feed upon the young fruit and foliage, they may them-
selves take enough of the insecticide to prove fatal.

The Plum Curculio is not merely an enemy to the culture of
plums, cherries, aud other stone fruits ; if neglected it may
become very destructive to such fruits as apples and quinces.
During the past summer I saw an orchard in which hundreds of
bushels of apples, chiefly of the Oldenburg variety, were ruined
by this insect, either by the beetles depositing their eggs in the
young fruit, or by the grubs living within it, or by the beetles
biting holes on the surface of the apples as they neared maturity,,
and thus destroying their commercial value. As this orchard is in
the vicinity of many long-neglected plum trees, where curculios.
have pi'evented the perfecting of any fruit, it may be that they
have been forced to seek other food than their first choice, and in
this case we iiave another example of the evil of neglect.

In combating both Codling Moth and Plum Curculio, it is an
excellent practice at once to collect and destroy all diseased fruit
as soon as it falls ; also all infested fruit seen while the larvje are
within it.

A peculiar class of l)orers consists of those usually very small
species which mine or tunnel within the parenchyma, or between
the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. These little insects
are not often very troublesome in this region, but occasionally
they cause much annoyance. Their depredations usually appear
in the form of blotches, or irregular, gradually enlarging lines
through the leaves.

The locust leaves are very commonly nuich injured by large,
whitish blotclies wliich are the mines of a beetle {Jlispa sntiiralis).
Many persons in the vicinity of Boston have noticed the ugly,.

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 141

-dark blotches, which have soinethnes appeared iu the handsome
foliage of the tulip trees, caused by larvae of a small, mosquito-
like fly {Cecidomyia liriodendri) . At the Arnold Arboretum and
other places, alders have been annually stripped of most of their
leaves by the larvte of a small sawfly {Fenusa varipes), which
have been so numerous as to completely clean out the interior of
the leaves, leaving only the dry skeletons and skins, which wither
and fall in midsummer.

Pale colored lines, sometimes zigzagi and irregular — sometimes
following the margins or veins of the leaves, are often found on
cinerarias, enpatoriums, Paris daisies or marguerites, and similar
plants in the garden and greenhouse. These are caused by the
larva? of very small, dark gray flies, which live within the leaves.
Infested leaves should be removed and destroyed whenever seen,
or if the leaves are few and not badly injured, and it is desirable
to retain them, they may be held up to the light, when the little
larvae can be easily seen at the ends of their tunnels, and crushed.

These pests have sometimes done much damage to the foliage
of cinerarias, enpatoriums, and other composite plants iu green-
houses iu this region. They are liable to affect chrysanthemum
leaves. Leaf-mining insects, being secure from insecticides, are
not easily dealt with. Hand-picking and burning of the infested
leaves is the usual remedy advised.

The foliage eaters among insects probably attract the most
general attention. In this part of the country there are three or
four species better known than all others. These are within
fairly easy control and it is due to our own carelessness if we
allow them to increase to a very injurious degree. It would seem
as though their habits must be too w^ell known to require mention,
but numerous questionings show how little they are understood.

The Tent Caterpillar (^Clisiocampa Americana)^ so common in
spring and early summer, may be easily located by the tent-like
web in w^hich the caterpillars live when not out feeding. They
may be found in then- webs in the early and late parts of the day,
and on cool cloudy days, and are then most easily destroyed.
During the warm part of the day they may be scattered on the
foliage ; then collecting them is more difficult and uncertain.

In midsummer the moths deposit their rings of eggs on the small
twigs, upon which they remain until they hatch in the following
spring. These rings of eggs are fairly large, and sufficiently con-

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

spieuoiis to be readily seen and removed in winter ; thus much labor
may be saved for the busy months of spring and early summer. In,
Newton and some other neighboring towns this practice has been
encouraged ; children have been taught to become quite interested
in the work, and, so employed, spend many hours out of doors in
healthy, useful exercise. As a boy, in my father's orchard, I
have frequently, as the result of my efforts during a school holi-
day, collected four hundred or five hundred rings, each of which,
if left to hatch, would mean a web with several hundred caterpillars.
As a reward for my industry, I was paid a cent a dozen for the
rings.

Apple pickers should be told to remove the rings whenever seen.
As the insects are partial to the Black and Choke Cherries, these
should also be examined and all the eggs that are found should be
destroj^ed.

I understand that a committee has been appointed by this Society
to see to the " extermination of the Tent Caterpillars." As these
insects extend from Canada to Texas and from Maine t'o California
it will be seen that the committee has a long and hard task
before it.

In July and August there appear other tent-building caterpillars
which are very different from the earlier kind, both in appearance
and habits. These are known as the Fall Web-worms {Hyphan-
tria cunea). The moths of this species are of a milk-white color,
with or without a few black dots on the wings. They deposit
their eggs in broad patches, on the under sides of the leaves,
about the end of May or in June. The caterpillars become fully
grown at the end of summer, or in early autumn ; then go to the
ground to pupate and reappear as moths in the next spring and
early summer. Farther south, there are two broods of this insect
in the year. From their habits it will be seen at once, that egg
collecting is not practicable, and that the insect can best be con-
trolled by the removal of the webs and caterpillars whenever seen.
Until they are almost fully grown the caterpillars will always be
found within or about their webs. The moths also should be
killed whenever found. This species seems most partial to
Poplars, Willows, i:ims, and some Maples; but they commonly
affect a great variety of shade trees, fruit trees, and shrubs.

The Canker-worms {Aniaojderyx vernala and A. povietaria),
which, besides other plants, particularly affect our elm and apple

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 143

trees, have probably received as much attention in Boston and
vicinity as in any part of the country. Yet the value of the well-
known tar-coated or ink-coated bands, placed on the trunks of the
trees, is but little understood, and complaints are often made of their
inefficiency. This worm is one of the easiest to control of all our
insect pests ; the chief requisites being the proper banding of the
trunks at the right season, and care to keep the tar or ink coating
in good effective condition.

The female canker-worm moths are wingless. The larvae
(known also as loopers, inch-worms, or measuring-worms, from their
manner of locomotion) drop or crawl to the ground to pupate, and
when the moths emerge they must creep up the trunk of the tree
in order to deposit their eggs on the branches, where they are
usually placed. A proper band will keep every female moth from
ascending. Bands of printer's ink, six inches or more in width,
applied directly on the bark, or upon stout cloth or other material,
are most commonly employed, and are quite as efficient as the
much more expensive oil troughs occasionally used. The object
is to prevent the wingless females from ascending, by entrapping
them in the sticky substance. The moths ascend both in the late
autumn and in spring ; therefore, in order to keep all from pass-
ing over the bauds, these must be kept in a moist and sticky
condition from the last of October until hard frosts in December,
and again in early spring until no moths are to be found climbing
the trees. An unusually mild period in winter may induce some
of the *noths to come out, and in such an event the bands should
be freshly coated. It is also well to keep the bands sticky until
after apple blossoming time, so that any young larvae, which may
have hatched from eggs deposited below the bands, will not be
able to ascend.

Besides printer's ink, any sticky substance may be used which
does not dry too quickly. Among such substances may be men-
tioned tar, mixed with oil to prevent too quick drying ; slow
drying varnishes ; the German preparation known as Insect
Lime, and even thick refuse molasses. When the substance is
applied on a band of cloth or other material it is very important
that no large, open crevices remain on the bark beneath ; tow, or
cotton batting, will be found a good filling. No contiguous trees
should remain unprotected.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Tussock Moth (Orgyia lencostigma), so familiar to every-
one in the habit of crossing Boston Common in summer, is another
insect easily within control of those who are willing to take a little
care of their trees. The female moth of this species is wingless,
like that of the canker worm, but its caterpillar, instead of going
to the ground to form its chrysalis, goes through all of its trans-
formations on the tree. The caterpillar usually makes its dull
gray cocoon on the bark of the trunks or branches. When the
female moths emerge from the chrysalids they deposit their eggs
in a mass upon the cocoons from which they came. These cocoons
and the whitish egg-masses are readily seen, and if they were
collected in winter and destroyed, we should have no further
trouble with this pest.

There are ten or a dozen known species of parasites which prey
upon this insect. As the cocoons which produce the male moths
bear no eggs they need not be gathered ; iu fact all uon-egg-
bearing cocoons might be left as likely to harbor parasites of the
Tussock Moth, and these parasites are valuable allies in keeping
the numbers of caterpillars iu check. If unskilled labor is
employed, or the presence of the cocoons is objectionable, it may
be found best and most economical to remove all, regardless of
the parasites, which would have no work left if the trees were
thoroughly cleared ; moreover, parasites are common among other
kinds of insects, so that there is no danger of theu- extermination.

Nearly every season, we, in Boston, hear complaints of the
damage by caterpillars to the Japanese Ampelopsis or ^ ivy,"
now so much used in covering buildings. These caterpillars are
usually of a pale bluish color, with slender black lines, and an
orange colored band across each segment. The larvae are often so
abundant as to strip the plants of most or all of their leaves.
They also feed upon American Ampelopsis or woodbine, and the
species of grape. They are the caterpillars of handsome, velvety,
blue-black, day-flying moths {Alypia octomaculata) , which expand
about an inch and a quarter across the wings ; have two, large,
pale yellow spots on each front wing, and two white spots on each
hind wing. Besides flying about the food plant of their young,
these moths may be seen on the flowers of the mountain ashes,
Deulzia gracilis, and other blossoms, in our gardens in early
summer. It would be well to catch and destroy them whenever
seen. On limited areas the caterpillars may be picked by hand,

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 145

but where insecticides must l)e used, sprayiug with a mixture
composed of about a teaspoouful of Paris Green in two gallons of
water, is effectual. Hellebore also, either as a powder, or in water,
is said to be efficient, and it has the advantage of not being so
dangerous to persons or foliage.

The larch or tamarack ^is a favoi'ite among many tree growers
in this part of the country, and it has been much planted for
shade, ornament, and utility. Within the past few years we have
often heard complaints of the destruction of the foliage by little
greenish white larv;e. The trees are commonly stripped of their
leaves by midsummer, and their beauty is quite destroyed. They
are rarely killed however, as they have the power of readily send-
ing out a new supply of leaves ; but their growth is much retarded
and their aspect somewhat changed by frequent attacks.

These insects are the larvse of little sawflies {Nemaius
Erichsonii)^ which deposit their eggs in rows in the tender young
twigs and cause those parts of the twigs bearing eggs to bend to
the side in which they are laid. They do not appear to have
attracted attention here until about 1880, although they were
probably present long before. They attack both European and
American larches, usually appearing in large numbers and
accomplishing their work rapidly. It is a difficult matter to con-
trol this pest on large trees, but, if applicable, almost any of the
insecticides will prove effective. The insect belongs to the same
group as the Currant-worm, so easily controlled by hellebore. The
cocoons, with pupa?, are to be found under the trees in autumn
and spring, and if all debris was raked up and burned, or the
ground trampled by cattle, great numbers of them would be
destroyed.

Aphides and plant-bugs form a class of plant pests which are
difficult to keep in subjection. This is partly because of the very
rapid development and prolific reproduction, of certain species,
and because of their peculiar adaptation for taking nutrition from
the plants, without eating any of the plant tissues. These insects
are without regular jaws or mouth parts, but in place of these are
provided with beaks for sucking liquid food, from either plants or
animals, after the manner of the mosquito. It is on this account
that the ordinary insect poisons are often useless when applied
against them, for the ends of their beaks being within the plant
tissue, they take none of the poison with their food.
10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A most efficient remedy remaining is found in suffocation, which
may be accomplished by the use of oils, tobacco smoke, or
irritants like pyrethrum powder. Like other insects these breathe
through numerous small openings or spiracles, generally situated
along the sides of their bodies, and it is by closing or irritating
their breathing organs, and thus practically causing suffocation,
that kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap, and other allied insecticides
prove effective. It must be remembered, however, that these
remedies are often of little use against the more active, stronger
insects, and are most effectual when applied against those which
are weak, sluggish, or soft.

The young terminal shoots of many shrubs and young trees are
often stunted and made to grow in unnatural, bush}^ forms, by
little greenish bugs or hoppers of various species, which puncture
and suck the sap from the leaves and tender stems and cause these
distortions. The annual growth of young maples, lindens,
locusts and other trees are often thus checked from several inches
to a foot or two, and the lateral buds are crowded in large
numbers near together around the twigs, resulting in injury to the
appearance, value, and development of the tree.

Little green and red banded hoppers, commonly but erroneously
called "Thrips", suck the sap from grape leaves, causing them to
become spotted and dry ; a small green species is sometimes so
plentiful on rose bushes as to cause the leaves to dry and fall on
account of the constant piercing and loss of sap.

The disease of chr3"santhemums which causes the young growths
to become bunched and impairs the flowering value of the plant
— causing it to become " blind " as some cultivators express it —
is prol)ably mostly due to injuries of the same nature.

In their winged state, many of the little bugs which cause this
mischief take alarm and fly away so quickly that they are scarcely
seen ; if the young are on the plants they conceal themselves if
possible.

Frequent and thorough spraying with a strong decoction of
tobacco and soap, or the use of kerosene emulsion, and the dip-
ping of infested branches into the enuilsion, will be found valuable
in lessening the injuries on small trees, shrubs, and other plants.
Covering small plants and fumigating with tobacco is effective.
Good results will also be obtained by dusting with fresh pyrethrum
powder, or tobacco dust ; these remedies are clean and easilj'
applied. But, as many of these insects feed upon grass and other

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 147

herbage, fresh supplies of the pests may be constantly on hand,
unless such plants as the chrysanthemums are well isolated.

A large net made of fine mesh mosquito netting, drawn quickly
around and among tlie plants, will capture great numbers of the
winged insects. If chrysanthemums were protected b}' gauze
covered frames, there should be no trouble from the pests.

Scale Insects and Mealy Bugs obtain their food by sucking the
sap of plants through beaks, in the same manner as the Aphides
and the true bugs. The different species vary so much in habit
that no rule is applicable to many of them together. From
delicate plants, and when the scales are mature, it is often
necessary to remove the pest by hand. On strong plants,
especially woody species, the stems and branches may be washed
with whale oil soap or kerosene emulsion with good etf ect. In this
work a knowledge of the habits of the species to be combatted
will prove of the greatest advantage. For instance, we find that
the Oyster-shell Bark-louse {MyUlaspis pomoru7n), of the apple
and other fruit trees, hatches from the egg and begins life as a
little, active, light-colored louse, in the latter part of Maj^ or in
June, and this is by far the best time to attack it. At this time
sprayings of ordinary kerosene emulsion would destroy every
louse with which it came in contact. Later, the insects become
fixed on the bark, from which they never afterwards move, and as
the season advances they become protected by the well-known
scaly covering, which offers a considerable resistance to insecti-
cides.

Nuthatches, chickadees, woodpeckers of several species, and
some other birds, do a vast amount of little appreciated benefit
by clearing off the scale insects which infest the trunks and
branches of trees and shrubs. I have often watched winter birds
at this work.

An inconspicuous insect, but one which often gives a great deal
of ti'ouble to gardeners, is Fuller's Rose Beetle {Aramigus Fulleri),
a small beetle of the curculio family. The principal damage is
done in its larval stages, when the little white grubs live in the
soil and feed upon the roots of many kinds of plants. Cultivators
in Boston and vicinity have frequently called my attention to this
troublesome pest. Sometimes the roots have been eaten from
whole beds of primroses in the open air ; in winter the enemy may
be damaging the roots of roses in the greenhouse. The beetle is
so much like the average soil in color, that it generally escapes

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

notice. It may often be found eating the foliage of plants in the
greenhouse, and it should be destroyed whenever seen. Some-
times the damage is done by another and larger eurculio ( Otiorhyn-
cJius sidcatus) while in its stage of a small white grub. The beetles
of both species are active only at night ; in the daj^time they are
usually quiet and may be found on the ground or clinging to twigs
or the under side of leaves.

Every summer, in many parts of New England, we hear com-
plaints of the destruction of the grass of lawns by the white grubs
or larvje, of the May Beetles or June Bugs {Lachnosterna fusca),
which live in the soil and eat the roots. Often the grass gets
brown in patches, and is found to have all its roots cut away.
Eew of the remedies usually recommended can be called con-
venient or practicable.

Experiments conducted at Washington some years ago showed
that white grubs of another species {Allorhina ni(ida), having a
habit of feeding nearer the surface of the soil, can be destroyed
by the use of kerosene emulsion, and the question naturally arises
as to Avhether we cannot use it successfully against our local white
grubs in small areas, and also against the grubs of Fuller's Rose
Beetle.

Lawns or spots bad!}' infested with white grubs may be liber-
ally sprayed witli the prepared kerosene emulsion diluted in tlie
proportion of one gallon of the emulsion to from fifteen to twenty
gallons of water. After applying the insecticide the ground
should be well soaked with water several times, so that some part
of the emulsion may be carried farther into the soil. The grubs
will be driven from the roots of the grass and will finally die ; the
grass will sustain no injury from kerosene in these proportions.
Where the grubs of Fuller's Rose Beetle give much trouble, I
would recommend that the soil about the roots of the plants be
sprayed with the kerosene emulsion, in the proportions given for
the White Grub, and that the ground be well soaked with water
two or three times. A stirring of the soil before the application
would increase its effectiveness.

In considering means for the control of the White Grub, we
ought to pay more attention to the encouragement and protection
of animals which help to destroy it. The much-abused skunk is a
most valuable ally in lessening the numbers of the pests. Go
over a field or pasture where White Grubs are plentiful, and if
skunks live in the vicinity, we are sure to find innumerable little

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 149

holes made by the long claws of the skunk in digging out grubs.
The flocks of crows which stalk over pastures and meadows, are
often mostly employed in grub hunting. It is a difficult matter to
obtain legislation for the protection of such an animal as the
skunk, because of indifference, prejudice, lack of attractiveness,
or from the fact that it may commit some offence. Its few evil
deeds are likely to receive quicker recognition than its many good
ones. In many hop growing regions the skunk now gets its* full
share of protection as a valuable grub hunter.

I have heard the story of a New England town, where the
skunks had become so numerous that war was declared against
them, a bounty being offered for each one killed, and they were
almost exterminated. In the years immediately following, the
grass was greatly destroyed by grubs. The people then, realizing
their folly, ordered the protection of the skunk, and soon after-
wards there was a marked improvement in the condition of the
grass.

As a formula for making kerosene emulsion is not known by
many persons, I will here present the one which has given most
general satisfaction and is recommended by the Department of
Agrfculture.

Kerosene, two gallons ; common or whale oil soap, one-half
pound ; water, one gallon. Dissolve the soap in the water and
heat the solution, adding it, when boiling hot, to the kerosene.
Churn the mixture by means of a force pump and spray nozzle for
five or ten minutes. The emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream
which thickens on cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to
the surface of glass. Dilute before using, taking one part of the
emulsion with nine parts of cold water. The three gallons of
emulsion will thus give thirty gallons of insecticide, which may be
sprayed upon most plants with no injury to the foliage, but will
prove fatal to many kinds of insects, especially those with soft
bodies, or which obtain their food by sucking. Of course if a
force pump is not available the emulsion may be stirred by any
convenient means. A bundle of switches will answer, if the
mixture is whipped long enough.

In using Pyrethrum powder, or Buhach, care should be taken to
obtain it as fresh as possible, and it should be kept in air tight
vessels until it is to be used. It may be used dry, either pure or
mixed with five or six parts of flour; or it may be applied in

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

water, in the proportiou of a large tablespoouful to a gallon of
water and sprayed.

Hellebore is well known as fatal to the common Gooseberry and
Red Currant Worms and to the larvre of Sawflies, on roses and
other plants. Besides being mixed in water in the proportiou of
about an ounce to two gallons, it is very often used as a pure pow-
der, but it may be more economically applied by first mixing it
with several times its own bulk of fiour, in which case it will still
prove very effective.

These two poisons are well adapted to common use in a small
way as tliey are much less dangerous to man than the arsenical
mixtures, the latter being also more likely to injure foliage than is
the kerosene emulsion, which is a safe insecticide to handle. Of
course a great many of the patented insecticides are effective and
valuable. But they are usually very expensive when compared
with the actual cost of the arsenical poisons, the kerosene, or
other materials upon which they are largely based. Where large
quantities of the poisons are to be used it is generally much more
economical to prepare one's own insecticides.

Discussion.

Benjamin P. Ware said he was surprised that the borer infested
locust trees to such an extent as the lecturer had so clearly shown,
and that these pests accomplished so much damage in so short a
time. The Apple Tree Borer requires three years to complete its
round*of life, yet does no more, and perhaps not as much damage,
individually, in all that time, as the Locust Borer does in its less
than one year of existence.

Mr. Jack said that one borer might kill a tree. Such a result
would be brought about by one or more borers working in the
sapwood until it was practically girdled. Borers in the heart of a
tree are usually less dangerous to its life than those near the bark.
He then referred to the use of kerosene emulsion on grass land, to
destroy the grul) of the May-beetle, and said that one part of the
emulsion in ten was entirely safe, but that one part in fifteen
would be strong enough for the purpose. He added that in no
case was the gr:iss injured in the least by the use of the emulsion.
He believed it should be tried in greenhouses, to rid the soil of
small, white grul)s and othei' insect life that is sometimes more or
less injurious to the roots of the plants.

Profess(n- George F. H. Markoe said that clear kerosene did not
seem to be injurious to grass or to tree trunks, especially if, sooa

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 151

after it was applied, a spraying with water followed. The
antiseptic properties of kerosene are surprising to one unfamiliar
with its use in that direction. At Hull, the Tent Caterpillars had
been working vigorously, and were well developed when his family
arrived at their summer home. Mr. Markoe collected about two
gallons of these insects, and , put into the receptacle containing
them a half-pint of kerosene. This not only killed every one,
but it preserved them also, and quite as well as if treated with
corrosive sublimate.

Mr. Fowler remarked that Locust Borers are not so plentiful

in New York state as formerly. At one time it was feared that
all the locust trees would be destroyed.

Mr. Jack, replying to a question, said he did not know of any
parasite on the Locust Borers ; still there might be such. There
are parasites on some borers ; some of them are provided with
very long ovipositors to reach into the burrows of their prey.
Such parasites are no doubt of much benefit.

Thomas L. Harrison inquired whether the Locust Borers ever
attack apple trees or pine trees.

Mr. Jack replied that the Locust Borers never attack apple or
pine trees; they do not attack even the honey locust {Gleditsclna
triacanthos) . As to pine trees, if they are thoroughly healthy he
did not think they were likely to be aft'ected by borers. Rut if
a pine tree is injured, or becomes weakened by any cause, borers
will soon be at work upon it.

Francis H. Appleton stated that he had seen pine trees which
were completely riddled by ants.

Mr. Jack said that true or black ants are very apt to go into trees
which have been affected by borers, diseases or other injuries, but
that they do not themselves injure the trees in the first place. The
insects known as Termes or "White Ants" do sometimes affect
living wood.

Professor Markoe called attention to a preparation, recom-
mended as an effective protection from ants. He had found on
analysis that it consisted of one part boric (formerly boracic)
acid, and three parts of starch, by weight in each case, and both
to be in fine powder. He was confident that it was a slow poison
to most insects. The only objection to it was that the cost, for
use in a large way, was prohibitive.

It was announced that on the next Saturday, a paper on
"Metropolitan Parks" would be read by Sylvester Baxter, Ex-
Secretary of the Metropolitan Park Commission, Maiden.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 10, 1894.

A Meeting for Discussion was holdeu at eleven o'clock, Vice-
President Francis H. Apfleton in the chair. The following
paper was read by the author.

The Metropolitan Park System.

By Sylvester Baxter, Ex-Secretary of the Metropolitan Park Commission, Maiden.

The realization of a system of metropolitan parks for Boston,
within three years of the time when the first definite suggestion to
that end was made, furnishes one of the most striking instances of
the remarkable responsiveness of public sentiment under modern
conditions, when the right chord chances to be struck at the right
moment.

The establishment of the metropolitan park system makes a
decisive step in the organization of an adequate form of govern-
ment for the great cluster of separate communities that properly
form one great urban community, constituting what has come to
be commonly known as the " Greater Boston," embracing today
well nigh a million inhabitants. This was recognized by the pre-
liminary Metropolitan Park Commission in its memorable report of
a year ago: — "The time for this is distinctly come, and for
several years legislation has been shaping itself to that end," said
the commission. "The great increase of rapid transit facilities
since the railroad system was originated, and their more recent
development through electricity, has already made every town
Avithin nine miles of Boston a close suburb of that city. Those
towns may in fact be said to be the bedchambers of the city
countingroom. To Boston a great and always increasing propor-
tion of those living in the surrounding municipalities now go daily
to pursue their business or make their purchases ; and from
Boston they daily return to their homes. In everything but in
name they are inhabitants of both places ; and, in everything but in
local government and in name, the two places are one. Each new
appliance of rapid transit gives an additional impetus to this
phase of development ; and new appliances ever crowd upon each
other. 'J'here is in tlie development, also, much that is good and

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 153

little that is bad ; it is natural, healthy, and advantageous in a
large way to all concerned. It should accordingly be recognized
and made the basis of legislation ; for without such recognition
and consequent legislation the necessary pi'ovision for growth
cannot be made. Of this the whole region referred to now shows
abundant and lamentable evidence. Recognition has already
been much too long delayed."

The first definite suggestion for a metropolitan park system was
made early in the year 1891. A metropolitan park commission to
investigate and report upon the subject was authorized by the
General Court of 1892, and was appointed by Governor Russell in
the summer of that year. Its report was made in February, 1893.
In accordance with its recommendations the metropolitan park law
was passed, and a permanent commission was appointed that year
for the Metropolitan Parks District thus constituted.

At the present moment two great public reservations have been
established, one to the southward and the other to the northward
of Boston — comprising, altogether, something over seven thou-
sand acres of beautiful wilderness ; and a third reservation, com-
paratively small in extent but of great importance in its natural
features, has been created to the westward. The commission,
moreover, is actively engaged in the preparations for carrying out
the other leading features of its great task ; a work which may
require several years before it can be completed.

What has already been done is of a character so great and far-
reaching as in itself to justify the legislation asked for. But what
remains to be done, and what will most assuredly be done, is of
equal and perhaps greater moment. It seems marvellous, almost,
in view of accustomed slowness in the execution of great move-
ments, that all this could have been realized in so short a period.
It is, however, to be regarded as the final and decisive step in a
long process which has led to this end. There are several weighty
factors that have entered into this process, and this action, which
is of such great moment to this part of the world, forms one of the
most notable events in the general park movement in the United
States — a movement which should be briefly considered in this
connection.

This movement had its origin in the impulse given by a gi'eat
personality — as, in fact, all great activities find their beginning
in individual initiative, and none, indeed, more so than those for

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

whose realization tlie collective endeavor of a community is neces-
sary; — something especially to be commended to the consideration
of those who are fond of asserting that such collective endeavor
tends to weaken and destroy individual initiative. In truth, it
may be said that therein individual initiative finds its greatest
opportunity for effective application.

The park movement in the United States dates from the creation
of Central Park in New York City. Though still young, and
hardly yet fully developed as a park — for little more than a gen-
eration has passed since the work was first begun — Central Park
well merits the name of historic. Had Frederic Law Olmsted not
been given the opportunity which the design of this park pre-
sented, it is probable that one of the greatest artists of the age
would not have arisen, and that the history of public parks in this
country would have been quite different ; it is likely that the great
part which they already play in the lives of our city populations
would today be wanting.

The institution of great public parks, as it is known in our
American cities, is a development from the great parks that have
long existed in the capitals of Europe. In Germany today are the
most beautiful parks of the Old World, and in them we find the
nearest approach to the best of our great American pleasure
grounds. But in a certain way Mr. Olmsted is the founder of a
new form of park, in which — while retaining all the natural
beauty of the landscape, preserving it, enhancing it, making it
more ideally natural, and even creating nature, so to speak, where
her beauty has been obliterated, or perhaps has never existed —
all the charm of the locality thus preserved or created is protected
and made permanent by the character of the design. And the
enjoyment of this charm is made possible for the greatest number
by the adoption of methods that make all the essential features of
such a pleasure ground accessible in all possible ways.

The main function of a park is that of providing for the multi-
tude tliat enjoyment of natural scenery which is essential for the
good liealth of an urlian population in escape from the excitement
and the jar of the ordinai-y conditions of city life that constitute
one of tlie main sources of the degenerating influences ever at
work in sueli a population. The great purpose of a public park is
to furnish these opportunities, and to insure tlieir enjoyment in the
greatest j)OSsibIe contrast with ordinary urban conditions. In

TPIE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 155

connection with a park as thus designed provisions are made for
such suitable amusement, entertainment, or recreation, as can
appropriately be supplied under such conditions without interfer-
ence with the main purpose of the place, and in a way to meet the
needs of all classes of the population. These, of course, must
vary with the character of the locality-

This is the work which Mr. Olmsted has done iu a manner such
as has never been undertaken before, and which could not have
been done without an extraordiuar}- sensitiveness to natural
beauty, combined with a remarkable creative faculty, and an
unprecedented fertility of resource in shaping means to ends and
in the devising of new means to those ends — guided by a con-
structive imagination that could look far into the future and
anticipate the formative growth of slow natural processes, together
with the possession of the warmest sympathy which identified him
with the great multitude and gave him the power, in appreciating
the needs of all sorts and conditions of men, of meeting those
needs in the fullest measure.

The great American public park, as thus developed, has become
an essential institution, not only in nearly all the chief cities of
the land, but in many of the minor centres of population, which
are thus wisely providing for their future. In Boston the move-
ment did not make itself felt until considerably later than in many
other cities of similar rank. The great reason for this lay iu the
exceptional beauty of the suburbs of this city. Boston had the
advantage of possessing within its limits, public open spaces of
relatively small extent, to a greater degree than almost any other
city in the country. Boston Common was, until the establishment
of Central Park, the largest urban pleasure ground in the United
States. The suburbs with theu- rural charms w^ere easily access-
ible ; there was during a long period but slight restriction upon a
free resort to the fields, the woods, and the seashore. These things
made the need of extensive public open spaces of a park-like
character less apparent in Boston than in auy other large city.

But with the extension of the urban population the beauty of
the suburbs was encroached upon and the rural sceuery was made
less and less accessible to the mass of the population. The wiser
heads in the community saw that parks would beeoiue a necessity
at no remote day, and they urged the adoption of the measures
needful to that end. But it was not until seventeen years ago that

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAIi SOCIETY.

the creation of a park system for the city was uudertaken. The
agitation that led to this result, together with the love of natural
scenes that may be looked for in a community of exceptional
intelligence, naturally aroused an interest in the landscape which
gives the environment of Boston its remarkable attractiveness.
With the growth of this sentiment public attention was called to
the importance of preserving various spots of exceptional scenic
interest in the neighborhood of the city. These sentiments found
frequent expression in the Boston press. Men like the late
Elizur Wright, Wilson Flagg, and John Owen, for instance —
men of enthusiastic temperament and unselfish spirit — were
untiring in this work of agitation. These efforts were concen-
trated to the greatest degree upon the beautiful wild region five
miles to the northward of Boston, once known as the Five-Mile
Woods and latterl}^ as the Middlesex Fells. Suggestions for the
preservation of the great oaks in Waltham near Beaver Brook
were also made, and more latterly the creation of a public forest,
at the Blue Hills was urged.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society — the wealthiest horti-
cultural society in the world — has played a prominent part in
arousing and developing public interest in this subject. Its
Committee on Gardens, ever active in all the departments of its
work, officially visited the Beaver Brook, or " Waverly," Oaks, in
Waltham and Belmont, and also the Middlesex Fells, and in its
reports to the Society upon those places, urged their reservation
for public use and enjoyment. Furthermore, by public lectures
and discussions, and by the offer of prizes, this Societj' has done
good work in behalf of the preservation of forests ; and also for
the growing of new i)lantations of forest trees, thus converting
otherwise worthless laud into productive property, adding to the
beauty of the landscape, and promoting the healthfulness of the
district.

A very important factor in promoting a wide-spread interest in
the rural scenes about Boston was the organization of the Appa-
lachian Mountain Club. Besides its more distant mountain
excursions, this club has conducted a series of regular weekly
holiday trips to all the main points of interest in the neighborhood
of the city, for many years past through every season. In this
way there litis been spread a more general knowledge and api)reci-
ation of the local landscape, and a very strong sentiment has been

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 157

developed for the preservation of the most attractive passages of
natural scenery about the city.

In 1882 the interest in the preservation of the Middlesex Fells
led to the enactment of the Public Forest law of that year. The
local difficulties were such, however, that no action appeared
practicable under its provisions. In the same year the General
Park law was enacted. Under this many cities and towns of the
Commonwealth have been enabled to establish parks and open
spaces to a very considerable extent.

In the meantime Boston had developed its new park system to a
degree that enabled the community for the first time really to
appreciate by actual experience the true service and value of
public parks in a proper sense of the term. In this way the more
immediate wants of the urban community to the southward of the
Charles River were met. To the northward, however, next to
nothing had been accomplished until the city of Lynn gave a
very great impetus towards definite and comprehensive metropolitan
action by its important step in establishing, at the "Lynn Woods,"
a great public forest reservation of more than two thousand acres,
within its own limits. Exceptional circumstances enabled Lynn
to do this by itself. Among these circumstances may be
mentioned the possession of an unusual number of public-spirited
men who, when the city was made alive to the necessity of
protecting its water supply from pollution by preserving neighbor-
ing lands from the encroachments of the rapidly growing population,
had the energy to raise by subscription an amount sufficient, in
addition to the sum appropriated by the city, to secure the
■conversion of the entire great wilderness into a public recreation
ground.

The example thus set by Lynn was a great one, and it had a
powerful effect in stimulating interest, not only throughout
metropolitan Boston but in many other parts of the United
States. It became evident, however, that with the metropolitan
region divided as it was into many separate cities and towns,
nothing further could be done to meet these needs in a comprehen-
sive way through the instrumentality of purely local initiative.
This being the case, the demand for some form of united and
comprehensive action naturally arose. It was in the course of a
study of the conditions of the "Greater Bostou" suggested by
the facts of the census of 1890, made for the Boston Herald, that

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I had the honor to advocate, among the subjects that demanded
treatment under some form of meti'opolitau administration — as
the only method suited to the circumstances — the establishment
of a system of metropolitan parks.

It was in response to this suggestion that the Trustees of Public
Reservations took the first definite step which resulted finally ia
the creation of the Metropolitan Park Commission. A very
important advance was that made in the incorporation of the
Trustees of Public Reservations. This was brought about through
the Appalachian Mountain Club, which, in April, 1890, called a
conference of persons interested in the preservation of scenery
and historical sites in Massachusetts. This conference Avas held
in Boston, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, on May
24th. In consequence, the legislature of 1891 passed an act
incorporating the Trustees of Public Reservations. The purpose
of this Board was to hold in trust such beautiful and historic places,
and tracts of land withiu the Commonwealth as might be given
into its care.

The leading spirit in this movement was Mr. Charles Eliot, the
landscape architect; the most brilliant pupil of Mr. Olmsted, and
now his associate in the firm of Olmsted, Olmsted, & Eliot. Mr.
Eliot was made the Secretary of this Board, whose first annual
report demonstrated its great usefulness. The charming tract of
wild woodland in the Middlesex Fells known as the Virginia
Wood was intrusted to the keeping of the Board by the late Mrs.
Fannie H. Tudor, of Stoneham, in memory of her daughter, whose
name it bears.

But the Board was made aware of the insufficiency of its powers
for realizing the ends desired, in consequence of its lack of
authority to acquire land by any other means than that of volun-
tary effort. The necessity for some method by which lands
needed for public uses could be taken for the purpose by authori-
tative action became apparent. A meeting of the Park Commis-
sions of Boston and of the various cities and towns in the
immediate neighborhood, together with otlier persons interested,
was therefore called by the Trustees of Public Reservations.

This meeting was held on December 16, 1891, and it was the
unanimous sentiment that in order to secure for the country
around Boston the Ijenellt of the important open spaces whose
peculiar suitability for public use was manifest, some form of

THE METROPOLITAN TARK SYSTEM. 159

action was necessary which would enable the metropolitan region
— that to various intents and purposes constituted one great city,
just as metropolitan Loudon constitutes one great city — to be
treated as a unit for this purpose.

Through this meeting the subject was brought before the legisla-
ture of 1892. In consequence of the marked interest shown, an
act was passed establishing the preliminary Metropolitan Park
Commission. The Commission appointed under this act to
investigate the subject consisted of Charles Francis Adams of
Quinc}', Philip A. Chase of Lynn, and William B. de las Casas of
Maiden. Charles Eliot was made Landscape Architect, and I
was appointed Secretary to the Connnission. The Commissioners
visited personally every p(jiut of interest connected with their work
within ten miles of Boston, and the results of these investigations
were embodied in the report submitted to the legislature early in
1893.

This document attracted exceptional attention, and the extraor-
dinary approval with which it was received, not only throughout
the State but all over the country and in various other parts of the
world, gave its recommendations a favor that caused their adoption
by votes that very nearl}' approached unanimity. The result was
that a permanent Commission of five members was established,
with power to ci'eate a system of public reservations in the cities
and towns comprised within the Metropolitan Park System.
These were the twelve cities of Boston, Cambridge, Chelsea,
Everett, Lynn, Maiden, Medford, Newton, Quincy, Somerville,
Waltham and Woburn, and the twenty-five towns of Arlington,
Belmont, Braintree, Brookline, Canton, Dedhani, Dover, Hingham,
Hull, Hyde Park, Melrose, Milton, Nahant, Needhani, Revere,
Saugus, Stoneham, Swampscott, Waketield, Watertown, Wellesley,
Weston, Weymouth, Winchester, and Winthrop.

By the census of 1890 these communities contained a population
of more than 888,000, or nearly forty per cent of the population of
the Commonwealth.

For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the
credit of the Commonwealth was advanced to the extent of one
million dollars, the interest and annual contributions to the sinking
fund necessary for meeting the bonds at maturity to be contrib-
uted by the various cities and towns of the district in proportion
to the benefits received, as estimated by a Board of three Commis-

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

siouers, appoiuted every five years by the Supreme Court to fix
the proportions thus to be paid. lu this way no actual outlay was
required on the part of the Commonwealth, and the burdens
imposed upon any one community were not heavy, while the
expenditure was distributed over a long period of years. As it
was estimated that Boston would be very largely the gainer
through the attractiveness of its surroundings which would thus be
promoted, even though takings to be made should be chiefly
outside of the city limits, the proportion to be paid by that city
was fixed at fifty per cent for the first five years.

The range of activity contemplated for the new Park Commis-
sion thus constituted, as set forth in the report of the preliminary
Commission, was very great indeed. It is desirable that the best
features of the landscape that characterize the surroundings of
Boston should be preserved and made available for public recrea-
tion, to an extent that should bring their typical elements within
easy reach of the great mass of population occupying the metro-
politan district. It could not be expected, of course, that every
beautiful feature, deeply cherished though it might be, should be
retained. Considerations of utility and public convenience must
of course prevail, while any plan that should prove too expensive
and involve too great a cost would of course be impracticable and
defeat its own ends. The demands of business, of commerce,
and room for the expansion of a growing population, would have
to be given due and careful consideration. But it was
essential that the future growth should be an intelligent one in
these respects, and in the report of the preliminary Commission
great stress was laid upon the fact that through lack of intelligence
and lack of foresight in considering the needs of posterity,
elements of beauty have been destroyed for merely temporary
advantage, and often indeed for no advantage at all, which would
now be of inestimable benefit in giving to various sections of the
metropolitan district the environment needed, not only for the
proper enjoyment, but for tlie sanitary welfare of their population.
For instance, Avater fronts have been occupied in a way to bar out
their use by tlie public, and rivers have been polluted and made a
menace to the health of large communities while their banks have
been mutilated and disfigured by private occupancy, when a
proper system of development might easily have utilized the
natural advantages conferred by these featui-es in a way to make

THE METROPOLITAN TARK SYSTEM. 161

them invaluable assets among the possessions of the community —
factors of incalculable worth in the promotion of the public
prosperity.

The scope of the Commission, therefore, comprises not only the
establishment of great public reservations and the preservation of
natural features of exceptional beanty, but the restoration, so far
as possible, of the seashore in the neighborhood of Boston to a
condition whereby the public may freely enjoy the privileges of
access to the salt water ; of improving the natural watercourses
of the district in a way that will make them beautiful and valuable
featnres of the region in place of the nuisances they have been
allowed to become ; of preserving the charms of the various
beautiful ponds that form precious features of our suburban land-
scapes ; and of establishing convenient and agreeable means of
communication, in the shape of boulevards or parkways, between
the dense populations of the metropolitan area and the various
reservations established for their benefit.

All of this will of course require some years before even all the
preliminary conditions essential to the realization of such a work
can be brought about. The Commission has therefore to give its
first efforts to the attainment of the main ends embodied in the
plan of procedure devised for its guidance by its predecessors.
In this work, of course, it is limited by the means placed at its
disposal. It has never been claimed that this amount would be
sufficient to carry out even the main features of the work agreed
upon as desirable. The preliminary Commission expressly stated
that the general financial provision made in the proposed bill which
afterwards became a law was designed to enable the permanent
Commission to enter on its work with energy and upon a suitable
though reasonable scale, and it was estimated that this provision
would be adequate for the immediate acquisition of the Middlesex
Fells and the Blue Hills. This work has already been accom-
plished, and it is probable that the appropriation now at the
disposal of the Commission will be sufficient to go considerably
further.

The present Commission began its work as soon as practicable
after its appointment last summer. It includes, besides the three
members of the preliminary Commission, two new members. One
of these is Mr. Abraham L. Richards, of Watertown, who was
appointed for the short term of one year. Mr. Richards was a
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

member of the Charles River Improvement Commission, whose
work in investigating one of the most important problems involved
in the metropolitan park question ran parallel with that of the
Metropolitan Connnission. Mr. James Jeffrey Roche, the journal-
ist and brilliant man of letters, was appointed as the other of the
new members, but after a few months' service he found himself
too much occupied by his regular duties to give the time to the
work which he felt it demanded. Mr. William L. Chase, of
Brookline, was made his successor. Mr. H. S. Carruth, of
Boston, recently Chairman of the Board of Aldermen, and a man
of high business capacity for dealing with the practical questions
involved iu the work of such a commission, was made the
Secretary. Messrs, Olmsted, Olmsted, & Eliot were engaged as
Landscape Architects.

Before any positive steps could be taken in the way of establish-
ing any of the public open spaces contemplated, a large amount
of preliminary work was necessary. In the first place, the land-
scape architects had to give a careful study to the conditions of
the localities ; for naturally their judgment would guide the
Commission iu its determinations, and the question of the proper
bounds — which it was necessary to agree upon before the necessary
surveys could be made — had to be decided. It is very desirable that
the boundary of a reservation for public use should follow the line
of a road, for the sake of accessibility and of enabling the owners
of adjacent property to take tlie best advantage of the benefits
afforded by the neighborhood of a public domain. Therefore lines
have to be folloAved which will give a road of easy grades and
agreeable conditions. This is a task not easy to accomplish, but
the work lias been energetically pushed, the proper studies have
been made, the necessary surveys have been finished, the concur-
rence of the local Park Boards required by the law has been
obtained, and already the Beaver Brook Reservation, the Blue
Hills Reservation, and the Middlesex Fells Reservation have
become public domains, in the order of their mention.

The name Reservation has been applied to these public holdings
rather than that of Park for good reasons. It will be years
before any elaborate form of improvement will be iu order for
these places, either as justifiable by the resources at command or
as demanded for the uses of the public. These uses, while they
will naturally be considerable in the very near future, will for a

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 163

long time to come be perfectly consonant with their maintenance
in their present condition, as for the most part a wilderness. They
will need little care beyond that of protection against wanton
injury and of access by simple roads similar to those which have
been constructed at a remarkably low cost in the Lynn Woods.
Therefore it is better that they should be regarded merely as
public reservations, held for improvement as future occasion may
demand.

The word Park, moreover, is a term that has been subject to
great abuse. The expression has been used with such a wide
range as to seem applicable to almost anything short of a boot-
jack ! In actuality its meaning has been stretched to cover such
diverse things as a race track, a collection of artillery, of army
wagons, and even a commonplace city street. Here in Boston we
have only just got rid of the name as applied to a street upon a
large portion of which there was not a single tree, or even a blade
of grass, — I refer to Chester Park, etc., whose name has been
changed to Massachusetts Avenue. The term is convenient in its
use as a generic designation for public pleasure grounds of all
descriptions, and its application in that way may now be regarded
as legitimate ; but strictly speaking the name properly belongs
only to one type of pleasure grounds, of which our Franklin Park
may be regarded as a conspicuous example. That is, a landscape
is park-like in character when it consists of a country more or less
open, and interspersed with trees standing singly or in groups.
Beaver Brook Reservation, for instance, with its groups of grand
old oaks and other trees, is genuinely park-like, and might
properly be called a park. The great open valley spaces in the
Rocky Mountains are very appropriately called Parks. It seems
best, in the specific use of the term, to avoid its application as far
as possible to any pleasure ground which is not really park-like ;
as, for instance, a public garden, or a city square, and on the
other hand to reservations of a forest character, like those just
established by the Metropolitan Park Commission.

The Beaver Brook Reservation, in Wajtham and Belmont,
within a few minutes' walk of the Waverley Stations on the
Fitchburg and Boston & Maine railroads, was the first to be
established in the work of the l^Ietropolitan Park Commission.
This was done largely with the generous aid given by the widow of
the late Elisha Atkins, of Belmont, and her son, Mr. Edwin

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAX, SOCEETY.

F. Atkins, who is the Chairman of the Belmont Park Commis-
sion. Together, they contributed $12,500 for the purpose.
This sum, with the amount added by the Metropolitan Commission,
has enabled the taking of a beautiful tract of something like sixty
acres. This comprises the lovely pastoral landscape, with the
remarkable formation, originating with the glacial period, known
as a "kame" — a long, serpentine ridge, running out from the
shoulder of Helmet Hill, close by, and losing itself in the meadow
coursed by Beaver Brook, which flows along its left side on its
way to the Charles. Upon the slopes of this kame grow the
famous old oaks which tree lovers regard as the finest examples of
their kind in the United States. These trees have been admirably
■described by Mr. L. L. Dame, of Medford, in his valuable book,
*' Typical Elms and other Trees of Massachusetts," which con-
tains excellent photographic pictures' of the group made by Mr.
Henry Brooks. The oldest of these trees are estimated to be at
least one thousand years old.

The reservation also includes the valley of the brook to a point
beyond the upper of the tW'O small ponds which are formed in its
course, together with the beautiful cascade sung by Lowell in his
exquisite lyric, " Beaver Brook." In the cottage near this cascade
was the home of the late Mr. Robert Morris Copeland, the
landscape gardener. Its extraordinary beauty and its charming
associations with a great name make this reservation, though small
in extent, one of the most valuable features of the Metropolitan
Park System. It is in the near neighborhood of rapidly growing
populations, and it is easily reached from Boston, Cambridge, and
other parts of the metropolitan district, by the frequent trains of
two lines of railway.

A large area of permanent open space in this section is assured
by the grounds of the McLean Asylum for the Insane, the Con-
valescent Home, and the Massachusetts Home for Feeble-Minded
and Idiotic Youth ; all of which are established close by and
assure the preservation of the natural beauty of the surrounding
landscape.

The Blue Hills Reservation is the second established in the
Metropolitan Pai'k System. This has an extent of four thousand
acres, and comprises practically tiie entire mountain-like range of
the Blue Hills. Mr. Charles Eliot, in his admirable report to the
preliminary Metropolitan Park Commission, very aptly character-

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 165

ized this regiou of the Bhie Hills as "a park such as any king-
would be proud to call his own, a public forest possessing a vastly
finer scenery than any of the great public woods of Paris can
show, a recreation ground far surpassing in its refreshing value
even London's Epping Forest."

The reservation is something like five miles long, and of varying
width, its boundaries following contour line of from two liun-
dred to three hundred feet above the sea level. The reservation
includes eleven prominent sunnnits, and the beautiful piece of
water on the southerly side called Hoosicwhissic Pond. The Blue
Hills are the highest points of land near the ocean from ]Mount
Agamenticus in southern Maine along the entire Atlantic and Gulf
coast to the southward. The highest summit is 635 feet above the
sea level, but being near the ocean the altitude counts for its full
value and gives the range a really mountain-like appearance.

These hills have a special historic interest, in the fact that they
gave our famous Commonwealth its name ; Massachusetts mean-
ing, in the Algonquin tongue, "the place of the great hills."
"Massachusetts Mount" is the name given to these hills by
Captain John Smith, and when he asked Prince Charles to christen
the -various places on the map of New England which he placed
before him, that royal boy gave the name of Cheviot Hills to the
range. The suggestion has been made that Massachusetts JMount
be the name of the chief eminence, commonly called the Great
Blue Hill ; and it seems entirelj^ appropriate that this should be
done, thus recording in perpetuity a historic fact of uncommon
importance.

The prospects from the Blue Hills are very wide, varied, and
beautiful. The scenery is grand and wild. The air is pure, and
the existence of such a magnificent tract of wilderness within ten
miles of the State House assures a great and steadily increasing
popularity for the place as a magnificent natural recreation ground.
It is accessible by rail at either end, from the Readville stations of
the New York and New England and the New York, New Haven
and Hartford railroads, on the west, and the West Quincy station
on the Granite Branch of the latter railroad, on the east In all
probability Blue Hill Avenue will in the near future become a
grand boulevard, with electric car communication, running in
a bee-line from Franklin Park to the westerly end of the reserva-
tion. In addition the joint action of the Boston Park Board

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

promises to establish a beautiful Hue of parkway conuectiug the
Boston chain of parks, either from the Franklin Park or the Arnold
Arboretum, by way of the proposed Metropolitan Reservation at the
Stony Brook Woods in Hyde Park and the West Roxbury District
of Boston, and thence by way of Mother Brook across the Neponset
to the Blue Hills. The Blue Hills Reservation lies in the towns of
Milton and Canton and the city of Quiucy.

The last of the three reservations established by the Metropoli-
tan Commission up to the present time is the Middlesex Fells.
Its nearness to the city, the southern boundaries but about five
miles from the State House, gives it particular value as a great
popular recreation ground, where the scenery of the natural
Avilderness can be enjoyed by the multitudes from the swarming
populations near by, who in a few minutes after passing the
boundaries may lose themselves in a wild region where is nothing
to remind them of city life.

The Middlesex Fells Reservation lies within five distinct com-
munities ; the cities of Maiden and Medford, and the towns of
Stoneham, Melrose, and Winchester. Close at hand is a popula-
tion of more than one hundred thousand, whose needs in the way
of a great pleasure ground will thus be served on a magnificent
scale, while the reservation lies within convenient reach of at least
a half million people more.

The taking made by the Metropolitan Commission here amounts
to about sixteen hundred acres ; but as something like the same
area of land and water had already been taken for water supply
purposes and park purposes by the surrounding communities, the
entire extent of public domain embraced within the Middlesex
Fells amounts to something over thirty-two hundred acres. This
reservation includes Spot Pond and the two beautiful great basins
of the Winchester Avater supply that look like natural lakes,
together with the lesser pieces of water known as Doleful Pond
and Hemlock, Shiner and Western Pools.

On the easterly margin is a beautiful cascade, and the grand
cliffs and crags give character to the region. The woods are for
the greater part of recent growth, but in the easterly section there
are some noble ti'acts of white pine and hemlock. In general aspect
the Middlesex Fells Reservation has a similarity to the Lynn Woods,
although each possesses features that give it individual character.
The latter, although entirely due to local initiative and the public

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 167

spirit of the progressive citizens of Lynn — among whom particular
credit belongs to Mr. Philip A. Chase, the Chairman- of the local
Park Commission as well as a most valuable member of the
Metropolitan Commission — is naturally to be considered as
belonging to the Metropolitan Park System, and forming one of
its most important features. Counting its two thousand acres, the
three great metropolitan reservations have a total area of more
than nine thousand acres, which, with prospective additions, will
carry the total to something over ten thousand acres.

Before the Metropolitan Park Commission began the work of
securing reservations, there was already, in the outlying cities and
towns of the Metropolitan District, about three thousand seven
hundred acres of land appropriated for parks and pleasure grounds
and other public purposes ; including the water supply reserves
of Brookline and Newton along the Charles River in Newton,
Wellesley, Needham, and Dedham, which covered two hundred
and fifty acres, and seven hundred acres respectively, while within
the city limits of Boston, about sixteen hundred acres had been
set apart for park purposes. These areas, with those which the
Metropolitan Park Commission has secvired, and others which it
will soon acquire, make a grand total of between thirteen and
fourteen thousand acres, for the metropolitan district.

Boston may thus be seen to be ihe most favored city in the
United States, in the way of space devoted to recreative purposes,
so well distributed in all directions as to meet the needs of the
population most admirably. The thing most lacking throughout a
great extent of the metropolitan region is sufficient space for small
local playgrounds or breathing-spots. Some communities, like the
city of Everett, for instance, have not so much as a square foot of
public pleasure grounds.

We have already seen that there is a great work 'for the Metro-
politan Commission remaining to be accomplished. Chief of these
as yet untouched features is the contemplated reservation of Revere
Beach, which may be regarded as perhaps the most important
feature of all, from the recreative value which the ocean side
possesses for the multitude. Then there is the important Charles
River problem, to which Cambridge as well as Boston, together
with Newton and several other communities along the stream are
giving their direct attention, while the Metropolitan Commission
and the State Board of Health are considering this matter in its

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

more general aspects of a recreative aud sanitary character.
Extensive and beautiful recreation grounds bordering that stream
throughout the greater part of its course through the metropolitan
district may be looked for. The connecting links between the
various open spaces of the metropolitan district, in the way of
parkways and boulevards, will probably be made the subject
of careful study ou the part of the Commission and its Landscape
Architects. The natural routes for such ways presented by the
topography of the region afford opportunity for beautiful features
of this kind at a low cost, and assuring an immense benefit in the
development of the communities through which they pass.

Considering for a moment the future development of the great
wilderness reservations, we may consider it as something in this
wise : The effort will be to maintain the aspects of an absolutely
wild country, modified only by such means as are essential to
make it accessible for the public ; with good simple roads of easy
grades, and pleasant footpaths aud rides penetrating its depths ;
with shelters from inclement weather established here and there ;
with refectories at convenient points, and possibly good hotels
where people may go for a sojourn amid natural scenes to which
the conditions of these localities will give exceptional charm.
The growth of the forests will be encouraged by the best precau-
tions against fire that can be devised, together with the adoption
of a system of scientific forest administration, which can be made
invaluable for the country at large in the practical example thus
given.

In time these reservations will be entirely covered by stately
woods, penetrated by pleasant roads winding through the valleys
and along the slopes, whence, from the sylvan depths, there will
be beautiful vistas framed in foliage. Winding to the summits of
the hills, these roads will at such points command broad and
pleasing pi'ospects. These great natural pleasure grounds will oe
accessible from all directions by the pleasantest of ways for
riders in carriages and on bicycles and hoi'seback, whilst steam
and electric railways will furnish transportation for holiday
throngs. We shall see Revere Beach — and ultimately, it is hoped,
Nantasket also — cleared of the present unsightly encumbrances ;
its splendid curves of shining sands uno])structed from end to end;
a wide ocean-side road running along the crest, and bordered by
sightly structures which will be pleasing to see and to inhabit.

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 169

There will be direct connections with Lynu and its beautiful
woods, as well as with the shores of Nahant and Swampscott, by
the fine old Parkway of Lynn Common.

With its streams running clear and unpolluted, and with green
and pleasant banks, and with its bay-side and ocean-side reaches
free and beautiful ; with its playgrounds and blooming, tasteful
gardens, its miles of charming drives, its thousands of acres of
parks and public woodlands, the "Greater Boston," as the home
of a happy, intelligent, and truly prosperous people, will then be a
city worthier than ever of fame.

[Since the above paper was prepared the Metropolitan Park
Commission has taken between 500 and 600 acres of woodland
wilderness in the West Roxbury district of Boston and the town
of Hyde Park, and nanred it the Stony Brook Reservation ; it has
also taken, in conjunction with the Boston Park Commission, lands
for connecting this reservation by a picturesque parkway, with the
Boston park system at the Arnold Arboretum, with the intention
of ultimately extending it to the Blue Hills. The Legislature has
also authorized a loan of $500,000 for the taking of Revere
beach, $300,000 for the taking of lands along the Charles River,
and $500,000 for the construction of boulevards and parkways —
the latter as a relief to the unemployed. — Sylvester Baxter.]

Discussion.

Jacob W. Manning said that about 1880 he became connected
with the Middlesex Fells Association, which was organized under the
inspiration and leadership of Elizur Wright of Medford. During
that season a meeting of the Association was held at Cheese Rock,
on Bear Hill, in Stoneham. Cheese Rock is the smooth, abrupt,
northerly termination of the top of Bear Hill. Its nearly flat
upper surface comprises several square rods, and its altitude is
sufficient to command an extended view of the country to the
north, the east, and the west. As the speaker was unable to
attend this meeting, he sent his son, Warren H. Manning, then a
minor, to observe the proceedings and report to him. This young
reporter w^as much impressed by the strong interest and public
spirit manifested by those present, but especially by the activity
and physical vigor of Mr. Wright, who, though then seventy-five
years old, climbed a bare-trunked cedar tree near by, with the

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

agility of an athlete, and huug out a flag to indicate the place of
meeting. The natural beauty of the surrounding landscape, and
the capabilities of the whole Fells district for improvement as a
public park, were discussed by the earnest orators, as was also the
heroism of the first settlers of New England. Long, wood-road
rambles over the territory were included in the exercises of this
gathering. Later in the year Mr. Manning attended meetings of
the Association in Mr. "Wright's office, which was in the American
Insurance Co.'s Building, then on Milk Street, Boston. Among
those present at these gatherings were John Owen and Wilson
Flagg, of Cambridge ; Colonel Lyman Dike, of Stoneham ; L. L.
Dame, of Medford ; S. W. Twombly, of Winchester; Judge
Churchill, of Milton, and several other gentlemen. In 1881,
another field meeting was held at Middlesex Fells, Cheese Rock
being headquarters. It was late in the summer, and was a very
warm day. There were several ladies in the company. The
exercises were chiefly those of exploration. To inspect the Fells
(an area of four thousand acres or more) in this manner, one has
to pass over a greatly varied surface ; here an area of low swamp
land ; there a tract covered by impenetrable thickets of shrubs,
and climbing or trailing vines ; again over rising ground ; up and
over broken ledges, and bold crags of the most dangerous, break-
neck character. Again one would be in ideal woodlands of tall
forest trees of many species, covering an area many acres in
extent, of lauds suitable for cultivation, either as farms, gardens,
or orchards. The thoughts inspired by such surroundings, found
expression sometimes as follows, — Romantic drives could easily be
made here, leading to retired mansions that wealth might erect !
What a grand park this would make ! These and similar remarks
were frequently heard as the party wandered through this wild
region. In those early meetings, the interest in the scheme was
strong ; and if the thought occurred to any of those present, that
a long time would elapse before some practicable plan would be
adopted to secure a system of forest reservations, and the question
came into mind when such a plan would be consummated — certainly
these feelings did not then generally prevail in the gathering.
Finally it was suggested that the General Court be petitioned to
enact a law under whicli it could be done. The petition,
numerously signed, was presented to the Legislature of 1882, and
referred to the Joint Committee on Agriculture, of which Hon.

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 171

James S. Griimell, of Greenfield, was Chairman. At the hearings
given by that Committee, on this petition, Mr. Wright, Mr.
Manning, and others of the petitioners appeared and urged not
only the propriety but the need of such a law as was described in
the petition. Mr. Grinnell reported from his Committee a bill,
authorizing cities and towns, under certain restrictions, to purchase
or seize by right of eminent domain, lauds for the preservation or
reproduction of forests or to protect water supply ; the title of
such lands to be vested in -the Commonwealth, in perpetuity, for
the benefit of the cities or towns, acquiring them. It provided
that the State Board of Agriculture should act as a State Board of
Forestry also, and should have the supervision and management of
lands taken or purchased under this act. The speaker said that
the law covere(f all that the petitioners asked, and a kind of
jubilee meeting was held in the Medford Town Hall that season,
at which Governor Long and many other noted men were present,
to rejoice and to carry forward the work. Much enthusiasm was
manifested. Elizur Wright donated to the Association sixty acres
of land north of his house ; and it was expected that many other
owners of land would make similar donations. Subscription
papers were circulated, and many thousands of dollars were
pledged, with prudent conditions.

In 1883, a notable meeting and banquet occurred in Boston, at
which a more formal organization was effected, and a Board of
Trustees was elected to take charge of the Middlesex Fells as a
public reservation. Francis Brooks, of Medford, was made
Chairman of this board. But Mr. Brooks went abroad, and was
absent from this country for some time, and Mr. Wright died
suddenly. No other member of the board of trustees took up the
active leadership, and the interest naturally languished. An
interval of several years followed when nothing was done, until
the movement started which led to the establishment of the
Metropolitan Park Commission, through which not only the
Middlesex Fells but the Beaver Brook valley, and a larger tract
including the Blue Hills region, have been taken already. It is
probable that portions of our seashore may yet become public
domain through the same instrumentality-

Leverett M. Chase spoke of the paper which had been read as
an admirable one, covering the whole ground of public health and
the general public weal. But he asked what is the educational

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

value of public parks — are the morals elevated, the sense of
beauty increased, and the tastes refined?

David H. Brown inquired whether the territory taken by the
Metropolitan Park Commission, under the general name of
Middlesex Fells, comprised all the land on the southern side that
ought to be included in the public reservation.

Mr. Baxter said that if the Commissioners had been empowered
to take all the land on the south side that they considered desirable
to include in the public reservation, it was feared by some that
Medford would not have much room to develop in that direction.
Moreover it might have involved too great an expense. However,
since the final action of the Commissioners, it is said that those
who were then opposed to the southern extension of that reserva-
tion have changed their views, and that desirable additions may
possibly yet be made to the Middlesex Fells. It is also intimated
that the Blue Hills reservation will receive additions, by gift
possibly, amounting to several hundred acres. The Middlesex
Fells, the Lynn Woods, and the Blue Hills will afford admirable
haunts for innoxious wild animals that can live in this climate.
No shooting will be allowed. A Zoological Garden, in connection
with Boston Parks, has been much desired, as an addition to the
attractions of this city. The Boston Society of Natural History
has long had under consideration plans for the establishment of
such a collection, but has not been as active as it should have been
in its endeavor to realize them. The institution of the Metropol-
itan Park System is a decided step toward making some plan
of that kind practicable. Had more energy been shown in the
movement to realize this project, the Aquarium designed for Marine
Park, and the proposed Zoological Garden in Franklin Park,,
might now have been well under way.

Mr. Chase asked whether every large park should not have a
zoological garden as a part of its area, in which typical animals of
our latitude and of other latitudes with congenial climates should
be kept for public amusement and instruction, especially as object
lessons for the youth of our cities who are studying geography
and zoology. In the zoological gardens in other cities the deer
will nibble bread from one's hand. The kind treatment of these
animals would form an education in humanitv for the young.

Mr. Baxter, in answer to a question, said that Boston had
no method of setting aside land for public use except seizing it by

THE METROPOLITAN PARK SYSTEM. 173

right of emineut domain. In Philadelphia there is a system under
which the authorities not only project streets for future needs, but
in connection therewith select lands for permanent open spaces.
All building upon the ways and lands thus laid out is prohibited,
but the owners can have the use of the land, for other and tem-
porary purposes, until wanted by the public. By such a system
there is a saving of an enormous amount of expense which would
be incurred if the authorities neglected to act iu the matter until
public convenience demanded it. In Boston the recent institution
of the new Board of Survey gives us a system whereby a plan of
street improvement may be fixed upon for undeveloped territory,
thus securing a well considered system of street building for the
future. Boston has thus only just begun to do what New York and
Philadelphia did, early iu the century, in fixing their lines of street
building, although, to be sure, their seemingly simple, but really
costly and inconvenient rectangular systems, adopted without
regard to surface contours, would not commend themselves today,
especially in Boston. But it would be well if Boston and the
metropolitan district should adopt the Philadelphia idea of laying
out future open spaces for recreative use in connection with the
work of the Board of Survey.

The Chairman said that he attended the meeting of the American
Forestry Association which was held at Albany, N. Y., in con-
junction with other organizations for like objects. In that con-
nection he visited the Adirondack Park, or portions of it. This
great forest reservation is laid out with fixed boundaries, including
many thousands, if not millions, of acres of land ; it covers large
portions of several counties, and of many towns in the north-
eastern quarter of the State. The establishment of this Park was
proposed by the State Forestry Commission, who formulated the
plan, and are custodians of the property. At the meeting in Albany,
Mr. Appleton found that, in common with himself, those present
felt deeply the lack of public interest in forestry, and the great
need among our people of more knowledge of the science involved
in forest culture, which knowledge would beget an increased
interest. The chief point in regard to lands which the State
cannot own, is that the State should have control of the woods
and waters throughout her domain, for the conservation of com-
tnercial and healthful interests. In connection with his observa-
tions at Albany aud the Adirondacks, he would have been much

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTfCULTURAL SOCIETY.

gratified to hear Mr. Baxter's views in regard to advanced treat-
ment of forests.

Notice was given that on the next Saturday Hon. James J. H.
Gregory, of Marblehead, would read a paper on " Growing Seeds
for Market."

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 17, 1894,

A Meeting for Discussion was holden at eleven o'clock, the
President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair. The following
paper was read by the author :

Growing Seeds for the Market.

By Hon. James J. H. Gregory, Marblehead.

Fifty years ago the seed business of the United States was in
the hands of the local dealers and the few firms who carried on
what is known as the " box trade." The latter filled boxes with
small packets of seeds, and left them at country stores throughout
a wide district to be sold on commission. In this trade the
community called " Shakers" was prominent. The firm of Com-
stock & Ferre, of Wethersfield, Conn., also did a large business in
the Northern States ; and the Laudreths and Buist at Philadelphia
did the same in the southern part of this country. All of these had
an excellent reputation for reliability. As new firms increased, the
trade became demoralized, until the public believed that, by some
dealers, the same packets were offered year after year until sold,
as their power of germination seemed an unconsidered factor. A
fellow seedsman tells me that an agent of one firm acknowledged
to him that a certain package of parsnip seed was then on its
fourtli season's round, though it is a seed that is not reliable after
the first year. Some thirty years ago an agent of a firm in the
]>ox trade sent me a circular containing wonderfully low quotations
for a numl)er of varieties of vegetable seed, explaining matters by
stating tliat while the seeds quoted were too old to vegetate they
would do to mix with new seed. As the seed sent out by the
Agricultural Department at Washington has often been criticised

GROWING SEEDS FOR THE MARKET. 175

as lacking vitality, perhaps the followlDg incident, well known
among seedsmen, may help to throw some light on the matter: A
certain Avell-kuown seed grower got on the right side of a former
Commissioner of Agriculture through his skill in handling cards, and
so secured from him a very large seed order for the government.
Calling on one of the largest seed-firms in the United States, he
asked them for their very lowest quotations, quality not to be
considered. They quoted accordingly, with the mutual under-
standing that the seeds were mere refuse, deficient in vitality and
therefore worthless for planting. He bought the entire lot — a
large one — and directed them to pack in large sacks and deliver
without any address at the freight depot. The head of the firm,
gifted with a fair share of curiosity, inherited from mother Eve,
and desiring to learn where such trash could be disposed of, sent a
clerk down to make note of the address given to the lot. On
his return he reported that all the sacks were addressed to the
Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C. ! Let it not be
inferred from this that equal rascality and carelessness has entered
into all the purchases of seed by the Agricultural Department, for
I know that in many instances thorough honesty has been exercised
and as much care as could be reasonably expected from men who
were better politicians than seedsmen.

About forty years ago a movement began to introduce new and
better vaiieties of vegetables. This was for the most part done
by advertising in the agricultural papers, and was the starting
point of the vast express and mail business of our day. At that
date, and for many years later, the West sent East to procure her
seed, as it did for nearly everything else except raw material.
Now in seeds as in manufactured goods, she is largely self-supply-
ing.

In seed raising, all vegetables are classified into annuals and
biennials, as they bear seed the first or second year. The vines
are all annuals; the garden vegetables about all biennials. To
raise seed of biennials, the roots must be kept over winter and set
out again in the spring. In this respect, seed-growing in the
Middle States has an advantage over that in New England, for
some of the kinds can there be left out over winter where they
grew, with but slight protection, and there is, therefore, much less
cost in the handlins; of them.

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Including herbs, there are about seventy different species of
vegetable seeds planted in the farms and gardens of the United
States, and some of those species are very closely allied, as the
cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels-sprouts, broccoli, collards, kale,
kohl-rabi, and turnip, of the same family — almost of the same
genus. Of these seventy species, there are about four hundred
varieties found in the catalogues of the seedsmen of this country,
if we except the potato, of which, at the present time, inside and
outside of catalogues, the varieties are almost infinite.

In addition to these varieties, sub-varieties, or what are known
among seedsmen as "strains," are found more or less catalogued,
while the uncatalogued "strains" are countless, every village in
the land having something of its own ; something a little earlier or
a little later ; a little larger ; a little sweeter ; a little more prolific ;
a little better flavored ; a little more dwarf in its habit, or differing
in some way from the variety found in the catalogues of seedsmen.
When these differences are found to be so strongly marked as to
make them real acquisitions, it becomes the legitimate business of
the intelligent and enterprising seedsman to lift them out of their
local obscurity and honor them with a place in his catalogue as
new varieties.

Of the severity species of vegetables catalogued, less than
twenty enter into the general consumption of the people, the
remainder being mostly confined to the inhabitants of the large
cities, and but rarely wandering outside of tlie grounds of the
market gardener.

Where the seed sold by American seedsmen is grown is for the
most part a question of cost apd of climatic condition. Of the
seventy species of vegetable seed, more or less of over half the
varieties are imported ; of mangel-wurzel, about all ; ruta-baga
about nine-tenths ; spinach, about nine-tenths ; cauliflower, nearly
all; lettuce, about half; carrot, about half; egg-plant, about half;
pai'snip, about one-third ; radish, about all, with the exception of
Messrs. Landreth & Son, who practise raising their own. It is
the general belief of American seedsmen that foreign-grown
radish seed is larger and better than home-grown. Parsley seed is
largely imported ; Brussels-sprouts, broccoli, chiccory, endive,
kohlrabi, and Swiss chard are almost wholly imported, as is
salsify to a large extent.

GROWING SEEDS FOR THE MARKET. 177

Of celery, the finest varieties are grown iu this country in the
vicinity of our laroe cities. Of cucumbers, but a few, and those
of the fancy frame sorts, are imported. Of peas, the hard sorts
are home-grown, and most of what are called the softer, or
wrinkled, varieties. Of turnip seed, the early varieties are largely-
home-grown. Of cabbage seed, but few varieties are imported,
and these are confined almost wholly to a few early sorts. Onion
seed, with the exception of the Italian varieties, is almost wholly
an American crop.

The trouble about foreigu cabbage seed is, that the Drumhead
varieties which we cultivate in this country for the table, abroad
are merely grown for the consumption of animals, and the seed is
very generally raised from the stump. They grow them for
massiveuess, not hardness. Being only fed to stock, they are
not classed with table vegetables ; whereas here we grow them for
home consumption by the people, and aim to secure hard, solid
heads. The English-grown drumhead seed is, therefore, miserable
stuff, and hence it is not imported — certainly not by any seedsmen
who have any care for their reputation. An English seedsman
laughed at my folly when I told him I raised cabbage seed from
the head. ''Why," said he, "what a waste! we feed the heads
and raise seed from the stumps."

The foreign sources of seed are Canada, England, France and
Germany. The importations from Canada are confined to peas.
Peas grown in many parts of the country are very apt to be buggy ;
the preventive, as far as there is one, being to plant where the
intruder has not yet made his appearance, or so late that when the
pea blossoms his depredations will be past. Within a few
years a volatile compound, bisulphide of carbon, yielding a suffo-
cating stench, has been applied. This, used in small quantities
in some air-tight receptacle, among peas containing embryo wee-
vils, destroys them before they begin their mischievous work.
Other reasons why peas thrive especiaMy well in Canada are found
iu the cooler climate, which is more natural to the vegetable, and
in the cool, strong, clay soil, to which it appears to be especially
adapted.

From England we obtain most of our mangel-wurzel seed, some

of our early cabbage seed, some varieties of carrot, celery, frame

varieties of cucumber, leek, kohl-rabi, parsle}^ peas, radish, and

turnip, and a portion of our flower seed. One reason of this is,

12

178 MASSACHUSiETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that in England the clhnate is such that some of their seed stock —
mangels and cabbages, for example — to a large extent remains out
all winter, and they can grow seed very cheaply on that account.
We have to bury such stock, and there is some loss in carrying it
through the winter. With the smaller varieties of cabbage, it is
about "hit or miss." The chances are about half against any
attempt to raise seed from them, simply because we must expect
some waste, and, as you all know, it takes the loss of but a few
layers of leaves to use up the heads of the smaller varieties.

From France and Germany come, as a rule, the choicer varieties
of vegetable and flower seed. When they want something rather
extra in purity or the finest strain in the vegetable or flower seed
line, such as cauliflower, celery, lettuce, egg-plant or radish, our
seedsmen are very apt to turn towards France or Germany, rather
than the mother country, even though they may sometimes have to
pay rather a higher price for their purchase. The prices which
some choice seed bring would astonish you. I have paid as high
as $200 an ounce for choice cucumber seed.

Sixteen years ago, statistics of seed-raising in the United States
were very hard to procure. There were no records in regard to it,
and to get my data when writing on the subject at that time I had
to depend upon facts obtained through correspondence with indi-
vidual growers. Three years ago, for the first time, the United
States government obtained and published the statistics of the
seed business. From this report we present a few interesting facts.

David Landreth, who came to this country from Scotland in 1784,
a few years later established, near Philadelphia, in connection with
a nursery, a seed farm which is believed to have been the first in
this country. Up to 1850, about which time I began raising seeds,
there were less than nineteen seed farms in the United States, and
ten of these were in Connecticut. The Census of 1890 enumerated
596 such farms, of which Massachusetts had twenty-five, contain-
ing 1,221 acres. The total area of all these farms is 169,851
acres, valued, with tools and buildings, at $18,325,935, in 1890.
The acres given include those growing seed and seed stock.

For half a century prior to 1850 New York and Connecticut
produced more seeds than all the other states combined. New
York and New Jersey grow over half the asparagus seed used in
the United State^.. New York, Illinois, and Michigan grow five-
sixths of the e ied beans ; New York, Ohio, Nebraska, and Cali-

GKOWING SEEDS FOR THE MARKET. 179

fornia over two-thirds of the beet seed ; New York aud Pennsyl-
vauia half the cabbage seed and three-fifths of the carrot seed.
Nebraslva and Ohio are the great sweet corn growing states ; Ohio
aud Tennessee the great field corn states. Nebraska and Kansas
grow most of the cucumber seed, and New Jersey about as much
egg-plant seed as all the other states combined. California grows
nearly as much lettuce seed and twice as much onion seed as all the
other states. New Yorlv, Michigan, and Wisconsin grow more
peas than all the rest ; Michigan grows about three times as many
acres in squash seed as the New England States, while of tomato
seed she raises about seven times more than all the others. New
Jersey grows more muskmelon seed than all the other states ; Ten-
nessee and Kansas exceed all others in growing watermelon seed.
Nearly all the turnip seed is raised in New York and Connecticut,
while Iowa, California, New York, and Pennsylvania raise nearly
all the flower seed.

Manuring for Seed Crops. — For annual seeds, such as corn,
peas, beans, etc., we manure about the same as for common farm-
ing, varying as to quantity and method of application. Biennials
we feed as a rule more liberally, applying for seed onions, say, ten
cords per acre of good barnyard manure, broadcast ; and after the
onions are placed in the drill and before covering, applying five
hundred pounds of a complete fertilizer, of good quality, and then
covering ; if applied before placing the onions, the root is liable
to be burned. For seed cabbages, we prepare the drill or furrow
by running a heavy plow through it twice ; or sometimes dig a
hole for each cabbage. First, set the root, and then throw in half
a forkful of good manure close to each cabbage, as the new roots
will be short ; and upon this a half-handful of some fertilizer.
Pack it with the foot and then cover with soil. Thus set, the
plants will not be blown over. When mature they are sometimes
nearly six feet high. For beets, four or five cords of good manure
per acre is ample on land in good heart. Too highly fed they run
to leaf and giant stalks. After cabbage stock is set, if it is not
too much sprouted, the trenches may be filled by using Front's or
Chandler's horse hoe. The same may be applied to beets and
onions, if not too much grown. The cultivator should be run
through all seed stock ground once a week aud the weeds close to
the plants removed by hoe or hand. We hill most seed stock
to give more support to the seed plants.

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gathering, Drying, and Cleaning the Seed. — The stalks of
cabbage and cauliflower seed are pulled when the seedpods have ac-
quired a reddish color, laid on the ground and turned once or twice.
Beets are pulled when a large proportion of the seed appears ripe.
Onion seed tops are gathered when a small proportion of the seed
vessels have opened and show the seed. This must be done
promptly. They are dropped into baskets or bags, hanging from
the neck of the harvester, which, when filled, are emptied upon
large sheets of stout, twilled cotton cloth. Two or three cuttings
are necessary, as the seeds of these, and carrots also, ripen un-
equally as to time. The onion seed tops are spread one deep over
frames in an airy loft to dry. Dandelion seed must be gathered
early in the day or it will sail away.

The seeds are sometimes threshed out with a flail, upon a
*' floor" prepared upon the ground. The spot is cleared of stones,
made smooth, then covered wath old bagging, and a large spread
of sail canvas over that. One holds the bunch of seed stalks,
while two others thresh out the seed. Each half-day's thresh-
ing-product is taken up and carried into a dry, airy loft and
spread out to dry. There it is raked over twice a day to facilitate
the diying. If left in bags, or not stirred often when spread, the
mass may become heated, thus destroying the germinating power.
When thoroughly dry, it is bagged and ready for winnowing.
Beet seeds are sometimes threshed out by striking the stalks
against a large rock placed over a barrel. This is done while the
stalks are damp, because if thoroughly dry, they are very brittle,
and fragments of stock will mix with the seed, which adds to the
work of cleaning it. The seeds of squash, pumpkin, cucumber, mel-
on, and tomato, require water treatment, in the cleansing. Those
of the cucumber and tomato have a sticky coating, which requires
a degree of fermentation to remove. This process occupies from
one to ten days to effect the cleansing, which sxtso involves at the
last a current of water upon the seeds, which are placed in a sieve,
and the gelatinous matter is forced through the nleshes with
the stump of a broom, until the water passes off without froth or
any whitish color. The seeds are then spread out thinly — in the
sunshiue, if possible — to dry, and nuist be stirred twice daily.
Tomato seeds being heavier than water, sink, while the rest of the
fruit floats. Tliey are cleansed in sieves placed in a tub of water.
The first sieve allows the seeds to go through it ; the second sieve

GROWING SEEDS FOR THE MARKET. 181

retains the seed and lets the sand through ; after thorough wash-
ing the seed is freed from water and spread upon a clean floor to
dry. Squash and pumpkin seeds are not fully grown when the
fruit is gathered, but continue to grow until they have absorbed
the most of the entrails — the stringy pulp in which they are
imbedded ; for this reason the seeds are much better and more
easily cleansed later in the season. After their removal from the
fru.it — using a short-handled, stout spoon for this purpose — they
may stand a day or more to allow the enveloping mass to soften.
Then churn the same in water, and force them through a coarse
sieve. A thorough churning in a revolving churu will complete
the cleaning, and after rinsing and draining in sieves they should
be spread one deep upon cloth-covered racks placed six inches
apart in frames.

All seeds are winnowed before packing for market, and most
sorts require hand picking besides. The common winnowing mill
may be used, but requires numerous screens of finely graded sizes
of mesh to meet the needs of all varieties. The seed grower
on a large scale has for peas a tall chimney, with pockets attached
to the sides of the flue. The seed is poured in at the top, and by
forcing a strong current of air up from the base, much of the
lighter, poorer seed are blown out of the clear space and are
caught in the pockets. Onion seed may be put into water, when
the poor seed and motes float on the surface and are easily
removed, after which the seed is dried and winnowed.

After cleaning, tests for vitality are made and if the per cent is
too low it is again winnowed, and the process is repeated if
necessary until the right percentage sprouts.

Seed Corn. — When the centre shoot in the spindle curves, like
a bent finger, the field corn has begun to glaze and the stalk
having no more nourishment for it, the kernels getting all their
remaining nourishment from the cob, the ears can be broken off
and dropped between the rows, leaving the stalks in an excellent
state for the silo or drying. With twice turning while on the
ground the ears are soon ready for husking, when the largest,
smallest cobbed, and best filled are selected and spread one or two
deep, either on floors to be turned every day, or one deep on open-
work frames of laths, until the cobs are brittle, which indicates that
the seed is thoroughly ripe, when it is shelled, winnowed, sifted
and bagged. Sweet Corn requires more labor and care. The

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

early sorts, of which the Cory and Minnesota are types, are han-
dled in the same way as tield corn, with the exception that they
are bagged and carried to the seed house to be husked as soon
as gathered from the stalks. Varieties that are late for any
locality, as soon as the kernels are fully grown have the husks
stripped down, but not torn from the ears, while the stalks are
yet standing in the field, to give them a fortnight's exposure to the
sun before gathering. When gathered, after husking they are either
spread as long as the weather will permit, on frames, or on floors,
two deep in well aired seed houses, and turned daily. By the use
of carpenter's horses several openwork floors are made one above
another, with just sufficient space left between to permit a person to
crawl on hands and knees and turn the ears. The drying house
must have its sides all openwork, for no ordinary barn, however
well windowed, will admit sufficient air to keep the ears from
moulding. Very green corn may be saved b}' putting it on lath
frames supported just below the ceiling of a room artificially heated.
Carrying Seed Stock Through the Winter. — Cabbages it is
usual to bury. First, plow a furrow, going and returning with
a large plow, and throw out soil to six inches in depth. Take off
some outside leaves and set the plants in the furrow. Plow a sec-
ond furrow, and throw soil from it, with shovels, on top of the first
row of plants. Set another row of plants and so proceed. Rows
can be set each side of the first row, and repeat. The soil thrown
out covers the plants four inches deep. Lastly, plow a furrow all
I'ound the bed and against it, and a branch furrow also for drain-
age. When the covering soil is frozen hard enough to bear up a
man, cover with two inches of forest leaves — oak is the best kind
— then lay from six to ten inches of meadow hay, covering down
to the ditch. Branches trimmed from trees should be laid on the
hay to hold it. Onions are best stored in a dry,- cool cellar in bins,
or on shelves about ten inches deep. They may be placed in an out-
building in a heap eighteen inches high and frozen. In such case
cover with meadow hay fifteen inches thick, both top and sides,
and leave till opened for planting. Most will come out sound but
will yield one-quarter less crop of seed than if not frozen. Beets
are easily wintered either in outdoor pits or in the cellar, care
being taken to keep from freezing or drying. Two feet of earth,
with corn stalks on top of the beets will protect them when buried
outside. Carrots nuist be kept cool or they will rot. Sprinkle sand

GROWING SEEDS FOR THE MARKET. 183

among them and cover with the same. As good a way probably,
as any, is to plant them so late that they will not get over-ripe and
then put them in trenches of two feet in depth and not over eighteen
inches wide, covering with sufficient straw and soil to keep out
earlj'^ freezing and adding two feet of earth when the season for
very cold weather arrives.

The Subtractions. — Onion seed are subject to attack from
thrips and two forms of blight of a fungous character ; one attacks
the stalk and the other the seed heads. The crop may be excep-
tionally promising up to within a week of its ripening, when either
of these blights — that which attacks the stalk is much the more
common — may nearly ruin it.

Cauliflower seed is one of the most ditflcult and uncertain of all
seed to raise. The same number of plants which of one variety
gave me sixty pounds of seed, of two other kinds cultivated in the
same locality, an island near the Marblehead shore, manured and
fertilized in the same way, gave me but little over a great spoon-
ful each. In these cases it was not because the heads were small
or feeble, for some of them were of enormous dimensions, being
much larger than the largest I have ever seen exhibited at our
annual fairs. As the heads matured they rotted instead of sending
out seed shoots.

Other subtractions from the profit of the seed grower might be
added, such as the loss by injury to the seed from the decaying of
squashes and all that class of vegetables, but what I have detailed
will suffice to show that the seed raiser has to learn not only the
subtractions which he has in common with the farmer in raising all
vegetables for seed stock, but other and additional losses which
are peculiar to his own business.

Seed raising and saving is not all smooth sailing. The covering
for cabbages sometimes proves to be too heavy for a warm winter,
causing sprouting and rotting of the heads before it is safe to plant
them out ; or too light for a very cold winter, in which case they
are frozen through the stumps and so ruined for seed purposes.
If they have been frozen through the stump the fact can be
detected by the presence of a ring of dark color when the stump
is cut transversely. The head may be in good market condition,
and send forth sprouts, yet such will invariably rot below the head
as the season advances, and ultimately die. Fifteen or twenty
years ago the thermometer, with no snow on the ground, fell

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

several degrees below zero in March, and so continued for three
days, the wind all the while blowing a gale. As a consequence
there was no cabbage seed raised in New England that season.
AVhat was in the market brought ten dollars a pound at wholesale.
I have personally reason for remembering the event for I lost
20,000 heads in a single bed. After the cabbages are planted
out the ends of the sprouts are liable to be nipped by late frosts,
the result of which is to mal^e a growth of branches starting low
down and getting top-heavy and breaking off as the season
advances. As the seed matures the seed birds claim their share,
which is sometimes a large one. I have dreaded inroads from
English sparrows, but thus far, tliough seed-eating birds, as
is evident from their short, strong bills, have lost but little
cabbage seed by them. Millet seed they claim a monopoly
of. Parsnip seed, when near ripening, is oftentimes attacked by
a web worm which soon ruins the crop if it is not sprinkled with
air-slacked lime. Perhaps some of the new insecticides would
be as efficacious.

Beans, especially of the White Wax variety, are very likely to be
attacked by the fungus popularly called the rust. 'This first
attacks the pods and works through to the beans themselves, not
injuring their vitality but giving them an unsightl}^ appearance.
If they are sufficiently matured to allow them to be pulled as soon
as the fungus appears on the pods, the beans can thus be saved from
injur}^ The bean weevil is working his way north and begins to
make serious trouble in some localities. Peas are also troubled
with these weevils, but by the use of bi-sulphide of carbon they
can be desti'oyed while yet too young* to injure the peas for seed
purposes. Late planted peas and those raised far north are almost
exempt from their ravages. In raising peas for seed it will not do
to manure too highly, as this may produce in some varieties a second
or even third setting of pods, which will make the picking of them
over very costly. I have paid sixty dollars for the picking over of
as many bushels. Lettuce is a difficult seed to raise near the sea-
coast, where it is very apt to blast. Carrots are a hard seed stock to
keep. They cannot be pitted like beets for they will heat and rot ;
if kept in cellars they are apt to dry hard or again rot. If piled
wood fashion, they will usually, but not always, keep well, and the
same may be said of them when laid lengthwise in open and nicked
barrels.

GROWING SEEDS FOR THE MARKET. 185

Seed raising on a large scale, and at the low prices caused by
keen competition, will let down the bars of carefulness, and iu
order to make a living profit, the seed-grower will be compelled to
raise his seed with little care for purity or quality of stock,
isolation in growth, or the care necessary in the drying to preserve
its generative power. Hundreds of careful field trials of so-called
Danvers onion seed have demonstrated the fact that in the general
stock of seed in the market there is more or less of red and white
onions, while in shape they are of all grades, from the round
Danvers down to the flat Strasburgs ; and although there are some
excellent exceptions, there are very many thick necks and scullions.
Such results accord with the experience of the leading vegetable
dealers in Boston markets. They will also tell you that the best
onions iu the market are raised between Boston and Newburyport.
There is no branch of agriculture or horticulture in Massachusetts
that needs more encouragement than does seed growing. As a busi-
ness in New England it is fast being extinguished, or is removing to
the West. The large firms which used to grow all their seeds in New
England have either gone West, or, if still here, have the largest
part of their seed raised at the West How can it be otherwise?
How can we, at their prices, compete successfully with their richer
soil, and cheaper labor — for the field work there is largely
done by females, or, as in California, b}^ cheap Chinese labor.
By better selection from stock grown on land not so rank as the
rich soil of the West, New England still clainis superior excellence
for her home-grown seed. There is no such exhibition of fine
vegetables made at any fair outside of Massachusetts as is yearly
shown in the rooms of this Society ; but they are not raised from
Western-grown seeds. It is possible that the Society may
continue to have its exhibitions of fine vegetables without lifting a
finger to encourage the raising of home-grown seed, because so
many of the exhibitors raise their own seeds. But ours is a State
and not merely a Boston Society. The agriculturists of the State
at large must depend on Western seed, if home-grown seed cannot
be obtained. The Society now generously encourages the raising
of fine vegetables. Why should it not encourage the raising of
good seeds, which are necessary for the growing of fine vegetables?

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on
"Vegetables Under Glass," by William D. Philbrick of Newton
Centre.

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 24, 1894.

A Meeting for Discussion was holden at eleven o'clock, the
President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair. The following
paper was read by the author :

Vegetables Under Glass.

By AViLMAji D. Philbriok, Newton Centre.

The art of forcing vegetables is a very old one ; indeed, it is
older than that of glass making. We are told that the gardener
of the Roman Emperor Tiberius knew how to gratify the luxur-
ious taste of his master by supplying his table with cucumbers
throughout the entire year ; and that they were forced during the
winter season by growing them in baskets of fermenting manure
covered with loam, and protected at night by removing them under
shelter of some building, but in the day time they were sheltered
under very large plates of talc or mica. This is the earliest
account of a hotbed of which there is any record, and dates at
the second century of our era, when glass was very slightly known
as a material for windows, if, indeed, it was used then at all for
this purpose.

Comparatively little seems to have been done during the so-
called middle ages in the way of gardening under glass ; such
arts did not flourish under the bloody wars and savage habits
which prevailed in those times. But we read of a shelter built b}^
one Solomon de Cans at Heidelberg, Germany, in 1619, for
storing orange trees during the winter. It was built with glass
sides but was covered with an opaque roof, and nothing is said
about any artificial method of heating it. A greenhouse for
groAving fruit trees was built at Chelsea, in England, about 1664,
with glass sides and opaque roof, and a siniilar structure was
erected at New 'York in 1764.

But the general use of the hotbed and greenhouse for forcing
vegetables, fruits, and flowers, out of season, is a comparatively
recent practice, and except in the gardens of the wealthy very
little of such woi'k was done till within about fifty years.

At present, as every one knows, their use is almost universal,
and no gardener, of howsoever humble pretensions, attempts to

VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. 187

get along without at least a hotbed, while in the large market
gardens the glass is measured by the acre.

The hotbed, being of simpler construction than the greenhouse,
was used by gardeners earlier than the greenhouse, and even now
has many advantages in the spring of the year, especially in
growing plants for setting out in the open air; the ease with
which the bed can be freely aired, or on fine days exposed
entirely to the open air, by removing the glass, is a point not to
be attained under the permanent roof of the greenhouse.

Boston gardeners have for about fifty years grown lettuce for the
New York market, and even now it is probable that more than
half of the lettuce grown near Boston is consumed in the great
metropolis. At first it was grown only in hotbeds, and gardeners
seemed to think that it could not be grown of good quality unless
within a few inches of the glass; but about twenty-eight years
ago some of the gardeners of Newton and Belmont began to
experiment in building greenhouses, being forced to this by the
scarcity of horse manure, which was used by the Arlington
gardeners in great quantities for their hotbeds ; indeed at this time
the number of hotbeds on many farms was limited only by the
amount of manure that could be bought. The price of manure
was then about six to eight dollars per cord in Boston ; at present
it is worth from one dollar to nothing at all. Hotbeds, however,
have not entirely gone out of use ; indeed there are probably more
of them used now than ever before ; but much the larger part of
the increase of glass for vegetal^le growing during the last twenty
years, has been in the construction of new greenhouses.

Hotbeds. — The construction of hotbeds, as described in many
Ibooks on gardening, is a much more expensive method than is at
all necessary, or than is followed by most practical gardeners.
There is no need of using nearly so much "heat" as the books
usually advise, and a bed sunk in the ground so that the glass
shall be only a few inches above the general surface, is far easier
to build and to manage, than one heaped up two or three feet high,
as is often advised in the books.

The hotbed is usually built in November. The location selected
should be well drained, with a nearly level surface ; if it slopes
slightly to the south or south-east it will be better. The work is
commenced by building a tight board fence, six and a half feet
-high, running nearly east and west. The posts for the fence are

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

usually set slautiug about oue foot from the perpeudicular, so that
the mats, shutters, or sashes may be leaned up against the feuce^
when working the bed, without danger of being easily blown down
by the wind. The land south of the fence is enriched with a good
dressing of fine manure or chemical fertilizers ; then plowed and
harrowed till thoroughly fine, and graded so that the surface shall
slope a little from the fence, and be nearly level from end to end
of the bed. The planks which are to form the sides of the frame
are then put in place ; the plank for the north side being of two-
inch by twelve-inch pine, spruce, or cypress ; the plank for the
south side two-inch by ten-inch stock. The north plank is set two
feet from the fence, the planks being held in place by stakes oue
inch by three inches, driven into the ground with a heavy maul,
upon the outside of the plank, and nailed to the plank. The
plank on the south side of the bed must be set exactly six feet —
outside measure — from the wider one on the north side, and
carefully adjusted so that its upper edge shall be about four or five
inches lower than that of the north side, which will give sufficient
pitch to the glass.

The frame will need braces across the bed once in about ten
feet to keep the planks from springing. The earth should be
banked against the outside of the planks to withiu about five
inches of the top. Before the ground freezes much, the whole
should be covered with straw, eel-grass, or coarse manure ta
protect the inside from freezing till such time as the bed is
required for use, which is usually at a season when everything
outside is frozen up pretty solid. Sometimes when the bed is to
be used early in the winter it is simply protected by placing the
glass and shutters over it. Whenever it is desired to work the
bed, the covering is stripped off, and the loam thrown out to a
sufHcieut depth to admit the "heat" with its covering of loam, and
still leave room for the plants under the glass. The nature of the
plants to be grown, and the season of the year when it is to be
done, will regulate the depth to whicli the bed must be dug out.
For early winter work, and for cucumbers, a strong heat of from
twelve to fourteen inches of hot dung will be needed, covered with
six or eight inches of loam, and this will require the pit to be dug
out about two feet or two and a half feet below the top of the
frame. For later in the season a "heat" of from six to eight
inches, will usually be found quite enough. When beds are care-

VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. 189

fully made, and the " heat " is of uuiforin quality, they work very
well, aud in skillful hands produce excellent crops, especially in
the latter part of winter and in spring ; Ijut for all- winter work
the greenhouse is far preferable.

As I said before, it is now about twenty-eight years since some
of the enterprising gardeners of Belmont and Newton began to
experiment in building greenhouses for growing lettuce. The first
houses were built of hotbed sashes, the experimenters having so
little confidence in the success of the plan that they were unwilling
to risk a permanent roof, which could not easily be pulled down
and used again for hotbeds. It was then the common belief that
lettuce must be grown within a few inches of the glass, aiid the
houses were built low, with just room enough above the beds to
work them, and with the roof almost as fiat as a hotbed. It was
soon found, however, that lettuce equally good grew at several
feet distant from the glass, and that it was better to give the roof
more pitch in order to shed snow and rain. The houses now built
for this purpose have a pitch of from twenty to twenty-five de-
grees, and some of them are four hundred feet long and fifty feet
wide, with a ridge twenty feet above the beds. It is found that
these houses are far better than hotbeds for winter growius; of
lettuce and cucumbers, and the increase of glass during the last
five years has been chiefly in the line of greenhouses, while not a
few additional houses have been covered with old hotbed sashes.
The permanent glass roof, however, is preferable unless it is
desired to remove the roof during spring or summer to work on
the beds, as is still practised by some gardeners.

The amount of glass used for forcing vegetables, within ten
miles of Boston, is at present probably about fifteen acres, and of
this rather more than half is in greenhouses ; nearly four acres are
to be found on one farm, that of Mr. Warren W. Rawson of
Arlington.

I have little to add to the excellent lecture you have recentl}^
listened to from Mr. Burnham on the construction of greenhouses ;
the preference seems to be just now for glass about eighteen by
twenty-four inches and cypress lumber sash-bars, supported by
iron pipe for posts. In large establishments, steam has decided
advantages over hot water for heating.

The large establishments keep a night fireman to tend the
boilers, burning bituminous coal, which not onh' is cheaper but

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

will produce more steam per ton than the anthracite. To be
"worked economically, the fire should have a strong draft, and be
frequently tended. It is a mistake to suppose, as many do, that a.
dull, slow fire is economical, for the coal is imperfectly consumed
in such a fire, and nearly half of its heating power goes up the
chimney as carbonic oxide. In small establishments, however,
where the saving in coal will not pay the wages of a night fireman,
it is necessary to burn anthracite and burn it slowly.

The chief advantage of steam over hot water consists in the
ease with which the heat can be distributed just where and when
wanted. One of the best illustrations of this point that has come
under my notice is at the farm of Mr. E. N. Pierce, of Waverly,
where six large greenhouses are heated from one large boiler, by
means of 8,800 feet of one and one-quarter-inch pipe, branching
from a four-inch main. In this case the boiler is worked under a
pressure of about ten pounds of steam, and is set at a level of
about forty feet below the highest house, and about twelve feet
below the lowest one, so that the water from condensed steam in-
the radiating pipes returns to the boiler by gravity. The fireman
sleeps in a room over the boiler, which is provided with an electric
alarm that wakes him whenever the pressure of steam goes below
ten pounds per inch.

In planning for steam heating, it is very important to have the
boiler set at a level low enough to drain the water promptly from
the radiating pipes, bearing in mind that the friction of the steam
in passing through a long system of circulation, together with the
condensation, will reduce the pressure, so there will often be
several pounds difference in pressure between the flow and return
pipes ; therefore the boiler must be set low enough to balance this,
or the water will accumulate in the pipes and they will cease to
radiate heat. Two feet head of water will balance about one
pound difference in pressure, and it is desirable for this reason to
have at least four or five feet difference of level between the
lowest heating pipes and the boiler. But no exact rule can be
given, since much depends on the size of the pipes used, their
length, and the consequent reduction of pressure. A good sized
main steam-pipe will do much to favor good circulation, and if it
radiates more heat than is wanted it can be wrapped with felt.
Much of the difficulty encountered in steam heating is due to
ignorance, or neglect of the principles above stated.

VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. 191

The vegetables mostly forced for market at present are, in their
order of importance, lettuce, cucumbers, radishes, dandelions,
beets and beet-greens, parsley, mint, and cress. Mushrooms are
also largely forced, but not under glass ; dark pits are used for
this purpose.

Lettuce is by far the most largely grown and used of all the
forced vegetables. Most of the greenhouses produce two or three
successive crops of lettuce each winter, followed by a crop of
cucumbers in spring and summer.

The immensely increased use of lettuce and other forced vege-
tables has kept pace with the supply until this winter ; the general
depression of business, with a large number of unemployed men
who usually buy such delicacies when earning good wages,^
together with the unusually good condition in which southern
lettuce has arrived in the New York market, has combined to
force the price temporarily below the cost of production. But a
reaction has already begun, and it is not unlikely that there will
be seasons of scarcity and high prices in the future, though it is
hardly probable that the average prices will be as high as hereto-
fore. And it is not desirable that they should be ; for there is
nothing that contributes so surely to the health of a family as a
liberal use of freshly grown salads, and they should be sold at
prices that will bring them within the reach of people of moderate
means. At all events let us hope that the increased use of lettuce
and cucumbers is not an index of debasing luxury, such as caused
the decay and ruin of the Roman Empire, but is a sign, rather, of
the appreciation among the common people of the healthful effect
of the free use of fresh vegetables.

The care of greenhouses and hotbeds demands constant atten-
tion, especially the greenhouses. One of our humorous market
gardeners once said, in enumerating the advantages derived from
them, that they furnish a safe retreat at night for the head of the
family, during periods of domestic strife ; and also a convenient
excuse for staying away from church, since they always need
airing at the time of morning services. Joking aside, they cer-
tainly demand most constant attention both day and night for
seven days of every week, and a little neglect will quickly convert
a promising and valuable crop into a sickening mass of frozen or
scorched rubbish.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

But foi" those who love to watch and care for growing plants
there is an indescribable fascination in raising them at a season
when all Nature without is locked up in snow and ice. I imagine
that this pleasure is quite independent of the supposed profit of
farming under glass, and, in many cases this year, is the only
reward on which the owner can depend with certainty.

There are some difficulties in the way of gardening under glass
which can only be overcome by constant care and watchfulness ;
and others that are imperfectly understood, and demand further
study by men of science and practical experience.

Among the difficulties which may be overcome by care, the most
common are maintaining a suitable degree of temperature and
moisture for the plants in question ; a simple thing enough to state
and to give directions for, but in our fickle climate a most difficult
task to accomplish without a night watchman ; and who shall
watch the watchman ? Few greenhouses are provided with heat-
ing apparatus sufficient to carry a proper heat for eight or ten
hours during a blizzard without attention ; and a sudden fall in
the outer temperature of twenty or thirty degrees during the night
will often cause destruction with the unwary. And with some
plants too high a temperature is quite as injurious as too low, and
overheating is almost as common a fault in their management as
any other.

Among the difficulties that are as yet imperfectly understood
are the treatment of insects and fungous diseases. The aphis is a
very destructive pest in greenhouses and hotbeds ; it thrives best
in a rather warm temperature, and attains its best development
when fed upon good lettuce and cucumber plants. The best
remedy is careful and fi'equent smoking with tobacco, and for this
purpose I have found that the fine tobacco dust furnishes a safer
and more manageable smoke than the stems or leaves.

Another class of pests that we know less al)out are the various
mildews and rots of the lettuce and cucumber plants. In general
the best way to fight them is to begin with clean plants and a
clean house ; the plants being grown in fresh loam, in a hotbed
where none of the same species have lately been grown. Be-
fore setting tlie plants, fumigate the vacant greenhouse with a
strong sulphur smoke, which will kill every living thing ; and
after setting them keep them growing vigorously in a congenial
heat and moisture. Stunted and unhealthy plants are far more

GROWING VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS. 193

subject to injury b}- both insects and fungous diseases than those
in healthy growth.

A good crop of both lettuce and cucumbers is usually grown in
a new greenhouse the first year, but the succeeding crops are far
more subject to disease. This suggests the importance of the
system of rotation of crops, where it is possible to adopt it, in
order to avoid the spores of fungi, which rapidly accuipulate in the
soil and surroundings where repeated crops of the same vegetable
are grown. This is not always easy to accomplish, the great
demand for forced lettuce obliging the gardener to repeat this crop
often.

Discussion.

Benjamin M. Watson, Jr., inquired concerning the arrangement
of pipes for heating.

Mr. Philbrick replied that, under the impression that cucumbers
and lettuce required bottom heat, the pipes were at first placed under
the beds. Three objections to that arrangement were soon mani-
fest ; first, that the pipes dried the soil too quickly ; second, that
the pipes so placed failed to heat the air in the house sufficiently ;
and third, that the benches soon decayed. Therefore it w^as de-
cided that the pipes must be either in the alleys or overhead,
and the beds ])uilt upon the ground.

Mr. Philbrick added that certain vegetables can be grown
together successfully, but he prefers to grow only one kind at a
time in one house. Amateur gardeners, however, often wish to
grow several vegetables together. Dandelions Avill thrive in a tem-
perature of 40° at night ; lettuce from 45° to 50°. Yet dandelions,
lettuce, and radishes can be grow^n together easily. Cucumbers
require more heat ; still, in their younger stages of growth, rad-
ishes or beets may be grown with them ; but when the}^ begin to
bear fruit they demand so much more heat, as well as more room,
that radishes cannot succeed. Tomatoes, like cucumbers, must
have a high temperature. In growing strawberries and cucum-
bers under glass, one great difficulty is in fertilizing the flowers.
If bees are about the premises they will perform this work for
cucumbers, but otherwise hand-fertilization will be imperative.
Lettuce will head when the temperature runs up to 80° in the sun-
shine ; but high temperature at night must be guarded against.
Lettuce is also liable to be burned at 80° temperature in the day-
13

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

time, but this cau generally be prevented by wetting down the
paths ; in doing this, however, care must be taken not to wet
the plants ; they must never be wet when the sun is shining hot
upon them. In watering these plants, it does not matter whether
it be done in the morning or the afternoon, provided the water is
quickly dried off the plants. When a new bed for a crop of let-
tuce has been prepared in a house, it should be thoroughly wet
down three or four hours before planting, but the soil should not
be muddy when the plants are set. After the planting is com-
pleted give a light watering. Where a bed is built two or three
feet high, with an air space beneath, it requires more watering.

In preparing a hotbed to start a lettuce crop in December,
there should be a foot and a half of hot dung put in for the neces-
sary heat. In January the circumstances are very different, and
one foot of dung would suffice. The amount and frequency of
watering would depend largely upon the weather.

Samuel Hartwell spoke of a greenhouse, five hundred feet
long, devoted to forcing vegetables, which has been run four
years without a change of soil. Some of the plants in the last crop
were blasted.

Mr. Philbrick said that a new greenhouse could sometimes be run
three or four years — somethnes only one year — without trouble
from fungus, where the same soil is used continuously ; but, as a
rule, in all such houses crops will sooner or later begin to fail. If
fungous diseases do not appear, insect pests are almost sure to do
so. Generally it is necessary to take out the old soil to the depth
of about six inches and replace it with fresh earth, when rotation
of crops cannot be practised.

Mr. Hartwell asked what insects most generally infested such
greenhouses.

Mr. Philbrick replied that the most generally troublesome
insects are the aphis, the red spider, and the cut-worm. Fumiga-
tion with tobacco will usually prove a remedy for the aphis. For
the red spider, wet down the plants as often as it can be done
safely. The cut- worm is active at night, and by going around
frequently in the evening, the gardener can find them at work and
crush them.

John Parker suggested the use of a ring of stout manilla paper,
or of wood, made large enough to pass over the plant and rest on
the ground. No cut-worm will ci'oss it to the plant.

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 195

Mr. Philbrick asked if the worm would not crawl under the
ring.

Mr. Parker said that the ring or hoop must he pressed down
into the soil, which will pi'event the worms from crawling under it.
They will not crawl over any surface except earth or stone. The
ring may be made of tin or any other metal if desii-ed. He had
found that if three thin pieces of wood — such as shingle, cigar
box, or any other thin stock, cut one and a half inches wide by
six inches long — are set on edge in triangular form, around a
plant and sunk half an inch into the soil, with earth pressed
against the lower part of the outside, they will serve nicely as
protectors and can be used year after year for that purpose.
If, however, the worm lies buried within the ring or the wooden
triangle, of course it can come up and work destruction as though
no such guard were there.

The Chair announced for the next meeting a paper on "Horti-
culture at the World's Columbian Exposition," by William J.
Stewart, of Winchester.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 31, 1894.

A Meeting for Discussion was holden at eleven o'clock, the
President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair. The following
paper was read by the author :

Ornamental Horticulture at the World's Columbian
Exposition.

By WiLLiAji J. Stewart, Winchester.

For the pen, the brush, and the camera, the World's Columbian
Exposition furnished a fruitful field. Through these agencies the
country has been flooded with thousands of pictures and hundreds
of thousands of printed pages, until those magnificent structures
and their environs seem almost as familiar to us as the domed
building on our own Beacon Hill. The World's Fair lecturer, too,
has been abroad in the land and it would appear as though little
remains to be said that has not already been recounted until

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

people are well-nigh wearied of the subject. But, on perusing the
pages of a certain much-heralded work on the World's Columbian
Exposition and there finding under the subject of Floriculture,
"twenty Azalea Mollis all in pink and white, flowering in June"
recorded as one of the most notable exhibits, and the further
interesting information that " Roses were planted six inches deep
on account of the little root they had on arrival," one is forced to
the conclusion that possibly there may still be found in that
department something as yet unchronicled but well deserving of
our thoughtful consideration.

The domain of Horticulture is today too broad and too compre-
hensive to be treated as one subject, even if one had the requisite
experience in all its departments. Its great subdivisions, pomology,
viticulture, market gardening — all well illustrated at Chicago —
each a noble industry iu itself, with its own peculiar conditions
and special interests — have, with the exception of their direct
dependence upou the soil for existence, little iu common with that
horticulture which ministers to the artistic perceptions rather than
the physical necessities of mankind, whose cultivation exalts and
ennobles the mind as no other art ever can, and gives to Horticul-
tnre its strongest hold upon the hearts of our people. Horticulture
without Ornamental Horticulture would prove but a feeble
attraction.

Ornamental Horticulture is the only horticulture with which I
am familiar, and to the consideration of that subject I have con-
fined this brief paper, purposely avoiding the infliction upon you
of a detailed list or description of the exhibits at Chicago or
statistics of any kind.

As illustrated at the World's Fair, Ornamental Horticulture
may be considered, first, in its capacity as an indispensable
feature of the equipment of the grounds and buildings ;

Second, as illustrating the varied horticultural attractions,
resources, and industries of countries and states remote from each
other and widely differing in climate and topography ; and

Third, as oiTering an opportunity for individuals and iu-ms
engaged in horticultural pursuits, to exlii])it to the world in
friendly competition the results of their labors.

Under the first heading properly belongs the landscape work.
Without the aid of the landscape architect in designing and locat-
ing, and the gardener in adorning, those beautiful buildings —

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 197

triumphs of architecture as they were — would have lost much of
their impressiveuess. It was the magic of our great landscape
architect that made the setting for all those jewels ; that brought
them into harmony and united them with subtle skill into one great
and almost perfect whole. I say " almost perfect" for one could
not help regretting that while Horticulture was recognized in part,
to the extent of beautiful lawns, yet in the planting the finishing
touches were missing, and it was evident that some one had
forgotten that floral adornmeut is just as necessary in such a
picture as green lawns and picturesque lagoons. This omission
was painfully apparent in that otherwise charming feature, the
Wooded Island. The design and conception of the rose garden
here was a grand thing, and the geileral planning of beds and
paths good, but in the ti'eatment of its shores, color was the one
thing lacking. There are schools of painting that indulge in
absence of color ; nevertheless color has a place in art. It exists
in Nature and is always pleasing in the landscape. But whatever
individual preferences may be, it is not too much to claim that in
a World's Fair all schools of gardening should have had an oppor-
tunity. The decoration of the Wooded Island with colored lanterns
at night was in questionable taste. The best that can be said of it
is, that its artificial effect suited well for holiday purposes, and
made an impression by appealing to the love of the spectacular.

Horticultural Hall next claims our attention. An ill-appointed
structure, unsuited for the purpose it was supposed to serve, its
principal claim to notice was that it was the biggest thing of the
kind on earth. This building should not have been constructed
without the best horticultural advice obtainable. In any event its
central apartment should never have been allotted to competitive
exhibits, but its decoration and furnishing should have been done
and paid for under Department control as a part of the general
adornment, in the same manner as the landscaping, lighting, or
painting.

The management, having disregarded the oft-repeated warnings
and entreaties of practical horticulturists regarding the necessity
for giving to this section a full year's start ahead of the other
departments of the Fair, found themselves confronted with an
immense buildiug and little to put in it. A loud appeal for help
was then made. Massachusetts helped a little, but it was mainly
through the efforts of New York and Pennsylvania that a present-

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

able appearance was finally secured. The horticulturists of these
States applied for and received the share, to which they were
fairly entitled, of the liberal appropriations made by their legisla-
tures, and then took hold with a will to help out the management.
Can any words of condemnation then be too severe for the neglect
of proper supervision, the bad judgment, the ingratitude, which,
after the hall had been filled, largely through the generous action
of distant States, permitted it to be desecrated by cheap lemonade
stands and peddlers of knickknacks, soap, and candy?

Let us now consider the displays made in the name of the
various States and foreign countries. Unfortunately but few of
these were worthy of passing notice. The West did almost
nothing ; Illinois, which should have been first, was conspicuous
by the absence of any respectable endeavor on her part, the sur-
roundings of her State Building, even, being a most miserable
attempt. Outside of New York and Pennsylvania, no State
exhibit of any great pretensions was made. Between these two
there was a strong effort for supremacy. The character of the
exhibits made by these states, many of the plants contributed
having been cultivated within their borders for the past forty
years, showed that for a generation, at least, horticulture has had
a strong foothold there, and their public spirited action is entitled
to all praise ; and of Ontario's exhibit this may be said with equal
truth.

But I believe that the principle followed in these instances was
not the best. Suppose, that instead of Japan's faithful represen-
tation of native gardening processes, Mexico's curious cacti. New
Zealand's wonderful tree ferns, and Holland's grand collective ex-
hibit of hardy azaleas and rhododendrons, these countries had con-
tril)uted merely a diversified exhibit of greenhouse plants, what a
loss in interest and educational value the horticultural department
would have suffered. The enterprise and rivalry of individuals
engaged in the trade might safely have been depended upon for
miscellaneous displays of plants, from all quarters of the globe,
but States should have taken advantage of the opportunity to
set forth their own native resources and localized industries.
What an exhibit Massachusetts might have made, for instance,
with a naturally jilanted collection of her native flora. A bit of
meadow, a rocky hillside, gay with innumerable species of shrubs
and wild flowei's, from tlie first pussy willow and hepaticas of

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLD's FAIR. 199

spring time, all through a range of floral loveliness that for vari-
ety and beauty can be excelled nowhere, down to the last purple
aster of autumn !

If you would learn whether the people are interested in such
things, look over in that further corner of this hall any Saturday
afternoon next summer, and see them crowd about the little wild
treasures collected from the woods and fields. Let the display of
roses, orchids, and lilies be ever so gorgeous, you will always find
that corner holding its own.

It may be asked whether the advocacy of such a course is not
detrimental to the interests of Commercial Floriculture. I say
Floriculture will never suffer because a love of Nature is inculcated
by her followers. The onl}^ reverses ever sustained by Commercial
Floriculture have been when it has shown a tendency to part
•company with Nature and drift into paths of excessive artificiality.

" This thou shouhlst know, who from the painted feature
Of shifting Fasliion, couldst thy bretliren turn
Unto the love of ever-youtliful Nature,
And of a beauty fadeless and eterne."

In the old fashioned garden connected with her State building
Massachusetts rose to the full height of her opportunity. This
■was one of the gems of the Fair. It was, as Mr. W. R. Smith
truly said, "well conceived and elegantly carried out."

In considering the competitive displays in the different classes,
the first point claiming our attention is the provision made for this
department. As before suggested, the various buildings intended
for these exhibits should have been constructed with direct
reference to their future contents, but they were not. Had this
been done, we should have been spared the painful sensation of
seeing rare and delicately reared tropical specimens, gradually
chilling to death from standing for months on the cold floor under
the same roof and in the same atmosphere with tough, hardy and
half-hardy plants. The exhibitors on the Wooded Island were
well provided for while the spring weather lasted, but the porous
soil of which this artificial ground was of necessity constructed,
and the shameful neglect of proper provision for watering during
the hot summer season, made havoc with the herbaceous plantings
at the time of the greatest attendance of visitors. Nevertheless,
the "Wooded Island was a most attractive spot, and through its

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

iufluence the use of hardy plants iu gardeuiug must have received
a great impetus throughout the West.

A few of the individual exhibits which were of superlative
merit were Pitcher & Manda's magnificent display of decorative
plants ; the canuas from Dreer, Vaughan, Piersou, and Craig ; the
cacti from Blanc ; the rhododendrons from Moser and Waterer,
the last including a most instructive collection of seedlings, and
the fancy caladiums from Rio Janeiro, which were a revelation.
In general the irises, poeonies, campanulas, poppies, pansies,
azaleas and other outdoor displays on the Island iu the early
months were wonderfully fine. The opportunity given to the
seedsmen for the competitive exhibits of florists' flowers, including
cyclamens, cinerarias, primroses, and calceolarias, was taken full
advantage of, and although sharply criticised at the time, proved
to be well worth all it cost, for it attracted many thousands of
visitors to the grounds before the Fair proper was opened, and the
exhibits were of the highest merit, clearly demonstrating the
marvellous results possible from close attention to the development
and improvement of specialties. It is much to be regretted that
of gladioli, which are now exported from this country by millions,
the only exhibit of any extent was a foreign one. Tuberoses,
another important American product, were scarcely seen. The
extensive display of horticultural implements of American manu-
facture ; also the examples of greenhouse construction, heating,
and ventilation shown by our horticultural builders, were most
creditable, considering the opportunities afforded.

The system of judging and awards at the World's Fair has been
the cause of much dissatisfaction, and it is not probable that it
will be regarded as worthy of adoption on any future occasion.
It sounded much better in theory than it proved to be in practice.
The one-judge plan is un-American in principle, and places too
much responsibility on one man ever to become popular. The
interests of every competitor in an exhibition demand that the
chances of an unfair verdict be minimized as far as possible.
Against a decision reached after due deliberation by three
experts, no protest can have any weight. This question of judg-
ing is of vital importance to every society, for unless exhibitors
are satisfied that every precaution has been taken to secure full
justice tliey will stay away.

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLU'S FAIR. 201

The Columbiau Medals are not likely to be valued so liighl}' by
their recipients as they might have been had they been less freely
awarded, or had they been so designed as to indicate degrees of
merit. A medal for a rare and skillfully grown plant or group of
plants, loses most of its significance as soon as it becomes known
that it differs in no respect from that given for a collection of wire
designs, a plant sprinkler, or a wreath of dried mosses. It is true
that in the diplomas accompanying the medals, points of excel-
lence in exhibits are carefully noted, but the diploma can never
take the place of the medal as an award to be striven for, and it
is a question whether it would not have been much better if the
time-honored plan of gold, silver, and bronze medals, to indicate
degrees of superiority had been adopted at Chicago.

In conclusion, it is pertinent to inquire whether that branch of
American Horticulture which we have been considering is today
any further advanced than it would have been had the Fair not
taken place, and whether a grand opportunity to present our art in
its proper light before millions of visitors has been taken advan-
tage of to the fullest extent. Horticulture's grand possibilities
never recovered from the unseemly wrangle and delay at the start,^
and many of the unfortunate features which j^our essayist has
called attention to, at the risk of making a reputation as a fault-
finder, were directly traceable to this fact. It is gratifying to note
the long step forward made by Ornamental Horticulture in the
independent position secured for it as a separate department. In
this it sought and obtained nothing more than its just and rightful
recognition, which was inevitably bound to come soon in any
event. Therefore, while we may regret that much more was not
accomplished, yet we should be grateful for what was achieved,
not forgetting that mistakes are educators and serve their purpose
as well as successes, provided we recognize and honestly acknowl-
edge them as such, and that only in the future can the full results
of the great exhibition be justly estimated.

Discussion.

Clarence E. Grosvenor expressed much disappointment in the
Horticultural Exhibition at Chicago. That department was far
inferior to what was promised. The roses shown at the Paris
Exposition greatly exceeded anything seen at Chicago ; indeed,
the exhibition made by the rose growers of the United States at

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chicago, fell considerably behind our display at Philadelphia, iu
the Centennial Exhibition.

Benjamin P. Ware said the essayist had remarked that Massa-
chusetts horticulture was but slightly represented at Chicago. He
would ask if the Massachusetts Horticultural Society was at fault
for that apparent failure? He recollected that Mr. Hovey, of the
Massachusetts Commission on the World's Columbian Exposition,
came into this hall and delivered an address urging this Society to
take up the work of preparing a suitable exhibit of Massachl^^etts
Horticulture in the great Fair at Chicago, in 1893. A Committee
was appointed for that purpose, who invited the members of the
Society and others to make contributions from their horticultural
products, for the exhibition.

The speaker was interested in the work and contributed to the
collection which was made, and some of his friends also contrib-
uted. Later on, he understood that a difference existed between
our Committee and Mr. Hovey, and that the latter had turned a
cold shoulder toward the Society. Afterward the several donors
of fruit for the State Exhibit were notified that it was not wanted.
The scanty horticultural exhibit from Massachusetts was not at all
au indication of what might have been furnished by the horticul-
turists of this State under different circumstances. The meagre
agricultural exhibit from this State may perhaps be attributed to
the same cause. The Commissioner visited Amherst and arrange-
ments were made with the officers of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and
others, to have them furnish contributions illustrative of their
work. But after much preparation had been made by them, they
were notified that sufficient room could not be furuished for their
exhibits. This, however, did not appear at the exhibition, for the
space assigned to Massachusetts was not filled. He was proud
to know that the landscape architecture of Jackson Park was
designed by a Massachusetts man, a member of this Society, and
now the head of our Metropolitan Park Commission. During his
visit to the Columbian Exposition, Mr. Ware saw very much that
interested him greatly. But he felt deeply the reflections which
were cast upon the agricultural, and especially upon the horti-
cultural interests of Massachusetts, on account of the failure to
make a suitable exhibition of her products iu those departments of
industry.

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 203

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said she was always glad to meet a man
who has the courage of his convictions, and finds fault. She had
done this for years, and believed in it. She had listened with
much interest to Mr. Stewart's criticisms, and she could not but
acknowledge them to be largely just. She thought the fact that
such criticisms were needed arose from the inertia of the people —
the tendenc}'^ of our own citizens, especially, to put off matters.
They think and say as of old : " O don't hurry, it won't be much
of a show" — those of old times said "shower" — and they do
nothiug until it is too late to work effectively. All preparations
for the Horticultural Section of the Great Exhibition should have
been commenced a year earlier. The plans for the Horticultural
Building should have been submitted to practical judges — prac-
tical horticulturists, rather than left to architects, whose special
interest was only to make an attractive structure, regardless of the
needs of the exhibits, of which they knew nothing. This knowl-
edge concerning plants was in possession of the exhibitors, and
should have been called for, and made the guide in designing
every part of that great building.

The choice of Commissioners seemed to have been made with
political influence as the ruling principle ; consequently many of
them commenced their work without any experience in the lines
of duty assigned to them. This was especially conspicuous in the
Woman's Department. Most effective displays could not have a
place there, because the leaders, or those having authority, were in
absolute ignorance of their value. Another illustration was found
in the situation of our own State Building, which was an enlarged
reproduction of the old Hancock House, formerly so familiar to
many of us. That fine old mansion stood on an eminence, with
terraced banks of green between the house and the sidewalk on
Beacon street. But in Chicago, its site was on the dead level of
the prairie, and only a few inches higher than the grand avenue
before it ; then the training of vines upon its walls and the fence
had the effect of belittling its appearance, and dwarfing its grand
proportions. One New England state gave the sum of five
thousand dollars for its State Building. The owners of the
marble beds in that state, desiring to exhibit the fine varieties of
stone in their quarries, suggested to the Woman's Commission that
they would furnish a marble model of a Pompeian temple, and the
•offer was accepted. It was a most inappropriate edifice to

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

represent a New England State ! But it seems possible that a
similar mistake may be committed one hundred years hence. Mrs.
Wolcott made an earnest appeal to those present to be interested
early and make their plans in season to be ready to aid in assuring
the success of the next great exhibition. As to the planting of the
fair grounds of which Mr. Stewart had spoken, she said it afforded
her great satisfaction to find that no elephants, or other equally
uncouth designs in clipped, colored foliage plants, had been intro-
duced upon Ihe lawns. Although Chicago is a long distance for
our decorative planters to travel to make a garden, that part of
the work for the great exhibition should also have been commenced
a year earlier than it was. Did one competent person take a
hand in it then?

Mr. Stewart hoped no one would construe his criticisms of the
absence of color in the planting at Chicago, as an approval of
elephants or other grotesque designs in colored foliage plants.
His remarks had reference principally to the planting of the
Wooded Island, where the opportunity afforded for the tasteful
use of various grasses, sedges, etc., had been taken advantage of
to the fullest extent, but he thought the beautiful effect might
have been greatly enhanced by the introduction of hardy flowering-
plants, in masses of bright color. Some go too far in advocating
the absence of color. Nature does not do this.

Mrs. Wolcott remarked that if she could have transported her
ditch garden to a similar part of the Wooded Island, she thought
it would have proved an attractive success. That Island was
made during the winter, and only plants that could endure the
winter could be early planted on it. She liked to see and greatly
enjoyed the beauty of all varieties of plant colors, but only when
the plants were growing in their natural ways and forms.

Thomas L. Harrison asked if Mr. Stewart preferred any colors
in particular; if he did not like to see flowers of scarlet, blue,
etc.

Mr. Stewart replied that almost any color will harmonize with
white or green, provided the surroundings do not interfere. For
instance, if one were planting grounds beside a red brick building,
scarlet would not do there. The idea that bhie will not harmonize
with green is erroneous, at least where that green is foliage.
Every blue flower is provided by Nature with a setting of green
leaves, yet we see no lack of luirmony.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Pkefatory Kote 3

Business Meeting, January 6, 1894; Address of President Kidder, pp. 5, G;
Appropriations for 1894, 7; Appointment of Secretary and Treasurer,
7; Arrangement of Meetings for Discussion, 7, 8; Awards for Reports
of Committees, 8; Programme of Lectures reported, 8; "Vote concern-
ing Committee ou Publication and Discussion, elect, 8; Report of
Committees on Gardens, Flowers, Plants, and Window Gardening,
read, 8, 9; Letter from Eliza S. Parkman read, 9; Three members pro-
posed, 9; Two members elected, 9; Announcement of Schedule of
Prizes and Meetings for Discussion, 9

Meeting for Discussion, January 13; Fungi, by William C. Sturgis, pp.

10-25; Discussion . 26,27

Meeting for Discussion, January 20; Pruning, by Edwin Hoyt, pp. 28-36;

Discussion 36-39

Meeting for Discussion, January 27; Hardy Grapes, by Jabez Fisher, pp.

39-47; Discussion, 47-52

Business Meeting, February 3; Report of Committee on Portrait of Presi-
dent Spooner, p. 52; Report of Treasurer and Superintendent read, 53;
Resolution concerning Protection of Forest Reservations, 53 ; Use of
Hall by American Carnation Society, 53; Appointment of Committee
on School Gardens and Children's Herbariums, 53; Six members
elected, 53; two members proposed, 53

Meeting for Discussion; Electricity and Plant Growing, by L. H. Bailey, 54-79

Meeting fob Discussion, February 10; The Construction of Plant Houses,

by W. A. Burnham, pp. 79-95; Discussion 95-97

Meeting for Discussion, February 17 ; A Talk about Mushrooms, by Wil-
liam Falconer, pp. 98-113; Discussion, 113-118; Cooking Mushrooms, . 118-123

Meeting for Discussion, February 24; Cinerarias and Calceolarias, by

Kenneth Finlayson, pp. 123-131; Discussion, 4 . 131,132

11 CONTEXTS.

Business Meeting, March 3; Letter from American Carnation Society

read, p. 132; Member proposed, 132; Six members elected, . . . 132

Meeting for Discussion; Notes on Some Injurious Insects, by John G.

Jack, pp. 133-150; Discussion 150,151

Meeting for Discussion, March 10; The Metropolitan Park System, by

Sylvester Baxter, pp. 152-169; Discussion, 169-174

Meeting for Discussion, March 17; Growing Seeds for the Market, by

James J. H. Gregory, 174-185

Meeting for Discussion, March 24; Vegetables under Glass, by William

D. Philbrick, pp. 186-193; Discussion 193-195

Meeting for Discussion, March 31 ; Ornamental Horticulture at the

World's Columbian Exposition, by William J. Stewart, pp. 195-201 ;

Discussion 201-204

TRANSACTIONS

3)[a$sat|iisttts Jflrticitltural ^ocietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

PART II.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
18 9 5.

TRANSACTIONS

^Hssiiichttsidts poilicultual ^mtiv.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 7, 1894.
A duly notified Stated Meeting of the Society was holdeu at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder in the chair.

A photograph, taken by Augustine H. Folsom, about 1870, of
the first Bartlett pear tree imported into this country, which now
stands on what was formerly the estate of Enoch Bartlett, one of
the first board of Vice Presidents of this Society, on Dudley
Street, near Blue Hill Avenue, Roxbury, — and is now owned by
the "•Little wSisters of the Poor," — was presented to the Society by
Edmund Hersey, in behalf of Mr. Folsom. The thanks of the
Society were voted to Mr. Folsom therefor.

Mr. Hersey, as Chairman of the Committee on Large, Old, or
Interesting Trees, stated that the Committee were preparing
photographs of such trees, to be bound in a book, or books, with
descriptions ; the whole so arranged that reference could be
readily made to any one. The Committee felt that though the
Society might not at present be disposed to incur the expense of
publishing such a book, which would be considerable, it should
have the photographs and descriptions arranged in such form that
they could be readily used. The subject was further discussed by
O. B. Hadweu, Francis H. Appleton, Leverett M. Chase, and the
Chair.

George E. Davenport said that about a year ago the duty
devolved upon him of preparing a memorial of Ebenezer H. Hitch-
ings, a valued member of the Society, well known for his love of

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

native flowers, aud his interesting exhibitions of them. Today he
had the pleasant privilege of presenting to the Society the Herba-
rium of Native Orchids, collected and prepared by Mr. Hitchings,
— a gift to the Society from Mr. Hitchings' family — and which
he hoped would be known as the "Hitchings Herbarium of Native
Orchids." On motion of Francis H. Appleton, seconded by
William C. Strong, it was unanimously voted that the heartiest
thanks of the Society be extended to the family of Mr. Hitchings
for the gift, and that it be designated the "Hitchings Herbarium
of Native Orchids."

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were, on ballot,
duly elected :

Frederick A. Blake, of Rochdale.

Miss Mary L. Ware, of Boston.

The following named persons, were, on recommendation of the
Executive Committee, elected Corresponding Members of the
Society :

Cavali^re Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily.

William Watson, Assistant Curator of the Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
Daniel T. Curtis, Medford.

Adjourned to Saturday, Maj^ 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 5, 1894.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

E. S. Draper, of Hopedale.

Professor W. T. Councilman, of Boston.

E. PiERSON Beeue, of Boston.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 2.

MEMORIAL OF JOHN C. HOVEY. 209

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 2, 1894.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

John G. Barker announced the decease of John C. Hovey, who
had long been associated with other members in the active service
of the Society ; and moved that a committee be appointed to
prepare a suitable memorial of him. The motion was carried, and
the Chair appointed as the committee, Charles H. B. Breck, John
G. Barker, and Charles N. Brackett.

Dr. Daniel D. Slade, of Chestnut Hill,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee as a
member of the Society, was, on ballot, duly elected.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 7, 1894.
A duly notified Stated Meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported from that Committee a recommendation that the Society
appropriate twenty-four dollars to pay the prizes awarded by the
Committee on Publication and Discussion of 1893, to the Chair-
men of Awarding Committees of 1892, for their Annual Reports;
and that these prizes be paid by the present Committee on Publi-
cation and Discussion. The report was accepted, and the
appropriation was voted.

Charles H. B. Breck, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of John C. Hovey, read
the following report :

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from the
scenes of life our associate and friend, John C. Hovey, who for
many years was a most useful member of this Society : therefore,

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Resolved^ That by the death of Mr. Hovey, after a long and
painful iUness, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society has sus-
tained a great loss, he having, for many years, been earnest in
promoting its welfare, and always taking an active interest
in everything pertaining to its prosperity.

Mr. Hovey was elected a member of the Society November 3,
1860, having been proposed by George W. Pratt. He became a
member of the Committee on Flowers in 1863, and was its Chair-
man from 1867 to 1871, inclusive; and was agaiii a member from
1872 to 1877. He was Vice President of the Society in 1878 and
1879. He was a member of the Executive Committee from 1880
to 1885, and from 1890 to 1892. He was a member of the
Committee on Vegetables from 1888 to 1894.

Two years ago we did what we could to testif3' our regard for
the memory of the last of the founders of the Society, John B.
Russell, and now we have to mourn the loss of one of a family,
which, for two generations, has taken an active interest in the
work of the Society. Mr. Hovey's death is the first in the second
generation of such workers. The example of his faithful perform-
ance of his duties for so many years is worthy of imitation by the
members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Resolved^ That the members of the Society express their heart-
felt sympathy with the mother, sisters, and other relatives of Mr.
Hovey in the great loss they have sustained.

Resolved^ That these resolutions be inscribed in the records of
the Society, and that a copy be sent to the family of the deceased.
Charles H. B. Breck, ^
John G. Barker, y (Jommittee.

Charles N. Brackett, I

The report was accepted, and the memorial was unanimously
adopted.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}' the
Executive Committee, as members, were, on ballot, unanimously
elected.

Jason S. Bailey, of West Roxbury.
Professor W. M. Munson, of Orono, Me.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 4.

COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS. 211

businp:ss meeting.

Saturday, August 4, 1894.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President
appointed the following named members a Committee to nominate
candidates for OtRcers and Standing Committees of the Society
for the next year :

.J. D. W. French, Chairman.
Samuel Hartwell, Jackson Dawson,

Arthur H. Fewkes, Warren H. Manning",

C. Minot AVeld, Varnum Frost.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 1, 1894.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock. Vice President Charles H. B. Breck, in the chair.

Samuel Hartwell, from the Committee appointed at the last
meeting to nominate candidates for Officers and Standing Commit-
tees for the year 1895, read a report which was accepted. It was
voted that the committee be continued, and requested to nominate
candidates in place of any who might decline before the election.

The decease of Dr. Joseph Burnett was announced, and O. B.
Hadwen, N. I. Bowditch, and Benjamin G. Smith were appointed
a Committee to prepare an expression of the Society's regard for
Dr. Burnett.

The Secretary read a letter from William Watson, Assistant
Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, acknowl-
edging the receipt of his Diploma as a Corresponding Member of
the Society and thanking the Society therefor.

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following uained persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were, on
ballot, duly elected :

John P. Spaulding, of Dorchester.
Miss Mary C. Hewett, of Canton.
Charles G. French, of Brookliue.
Herbert A. Horton, of Brookline.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 6, 1894.

A Stated Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
being the Annual Meeting for the choice of Officers and Standing
Committees, was holden at eleven o'clock, Vice President, Charles
H. B. Breck, in the chair.

The Secretary stated that the meeting had been duly notified to
the members of the Society, agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws.

Samuel Hartwell, in behalf of the Nominating Committee,
reported that the Committee had nominated Benjamin M. Watson,
Jr., as Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology, in place of
John Rolnnson, who had declined to stand ; and George E.
Davenport as a member of the Library Committee, in place of
Waldo O. Ross, who had also declined to serve.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the Chair appointed
E. W. Wood, Thomas Westwood, and John M. Kinney a Com-
mittee to receive, assort, and count the votes given, and report the
number. The polls were opened at ten minutes past eleven
o'clock.

While the voting was in progress, the Chairman read a letter
from the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, asking this Society to

ANNUAL ELECTION. 213

contribute to the Chrysanthemum Show of the former Society, on
the 6th to the 10th of November, one hundred chrysanthemum
flowers in competition for a National Chrysanthemum Trophy. It
was voted that the letter be referred to the Committee on Flowers.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were, on ballot,
duly elected :

Hon. Charles H. Allen, of Lowell.
Oakes Ames, 2d, of North Eastou.

The polls were closed at ten minutes past one o'clock, and the
Conmiittee to receive, assort, and count the votes given and
report the number, reported the whole number of ballots to be one
hundred and thirty-six, and that the persons named in their report
had received a plurality.

The report was accepted, and the above named persons were,
agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the pre-
siding officer to be elected Officers and Standing Committees for
the year 1895.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 3, 1894.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock. Vice President Francis H. Appleton, in the chair.

The Chairman, from the P^xecutive Committee, presented the
following report :

At the regular meeting of the Executive Committee held on the
27th of October, it was voted to recommend to the Society to
appropriate the following sums for Prizes and Gratuities for the
year 1895 :

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For Plants, $2,000

" Flowers, 2,500

" Fruits, 1,800

" Vegetables, 1,150

" Gardens, 500

And a special appropriation for prizes for Palms, etc.,
at the meeting of the American Carnation Society, in
the Hall of this Society, on the 21st and 22d of February,

1895, of 100

Total, $8,050

The report was accepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution
and By-Laws, was laid over for final action at the Stated Meeting
of the Societj^ on the first Saturday' in Januarj^, 1895.

Michael H. Norton, from the Committee on Flowers, to whom
was referred the invitation of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, to this Society, to compete for a National Chrysanthemum
Troph}^, read a report that it is inexpedient to enter into such
competition as a Society, either at Philadelphia, Denver, or
Springfield, invitations having been received since the last meet-
ing of this Society from the last two places. The report was
accepted.

J. D. W. French offered the following vote :

Voted, That -a committee of five be appointed to consider the
correct interpretation of Section VI of the Constitution and
By-Laws of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and that
said committee be authorized to take such legal advice as may be
expedient, and to report any irregularity in the manner of voting
which may have occurred at the last Annual Meeting. The
committee is requested to report on the whole subject at the next
meeting of the Society, or at a special meeting called for the
purpose of acting on the report.

Mr. French spoke in favor of his motion, and it was opposed
by Benjamin P. Ware, William C. Strong, Theodore H. Tyndale,
Rev. Calvin Terry, and William H. Spooner. The motion was
defeated by a vote of eleven against, to five in favor.

William C. Strong moved that a committee of five be appointed,
to consider and rei)ort at a future meeting, what changes are

MEMORIAL OF DR. JOSEPH BURNETT. 215

necessary in the Coustitutiou and By-Laws. This niotiou was
■carried by a vote of eight iu favor, to four against, and the Chair
appointed as that Committee, William C. Strong, J. D. W.
French, William H. Spooner, Samuel Hartwell, and Augustus
Hemenwa3\

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, Avere, on ballot,
•duly elected :

Joshua C. Stone, of Watertown.
Henry F. Woods, of Boston.
William H, Alles, of Hyde Park.
J. Arthur Beeke, of Boston.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 1 .

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 1, 1894.
All adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
■o'clock. Vice President Charles H. B. Breck, in the chair.

The Secretary being alisent b}^ reason of illness, the Chair
appointed Miss Charlotte INI. Endicott, Secretary ^'ro tern.

William C. Strong, Chairman of ihe Committee appointed at the
last meeting to consider and report what changes are necessary in
the Constitution and By-Laws, stated that the committee were not
ready to make a full report. On motion of John G. Barker
further time was granted to the committee.

O. B. Hadweu, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
September meeting to prepare an expression of the Society's
regard for Dr. Joseph Burnett, presented the following :

By the death of Dr. Joseph Burnett this Society loses one of its
oldest and most valued members, he having become a Life Mem-
ber June 4, 1845. Thus, for a period of nearly fifty years has he
been an active member, often contributing fruits and flowers to its
exhibitions, and his full share in promoting the objects and
interests of the Society.

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

But Dr. Burnett's life work as a horticulturist and an arborist is
especially manifest in his native town of Southborough, Avhere he
has embellished the town and his own extensive grounds with both
native and exotic trees, largely planted with his own hands,
forming not only living monuments to his memory, but objects of
beauty that will endure for ages.

Two other enduring monuments to his memory remain in his
town ; the beautiful stone Episcopal Church, and St. Mark's
School ; the latter a popular classical institution where young
men are fitted for college. By his sunny nature and ever kindly
acts, he was a shining example among men ; everyone was his
friend, and generations of men will be better for his having lived.

As an agriculturist he was a leader, always in advance, keeping
the most approved breeds of cattle, and the most approved
machinery and implements were used on his farm. Deerfoot
farm has a world-wide reputation.

He was respected and beloved by all.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman.
The report was unanimously adopted.
Francis H. Appleton presented the following i-eport :

The DisTRinuTioN of Seeds, by the Department of Agriculture^

Whereas^ More than half a century ago, improved varieties of
seed were sent out by the othcial then in charge of that work at
Washington, to farmers and gardeners of the country, in order
that such seeds might be tested, and their practical value ascer-
tained, either over others already in use, or as to their value for
introduction and cultivation ; and

Whereas., We recognize that the present distribution of seeds
from the Department of Agriculture does not meet the original
intention as herein indicated ; and has grown to unreasonable
dimensions, and has become a gratuitous distribution of seeds
which the recipient is often unwilling to use, the cost of such
distribution in 1893 having been $160,000;

We, the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
assembled by our representatives in our Hall, in Boston, respect-
fully recommend to the Congress of the United States, that the
present method of, and appropriation for, the distribution of seeds

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES READ. 217

be abolished ; and that in its stead au appropriation be made of
sutficient amount ($35,000 suggested), by which the Department
of Agriculture can distribute to the Experiment Stations, now
located in almost every State and Territory, such seeds as may to
the said Department seem wise, and require a report upon the
same from the stations ; the stations to perform the required work
under appropriations already provided for annually.

And we direct that the Secretary send a copy of these expres-
sions to each of our Senators and Representatives, and to the
Secretary of Agriculture at Washington.

The report was accepted and adopted.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens,
reported the awards made by that Committee. It was voted that
the report be laid on the table.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, read the
Annual Report of that Committee.

Arthur H, Fewkes, Chairman of the Committee on Flowers,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

These three reports were severally accepted and referred to the
■Committee on Publication.

Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, made a verbal report from that Committee, and stated that
he would shortly put it in writing. It was voted that the report
be accepted, and referred to the Committee on Publication.

James Dole, of Jamaica Plain, and
George Mixter, of Boston,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as mem-
bers of the Society, were, on ballot, dul}" elected.

William Nicholson, of Framingham, was proposed by Joseph
H. Woodford, as a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 15.

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 15, 1894.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathanif.l T. Kidder, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
meeting on the 3d of November, to consider and report at a
future meeting what changes are necessary in the Constitution
and By-Laws, presented a report; and J. D. W. French presented
a minority report. These reports were accepted, and it was voted
that they be laid on the table until the Stated Meeting on the first
Saturday in January, 1895, and that they be printed.

William H. Spooner stated that he did not deem it necessary,
as a member of the Committee, to make any changes in the Con-
stitution and By-Laws ; but that if it was deemed necessary by a
majority of the Society, he approved the majority report.

On motion of Francis H. Appleton it was voted that when this
meeting is adjourned, it be to eleven o'clock, on Saturday,
December 22, and that the Committee on the Building have power
to notify the Society of the meeting, if they should deem it
advisable.

Benjamin G. Smith moved that a committee of two be appointed
to nominate delegates to the Twenty-fourth Session of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, to be holden at Sacramento, California,
January 16, 17, and 18, 1895; to report at this meeting, and that
the committee be alloAved to add members to the delegation. The
motion was carried, and the Chair appointed as that Committee
Mr. Smith and William C. Strong. The Committee afterwards
reported the names of the following members :

President Nathaniel T. Kidder, Chairman.
William C Strong, Elijah H. Luke,

C. H. B. Breck, Edward Kendall,

Francis H. Appleton, David B. Flint,

Benjamin G. Smith, J. W. iNIauning,

John G. Barker, Chauncy Smith,

Robert Manning, Leverett M. Chase,

Varnujn P'rost, William Falconer,

William C. Barry, Benjamin K. Bliss,

Frank W. Andrews.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES READ. 219

E. ^y. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Establishing
Prizes, presented the Schedule agreed upon by that Committee,
which, after considerable discussion was accepted and adopted for
the year 1895.

William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Committee on the
Library, read the Annual Report of that Committee, which was
referred to the Committee on Publication.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and
Librarian, which was accepted and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 22, at eleven o'clock, a. m.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 22, 1894.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman on the Committee on the Building,
stated that that Committee had hoped to make a report at this
meeting, but were unable to do so, and asked further time, which
was granted.

The Secretary at the request of the Chairman of the Committee
on Publication and Discussion, presented a Programme of Lec-
tures by William Hamilton Gibson, and moved that the Executive
Committee be requested to take into consideration the expediency
of providing for the delivery before the Society, and others, of a
course of three lectures ; with full powers. The motion was
carried.

Henry L. Clapp, from the Committee on School Gardens and
Children's Herbariums, read the Annual Report of that Committee
including the third Annual Report of the Garden at the George
Putnam School. The report was accepted, and referred to the
Committee on Publication and Discussion.

The meeting was then dissolved.

KEPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

By DAVID ALLAN, Chairman.

January 20, Mrs. Frederick L. Ames exhibited some handsome
hybrid Masdevallias, of which three received First Class Certificates
of Merit, namely : Mary Ames, a crimson, tipped red ; Rebecca,
a crimson velvet, and Henrietta, purple and yellow. The same
exhibitor sent a large plant of the White Lcdia anceps, which
was very much admired.

February 2, Nathaniel T. Kidder, exhibited an exceptionally
finely flowered plant of Acacia heteroph.ylla.

March 3, Dr. C. G. Weld, staged large specimen plants of
Cyclamen, which were well flowered.

. SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 28, 29, and 30.

E. W. Gilmore, John L. Gardner, Nathaniel T. Kidder and
Edward Butler, made creditable displays of Orchids. In George
M. Anderson's exhibit of cyclamens, the flowers were superior to
anything ever seen exhibited in our halls. The Lace Plants
(^Oiivira)idra fenestralis) were well grown, the best being that
shown by John L. Gardner. Rea Brothers made a notable
exhibit of Hardy Herbaceous Plants'.

May 26, Natlianiel T. Kidder made an excellent display of
Calceolarias; Rea Brothers brought a new hardy herbaceous
plant, uistilbe Chinensis; and F. Sanders & Co., St. Albans,
England, a beautiful new bedding plant, iSlrohilanthes Di/erianus,
— a foliage plant of elegant colors and marking.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 221

July 21, Alfred H. Wingett, sent a very fine seedling Authu-
rium — a flowering variety, distinct, for which a Silver Medal was
awarded.

July 28, Nathaniel T. Kidder was awarded a Silver Medal, for
a noble, excellently grown, and well flowered plant of Ixora
Dixiana.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.
September 5 and 6.

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Dr. C. G. Weld, and John L. Gardner
showed some exceedingly well grown stove and greenhouse plants.
William W. Lunt exhibited the rare C'jpripedium Charlesivorthii.

The week following, Oakes Ames, Jr., sent in another of the
same species, and John L. Gardner sent a still darker and finer
varietj'^ than either of the preceding ones.

CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

November 6, 7, 8, and 9.

There is not the least doubt that the plants of Chrysanthemums
at this exhibition, were far ahead of any ever exhibited here or
anywhere else. Walter Huunewell (T. I>. Hatfield, grower)
received first honor, which was richly deserved, although his
competitors had excellent plants, and the hall was filled with a
mass of grand specimen plants.

November 17, Mrs. Frederick L. Ames exhibited Cyprlpedinm
insigne Sandene. There is no doubt that this is the most noble,
prolific, and beautiful orchid ever introduced into this country by
the late Frederick L. Ames. It is a yellow ivory variety, and
even in a large greenhouse filled with choice orchids, it attracts
attention at once. Its prolific growth will bring it within the reach
of all exotic plant lovers in a few years. It received the award
of the Society's Gold Medal.

December 8, George McWilliam staged a few finely flowered
plants of Lucidia gratissima — sweet scented but difficult to grow.
At the same time he exhibited several hybrid Cypripediums, one
of which, Cypripedium Tsabelke, — the result of a cross between
the white C, niveum, and C Spicerianum — was much admired,
and received the award of a Silver Medal.
2

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS.

January 13.

Chinese Primroses. — Six plants in six-inch pots, John L. Gardner .$5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 GO

Third, John L. Gardner 3 00

Lachenalias. — Three six-inch pots of Lachenalia pendula, John

L. Gardner 5 00

Gratuity: —
John L. Gardner, Orchids ........ 4 00

January 20.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Orchid 15 00

Jackson Dawson, Dendrohium nohile . . , . . . 5 00

February 3.
Freesias. — Six pots, Francis Brown Hayes . . . . . 5 00

Gratuities: —

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Acacia hetero2jhylla and well grown Cyclamens 6 00

John L. Gardner, Cattleya TriancB ....... 2 00

Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Liparis cyiindrostachya . . . . 2 00

February 24.
Gratuity: —
Dr. C. G. Weld, Orchids and Cinerarias 6 00

March 3.
Gratuity: —
Dr. C. G. Weld, ten Cyclamens 5 00

March 10.
Gratuity: —

William W. Lunt, Dendrohium nobile nohilius . . . . 1 00

March 17.
Gratuity: —

Charles J. Dawson, Genistas, Lilacs, Andromedas, Azaleas, and

Kalmias 3 00

eight-inch

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 223

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 28, 29, and 30.

TJieodore Lyman Fund.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties, in pots, Dr. C. G.

Weld .$20 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 15 00

Orchids. — Ten plants, in bloom, E. W. Gilmore . . . . 30 00

Second, John L. Gardner 25 00

Society's Prizes.
Indian Azaleas. — Four distinct named varieties, in not exceeding
ten-inch pots, Bussej Institution ......

Two distinct named varieties, the Second prize to Dr. C. G. Weld
Specimen plant, named, Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Single plant, of any named variety, in not exceeding an

pot, W. S. Ewell & Son

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Orchids. — Three plants, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Second, Edward Butler .....
Single plant, in bloom, Edward Butler .

Second, John L. Gardner

Stove or Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen, in bloom, other than
Azalea or Orchid, named. Dr. C. G. Weld, Acacia Drum-
mondii ...........

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Hard-Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Four, in bloom, John L.
Gardner ...........

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Hardy Flowering Deciduous Shrubs, other than Azaleas,
Forced. — Four, of four distinct species, named, Bussey
Institution ..........

Second, John L. Gardner ........

Hardy Flowering Evergreen Shrubs, Forced. — Four, of four
distinct species, named, Bussej- Institution ....

Cyclamens. — Ten plants, in bloom, George M. Anderson

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Three plants, in bloom, George M. Anderson ....

Second, George M. Anderson .......

Single plant, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder .....

Second, George M. Anderson .......

Thiol, George M. Anderson .......

Hardy Primroses. — Ten plants, of distinct varieties, in bloom,

John L. Gardner

Second, Bussey Institution .......

12

00

4

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

I

00

10 00

8

00

5

00

4 00

8

00

C.

00

8

00

6

00

8

00

6

00

8

00

8

00

(>

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

5

00

4

00

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Polyanthuses.— Ten plants, Fancy and Gold Laced, the Second

prize to Bussey Institution $4 00

Auriculas.— Six, in pots, Dr. C. G. "Weld 3 00

Cinerarias.— Six varieties, in bloom, in not exceeding nine-inch

pots, John L. Gardner ^00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse •'5 00

Three varieties, in bloom, in not exceeding nine-inch pots, John

L. Gardner 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Single plant, in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner 2 00

OuviRANDRA FENESTRALis. — John L. Gardner 12 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse ■'^ 00

Special Prize for Florists only.

General Display of Spring Bulbs.— All classes, Bussey Institu-
tion 12 00

The Third prize to William S. Ewell & Son . . . . 8 00

Regular Prizes.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each

pot, in bloom, Natlianiel T. Kidder 10 00

Second, Dr. C. G.Weld 8 00

Third, John L. Gardner 6 00

Six distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Nathaniel T. Kidder •! 00

Second, John L. Gardner •'> <'0

Third, Bussey Institution 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Second, Bussey Institution ... .... 3 00

Third, John L. Gardner 2 00

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . 2 00

Second, Bussey Institution ....... 1 00

Three pans, not to exceed twelve inches, ten bulbs of one variety

in each pan, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . . 10 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 8 00

Third, Bussey Institution , 0 00

Two pans, not to exceed twelve inches, ten bulbs of one variety in

each pan, in bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Third, Natlianiel T. Kidder ."i 00

Single pan, not to exceed twelve inches, with ten bulbs of one

variety, Eli.sha S. Converse . . . . ....'> 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Third, i:)r. C. G. Weld 3 GO

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 225

Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each, in

bloom, William S. Ewell & Son .•$.■; 00

Second, Bussey Institution ....... 4 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 3 00

Three eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each, in

bloom, William S. Ewell & Son 4 00

Second, Bussey Institution ....... 3 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse 2 00

Three ten-inch pans, twelve bulbs of one variety in each pan, in

bloom, Bussey Institution ....... (i 00

Second, William S. Ewell & Son . . . . ' . . 5 00

Third, John L. Gardner 4 00

Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in

each, distinct varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . 6 00

Second, Bussey Institution ....... 4 00

Jonquils. — Six six-inch pots, the number of bulbs in each to be at

the discretion of the grower, in bloom, John L. Gardner . '> 00

Second, Bussey Institution . . . . . . . 3 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

LiLiuM longiflorum. — Three pots, not exceeding ten inches, Dr.

C. G. Weld s 00

Second, William S. Ewell & Son 6 00

LiLiUM Harrisii. — Three pots, not exceeding ten inches, Dr. C. G.

Weld s 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse 6 00

Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, Bussey Institu-
tion 5 00

Second, William S. Ewell & Son 4 00

Anemones. — Three pots or pans, Bussey Institution ... 5 00

Freesias. — Six pots or pans, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 4 00

IxiAS. — Six pots, in varieties. Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . , 4 00

Tritonia CROCATA. — Six pots, John L. Gardner . . . , 4 00
Roman Hyacinths. — Six eight-inch pans, ten bulbs in a pan. Dr.

C. G. Weld 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 4 00

Third, William S. Ewell & Son 3 00

Gratuities: —

Francis Brown Hayes, White Rhododendrons 2 00

Mrs. Oswald Fiedler, Palm 1 00

Edward Butler, for skilful cultivation of Dendrobiiim tiobile . . 10 00

Bussey Institution, Collection . . ...... 15 00

Rea Brothers, " ........ 10 00

Norton Brothers, •' . . . . . . . . 10 00

George M. Anderson, Display 3 00

226 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

April 7.
Gratuity: —
Edward Butler, Dendrohium nohile ......

April 14.
Gratuity: —
James Con: ley, Lilium longiflorum ......

April 21.

Gratuities: —
John L. Gardner, Orchids . . .

Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendron Veitchianum Icevigatum '

^5 00

6 00

5 00
2 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 5.

Calceolarias. — Six varieties in pots, John L. Gardner
Second, Elisha S. Converse
Third, William F. Gregory
Single plant, Elisha S. Converse
Second, John L. Gardner .
Third, Elisha S. Converse .

Gratuities: —
John L. Gardner, Orchids and Ericas
Norton Brothers, Deiidrobium thyrsiflorum

" " two Hydrangeas

Charles J. Dawson, Ixias ....

May 12.

Gratuity: —
W. V. Winsor, two Dendrobiums

May 19.

Gratuity: —
John L. Gardner, Orchids

Mat 26.
Gratuity: —
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Display of Calceolarias

8

00

(5

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

6

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

•i 00

10 00

5 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 6 and 7.

. Gratuity: —
Walter Hunnewell, Plants of Digitalis

5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 227

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 20 and 21.

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — Two distinct named

varieties, in bloom, no Orchid admissible, Dr. C. G. Weld . .$15 00
Specimen Plant in Bloom. — Named, other than Orchid, Dr. C. G.

Weld 7 00

Hard-Wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Three, of three distinct

named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . . 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Orchids. — Six plants, of six named varieties, in bloom, Elisha W.

Gilmore • ... 25 00

Second, John L. Gardner . . . . . . . . 15 00

Three plants, of three named varieties, in bloom, Edward Butler 15 00

Second, John L. Gardner 10 00

Single specimen, named, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . 8 00

Second, Edward Butler 6 00

June 30.
Gratuity: —
John L. Gardner, Nertera depressa ....... 1 00

July 7.
Gratuity: —
John L. Gardner, Orchids ........ 'A 00

July 14.
Gratuity: —
John L. Gardner, Orchids ........ 3 00

August 18.
Gratuity: —
Benjamin Grey, six plants of Cattleya Gaskelliana var. . . . 3 00

August 25.
Gratuity: —
Benjamin Grey, Cattleyas 3 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 5 and 6.

Special Prizes offered hy the Society,

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs not more than twenty-four inches in

diameter. Dr. C. G. Weld 12 00

Pair, in pots not more than fourteen inches in diameter, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 8 00

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Greenhouse Plants. — Six greenhouse and stove plants, of different

named varieties, two Crotons admissible, Nathaniel T. Kidder .$30 00

Second, John L. Gardner . . . . . . . . 25 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 20 00

Single plant for table decoration, dressed at the base with living
, plants only, only one entry admissible, the second prize to

Nathaniel T. Kidder (I 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse 4 00

Ornamental Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties, not offered in
the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, Nathaniel T. Kidder 20 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 15 00

Single specimen, variegated, named, not offered in any collection,

Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld . , 4 00

Caladiums. — Six named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . (i 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Nathaniel

T. Kidder . 10 00

Second. Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Adiantums. — Five distinct named species. Dr. C. G. Weld . . 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 5 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Crotons. — Six, in six-inch pots, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, John L. Gardner 4 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, named, John L. Gardner . . . (i 00

Orchids. — Six plants, named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner 10 00

Three plants, named varieties, in bloom, Benjamin Grey . . 8 00

Single plant, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . . . 5 00

Tuberous Begonias. — Six pots, of six varieties, Charles Weld . 10 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse ....... 8 00

Third, Charles E. Weld 6 00

Fourth, Bussey Institution 4 00

Gratuities: —

Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Collection of Sarracenias . 15 00

David Allan, Collection of seventy-five plants . . . . . 15 00

John W. Ellis, Fern and Panax 10 00

October 3.
Gratuity: —

Nathaniel T. Kidder, AUamanda Williamsii 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 229

October 6.
Gratuity: —
John L. Gardner, Seedling Chrysanthemum .$2 00

October 13.

Gratuity: —
William W. Lunt, Oncidiuni Gravesianum . . . . . 2 00

October 20.
Gratuity: —
John L. Gardner, tliree Orchids and a small Chrysanthemum . . 3 00

October 27.
John L. Gardner, Vanda Sanderiana ... ... 5 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 6, 7, 8, and 9.

Chrysanthemums. — Display of twelve named plants, any or all

classes, distinct varieties, Walter Hunnewell . . . . GO 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 50 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder -tO 00

Fourth, John L. Gardner 30 00

Twelve plants, of twelve different varieties, grown to one stem
and bloom, in not exceeding six-inch pots, preference given to

plants not over three feet in height, Thomas Doliber . . 12 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld ........ 10 00

Third, John L. Gardner 8 00

Fourth, William F. Gregory G 00

Six plants grown as above, but all of one color. White, Dr.

C. G. Weld 6 00

Second, Thomas Doliber 5 00

Pink, " '' 0 00

Yellow, " " <; 00

Any other color, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Group of plants, arranged for effect, limited to one hundred and
fifty square feet, preference being given to collections with
palms or other foliage added, Bussey Institution . . .45 00

Second, John L. Gardner 40 00

Third, William H. Elliott 35 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties. Dr. C. G. Weld . . 20 00

Second, Walter Hunnewell 15 00

Third, Mrs. John S. Farlow 10 00

Specimen Incurved or Chinese, named variety, Walter Hunnewell 6 00

Second, Mrs. John S. Farlow 5 00

Specimen Japanese, named variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . (! 00

Second, Walter Hunnewell ....... 5 00

Third, Mrs. John S. Farlow 4 00

230

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities: —
John L. Gardner, Display of Clirysanthemum plants .
William H. Elliott, " "
Bussey Institution, " " " "
William H. Elliott, twelve chrysfinthemum plants
Joseph Comley, Chrysanthemum James Comley
James Comley, Dwarf Sago Palm

. $35

00

. 25

00

5

00

5

00

3

00

4

00

November 17.
Gratuity: —
Francis Brown Hayes, new Chrysanthemum James Comley

December 8.
Gratuity: —
George Mc William, plants in bloom of Luculia gratissima

December 22,
Gratuity: —
Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Lcelia avtwmnalis

3 00

2 00

10 00

SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDAL.

November 17. Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Cypripedium insigne Sanderce,
first time the variety was ever exhibited in this country.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL.

January 20. William Robinson, successful raising of a new seedling Mas-

devallia.
June 9. Joseph Tailby & Son, new Calla, Richardia Elliotiana.
July 21. Alfred H. Wingett, Seedling Authurium.
July 28. Nathaniel T. Kidder. Ixora Dixiana.
Annual Exhibition, September 5 and (>. William W. Lunt, Cypripedium

Charlesworthii.
October 6. John L. Gardner, Cypripedium Charlesworthii.

" " David Allan, Bougainvillea Sanderiana.
December 8. George McWilliam, Cypripedium Isabella, a cross between

G. Spicerianum and C. iiiveum.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

January 20. Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, New seedling hybrid Masdevallia,

Mary Ames.
" " Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, New seedling hybrid Masdevallia,

Rebecca.
" " Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, New seedling hybrid Masdevallia,

Henrietta.
" " Charles Storer, Pawtucket, R. I., New seedling Cypripedium.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 231

April 7. Walter HunnewelK Hardy Primrose, Mrs. E. M. Gill.
May 26. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, Herts, England, Strohilanthes Dyeri-
anus, a new bedding plant.
" " Rea Brothers, Astilhe Chitiensis, a hardy herbaceous plant.
*' " Francis Brown Hayes, Hydrangea Benigaker (new).
Annual Exhibition, September 5 and (5. William A. Manda, South Orange,

N. J., Adiantum Capillus- Veneris imhricata.
September 15. Oakes Ames, Jr., Cypripedium Charlesworthii.
Exhibition of Winter Fruits and Vegetables, November 17. Mrs. Frederick
L. Ames, two seedling Cypripediums.

COMPLIMENTARY NOTICES.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 6-9. Walter Hunnewell, Chrysanthemum
John Shrimpton.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS,

FOR] THE YEAR 1894.

By ARTHUR H. FEWKES, Chairman.

The exhibitions of flowers during the past year have been
excellent, considering the exceedingly dry summer ; and the com-
petition has been good, there being comparatively few prizes that
were not awarded — so few in fact that we have been obliged to
withhold gratuities from many worthy exhibits, owing to a lack of
funds, as it has always been the custom to depend almost entirely
upon the unawarded prize money for this purpose, and we have
usually been able to make ample awards to all such without
exceeding our appropriation.

There have been but few extraordinary displays, but we think
the general average quality has been far above that of previous
years.

There has not been a Saturday during the year when there has
not been at least one or more exhibits worthy to claim our atten-
tion. In many classes we have noticed considerable increase of
interest, and in some the displays have far excelled those of
previous years.

In Native Flowers there have been several new exhibitors, and
many instructive displays.

Aquatics have continued to claim a large share of interest,
and the Dahlia has been more extensively shown than for many
years.

There were some quite remarkal)le displays early in the season ;
notably one of cut Orchids, January 20, from Mrs. Frederick L.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 233

Ames, to whom a First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded for
each of the following named specimens : Hybrid Selenipedium
Helene, Hybrid Lo'lia Digbyana Mossire, and lAelia anceps var.
Schroderw.

The first prize day was February 3, and some very creditable
exhibits were made, especially of Orchids.

From this date until the Spring Show the displays were numer-
ous and interesting.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 28, 29, and 30.

As at the corresponding show of last year, the flowers made but
a small part of the exhibition, and the competition in the cut Roses
was very meagre. There were no competitors for the Hybrid
Rose prizes, and but two for the Teas. As usual the Violets and
Pansies made a very^ good showing, and the Carnations in
specified colors were very attractive. Among these the best
crimson variety shown in competition was Ferdinand Mangold ;
best Pink, Nicholson ; best Scarlet, Hector ; best White, Lizzie
McGowau ; and the best Yellow, Henrietta Sargent.

Among the miscellaneous displaj's there were some quite notice-
able ; particularl}' the Wistarias, Andromedas, Antirrhinums, and
Sweet Peas.

April 14, Warren H. Manning exhibited Cornna stolonifera
aitrea, a new variet}^ of the Red Osier Dogwood, found wild by
him and brought under cultivation. It is a valuable addition to
the hardy shrubs, as the bright j^ellow color of the bark will make
it very useful in shrubbery planting for winter effect. A First
Class Certificate of Merit was awarded Mr. Manning for it.

Wild flowers were shown for the flrst time this season, April 21,
by Mrs. P. D. Richards.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 5.

The prizes wei'e nearly all competed for at this show, and many
good things were exhibited in those collections not in competition.
The collections of Hardy Narcissuses Avere more numerous than

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

usual. Native Plants were shown by an uncommonly large
number of exhibitors, and their collections included many rare
species.

Jackson Dawson brought in from the Arnold Arboretum two
new shrubs, each of which was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit. One was a new species of Spirrea from Japan, S.
angusta, in the way of S. Thtmbergii but with a more dense habit.
It is a very distinct and valuable addition to the hardy shrubs.
The other was Prunus spinosusjl. j^L, a semi-double variety of the
Black Thorn, and a beautiful addition to the hardy shrubs.

On the next four Saturdays there were numerous exhibits, but
nothing outside of the usual lines.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 6 and 7.

Although this was a beautiful exhibition it did not equal that of
1893. The prizes for Rhododendrons and Azaleas were quite
generally competed for, but there were no entries in the classes
for Paeonies or Clematis. The former were absent on account of
the show being a little too early for them, and therefore the prizes
were postponed until Saturday of the following week.

The principal exhibitors of Rhododendrons were Francis Brown
Hayes, H. H. Hunnewell, John L. Gardner, and Samuel J.
Trepess.

Beside the regular prizes, Francis Brown Hayes and H. H.
Hunnewell made grand displays of Rhododendrons and Azaleas
not in competition ; and Hon. Joseph S. Fay made a large and
interesting display of Flowering Trees and Shrubs, arranged for
effect, in which the Hawthorns were as usual a very noticeable
feature.

One exhibit of great interest to botanists and to lovers of plants
in their natural forms was made by Jackson Dawson, who brought
in fi'om the Arnold Arboretum a collection of forty species and
varieties of roses. They were the natural, wild forms, from
different parts of the world, and possessed a peculiar grace and
beauty.

George Chase exhibited a rare shrub, which is sufficiently
beautiful to be included in every collection of shrubs, Vihurnum

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 235

tomentosuDt, of which a variety grown under the name of Viburnum
plicatum (Japan Snowball) is much better known.

Other noticeable displays were the collections of Herbaceous
Plants, the Hardy Pyrethrums, German Irises, Seedling Clematis,
and the numerous collections of Wild Flowers.

A Complimentary Notice was issued to Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
for a new seedling Clematis.

June 9, L. T. Seaver exhibited his strain of Ruffled Pansies ;
while there were many beautiful flowers in the collection, it was
our opinion that the ruffling was a doubtful improvement to the
Pansy.

June 16 was the da}' to which the prizes for Herbaceous
Pa^onies were postponed from the Rhododendron Show ; and it is
evidently the proper date on which to exhibit this flower for prizes
as the display of them at this time was remarkable, excelling any
previous effort, there being ten different exhibitors. Such exhibi-
tions as this will do much to revive the interest in this grand old
flower.

Another noticeable display on this day was made by Jackson
Dawson, who showed twenty-nine varieties of Hybrid Polyantha
Roses, for which he was awarded the Society's Silver Medal.
They were all hybrids of Rom. niultijiora, fertilized with pollen
from various other species.

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 20 and 21.

Considering the dryness of the season, this was an excellent
exhibition, and the competition for the prizes was quite general.
There were some new competitors, but, as in previous years, by far
the largest contributor was Hon. Joseph S. Fay.

Among the new Roses shown by Mr. Fay, those which seemed
most promising were Mrs. Harkness and Charles Gater. The
former is a large, full rose, in the way of Merveille de Lyon, but
of a deep, rich, rose color ; the latter is a very bright scarlet-
crimson. There were a good number of miscellaneous displays,
and particularly noticeable among them were the Improved
Candytuft, from D. Zirngiebel, and Ostrowskyamarjnijica, from the
Bussey Institution. They were each awarded a First Class Cer-

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tificate of Merit. The Candytuft is a magnificent thing in its way,
with numerous spikes of very large, pure white, individual flowers.
The Ostrowsl-i/a is a handsome Bell-flower, in the way of Platycodon,
but larger and a very rare and difficult plant to cultivate.

We are pleased to state that this was the last Rose f->how at
which the roses will be allowed to be shown in boxes ; in future
the glass vases will be used, the same as for other exhibits.

June 30, additional prizes were otTered for Hardy Roses, this
being the first season that they have been offered at this date, and
the result was a very fine display, fully equal in quality to those
shown at the regular Rose Exhibition, or even better.

The remaining weekly exhibitions, until the Annual in Septem-
ber, were kept up to their usual excellence, but we noted nothing
that requn-ed special mention, except a seedling Nympho'ci odorata,
shown by Dr. R. H. Faunce, August 4, for which a Compli-
mentary Notice was issued.

August 25, Asters were shown in great numbers and of very
fine quality for so dry a season.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 5 and 6.

This show is always looked forward to as one of the most inter-
esting of the year, and the present one fully sustained that reputa-
tion. The displays of Dahlias were more extensive than have
been seen here for many years. It seemed like the beginning of
a revival of interest in this, at one time, extremely popular flower.

The displays of F!lowering Cannas added much to the brilliancy
of the exhibition. They were well represented by David Fisher,
Walter H. Cowing, and R. & J. Farquhar & Co. The last
brought a collection of mostly new varieties, the best of which
were Admiral Avellan, Souvenir d'Antoine Crozy, Mme. Monte-
fiore, and J. Farquhar. By far the finest Canna ever shown here
— Mrs. Fairman Rogers — is a seedling, raised by James S.
Cowles, of Newport, R. I. It was first exhibited here two years
ago, and it was awarded the Society's Silver Medal. Mr. Cowles
brouglit flowers of it to this exhibition also, which proved that it
still retains its superior (pialities.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 237

The ever iuterestiug displays of aquatic plants were an impor-
tant feature and attracted the usual number of admirers.
Although the Victoria regia was not exhibited, the beautiful
Nymphi\?as and Nelumbiums, in the collections of Hon. John
Simpkius, Dr. Daniel D. Lee, L. ^Y. Goodell, William W.
Lee, and P. Bisset, made up in a great measure for its absence.
Owing to the great interest manifested in these plants we have
thought it would be interesting if we could present with this
report, statements of the method of cultivation. We have been
favored with such statements from James Brydon, gardener to
Hon. John Simpkins, Yarmouthport, and Dr. Daniel D. Lee,
Jamaica Plain, which are appended to this report. The former
treats more of the cultivation of the tender kinds, while the latter
confines himself mostly to the hardy ones, such as all may grow
with little trouble. As these papers come from, expert gi'owers,
they will be found both interesting and valuable.

First Class Certificates of Merit were awarded to Hon. John
Simpkins for Nymphcea delicatissima smdN. Deaniana ; the Oasis
Nursery Co., for Tuberous Begonias; and R. & J. Farquhar &
Co., for new Cannas.

A Complimentary Notice was given to P. Bisset, Washington,
D. C, for seedling Nymphseas.

October 6, Walter Hunnewell w^as awarded a First Class Certifi-
cate of Merit for the new Chrysanthemum, Mrs. E. G. Hill.

October 20, T. D. Hatfield was awarded a First Class Certifi-
cate of Merit for his new seedling Incurved Chrysanthemum, Mrs.
T. D. Hatfield.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Each year it seems as though we had attained the highest point
of excellence possible in Chrysanthemums, but the next season
always brings some surprises, and the present show was not an
exception. The flowers exhibited by Hon. John Simpkins and
the Waban Rose Conservatories were indeed wonderful. Scarcely
less so were the flowers shown by W. Slack, of Stamford, Conn.,
who exhibited here for the first time.
3

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nearly every class of prizes was competed for by oue or more
exhibitors, but the greatest competition was in the classes for
twenty-five blooms of twenty-five distinct varieties ; and the large
vases of blooms on long stems. In the latter class Hon. John
Simpkins put up two vases of flowers, the equals of which have
never before been shown here.

There were but few entries in the classes for seedlings, the most
noticeable being the one shown by Hugh Graham & Son, of Phila-
delphia, a sulphur white Japanese of incurved form, but with
peculiarly arranged petals, and named Philadelphia.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to Siebrecht &
VYadley, New Rochelle, N. Y., for their new Rose, Belle Sie-
brecht ; and one to George B. Gill, for his seedling red Chrysan-
themum, Ox Blood.

Complimentary Notices were given to Sewall Fisher, for seedling
Carnations, Crystal and No. 162; Calvin S. Goddard, for a
Chrysanthemum bearing his name ; George Hollis, for Chrysanthe-
mum Golden Rule; J. Eaton, Jr., for Chrysanthemum Penikese ;
Patrick Melia, for Chrysanthemum October Queen ; Henry A.
Gane, for Chrysanthemums Mrs. George A. Gane and Mrs.
Louise P. Chard ; and Kenneth Finlayson, for Chrysanthemum
Mrs. PL B. Freeman.

The extremely large blooms are magnificent in their way, and
show what can be done with the chrysanthemum in skillful hands.
We would not say one word against them, but in striving for
immense size are we not losing many interesting forms which
always attract much attention when put on exhibition ? It is true
they are not valuable commercially, but a Chrysanthemum Show
is not now complete unless all the forms are represented, and
efforts should be made to grow as many forms as possible. Many
curious things have come to this country from Japan, which have
been lost simply because they were of no use as market flowers, or
because they could not compete in the same classes as the monster
blooms. This sliould not be so, and we ho|)e that at no distant
time we shall see more of the small but curious forms at our
exhibitions.

November 17, a First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to

Norris F. Comley for seedling Chrysanthemum, Francis B. Hayes.

Nathaniel T. Kidder, having obtained the greatest number of

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 239

first prizes throughout the season for Herbaceous Plants, became
entitled to the Appleton Silver Medal. As no other exhibitor has
received more than one first prize the Bronze Medal is withheld.

The Committee have awarded, during the year, one Society's
Silver Medal ; fifteen First Class Certificates of Merit ; and twelve
Complimentary Notices.

The amount appropriated for flowers for the year

1894 was \ $2,500 00

We have awarded to date, in prizes and gratuities,

including medals ...... 2,443 00

Leaving an unexpended balance of . . $57 00

All of which is respectfully submitted,
For the Committee,

Arthur H. Fewkes,

Chairman.

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NYMPH^AS, TENDER AND HARDY.

By James Brydon, Gardener to Hon. John Simpkins,
Yarmouth PORT.

The popularity of both the tender and hardy water lilies,
especially the latter, has greatly increased during the last ten
years. This is not surprising when one considers their wealth of
grace and beauty, and the comparative ease with which they may
be grown. Few flowers elicit the admiration of the public like
water lilies.

Their cultivation is very simple, few plants responding more
readily to the care of the cultivator.

The soil best suited to them is a mixture of two-thirds loam and
one-third decomposed manure. This should be stacked up in
November, for use in the following spring.

Those not in possession of large lily ponds need not be deterred
from attempting their culture, as very good flowers can be obtained
by planting in tubs; or in small tanks, built of brick and cement,
and sunk level with the surface of the lawn. A tank about
six feet square and two and one-half feet deep, will accommodate
two or three of the smaller growing species quite w^ell ; larger
tanks will, of course, admit of more varieties being grown, and
therefore give a better display. The soil need not exceed eight
inches in depth and can be spread evejily over the bottom. In the
case of large ponds I prefer using boxes four feet square and one
foot deep. This gives plenty of soil for one season's growth.
The Nymphseas best suited for tubs or small tanks are the Marliac
varieties — notably MarUacea chromatella — and of the tender varie-
ties for this purpose N. azurea and N. cd'.rulea succeed admirably.

I have found April the best month to overhaul and replant all
the hardy varieties. It should be done as early in the month as
the weather will permit. Filling in the boxes or tanks with new
soil, and resetting a good, healtliy piece of the root, or rhizome,
Cfjmpletes the operation. Annual transplanting gives finer flowers
and greatly lengthens the season of blooming. It should be borne
in mind, however, when replanting, that the largest sized roots or
crowns are not so satisfactory as medium to small ones ; the latter
being far more floriferous. After the work of transplanting is

NYMPHS AS, TENDER AND HARDY. 241

done, cover the surface soil with two inches of clean sand and fill
up with water. With the advent of warm weather growth will
soon commence, after which little care or attention will be required
except keeping the pond full of water.

On the approach of winter, the tanks or ponds, when not too
large, should have boards placed across the top and a good cover-
ing of leaves placed over all ; this will protect the lily roots from
frost. Also, what is equally important in cases where ponds have
walled sides, and it is not possible to cover the whole surface, a
good covering of leaves on the walls is very important to prevent
their cracking.

The tender, or tropical, lilies should be potted in five-inch pots
and started into growth about April 20, keeping the water at
about eighty or eighty-five degrees. Pot on, as required, and by
June 15 they should be large plants, ready to place in summer
quarters, using the boxes and soil before recommended for the
hardy varieties. As a means of keeping up the stock, some of
each variety should be allowed to remain all summer in six-inch
pots. These will produce several hard, well-ripened bulbs which
will be ready for potting the following April. Large plants
that have flowered during the summer are incapable of being-
ripened off, and are better discarded.

We were formerly of the opinion that in order to grow Tropical
Njmiphfeas successfully, artificial heat was absolutely necessary.
Experience, however, has shown that they do almost as well with-
out it. In unheated ponds I should advise thinner planting ; open
spaces of water l^etween the plants add greatly to the beauty of
the whole, and allow the water to warm more rapidly by suuheat.

The Victoria regia, being an annual, requires a somewhat
different treatment. Seeds should be sown about February 20, in
any ordinary soil and placed in water kept at a steady temperature
of ninety degrees. The seed will ordinarily germinate in thirteen
days, and the young plants should be immediately removed from
the seed pans, and placed singly in good sized tubs, and encour-
aged to grow by keeping the water sweet a,nd clean, and the
temperature steady as above. The object of transplanting to tubs
thus early is to avoid giving any check to the rootgrowtli,
which I have found very undesirable in growing this plant. In
my opinion the rule of potting on, required by nymphii?as, does
not apply to the Victoria regia.

242

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

By the middle of June, about which time it is safe to trust it
outside, the plaut should have several leaves, the largest of which
should be over two feet iu diameter. It is then ready for its
summer quarters. Place it in a bed of good, rich soil about ten
feet square and one foot deep, first well warming both soil and
water. If it continues to grow Avell the first flower should appear
in about forty days after planting, and continue to produce flowers
at intervals of two or three days till fall.

The following is a list of the best tender and hardy Nymphseas,

Hardy.

N. alba candidissima.

N. exquisita.

N. helveola (shallow water) ,

N. Laydekeri .

JSf. Marliacea albida.

JSf. " earnea.

N. Marliacea chromatella.

]Sf. " rosea.

JSF. odorata Carolinensis.

N. " rosea.

N. " sulphvrea.

N. pygmcea (shallow water) ,

Tender.

JV. coirnlea.

N. elegans.

" Columbiana.

" gigantea.

" Dea7iiana.

" rubra.

" delicatissima.

" Zanzibarensis.

" dentata.

" " azvrea

" Devoniensis.

" " rosea.

WATER LILIES. 243

WATER LILIES.
B}' Dr. Daniel D. Lee.

Boston, November 29, 1894.
Akthuk H. Fewkes,

Sir: — Water lilies may be growu in this vicinity without any
particular trouble, as follows :

Use a pond — not more than two feet deep — or build a cement
basin of any shape ; an irregular outline is the most effective.

No stone or brickwork is necessary. Use Roseudale cement
mixed, one to four parts, with sand for a foundation. Slope the
sides of the pond a good deal, as lilies require area more than
depth. Eighteen inches is deep enough.

Over this Rosendale cement spread Portland cement mixed with
sand, one to four parts, and finally wash the whole with pure
Portland cement, using a broom to spread it. Fill with water and
test before putting in loam and manure.

When the pond is tight take cow and horse manure and fill in
about six inches deep ; on this put two or three inches of loam
and cover the whole with sand two inches deep. This last keeps
the water clear and prevents the manure from floating on the
surface of the water.

The best lilies in a pond where no artificial heat is used, are

Nymplicea alba cancUdissima. Nymphcea sulplmrea.

" Marliacea cliromatella. " Zanzibarensis azurea

" odorata rosea (ipmkhly). " " rosea.

The following will also do well unless the season is very cold :

Nymphoia dentata, )

Devoniensis, I night bloomers,

rubra, J ^ ^- ''• ^« ^^ ^- ''■

To prevent snails, put goldfish in the pond, after the first week
or two, or when the freshness of the cement is passed.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

By having the edge of the pond lower than the earth around it,
many semi-aquatic plants may be grown in the resulting mud.
The most striking of the hardy ones are :

Arundo donax.

" " oar.

' Eulalia Japonica.
Zizania aquatica (wild rice, will also grow in water).

But a catalogue of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants will furnish
all the information necessary in selecting plants.

All ponds ferment and are very disappointing in the early
summer, but during August and September they are fine.

In many ponds the plants stop blooming from lack of room ;
they become crowded towards the end of August. Watch them
and throw out some of the surplus plants before this happens.

But these are only a few of the possibilities of a lily pond. If
a natural pond is used the bottom should be prepared as described,
or boxes be used to hold the lily roots.

The various Nelumbium (lotus) varieties may also be groAvn in
the same way as lilies.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

245

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FLOWERS,

1894.

January 6.

Gratuities : —
David Allan, Cut Cypripediums
Mrs. A. D. AVood, Cut Flowers

January 13.
Gratuities : —
W. N. Craig, Vase of Violets . . . .
Richard T. Lombard, Two vases of Carnations
Walter E. Coburn, Collection of Primroses
William W. Edgar, Vase of Mignonette .
Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Flowers
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Basket of Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers . . . .

January 20.
Gratuities : —
Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Cut Orchids
Lucius H. Foster, Vase of Carnation Daybreak
Dr. C. G. Weld, Amaryllis, etc.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Vase of Flowers .
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Basket of Flowers

January 27.
Gratuities : —
Richard T. Lombard, Display of Carnations
Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Basket of Flowers .

February 3.

Orchids. — Display of named species and varieties, filling not less
than twenty bottles, Mrs. Frederick L. Ames
Second. John L. Gardner ........

Violets. — Best collection of varieties, fifty blooms in eacli bunch,

Nathaniel T. Kidder

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than six

varieties, in vases, William Nicholson .....

Second, Richard T. Lombard

.152 00
2 00

1 00
1 00
1 00
3 00
5 00
3 00
1 00

3 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

0 00
2 00

1 00

15 00

10 00

4 00

00
00

246

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,
not less than twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties,
John L. Gardner .........

Second, Francis Brown Hayes .......

Gratuities : —
H. K. Southworth, Carnations, Pansies, and Violets
Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias and Carnations
Lucius H. Foster, Carnations ....
Edwin Lonsdale, Vase of Carnation Helen Keller
Walter E. Coburn, Chinese Primulas
Richard T. Lombard, Daffodils, etc.
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, ^' " ...

February 17.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias, etc.

Bussey Institution, Forced Azaleas and Hellebores

Charles E. Richardson, Acacia longifolia

February 24.

Gratuities : —

George McWilliam, Collection of Orchids
Bussey Institution, Lilacs and Anemones
Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias, Roses, etc. .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers ....

Gratuities : —

March 3.

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Cut Flowers

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of Flowers and Cut Flowers

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " '^ " .

March 10.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Roses and Wistaria
Arthur H. Fewkes, Antirrhinum majus ....
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Heuchera sav guinea
Bussey Institution, Forced Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Basket of Flowers

Gratuities

March 17.

Daniel DufHey, Display of Violets

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Display of Buds, Blossoms, and Berries of
Wild Plants

$4 00
3 00

3 00
3 00

2 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
1 00

4 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

4 00

2 00
1 00

4 00
1 00
1 00
3 00
3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

247

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 28, 29, and 30.

Tender Roses in Vases.— Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet,

John P. Spaulding

Twelve blooms of Meteor, Charles V. Whitten ....

Twelve blooms of Mme. Hoste, Charles V. Whitten

Twelve blooms of The Bride, the Second prize to John P. Spauld-

ing

^8 00
8 00
8 00

6 00

Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varie-
ties, Denys Zirngiebel ........

Second, Denys Zirngiebel ........

Third, George M. Anderson .......

Violets. — Best collection of varieties, fifty blooms of each in a

bunch, Harry S. Band

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder .......

Third, Bussey Institution

Carnations. — Twelve blooms of any named crimson variety, E. G.
Bridge, Ferdinand Mangold .......

Second, George Sanderson, Ferdinand Mangold
Twelve blooms of any named Pink variety, William Nicholson,
Nicholson ..........

Second, Lucius H. Foster, Daybreak

Twelve blooms of any named Scarlet variety, E. G. Bridge,

Hector

Second, Frederick A. Blake, Col. Wilder

Twelve blooms of any named White variety, E. G. Bridge, Lizzie
McGowan ..........

Second, Frederick A. Blake, Lizzie McGowan ....

Twelve blooms of any named Yellow variety, J. Tailby & Son,
Henrietta Sargent .........

Second, H. K. Southworth, Buttercup

Centre Piece.— Mrs. E. M. Gill

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Gratuities : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Roses and Rhododendrons
E. Sheppard & Son, Dendrobiums and Carnations
Peter Fisher & Co., Vase of Carnation Jacqueminot
Francis Brown Hayes, Pyramid of Wistaria
Arthur H. Fewkes, Antirrhinums
Bussey Institution, Andromeda and Cypripediums
David Allan, Cymhidium Lowianmn
Harry S. Rand, Sweet Peas ....
Charles E. Richardson, Tricolor Geranium foliage
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " '^ ...

4

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2

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1

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3

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2

00

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Apbil 7.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses and Wistaria . • . . . f 3 00
George M. Anderson, Tea Roses . . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 1 00

April 14.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Wistaria and Lilies 2 OO'

Bussey Institution, Forced Cypripedium spectabile . . . . 2 00

R. & J.Farquhar &Co., Heuchera sangiiinea undDouhle Pyrethrums 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Carnations, etc 2 00^^

April 21.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

April 28.
Gratuities : —

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Narcissuses . . . . . . 3 00

Bussey Institution, Daffodils, etc 2 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, " '•' 1 Oa

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 5.

Tulips. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct named varieties, John L.

Gardner 6 00

Hardy Narcissuses. — Collection of not less than ten named varie-
ties of blooms, R. & J. Farquhar & Co (i 00

Second, Bussey Institution 5 00

Third, John L. Gardner 4 00

Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varie-
ties, Denys Zirngiebel 4 00

Second, Denys Zirngiebel 3 00

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Thirty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 8 00
Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding thirty bottles, George

H. Grinnell ' . . . . 5 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards 4 00

Third, Misses Eleanor A., and Mollie S. Doran . . . 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

249

Gratuities : —
William Nicholson, Carnations
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Heuchera sanguinea .
Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants
Bussey Institution, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants
Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Flowers .
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " ...

May 12.

Gratuities : —

J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants ....

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers ....

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " '' ....

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers ...
Misses C. M. Endicott, and M. C. Hewett, Wild Flowers

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, " "

George H. Grinnell, '• "■

May

Gratuities : —
J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants .

19.

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Flowers
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers ....

Mrs. E. M. Gill, - ^^ ....

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers ....
Mrs. Mary E. Loud, " ''....

Misses C. M. Endicott and M. C. Hewett, Wild Flowers

May 26.
Gratuities : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Flowers
Walter H. Cowing, Hybrid Aquilegias
Leverett M. Chase, Viburnum and Globe Flowers
J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants .
Rea Brothers, " "•

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers
Mrs. Mary E. Loud, " "

June 2.
Gratuities : —
H. H. Hunnewell, Display of Rhododendrons
E. G. Bridge, Vase of Carnation Hector
Walter H. Cowing, Display of Clematis .
Charles V. Whitten, Pyrethrums
Leverett M. Chase, Viburnums

n 00

1 00

2 00

2 00
•6 00

3 00
1 00

3 00
3 00
I 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

2 00
4 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

4 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

5 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"William C. Strong, German Irises and Pyrethrums .

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Heraerocallis flava and Papaver orientale

J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Flowers

Misses C M. Endicott, and M. C. Hewett, Wild Flowers

$1 00

1 00

2 00
5 00
1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 6 and 7,

H. H. Hunnewell Premiums.

Rhododendrons. — Twelve distinct Hardy varieties, named, Samuel
J. Trepess, a piece of plate, value ....
Second, John L. Gardner, a piece of plate, value
Six distinct Hardy varieties, named, Samuel J. Trepess

Second, John L. Gardner

Eighteen Tender varieties, named, Francis Brown Hayes
Six Tender varieties, named, Francis Brown Hayes
Three Tender varieties, named, Francis Brown Hayes .
Single truss of any Tender variety, named, Francis Brown Hayes
Hardy Azaleas. — From any or all classes, fifteen varieties, one
vase of each, Francis Brown Hayes

Second, Thomas C. Thurlow

Twelve varieties, one vase of each, Thomas C. Thurlow
Six varieties, one vase of each, John L. Gardner .
Cluster of trusses, one variety, Francis Brown Hayes .

Society's Prizes.

German Irises. — Six distinct varieties, one spike of each, John L.
Gardner ...........

Second, Walter H. Cowing

Hardy Pyrethrums. — Display, Charles V. Whitten

Second, Francis Brown Hayes .......

Third, Shady Hill Nursery Co

Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Collection of thirty species
and varieties, named, cut blooms, the Second prize to Alice L.
Grinnell ...........

Herbaceous Plants. — Thirty bottles, J. W. Manning .

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co.

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood .....

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding thirty bottles, of named

species and varieties, Misses C. M. Endicott, and M. C. Hewett

Second, Mrs. P. D. Ricliards .......

Third, George H. Grinnell

20

00

15

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5

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5

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4 00

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3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

251

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Display of Rliododendrons, Azaleas, etc. . . $15 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, etc. . 15 00

John L. Gardner, Collection of Rhododendrons . . . . 4 00

E. Sheppard & Son, Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Pelargoniums 3 00

0. B. Hadwen, Rhododendrons and Pseonies . . . . . 1 00
Thomas C. Thurlow, Five varieties of English Oaks and Hardy

Azaleas 2 00

Moses T. Stevens, German Irises 2 00

Walter H. Cowing, " " and Aquilegias . . . . 2 00

William C. Strong, '•' " and Pyrethrums . . . . 1 00

Mary T. Goddard, Seedling Clematis 1 00

Robert Manning, " " (originated by Joseph H. Wood-
ford) 1 00

Jackson Dawson, Forty species and varieties of Roses . . . 5 00

William Nicholson, Carnations ....... 2 00

H. K. Southworth, " 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, Pelargoniums 1 00

Isaac E. Coburn, Pansies 1 00

Mrs. A. A. Johnson, Kalmia latifolia ...... 1 00

George Chase, Viburnum tomentosuni and Magnolia hypoleuca . 2 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hardy flowering Trees and Shrubs . . . 10 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants ....... 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 2 00

June 9.
Gratuities : —

L. T. Seaver, Ruffled Pansies . . . . . . . . 1 00

E. G. Bridge, Vase of Carnations Ferdinand Mangold . . . 1 00
Mrs. C. Ramsdell, German Irises .......] 00

June 16.

Prizes postponed from Rhododendron Show.

Herbaceous Peonies. — Twelve named varieties, Arthur H. Fewkes 10 00

Second, James F. C. Hyde 8 00

Third, John L. Gardner 6 00

Gratuities : —

Thomas C. Thurlow, Seventy-five named varieties of Pseonies . 8 00

Edward B. Wilder, Pseonies ........ 2 00

William C. Strong, " ........ 2 00

George Hollis, " 2 00

" " Seedling Paeonies 2 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, " 1 00

252

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Pseonies, Roses, etc.

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Peonies

Francis Brown Hayes, Rhododendrons and Roses

Sumner Coolidge, Hybrid Roses

E. G. Bridge, Vase of Carnation Hector

Walter H. Cowing, Spanish Irises

L. T. Seaver, Ruffled Pansies .

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants

J. W. Manning, "■ "

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

$4 00

00
00
00
00
00

1 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.

JdNE 20 AND 21.

Special Prizes, Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of

each variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, a piece of plate, value . '65 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld, a piece of plate, value . . .30 00

Third, Mrs. J. Warren Clark, a piece of plate, value . . 25 00

Special Prizes, offered by the Society.

Six blooms of Alfred Colomb, Sumner Coolidge . . . • 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Six blooms of Baroness Rothschild, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . 5 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge 4 00

Six blooms of John Hopper, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . . . 5 00

Second, Francis Brown Hayes ....... 4 00

Six blooms of Merveille de Lyon, the Second prize to Sumner

Coolidge 4 00

Six blooms of Mme. Gabriel Luizet, Francis Brown Hayes . . 5 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 4 00

Six blooms of Mme. Victor Verdier, Dr. C. G. Weld . . 5 00

Six blooms of Prince Camille de Rohan, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . 5 00

Twelve blooms of any other variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Gen.

Jacqueminot 7 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Ulrich Brunner . . . . 5 00

Third, " " " " Magna Charta . . . 4 00

Fourth, Sumner Coolidge, Mrs. John Laing . . . . 3 00

Regular Prizes.

Sixteen distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon.

Josepli S. Fay 20 00

Second, J. Eaton, Jr. 15 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 253

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each variety, the Second

prize to Hon. Joseph S. Fay iiiilO 00

Six distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon. Joseph

S. Fay 15 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 10 00

Three distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon. Joseph

S. Fay 10 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Third, John L. Gardner 5 00

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, one of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 15 00

Second, J. Eaton, Jr. 10 00

Third, William H. Spooner 8 00

Eighteen distinct named varieties, one of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 12 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, one of each variety. Dr. C. G.

Weld 10 00

Second, Francis Brown Hayes fi 00

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 4 00

Six distinct named varieties, one of each variety, Hon. Joseph S.

Fay 6 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 4 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld .8 00

Three distinct named varieties, one of each variety, Francis

Brown Hayes .......... 3 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 2 00

Twelve blooms of not less than four varieties introduced since

1891, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 10 00

Moss Roses. — Six distinct named varieties, three clusters of eacli,

Hon. Joseph S. Fay 6 00

Second, John L. Gardner 4 00

Hybrid Tea Roses. — Six named varieties, buds admissible, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay 6 00

General Display. — One hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, buds

admissible, Francis Brown Hayes . . . . . . 10 00

Second, Mrs. J. Warren Clark 9 00

Third, John L. Gardner 8 00

Fourth, Mrs. E. M. Gill . . 7 00

Fifth, William H. Spooner 6 00

Sweet Williams. — Thirty spikes, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, Walter H. Cowing 3 CO

Second, Frederick S. Davis 2 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill 5 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. AVood 4 00

4

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Display of Roses
William H. Spooner, Roses ....
John L. Gardner, " ....

J. Eaton, Jr., " ....

Dr. C. G. Weld, " ....

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses and Rhododendrons
:Mrs. E. M. Gill, Roses and Cut Flowers .
Thomas C. Thurlow, Fifty varieties of Pasonies
O. B. Hadwen, Paeonies .....
Walter E. Coburn, Pelargoniums
E. Sheppard & Son, " ...

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Delphiniums
E. Sheppard & Son, Sweet Williams
George HoUis, Foxgloves ....

Bussey Institution, Foxgloves, Sweet Williams, and Lilies
AValter H. Cowing, Poppies, Spanish Irises, and Sweet Williams
L. T. Seaver, Pansies
Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Cut Flowers
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers
Misses C. M. Endicott and M. C. Hewett, Wild Flowers

.^25 00
5 00
5 00
3 00

3 00
10 00

4 00

5 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
3 00

1 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

Jdxe 30.
Hardy Roses. — Collection, filling fifty vases, one rose in each
vase, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .......

Second, Hugh Williamson .......

Third, Francis Brown Hayes . .

Fourth, J. Eaton, Jr.

Iris KyEmpferi. — Fifteen varieties, three of each, in vases, John
L. Gardner ..........

Six varieties, three of each, in vases, John L. Gardner

Second, Frederick S. Davis .......

English Irises. — Best collection, Walter H. Cowing
Delphiniums. — Collection of twenty spikes, Nathaniel T. Kidder .

Second, John L. Gardner ........

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

LiLiUM CANDiDUM. — Twelvc spikes, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Miss Mary S. Walker

Third, Frederick S. Davis . . .

Campanulas. — Collection, not less than twelve bottles, Rea Brothers
Foxgloves. — Twelve spikes, the Second prize to Walter H. Cowing
Hekhaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co. ......

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood .....

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

20

00

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10

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6

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3

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4

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

255

Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hybrid Roses .
William H. Spooner, Roses
Charles W. Parker, •' ...

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses, Orchids, etc.
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Hybrid Roses and Cut Flowers
R. & J. Farquhar «fe Co., Delphiniums
John L. Gardner, Campanulas ...
Walter H. Cowing, Sweet Williams and Popple
Kea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. P. D. Richards, "Wild Flowers .
Lawrence H. Parker, " " . .

$7

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

I

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1 00

JOLY 7.

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 3 00

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, Mrs. P.

D. Richards 5 00

Second, George H. Grinnell 4 00

Third, Lawrence H. Parker ....... 3 00

Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Roses and Delphiniums . . . . . 5 00

E. Sheppard & Son, Iris Kcempferi ....... 2 UO

John L. Gardner, " " 2 GO

Sumner Coolidge, Hollyhocks ........ 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, Pelargoniums . . . . . . . 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Flowers . . . . . 5 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants ....... 1 00

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, Wild Flowers 1 00

Jdly 14.

Hollyhocks. — Double, twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors,
Joseph Burnett
Second, Francis Brown Hayes
Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Six blooms, of six distinct colors, Joseph Burnett
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Third, " <' >' <•

Twelve spikes, Joseph Burnett
Second, " "

Parlor Bouquet. — Francis Brown Haye
Second. Mrs. E. M. Gill .
Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood .

5 00

4 00
3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

5 00

4 00
4 00

3 00

2 00

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

Joseph Burnett, Hollyhocks $10 00

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Eight dishes of Hollyhocks . . . . 2 00

A. H. Messer, Hollyhocks 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Hollyhocks, etc 4 00

Frederick A. Blake, Thirty-one named varieties of Sweet Peas . 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Sweet Peas, etc 2 00

Joseph Burnett, Zinnias ......... 1 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants ....... 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 2 00

Lawrence H. Parker, " " . . . . . . 1 00

July 21.

Gloxinias. — Display of Cut Flowers, John P. Spaulding . . 4 00

Second, Moses T. Stevens 3 00

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. P. D. Richards . . 5 00

Second, Mrs. Mary E. Loud 4 00

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Hollyhocks . . . . . . . 1 00

Frederick A. Blake, Petunias 2 00

Walter E. Coburn, Tuberous Begonias, etc. . . . . . 1 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants . . . . . . . 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Flowers . . . . . 3 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " ....... 1 00

Jolt 28.

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling thirty vases, Frederick A. Blake . 0 00

Second, Walter Russell 4 00

Display of named varieties in vases, six blooms in each vase, H.

B. Watts 4 00

Second, Frederick A. Blake 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder . 8 00

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard & Son, Hollyhocks 1 00

David Allan, Hollyhocks, etc 1 00

L. W. Goodell, Petunias 3 00

Frederick A. Blake, Salpiglossis ....... 1 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants ....... 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers .......;> 00

Mrs. K. M. Gill, '^ " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, " " 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

257

August 4.

Ntmph^as. — Collection, with foliage, Dr. R. H. Faunce . . SIO 00

Second, L. W. Goodell 8 00

Neldmbiums. — Collection, with foliage, Dr. R. H. Faunce . . 6 00

Second, L. W. Goodell 5 00

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, Tliomas C.

Thurlow 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ... .... 4 00

Third, Rea Brothers 3 00

Vase of Flowers.— Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood MOO

Native Flowers. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, Mrs.

P. D. Richards .5 00

Second, Misses C. M. Endicott and M. C. Hewett . . . 4 00

Third, Misses Eleanor A. and Mollie S. Doran . . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —
Thomas C. Thurlow, Collection of Phloxes
Walter H. Cowing, Cannas
W. N. Craig, Asters ....

John L. Gardner, Gladioli and Montbretia
Elisha S. Converse, Begonias, etc. .
Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants
Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Flowers
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers
Mrs. S. H. Coleman, " "

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Cut Flowers
Walter E. Coburn,

.■; 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 CO

1 00

1 00

August 11.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties, in spikes, Francis Brown

Hayes (i 00

Ten named varieties, in spikes, John L. Gardner . . . 3 00

Second, Francis Brown Hayes ....... 2 00

Six named varieties, in spikes, John Parker . . . . 2 Oo

Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred

vases, J. Warren Clark 8 00

Second, John P. Spaulding 0 00

Third, Richard T. Lombard 4 00

Phlox Dru.mmondi. — Thirty vases, not less than six varieties,

Francis Brown Hayes ........ 4 00

Second, Frederick A. Blake 3 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 2 00

Gratuities : —

Rea Brothers, Sixteen named varieties of Phlox . . . . 2 00

Walter H. Cowing, Lilium auratum 3 00

258

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bussey Institution, Sweet Peas $2 00

C. H. Childs, Zinnias 1 CO

John Parker, Display of Flowers 1 00

John L. Gardner, Vase of Montbretia 1 00

David Allan, Roses, etc 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers 4 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

August 18.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Roses ........ 3 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli 3 00

Walter H. Cowing, Lemoine's Gladioli 2 00

Bussey Institution, Tuberous Begonias, Gloxinias, and Achimenes . 2 00

C. E. Weld, " " 2 00

Elisha S. Converse, " " 1 00

George Hollis, Eighteen varieties of Phlox 2 00

Frederick A. Blake, Stocks and Phlox . . •. . . . 100

Adin A. Hixon, Sweet Peas and Petunias . . . . . 1 00

John P. Spaulding, Cannas and Sweet Peas . . . . . 1 00

Joseph Clark, Heaths ... 1 00

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants ....... 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Cut Flowers 2 00

John Parker, " " 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " 1 00

Mrs.^P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

August 25.

Asters. — Large flowered, of all classes, fifty vases, not less than
twelve varieties, three flowers in each vase, Mrs. Mary T.

Goddard 5 00

Second, F. P. Alexander 4 00

Truffaut's Paeony Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve

varieties, Bussey Institution ....... 5 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 4 00

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve varieties,

John L. Gardner 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 8 00

Gratuities : ■ —

Frederick W. Vanderbilt, Asters 2 00

George Hollis, Thirty-five species of Asters . . . 1 00

J. Warren Clark, Display of Gladioli 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

259

Frederick S. Davis, Lilliput Zinnias, etc.

Edwin S. Hill, Dahlias and Petunias

Walter E. Coburn, Petunias and Begonias

Rea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants

John L. Gardner, Display of Flowers

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Flowers

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .

John Parker, " "

Mrs. P. D. Kichards, Wild Flowers .

George H. Grinnell, '^ " and Fruits

$1 00

1

00

1

00

1

00

5

00

4

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 5 and 6.

Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.

Aquatic Plants. — Display, including not less than twelve flowers
of Nyniphffias and Nelumbiums, Hon. John Simpkins
Second, Daniel D. Lee ........

Third, L. W. Goodell

30 00
20 00
10 00

Regular Frizes.

Asters. — Collection of fifty varieties, one flower in each vase, pre
ference being given to the collection containing the greatest

number of classes, L. W. Goodell . . . . . • 5 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge ........ 4 00

Third, Charles H. Yates . :{ 00

Dahlias. — Double, twelve blooms, distinct named varieties, John

Parker (> 00

Second, L. W. Snow .... . . 5 00

Third, William C. Winter ... . . 4 00

Six blooms, distinct named varieties, L. W. Snow . . . 4 00

Second, John Parker 3 00

Third, Lawrence H. Parker 2 00

Specimen bloom, John Parker, for James Crocker . . 2 00

Second, William C. Winter, for Black Knight . . . 1 00

Lilliputian, display, twenty-five bottles, not less than eight named

varieties, William C. Winter 4 00

Second, William C. Winter 3 00

Third, L. W. Snow 2 00

LiLiuM LANCiFOLiuM. — Collection of named varieties, Sumner

Coolidge 4 00

Trop^eolums. — Display filling twenty-five vases. Dr. C. G. Weld . 4 00

Second, William Patterson 3 00

Third, A. L. Cain 2 00

2 HO MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Marigolds. — Display of French and African, filling twenty-live

vases, Francis Brown Hayes . . . . . . . $3 OO

Second, Bussey Institution 2 00

Cannas. — Collection of not less than ten named varieties, in spikes,

with foliage, David Fisher . . . . . . . 10 00

Second, Walter H. Cowing 8 00

Tuberous Begonias. — Twenty-five spikes, not less than four

varieties, kept fresh during the exhibition, C. E. Weld . . 5 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse ....... 4 00

Third, Albert H. Brown 3 00

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

L. W. Goodell 4 00

Second, Francis Brown Hayes ..... , 3 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 2 00

Single Dianthus. — Collection of Annual and Biennial varieties,

filling fifty bottles, Francis Brown Hayes . . . . 4 00

Basket of Flowers. -Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill . . . 4 00
Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, Mrs. P.

D. Richards 5 00

Second, George H. Grinnell 4 00

Third, Misses Eleanor A. and Mollie S. Doran . . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —
William W. Lee, Display of Nympha;as ......

Warren W. Rawson, Display of Dahlias

William C. Winter, i' <' <<

H. F. Burt. u .;

James S. Cowles, Newport, R. I., Display of Canna Mrs. Fairnian

Rogers

Albert H. Brown, Tuberous Begonias ......

Walter E. Coburn, Petunias

-Toseph H. White, Monstera deliciosa ......

E. Sheppard & Son, Gladioli, etc. .......

^I. S. Stevens, Asters, Zinnias, etc. .......

Thomas C. Thurlow, Perennial Phlox and Delphiniums

l^ea Brothers, Herbaceous Plants .......

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection of Cut Flowers ....

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers

September 15.
Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 8 00

Gratuity : —
Harvard Botanic Garden, Herbaceous Plants .'S 00

4

Oo

4

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

00

00

00

00

00

oo

00

4

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 261

September 22.

Perennial Asters. — Display of Native or Introduced species and

varieties, George Hollis ........ 5 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards 4 00

October 20.
Gratuity : —

Hon. John Simpkins, Two vases of Chrysanthemums, Ivory and

H. L. Sunderbruch .'j 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November fi, 7, 8, and 9.

Special Prizes, from the Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Twenty-five blooms, of twenty-five distinct varieties, named, Hon.

John Simpkins, a piece of plate, value . . . . . 20 00

Second, W. Slack, Stamford, Conn., a piece of plate, value 15 00

Third, Joseph H. White, a piece of plate, value . . . 10 00

Si.v vases, of six named varieties, ten blooms of each, Waban

Rose Conservatories . . . . . . . . 30 00

Second, Charles V. Whitten 25 00

Special Prizes, offered hy the Society.

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms. Pink, Patrick

Melia, for Nonantum ........ 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, Wiiite, Hugh

Graham & Son, Philadelphia, Pa., for Philadelphia . . 5 00
Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, Yellow, Pitcher

& Manda, Short Hills, N. J., for Mrs. W. H. Bryant . . 5 00
Best Seedling, never disseminated, Incurved, of any color, three

blooms, T. 1). Hatfield, for Mrs. T. D. Hatfield . . . 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Twelve cut blooms, Incurved, named, Joseph H. White . . 10 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 6 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese, named, W. Slack, Stamford, Conn. 10 00

Second, Hon. John Simpkins ....... (5 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood 4 OO

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, Hon. John Simp-
kins 10 00

Second, W. Slack G OO

Third, Joseph H. White 4 00

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve cut blooms. Anemone, named, W. Slack .... 010 00

Six cut blooms, Incurved, named, W. Slack . . . 6 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese, named, Joseph H. White . ... 6 00

Second, W. Slack 4 00

Third, James Nicol 2 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, Hon. John Simpkins 6 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse 4 00

Six cut blooms, Retlexed, named, W. Slack . . . . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White 4 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse 2 00

Twelve best varieties, named, introductions of the current year,

Hon. John Simpkins 8 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood 6 00

Vase of blooms, on long stems, a^rranged in the Society's large

China Vases, Hon. John Simpkins . . . . 18 00

Second, Hon. John Simpkins . . . . . . . 16 00

Third, Francis Brown Hayes . . . . . . . 14 00

Fourth, J. W. Howard 12 00

Fifth, Joseph H. White . . . . ' 10 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems. Red, named, Waban Rose

Conservatories, E. Molyneux . . . . . . . 10 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, Pink, named, Waban Rose

Conservatories, Viviand Morel . . . . . . . 10 00

Second, Waban Rose Conservatories, Mermaid . . . . 8 00

Third, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney, Viviand Morel . . . 0 00
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, White, named, Waban

Rose Conservatories, Mrs. Jerome Jones . . . . . 10 00

Second, Waban Rose Conservatories, Mutual Friend . . . 8 00
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, Yellow, named, Waban Rose

Conservatories, Eugene Dailledouze . . . . . . 10 00

Second, Waban Rose Conservatories, H. L. Sunderbruch . . 8 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, Golden Wedding 0 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, any other color, named,

J. Eaton Jr., Clarence 10 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse, Hicks Arnold . . . . . 8 00

Third, L W. Goodell, Robert M. Gray 6 00

Gratuities: —
William Edgar, Five vases of Chrysanthemums ....
Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney, Collection of Ciirysanthemums
Francis Brown Hayes, tin u ...

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Chrysanthemums

Mann Brothers, Two vases of Chrysanthemum Mutual Friend

L. W. Goodell, Vase of blooms of Chrysanthemum Florence

Pullman ...........

Francis Brown Hayes, Two vases of Chrysanthemum James Comley
George Putnam School, Hardy Chrysanthemums ....

8

00

6

00

5

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

263

. m 00

3

00

2

00

4

00

1

00

2

00

2 00
1 00

1 00

3 00

Richard T. Lombard, Collection of Carnations
Mann Brothers, Six vases of Carnations .
William Nicholson, Three vases of Carnations
Peter Boll. Vase of Roses, American Beauty .
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., New Violet, Farquhar
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Collection of Cannas

November 17.
Gratuities; —

Prancis Brown Hayes, Chrysanthemums ....
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " ....

December 8.
Gratuity: —

George McWilliam, Daphne Indica and Luculia gratissima

December 29.
Gratuity: —

C. W. Ward, Queens, N. Y. , Carnations

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL.

June 16. Jackson Dawson, Hybrid Rosa multiflora.

APPLETON SILVER MEDAL.
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Best Collection of Herbaceous Plants, exhibited at
stated times during the season as specified in the Schedule.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.
January 20. William Robinson, Hybrid Selenipedium Helene.

" " Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Hybrid Lalia Digbyana MossicB.
" " Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, new Lalia anceps var. Scliroderce.
April 14. Warren H. Manning, Cornus stolonifera anrea.
May Exhibition, May ">. Jackson Dawson, Spircea angusia.

" " " " " " Prunus spinosus jiore plena.

Rose Exhibition, June2(). Bussey Institution, Ostrowskya magnijica.

" " " " Denys Zirngiebel, Improved Candytuft.

Annual Exhibition of Flowers, etc., September 5. Hon. John Simpkins Nym-

pihaa delicatissima,
" " " " " " Hon. John Simpkins Nym-

2}hcea Deaniana.
" " " " " " Oasis Nursery Co., Tuber-

ous Begonia.
♦' " ' " " " " R. & J. Farquhar & Co.,

New Cannas.
Walter Hunnewell, Chrysan-
themum Mrs. E. G. Hill.
T. D. Hatfield, Seedling

Annual Exhibition of Fruits, etc., October 0.

October 20.

Chrysanthemum. Mrs. T. D. Hatfield.

264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 6. Siebrecht & Wadley, New Rochelle,

N. Y., New Rose, Belle Siebrecht.
" " " " George B. Gill, Seedling Chrysan-

themum, Ox Blood.
November 17. Norris F. Comley, Seedling Chrysanthemum, Francis B.
Hayes.

COMPLIMENTARY NOTICES.

Rhododendron Show, June 6. Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Seedling Clematis.

" " August 4. Dr. R. H. Faunce, Seedling variety of

JVyniphtsa odorata.
Annual Exhibition, September 5. P. Bisset, Washington, D. C, Seedling

Nymphaeas.
Clirysanthemum Show, November G. Calvin S. Goddard, Seedling Chrysan-
themum, Calvin S. Goddard.
" " George Hollis, Seedling Chrysanthe-
mum, Golden Rule.
" " J. Eaton, Jr., Seedling Chrysanthe-
mum, Penikese.
" " Patrick Melia, Seedling Chrysanthe-
mum, October Queen.
" " Henry A. Gane, Seedling Chrysanthe-
mum, Mrs. George A. Gane.
'• " Henry A. Gane, Seedling Chrysanthe-
mum, Mrs. Louise P. Chard.
" " Kenneth Finlayson, Sport, Mrs. E. B.

Freeman.
" " Sewall Fisher, Seedling Carnation,

No. 162.
" " Sewall Fisher, Seedling Carnation,
Crystal.
December 29. Frederick Dorner, Lafayette, Ind.^
Seedling Carnation, Meteor.
" " Frederick Dorner, Seedling Carna-

tion, Bridesmaid.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

The fruit exhibits during the year 1894 have been larger in all
classes and the prizes more nearly all awarded than in any
previous j'ear within the experience of the present Committee.
The small fruits suffered less than usual during the winter, and,
with the exception of some localities, and in light soil where they
were more or less injured by drought, produced more than an
average crop. The tree fruits have been unusually abundant and
of excellent quality; this is especially true of the apple. The
crop has been unusually large, the fruit of full average size, and
remarkably smooth and free from imperfections.

Of pears there has been a full average crop, and there has been
little or no complaint of blight, or of insects injuring the trees.

Peaches have been shown in larger quantities than in previous
years, and a larger proportion have been seedling varieties ; while
there has not been any marked improvement in size or quality, the
seedling trees would seem to be more reliable for a crop. There
have been about the usual quantity of plums exhibited ; the only
serious obstacle to growing this fruit in this vicinity is the black
knot, and the most successful remedy thus far discovered seems to
be, carefully watching the trees, and painting over the warts, as
they appear, with kerosene mixed with whiting or plaster, to the
consistency of thick paint.

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The dry weather was favorable for maturing and gathering the
cherry crop, and there was much less waste than frequently
happens from the fruit rotting on the trees. Of quinces there was
an unusually large number of specimens shown at the Annual
Exhibition of Fruits. The quantity, quality, and different varieties
shown, indicate that more attention is being paid to their cultivation
than formerly.

Considered in connection with other products of the soil, the
fruit crop, both in quantity, and the value received for it,
compares favorably with other products. The apple market has
been materially benefited by the large amount exported to foreign
markets, which is larger, up to the present time, than in any previous
year at a corresponding date. Thousands of barrels of apples
have gone to waste the past season. The quantity of windfalls
was so large that the cider mills could not consume them, and if
that had not been the case they could be more profitably used by
the evaporating companies. Where these machines have been in
operation, the proprietors have paid thirty cents per bushel for
windfalls, which, without any expense for barrels or packing and
heading, leaves a fair price for the fruit. Owing to the drought a
larger proportion than usual fell from the trees, and if all that
were suitable could have been evaporated, it would have furnished
employment for many laborers, and added an important item ta
the fruit growers' receipts.

The prices received for pears have not compared favorably with
those for other fruits. The large quantity of this fruit received
from California early in the season, much of which was sold at
extremely low prices, produced an unfavorable effect on the
market for home grown fruit. The prices for the small fruits
compared favorably with previous years.

There have been no new fruits shown, requiring special mention.
PjX- President Strong offered liberal special prizes, at the Straw-
berry Exhibition, for new varieties that had not previously been
exhibited, but it did not result in bringing out anything equal to
varieties now in general cultivation.

The Schedule of Prizes for 1895, if adopted by the Society as
recommended by the Committee, will contain but few changes
from that of the past season. It has been the endeavor of the
Committee to include in the list of varieties for which premiums
are offered, all that are desirable for general cultivation, either for

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 267

market or domestic use, and to arrange for their exhibition at such
times as they can be shown to the best advantage ; and as the
invitation to exhibitors, and all others interested, to make any
suggestions they might desire, as to changes in the Schedule, has
met with very slight response, we can but infer that the present
Schedule is generally satisfactory.

Of the S1800 appropriated for prizes and gratuities, the Com-
mittee have awarded $1,732, leaving an unexpended balance of $68.

E. W. Wood,
0. B. Hadwen,

C. F. Curtis, [ Committee

J. W. Hill, / ^'^

Samuel HartwellA ^^^"i^-
Warren Fenno, /

268

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

January 6.

Gratuities: —

Edwin A Hall, Diel Pears .$1 00

N. N. Penny, Canaveral, Florida, Oranges 1 00

January 13.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. C. L. Morton, West Longwood, Florida, Oranges . . . 1 00

Edwin A. Hall, Pears 1 00

Mrs. A. H. Lewis, Pears ......... 1 00

February 3.

Gratuities: —

Edwin A. Hall, Collection of Pears 1 00

Calvin Terry, Cranberries . . . . . . . . 1 CO

February 17.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. C. L. Morton, Oranges 2 00

George Frost, Oranges ......... 1 00

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Apples and Grapes . . . 3 00

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, Bermuda Fruits . . . . . . 1 00

March 10.

Gratuity: —

Mrs. C. L. Morton, Grape Fruit 1 00

March 17.

Gratuity: —

Elisha S. Converse, Strawberries ....... 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 28, 29, and 30.

WiNTKR Apples. — Baldwin, E. R. Cook
Second, John L. Bird
Third, Charles M. Handley
Northern Spy, Rev. Calvin Terry .
Second, William T. Hall .
Third, Samuel Hartwell

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

269

lioxbury Kusset, E. R. Cook

Second, Cephas H. Brackett .....

Tliird. George Sanderson ......

Any other variety, E. R. Cook. Rl)ode Island Greening
Second, Charles M. Handley, Rhode Island Greening
Third, James H. Clapp, Lady's Sweet
Winter Pears. — Any variety, Edwin A. Hall, Winter Nelis

Second, Edwin A. Hall, Easter Beurre
Strawberries, one pint, Elisha S. Converse .

April 7.

Gratuity: —
William G. Prescott, Strawberries

May

Gratuities: —
Edwin A. Hall, Collection of Pears
William Brown, Hothouse Peaches
William G. Prescott, Strawberries

Gratuities: —
Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes
William C. Winter, Peaches

June 9.

Jdne K!.

Gratuities: —
J. W. Howard, Marshall Strawberries
William G. Prescott.
William C. Strong,
■Charles E. Grant, «'

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

a 00

2 00

3 00

I 00

I 00
1 00
1 00

1 00
1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 20 and 21.

Special Prizes fro^m the Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variety, Warren
Heustis & Son, Marshall, the Lyman Plate, value .
Second, Marshall F. Ewell, Marshall, the Lyman Plate, value
Third, J. W. Howard, Marshall, the Lyman Plate, value .
Fourth, George V. Fletcher, Marshall, the Lyman Plate, value
Fifth, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont, the Lyman Plate, value

Special Prize offered by William C. Stroiig:

For the best two quarts of any variety not previously exhibited
here, the Third prize to Isaac E. Coburn, Sanders
5

20 00
16 00
12 00
10 00
S 00

5 00

270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sijecial Prizes offered by the Society.
For the best two quarts of any variety, to be judged by points,

Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont $Q 00

Second, Marshall F. Eweli, Marshall 5 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Marshall 4 00

Fourth, Isaac E. Coburn, Jesse 3 00

Regular Prizes.
For the largest and best collection, not less than twenty baskets,
of two quarts each, and not less than five varieties, George F
Wheeler .

Second, Charles S. Fratt
Ten baskets, not less than three varieties, two quarts each, William
C. Strong

Second, Isaac E. Coburn

Third, George F. Wheeler

Fourth, George V. Fletcher
Five baskets of one variety, two quarts eacii, William Do
Son, Belmont .

Second, William Doran & Son, Sharpless

Third, Marshall F. Ewell, Marshall

Fourth, Mrs. J. Warren Clark, Bubach
Two quarts of Belmont, Warren Heustis & S

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, George F. Wheeler
Bubach, Oliver K. Robbins .

Stcond, J. C. Haskell

Third, William C. Winter .
Champion, George F. Wheeler

Second, George V. Fletcher
Charles Downing, William C. Winter

Second, William Doran & Son

Third, George F. Wheeler
Crescent, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, William C. Winter

Third, George F. Wheeler
Cumberland, William C. Winter

Second, Wilfred Wheeler .

Third, George V. Wheeler
Jesse, George V. Fletcher

Second, Isaac E. Coburn

Third, William C. Winter
Leader, George V. Fletcher

Second, Isaac E. Coburn

Third, George F. Wheeler
Marshall, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Marshall F. Ewell

25

00

20

OC^

15

00

12

GO

10

GO

8

00

8

GO

6

00

5

00

4

GO

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

GO

3

00

2

CO

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

•>

00

4

00

3

00

2

GO

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

CO

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

(10

3

GO

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

271

May King. William C. Winter ......

Miner's Prolific, George F. Wheeler .....

Second, M. S. Heath

Sharpless, William Doran & Son ......

Wilder, the Second prize to William C. Wiiuer
Any other variety, Bela F. Lincoln, Hersey Columbia .
Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Haverland ....

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Parker Earle
Collection of not less than six varieties, one qujlrt of each, George

V. Fletcher

Second, George F. Wheeler ......

One quart of any new variety, not previously exhibited. William
G. Prescott. Seedling .......

Second, William C. Strong, Mary .....

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, George V. Fletcher .
Second, ()liver R. Robbins ......

Third, Edwin Hastings .......

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Elisha S. Converse
Black Hamburg ........

Second, Winter Brothers, Black Hamburg

$i 00
4 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

4 00
3 00

2 00

8 00
(i 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00
2 00

6 00

4 00

June 30.

Strawberries. — One quart of any v.iriety, Marshall F. Ewell,

Marshall 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont . . . . 2 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Jesse 1 00

Cherries. — Black Eagle, Samuel G. Diimon . . . . . 3 00

Black Tartarian, E. W. Wood 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase 2 00

Coe's Transparent, John L. Bird ... .... 3 00

Downer's Late, Charles S. Smith . . . . . . . 3 On

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett 1 00

Any other variety, Ciiarles S. Smith, Hyde's Seedling . . . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Merriam 2 00

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Yellow Spanish . . . I 00

Gratuities: —

William Doran & Son, Strawberries and Raspberries . . . 1 00

William C. Strong, Strawberries. ....... 1 00

July 7.

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Charles S. Smith, Hyde's

Seedling 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase, Black Tartarian . . . . 2 00

Third, E. W. Wood, Downer's Late 1 00

272

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICDLTURAL SOCIETY.

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Josiah W. Talbot,

Talbot's Prolific

Second, William Doran & Sun. Hornet .....

Tliird, diaries E. Grant, Cuthbert ......

Currants. — Two quarts of any red variety, Sumner Coolidge, Fay's
Second, William Doran & Son, Versaillaise ....

Third, Elisha S. Converse. Fay's

Two quarts of any white variety, Elisha S. Converse, White Grape
Second, Benjamin G. -Smith, Dana's White ....

JCLV 14.
Raspberries. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two quarts
of each, William Doran & Son ....

Two quarts of any variety, Mrs. E. J. Cutter, Cuthbert
Second, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert ....

Currants. — One quart of Versaillaise, William Doran & Son
Second, Benjamin G. Smith .....

One quart of any other Red variety, Sumner Coolidge .
Second, Benjamin G. Smith .....

One quart of any White variety, Elisha S. Converse
Second, Benjamin G. Smith .....

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, Amos Bates
Seedling .........

Second, Joseph S. Chase, Triumph ....

Third, William O'Connell

(ifratuities: —
William C. Winter, Peaches ........

Marshall W. Cbadbourne, Collection ......

July 21.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety. Mrs. E. J. Cutter

Cuthbert

Second, William C. Strong. Cuthbert ....

Third, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert

Currants. — One quart of any Red variety, William Doran & Son
Versaillaise .........

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Versaillaise ....

Third, Sumner Coolidge, Fay's ......

One quart of any Wliite variety, Samuel J. Trepess

Second, Elisha S. Converse ......

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Sumner Coolidge, Dor
Chester ..........

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Dorchester .

Third. Walter G. Kendall, Lucretia

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any foreign variety. Benjamin G
Smith. Esiander Bey .......

Second, W. N. Craig, Industry ......

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Whitesmith ....

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

273

Gratuities: —
M. L. Burbank, Blueberries ....
Benjamin G. Smith. Collection of Gooseberries
John L. Gardner, " " "

Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes

July 28.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Apples. — Tetofsky. P. G. Hanson .

Second, Warren Fenno
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Warren Fenno
Any other variety, A. T. Brown, Giffard

Second, Warren Fenno, "

Third, John L. Bird,
Peaches — Any variety, William G. Frescott, Early Canada

Second, J. W. Howard, Hale's Early

Oratuities: —
Elisha W. Converse, Foreign Grapes ....
Benjamin G. Smith, Collection .....
Mrs. E. J. Cutter, "

August 4.

Apples. — Red Astrachan, William T. Hall

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, John L. Bird ....
Sweet Bough, George V. Fletcher

Second, Charles B. Travis

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .
Any other variety, P. G. Hanson, Williams

Second, P. G. Hanson, Transparent .

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Williams
Pears.— Giffard, A. T. Brown .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Any other variety, Sumner Coolidge, Clapp's Favorite

Second, Samuel G. Damon, " "

Third, A. T. Brown,
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne ....

Peaches. — Any variety, Mrs. E. J. Cutter, Page's Seedling

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Alexander ,

Third, William H. Slocum, Page's Seedling

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274

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 11.
Apples. — Oldenburg, Samuel Hartwell .

Second, John L. Bird ....

Third, Willian) T. Hall ....
Any other variety, P. G. Hanson, Williams .
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Summer Pippin
Third, Samuel Hartwell, Williams
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Sumner Coolidge
Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, A. T. Brown

Manning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .
Second, Frank Ware ....

Any other variety, Edward B. Wilder, Brandywine
Second, Charles N. Brackett, Brandywine
Apricots. — Any variety, Benjamin G. Smith .
Peaches. — Twelve specimens, of out-door culture,
Sumner Coolidge .....
Second. Mrs. E. J. Cutter ....

of any va

riety

Gratuities: —
Benjamin G. Smith, Collection
Marshall W. Chadbourne, Collection

August
F. Curtis

18.

Apples. — Chenango, Charles

Second, Samuel Hartwell

Third, P. G. Hanson .
Williams. P. G. Hanson

Second, J. C. Stowe .

Third, Charles F. Curtis
Any other variety, George V. Fletcher, Sweet Bough

Second, George C. Rice, Somerset

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Summer Pippin .
Pears. — Rostiezer, Willard P. Plimpton

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Third, Elislia S. Converse ....
Tyson, John L. Bird .....

Second, Charles E. Swain ....

Third, Leverett M. Chase ....
Any other variety, A. T. Brown, Bartlett

Second, Elmer Chipnian, Boussoek .

Third, Samuel G. Damon, Bartlett
Peaches. — Any variety, Sumner Coolidge, Rivers

Second, Sumner Coolidge. Allen
Plums. — Any variety, Joseph S. Chase, Abundance

Second, George V. Fletcher, Bradshaw

Third, Rufus 'J\ Tobey "

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of any variety, W
Rockwood .......

Iliaiii II. Hunt,

3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

275

August 25
Ai'PLEs. — Foundling. Charles M. Handley

Second, A. M. Knowlton .

Third, Asa Clement .
Gravenstein, William Milman

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Maiden's Blush, William G. Kendall

Second, E. K. Cook .

Third, Charles F. Curtis .
Porter, Sumner Coolidge

Second. Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Summer Pippin, Samuel Hartwell

Second. Warren Fenno

Third, Jesse F. Wheeler .
Any other variety, E. E. Cook, Twenty Ounce

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Thompson

Third, Charles M. Handley
Pears. — Andrews, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Third J. C. Stowe
Bartlett, A. T. Brown .

Second, Mrs. E. J. Curtis

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Boussock, Elmer Chipman

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, Mrs. E. J. Curtis
Any other variety, A. T. Brown, Flemish Beauty

Second. A. T. Brown, De Tongres

Third, George V. Fletcher, Clapp's Favorite
Peaches. — Single dish of any variety, the Secon

Nathan D. Harrington
Plums. — Bradshaw, Leverett M. Chase

Second, William H. Hunt .

Third, George V. Fletcher
Imperial Gage, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Second, E. K. Cook .

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
•Jefferson. E. R. Cook .

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, William O'Connell .
Lombard. Charles E. Grant .

Second, Kev. Calvin Terry

Third, Charles S. Smith
Washington, M. L. Whitney

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, Charles E. Grant

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27»)

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Any other rariety, C. F. Holt, McLaughlin .$3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Victoria . . . . 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Yellow Gage . . • . . 1 00
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of any variety, Samuel Hartwell,

Moore's Early 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Moore's Early . . . . 2 OO

Tliird, William H. Hunt, Rockwood 1 00

September 5.
Gratuities: —
Mrs. J. W. Clark, Collection of Foreign Grapes
Sumner Coolidge, Crawford's Early Peaches
Mrs. Fannie C Gay, " " "•

C. M. Wood,

September 15.
Apples. — Foundling, George W. Clement

Second, A.M. Knowlton

Third, Charles M. Handley
Garden Royal, J. C. McNeil .

Second, Charles M. Handley

Third, A. M. Knowlton
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, William Milman
Maiden's Blush, Walter G. Kendall

Second, E. R. Cook .

Third, H. R. Kinney .
Porter, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Charles M. Handley

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Pumpkin Sweet, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George W. Stevens

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Any other variety, Cliarles M. Handley, Holden

Second, Charles M. Handley, Wealthy

Third, Edward E. Allen, Washington Strawberry
Crab Apples. — Twenty-four specimens of Transcendent, William
Milman ......

Second, K. P. Partridge
Any other variety, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, P. G. Hanson
Pears. — Bartlett, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Mrs. Nathan D. Harrington

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Belle Lucrative, Charles P>. Richardson

Second, Mrs Mary Langmaid .

Third, Clifford R. Weld .

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

277

Boussock, Charles E. Swain $3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langniaid ....... 2 00

Third, A. M. Leavitt 1 00

Hardy, Miss Mary E. Walker 3 00

Second, William S. Janvrin 2 00

Third, William ISIilman 1 00

Paradise of Autumn, William H. Hunt 3 00

Second, William Milman 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno 1 00

Souvenir du Congros, A. T. Brown 3 00

Second, Walter G. Kendall 2 00

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne 1 00

Any other variety, A. T. Brown, Bosc . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Swain, Seckel 2 00

Third, A. T. Brown, Flemish Beauty 1 00

Peaches. — Coolidge's Favorite, Sumner Coolidge . . . . 3 00

Crawford's Early, John L. Bird 3 00

Foster, Sumner Coolidge 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langniaid 2 00

Oldinixon, Sumner Coolidge 3 00

Second, Charles E. Swain 2 00

Stump the World, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 3 00

Second. Leverett M. Chase 2 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse 1 OO

Any other variety, J. H. Hale, Crosby 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Seedling '. . . " . . 2 00

Third, W. D. Hinds, Crosby 1 OO

Peaches. — Orchard House Culture, Charles E. Grant, Globe . . 3 00

Nectarines. — Any variety, C. C. Donnell 2 00

Plums.— Bradshaw, Leverett M. Chase 3 00

Second, George V. Fletcher 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

Imperial Gage, C. E. Weld 3 00

Second, George M. Marshall 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Jefferson, C. E. Weld 3 00

Lombard, George V. Fletcher 3 00

Second, E. R. Cook 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Any other variety, George V. Fletcher, Gen. Hand . . . 3 00

Second, George V. Fletcher, Coe's Golden Drop . . . 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Pond's Seedling . . 1 00

Native Grapes — Cottage, Benjamin G. Smith . . 3 00

Second, William H. Hunt 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell I 00

Eumelan, George B. Andrews ....... 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith . . . . . . . 2 00

278

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Massasoit, Benjamin G. Smith f 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney 2 00

Moore's Early, Samuel Hartwell 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith 2 00

Third, F. J. Kinney . . . 1 00

Any other variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Worden . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Worden 2 00

Third, Luther Fames, Seedling 1 00

Any variety, from girdled vines, F. J. Kinney, Worden . . 3 00

Second, F. J. Kinney, Concord ....... 2 00

Gratuity: —

Robert Manning, Brown Turkey Figs 1 00

ANNUAL FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXHIBITION

October 3 and 4.

Special Prizes.

Samuel Ajypleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Timothy L. Fisher

Hubbardston, Charles M. Handley . . '

Pears. — Bosc, Thomas M. Davis

Sheldon, Samuel G. Damon ...

Benjamin V. French Fund

Apples. — Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell .

Rhode Island Greening, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Marshall P. Wilder Fund

Pears. — Anjou, Mrs. Klaus

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Samuel G. Damon .

Fourth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Bartlett, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George V. Fletcher

Tiiird, A. T. Brown .

Fourth, Samuel G. Damon
Grapes. — Concord, George B. Andrews

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Tiiird, F. J. Kinney, .
Worden, George B. Andrews

Second, F. J. Kinney

Third, Samuel Hartwell

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

279

Theodore Lyman Fund.
Foreign Grapes. — Best ripened and heaviest bunch of any Black
variety, not less than six pounds, Mrs. J. Warren Clark

Special Prize offered hy David Allan.
For the best finished and bloomed bunch of Foreign Grapes, over
one pound in weight, any Black variety, Mrs. J. Warren Clark

«

Special Prizes offered hy the Society.

Pears. — Anjou, Samuel G. Damon ......

Seckel, Charles E. Swain ........

Peaches. — Any variety, W. D. Hinds ......

Native Grapes. — Any variety, George B. Andrews

$!10 00

5 00

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5 00

Regular Prizes.
Theodore Lyman Fund.
Apples. — Baldwin, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Thomas L. Perkins

Third, George C. Rice
Dutch Codlin, Warren Fenno

Second, J. C. Stowe
Holden, Charles M. Handley

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, 0. B. Hadwen
Fameuse, Sumner Coolidge .

Second, Charles F. Curtis .

Third, David L. Fisk
Fletcher Russet, Charles F. Curtis

Second, William H. Teele
Foundling, Charles M. Handley

Second, A. M. Knowlton .

Third, G. W. Clement
Gloria Mundi, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Mrs. J. Warren Clark

Third, E. R. Cook
Golden Russet, Francis Brown Hayes
Gravenstein, Varnum Frost .

Second, Louis Kendall

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Hubbardston, P. G. Hanson .

Second, Charles M. Handley

Third, George W. Stevens
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell

Second, William H. Teele .

Third, William H. Hunt .
Lady's Sweet, David L. Fisk

Second, A. M. Knowlton .

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280

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mackintosh, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George C. Rice

Tliird, Charles M. Handley
Maiden's Blush, Walter G. Kendall

Second, Louis J. Kendall .
Mother, George C. Rice

Second, O. B. Hadwen

Third, William H. Teele *
Northern Spy, Samuel Hartwell .

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, Charles M. Handley
Porter, Charles M. Handley .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, George V. Fletcher
Pound Sweet, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George C. Rice

Tiiird, George V. Fletcher
Pumpkin Sweet, Samuel G. Damon

Second, George W. Stevens
Rhode Island Greening, Willard P. Plimpton

Second, George C. Rice

Third, Louis J. Kendall
Roxbury Russet, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, David L. Fisk

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Sutton, Louis J. Kendall

Second, David L. Fisk

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Tolman Sweet, George C. Rice

Second, Artemas Frost

Third, Willard P. Plimpton
Tompkins King, Louis J. Kendall

Second, George C. Rice

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Palmer, 0. B. Hadwen .

Second, George C. Rice

Third, George Cruickshanks
Washington Strawberry, J. C. Stowe

Second, George C. Rice
Wealthy, Charles M. Handley

Second, William O'Connell

Third, George C. Rice
Any other variety, William Everett, Jacobs

Second, George C. Rice

Third, F. Tracy Hubbard
Crab Ai'Pi.es. — Hyslop, Horace Partridge

Second, Marsiiall W. Ciiadbourne

weet

PRIZES AND GUATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

281

Society^s Prizes.

Pears. — Angouleme, A. T. Brown
Second. Samuel G. Damon
Third, William Milman
Fourth, Mrs. G. A. Curtis

Bosc, Sumner Coolidge .
Second, Elisha S. Converse
Third, Charles N. Brackett
Fourth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

€lairgeau, William T. Hall .
Second, William S. Janvrin
Third. ^Irs. Mary Langmaid

Comice, A. T. Brown

Second, Charles N. Brackett
Third. Warren Fenno

Dana's Hovey, Charles E. Swain
Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Third, Willard P. Plimpton
Fourth, George V. Fletcher

Diel, Charles E. Swain .
Second, A. T. Brown
Third, Samuel G. Damon .

Fulton, Elisha S. Converse .
Second. S. F. & F. L. Weston
Third, Cliarles F. Curtis .

Hardy, Aaron S. Mcintosh
Second, Elisha S. Converse
Third, Miss C. D. Thacher

Howell, William H. Hunt
Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Third, Mrs. George S. Harwood

Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno
Second, John L. Bird
Third, Benjamin G. Smith

Lawrence, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .
Second, William S. Janvrin
Third, Rufus T. Tobey

Louise Bonne of Jersey, Miss Curtis
Second, N. E. Shipman
Third, Charles E. Richardson

Marie Louise, Samuel G. Damon .
Second, Warren Fenno
Third, Charles E. Swain .

Merriam, A. T. Brown .
Second, Charles E. Swain .
Third, Warren S. Ewell & Son .

$4 00

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282

3IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Onondagfi, Leverett M. Chase

Second, Miss C. D. Thacher

Third, Elisha S. Converse
Seckel, Mrs. Nathan D. Harrington

Second, Mrs. Klaus

Third, William Everett

Fourth, Charles E. Swain .
Sheldon, Samuel G. Damon .

Second, Mrs Nathan D. Harrington

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Fourth, Charles E. Wiggin
Souvenir du Congres, A. T. Brown

Second, Marshall VV. Chadbourne
St. Michael Archangel, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Miss Susan Quinn

Third, Thomas M. Davis .
Superfin, Samuel G. Damon

Second, William H. Hunt .

Third, Leverett M. Chase .
Urbaniste, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Elisha S. Converse

Third, John L. Bird .
Vicar, A. T. Brown

Second, ]\Iiss Jones

Third, Clmries E. Swain .
Winter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis

Second, Edwin A. Hall

Third, T. M. Brown .
Any other variety, Charles F. Schirmer, Mount Vernon

Second, N. E. Sbipman, Flemish Beauty

Third, A. T. Brown, De Tongres
Quinces. — Orange, William H. Hunt

Second, W. D. Hinds

Third, C. J. O'Brien .
Pear, E. R. Cook ....

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, Benjamin G. Smith .
Rea, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .

Second, Mrs. George S. Harwood

Third, George S. Curtis
Any utlier variety, William T. Ilall

Second, Charles B. Travis

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Peaches. — Any variety, W. D. Hinds

Second, Sumner Coolidge .

Third, C. A. Kendall .

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

283

Peaches, Orchard House Cdlturb. — The Second prize to Charles

E. Grant ....

Pldms. — Coe's Golilen Drop, Cliarles E. Grant
Second, W. D. Hinds
Any otlier variety, George V. Fletcher, Golden Egg
Second, George V. Fletcher, Bradsh

n G

Native Grapes. — Brighton, Benjani

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, ]\Iarshall W. Chadbourne
Delaware, George B. Andrews

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Samuel Hartwell
lona, Samuel G. Damon

Second. Joseph S. Chase .
Lindley, F. J. Kinney .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Niagara, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Albert S. Caswell .
Pocklington, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Prentiss, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Joseph S. Chase
Wilder, Benjamin G. Smith .

Second, George B. Andrews

Third, F. J. Kinney .
Worden, George B. Andrews

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, F. J. Kinney .
.\ny other variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Jefferson

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Barry
Six bunches of Concord, from girdled vines, F. J
Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches o
W. Clark

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Black Hamburg, two bunches, Mrs. J. W. Clark
Muscat of Alexandria, Joseph H. White

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Any other variety, Mrs. J. W. Clark
Cranberries. — Half-peck, L. J. Fosdick, Gloriana

Second, L. J. Fosdick, McFarlin

Third, L. J. Fosdick, Middleboro

Gratuity: —
Sumner Coolidge, Peaches ....

Smith

Kinney
f each, Mrs. J

.$3 00

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284

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

November 17.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Marshall W. Chadbourne .
Hubbardston, Charles M. Handley

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, C. C. Boyden

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Danvers Sweet, Charles M. Handley

Second, Louis J. Kendall .

Third, Littlefield Farm
Hubbardston, Cliarles M. Handley

Second, C. C. Sliaw .

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Hunt Russet, W. P. Hutchinson

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, William H. Hunt .
Lady's Sweet, the Second prize to Mrs. J. E. Charlton
Northern Spy, Littlefield Farm

Second, George C. Rice

Third, Charles M. Handley
Rhode Island Greening, Willard P. Plimpton

Second, Louis J. Kendall .

Third, Charles M. Handley
Roxbury Russet, Littlefield Farm

Second, Natiianiel T. Kidder

Third, Louis J. Kendall
Tolman Sweet, Georgp C. Rice

Second, Willard P. Plimpton

Third, Artemas Frost
Any other variety, George C. Rice, Yellow Belltlo

Second, Charles M. Handley, Mackintosii

Third, Louis J. Kendall, Canada Red
Pears — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Varnum Frost

Fourth, Miss Curtis
Anjou, Samuel G. Damon

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Mrs. Klaus

Fourth, Elmer Chipman

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

285

Clairgeau, William T. Hall .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Marshall W. Chadhourne
Coniice, A. T. Brown
Dana's Hovey, Charles E. Swain

Second, James H. Clapp

Third, George V. Fletcher

Fourth, Marshall W. Chadhourne
Diel, Charles E. Swain .

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Glout Morceau, Aaron S. Mcintosh

Second, Mrs. W. G. Curtis

Third, Elmer Chipman
Josephine of Malines, John L. Bird

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Warren Fenno
Langelier, Mrs. A. Klaus

Second, Edward B. Wilder

Third, A. H. Lewis .
Lawrence, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Miss Curtis

Third, Marshall W. Chadhourne
Vicar, A. T. Brown

Second, Mrs. S. R. Jones .

Third. Edwin A. Hall
AVinter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis

Second, Walter G. Kendall

Third, Clifford R. Weld .
Any other variety, Samuel G. Damon, Sheldon

Second, George V. Fletcher, Bosc

Third, Samuel G. Damon, Marie Louise
Foreign Graphs. — Two bunches of any variety. Elisha
Converse, Gros Colman

Second, Elisha S. Converse, Alicante

Gratuities: —
Samuel G. Damon, Ten varieties Pears
L. J. Fosdick, Cranberries ....

Charles W. Adams, Plymouth, Florida, Lemons

$3 00

2 00

1 GO
4 00

4 00

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3 00

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REPORT

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

Bv CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

In presenting their report for the year now closing, your Coui-
niittee take great pleasure in being able to congratulate the Society
on the cominendable exhibits which this department has been able
to make, notwithstanding the* extremely hot, dry summer, and
other drawbacks discouraging to the cultivator. The unprece-
dented drought, with the mercury standing for days together in
the nineties, told severely upon growing crops, which in some
instances were totally ruined from the absence of the much
needed rain.

The experience of the year teaches the cultivator the importance
of securing every possible condition of success in the growing of
his crops. The importance of water to growing plants, and its
influence upon them may readily be conceived, when it is known
to form upwards of one-half of all green vegetable matter, and
to serve as a means of conveyance for all the nutritive elements
required for their sustenance. With an unlimited supply of water
at command, and facilities for its proper distribution among his
crops, the farmer is seldom heard to complain of drought, neither
is he worried about excessive cost, if his land is well and properly

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 287

drained. He becomes in a degree independent of extremes ; to
him all seasons are good, the adverse season often proving the
most profitable because of the enhanced price he is able to obtain
for his crops.

In the field or garden it is possible by draining and deep culti-
vation, to modify the injurious effects resulting either from excess
or deficiency of water. By its withdrawal at certain seasons and
freer application at others, we can induce ditterent developments,
and hasten or retard the maturity of crops at will.

Seeing that water is not only a most important agent in vegeta-
tion, but one more under subjection than any other, it is evident
that by its skilful application in times of drought, we can in a
great measure control and regulate the growth of plants. Light,
heat, and air, it is true, are also essential agents, and their
cooperation is indispensable ; but over the first of these we have
no control, and the other two are under subjection only in artificial
atmospheres under glass.

In seasons like the past the possession of this controlling infiu-
ence given by the command of an abundant water supply is
practically of great importance to the market gardener, some of
the more enterprising of whom are so well aware of this fact, that
they have provided themselves with it at considerable expense ;
and are satisfied that they are well paid for the trouble.

We noticed among our contributors at the weekly exhibitions, a
few who have availed themselves of this agent, who were therel)y
enabled to place on exhibition during the dry season, specimens of
different varieties of vegetables, which for size, beauty, and fresh-
ness of appearance, could not be surpassed in the most favorable
season. It is hardly necessary to add that they also captured
most of the first prizes.

Although the past year was so unfavorable, the displa3-s seen
on our tables have been good, doing even more credit to the skil-
ful grower than in seasons much more propitious foi' the produc-
tion of good vegetables. It is when adverse influences are
encountered, that the real merits of the skilful cultivator are seen.

The show of forced vegetables has been an improvement over
the previous year, both as regards the number of competitors and
the quality of exhibits. The raising of vegetables under glass
appears to be, year by year, becoming more and more an object
of interest and profit to the market gardener. New contributors

288 ]\IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are constantly presenting themselves for this class of prizes, and
by the displays in this branch of horticnltnre, the exhibitions
during the earlier portion of the year are rendered interesting and
attractive. Competition for the prizes offered by the Society has
been as active as usual the past year, and the exhibitions during
the season have been well sustained.

Our first exhibition of Peas was on the 16th of June, when
Walter Russell showed Maud S., and Cephas H. Brackett Alaska
peas. This crop, except in a few instances, where water was at
command and freely used, was badly affected by the drought, and
some of the specimens shown were not equal to those of more
favorable seasons, on this account. The leading varieties, besides
those already named, have been American Wonder, Advancer,
Stratagem, Heroine, and Champion of E-ngland.

Tomatoes of open culture were shown for the first time July 14,
Varnum Frost taking the first prize with Comrade, and Samuel J.
Trepess the second, with May's Favorite. The Comrade is fast
taking the place of the Emery with market gardeners about
Boston, as they find it more uniform in size, a better cropper, and
etjually early. May's Favorite, exhibited at the same time,
received the second prize, but at the following show, July 21, was
first. This variety was favorably noticed in our report of last
year, and a somewhat extended and more general cultivation of
it, the past season, seems to justify the favorable opinion formed
in regard to it at that time. It forces well, and was shown by
several contributors during the winter. At the Annual Exhibition
Hon. Aaron Low was the largest exhibitor, showing twenty
different varieties, some of which were placed on our tables for
the first time. On the long-established and well-known favorite
sorts no remarks at this time are necessary, l^pwards of fifty
dishes were shown by different contributors at this exhibition.

From the opening, or May Show, the exhibits increased in
excellence from week to week until the closing one, September 15,
which was decidedly the largest and best of the season. Nearly
every prize was competed for and taken. No claimants appeared
for any of the prizes for Melons, of any variety, until this last
mentioned show, when the premiums in all the different classes
were awarded. The contributors of some of the finest specimens
were E. C. Lewis, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Hon. Aaron Low, Samuel
Hartwell, Charles p]. Grant, and John Parker.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 289

The show of Potatoes at both the weekly and Anuual exhibitions
was better than, under the circumstances, we were led to expect.
The effect of the drought was most disastrous to this crop, reduc-
ing the yield, as it is estimated, nearly one-half in some localities.
The dry weather was no doubt favorable to the quality and
soundness of the crop, and to its freedom from disease. Notwith-
standing the injurious effects from this cause, many fine specimens
were, from time to time, to be seen on our tables, both at the
weekly and Annual shows. The first exhibition of the season was
made June 30, by Hon. Joseph S. Fay, who took all the prizes,
with three well-grown varieties. Early Rose, Savoy, and Hebron.
At the Anuual Exhibition, the first prize for the best four varie-
ties was awarded to Isaac E. Coburn.

The Special prizes for Cauliflowers at the Anuual Exhibition
were awarded, first, to William H. Teele, and, second, to A. M.
Knowlton.

Of the .Special Prizes for Celer}', Warren Heustis & Son received
the first, and Wyman Brothers the second. In both instances the
variety was Paris Golden, which appears to have entirely dis-
placed the old favorite, Boston Market, not a single specimen of
which was to be seen ou exhibition at any of the shows during the
seasou.

A new variety of Sweet Corn was shown August 18, by P. G.
Hanson, under the name of Quincy Market, which, in the opinion
of the Committee, appeared to possess points of superiority that
further trial will determine. We regard it, however, as a very
promising variety, and worthy of the special attention of market
gardeners. With this exception, no new variety of vegetables
has been shown worthy of special notice.

The shows of the various root crops and other vegetables
during the season have been about the same as usual, both in
quantity and quality, and seem to call for no special mention.

Some additions and alterations have been made in the Schedule
of Prizes for the coming year, to which the attention of exhibitors
is called.

We would also call their attention to Rule 4 of the Special Rules
of the Vegetable Committee. Exhibits which would otherwise
have been entitled to a first prize, were disqualified in several
instances by non-compliance with this rule. No number appear-
ing on the card, the Conmaittee were compelled under this rule to
pass over them.

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The amount appropriated for Vegetables for 1894 was $1,100 00
The amount awarded in prizes and gratuities 1,094 00

Leaving an unexpended balance of . . . S6 00

Annexed is a list of the Prizes and Gratuities awarded during
the year.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

C. N. Brackett,

Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

21H

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January (!

Gratuity: —
H. R. Kinney, Collection

SI 00

January 13.

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, John L. Bird.
Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, John L. Gardner
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, Nathaniel T. Kidder .
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, H. R. Kinney

Second, John L. Bird ........

Parsley. — Two quarts, W. N. Craig

Second, John L. Gardner ........

Third, H. R. Kinney

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, William Stobbart ........

Third, Elisha S. Converse

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Elisha S.Converse, May's Favorite

Second, W. N. Craig .........

Third, Elisha S. Converse

Gratuities : —

Warren Heustis & Son, Brussels Sprouts

Nathaniel T. Kidder, " ' "

John L. Gardner, " "......

February 3.

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, Jolm L. Bird
Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son .
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, John L. Bird
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, William Stobbart

Third, Elisha S. Converse ....

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Francis Brown Hayes .
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Elisha S. Converse, May

Second, Elisha S. Converse, Lorillard

Third, Winter Brothers

's Favorite

Gratuities : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery and Parsley
Calvin Terry, Onions ....

John L. Gardner, Brussels Sprouts .

3

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292

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

February 17.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Rhubarb
William Miller, Mushrooms

March 3.
Gratuities : —

Warren W. Rawson, Lettuce and Radishes
Warren Heustis & Son, Dandelions .
Francis Brown Hayes, Collection

March 24.

Gratuity: —

Francis Brown Hayes, String Beans

$1 00
1 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 28, 29, and 30.

William J. Walker Fund.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, H. R. Kinney
Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Third, George F. Stone ....
Four bunches of Long Scarlet, H. R. Kinney
Second, Warren Heustis & Son .

Third, John L. Bird

Dandelions. — Warren Heustis & Son

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, John L. Bird

Second, H. R. Kinney . • . .
Parsley. — Two quarts, John L. Gardner

Second, W. N. Craig ....

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George Sanderson
Second, C. E. Sanderson ....
Third, Cephas H. Brackett
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, W. N. Craig

Second, Winter Brothers, Nicholson's Hybrid
Third, Winter Brothers, Chemin

Gratuities : —

George M. Anderson, Mushrooms . . . . .

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection .....

Ettore Tassinari, "

Warren Heustis & Son, " . . . • .

April 7.

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Isaac p]. Coburn
Second, George M. Anderson ....

3 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

293

Gratuity: —
Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes and Dandelions

§1 00

April 14.
Gratuities: —
William Nicholson, Tomatoes .
Varnum Frost, White Spine Cucumbers .

1 00

1 00

April 21.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Cucumbers ....... 2 00

Varnum Frost, " 1 00

Walter Russell, Collection 2 00

April 28.
Gratuities : —

Walter Russell, Three varieties of Radishes 2 00

P. G. Hanson, Rhubarb 1 00

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Collection 2 00

Varnum Frost, " ....... 2 00

Warren Heustis & Son, " . . . . . . . 1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May

William J. Walker Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, Varnum Frost

Second, William H. Hunt .

Third, Charles E. Grant .
Cucumbers. — Pair, Varnum Frost .

Second, John L. Gardner .

Third, Francis Brown Hayes
Spinach. — Peck, John L. Gardner .

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Varnum Frost
Lettucb. — Four heads, George F. Stone

Second. Walter Russell

Third, John L. Gardner
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks. Varnum Frost

Second, P. G. Hanson

Third, Warren Heustis & Son .

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

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3 00

2 00
1 00

294 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Cauliflowers §2 00

William Nicholson, Tomatoes ........ 2 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection ....... 3 00

W. N. Craig " 2 00

Walter Russell, " 2 00

May 12.
Gratuities : — ,

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection 2 00

W. N. Craig, Three varieties of Tomatoes 2 00

Charles E. Grant, Asparagus 1 00

J. Fuller, '' 1 00

May 19,

Gratuities : —

Hon. George Heywood, Asparagus . . . . . . . 1 00

William H. Hunt, " 1 00

Francis Brown Hayes, Collection 3 00

Warren Heustis & Son, " 2 00

May 26,
Gratuities : —

Charles E. Grant, Asparagus 1 00

William H. Hunt, " 1 00

John L. Gardner, Lettuce ........ 1 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection . . . . . . . 3 00

W. N. Craig, " 3 00

Francis Brown Hayes, " 2 00

June 2.
Gratuities : —

Varnum Frost, Collection 3 00

AVarren Heustis & Son, Collection 2 00

Walter Russell, " 2 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW,

June i! and 7.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Bbets. — Twelve, of any variety, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard , . 3 00

Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, Warren Heustis & Son . . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

295

Son

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip RooteJ, Warren Heustis &
Son .......

Second, Walter Russell ....
Four bunches of Long Scarlet, Warren Heustis &
Asparagus. — Four bunches, P. G. Hanson

Second, Leonard W. Weston

Third, William H. Hunt ....
Cucumbers. — Pair, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, W. N. Craig ....

Lettuce. — Four heads, Hon. Josephs. Faj', Deacon

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Tennisball

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, All Seasons
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Samuel J. Trepess

Second, Francis Brown Hayes .

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Tomatoes. — Twelve. Moses T. Stevens, May's Favorite

Second, William Nicholson, Nicholson's Hybrid

Third, W. N. Craig, Nicholson's Hybrid .

Gratuities : —
P. G. Hanson, Asparagus ......

Charles E. Grant, "

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Lettuce

Moses T. Stevens, '^ .....

Francis Brown Hayes, String Beans

Walter Russell, Onions

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection ....

S3 00

2 00

3 00
3 00

00
00
00
00
00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 GO

2 00
1 00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

June 9.

Gratuities : —
Winter Brothers, Tomatoes
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

1 00
1 00

June 16.
Gratuities : —
Walter Russell, Maud S. Peas .
Cephas H. Brackett, Alaska Peas
Charles E. Grant, Peas and Asparagus
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.
June 20 and 21.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, Sumner Coolidge
Second, Charles A. Learned .....
Third, Warren Heustis & Son

3 00
2 00
1 00

296

MASS^ACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Onions. — Twelve, Charles A. Learned ....

Second, Sumner Coolidge ......

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Charles A. Learned .....

Third, Walter Russell

Lettuce. — Four heads, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Deacon

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Tennisball .

Third, " " " All Seasons

Peas. — Half-peck, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, American Wonder

Second, Charles E. Grant, " "

Third, John P. Spaulding

Gratuities : —
WilMam H. Hunt, Asparagus
Fred Grinnell, Marquis of Lome Cucumbers
W. N. Craig, Cucumbers and Tomatoes .
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Cauliflowers
Charles A. Learned, "

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Lettuce
Moses T. Stevens, Lettuce and Tomatoes
Winter Brothers, Three varieties of Tomatoes
Thomas Waldie, Potatoes and Cabbages .
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

June 30.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Early Rose

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Savoy ....

Third, " " " Hebron

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .

Second, Sumner Coolidge ......

Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .....

Four Scalloped, Sumner Coolidge ....

Peas. — Half-peck of American Wonder, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, P. G. Hanson

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Any other variety, John L. Gardner, Champion .

P. G. Hanson, Advancer .....

Charles E. Grant, "

Gratuities : —
Sumner Coolidge, Beans ....
Elisha S. Converse, Tomatoes .
Moses T. Stevens, '• ...

W. N. Craig, " ...

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Lettuce
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection .
Walter Russell, . n _

•$3

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

297

July 7.

ToTATOEs. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron . $3 00

Second, Hon. Josepli S. Fay, Savoy . . . . . . 2 00

Third, '^ " " Rose 1 00

SyuASH. — Four Long Warted, Sumner Coolidge . 2 00
Beans. — Half-peck of String, of any variety, Sumner Coolidge,

Flageolet 3 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge, Kidney Wax . . . 2 00

Third, " " Golden Wax . . . . 1 00

Pkas. — Half-peck of any other variety than Stratagem, Hon. Joseph

S. Fay, Advancer ......... o 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Heroine . . . . . 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, Advancer ...... 1 00

Gratuities: —

John L. Gardner, Beans ......... 1 00

W. N. Craig, " 1 00

Charles A. Learned, Onions 1 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection 2 00

Sumner Coolidge, '• 2 00

Walter Russell, " 2 00

July 14.

Levi ]Vhitco'mh Fund.

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed, Warren Heustis & Son,
All Seasons ........

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, No. 2 . . .
Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Heroine

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Heroine

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Stratagem ....
Sweet Cokn. — Twelve ears, Sumner Coolidge, Corey
Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens, Varnum Frost
Comrade ........

Second, Samuel J. Trepess, May's Favorite

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Comrade

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Potatoes ......

Sumner Coolidge, Collection of fifteen varieties

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

Charles E. Grant, "

Walter Russell, "

July 21.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Isaac E. Coburn
Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, Warren Heustis & Son

3

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298

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Sumner Coolidge, Crosby

Second, Sumner Coolidge, Corey

Third, Charles E. Grant, Burpee's Early .
Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens, Samuel J
May's Favorite ....

Second, Varnum Frost, Comrade

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, "

Gratuities : —
Sidney Lawrence, Stratagem Peas
C. H. Goddard,
Isaac E. Coburn, Peas
Moses T. Stevens, Tomatoes
W. N. Craig, Cardiff Castle Cucumbers
Sumner Coolidge, Collection

Warren Heustis & Son, "
Charles E. Grant. ''

Walter Russell, "

Trepess,

July 28.
twelve specimens,

Isaac E. Coburn,

Potatoes. — Any variety,

Hebron .........

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Savoy .....
Squashes. — Three Marrow, Warren Heustis & Son
Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, E. Lawrence, Stratagem

Second, C. H. Goddard, Stratagem ....

Third, Charles E. Grant, Shropshire Hero
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Crosby, Samuel Hartwell
Twelve ears of any other variety, Sumner Coolidge, Corey

Second, Charles E. Grant, Fordhook
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Samuel J. Trepess

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ......

Gratuities : —

Sumner Coolidge Collection

Warren Heustis & Son, " .......

Walter Russell, ''

J. Murphy, for a New Variety of Mushroom, First-Class Certificate

of Merit.

August -i.
Beans. — Two quarts of Goddard, Charles E. Grant
Second, Rev. Calvin Terry
Half-peck of Horticultural, Isaac E. Coburn
Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens of Acme, Samuel J. Trepess
Second, John P. Spaulding
Twelve specimens of Emery, Aaron Low

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

299

Twelve specimens of any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn,
Ignotum .........

Second, Samuel J. Trepess, May's Favorite
Third, W. N. Craig, " " ...

Egg Plant. — Four specimens of Round Purple, Sumner Coolidge

Gratuities : —
W. N. Craig, Globe Artichokes
Samuel Hartwell, Crosby Corn
Sumner Coolidge, Collection
P. G. Hanson, ^'

Charles W. Parker, '•

August 11.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, P. G. Hanson

Second, F. J. Kinney

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Egg Plant. — Sumner Coolidge

Second, Charles A. Learned

Gratuities : —
H. R. Kinney, Endive and Lettuce
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection.
Charles E. Grant, "

P. G. Hanson,
Sumner Coolidge
W. N. Craig,

August 18.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens of any variety, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .......

Third, P. G. Hanson

Onions. — Twelve Specimens, W. N. Craig ....

Second. Charles A. Learned ......

Third, Sumner Coolidge .......

Celery. — Four roots of any variety, Warren Heustis & Son .

Second, Wyman Brotliers .......

Third, W. N. Craig

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost

Second, Charles E. Grant .......

Two quarts of Dwarf Lima, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Charles E. Grant .......

Two quarts of Goddard, shelled, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Oliver R. Robbins

Third, Charles E. Grant

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, P. G. Hanson

Second, Samuel J. Trepess ......

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MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve ears of any other variety, P. G. Hanson, Quincy Mar

ket

Second, Cliarles A. Learned, Crosby
Third, Oliver R. Robbins
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, P. G. Hanson
Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ....

Third, George Lincoln

Twelve specimens of any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Bull Nose

Second, E. C. Lewis, Ruby King

Third, Varnuni Frost, " " ...

Gratuities : —

Samuel J. Trepess, Tomatoes

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

P. G. Hanson, "

Charles A. Learned, •'■

Sumner Coolidge, "

W. N. Craig, '■

Walter Russell, " ......

August 2.o.

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed, John P. Spaulding

Second, Samuel J. Trepess ....

Third, E. C. Lewis

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, A. M. Knowlton .

Second, William H. Teele

Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son .

Second, E. C. Lewis

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost

Second, Charles E. Grant . . . . .

Two quarts of Dwarf Lima, John P. Spaulding .

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ....

Third, Charles E. Grant . . .
Martynias. — Twelve specimens, Walter Russell

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, P. G. Hanson

Second, George W. Jameson ....

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder ....

Twelve of any other variety, E. C. Lewis, Ruby King

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Bull Nose

Gratuities : —
Varnuni Frost, Lima Beans . . . . ' .
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery .....

Samuel Ilartwell, Collection

E. C. Lewis, " .....

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 301

Charles B. Grant, Collection $100

P. G. Hanson, " 1 00

Isaac E. Coburn, " I 00

Calvin Terry, " 1 00

Sumner Coolidge, " 1 00

Septbmbkr 5.
Gratuity: —

William H. Teele, Cauliflowers 1 00

September 15.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, E. C. Lewis . . . 3 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell 1 00

Salmon Flesh Melons. — Four specimens, Hon. Aaron Low . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Watermelons. — Two specimens, Charles E. Grant . . . 3 00

Second, John Parker . . . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, A. M. Knowlton . . . 3 00

Second, AVilliam H. Teele 2 00

Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, Sumner Coolidge . . 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney 1 00

Celery. — Four roots of any variety, Wyman Brothers . . . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....... 2 00

Third, Walter Russell 1 00

Parsley.— Richard T. Lombard 2 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

Beans. — Large Lima, two quarts, Varnum Frost . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 2 00

Third, John P. Spaulding 1 00

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, Charles B. Lan-
caster ........... 3 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Twelve ears of any other variety, Oliver R. Robbins, Hickox Sweet 3 00

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Stowell's . . . . 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner, Crosby 1 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Sumner Coolidge . . . 3 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney . • 1 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, Varnum Frost 5 00

Second, Hon. Aaron Low ........ 4 00

Third, John L. Gardner 3 00

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MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve Acme, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Second, Charles E. Grant .

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Twelve Cardinal, Varnum Frost

Second, Hon. Aaron Low .

Third, Charles E. Grant .
Twelve Ignotum, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Varnum Frost

Third, Calvin Terry .
Twelve Paragon, Varnum Frost

Second, P. G. Hanson

Tliird, George F. Stone
Twelve of any other variety, Varnum Frost, Stone

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, May's Favorite

Third, Hon. Aaron Low, Aristocrat
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, P. G. H

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ....

Third, George W. Jameson
Twelve specimens of any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Bull
Nose .....

Second, E. C. Lewis, Bull Nose

Third, Varnum Frost " "

Gratuities : —
Charles A. Learned, Collection
H. R. Kinney, "

Hon. Aaron Low, "

Walter Russell,

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ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

October 3 and 4.

Special Prizes.

Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens, and best kept during the

exhibition, William H. Teele 5 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton 4 00

Celert. — Best four specimens and best kept during the exhibition,

Warren Heustis & Son )J 00

Second, Wyman Brothers ........ 6 00

Regular Prizes,

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Varnum Frost
Second, Warren Heustis & Son
Third, H. R. Kinney

3 00
2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 303

Carrots. — Intermediate, PI. R. Kinney . . . . . . -^^3 00

Second, Mrs. J. \V. Clark 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, Charles A. Learned . . . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, Francis Brown Hayes . . . . . 1 00

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens each, Isaac E. Coburn 5 00

Second, E. R. Cook 4 00

Third, Charles B. Lancaster 3 00

Clark, twelve specimens, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard . . . . 3 00

Second, E. R. Cook 2 00

Third, Isaac E. Coburn 1 00

Hebron, Isaac E. Coburn 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney 1 00

Rose, P. G. Hanson . .' 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, E. C. Lewis 1 00

Savoy, Isaac E. Coburn 3 00

Any other variety, H. R. Kinney, Potentate . . . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Queen 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner, Rochester Rose . . . . . 1 00

Salsify. — Twelve specimens, Charles A. Learned . . . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Turnips.— Twelve Flat, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Second, Francis Brown Hayes ....... 1 00

Twelve Swedish, E. C. Lewis 2 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

Onions. — Twelve Danvers, Charles A. Learned . . . . 3 00

Second, W. N. Craig 2 00

Third, Sumner Coolidge 1 00

Red, Mrs. J. W. Clark 3 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge ........ 2 GO

Third, H. R. Kinney 1 00

White, Walter Russell 3 00

Squashes. — Three Hubbard, E. C. Lewis 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell ........ 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Hybrid Turban, E. C. Lewis 3 00

Marblehead, E. C. Lewis 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Marrow, Varnum Frost ........ 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....... 2 00

Third, Sumner Coolidge 1 00

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, John L. Gardner . . . . 3 00

Second, John P. Spaulding 2 00

Third, Richard T. Lombard 1 00

304 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed, Oliver R. Bobbins . . $3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 1 00

Red, E. C. Lewis, 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Savoy, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 3 00

Second, E. C. Lewis 2 00

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, William H. Teele . . . 3 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson 1 00

Celery. — Paris Golden, four roots, best kept, Warren Heustis & Son 5 00

Second, Wyman Brothers ........ 4 00

Third, Walter Russell 3 00

Any other variety, Warren Heustis & Son, Perle le Grand . . 5 00

Endive. — Four specimens, Marshall W. Chadbourne . . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. H. Haller 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, Sumner Coolidge . . . . . 3 00

Second, E. C. Lewis 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son • . 1 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, Richard T. Lombard . . . . . 2 00

Second, W. N. Craig 1 00

Horseradish. — Six roots, H. R. Kinney 3 00

Second, Charles A. Learned ....... 2 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, H. R. Kinney . . . . 3 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge ........ 2 00

Third, Charles A. Learned ....... 1 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, Hon. Aaron

Low 5 00

Second, Varnum Frost 4 00

Third, John L. Gardner 3 00

Acme, twelve specimens, Hon. Aaron Low . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant . . ' 2 00

Emery, Hon. Aaron Low , . . 3 00

Paragon, Charles E. Grant 3 00

Second, Hon. Aaron Low 2 00

Third, Varnum Frost 1 00

Cardinal, Hon. Aaron Low 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant 2 00

Third, Varnum Frost 1 00

Any other variety, Hon. Aaron Low, Comrade . . . . 3 00

Second, Natlianiel T. Kidder, May's Favorite . . . . 2 00

Third, Hon. Aaron Low, Essex Hybrid 1 00

Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, Hon. Aaron Low . . 3 00

Second, George W. Jameson 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson 1 00

Any other variety, George W. Jameson, Ruby King . . . 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOK VEGETABLES.

305

Second, E. C. Lewis, Bull Nose
Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Bull Nose

$2 00
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Gratuities : —

J. A. Foster, Sweet Corn, Bourn's Favorite 1 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Sweet Corn 1 00

L. J. Fosdick, four varieties of Popping Corn . . . . 1 00

Hon. Aaron Low, Collection of twenty varieties of Tomatoes . 4 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Watermelons 2 00

John Parker, " 1 00

Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Lima Beans 1 00

John P. Spaulding, " '^ 1 00

J. A. Hendrie, Lycoperdon giganteum . . . . . . 1 00

H. K. Kinney, Collection 5 00

Charles A. Learned, " 300

George W. Jameson, " ....... 2 00

P. G. Hanson, " 2 00

Charles E. Grant, " 2 00

Walter Russell, " . 2 00

S. Bedrossia, " ....... 1 00

Warren Heustis & Son, " 1 00

November 6.

Gratuity : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery

3 00

EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

November 17.

Cucumbers. — Pair, C. Cunimings

Cabbages. — Three Red, trimmed, the Third prize to E. C. Lewis
Three Savoy, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .

Second, John Parker ....

Third, E. C. Lewis ....
Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Varnum Frost

Third, E. C. Lewis ...
Lettuce. — Four heads, J. C. Stone
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Winter Brothers, Chemin

Second, Winter Brothers, Nicholson's Hybrid

Third, Winter Brothers, Pres. Cleveland .

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MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
C. Cummings, Cucumbers
John P. Spaulding, Brussels Sprouts
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Sweet Potatoes
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
E. C. Lewis, "

Charles E. Grant, "

George W. Jameson, "■

$] 00
1 00

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2 00
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FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE OF MERIT.
July 28. J. Murphy, for a New Variety of Mushroom.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEA.B 1894.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

The past season has not given us the scope of observation that
we had hoped would be furnished. The reason for this faihire
you may be quite as able to conjecture as your Committee.
Undoubtedly the extremely dry weather had something to do with
it. There are few who care to invite the Committee to inspect
their grounds, unless they are fairly presentable, and when we
consider that the growing season of 1893 was quite dry, and that
of 1894 was much more so, it will be seen at once, that these two
successive extremely dry seasons had a very serious effect on
many places, especially on the lawns. We all realize how much
good grass adds to the beauty of an}" place, and makes even the
smallest dooryard attractive. The long-continued drought, so
general all over the country, made work very hard, and it is
almost a wonder that, when the fall rains did come, vegetation was
so quickly restored, and so little was lost. Doubtless the greatest
loss was among newly-planted trees and shrubs, where water
could not be readily obtained to supply them with sufficient
moisture to sustain the life remaining in them. For many j'ears
nothing like the past season's dry weather has been experienced ;
and we sincerely hope we may not soon have another like it.

The Schedule of Prizes has not proved attractive, notwithstand-
ing it has been rearranged nearly every season, and in such a way
that we had hoped the prizes would bring a reasonable competi-
tion. But we did not succeed, excepting with the class for

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chrysanthemums. All of these prizes brought competitors, and
all were awarded. However, we have not been idle, having made
nine different visits, and we trust that the statements of the
various persons whose places we visited, may prove interesting
and profitable, and worthy of your careful consideration. Our
first visit was to

Oakmount, the Residence of Francis Brown Hayes,
Lexington.

The Rhododendrons constituted the principal object of the visit.
The large tent, one hundred and seventy-five feet long by seventy-
five feet wide, under which so many splendid specimens were
growing, was a truly beautiful sight. It has been our privilege to
see and admire them many times ; but the conclusion of the Com-
mittee at this visit was, that the display had never looked better.
No amount of pains or money have been spared to make this
collection one of the very best in the country, and the generosity
of the proprietor in allowing the public freely to visit his grounds
is highly appreciated, as the large number of visitors constantly
coming and going gave most abundant evidence.

No adequate idea of the great amount of labor that is required
to maintain such a display can be given in words, especially when
it is known that a large portion of them have to be removed every
season, and placed in a spacious pit, which has been constructed
for this purpose. This pit is one hundred and sixty feet long,
forty feet wide, six feet high at the front, and twelve feet at the
back. The roof is of matched boards, covered with tarred paper
and shingled. There are raised skylights in the roof, but in
winter the roof is covered with leaves. Air is given every fine
day, but the temperature is kept as near 38° as possible all
winter.

In addition to the Rhododendrons there are Hollies, Hydran-
geas, Azaleas, Bay Trees, Araucarias, and many other half-hardy
plants stored in this pit. The value of a pit of this description
cannot be over-estimated, and when we consider its usefulness,
the wonder is, that there are not many more of them upon the
estates where such plants are used.

We append a list of Rliododendrons which have been growing
at Oakmount successfully for fifteen years, and have proved per-
fectly hardy; a list of Half Hardy varieties, all of which have

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 309

flowered at Oakmount, and which will be a reliable guide to any
one making up a collection ; and a list of Ornamental Evergreens
which have proved satisfactory.

Hardy Rhododendrons.

Album elegans. — Blush, nearly white ; very showy ; flowers
very freely, and is of fine habit.

Album grandiflonwi. — White, with green eye; tall grower.

Album triumplians. — A very fine, large, white flower.

Aurora. — Bright rosy lake; free, and late bloomer.

Atrorubrum. — Crimson ; early.

Atrosanguineum. — Intense blood red ; fine foliage ; one of the
hardiest.

Caractacus. — Rich purplish crimson ; splendid truss, foliage,
and habit ; one of the finest.

Butlerianum. — A good white, faintly tinged with pink.

Cabrera. — Clear ros}^ crimson.

Charles Dickens. — Dark scarlet ; fine habit and foliage.

Distinction. — Rosy crimson with darker spots.

Erectum. — Light crimson.

Everestianuni. — Rosy lilac, spotted and fringed ; an excellent,
free-blooming sort.

Ferrugineum. — A sweet-scented, dwarf -growing variety.

Flora. — Rosy blush.

Geranoides. — Rose, very dark spots.

H. W. Sargent. — Crimson; very large trusses.

Lefevreanum. — Dark purplish crimson.

Luciferum. — Clear white ; one of the best.

Macranthum grandijiorxim. — Dark rosy lilac, spotted ; fine form
and truss.

MacrantJmm nigrum. — Dark purple, spotted.

Macranthum roseum .

Macidatum roseum. — Dark rose, finely marked.

Maculatu,m purpureum. — Light purple, spotted ; large bold
truss of blooms.

Multimaculatum. — White with red spots; a very distinct and
effective variety.

Parpureum elegans. — Very fine purple.

Purpuream grandijiorum. — Dark purple.

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Roseum pictum, — Rose with yellow eye.
Roseum eler/ans. — Rose ; very hardy.
Roseum grandijiorum. — Deep rose ; late.

Half-Hardy Rhododendrons.

Augusts Vayi Geert. — Light rosy purple, brown spots.

Austen Layard. — Fine rosy crimson, with dark spots ; close,
handsome truss, fine habit.

Barclayanum. — Deep rosy crimson ; a fine variety.

Baro7i Sclirmder. — Plum color, yellowish centre.

Blatteum. — Claret crimson; large truss.

Broughtojii. — Rosy crimson.

Chionoides. — Yellowish white ; large truss.

Oomte Gomer. — Deep rosy crimson ; compact truss.

Correggio. — Dark scarlet.

Countess of Cadogan. — Clear rose ; compact truss.

Countess of Clancarty. — Light rosy crimson, ver}' prettily
marked ; xevy large, bold trusses of blooms.

Couvtess of Coveiitry. — White with yellow spots, splendid
color.

Countess of Headford. — Lilac rose, much spotted.

Countess of Ilchester. — Scarlet edges, pale centre.

Countess of Normay^ton. — Pale rose with dark markings.

Duchess of Bedford. — Pale rose, light centre.

Duchess of Cambridge. — Bright crimson-scarlet, pale centre.

Duchess of Edinburgh. — Crimson, light centre.

Duchess of Sutherland. — White centre, shading to a broad
margin of rosy lilac.

Dhuleep Singh. — Dark chocolate-crimson ; of great substance.

Enchantress. — A good white with yellow spots.

Exquisite. — Pure white, blotched with bulT.

Fastuosum fore pleno. — Mauve; large truss, remaining a long
time in bloom.

Fleur de Marie. — Rosy crimson, light centre.

Frederick Waterer. — Crimson, very showy.

Frank Gomer Waterer. — Scarlet, light centre.

Galbanum. — Light rosy crimson margin.

General Canroberl. — Dark scarlet, with cluster of dark spots.

Helen Waterer. — Centre vvhite, edged with crimson.

Ilendersonii. — Purplish crimson.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 311

Jack Waterer. — Scarlet, light ceutre.

Jean Verschajfelt. — Light ros}' crimson.

John Henry Agneiv. — Pale blush, with chocolate spots.

Juhn Walter. — Rich crimson ; fine form and habit.

JoJm Waterer. — Dark crimson ; a fine free-blooming kind.

Joseph Whitioorth. — Rich, dark lake spots.

Jubar. — Light pink; an exceedingly pretty variety.

Kate Waterer. — Rose with yellow ceutre ; very showy.

Kate Alice Waterer. — Has a beautiful scarlet edge.

Lady Eleanor Cathcart. — Pale rose, spotted with chocolate;
very beautiful.

Lady Grenville. — White centre, margined with purple.

Lady Olive Gxdnness. — White, spotted with chocolate.

Loquendum. — Scarlet, white centre — a new color.

Lord Eversley. — Very dark crimson with black spots.

Louisa. — Fine rosy scarlet; good habit.

Lord Selborne. — Intense crimson ; a magnificent kind.

Michael Waterer. — Crimson spotted ; fine.

Mrs. John Kelk. — Clear rose; late.

Mrs. Layard. — White centre, margined with rosy crimson.

Mrs. Williams. — Light rose ; fine truss.

3frs. Russell Sturgis. — AVhite spotted with chocolate.

Mrs. Thomas Brassey. — Clear white, margined with rosy purple.

Mrs. Thomas Longman. — Rosy crimson; large truss.

Mrs. Thomas Agnew. — White with yellow blotch.

Mrs. William Agneiv. — Pale rose, yellow ceutre.

Oculatum. — Clear white with a fine cluster of orange spots.

Oculatum nigrum. — Pale lilac with a large dark ej^e.

Princess Hortense. — Peach blossom with a brown and yellow
eye ; fine pyramidal truss.

Princess Mary of Cambridge. — Light blush, deeper edging.

Princess of Wales. — White centre with magenta edge.

Queen. — Blush, changing to white; fine shape.

Ornamental Evergreens.

Abies ClanbrasUia7ia (Lord Clanbrasil's) is a small and com-
pact growing bush. The original plant is said to have been found
on the estate of Lord Clanbrasil, at Moira, near Belfast.

Abies elegans is another of the pretty little dwarfs, with very
slender light green foliage. The growth is compact and it is
a desirable variety-

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Abies nigra. — Ad ornamental tree, with shorter leaves and
branchlets ; of more compact habit and darker hue than A. alha.

Abies pyramidalis is said to be a French variety ; it differs from
the species in being remarkably fastigiate and of very compact
growth.

Abies Hookeriana. — The late Andrew Murray described this in
Lawson's " Pinetum Britaunicum " as an Alpine, with a spreading
and irregular, but remarkably graceful habit; thickly branched,
and clothed with light feathery foliage; " leaves slightly curved,
with a rib in the middle, and sometimes depressed above, so as to
give the leaf a triangular, or boat-shaped form ; rich, grassy-
green above, pale green and very slightly silvery beneath, except
when young and fresh ; closely but irregularly set along the young
branches, chiefly on the upper side, except at the extremity of the
shoot, where they surround the whole twig."

Abies lasiocarpa. — Known also as A. Lowiana, and A. Parsonsi,
A handsome, quick-growing species.

Abies magnijica. — A noble tree, quite hardy ; sometimes known
as A. nobilis robusta.

Abies Menziesii appears to thrive best where the soil is moist
the greater part of the year. It is an ornamental species, with
sharp-pointed leaves, which are silvery beneath.

Abies Mertensiana (California Hemlock Spruce). — This forms
a roundish conical head, is very dense and compact in growth,
and remarkably graceful in the arrangement of its branches.

Abies robusta. — A variety of A. nobilis, the Noble Silver Fir,
which Douglas styled " beautiful and immensely large trees."

Abies Morinda Smilhiana. — A remarkably beautiful tree, not
unlike the Norway Spruce in shape and character, but more
graceful in growth and delicate in color.

Abies nobilis (the Noble Silver Fir) is quite vigorous in
growth, beautiful in verdure, regular and graceful in form, of
large size ; it has ivy-colored, dark green leaves, Avith horizontal,
outspreading branches.

AJnes Nordmanniana. — A handsome tree, with ample branches
and brightly varnished foliage. The growth is vigorous, regular,
and graceful in form.

Abies orientalis (Eastern Spruce). — This has been classed as a
variety of A. alba and also of A. excelsa. It is of a regular,
conical form, and so thick and close as to be considered a perfect
model of the compact form of conifers.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 313

Abies pecthiata (the European, or Common Silver Fir) is not
geuerall}'^ recommended for cultivation.

Abies Veitcliii. — From Mount Fusi-Yama, on the Island of
Hondo, Japan. The mountain is 12,440 feet high — the highest in
Japan. This beautiful and interesting tree attains the height of
one hundred feet (some say one hundred and forty feet), thickly
furnished with whorls of slightly ascending branches. Its leaves
are but one inch, or less, in length, thickly set all around the
branch. The cones are the smallest of all the varieties ; the scales
very closely packed.

Abies Webbicma. — A noble silver fir, from the Himalayas. A
pyramidal tree with broad, spreading branches.

Pinus Austriaca. — A spreading tree of rapid growth; foliage
dark and handsome. It is very valuable for many purposes,
■especially for wind-breaks, or single specimens.

Pinus Bungeana. — The character and habit of this tree is
marked and peculiar. It is a beautiful, distinct, and hard}' Chinese
species, rare in cultivation.

Pinus Cembra (Swiss Stone Pine). — A hardy species, forming a
■handsome regular cone, clothed with branches to the ground ;
very dense in its growth, and should be in everj^ collection.

Pinus excelsa. — A fine, spreading tree, with drooping, bluish-
green leaves. It is very desirable for parks and lawns, as from its
remarkably graceful, drooping habit, it is peculiarly appropriate
for single specimens.

Pinus insignis (the Monterey Pine) . — A most beautiful species,
with rich, glossy, deep green foliage.

Pinus Jejfreyi (Jeffrey's Pine). — A noble tree, in general
appearance resembling P. Benthamiana, yet very different from
that species, having more slender branchlets, and foliage of a deep
bluish green.

Pinus Lambertiana (Lambert's Pine). — Scott says : "It resem-
bles our "White Pine so much that common observers would
suppose it the same. We have seen no quality that should cause
it to be recommended for planting, our white pine being its equal
or superior in all respects."

Pinus Laricio (the Corsican Pine). — Henry W. Sargent says of
it: "It is quite as hardy as the Austrian Pine all over the
«ounti'y, having somewhat the same robust habit, only a less vivid
green." Its growth is rather more loose and open than that of the

314 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Austrian pine, the space between tlie whorls of its branches being
much greater, and, taken altogether, it is a less pleasing tree.

Pinus ponderosa (the Heavy Wooded Pine) . —A California tree
of great size, and coarse rapid growth. We quote from Hoopes's
" Book of Evergreens " : "As an ornament we are rather inclined
to believe it will not prove so popular as many others of our new
Rocky Mountain Pines, owing to the coarse and somewhat open
appearance of the tree. Yet on the other hand, its remarkable
vigor, excessive hardiness, and dark-green foliage, will certainly
weigh in its favor, and may eventually counterbalance all obstacles
to its becoming a favorite kind."

Pinus radiata (Radiated-Scaled Pine). — Mr. Hoopes says:
" Although our experience with this tree has been so very discour-
aging, we nevertheless include it in our list for the benefit of those
who desire to test its availability."

Pinus Strobus (the White Pine). — This is one of the oldest,
best known, and most useful of all the pines.

Juniperus communis is a spreading shrubby bush, usually
from three to seven or more feet high, and is well known.

Juniperus Hihernica (the Irish Juniper). — This is believed to
be the most slender of all the evergreens ; and for that reason is
particularly useful on small places. While occupying a very
small space it is conspicuous by its height.

Juniperus interrupta. — A synonym of J. oblongata of London.

Juniperus alba variegata. — This is one of the many forms of J.
Virginiana, or Red Cedar. Owing to the dark hue of the self-
colored foliage, the white spots and stripes are more conspicuous
than usual.

Juiiiperus densa (the Dense-growing Indian Juniper). — The
species is from the Bhotan, or Nepaul country in Asia. We find
there are various experiences with it as to hardiness, but at Oak-
mount there has apparently been no trouble in this direction.

Juniperus sabina -yarteg'ato (Variegated-leaved Savin) . — Hoopes's
excellent description i^ as follows: " A very distinct and prettily
marked variety, equally as hardy as the parent, and valuable for
inserting in a group of dwarf evergreens, on rockwork. A por-
tion of the leaves are pure white, intermixed with pale lemon-
yellow and the usual dark sombre green of the species. It is not
80 vigorous in growth as its parent however."

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 315

Eetinospora leptoclada is of dense, compact, pyramidal growth,
furnished with branches to the ground ; foliage more or less glau-
cous ; it is handsome and desirable for choice beds or borders.

Retinospora hjcopodioides. — A species brought to notice by
collectors in Japan. It is very graceful and attractive in appear-
ance, its leaves resembling small dark green scales, and the
branches spreading somewhat like those of R. ohtusa.

Metinosjiora Jilifera (Thread-branched Retinospora). — The long,
drooping, spray-like branches of this species are peculiarly
graceful.

Retinospora jiisifera. — Of small and more slender growth "than
yR. ohtusa. This is the common Cypress of Japan.

Retinospora argentea (Silver-spotted Plume-like Retinospora). —
This species has soft, silvery, pale green foliage.

Retinosp)ora plumosa (Featherj^ Retinospora). — Foliage of a
beautiful glaucous hue ; habit compact and elegant.

Retinospora squarrosa. — A small-sized tree, with graceful,
drooping branches, and glaucous green foliage. It is considered
tender, but several good specimens are to be found in the vicinity
of Boston.

Sciadopitys verticillata. — The Umbrella Pine, from Mount Koja-
sanin, island of Nippon, Japan, where it is found as a tall conical
tree upwards of one hundred feet high, w^ith alternate, or verticil-
late branches, and leaves in double w^horls of twenty or thirty
each, varying from two to four inches in length. Adapted to
nearly every department of ornamental planting.

William C. Strong's Estate, Waban.

The next visit of the Committee was to the grounds of Ex-Presi-
dent Strong, who has kindly given us the following account of
some recent experiments in the cultivation of small fruits :

In the spring of 1893, I made a plantation of Strawberries
in rows eighteen inches apart, and removed all runners as
soon as they appeared. The plants have stooled so as to
nearly cover the ground, with the exception of some weak kinds,
like the Wolverton and Beder Wood. Another plot was well
prepared and on July 22, of the same season, I planted twenty-
five varieties in rows one hundred feet long and fifteen inches
apart. Having a supply of water raised by a windmill and the
season being favorable, the July plot made very strong growth,

316 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

completely covering the ground, with the exception of a few weak
kinds, as in the fii'st plot. The difference in productiveness of
the spring planted and the July planted was slight, the larger size
of the berries on the plants set in July making up for the greater
number on the spring plants. Some varieties planted as late as
August 5 to 19, were by no means as prolific as the earlier
planted, although large berries were produced. All my plants
had a moderate covering of pine needles, about an inch in depth,
for the winter. Scarcely a plant was injured by the cold. The
covering was removed April 5, which was too early, causing
the plants to start, and some kinds, which blossomed early, to
suffer by the frosts of May 10 and May 15.

Michel's Early was in bloom May 1, and was the first to ripen,
yet it was but a day or two in advance of Haverland, and it is so
inferior in size and quality that I shall drop it. Beder Wood is
another variety so wonderfully prolific as to be worthless, it being
impossible to develop berries of marketable size. Wolverton is
too weak in growth, and the berries grow too close to the ground,
although of good size and quality. It may be retained by the
amateur. I shall drop Martha, Amherst No. 24, and Parker
Earle. Haverland has been my best early variety. Bubach
maintains its good repute. Such kinds as Sharpless, Belmont,
Leader, Edgar Queen, Lovett, and Shuster's Gem, are continued
in the rank and file.

Among the newer kinds, Marshall is facile princeps. It is pro-
ductive, vigorous, of largest size, and yet excellent in quality.
This is a combination which, in my opinion, cannot be claimed for
any other variety. There were some signs of burning of foliage
in the season of 1893, but this was not noticed this year. From
present appearances the Marshall must be regarded as the most
valuable addition to our list which has been made for many years.

Mary is a recent kind, very vigorous and productive, of the
very largest size, and with me the latest of all. So far well, but
the quality is not well. Beecher was not productive with me,
but it was planted in August and a full crop could not be
expected. Timbrell was quite promising and of good quality. Of
Dayton and Greenville I do not wish to speak until after another
trial.

Since fruiting, the rows have l)een cleaned of old foliage and
any stray offsets ; a dressing of muriate of potash, odorless phos-
phate, and nitrate of soda, has been strewed between the rows, and

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS, 317

a vigorous uew growth has thus been obtained. We look for a
fair crop for next season, but do not expect prize berries. For
what length of time this hill system ma}" be continued with profit I
do not say ; but it is clear that the largest berries (though possibly
not the best) will come from new plantations.

My plot of Raspberries was planted in the spring of 1893, in
rows four feet apart, and one foot apart in the row. With flat
culture it was easy to keep down all suckers, leaving single stalks
in a straight line, a foot apart. These were so stout as to be self-
supporting the first season. When four feet high, they were
clipped at the top and then allowed to throw out three or four
branches. Just before the ground froze up, the canes were bent
in line, and, as far as possible, were covered with earth taken
from between the rows. In addition, the ground was well covered
with forest leaves, which were kept in place by several loads of
underbrush. This winter protection I regard as very important,
in order to insure sound wood, full of sap, capable of nourishing
fruit of the best quality. It is a misfortune to be induced to
plant any variety" said to be hardy in this our changing climate,
for although fair crops may be secured they will not compare with
the luscious fruit which is sure to come from the half-hardy,
winter-protected sorts. I planted only the Cuthbert and the
Golden Queen of the Red kinds ; of the Black Caps a few Gregg
and Lovett, under different treatment. The Black Caps are
not wanted in our markets, by the side of the others, and even the
beautiful Golden Queen is but sparingly taken, in comparison with
. Cuthbert. From this last variety the net sales were at least at
the rate of $900 per acre. This, however, was in an exceptionally
good market, where quality was fully appreciated. This autumn
the canes are stronger and cannot be brought so close to the
ground as last season, but a few more leaves and boughs will
make them safe. Under proper treatment the plantation should
continue indefinitely.

With me the North Star Currant is stronger in growth
than the Victoria (syn. Raby Castle). In other respects it much
resembles it. As to productiveness it is all sufficient. It is a
misfortune to have over-productive varieties among small fruits.
It is possible, but laborious, to thin pears and apples, but who
would undertake to thin out the Beder Wood Strawberry, or a
variety of Currant, in order to get fruit of good size? Great dis-
^8

318 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

credit was tlirown upon the Fay currant, when first introduced, by
the assertion that it was " three times as prolific as the Cherry."
Happily this was a slander upon this valuable variety.

Estate of Nathaniel T. Kidder, Milton.

Mr. Kidder's property comprises about sixteen acres of upland,
in a long and narrow strip, sloping gently south to the highroad,
and north to the Nepouset meadows ; also about two and one-half
acres running out on the salt marsh. The avenue lies at the edge
of the place, so that nearly the full width of the land is available
for an undulating lawn, on which are several fine old American
Elms. To the east of the house is a group of hardy Rhododen-
drons ; in front two fine specimens of Pyrus Japojiica, a group of
Retinosporas and other ornamental plants. The veranda of the
house is well covered with climbers. Passing to the west of the
house, Avith a natural grove of Hickory and Oak at our left, the
edges of the grove planted with shrubs and small trees, we come
to an open field surrounded by representatives of the vegetation
of many countries. We may mention Oryxa Japonica, Magnolia
slellata. Cercls Canadensis, Syri)iga Pekineiisis, and Cercidipli-
yllum Jiipo)dcum..

At the north end of this field two rows of Pear trees have
recently been planted, which are only just beginning to bear.
Also a row of Peaches, which have given some fair fruit for two
or three years.

We are now opposite the stable of brick, built in 1880, The
roadway which we have been following has here carried us nearly
half across the land from west to east, but only about a quarter
of the distance from south to north. Beyond the stable the road
swerves to the left, passes amongst trees — chiefly Red Maple and
Swamp White Oak — to the wooden barn, where the cows, pigs, and
hens are kept ; then it turns to the right, and again to the left.
But we must go back to the brick stable, and will return to the
wooden barn later.

Taking up our former position in front of the stable, we may go
through an opening in the hedge and find ourselves in the garden,
whose greatest attraction is tlie collection of herbaceous perennials,
many of which have been exhibited in Horticultural Hall through

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 319

the suuuner. Here is the widest bed of these, rising at the back
into a bold rockery, but other beds are found throughout the main
part of the garden. On the right are the main greenhouses,
covering about 35,000 square feet, with a variety of temperatures.
In front of these is the hardy rose border. On the south and east
sides are shrubberies, in which may be noted Coryloj^sis paucifjlia,
Berberis Thimbergii, Rhododendron Vasegi, and Fothergilla
Gardeni.

On the north, these houses are protected by a high hedge, in the
lee of which is a small border of herbaceous perennials. Just
beyond is a long Grape arbor, running east and west, which serves
in winter to support a close board fence, to shelter frames for
violets, pansies, daisies, and the like. vSome of the vines on this
arbor are old, and not of the best varieties for this climate, and
the less satisfactory vines are being replaced with varieties of
more recent introduction, or which have been tested and found
more fruitful.

We pass the end of this arbor and find on the left a row of
Apple trees — old, but still in excellent bearing. Back of these
apple trees, the grass beneath which is kept short, is an irregular
band of Herbaceous Perennials ; still back of these, during the
years the place has been competing for the premium, several large
Norway Spruces and other trees have been taken out and specimen
ornamental shrubs planted in their stead. This group connects
with a bed of longer standing, iu which are Ericaceous and a few
other choice shrubs. At the end of the path, placed so that it
hides, in great part, the barn, is a group of Rhododendrons, planted
thirty years ago and rising high above one's head. On the other
side of this path, which we have followed since we came through
the hedge, is the main path of the vegetable garden ; one larger
piece and two smaller, surrounded by gravel or grass paths and
edged for the most part with borders of Herbaceous Perennials.
These plots were, about forty-flve years ago, planted with rows of
Pear trees, but from time to time, for various causes, a good many
trees have been cut out, so that now there is abundant sunlight,
though many of the ti'ees have been replaced, which will necessi-
tate more thinning soon. A few Cherry trees, too, have been
planted here and bear well.

The vinery is next beyond, and is perhaps on the highest part
of the land, a range running east and west with a rose house at the
east end and a cool greenhouse at the west. Sheds and a " north

320 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

house " are conueeted at the rear. A hedge of Norway Spruce
beyoud, protects cold pits aud frames and a summer chrysauthe-
mum shelter, and serves too, to conceal the ash-pile, and also the
loam, etc., for the potting shed.

Extending back from this hedge is a grove, open enough to yield
some grass. A road leads down through the centre. The trees,
some old, but the greatest number planted twenty years ago or
less, are in great variety, largely North American, and the collec-
tion is constantly being added to, the older trees being cut out,
and serving to supply the house with firewood.

Below are two grazing fields, which extend to the salt marsh.

It may be mentioned in closing this account that there is a
nursery of 3'oung trees and shrubs, into which new acquisitions
are generally put before planting out permanently.

Vineyard and Plum Orchard of George B. Andrews,

FiTCHBURG.

Tlie Committee next visited these grounds, concerning which
Mr. Andrews wrote as follows :

Twenty-two years ago I entered the field as a grape grower.
We were, at that time, following the practice of most of the
farmers of our neighborhood, growing corn and potatoes. This
brought but very little money into the house, for with the exception
of the sale of a few potatoes and what butter was made, there was
nothing to sell. So I was determined to set grapes, and get out of
the old ruts if I had to break the wheels in so doing.

One of the most important things in grape growing is a favor-
able location. Especially does this hold true with us here in
northern Massachusetts, where, under the most favorable conditions,
we need every hour's sun during the season for the growth aud
ripening of our best hardy out-door grapes. To accomplish this
let us select some warm, southeast slope. "We should not get too
near the bottom of the hill, as I have seen done in many cases, as
the danger there is that we may be cut a week or more short in the
season by an early frost, which, had we been located a hundred or
even fifty feet higher up the hill, might have been avoided, and the
crop thereby have been saved. Neither is it a good plan to place
a vineyard at the top of a hill, for the exposure to the winds
damages a large portion of the fruit during the last stages of

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 321

ripening. And above all things we must have good drainage,
and avoid having the vines near stagnant water. While the vine
grows, and in an ordinarily wet season ripens its crop on very
light, sandy land, yet the fruit produced has not as good a flavor
for the table, and does not make as good a wine as when grown on
heavier soil ; but Ave must avoid too heavy soil, or we shall retard
the ripening.

My location, Pearl Hill, is situated two miles north of the city of
Fitchburg ; the hill at its base is about three and a half miles long-
by one and a half wide. Leaving the city by the way of North
street, when you are scarcely out of its smoke the hill looms up
before you. On a gentle southeast slope, protected on the north
and west by a ledge of rocks, rising one hundred and fifty feet
above it, the vineyard where I have spent the greater part of my
time for tiie past twenty years is located. The soil, we find a
good loam, with a hardpan bottom. The ledge is constantly
decomposing, and is brought by the storms and melting snows
down the steep hillside to this field, and we think adds no little to
the fertility of the land. Having selected the spot, let us now
prepare the land. I would prefer a good sod, after the grass has
been cut ; let it be plowed not less than six or more than eight
inches deep ; then see to it that it is harrowed until it is all cut to
pieces ; during the fall, winter, or early spring, apply twenty cart
loads of cow manure to the acre. As soon as the land is dry
enough to work in the spring start the harrow again, and when
your field is in good condition to plant to corn it is all right to
plant to grapes. But first let us mark it out. We must have
decided before this what method we wish to follow, and how far
apart we wish the rows and vines, for the viticulturist cannot
change his method of training ever}'^ season, but he must adopt
some system and follow it for a number of years, until he is con-
vinced that it is the one best adapted to his wants ; or if, on the
other hand, it should not prove satisfactory to him, he must
gradually change to some other system, and he must ever be
lodliing out for next year's growth of wood, and the proper ripen-
ing of the same, for on the proper development of this depends
mainly the success of the next year's crop. And often in the
trimming of a vine he must look ahead three years, in order to
make a cane grow from the right place on the old vine, thereby
again proving the necessity of the close attention of the vine

322 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

grower. And no doubt it is this close attention necessary to give
the best results, that makes the vine so prominent among horti-
culturists today. I will not take time to describe to you the many
different ways of growing grapes as practised today in this
country, but simply tell you what I am doing. The first grapes I
set were put six feet by ten, and the trellis ran east and west.
This, at that time, was contrary to the views of most of the grape
growers, who favored north and south as the proper direction in
W'hich to run the trellis, but since that time there has quite a
change taken place in the minds of many of our prominent grape
growers, many claiming that where the trellis is run east and west
the vines and soil get the benefit of the sun's rays during the fore
part of the day, and that in the afternoon, as it declines, the
ground is not shaded by a north and south trellis, and thus gets
the full benefit of the sun. But be this as it may, our experience
leads us to say that it is not best to adopt any set rule, that drain-
age is of the most importance, and that it is best to run the trellis
so that it will assist in the rapid drainage of all surface water.
After ten or twelve years I thought I could not afford so much room
for these vines, and put a row in each space between the trellises,
so that they now stand six feet by five and have always given us as
fine grapes as any we have grown ; but we feed them higher than
where they are planted farther apart. While the most of my vines
are planted seven feet by six, I would now plant eight feet by six,
as eight feet is none too much to work in. Let us now stake off
our ground,— being provided with as many good stakes, four or
five feet long, as we intend to set vines. We go to one corner of
the field and set the first stake where we wish to have the first
vine in the first row ; then we establish the opposite cornei', hav-
ing measured off eight feet for each row ; the other end of the field
is next staked in the same way. Now^ we are ready for the six-
foot measure, and w^ith that and a man at the end of the row to
see that they are set straight, the stakes are put through the row,
and when you are done you have a field of stakes, each stake just
where you wish to have a grapevine, eight by six feet apart. AVe
are now ready to set the vines, a much easier task than it was to
set the stakes. But here arises a very serious question : what
varieties sliall we set? As few as possible; many a man has
learned this too late. We are confined to three, the Concord,
Worden, and Delaware; if it would succeed well on our soil we

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 328

might add Moore's Pearly, but it has never done well iu our trial row.

Having secured from some reliable nurseryman good No. 1 one-
year-old vines, the ([uestion arises, how they shall be prepared for
setting : they should have roots from two to three feet long. For
the strong growing kinds, like the Concord and Worden, I would
take a cutting, but for the weaker kinds, like the Delaware, I
would prefer a layer. Being all ready, we take a bundle of one
hundred vmes in one hand, a sharp axe in the other, and with a
few iilows cut off all but one foot of the roots, and about two-
thirds of the top. Sprinkle them well, and see that they are
covered up from the dry winds, for it takes but a short time for
the sun and wind to take out all the moisture there is in a vine.
We now take a pail, fill it about one-third full of cow manure from
the stable, and then add water enough to fill it ; after stirring this
thoroughly, we are ready for the field. Arriving there, I put
about twenty-five vines into the pail, the man removes a spadeful
or so of earth from the south side of the stake, and I take a vine
from the pail, set it in the hole about five iuches deep and up to
the south side of the stake ; lie fills the hole, and we move on
.until the field is set; when done every vine will be just six by
eight feet apart.

During the summer see that the growing shoots are kept tied to
the stake, and the ground well pulverized ; this is nicely done with
a one-horse Acme harrow. After the foliage has dropped in the
fall cut away all the summer's growth, with the exception of about
three inches of the strongest shoot. The next summer keep the
growing shoots well tied up to prevent their being broken off, and
thus checking root growth ; for it must be borne in mind that the
first two years are given up to the growing of roots, not top, as
they are our bank account which, in future years, we are to draw
upon. This has been one of the points that has given me the
most trouble during my twenty years as a grape grower, — the
equal balance of top and root. In the fall trim away all the wood
made this year, with the exception of the strongest shoot, which
we will leave about one foot long.

The next spring we are ready for the trellis. We use round,
split, or quartered chestnut posts, eight feet long ; if cut in June
they will peel very readily ; piled up crosswise they season well
during the summer, and are iu good condition to set in the spring.
We draw them to the vineyard in the winter, and put them in

324 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY,

small piles around the field. In the spring the posts are set two
and a half feet deep and twelve feet apart ; should you use small
sawed posts they should be set six feet apart. We set the end
posts, then draw a line, and set the rest to the line; in this way
we not only get the row of posts straight, which is of great value
in cultivating, but we get every vine directly under the wire ;
the end posts are braced. The wire used is No. 15, and we have
four to a trellis, the bottom one being twenty inches from the
ground and the top one a few inches from the top of the posts ;
for staples we use short wire nails, driven into the post one below
and one above the wire, in the shape of an X.

The trellis being in position, we are now ready to grow our first
bearing cane. Several buds will start ; remove all of these except
two or three of the strongest. When the best of these has reached
the lower wire, and been securely tied, rub off the rest. We will
grow the first vine up to the second wire, and out on that wire six
feet; then we will pinch the end. The next vine we will grow to
the top wire, and out on that six feet, when we will stop it. If
from any cause a vine shows signs of weakness, it should be
stopped ; this is done by pinching the end of the vine. In the
fall, if it does not look strong, cut it back to the lower wire, and
give it a chance to grow more roots. During the summer, laterals
will start out along the growing vine ; these should be pinched
back to one leaf. In the fall there will be no trimming but to cut
these laterals back to the main vine.

Up to this time we have been growing roots and a bearing cane ;
now we are ready to add fruit, and we shall find it necessary to
keep both eyes on the gun. When the buds start the next spring,
take the first strongest shoot and bend it down to the lowest wire
in an opposite direction to that in which it grew last year, and
run it along this wire until it reaches the next vine, when it should
be nipped ; the next vine, which you remember is running on the
fourth wire, you treat the same, with the exception of bringing
the growing shoot to the third wire instead of the first. These are
your bearing canes for next year. Now the remainder of your
bearing cane will start from twelve to sixteen buds ; these should
be allowed to grow until they show six leaves, then they should be
pinched in ; the laterals will start two or three times during the
summer, and must be pinched back to one leaf each time. 'Ihese
shoots are allowed to hang during the season without being tied,
and the vine is allowed to carry about five pounds of grapes. 'Hie

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 325

winter tiimmiDg is very simple, and is done with one cut of
the pruning shaars, by removing the bearing cane from the old
riue at its junction with the new cane.

This method of trimming is kept up for six or eight years ; then
we think the vine is strong enough to carry more fruit. But to do
this we must have more leaves, for it requires just so many
leaves to grow a pound of fruit ; what that number is I have never
been able to find out, but Nature knows, and she will have her
way; try to over- fruit the vine and she will assert her rights by
giving you poor fruit, for it must be remembered tliat the law of
Nature holds as true in the vegetable kingdom as in the animal,
and that her object in the growing of fruit is not to tickle the
palate, but to grow seeds, and thereby carry out one of the great
laws of Nature, that of reproduction. But man does not care for
this abundance of seeds ; he would have larger fruit, more pulp,
and better flavor. To do this we must work in harmony with
Nature, and while we find that she cannot be cheated in her
slightest wish, yet with careful tact and skillful management she
can be made to respond to your bidding, and instead of two or
three bushels of small, ill-flavored grapes, we shall have a few
pounds of large, choice grapes. This is accomplished by the
severe trimming that we have described, and by a system of
thinning the fruit. You must first determine how many pounds of
grapes you think your vine is capable of carrying, and then cut
down to that number, or what you think will make that amount
when ripe. This requires no little practice. I have thinned a
vineyard of two and one-half acres to carry ten tons ; Avhen they
were picked they overran five hundred pounds. I count up the
bunches on a vine, then tell by the size of the bunches how many
I wish to leave, and cut off the rest. In some cases I have
removed as many as forty bunches from one vine. To secure
more leaves we grow two arms instead of one, running them on
the same wires in opposite directions, and treating them the same
in every respect ; only we have two canes to grow in the summer,
and two to trim off in the fall. This is the method followed by us
at the present time, with the strong-growing native grapes. In
the case of the Delaware it is somewhat different ; here we intend
to grow four arms, two on the upper and two on the second wire,
three feet long. As the canes of the Delaware are shorter jointed
than those of the Concord, Wordeu, or in fact any of the Labrusca

326 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seeclliugs \yith which we are acquainted, it becomes necessary, in
order to secure the proper amount of foliage, to leave the canes
longer before pinching, — say as many as nine leaves to a shoot.

Insects and Diseases. The grape is subject to many enemies, both
of the animal and vegetable kingdom. Let us first look at those
of the animal. In the early spring, when the bud begins to swell,
and before the first tiny leaf unfolds, the advance guard appears
and throws out its picket line ; they begin operations by boring a
small hole into the bud and eating out the centre. When it has
devoured all that is palatable it goes to the next, and it is not
uncommon to find a vine with evei'y bud eaten. The little fellow
who does this is about three-sixteenths of an inch in length, and
is of a steel-blue color. We know of no remedy but to kill with
thumb and finger. The Rose-bug, or Rose-chafer, makes its
appearance about the time the grapes blossom, and in a few days
they have been known to destroy large vineyards. Our method of
destroying them is to go over the vines and kill the bugs with
thumb and finger ; they are usually thickest next to the grass
land, as that is a good place for them to lay their eggs. The
Agricultural College recommends spraying at this time with one-
fourth of a pound of Paris green to fifty gallons of water ; or, if
3^ou use the Bordeaux mixture, put the Paris green into that.
Then we have the grape-vine caterpillar, about one and one- half
inches long, but I have never heard of their appearing in numbers
large enough to do any great harm. During the summer, there
may be found on the under side of the leaf, at certain times, a
small brown slug ; they are hatched from the eggs of the steel-
blue beetle which made its appearance early in the spring. The
thrip, which is so troublesome when the grape is grown under glass,
will, in extremely dry weather, appear in large numbers upon the
out-door grape, and while we do not consider it a dangerous
enemy, yet it does not add to the strength of the vine, and we
welcome a good shower, as this will keep it in check. These,
with the addition of the grape-berry moth, of which we have as
yet seen but very little, comprise about all the insects that have
])een troublesome in my vineyard, unless we mention the Phyl-
loxera, which is at work on the roots of nearly all grape vines ;
but our native grape, as a rule, is such a strong grower that these
insects do but little damage if the vine is kept in a good healthy
growth ; this in fact has much to do in assisting it to witlistand
the attacks of the different fungi which of late years have been

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE- ON GARDENS. 327

such a terror to the grape grower. My attention was first called
to the Phylloxera some eight years ago, on the receipt of six hun-
dred Worden grape vines from T. S. Hubbard, of Fredonia, N. Y.
— the roots were one complete mass of galls. He wrote me that
it was not uncommon, and that the vine was such a strong grower
that I should derive no harm from them ; and yet it adds one
more to the already too long list of insect pests.

Fungous Diseases. Here we have an entirely different order of
foes. Instead of animal preying upon vegetable, we have plant
attackiug plant, or parasites living upon their hosts. Tbose most
common to the grape vine in New England are Perouospora and
Anthracnose. In my limited experience with these, and the little
that I have been able to learn concerning them, I would gladly
pass them by, but I should not then be giving you my full experi-
ence, for in the past four years I have lost more b}^ fungous
diseases than from all other causes since I commenced to grow the
vine. Five years ago I commenced to spray the vines, using that
year ammoniacal carbonate of copper, as directed by the Depart-
ment at Washington, but I did not understand what I w^as trying
to do. I simply knew that I had Perouospora on the Delaware
vines, and that they recommended spraying. I sprayed twice
during the season, but the leaves nearly all dropped in August.
For the past two years I have been at work under the direction of
Professor Maynard, of our Agricultural College, whose timely
words of advice have been of great value in assisting me to battle
with these parasites ; and while we are not satisfied with results,
we yet feel that we are working in the right direction, and trust
that ere long science will give us a remedy for these parasites that
shall be as effective as Paris green has been for the insect pest.
But we must not stop with spraying. I think that the leaves from
the vines, and the fields joining the vineyard, should be burnt
over, thus destroying the winter spores ; the posts, braces, and
vines should be washed early in the spring with a strong solution
of sulphate of copper, or Bordeaux mixture of full strength.
And yet we feel that we know but little of these fungous diseases,
except that they are increasing at an alarmingly rapid rate, and
that we must ever be on the alert, with our faces turned to the foe.

As evidence of Mr. Andrews' successful culture of the grape,
his exhibits of the last three years are probaldy still in 3'our

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTrCULTURAL SOCIETY.

minds. Without a doubt no better Delawares were ever shown
here. Professor Maynard "never saw such Delawares;" and
Messrs. Winn, Ricker, & Co., informed us that the fruit was all
engaged before it reached the market. The same was true of the
very excellent Worden grapes grown at this place. The Commit-
tee take pleasure in reporting to you that it was the best Delaware
vineyard they ever inspected, and they are glad Mr. Andrews ha&
met with the success he so well deserves.

Plum Orchard.

In planting plum trees in this section of the country the work
should be done in the early spring — never in the fall ; and we
prefer a two-year-old tree, with roots and top well trimmed back.
As the plum lives to a good old age, say twenty-five years, the
trees must not be set too near together, but each should have
from fourteen to eighteen feet of space. An acre of plum trees
set fourteen feet each way, will contain two hundred and twenty
trees ; at sixteen feet, one hundred and seventy trees ; and at
eighteen feet, one hundred and thirty-five trees. The last named
distance is that at which the plum orchards are set in Western
New York ; and also those on the banks of the Hudson. There
are some very large plum orchards in New York State ; among
them is that of the Maxwell Brothers, at Geneva, which covers
eighty acres. Of this orchard Mr. Maxwell says the trees are
sprayed three or four times each season for leaf blight ; and the
curculios are caught on sheets carried on wheelbarrow-like
frames. He claimed that good results in combatting leaf blight
were obtained by spraying with modified P^au Celeste, to which
soap is added, to cause it to spread easily, and also to adhere to
the foliage. Eau Celeste, or blue water, is made by dissolving
one pound of sulphate of copper in three or four gallons of warm
water, and when the solution has cooled, adding one pint of
ammonia, and then diluting to twenty-two gallons. The modified
formula is not so apt to injure the foliage, and is made as follows :
sulphate of copper, two pounds ; carbonate of soda, two and one-
half pounds; ammonia, one and one-half pints; water, twenty-
two gallons. Dissolve the sulphate of copper in two gallons of
hot water ; in another vessel dissolve the carbonate of soda ; mix
the two, and when all chemical reaction has ceased, add the
amm^onia ; finally dilute to twenty-two gallons.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 329

The chief enemies of the plum are the curculio, the borer, leaf-
blight, and black-knot ; and the man who cultivates thoroughly,
prunes understandiugly, and keeps his orchard free from insects
and diseases, will be the one to carry plums to market. The first
two pests, the curculio and the borer, are of the animal kingdom,
while the last two, leaf -blight and black-knot, — and we might add
the rotting of the fruit — are of vegetable growth. The curculio,
the great pest of the plum grower, commences its work on the
Bartlett and Angouleme pears, and often spoils the crop for
market. It then goes to the cherry and plum as soon as the
petals of their blossoms drop, preferring these fruits with
smooth skins, and commences its work by puncturing the fruit
with its strong beak or trunk, forming a crescent, and just
above this cut the egg is deposited. They are slow workers,
taking about twenty minutes to each plum. They work for about
ten days, but do not work if it is stormy. Paris green has been
recommended as a remedy by some of the professors, while others
say that the only remedy is by jarring, which is done, after
placing a sheet under the tree, by striking with a hammer a
sharp blow on the stump of a limb that has been sawed off for the
purpose, or upon a nail driven into the tree ; this will cause
the curculios to let go their hold and drop to the sheet, from which
they can be gathered and killed. President Barry, of the Western
New York Horticultural Society, sa^^s that the sprajMng of the
plum and peach with Paris green for the curculio cannot be
depended upon with the same certainty as the jarring process.
The borer must be dug out with knife and wire.

The black-knot is a fungous disease, and is said to be kept
down by the use of sulphate of copper, or Bordeaux mixture.
We use both, yet we do not rely wholly on them, but use the
knife. All black knots should be cut out and burned. All wild
cherry trees that are generating this fungous growth, are breeding
beds for the spores, and should be cut down and burned, whether
along the roadside, by any cross wall, or wherever they exist.

As to the fungus that causes the rotting of the plum. Professor
Mayuard, of the Agricultural College, recommends the use of
sulphate of copper in the proportion of one pound to sixteen
hundred gallons of water ; or the ammoniacal carbonate of copper,
which is made by dissolving six ounces of copper carbonate in
three pints of liquid ammonia, and diluting to tweutj'-five gallons

330 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with water. Paris green must not be used with this, as the
ammonia dissolves the arsenic and the resulting compound burns
the foliage.

The formula for Bordeaux mixture is six pounds of sulphate of
copper, and four pounds of lime in fifty gallons of water.

Mr. Andrews further states that his plum orchard has been
planted seven years ; it is located on a hill which originally was
well covered with loam, upon a hardpan subsoil. The loam has
been nearly all washed away, and the trees are growing in the
subsoil. They have not been unfavorably affected by the dry
weather ; the foliage is of a dark green color and the fruit does
not drop. The trees have been sprayed for three years past with
Bordeaux mixture and carbonate of copper. This year they were
sprayed five times, and carried about two bushels of fruit to each
tree. The varieties grown are BradshaAv, Lombard, McLaughlin,
and Washington. Mr. Andrews says the crop sold well and the
results were very satisfactory. Your Committee were unanimous
in their decision, that this was the most successfully cultivated
plum orchard that they have been invited to examine.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

As might have been expected, we had some entries for the
prizes offered for this popular flower. For the Best House of
Chrysanthemums Arranged for Effect with other Plants, the com-
petitors were : Nathaniel T. Kidder, William Martin, gardener ;
and Walter Huunewell, T. D. Hatfield, gardener. For the best
House of Chrysanthemums grown on Benches the competitors
were the Waban Rose Conservatories, Alexander Montgomery,
gardener; and William Nicholson. The Bussey Institution,
Charles Jackson Dawson, gardener, entered a house of field-grown
plants, but not in competition for any prize.

We have the pleasure of presenting statements from all these
places.

Nathaniel T. Kidder's CnRYSANTiiEMUM House, Milton.

The Greenhouse that was entered for the premium for the Best
House of Chrysanthemums arranged for effect with other plants, is
fifty-two feet long and twenty feet wide, and is a three-quarter span.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 331

There were two side benches, and a centre stage of two tiers. In the
house there were twenty-seven large specimen plants, and twenty
smaller ones ; also a large number in seven-inch and eight-inch
pots, with from three to five blooms on each plant. On the back
bench were some Camellias, Habrothamnuses, Ericas, and Epac-
rises; and between these were the large blooms of Chrysan-
themums.

On the centre stage and the front bench were the specimen
plants, and interspersed between them were plants of Nejylirolepis
exaUata plumosa, with their foliage hanging over the sides of the
benches.

The culture of the plants is similar to that of other growers,
with the exception of syringing. After their final shift no water
is allowed to touch the foliage, except when the}' are syringed
with a decoction of whale oil soap and tobacco w^ater once in ten
days to keep down insects.

The following varieties were some of the best :

C. B. Whitnall, J. C. Vaughan,

Clinton Chalfant, Joseph H. White,

Col. W. B. Smith, L. Canning,

Culliugfordii, Madame Marie Hoste,

Duchess of Connanght, Mattie C. Stewart,

Edward Hatch, Miss Minnie Wanamaker,

Edwin Lonsdale, President Hyde,

Ernest Asmus, Princess of Japan,

George W. Childs, Superbje flora,

Gloriana, The Queen,

Improved Brehmer, Val d'Andorre,

Ivory, Vi viand Morel,
W. H. Lincoln.

Walter Hunnewell's Chrysanthemum House, AVellesley.

This contained twenty-three plants. The varieties were :
Achilles. — Blush white; dwarf, rather late.
A. H. Fewkes. — Yellow; dwarf, a bushy even grower, good
foliage to the ground.

Arethusa. — Bright pink ; dwarf, early.

C. B. Wliitnall. — Deep purple ; incurved, late.

Columbine. — Bronze ; early, dwarf.

332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eda Prass. — Delicate salmon ; late, medium height.

George W. Childs. — Deep velvety cvimsou ; large, well-formed
flowers of great substance ; very fine.

George HrnvTcins. — Yellow; Anemone.

Golden i7a?r.— Novelty, 1894, E. A. Wood.

lora. — Shell pink; early, medium height.

Ivory. — Pure white; Chinese incurved, flowers large, full, and
fine, round shape.

Louis Boehmer. — '"The pink Ostrich Plume." A beautiful
delicate silvery pink; a variety of great merit, the flowers are
large, and it is a very free-blooming variety.

Louis BceJimer, ^^ White." — Pure white; very free blooming.
A sport from Louis Bo-hmer.

Miss Minnie Wanamaker . — White; late, medium height.

Mrs. E. B. Freeman. — Yellow; ostrich; sport from Louis
Boehmer.

Portia. — Pink; medium early, moderate height.

Primula. — Yellow ; seedling from Empress of Japan.

Summit. — Incurved Chinese; novelty of 1893.

Tuxedo. — Deep orange ; tall, late.

Vermd Fall. — Feathery white ; early, dw^arf .

Walter Hunneivell. — Orange; medium height, mid-season.

White Cap. — White; dwarf; late; Incurved Japanese.

W. H. Lincoln. — Beautiful soft yellow; large, perfect form;
vigorous grower ; Japanese.

Mr. Hatfield remarks that of these varieties he will probably
discard several, and grow others which he considers better
adapted to his purposes. He states as his reasons that C. B.
Whitnall is too late ; Tuxedo is too tall and late ; Eda Prass is
too late and scarcely bright enough pink, when there are better;
Vernal Fall is too delicate to rely upon ; Miss Minnie Wanamaker.
is too late and takes too long to open, being too double.

As to methods of culture, Mr. Hatfield says there is nothing
new, unless it may be that less stimulants were used than last
year, and with improved results, — better plants, better and
brighter ])looms, and cleaner and better foliage. He thinks the
probability is, that growers are very liable to be too liberal with
stinuilants. Close attention is the watchword.

Tlie small house in wliich were growing a good number of plants

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 333

with single stems, and which contained many good blooms, is in
reality a vegetable house, but is used in summer for a few cut-
bloom varieties. If not as well adapted for the purpose as could
be desired, it does quite well, and affords a good opportunity to
test novelties and grow some seedlings.

As a grower, the best evidence of Mr. Hatfield's skill is the fact
that for six years in succession, his plants have received the first
prize at the Annual Exhibitions.

Waban Rose Conservatories, Natick.

The Committee visited this place while the chrysanthemums
were in bloom, and at their request, Mr. Alexander Montgomery,
the gardener, has given the following notes on some of the newer
varieties of Chrysanthemums :

Among the many brought out this year are the following :
Eugene Dailledouze, H. L. Sunderbruch, Major Bonnaffon,
Mutual Friend, luter-oceau, Waulass, Mrs. J. G. lis, etc. A
gratifying point about the new varieties this year is that many of
them are good either for exhibition or market purposes.

We grow about eight thousand plants, mostly to specimen
flowers, and find them fairly profitable ; probably more dollars
are realized from the square foot of this crop than would be from
smaller flowers ; but were many others taking in the same quality
of flowers there would hardly be a market for them. Still, as an
advertisement for the smaller flowers, they are indispensable, as
chrysanthemums would never command the public attention
they do were it not for the fine large flowers. A small flower
of Eugene Dailledouze, or Mrs. Jerome Jones, would never attract
special attention, but see them in their glory and the veriest
rustic, and the most learned professor, will alike take off their bats
and stand enraptured before them. Therefore, I say, we must
have a proportion of the very finest flowers that can be grown :
and our hybridizers have yet great room for improvement. "We
have size enough. Attention must now be given to finish ; bright,
clear colors — the ideal pink has yet to be presented — and size
without coarseness. I predict that the next few years will see
still greater improvement than heretofore, both in varieties and
their cultivation, and the man who now "knows it all" will then
stand amazed to find himself such a Rip Van Winkle in this
march of progress.
9

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Montgomery recommends the following twenty-four varie-
ties for the market :

Arthur H. Fewkes, Maud Dean,

Col. W. B. Smith, Mrs. Craig Lippincott,

Cullingfordii, Mrs. E. G. Hill,

Ermenilda, Mrs. Jerome Jones,

Eugene Dailledouze, Mrs. Phipps,

Golden Wedding, Mrs. R. Bergmann,

H. L. Sunderbruch, Mutual Friend,

Inter-ocean, Niveus,

Ivory, President Smith,

John Shrimpton, Queen,

Lady Play fair, Viviand Morel,

Major Bonnaffon, W. H. Lincoln.

William Nicholson's Pleasant Hill Conservatories.

Framingham, November 12, 1894.

John G. Barker, Jamaica Plain .

Deal' Sir: — In reply to your letter of inquiry in regard to my
mode of growing Chrysanthemums, I will say that the house in
which I grow them is fifteen feet by one hundred feet. They are
all grown on benches in five inches of lonm. The loam I prepare
in the fall before, by plowing grass land five inches deep, and
carting the sods to a pile, and mixing five loads of sods with one
load of good horse manure ; also putting on each layer ten quarts
of bone flour.

The house is run to Tomatoes till July 15 to 20, when we empty
out all the old loam, put in the new soil, and plant the Chrysan-
themums that were struck the last of May and the first of Juile,
and had been grown in two and one-half inch pots, till planted on
the benches. They are planted six inches apart each way, and
when they begin to show bud I feed them with cow manure water,
and put on a light mulching of old manure. As soon as the buds
begin to show color we stop the manure water and finish with a
little sulphate of ammonia. We grow them quite cool in the fall,
leaving ventilators open all night all the time, with a little fire heat
to keep away mildew. This house has about thirty-five hundred
plants in it, all grown with a single stem and one flower to a stem

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 335

for market. "We follow the Chrysanthemums with Lilies and
Tomatoes.

I have two Carnation hoiises ; one is one hundred feet by
twenty feet; the other is one hundred and fifty feet by twenty
feet, with about six thousand Carnations planted in them, which are
looking very well. I have one house one hundred feet by twenty
feet for Roses ; two small Fern houses ; also one house sixt}' feet by
ten feet for Violets and other plants ; and one house sixty by fif-
teen feet for miscellaneous stock ; in all a little over fourteen
thousand square feet of glass, which is heated by two Furman
boilers with hot water under pressure, partly overhead and the
rest under the benches, in one and one-half and two-inch pipes
The glass used is sixteen by twenty-four inches in most of the
houses.

My soil is rather sandy ; just right for Carnations, but light for
Roses.

I should be very much pleased to have you look over my place
any time you could make it convenient.

Yours respectfully,

Wm. Nicholson.

BussEY Institution, Jamaica Plain.

Dear Mr. Barker : — In answer to your inquiry as to the method
of culture of Chrysanthemums at the Bussey Institution, I would
say : The cuttings were struck from the middle of March to the
middle of May, and when rooted were potted in three-inch or four-
inch pots. In the early part of June they were planted out of
doors in the field, where the ground had been used for the same
purpose for a number of years, after being well manured in the
spring. Pinching was practised from time to time, up to the first
of August. About the middle of August they were lifted and
potted in their flowering pots — seven-inch to eleven-inch. The
soil was made fairly rich, being composed of equal parts of
rotted manure, sod, and sand, with a small portion of leaf mould,
and a small quantity of bone meal. The potting was of medium
firmness, experience teaching us that too firm potting for a Chrj's-
anthemum is not to be advocated.

After potting the plants were placed in a frame-yard, where
they were sheltered from strong winds. Frequent sj^ringing was
practised on bright days, until the plants became established, it

336

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being necessary at first to syringe as many as five or six times a
day, in order to keep the plants from wilting too much. About
the middle of September they were placed in the house, and given
as much ventilation as possible night and day. Liquid cow
manure was used about twice a week, and nitrate of soda in a
very weak state once a week, with but one or two exceptions.
Staking was not practised, all the plants growing in a natural way.
Among varieties which did well were :

Joseph H. White, white.

Ivory, "

L. Canning, "

Diana, "

Niveus, "

Mabel Simpkins, "

Puritan, "

Theo, white ; a seedling, raised
the year before last, and found to
make a remarkable pot plant.

Thistle, lemon yellow and white.

President Hyde, yellow.

Neesima, "

Golden Wedding, "

A. H. Fewkes, "

E. G. Hill,

Mabel Ward, "

Walter Hunnewell, "

Golden Gate, yellow.
W. H. Lincoln, "

Col. C. R. Smith, "
Mr. Astie, yellow pompon.
Hicks Arnold, bronze yellow.
Eda Prass, delicate salmon.
Jeanne d'Arc, pinkish white.
Louis Boehmer, silvery pink.
Duchess of Connaught, pink.
Viviand Morel, "

Pres. W. R. Smith, "

V. H. Hallock, "

Waban, "

Mrs. J. N. Girard, silvery rose.
George W. Childs, red.
Cullingfordii, "

Miss Fairbanks, "
John Thorpe, magenta.

Charles Jackson Dawson.

The Committee have made the following awards :

Prizes.

II. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium.

For an estate of not less than three acres, which shall be
laid out with the most taste, planted most judiciously,
and kept in the best order for three consecutive years,
to Nathaniel T." Kidder, Milton, a prize of

$160 00

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 337

Society's Prizes.

For the best house of Chrysanthemums, arranged for
effect, with other plants, to Nathaniel T. Kidder,
Milton $50 00

For the second best to T. D. Hatfield, gardener to Walter

Hunnewell, Wellesley 30 00

For the best house or houses of Chrysanthemums, grown

on benches, to Waban Rose Conservatories, Natick . 50 00

For the second best to William Nicholson, Framingham 30 00

Gratuities.

To Francis Brown Hayes, Lexington, for successful cul-
ture of Rhododendrons . . . . , . 45 00

To William C. Strong, for successful cultivation of Small

Fruits 30 00

To George B. Andrews, for a very successfully cultivated

Delaware Grape vineyard . . . . . . 45 00

To the same, for a successfully cultivated Plum Orchard 45 00

To Lawrence Cotter, gardener to C. V. Whitten, for a

very fine bench of Chrysanthemum Ivory . . . 30 00

To Charles J. Dawson, for a house of Chrysanthemum

plants grown under field culture . . . . 30 00

Amount appropriated ..... $500 00

Amount awarded ...... 385 00

Balance unexpended . . . . . $115 00

Approved at a meeting of the Committee December 22, 1894.

John G. Barker, Chairman}.
E. W. Wood,
C. N. Brackett,
Jackson Dawson,
Henry W. Wilson.

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on School Gardens and Children's Herbariums.

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

By hp:nry l. clapp.

At the Exhibition of Children's Herbariums, November 30 and
December 1, 1894:, there were fifty exhibitors ; fifteen collections of
flowers, numbering 256 specimens ; fourteen collections of ferns,
numbering 129 specimens; two collections of grasses, numbering
70 specimens ; twenty-six collections of leaves, numbering 865
sheets, and of all kinds 2,020 sheets.

Some of these collections were notable. Arthur C. Faxon's
collection of 190 sheets of leaves, was remarkable for its size and
completeness. It contained finely mounted sprays of leaves of
100 native trees and 90 introduced trees. His collection of 50
grasses was probably the best ever exhibited in Horticultural Hall.

Two collections of flowers, sent by Lucy B. Foster and family
L. Ames, were remarkable for the skill manifested in pressing and
mounting the specimens. The specimens themselves were large
and well arranged on the sheets, and the natural colors had been
kept to a remarkable degree. Children can study such collections
with more than usual profit. On the whole there has been satis-
factory improvement in pressing and mounting the plants. Those
who have exhibited before have, in most cases, made marked
progress. Many who exhibit for the first time, hardly know
what neat and beautiful work is. Unfortunately too many exhib-
itors cannot visit tlie exhibition at all, to learn from seeing the
fine collections always to be found there. Nice work does not
consist in covering the under-surfaco of leaves with glue, or in
bandaging down a plant as the Lilliputians bound down Gulliver.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 339

Amoug the ferus exhibited were two new species from New
England, Aspidium cristafum marginale Davenport, and Aspid-
ium simulatum Davenport, described and named by Mr. George
E. Davenport of this Committee.

Arthur E. French's collection of ferus was a fine one. The
fronds were complete, even, well arranged, and correctly named.

ERRATA.

Page 339, line 2, '''■ Aspidium cristatum marginale" Davenport,
should be Aspidium cristatumy^marghxale Davenport.

Page 341 , lines 6 and 7 from the bottom, '•'■Aspidium spinulosum ,
type and var. Boottii," should be Aspidium spinulosum and Aspid-
ium Bouttii.

i
Page 347, line 3, " Maiden" should be Medford.

done by any other institution in the State.

However that may be, we have a reasonable assurance that in
the course of time, by means of this work, many people will have —
what the public schools do not aim to teach — a delightful, innocent,
and elevating recreation to which they can turn for recuperation
and refreshment during the leisure hours from their regular voca-
tions, and also after those vocations have been laid aside in the later
years of life. One important aim of education should be, to teach
the young to make wise provision for the leisure part of life.

REPORT

OF THE

ivf^jL Lu a iciiiuiiviiuic ucgiee. v^uiiuieii cau siim_y siicii COiiecLiUllS

with more than usual profit. On the whole there has been satis-
factory improvement in pressing and mounting the plants. Those
who have exhibited before have, in most cases, made marked
progress. Many who exhibit for the first time, hardly know
what neat and beautiful work is. Unfortunately too many exhib-
itors cannot visit the exhibition at all, to learn from seeing the
fine collections always to be found there. Nice work does not
consist in covering the under-surface of leaves with glue, or in
bandaging down a plant as the Lilliputians bound down Gulliver.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 339

Among the ferus exhibited were two new species from New
England, Asjndium cristatum marginale Davenport, and Aspid-
ium simidatuni Davenport, described and named by Mr. George
E. Davenport of this Committee.

Arthur E. French's collection of ferus was a fine one. The
fronds were complete, even, well arranged, and correctly named.
Such a collection gives proof of knowledge of the plants, and of
the work necessary for their preparation. It pays children to do it.

The growth of the work cannot escape the notice of any
observer. Both halls were completely occupied. The number of
specimens has risen from 1,100 last year, to 2,000 this year. The
range of contributors is increasing, Billerica, North Easton,. Sud-
bmy, and Holyoke, in this State, and New Haven, Conn., having
been laid under contribution.

The children cling to the work year after year. Arthur C.
Faxon contributed this year for the third time. Phillips Barry
also contributed this year for the third time, and his contribution
was accompanied by the following label: "List of twenty-five
additions of Flowering Plants to a collection awarded a First
Prize December 26, 1891, to which fifty additions were made in
1893."

Five other children contributed this year for the second time.
The rule that specimens once exhibited for prizes cannot be
exhibited again, although a proper one, makes it harder and
harder for the contributors to find new specimens to exhibit, and,
although they do not contribute a third, or even a second time,
we cannot reasonably conclude that they have discontinued work,
or have lost their interest in it.

It does seem reasonable to conclude that the work carried on
under the auspices of this Society is doing more to create among
children a love for wild flowers, and plant life in general, than that
done by any other institution in the State.

However that may be, we have a reasonable assurance that in
the course of time, by means of this work, many people will have —
what the public schools do not aim to teach — a delightful, innocent,
and elevating recreation to which they can turn for recuperation
and refreshment during the leisure hours from their regular voca-
xtions, and also after those vocations have been laid aside in the later
years of life. One important aim of education should be, to teach
the young to make wise provision for the leisure part of life,

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which, to the graduate of the ordinary school is frequently full of
uncertainty, not to say peril, especially in a cit3^ Given a love
for plant life, young people's summer vacations will afford
evidence of sanity and not of folly and frivolity ; and the delight-
ful summer will all be lived over again in the winter as the speci-
mens are brought out and studied. The number of eminent men
in France who make botany an avocation is astonishingly large ;
and it is fitting that this Society should use its influence, as it is
now doing, not only to make the number of such men large in this
country, but the number of women also ; and this herbarium and
school garden work gives good promise of doing just that thing.

The opportunity to see two thousand plants spread out for
unrestricted study is not a common one, and should be appreciated
by adults interested in plants as well as by children. One visitor
was the author and illustrator of that delightful book "Familiar
Flowers of Field and Garden." He said it was " a golden oppor-
tunity " for him, and remained to the very end, making sketches
of the variations of well-known plants.

Professor Hanus, Assistant Professor of Pedagogy at Harvard
College, was enthusiastic over the exhibits, which he had not
heard of before. He immediately sent over his wife, child, and
students from his seminary class.

To make this work thoroughly effective we should have the aid
of herbarium specimens, by means of which New England plants
may be determined with certainty.

For many years a good deal of money has been expended in the
purchase of valuable books on flowers, trees, ferns, grasses,
mosses, lichens, fungi, etc. That is a great piece of good fortune.
Nevertheless, colored plates cannot fully take the place of real
specimens. These beautiful and useful books should be supple-
mented by herbarium specimens of Massachusetts, at least, and
perhaps of New England. What a treasure such a collection of
leaf sprays as Master Faxon's would be to one who wished to
study the native and introduced trees of Massachusetts ! How
much Mr. Davenport's collection of ferns in the librar}^ is consulted !
So it would be with a collection of grasses, sedges, lichens, mosses,
orchids, golden-rods, and flowering plants generally, especially
those of New England. If additional room is ever made for the
library, cannot some small space be provided for a comparatively
local herbarium? Wall space of ten feet square would seem to be
suflicient.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 341

The many interesting and rare Avild plants that are frequently
brought here for exhibition and then thrown away could be
pressed and saved for continual reference if such a space were
provided. Many of the plants that are sent in yearly by children
could be secured. They would make our books more serviceable,
and on the other hand our books would make the specimens more
serviceable. The means of study would be more complete.

Interest in wild plants has been increasing for some years past.
Asters have been cross-fertilized. The variety and beauty of asters
at some of our recent exhibitions have been remarkable, and the
displays of rare and interesting wild plants exhibited by au
increased number of persons should suggest to us the idea of
furnishing the valuable means of plant study and identification to
be found in choice herbarium specimens.

REPORT ON THE GEORGE PUTNAM SCHOOL GARDEN
SEASON OF 1894.

The plants named below were introduced into the garden durmg
the season of 1894 :

FLOWERING PLANTS.

Aster acuminatus. Gaultheria procumhens.

" ^wmce MS (large variety). Hieracium scahrum.

Chelidonium majus. Solidago latifolia.
Clematis Vtrginiana. " sempervirens.

Dalibarda repens. " squarrosa.

EpigcBa repens. Viola p)uhescens.

FERNS.

Adiantum pedattim. Botrycliium ternatum.
Aspidium acrostichoides var. " ternatum var. dis-

incisum. sectum.

" cristatum. " Virginianum.

" marginale. C>/stopteris fragilis.

" spinulosum, type and Onodea sensibilis var. obtusi-

var. Boottii. lobata.

" spinnlosunixdiV. inter- " Struthiopteris.

medium. Osmunda cinnaniomea.

" Thelypteris. Phegopteris Dryopteris.

Asplenium ebeneum. " pohjpodioides .

" thelypteroides. Woodsia Ilvensis.

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On account of unfavorable soil, or lack of water during the
season of 1893, some plants died; among these were SoUdago
bicolor, S. lanceolata, Aster vimineus, A. dumosus, A. diffusns,
and A. patens; all of which have been replaced.

Thus it appears that thirty-eight wild plants were added to the
garden during the season of 1894, including twenty ferns, five
golden-rods, and six asters ; also thirteen other flowering plants,
some of which were cultivated.

The chairman of the School Garden Committee made a careful
selection of seeds of such cultivated plants as would be serviceable
for observation in a school garden. These were planted and re-
sulted in varieties of marigolds, larkspurs, foxgloves, snapdrag-
ons, morning-glories, pinks, and martynia, pepper, and egg plants.
She also sent a large collection of bulbs (tulip, hyacinth, crocus,
etc.), which were planted in November.

In the spring of 1894, a friend sent several hundred plants
in pots, which were set around the flag-staff and in a number of
beds, and these plants made a fine display till frost came.

Last fall, B. T. Newman, the Fryeburg (Maine) artist, sent
from Maine, to this school, a number of wild plants of varieties
that had not been in the garden before.

A few hardy perennial plants, including phlox, iris, sueezeweed,
Frazer's primrose, and California sunflower, have been added.

The eight varieties of hardy chrysanthemums previously intro-
duced have received three additions, and the abundance of their
blossoms in October was remarkable, in the opinion of the many
visitors who came to see them. The eleven varieties were exhib-
ited at the Annual Chrysanthemum Exhibition of this Society, and
for these a gratuity was awarded to the School Garden.

" The Listener " of the " Boston Evening Transcript " mentioned
the collection thus : " One thing that well deserved attention and
admiration was the collection from the George Putnam School.
Those were mostly little fellows, of course — pretty ' Brown Bobs,'
' gold buttons,' and the like ; very natural and lovely. The 'Mrs.
Seaver,' in this collection, was a lovely white, and a typical chrys-
anthemum, though small."

Besides these hardy chrysanthemums, and the many wild and
cultivated plants mentioned in previous reports, the garden now
contains some families of native wild plants, which are represented
by a considerable number of species ; and among them are four-
teen golden-rods, eighteen asters, and twenty-nine ferns.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 343

Most of the ferns were collected in Maine, and contributed to
the garden by Miss Katharine W. Huston of this Committee.

By the aid of the boys, a fernery was made last fall in an angle
of the north wall of the school-building. They took hand-carts,
went into the woods, and collected leaf-mould, which they mixed
up thoroughly with loam, and then assisted in taking the ferns
from scattered places in the garden, bringing them together, and
locating them by genera. The name of each species was written
on a flat stick, which was stuck into the ground near the specimen
to which the name belonged.

These specimens, added to other species of the same kind in the
garden, will furnish material for the study of ferns Many lan-
tern slides of fern fronds have been made, and many more will be
made, from negatives which were taken with a hand camera in
Maine and Canada, during the summer of 1894. The slides are
of three kinds : first, of the reproductive organs of ferns, photo-
graphed from plates in books belonging.to our library ; second, of
pressed and mounted fronds of ferns ; third, of fern fronds grow-
ing in their native homes. This series of slides will be of the
greatest service for class instruction during the winter, and will
lead to an appreciation of the interesting developments to appear
in the fernery' and school garden in the coming spring.

The bright anticipations of the fourth season of the garden have
been more than realized, and the fifth season is anticipated with
no less interest and hopefulness.

Henry L. Clapp,
Principal of the George Putnam School.

KEPORT ON THE ROBERT G. SHAW SCHOOL GARDEN,
SEASON OF 1894.
This school made its first attempt in the line of school-garden
work the past season. The original plan was, in addition to
planting the garden vegetables and flowers, to transplant from the
fields and woods of West Roxbury and vicinity the ferns, and the
more interesting flowers and shrubs, and, in coming years, to
introduce from other places such plants as might seem desirable.
Owing, however, to the fact that the city is soon to regrade the
school grounds, it was thought best not to set out any perennials
this year, but to give our chief attention to garden vegetables and
annual flowers.

344 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The children entered into the spirit of the enterprise with enthu-
siasm, and volunteers were not lacking to take hold of any part of
the work. Tools were brought, the ground prepared, many seeds
and roots supplied, and the planting done by the boys, while twa
of the girls had their own gardens all to themselves, and displayed
much skill in arranging them.

The garden contained : firsts the cereals — wheat, rye, oats, bar-
ley ; second^ seeds of the vegetables — cabbage, turnip, beet, parsnip,
carrot, and onion, to show their first year's growth ; third, the
roots of all these vegetables were planted to show their growth of
flowers and seeds. Peas and different varieties of beans were
planted. Some fifteen or twenty varieties of flower seeds, furnished
by the Committee, were also sown.

Six large beds were also prepared in the front yard. The canna
bed contained about seventy cannas of different varieties, some of
which were given by the people of the vicinity, but most of them
were from the Fisher Brothers, of Montvale. The geranium bed
contained about fifty plants, most of which were brought by the
children. The other beds contained poppies, sunflowers, New
England asters, and the annual double asters.

The children watched the growth of these plants with much in-
terest, and had opportunities for studying them in the garden, as
well as in their rooms.

The results of this first trial were not what was anticipated,
owing, for the most part, to the lack of proper fertilizers, and the
dry season. But we are pleased with what was done, and shall
expect greater things as soon as we have the grounds graded so
that we can carry out our plans.

W. E. C. Rich, Principal.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR CHILDREN'S
HERBARIUMS.

Flowers. — First prize for one hundred and twenty-five

specimens, George E. Nichols . . . . $5 00

First prize for one hundred specimens, Lucy B.

Foster • . . . 4 00

Second prize for one hundred specimens, Ethel F.

Wood 3 00

KEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 345

First prize for seveuty-five specimens, Nellie D
Lathrop .......

First prize for fifty specimens, Willis H. Weinz
Second prize for fifty specimens, Charles Shrieves
First prize for twenty-five specimens, Emily L
Ames .......

Second prize for twenty-five specimens, Mary B

Field

Ferns. — First prize for twenty specimens, Arthur E
French . . .

Second prize for twenty specimens, Kellogg Dar
land ........

First prize for ten specimens, Ethel M. Egan .
Second prize for ten specimens. Amy L. Backup
Grasses. — First prize for fifty specimens, Arthur C
Faxon .......

First prize for twenty specimens, Christine Lewis
Leaves. — First prize for not less than twenty sheets, of
native trees and shrubs, Arthur C. Faxon
Second prize, Katie A. Dwyer
Third prize, Wallace A. Gleason

Amount of Premiums Awarded .
Gratuities : —
Lizzie Engel, one hundred and fifty Flowers
Edith A. Tower, one hundred "

E. T. Putnam, fifty "

Mabel C. Macomber, twenty-five "

Phillips Barry, twenty-five "

Nellie S. Morris, twenty-five "

Jennie Riley, twenty-five "

Marion C. Goward, twelve Ferns .
Mabel C. Macomber, ten "
Charles Shrieves, ten "

Arthur E. French, thirty-nine sheets of Leaves
Ada K. Wood, forty- four " " "

Lulie D. Ellis, thirty-four " " "

Mary B. Field, thirty-two " " "

Wm. A. McCann, twenty-three " " "
Ethel M. Egan, twenty-three " " "

3 00

2 00
1 50

1 50

1 00

3 00

2

00

1

25

1

00

5

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

75

S39 00

$3 00
2 50
2 00
1 50
1 00

1

00
50
75
75
75
75
60
60
60
50
50

346

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mabel C. Maeomber, twenty sheets of Leaves

John Nichols, twenty-one

Oscar Zapff, twenty-five

Katie O'Leary, twenty

Clara Stiles, twenty

Susie M. Deveney, twenty

George Dillon, twenty- four

Edward Karcher, twenty

William Rae, twenty

Beatrice Grover, twenty

Hattie Borden, twenty

Lena Kern, twenty

Mary E. Kelley, twenty

Alice Aitkeu, twenty

Charles Eastman, twenty

Nellie S. Morris, twenty

Mary Maloney, twenty

Lucy B. Foster, for special excellence in pressin

mounting ......

Emily L. Ames, for special excellence in pressin

mounting ......

Amount of Gratuities
" " Premiums

Total Awards for Children's Herbariums .

g and
S and

50
40
30
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

1 00

1 00

^24 00
39 00

m 00

Prizes for School Gardens.

George Putnam School, first
Robert G. Shaw School, third

$15 00
10 00

Amount for School Gardens
Total Awards

$25 00
$88 00

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 347

The Committee, Ma}' 12, 1894, voted to George E. Davenport
ten dollars, to begiu a garden in connection with a school in
Maiden, which he visits as a member of the School Committee.

For the Committee,

Henry L. Clapp.

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott,

Henry L. Clapp,

George E. Davenport,

Mrs. p. D. Richards,

Miss Katherine ^Y. Huston,

William P. Rich,

W. E. C. Rich, Secretary,

Committee on

School Gardens and

Children's Herbariums.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

By J. H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

This Committee, having charge of the exhibitions daring the
year, have the pleasure of reporting that they have attended to
their duties properly.

The halls have been arranged in such a manner as to best bring
into view the various collections at each exhibition, as required by
the Schedule of Prizes. It was found quite impossible to procure
moss to fill the rose boxes at the Rose Show ; therefore the Com-
mittee, at a subsequent meeting, voted to recommend to the
Committee for establishing Prizes, to arrange the Schedule in
such a manner as to do away with the use of boxes at the Rose
Show. We are pleased to notice that the new Schedule of Prizes,
for 1895, will allow all roses to be shown in the glass vases of the
Society, thereby gaining room for a much larger display of the
Queen of Flowers, and presenting her in a manner worthy of her
royal position.

The receipts for admission to the two shows at which an admis-
sion was charged were not as large as last year, which was
probably owing to the inclement weather, that prevailed at those
times. The amount of money placed at the disposal of this
Committee has been expended judiciously and for the best
interests of the Society.

It is to be hoped that when a party makes an entry for an
exhibition, he will faithfully carry out his proposition ; for, in

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. 349

case of his failui*e to do so, he unsettles the plans of the Committee
in the arrangement of the halls, causing much confusion. The
object of our exhibition is to present to the public an acceptable
grouping of plants and flowers, which shall be pleasing to the eye
in detail, and at the same time be so arranged as to make each
hall attractive as a whole. If one entry fails it leaves a gap,
and the grouping is thereby rendered incomplete, and the Com-
mittee are blamed for want of good taste in their arrangements.

The progress we are making in the noble art of Horticulture will
be pointed out b}^ the Chairmen of the other Committees. We
have no doubt that we are making progress in the right direction
by the production of improved varieties of Fruits, Flowers, and
Vegetables.

According to the Treasurer's books the

receipts of the Spring Exhibition were . $206 75
Chrysanthemum Show .... 780 00

$986 75

Expenses :

Spring Exhibition $260 79

Chrysanthemum Show .... 315 70

576 49

Leaving a balance of . . . • . . . $410 26

which has gone into the treasury of the Societ}'.
All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

Joseph H. "Woodford,

Chairman.

10

REPORT

TO THE

State Board of Agriculture,

FOB THE YEAR 1894.

By GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, of Fitchbdrg.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society was organized iu 1829^
for, the promotion and advancement of the art of Horticulture,
and well it has performed its mission, as may be seen by the con-
stantly increasing interest in its work.

The Society began the year 1894 with a course of Lectures and
Discussions on subjects connected with its work, by the following
named gentlemen :

January 13. Fungi, by William C. Sturgis, Ph. D., New
Haven, Conn.

January 20. Pruning, by Edwin Hoyt, New Canaan, Conn.

January 27. Hardy Grapes, by Dr. Jabez Fisher, Fitchburg.

Februarys. Electricity; the Latest Discoveries as Applied to
Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.

February 10. The Construction of Plant Houses, by W. A.
Burnham, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y.

February 17. Mushrooms, by William Falconer, Glen Cove,
New York.

February 24. Cinerarias and Calceolarias, by Kenneth Finlay-
son, Brookline.

March 3. Some Insects Injurious to Vegetation, by John G.
Jack, Jamaica Plain.

REPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 351

March 10. Metropolitan Parks, by Sylvester Baxter, Maiden.

March 17. Growing Seeds for the Market, by Hon. James J.
H. Gregory, Marblehead.

March 24. Vegetables Under Glass, by William D. Philbrick,
Newton Centre.

March 31. Ornamental Horticulture at the World's Columbian
Exposition, by William J. Stewart, Winchester.

The Spring Exhibition of the Society began March 28, to con-
tinue three days. The weather at that date was not favorable for
a good display of choice stove and greenhouse plants, the mer-
cury standing at only twenty degrees above zero. Few growers
would assume the risk of exposing their tender specimens to the
frosty air. But notwithstanding the exhibition suffered by the
absence of some of the choicest plants, the show was excellent in
many respects. On the floor of the Lower Hall wei-e tastefully
arranged groups of Hydrangeas, Azaleas, Acacias, and Rhododen-
drons : and on the tables at the sides of the hall, were spread
dozens of the Society's dishes containing many varieties of Apples,
Pears, Potatoes, String Beans, Mushrooms, Onions, Radishes,
Lettuce, Parsley, Rhubarb, and Tomatoes.

On entering the Upper Hall, a scene of beauty and fragrance
greeted the visitor. Here was the most brilliant part of the Exhi-
bition. The display of Spring Flowering Bulbs included the fra-
grant Hyacinths, Tulips, Easter Lilies, Lilies of the Valley, and
Cyclamens ; these with the numerous varieties of Cinerarias, Prim-
ulas, Pausies, Pinks, Roses, and Violets, to which were added
several fine specimens of rare Orchids, formed a dazzling and
entrancing combination.

The Rose and Strawberry Exhibition began June 20. Notwith-
standing the series of extremely hot, dry days which preceded the
opening of this display, it was fully equal to any previous one.
The Upper Hall was devoted to the Roses, a fine display of Rho-
dodendrons, and large collections of Hardy Herbaceous Plants.
The show of Strawberries, in the Lower Hall, surjDassed any pre-
vious one, both in quantity and quality. The leading varieties
were Marshall, Belmont, Sharpless, and Bubach. The Marshall
was shown two years ago for the first time. It is a variety of
much promise. A few ver}' handsome bunches of Foreign Grapes
were exhibited. The show of Vegetables was large and fine, com-
prising Lettuce, Beets, Carrots, Potatoes, Onions, Radishes, Peas,

352 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cauliflowers, Asparagus, and Cucumbers. All gave evidence of
good culture.

The Annual Exhibition of Plants and Flowers began September
5, and continued two days. The Cut Flowers were shown in the
Lower Hall, where large and fine displays were made of Dahlias,
Asters, Tuberous Begonias, Marigolds, Zinnias, Phloxes, and large
collections of Wild Flowers. The Upper Hall was devoted to
pot plants. Interesting collections of Aquatic Plants were shown
in large tanks. At the entrance of the upper hall, one tank con-
tained twenty varieties of Nymphteas, or water lilies. One plant
of special interest was the Egyptian Papyrus. Among the foliage
plants were a fine specimen of the beautiful Cissus discolor, Cro-
tons, and Caladiums. The flowers of Clianthus Dampieri — the
Australian Glory Pea — attracted much attention. Large collec-
tions of Dwarf French Canuas were exhibited, and many fine
seedlings of this class were shown for the first time.

The Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables was held Octo-
ber 3 and 4, in the two halls of the Society. The fruits wei'e
arranged in the Upper Hall. The dry season was favorable for
the best i*esults in our Native Grapes, as was shown in the fine
display of Delaware, Worden, Prentiss, Lady Washington, Brigh-
ton, Niagara, and Jefferson. The exhibits of Foreign Grapes
were good ; one superior bunch weighed six and three-quarters
pounds. The show of Apples was very large ; such varieties as
Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Hubbardston, and Northern Spy,
were of large size and fine specimens. Those of Jacobs Sweet
were remarkable for size. The Pears were large and very fine.
Forty-three dishes of Bosc were offered for the special and regular
prizes. This exhibition of fruits has never been equalled before
by this Society. The vegetables were on the tables in the Lower
Hall, and they were all of excellent quality.

The Chrysanthemum Show opened November 6, and continued
four days. The most striking feature of the exhibition was seen
on entering the Lower Hall. It was a semi-circular line of very
large Chinese vases, filled with the choicest specimens of the gar-
dener's art in chrysanthemums. They were stately and impressive
enough to make one stand in speecliless wonder at this triumph of
horticultural skill. The Lower Hall was devoted to the cut flow-
ers. There was a grand display of pot plants in the Upper Hall,
many plants bearing three hundred blooms each. These plants

REPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 353

had been brought to the highest state of perfection yet
reached, and no one could fail to take account of the foliage ; the
leaves were well developed, having a thickness and firmness like
leather, a waxy gloss, nnd color so intense as to be almost
black. A large number of seedlings and new varieties were shown
for the first time. It is probable that never in the history of
Chrysanthemum Shows in this country, have such vigorous growth,
pure color, and perfection of bloom been equalled.

GEORGE CEUICKSHANKS,

Delecjafe.

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Large, Old, or Otherwise Interesting Trees

OF NEW ENGLAND.

Since submitting their last report your Committee have directed
their efforts to the collection of photographs of the trees of which
they had descriptions, with the view of having them bound in a
book, together with a brief description of each tree ; providing it
could be done at a cost not exceeding fifty dollars.

As the Committee depended entirely on voluntary contributions
of photographs, the work of collecting was slow, and when the
required number was obtained it was found that the size of the
cards varied so much that it was necessary to remove the photo-
graphs from the old cards and remount them on new ones of
uniform size. Two of the most important photographs were so
large that copies of a reduced size had to be taken. It was also
found that the descriptions of some of the trees were deficient in
important points. This necessitated the writing of letters, and
the searching of records, for the needed information. All of the
descriptions had to be rewritten, and an index made for the type-
writer to copy.

Your Committee, with the aid of some volunteer work, have
been able to produce the book, which they now deliver to the
Society, for a sum not exceeding fifty dollars.

While this book contains photographs of many important trees,
the Society have descriptions of a considerable number of equally
important ones. The Committee would suggest that photographs
of these be obtained when it can be done at a nominal cost. If the
members of the Society would use a little exertion, no doubt enough

REPORT ON LARGE, OLD, OR INTERESTING TREES. 355

material for another book could be obtained before the close of

another season, at little cost to the Society.

Your Coniuiittee desire to express their thanks to all who have

contributed photographs, or have in any way assisted in the work,

and in conclusion would recommend that the work be continued.

Edmund Hersey,
Charles W. Kennaud,
Edwin Faxon, > Cow^mittee.

Robert Manning,

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

There is nothing to report in regard to the library this year
which differs much from what we have stated annually for many
years past. As usual all the funds at our disposal have been
expended, or will be by the end of the year. The income of the
Stickney Fund has been spent in accordance with the conditions
specified in the instrument by which the Fund was put into our
possession.

Periodicals and binding have absorbed the Society's appropria-
tion and the special grant for the Card Catalogue of Plates has
sufficed to advance that work to about the usual extent.

It may be remembered that the subject of increased accommo-
dations for books has sometimes been touched upon in these
reports, and we find ourselves compelled to speak on that well-
worn topic again. Having no power in the matter we can do no
more than make the following statement ; duty to the trust
committed to us will allow us to do no less. A glance around the
walls will show that our present shelf-space is completely filled up
by continuous rows of books ; a farther search would show that
behind the visible volumes, a very large number of others are
packed away, a condition which no well-regulated library should
exhibit, and whose existence in this interferes very much with it&
usefulness. The tables have been piled high with books, nearly or
quite all acquisitions of the present year, inconveniencing all of
us every time we enter the room, and hindering the work of those
who are employed here, but there is, at present, no way of
remedying the evil.

If we are to remain here as we are, the gallery ought to be
extended around the committee-room as soon as possible, and

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY. 357

perhaps across oue of the blank spaces of this room ; a step
which would damage its appearance very much, but which will
soon be uuavoidable. The expiration of our interest in the
Sticknej^ Fund in a few years, will not much diminish the need of
more room, for, as stated last year, the gifts and exchanges we
receive, together with the periodicals bought under the Society's
appropriation, are more numerous than the purchases we make
from the Stickney Fund.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

358 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

In the following list the books purchased from the income of the
Stickney Fund are marked S. F. ; and those purchased from the
Society's Appropriation for the Library, L. A. All others were
received by donation and exchange, and the source whence received
is given in every instance when known.

The measurements of the books are in inches and tenths of an
inch, giving first the height, next the thickness, and lastly the
width. When a pamphlet is less than one-tenth of an inch in
thickness the place of that dimension is supplied by a dash.

HORTICULTURE.

(Estienne, Charles.) De re hortensi libellus, vulgaria herbarum, florum,
ac fruticum, qui in hortis conseri solent, nomina Latinis vocibus
efferre docens ex probatis authoribus : in adolescentulorum gratiam,
niulto quam antea locupletior factus. Cui nuper additus est alius
libellus de cultu et satione hortorum ex antiquorum sententia.
Half dark green calf, 6.3X.4X4., pp. 141. Lutetiae : 1545. Dr.
E. Lewis Sturtevant.

Lauremberg, Peter. Apparatus plantarius primus : tributus in duos
libros. I. De Plantis Bulbosis. II. De Plantis Tuberosis, etc.
Adjuncts sunt plantarum quarundam novarum novae icbno-
graphiae et descriptiones. pp. 168 ; 30 cuts. Francofurti ad
Moenum: (1632).

[Also] Horticultura Libris II. comprehensa; huic nostro coelo et
solo accommodata, etc. pp. 196; 23 plates, cuts. Francofurti ad
Moenum: (1631).

Full calf, 8.3X 1.3X6.7. S. F.

American Horticultural Annual. 1867. A Year-Book of Horticultural
Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener, Fruit-Grower
and Florist. Pamphlet, green, 7. 3X. 3X4. 9, pp. 152; cuts. New
York: n. d. C. H. Hovey.

Bailey, L. H. Annals of Horticulture in North America, for the year
1892. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress.
Terra-cotta cloth, 8.2X1.X5.9, pp. 387; cuts. New York: 1893.
S. F.

For the year 1893. . . Comprising an account of the Horti-
culture of the Columbian Exposition. Olive-green cloth, 7.5X.6
X5.1, pp. vii, 179; cuts. New York : 1894. S. F.

!N"0vik, Peter. lagttagelser i Amerikas Ilavebrug. Pamphlet, light blue,
8.9X.lX5.9,pp. (1),47; 14cuts. Christiania : 1894. Peter N0vik.

Garden Oracle and Illustrated Floricultural Year Book, 1894. By the
editor of " Tlie Gardeners' Magazine." 36th year of publication.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 359

Half red cloth, 7. 3X. 7X5.1, pp. 228; 2 colored plates, cuts.
London: (1894). S. F.

Horticultural Directory and Year Book for 1894. 35th year of publica-
tion. Blue paper, 7.1X1. X4.8, pp. 476. London: (1894). S. F.

Crozier, A. A. The Mutual Influence of the Stock and Graft. [From the
Report of the Michigan Horticultural Society, 1891.] Pamphlet,
9.2X.1XG.3, pp. 44. The Author.

Coutagne, G. De Tinfluence de la temperature sur le developpement des
vegetaux. Pamphlet, 11. IX. 1X7. 2, pp. 81-127. (Lyon: 1881.)
L. A.

G-arden ^L^uual, The ; for the cultivation and operations required for the
Kitchen Garden, Fruit Garden, Flower Garden, Florists' Flowers.
By the Editors and Contributors of " Tiie Journal of Horticulture."
7th edition, revised and corrected. Green cloth, 6.7X.6X4.2, pp.'
2r,0; cuts. London: 1863. S. F.

(Hooper & Co.) Hooper's Gardening Guide. Flower Gardening, Kitchen
Gardening, Calendar of Garden Operations, etc., etc. Terra-cotta
cloth, 8. 6X. 9X5. 5, pp. 284; cuts. London: [1880?] S. F.

Jlosley, Oswald. Gleanings on Horticulture. Faded maroon cloth, ll.X
.3X7.2, pp. 67; frontispiece, cuts. London: 1851. S. F.

-Pirolle, . Manuel theorique et pratique du Jardinier contenant les

connaissances elementaires de la culture, etc., etc. Suivi d'un
Dictionnaire des Termes de Jardinage et de Botanique et d'une table
analylique des Matieres. Nouvelle edition, revue et augmentee par
MM. Boitard et Noisette; illustr6e par M. Thiubault. Salmon-
colored paper, 7.2X2.X4.6, pp. vii, 672; cuts. Paris: 1860. S. F.

BauvaigO, Dr. £mile. Les Cultures sur le littoral de la Mediterranee.
Provence — Ligurie — Algerie. Introduction par Ch. Naudin.
Tan-colored cloth, 7. X. 8X4. 5, pp. xxiv, 324; frontispiece and 115
cuts. Paris : 1894. S. F.

Iiambert's Gartenfreund. Anleitung zur Gemiise-, Blumen- u. Zimmer-
gartnerei, Erdbeeren-und Rosenzucht. Herausgegeben und verfaszt
von J. Lambert und Sohne. Samenhandlung, Kunst- und Handels-
giirtnerei. Trier. Dritte durchgesehene u. vergroszerte Auflage.
Boards, gray, black cloth back, 7. X. 4X4. 6, pp. (8), 185; cuts.
Trier: 1894. The Publishers.

Kennedy, John. A Treatise upon Planting, Gardening, and the Manage-
ment of the Hothouse. 2d edition, corrected and greatly enlarged.
2 vols. Full calf, 8.7X1.X5.4, pp. xi, 280 and (2), 279. London:
1777. S. F.

Greenhouse Companion, The ; comprising a general course of Greenhouse
and Conservatory Practice throughout the year; etc., etc. 2d
edition. Boards, drab, 9.1X1.3X5.6, pp. xii, 256, 204; colored
frontispiece. London : 1825. S. F.

Taft, L. R. Greenhouse Construction. A Complete Manual on the Build-
ing, Heating, Ventilating ami Arrangement of Greenhouses and the
Construction of Hotbeds, Frames, and Plant Pits. Brown cloth,
7.6X.7X5.2, pp. viii, 210; 118 cuts. New York : 1894. S. F.

360 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rendle, William Edgcumbe. England a Wine-Producing Country : being-
a Treatise on the New Patent Fruit-Tree and Plant Protectors.-
Dark blue cloth, 8.7X.3X6.7, pp. vii, 71; frontispiece, 18 cuts.
London: 1868. S. F.

Young, Francis Chilton-, Editor. Mechanical Work in Garden and Green-
house. In three parts. Part I. Geometry for Gardeners. By F..
Chilton-Young, F. E. H. S. Part II. Sun-Dials and Dialling. By
Arthur Yorke. Part III. Greenhouse Building and Heating, etc..
By various writers. (Ward, Lock, and Bowden's Amateurs' Practi-
cal Aid Series.) Linen, 7.4X.5X4.9, pp. vi, 105. London, New
York, Melbourne, Sydney: 1893. S. F.

Lord and Burnham Co., Horticultural Architects and Builders, Irvington-
on-Hudson, N. Y. [Catalogue, 1892.] Pamphlet, white, 9.3X.4X
12.4, 36 plates, n. p. : 1892. W. A. Burnham.

[Catalogue, 1893.] Pamphlet, blue, 7.9X.1X10., text, 14 plates,
cuts. n. p. : 1893. W. A. Burnham.

California Horticultural and Floral Magazine. Charles H. Shinn, Editor.
Vol. IX, Nos. 1, 4, and 7. January, April, and July, 1879. 3
pamphlets, light brown, 10. X. IX 6. 8, pp. 32; 97-128; 193-224:
colored frontispiece in each number. San Francisco : 1879.
[Towards completing the set.] L. A.

Loudon, The late J. C, F. L. S., H. S., etc. Self-Instruction for Young
Gardeners, Foresters, Bailiffs, Land-Stewards, and Farmers; in
Arithmetic and Book-Keeping, Geometry, Mensuration, and practi-
cal Trigonometry, Mechanics, etc., etc. With examples, showing
their Application to Horticultural and Agricultural Purposes. With
a Memoir of the Author. Dull green cloth, 9. X l.X 5. 7, pp. lii, 240;
portrait, cuts. London : 1845. S. F.

Japp, Alexander H., LL. D., F. R. S. E., etc. Hours in my Garden, and
other nature-sketches. Light green linen, 7.6X1.2X5.2, pp. 340;.
frontispiece, plates, cuts. New York: 1893. S. F.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

"Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions.

1893-94. Parti, pp.31. Worcester: 1894. Part 11. pp.79'..
Worcester: 1894.

1894-95. Parti, pp.63. Worcester: 1894.

3 pamphlets, green, 9.5-10. X. 1 X6. E. W. I^incoln, Secretary.
. Schedules of Premiums.

For the year 1888. pp.44. Worcester: 1888.

For the year 1894. pp.31. Worcester: 1894.

2 pamphlets, 9.2-10. X. 1X5. 5-6.1. Edward W. Lincoln, Secretary.
Hampden County Horticultural Society Year Book.

1891. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.5X.1X5.8, pp. 64; frontispiece.

1892. Pamphlet, red, 8.5X. 1X5.7, pp. 48. Springfield: 1892.

1893. Pamphlet, cherry-color, 8.5X — X5.8, pp. 40. (Spring-
field: 1893.) William F. Gale, Secretary.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS- 361

Hampden County Horticultural Society Annual. 1894:. Pamphlet, cherry-
color, 8. ()X. 1X5.9, pp. 48. William F. Gale, Secretary.

Nortll Andover Improvement Society. Prizes offered for Plants and
Flowers. 1894. Pamphlet, T.fiX — X5.3, pp. 4. J. D, W. French,
Secretary.

Trizes for Tent Caterpillars' Nests. Offered by the North Andover
Improvement Society. Broadside, 12. X 8., cut. J. D. W. French,
Secretary.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society. Premium List. 1894. June
Exliibition. Pamphlet, 7.9X— X9.4, pp. (8). (Providence : 1894.)
Charles W. Smith, Secretary and Treasurer.

TS'ewport Horticultural Society. Schedule of Premiums for Chrysanthe-
mum Exhibition and Floral Show . . . Newport, R. I., November
6-8,1894. Pamphlet, 9.x — X6., pp. (4). The Society.

ITew York Horticultural Society, List of Prizes offered for 1853. Pam-
phlet, 9.x — X 5.8, pp. 16. Edgar Sanders.

Albany and Rensselaer Horticultural Society. List of Officers and Com-
mittees, Constitution, Rules and Regulations, and List of Premiums
for 1854. Pamphlet, 8. 9X—X5. 7, pp. 16. Albany: 1854. Edgar
Sanders.

"Western New York Horticultural Society, Proceedings of the.

Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, . . . Jan.
23 and 24, 1889. Pamphlet, blue, 9. X. 4X5.9, pp. 179. Rochester:
1889. William C. Barry, President.

Thirty-seventh Annual Meeting, held at Rochester.January 27-28,
1892. pp. 445-679, 685-688. (Contained in a second copy of the
Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 1891.)
Black cloth, 9.2X1.6X6.3. Albany: 1892. John Hall, Secretary.
Thirty-ninth Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, Jan. 24 and 25,
1894. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 8.7 X. 3X6., pp. 167. Rochester: 1894.
John Hall, Secretary.

New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings at its Nineteenth
Annual Session, held at Trenton, N. J., January 3 and 4, 1894.
Pamphlet, gray, 9. X. 4X5. 8, pp. 201, (3). Mount Holly, N. J.:
1894. H. I. Budd, Secretary.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Premium List for 1894. Pamphlet,
blue, 9.1X — X5.9, pp. 24. Philadelphia: n. d. D. T). L. Farson,
Secretary.

Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association. Report for the year 1893.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.2X. 2X6.2, pp. 72; plates 2-21. 1894. E. B.
Engle, Recording Secretary. [2 copies.]

<jreorgia State Horticultural Society. Proceedings orf the Eighteenth
Annual Meeting, held in the City of Athens, August 2 and 3, 1893.
Pamphlet, light green, 8.9X. 1X5. 8, pp. 85. Atlanta : 1893. George
H. Miller, Secretary.

^Florida State Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual
Meeting, held at Pensacola, Fla., April 11-14, 1893. Pamphlet,

362 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAI, SOCIETY.

light brown, 8. 9X. 4X5. 7, pp. 199; frontispiece, 1 plate, 12 cuts.
Tallahassee: 1893. L. B. Wombwell, Commissioner of Agriculture.

Ohio State Horticultural Society. Twenty- seventh Annual Report for the
year 1893-94. Pamphlet, blue, 9.4X.3X6.3, pp. 166. W. W.
Farnsworth, Secretary.

Columbus (Ohio) Horticultural Society. Annual Reports. Containing :
Constitution, Lists of Members, History of the Society, Quarterly
Journal, etc., etc. Vols. 5-8, and Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 9. 1890-
1894. Prepared by Clarence M. Weed and Aug. D. Selby, Secre-
taries. 3 vols., dark green cloth (vols. 6 and 7 bound in one), 9.X
.7-1.X5.9, and 2 pamphlets, tea, 9. IX. 1X6. Columbus: 1891-
1894. Aug. D. Selby and J. S. Hine, Secretaries.

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions at its Third Annual Meeting,
held at Indianapolis, January, 1864. Pamphlet, yellow, 8.3X.1X
5.6, pp. 35. Indianapolis : 1864. Edgar Sanders.

Transactions for the year 1888. Proceedings of the Twenty-
eighth Annual Session. Etc. Pamphlet, 8. 3X. 2X5. 6, pp. 534-663.
Transactions for the year 1890. Report of the Thirtieth Annual
Meeting. Etc. [Contains] A Reprint of the First Annual Transac-
tions, an Illustrated Catalogue of Native Birds, etc. Black cloth,
9.X.8X6., pp. 199, 142; 2 plates, cuts. Indianapolis: 1891.

Transactions for the year 1891. Report of the Thirty-first
Annual Meeting. Etc. [Containing] The Forest Trees of Indiana,
etc. Green cloth, 9. X. 5X5. 9, pp. 239; 1 portrait. Indianapolis:
1892.

Transactions for the year 1892. Report of the Thirty-second
Annual Meeting. Black cloth, 9. 2X .4X6, pp. 136. Indianapolis;
1893.

Transactions for the year 1893. Report of the Thirty-third
Annual Meeting. Etc. Dark plum-colored cloth, 9. X. 4X5. 8, pp.
131 ; 1 colored plate. Indianapolis : 1894.
The last five reports from William H. Ragan, Secretary.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1893.
Being the Proceedings of the Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting, held at

" Springfield, December 12-14, 1893. Also Proceedings of the North-

ern, Central, and Southern District Societies, and a number of
county societies. For the year 1893. New Series. — Vol. XXVII.
Dark green cloth, 8.8X1.X6.2, pp. xvi. 352; frontispiece, 4 plates.
Savoy, 111.: (1894). Henry M. Dunlap, Secretary. [11 copies.]

Illinois Horticultural Board of Control having in charge the Fruit Exhibit
of tlie State in the National Horticultural Building at the World's
Columbian Exposition, Cliicago, 111., U. S. A., 1893. Report. Red
cloth, 8.8X.3X5.8, pp. 75: 5 plates, 1 map. Savoy, 111.: n. d.
Henry M. Dunlap, Secretary.

Chicago Horticultural Society. Annual Chrysanthemum Show. (Novem-
ber 3-11,) 1894. List of Premiums, Musical Program, etc. Pam-
phlet, pink, 6.9X — X5.2, pp. 32 Edgar Sanders.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 363

Revised List of Premiums. To be awarded at the Chrysan-
themum Show, Battery "D," November 3-11, 1895. Pamphlet,
8.4X — X5.8, pp. (12). Edgar Sanders.
Exposition Internationale de Chicago en 1893. Rapports publies sous la
direction de M. Camille Krantz, Commissaire genera) du Gouverne-
ment frangais. Comite 8. L'Horticulture frangaise a Chicago.
L'Horticulture aux fitats-Unis. Rapport de M. Maurice L. de
Vilmorin. Pamphlet, gray, II. 5X. 7X7.8, pp. 231. Paris: 1894.
M. Maurice L. de Vilmorin.
Missouri State Horticultural Society. Horticultural Education. Pam-
phlet, 9.2X— X6., pp. 8. The Society.

. Thirty-sixth Annual Report. 1893. Dark maroon

cloth, 9.3X.8X6., pp. 384, vii ; 3 plates, cuts, portrait. Jefferson
City: 1894. L. A. Goodman, Secretary. [5 cloth and 5 paper
bound copies.] '

Kansas State Horticultural Society. Third Biennial Report for the years
1891-'93. Containing the Proceedings of the Annual Meetings in
1891-'93. Edited by the Secretary. Vol. XIX. Claret-brown
cloth, 9.3X1. X6.3, pp. xvi, 132, 232; 13 plates and cuts. Topeka :
1894. G. C. Brackett, Secretary, Lawrence.
Iowa State Horticultural Society. Annual Reports. Vol. (6), for 1871,
pp. 170. Des Moines: 1872. Vol. (9), for 1874, pp. 309, (1).
Des Moines: 1875. Vol. 17, for 1882, pp. 511; 1 plate. Des
Moines: 1883. Vol. 18, for 1883, pp. 697. Des Moines, 1884.
Vol. 19, for 1884, pp. 599. Des Moines : 1885. Vol. 22, for 1887,
pp. 445. Des Moines: 1888. Vol. 23, for 1888, pp. 494. Des
Moines: 1889, Fo/. 25, for 1891, pp. 362, 92. Des Moines : 1891.
Vol. 26, for the year 1891, containing Proceedings of the Academy
of Science, pp. 497, 134, (1); 1 map, cuts. Des Moines: 1892.
Vol. 27, for the year 1892, containing Proceedings of the Academy
of Science, pp. 500, 120; cuts. Des Moines: 1893. Vol. 2S, for
the year 1893, pp. 495; 1 plate. Des Moines: 1894. Joseph L.
Budd, Secretary.
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Report for the years 1864-5-6-
7-8; with a short Historical Sketch since its organization. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9. X .2X5.7, pp. 92. Madison: 1868. L. A.

Annual Report . . . for the year 1885-6. Vol. XVI. Black
cloth, 8.9X.8X6.2, pp. xxiii, 276; frontispiece, plates, cuts. Madi-
son: 1888.

Annual Report, embracing papers read ... at the semi-
annual meeting . . . June, 1890. Also at Madison, June, 1891.
Vol. XXI. Black cloth, 9.X.6X6., pp. (4), 232; frontispiece,
plate, portrait. Madison: 1891.

Annual Report for the year 1892. Etc. Vol. XXIII. Black cloth,
9.X.7X6.1, pp. xxvi, 263. Madison: 1893.

The last three reports from B. S. Hoxie, Secretary.
Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Annual Report. 1892. Embrac-
ing the Transactions of the Society during the year ending Jan.

364 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

22, 1892, Papers, Discussions, Reports, etc. Edited by the Secre-
tary, A. W. Latham. Vol. XX. Purple cloth, 9. 3X. 9X6.1, pp.
404; 2 portraits, cuts. Minneapolis: 1892. The Secretary.

■Washington State Board of Horticulture. Bulletin No. 5. Summer
Remedies recommended for Green Aphis, Hop Aphis, Cherry Aphis,
and other species of Aphis and Plant Lice, etc., etc. Pamphlet,
8.7X— X5.7, pp. 6. Olympia, Wash.: (1894). C. A. Tonneson,
Secretary.

• . (Winter wash ... to destroy San Jose

Scale, Woolly Alphis, and the Larvte of other Injurious Insects,
etc.) Pamphlet, 8.9X— X6., pp. (4). C. A Tonneson, Secretary.

XiOndon, Horticultural Society of. Reports of the Garden Committee on
the Formation and Progress of the Garden, etc., 1823-1827, [and]
Report of the Committee appointed ... to enquire into the
Income and Expenditure, the Debts and Assets, and the Past and
Present Management of the Horticultural Society. 1830. Half
calf, 10.9X. 5X8.5, pp. 26, 19,20, 29, 16,24; 2 plans. London:
1823-1830. S. F.

, Exhibitions at the Garden of the, for the year 1850.

Schedule of the Prizes, etc. 1 sheet, 13.5X7.5.
For the year 1851. Pamphlet, 13.3X— X8.4, pp. 4. Edgar
' Sanders.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol. XVII. Parts 1 and 2.
August, 1893. Edited by the Rev. W. Wilks, M. A., Secretary, and
Mr. John Weathers, Assistant Secretary. Pamphlet, 8.4X.6X5.5,
pp. 69, cxlii; 19 cuts. London: (1894). The Secretary.

. Plants, etc., certificated by the Society from 1859-1893.

Arranged by Mr. John Weathers, Assistant Secretary. Gray paper,
8. 4X. 5X5. 4, pp.282. London: n.d. S. F.

. Report of the Council for the year 1893-94, with revenue

account and balance sheet and List of Fellows, Associates and
Affiliated Societies. Pamphlet, gray, 8.3X.2X5.4, pp. 78. London :
(1894). The Secretary.

. Arrangements for the year 1894. Pamphlet, gray, 8.4 X

.2X5.4, pp. 62. London: (1894). The Secretary.
. Schedule of the Great Exhibition of British Grown Fruit

to be held at the Crystal Palace on September 29th, October 1st and

2nd, 1894. Pamphlet, pink, 8. 4X — X5. 4, pp. 20. London : (1894).

John Weathers, Assistant Secretary.
Prance, Societc- nationale d'Horticulture de. Journal, S*' serie. Tome IG,

1894. Half claret morocco, 9.2X1.8X5.5, pp. 786. Paris: 1894.

E. Glatigny, Librarian.
. Programmes des Expositions. Automne, 1894.

(Supp. Jour. Soc. nat. d'Hort. de France, Numero de Mai, 1894.)

Panipldet, pink, 8.3X — X5.3, pp. 15. Paris: 1895. E. Glatigny,

Librarian.
Seine-Inferieure, Socit'te Centrale d'Horticulture de la. Bulletin.

Tome XXX V«. — 3^ et 4« cahiers de 1894; Tome XXXVP.— 1" et

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 365

2^ cahiers de 1894. 4 pamplilets, lilac-color, 9. X. 1X5. 6, pp. 149-
280, 1-151 ; tables, lloiien : 1893, 1894. The Society.

Sarthe, Societe d'Horticulture de la. Bulletin. Tome 12.— 1893, 3^ et 4e
trimestres; 1894, 1^, 2fi, etS^ trimestres. 5 pamphlets, orange-color,
8.7X — X5. 6, pp. 353-512. Le Mans : 1893, 1894. The Society.

Cercle horticole da Nord, Bulletin du. 25*= Annee. 12 numbers. Janu-
ary to December, 1894. 12 pamphlets, gray, 8.9 X — X5.5, pp. 300;
cuts. Lille: [1894]. M. Mulnard, Secretaire.

ilepublique Fran^aise. — D^partement du Nord, Grande Exposition
horticole Internationale. Ville de Tourcoing, Mai 19-22, 1894.
Keglement — Programme. Pamphlet, blue, 8.3X — X5.4, pp. 24.
Tourcoing: n. d. M. Julien Tack, Secretaire-General.

Societe d'horticulture d'Orleans et du Loiret, etc. Bulletin. No. 11 du
Tome II de la Troisicme Serie. 3'^ trimestre de 1893. Pamphlet,
blue, 9.8X.1X6.4, pp. 437-500. Orleans: 1893. Eug. Delaire,
Secretaire-general.

No. 1 du Tome III de la Troisicme Serie. 1" trimestre de 1894.
Pamphlet, blue, 9.8X— X6.4, pp. 36. Orleans: 1894. The
Society.

Supplement au Bulletin de la, etc. (No. 12.) Concours Regional
Agricole du 5 au IG Mai, 1894. 64<= Exposition d'Horticulture
Nationale et Internationale, etc., etc. Programme des Concours et
Reglement de I'Exposition. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.4X — X6.,
pp. 32. Orleans : 1894. The Society.

Morren, Charles. Palmes et Couronnes de rhorticulture de Belglque, ou
Annuaire retrospectif des expositions de fleurs, fruits et legumes,
organist-es, depuis 1845 jusqu'en 1850, etc., etc. (Premiere Annee.)
Blue paper, brown cloth back, 7.2X1.2X4.5, pp. 547. Liege:
1851. S. F.

Xiiege, Societe Royale d'Horticulture de. Bulletin. Programme des
concours de la XXXIX^ exposition . . . avril 1894, etc. Pamphlet,
8.6X— X5.7, pp. 285-292. John Robinson.

Gartenflora. Zeitschrift fiir Garten- und Blumenkunde. (Begriindet von
Eduard Regel.) 42 Jahrgang. Herausgegeben von Dr. L. Witt-
mack. 24 numbers. Pamphlets, yellow, 10. X. 1X7., pp. 766,94;
12 colored plates (1386-1397), 149 cuts. Berlin: 1893. Dr. L.
Witlmack, Secretary of the Berlin Horticultural Society.

Iforsk Havetidende. Udgivet af selskabet Havedyrkningens Venner.
Redigeret af Peter N0vik, Gartner. 1^'*^ Aargang. Juli-December,
1885. Pamphlet, 9.2X.2X6., pp. (2), 96; frontispiece, cuts.
Christiania: (1885). Peter N0vik.

Geneve, Societe d'Horticulture de. Bulletin. 39^6 Annee, 1894. 12
pamphlets, pink, 9. 5X—X6. 2, pp. 192; cuts. Geneve: 1894. The
Society.

R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura. Bullettino. Anno XIX. 1894.
(Vol. IX. della 2^^ Serie). Half brown leather, 11. X 1.7X7.6, pp.
384; 12 plates, colored and plain, 54 cuts. Firenze : 1894. The
Society.
11

366 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICHLTURAL SOCIETY.

Delaire, Eugene. La France en Espagne. Barcelone et son Exposition
universelle internationale. Pamphlet, pink, 9. 6X. 2X6. 5, pp. (11),
5-95, (1); 2 plates, cuts, etc. Orleans: 1889. Eugene Delaire.

Japanese Horticultural Society. Journal. Nos. 3, 4, 9-56, and 58.
June, 1889 to September, 1894. 51 pamphlets, green, etc., 9.8X —
X6.5. (Tokio: 1889-1894.) S. Yoshida.

FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.

Ferrari, Joh : Baptista. Flora seu de florum cultura libri IV. Editio
nova accurante Bernli. Rottendorffio. Old stamped leather, 9.X1.8
X7., pp. (44), 522, (12); engraved title-page, portrait, and (45)
plates. Anistelodami: 1646. S. F.

(Jackson, M. E.) The Florist's Manual; or Hints for the Construc-
tions of a Gay Flower Garden. With Observations on the Best
Methods of Preventing the Depredations of Insects. Full calf,
6.8X.4X4., pp. vii, 74; 2 plates. London: 1816. S. F.

[Phillips, H.] Flora Domestica, or the Portable Flower Garden;
with Directions for the Treatment of Plants in Pots ; and Illustra-
tions from the Works of the Poets. Boards, blue, brown back,.
9.2X1.3X5.7, pp. xxxiv, 396. London : 1823. S. F.

Mantell, Joshua. Floriculture, comprising the General Management and
Propagation of Stove, Greenhouse, and Hardy Herbaceous Plants,
Hardy Trees, and Shrubs, Half maroon calf, 9. 8X. 2X6.2, pp. 85.
Lewes: 1832. S. F.

Cree, John. A Catalogue of Herbaceous Plants, cultivated and sold by
John Cree, Addlestone Nursery, Chertsey, Surrey ; with numerous
synonyms and references to figures in the leading botanical periodi-
cals ; and also a select list of Fruit Trees, with descriptions.
Pamphlet, green, 6.6X.2X4.2, pp. (5), 94. Windsor: 1837. L. A.

Flower Garden, The, with Selected Lists of Annual, Biennial and Peren-
nial Flowering Plants. Half calf, 7.3X1.5X4.6, pp. iv, 515;
colored frontispiece, 9 colored and 8 plain plates, cuts. London :
(1838). S. F.

Bainbridge, Richard. Guide to the Conservatory; being a Concise
Treatise on the Management of the Hothouse and Greenhouse ; the
Forcing of Bulbs, Shrubs, etc., and the best mode of keeping up a
succession of blooms throughout every month of the year; etc., etc.
Dull green cloth, 7. X. 9X4.4, pp. vi, (1), 258. London : 1842. S. F.

Glenny, George M. F., Jr. Floriculture ; a book of reference for Amateur
and Professional Gardeners . . . with Hints on Window Gardening.
Tan-colored paper, 6. 5 X. 3X4.1, pp. (3), 76; 8 colored plates.
London: [1870?] S. F.

Mathews, F. Schuyler. The Beautiful Flower Garden. Its treatment
with special regard for the picturesque. Written and embellished
with numerous illustrations by F. Schuyler Mathews. With notes
on practical floriculture by A. H. Fewkes. Paper, cream color,
7.5X.5X4.8, pp. xi, 9-191; 2 frontispieces, cuts. Philadelphia:
1894. S. F.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 367

Robinson, W. The Wild Garden or the Naturalization and Natural
Grouping of Hardy Exotic Plants, with a Chapter on the Garden
of British AVild Flowers. 4th edition. Illustrated by Alfred
Parsons. Olive-green linen, 9.X l.XO., pp. xx, 304; frontispiece,
14 plates, cuts. London: 1894.
Vilmorin, Philippe L. de. Les Fleurs a Paris; culture et commerce.
Introduction par Henry L. de Vilmorin. Gray paper, 7.3X.8X4.7,
pp. viii, 324; 208 cuts. Paris : 1892. S. F.
Conder, Josiah. The Flowers of Japan and the Art of Floral Arrange-
ment. With illustrations by Japanese artists. Paper, Japanese
binding, 14. XI. X 10.5, pp. xii, 136; 54 plates, colored and plain.
Tokio: 1891. S. F.
Piggott, F. T. The Garden of Japan. A year's diary of its flowers.
With four pictures by Alfred East, R. I. Parchment, 11.X.7X8.7,
pp. 60; plates (2 colored), and cuts. London and Orpington:
1892. S. F.
D'Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood, Editor. The Rosarian's Year-Book for
1880. Boards, gray. 7.2X.3X5.4, pp. (7), 86. London and Derby:
1880.

for 1882. Boards, gray, 7.2X.4X5.4, pp. (7), 99; 1 por-
trait. London and Derby : 1882.

for 1883. Boards, gray, 7. X. 4X5. 5, pp. (7), 101 ; 1 portrait.

London and Derby : 1883.

for 1894. Boards, gray, 7. IX. 5X5. 3, pp. (7), 87; portrait.

London: 1894. S. F.
Fisher, Rev. O., M. A., F. G. S., etc. The Art of Growing Roses out-of-
doors. Reprinted, with additions, from the " Gardeners' Chronicle."
4th edition, revised and enlarged. Fawn-colored paper, 6.8X.2X
4.8, pp. (1), 39. London: n.d. S. F.
Lawson, George, F. B. S., etc. The Royal Water-Lily of South America,
and the Water-Lilies of our own land; their history and cultivation.
Red cloth, 7. IX. 5X4. 5, pp. 108; 2 colored plates. Edinburgh and
London: 1851. S. F.
Hutchins, Rev. W. T. All About Sweet Peas. A complete epitome of
the literature of this fragrant annual. 2d edition. Pale green
paper, 5. 7X. 3X4. 6, pp. 131; cuts. Philadelphia: 1894. S. F.
Sinclair, J., and J. Freeman. A History and Description of the different
varieties of the Pansey, or Heartsease, now in cultivation in the
British Gardens, etc. Faded plum-colored cloth, 9.2X.5X5.7, pp.
112; (24) colored plates. London: 1835. S. F.
Chrysanthemum Growers' Record. Published by the Hertford Horti-
cultural Mutual Improvement Society. Green cloth, 6. 8X. 5X4.2,
unpaged. (1894.) C. Harman Payne.
Blanc, A., & Co. Hints on Cacti. (New edition.) Pamphlet, gray,
7. 8X. 2X6. 2, pp.112; cuts. Philadelphia: [1894?] The Publishers.
Eigen Haard. No. 11.— 1894. [Containing] Een kijkje in een Tuinbouw-
inricbting. [Describing the Bulb Gardens of E. H. Krelage & Son,

368 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the Library of J. H. Krelage.] Pamphlet, 12.8X — X9.5, pp.
161-176. Haarlem : 1894. Ernst H. Krelage.

Williams, Benjamin Samuel, F. L. S., F. R. H. S., etc. The Orchid-
Grower's Manual, containing descriptions of the best species and
varieties of Orchidaceous Plants in cultivation ; togetlier with
notices of their times of flowering and most approved modes of
treatment; etc., etc. 7th edition, enlarged and revised to the
present time. By Henry Williams, F. L. S., F. R. H. S., etc.
Blue cloth, 9.5X2.7X7., pp. xix, 796; 77 plates, cuts. London:
1894. S. F.

Burberry, H. A., F. R. H. S. The Amateur Orchid Cultivators' Guide
Book. Red cloth, 7.4X.4Xo., pp. viii, 144; plates, cuts. Liver-
pool: 1894. S. F.

Warner, Robert, F. L. S., F. R. H. S., Henry Williams, F. L. S., F. R.
H. S., and William Hugh Gower, F. R. H. S. The Orchid Album,
comprising colored figures and descriptions of new, rare, and
beautiful Orchidaceous Plants. Vol. 10, parts 119 and 120, and
Vol. 11, parts 121-125. Half green morocco, 12.4X1.2X10.,
colored plates 473-500, and descriptive text. London: [1893,
1894.] S. F.

Sander, F. Reichenbachia. — Orchids illustrated and described. Second
series. Vol. 2, parts 6-11. Half green morocco, 21.6X2. X 17.6, pp.
45-106, colored plates 69-92. London : [1894.] S. F.

Liinden, J., Lucien Linden, and Em. Rodigas. Lindenia. — Iconography of
Orchids. Vol. 0, parts 32-36; Vol. 7, parts 37-42; and Vol.8, parts
43-45. [English Edition.] Half green morocco, 14.2X1.4X11.4,
pp. 13-53, 53, 28; colored plates 389-444. Ghent: [1893, 1894.]
S. F.

Marquess of Lothian. The Genus Masdevallia. Issued by the Marquess
of Lothian, K. T., chiefly from plants in his collection of Orchids at
Newbattle Abbey ; plates and descriptions by Miss Florence H.
Woolward, with engravings from photographs ; Additional Notes by
Consul F. C. Lehmann (German Consul in the Republic of
Colombia). Parts IV and V. Gray paper, 17.8X.2X 12.6., 10
colored plates in each part, with descriptive text. London : 1893.
S. F.

Boyle, Frederick. About Orchids : a Chat. Reddish-brown cloth, 8. 5X 1.1
X 5.9, pp. XV, 150; (8) colored plates. London : 1893. S. F.

Stiles, W. A. Orchids. Pamphlet, 9. 5X — X6.8, pp. 190-203. 14 cuts.
[Scribner's Magazine. February, 1894.] J. D. W. French.

Schneider, George. The Book of Choice Ferns for the Garden, Con-
servatory, and Stove. Describing and giving explicit cultural
directions for the best and most striking Ferns and Selaginellas in
cultivation, etc. 3 vols. Green cloth, 10.5X1.6-2.3X8.2, pp. vii,
(1), 666; viii, 621; vi, (1), 457: plates, colored and plain, and cuts
135, 151, and 112. London: 1892, 1893, 1894, S. F.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 369

FLOKAL SOCIETIES.

American Florists, Society of. Proceedings. Tenth Annual Convention
held at Atlantic City, N. J., August 21-24, 1894. Pamphlet, light
blue, black cloth back, 8. 9X. 3X5. 7, pp. 131, xxix; portrait. Bos-
ton : 1894. William J. Stewart, Secretary.

St. Louis Florists' Club. First Annual Chrysanthemum Show and Floral
Exhibition, to be held at the Grand Music Hall, Exposition Building,
St. Louis, Mo., November 11-13, 1891. Premium List. Pamphlet,
pink, 8.GX — X5.7, pp. (16). Edgar Sanders.

. Premiums to be offered at the Fourth Annual Chrys-
anthemum and General Floral Exhibition, November G-9, 1894.
Pamphlet, 9.4X— X5.4, pp. 6. E. Schray, Secretary.

Toronto Gardeners' and Florists' Association. Fifth Annual Chrysanthe-
mum Show. 20th to 23rd November, 1894. Horticultural Pavilion,
Toronto. [Schedule of Premiums.] Pamphlet, light brown, 8.7 X
— X5.8, pp. (8). A. H. Ewing, Secretary.

Hamilton (Ontario) Electoral Division Agricultural Society Chrysanthe-
mum Exhibition, Hamilton. November, 1894. Prelimmary List.
Pamphlet, 8.4X — X5.5, pp. (3). Walter H. Bruce, Secretary.

Chrysanthemum Society, The National. Annual Report and Financial
Statement. Schedule of Prizes for 1894. Pamphlet, blue, 8.3X.3
X5.4, pp. 76. (London: 1894.) C. Harman Payne, Foreign Cor-
responding Secretary.

FRUITS.

LauJPence, John, M. A. The Fruit-Garden Kalendar : or, a Summary of
the Art of Managing the Fruit-Garden, etc. To which is added, an
Appendix of, the Usefulness of the Barometer; with some short
Directions how to make a right Judgement of the Weather. Half red
leather, 7.5X.4X4.7, pp. vi, v, 149. London: 1718. S. F.

(Bradley, R.) The Fruit Garden Display'd. Setting forth the several
varieties of Fruit ripe in every month of the year : Collected from
the most celebrated Gardens in Europe, etc. For the months of
June, July, and August. Boards, brown cloth back, 10. 5X. 3X8.1,
pp. (8), 16; (8), 17-32; iv, 33-68: 4 plates. London: 1732. S. F.

Harrison, Ciiarles, F. H. S. A Treatise on the Culture and Management
of Fruit Trees. 2nd edition. Half calf, 8.8X1.X5.3, pp. xii, 356;
cuts. London : 1825. S. F.

Lawson, Peter, and Son. The Pomologist's Manual. Being a Familiar
Descriptive List of all Plants cultivated for their Fruits in the
United Kingdom. Dull green cloth, 8.4X1.2X0.7, pp. 188, (1).
Edinburgh: 1866. S. F.

Xiiron d'Airoles, J. de. Notice Pomologique. Description succlncte de
quelques fruits inedits nouveaux ou tres-peu repandus, etc.
Deuxieme edition. Olive-green cloth, 8.9X.3X5.0, pp. viii, 48;
12 plates. Nantes: 1855. C. H. Hovey.

370 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rouen, Societo d'Horticulture de. Bulletin. No. 8. Rapport de la Com-
mission de Pomologie. (No. 1.) Pamphlet, yellow, 8.8X.3X5.8,
pp. 52; 35 plates. C. H. Hovey.
M'Ewen, George. The Culture of the Peach and Nectarine. Edited and
enlarged by John Cox, F. H. S., etc. Green cloth, 8.7X.4X5.5, pp.
V, (1),52; colored frontispiece, cuts. London: 1859. S. F.
Wilkins, (A. J.) Quelques explications au sujet des planches destinees a
montrer la genealogie presuniee des varietes des peches du
Ferghana. 2 plates (VII and VIII) with Russian and French text.
[Russian] pp. 319-335. [French] pp. xli-xlv (extrait du memoire).
Pamphlet, 11. X. 2X7.1. (St. Petersburg: 1885 ) L. A.
Grant, C. W. Manual of the Vine. Illustrated Catalogue of Vines.
Eighth Edition. Pamphlet, buff, 9.(3X.2X6.7, pp. 69, 31; 55 cuts.
Edgar Sanders.
Bush & Son & Meissner, Viticulturists, etc. Illustrated Descriptive Cata-
logue of American Grape Vines. A Grape Growers' Manual.
Fourth Edition. Green cloth, 10. IX. 5X7., pp. (4), 208; cuts and
frontispiece. St. Louis, Mo. : 1895. The Authors.
Puller, Andrew S. The Grape Culturist. A Treatise on the Cultivation of
the Native Grape. New, revised, and enlarged edition. Brown
cloth, 7.5 X. 9X5.2, pp. viii, 282; 101 cuts. New York : 1894.- The
Author.
Tryon, J. H. A Practical Treatise on Grape Culture, with instructions
how to prune and train the vine on the horizontal arm system.
(New edition.) Pamphlet, blue, 8.8X— X5.9, pp. 27; 1 colored
plate, 12 cuts. Willoughby, Ohio : 1893. The Author.
Tonneson, C. A. Grape Culture for the State of Washington. Pamphlet,

8.6X — X5.7, pp. 15. The Author.
Planchon, J. E., V. Pulliat, et J. E. Robin. Les Vignes Americaines
resistantes. Choix et Culture des Cepages. (Extract from "La
Vigne Americaine, sa culture, son avenir en Europe," Livraison du
15 Decembre, 1877.) Pamphlet, yellow, 8.9X— X5.6, pp. 265-296.
Vienne: 1878. L. A.
Molyneux, Edwin, F. R. H. S. Grape Growing for Amateurs: being
plain instructions for the successful cultivation of Grapes, with lists
of varieties most suitable for the amateur. Paper, orange-color
back, 7. 3X. 5X4.9, pp. (2), 124; 21 cuts. London: 1891. S. F.
Hereman, Samuel. A Handbook of Vine and Fruit Tree Cultivation, as
adapted to Sir Joseph Paxton's Patent Hothouses. New edition.
Green paper, 8. 4X. 2X5.4, pp. (2), 55; 42 cuts. London: 1863.
S. F.
Denman, James L. The Vine and its Fruit, more especially in relation to
the Production of Wine; embracing an historical and descriptive
account of the Grape, etc., etc. Brown cloth, 7.8X1.2X5 2, pp.
xii, 346. London : 1864. S. F.
Thudichum, J. L. W., M. D. A Treatise on Wines, their origin, nature,
and varieties with practical directions for viticulture and vinification.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 371

Maroon cloth, gilt, 7.7X1.3X5.5, pp. xx, 387; 52 cuts. London and
New York: 189-t. S. F.

Siggle, Jacob, 2)seu(J. Biggie Berry Book. A Condensed Treatise on the
Culture of Berries. With Leaves from the Experience of many
Practical Berry Growers in all parts of the United States. (Biggie
Farm Library, No. 2.) Blue cloth, 5.5X.4X3.7, pp. 126, (2);
frontispiece, 20 colored plates, cuts. Philadelphia : 1894. Wilmer
Atkinson Co., Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa.

Purdy, A. M. Purdy's Small Fruit Instructor. Pamphlet, olive, 9.X.3X
5.8, pp. 128 ; frontispiece, cuts. Palmyra, N. Y. : 1890. The
Author.

Bailey, L. H. Whence came the Cultivated Strawberry? (Extract from
the American Naturalist. Vol. 28, No. 328. April, 1894.) Pam-
phlet, lO.X— X6.5, pp. 293-306. The Author.

Pine-Apple,. The Different Modes of Cultivating the, from its first intro-
duction into Europe to the late improvements of T. A. Knight, Esq.
By a member of the Horticultural Society. Boards, drab, 9.X.4X
5.8, pp. X, 184; 24 cuts. London: 1822. S. F.

Olendinning, R. Practical Hints on the Culture of the Pine Apple.
Dull green cloth, 7. 3X. 3X4.4, pp, vii, 55 ; 1 plan. London: 1839.
S. F.

Baldwin, Thomas. Short Practical Directions for the Culture of the
Ananas or Pine Apple Plant. Boards, maroon cloth back, 7. 2X. 2
X4.7, pp. 33, (1) ; 1 plan. Warwick (England) : 1818. S. F.

Milthorpe, Robert. The Amateur's Guide to the Cultivation of the Fig.
Red cloth, flexible covers, 5.4X — X3.6, pp. 18. Morpeth (Eng-
gland:) 1848. L. A.

Scliniidt, M. Beitrag zur Cultur der Haselniisse. Pamphlet, green, 8.7
X — X5.5, pp. 16; 1 colored plate. Regenwalde : 1863. L. A.

Janeway, George H. Apple Exports for Season 1893-94. Broadside, 11.
X8.5. June, 1894. George B. Lombard.

Fruit-Crop Prospects in the United States, May 1, 1894. [Reprinted from
Report No. 115 of the Statistician, United States Department of
Agriculture.] Pamphlet, 9.X — X5. 6, pp. 251-253. Hon. J. Ster-
ling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture.

FRUIT GROWERS' SOCIETIES.

!New York State Fair, Proceedings of the, and of the Pomological Con-
vention, held at Buffalo, Sept. 1848. Pamphlet, 11.3X— X7.5, pp.
48. The family of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association and International Show Society.
Transactions and Reports. 1894. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.5X.3
X5.7, pp. 132. Halifax: 1894. S. C. Parker, Secretary.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Twenty-fifth Annual Report. 1893.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.5X.3X6.4, pp. vii, 158; portrait, 3
plates. Toronto: 1894. L. Woolverton, Secretary.

372 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Maine State Pomological Society. Transactions for the year 1893. Includ-
ing the Proceedings of the Winter Meeting held in Union, December
5 and 6, 1893. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 100. Augusta: 1894.
D. H. Knowlton, Secretary.

. Schedule of Premiums on Fruits and Flowers,

offered at the Consolidated State Fair to be held September 3-7,
1894. Being the Twenty-second Annual Exhibition of the Maine
State Pomological Society. Pamphlet, 8.5X—X5.6, pp. 51-65.
D. H. Knowlton, Secretary.

Northwest Fruit Growers' Association. Proceedings of the first Annual
Convention, held at Spokane, Wasliington, February 14-16, 1894.
Revised by and printed under the auspices of Washington State
Board of Horticulture, C. A. Tonneson, Secretary. Pamphlet,
orange-color, 8.8X — X5.8, pp. 32. Olympia, Wash.: 1894. The
Secretary.

La Pomologie Fran§aise. Bulletin de la Societe Pomologique de France.
1894. 12 pamphlets, gray, 9.5X.1X6.2, pp. 488; cuts. Lyon:
1894. Louis Cusin, Secretaire general.

VEGETABLES.

Kitchen and Market Garden, The. By Contributors to "The Garden."

Green cloth, 7.5X1.X5.4, pp. viii, 420; 9 cuts. London: 1877.

S. F.
Terry, T. B. The A B C of Potato Culture. Second edition; revised,

and largely rewritten. Dark red paper, 6.5X.5X5., pp., 212; cuts.

Medina, Ohio : 1893. S. F.
Crozier, A. A. The Cauliflower. Brown cloth, 7.5X.6X5 4, pp. 230;

frontispiece. Ann Arbor, Mich. : 1891. The Author.
(Crozier, A. A.) How to cook Cauliflower. (From "The Cauliflower,"

by A. A. Crozier.) Pamphlet, tan-color, 7. 5X. 1X5.2, pp. 28. Ann

Arbor, Mich. : 1891. The Author.
May, W. J. Cucumber Culture for Amateurs : including also Melons,

Marrows, and Gourds. BufF paper, 7. 7X. 3X5.1, pp. 72; 15 cuts.

London : n. d. S. F.
Duncan, John. A Practical Treatise on the Culture of the Melon. Dull

green cloth, 8.3X. 3X5.2, pp. 110, (1). London: 1839. S. F.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING AND PARKS.

Mangin, Arthur. Les Jardins; histoire et description. Dessins par
Anastasi, Daubigny, V. Foulquier, Frangais, W. Freeman, II.
Giacomelli, Lancelot. Half maroon morocco, 14.9X2. IX 11.2, pp.
vii, 444; plates, cuts. Tours: 1867. S. F.

Conder, Josiah, F. R. I. B. A. Landscape Gardening in Japan. Green
cloth, 14.5X1.X10.8, pp. xi, 161; 37 plates, 55 cuts. Tokio : 1893.
S. F.

. Supplement to Landscape Gardening in Japan. With Collo-
types by K. Ogawa. Green cloth, 14.4X l.X 10.9, 40 plates with
descriptive text and 4 preliminary pages. Tokio : 1893. S. F.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 373

Garfield, Charles W. The Art which does not mend Nature. (Read
before the Western New York . Horticultural Society, February,
1894.) 1 sheet, 13. X 7.8. The Author.
Public Reservations, Third Annual Report of the Trustees of. 1893.
Pamphlet, sage-green, 9. 2 X. IX 5. 9, pp. 53 (2). Boston: 1894.
The Society.
Boston, City of. Department of Parks. Nineteenth Annual Report of
the Board of Commissioners, for the year ending January 31, 1894.
Pamphlet, light brown, 9. IX. 5X5. 8, pp. 115; 11 plates, 3 plans, 2
tables. (Boston) : 1894. The Board of Commissioners of the
Department of Parks.
Brooklyn Department of Parks. Thirty-first Annual Report, for the
years 1891 and 1892. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 9. X. 2X5.8, pp. 76;
5 plates. Brooklyn, N. Y. : 1893. George V. Brower, Commis-
sioner.
Albany, N. Y., The Public Parks of the City of. An illustrated pamphlet,
containing a brief outline of the history of development of these
pleasure grounds and statistical information relative thereto.
Brown cloth, 9.3X. 4X6.1, pp. 42; 38 plates, 2 folded maps.
Albany : 1892. William S. Egerton, Superintendent of Parks.
Niagara, State Reservation at. Tenth Annual Report of the Commissioners
of the. For the Fiscal Year, from October 1, 1892 to September
30, 1893. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 3X5. 7, pp. 107; 7 plates, 1 map.
Albany: 1894. Andrew H. Green.
Baltimore Public Park Commission. Thirty-fourth Annual Report, for
the fiscal year ending December 31, 1893. Wine-colored cloth,
9. IX. 2X6., pp. 55; 1 map, 4 plates. Baltimore: 1894. The Park
Commission.
West Chicago Park Commissioners. Sixth Annual Report, for the year
ending February 28, 1875. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 1X5. 8, pp. 43; 10
photographs. Chicago: 1875.

Eighteenth Annual Report, for the year ending February 28,
1887. Pamphlet, drab, 9.2X.1X6., pp. 52. Chicago: 1887.

Edgar Sanders.
South Park Commissioners (Chicago). Report to the Board of County
Commissioners of Cook County. From December 1, 1890 to Decem-
ber 1, 1892. Pamphlet, pale green, 8.5X.1X5.8, pp. 39. Chicago:
1893.

Report from December 1, 1892 to December 1, 1893. Pamphlet,
gray, 8.5X — X5.8, pp. 39. Chicago: 1894. Edgar Sanders.

Lincoln Park (Chicago). Report of the Commissioners from December
1, 1886 to January 1, 1893. Green cloth, 10. X. 5X7., pp. 102; 14
plates.

Report of the Commissioners from January 1, 1893 to March 31,
1894. Pamphlet, lilac, 8.7X — X5.9, pp.29. Chicago: 1894.

Edgar Sanders.

374 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CEMETERIES.

American Cemetery Superintendents' Association. Proceedings. Seventh
Annual Convention, held at Minneapolis, Minn., August 22-25,

1893. Pamphlet, light blue, 8.6X.2X5.7, pp. 92. Chicago:
(1893). John G. Barker.

Modern Cemetery, The. An Illustrated Monthly Journal, devoted to the
interest of Cemeteries. Vol. 3, Nos. II and 12, and Vol. 4, Nos.
1-10. January-December, 1894. 12 pamphlets, 12.X — X9., pp.
121-144. and 1-120; cuts. Chicago: 1894. John G. Barker.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Sixty-second Annual Report. January 1,

1894. Pamphlet, gray, 9.1 X—Xo.8, pp. 13. Boston : 1894. The
Trustees.

Forest Hills Cemetery, Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Trustees of the
Proprietors of. February, 1894. Pamphlet, pale blue, 9. 2X. 1X5.9,
pp. 40. Boston : 1894. John G. Barker, Superintendent.

ROADS.

Potter, Isaac B. Country Roads. A Handbook of rules and reasons;
showing why the country roads should be made better and how to
make them so. (Potter's Good Roads Library, No. 1. June and
July, 1894.) Pamphlet, ().6X.2X4.7, pp. 64; cuts. (New York:
1894.)

Ontario, Good Roads Association of the Province of. Report. (First
Convention of the Association, held February 9, 1894.) Pamphlet,
• salmon-color, 9.6X.1X6.4, pp. 64. Toronto: 1894. The Ontario
Department of Agriculture, Toronto.

TREES.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard

University. The Silva of North America. A Description of the

Trees which grow naturally in North America, exclusive of Mexico.

Illustrated with Figures and Analyses drawn from Nature by

Charles Edward Faxon. Vol. VI. Ebenaceaj — Polygonacese.

Boards, light gray, 14.8X2. XI 1.8, pp. (vii), 124; plates 252-300.

Boston and New York : 1894. S. F.
Johns, Rev. C. A., B. A., F. L. S. The Forest Trees of Britain. 2 vols.

Faded green cloth, 6.7X1.3X4.4, pp. Ixxvi, 5-373 and viii, 452;

frontispieces and cuts. London : 1849. S. F.
£och., Karl. Die Biiume und Strilucher des alten Griechenlands. Zweite

Auflage. Drab paper, 9. X. 5X6.2, pp. xx, 270. Berlin: 1884.

S. F.
Sargent, Charles Sprague. Forest Flora of Japan. Notes on the Forest

Flora of Japan. Boards, gray, 13. X .9X 10., pp. (7), 93 ; 26 plates.

Boston and New York: 1894. S. F.
Sarron, William. The British Winter Garden: being a practical treatise

on Evergreens; sliowing . . . their mode of Propagating, Planting,

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 375

and Removal from one io fifty feet in height, as practised atElvaston
Castle. Black cloth, 6.9X.5X4.4, pp. xii, 121; frontispiece, cuts.
London: 1852. S. F.

Trelease, William. The Sugar Maples, with a Winter Synopsis of all
North American Maples. (Reprinted in advance from the Fifth
Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden.) Issued January
1, 189-t. Pamphlet, light brown, 9. IX. 2X5. 9, pp. 19; plates 4-16.
The Author.
Trelease, William. Leitneria Floridana. (Printed in advance from the
Sixth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden.) Issued
May 30, 1894. Pamphlet, blue, 9. IX. 2X6., pp. 26; plates 30-44.
The Author.

(Chaloner, Edward, and George O'Gorman.) The Mahogany Tree: its
botanical characters, qualities, and uses, with practical suggestions
for selecting and cutting it in the regions of its growth in the West
Indies and Central America, with notices of the projected inter-
oceanic communications of Panama, Nicaragua, and Tehuantepec,
in relation to their productions, etc. And an Appendix containing
the documents presented to the Lloyds' Committee of Registry, in
favour of the Use of Mahogany, for the building of first-class
vessels. Faded plum-colored cloth, 8.9X.5X5.6, pp. ix, 5-117; 7
plates, 1 map, 1 table. Liverpool : 1850. S. F.

Xiamey, A. Le Chene-liege, sa culture et son exploitation. Buff papery
9.8X.8X6.4, pp. (I), 289; 1 diagram. Paris, Nancy : 1893. S. F.

Mez, Carolus, Phil. Dr. Lauraceae Americanae. Monographice.
(Sonderabdruck aus " Jahrbuch des konigl. botanischen Gartens
und Museums zu Berlin," Band V.) Green cloth, 10. X 1.6X6.7,
pp. vi, 556; 3 plates. Berlin : 1889. S. F.

"Wallis, John. Dendrology ; in which are facts, experiments, and obser-
vations, demonstrating tliat trees and vegetables derive their nutri-
ment independently of the earth ; and also obserA'ations on decay
and defects in trees, together with a better method of pruning.
Boards, dull green cloth back, 9. X. 3X5. 7, pp. xii, 75; frontispiece.
London: 1833. S. F.

Useful and Ornamental Planting. With an Index. Published under the
superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowl-
edge. (Library of Useful Knowledge.) Light brown cloth, 9. IX. 4
X5.6, pp. iv, 151. London: 1832.

G-arfield, Charles W. The Planting of Trees. (Excerpt of an Address
before Illinois Horticultural Society, Dec. 13, 1893.) Pamphlet,
9.5X — X6.3, pp. 15. The Author.

Colladon, Daniel. Effets de la foudre sur les arbres et les plantes ligneuses.
(Emploi des arbres comme paratonnerres.) Pale blue paper, 11.5X
.3X9., pp. 501-584; 3 plates. [Geneve: 1872.] S. F.

376 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FORESTRY.

Fernow, B. E. (Abstracts of) Lectures introductory to the study of

Forestry (delivered at Amherst, May, 1894). 10 broadsides, y.4X6.

J. D. W. French.
American Forestry Association. Summer Meetings and Excursions,

August 21-27, 1894. At Brooklyn, N. Y., and White Mountains,

N. H. (Programme, etc.) Circular, 11. X — X8. 5, pp. (3). J. D.

W. French, Secretary.
Canada, Reports on the Forests of. "With Precis by Dr. Lyons, M. P., of

certain Papers submitted therewith. Pamphlet, blue, 13. X. 1X8. 3,

pp. 35; 1 map. London: 1885. L. A.
Small, H. B. Canadian Forests. Forest Trees, Timber, and Forest Pro-
ducts. Pamphlet, light green, 8. 3 X. IX 5. 6, pp. (2), 64. Montreal:

1884. L. A.
New York, Forest Commission of the State of. Annual Report for the

year 1892. Green cloth, 9. IX 1.5X6.2, pp. 508 ; 1 plate. Albany:

1893. The Commissioners.
Arbor Day. May 4, 1894. (State of New York. Department of Public

Instruction.) Pamphlet, salmon-color, 10. X — X6.8, pp.24; cuts.'

J. F. Crocker, State Superintendent.
Smith, John. Treatise on the Management and Cultivation of Forest

Trees. Faded maroon cloth, 7.8X.5X4.6, pp. 164; 7 plates.

Glasgow, Edinburgh, and London: n. d. S. F.
Du Breuil, A. Cours d'Arboriculture. Sixieme edition. [First part.]

Culture des arbres et arbrisseaux a fruits de table. Half calf,

7.2X1.7X4.8, pp. (4), 737; 4 plates, 573 cuts, tables, etc. Paris:

1868. S. F.
Nisbet, John, D. Oec. of the Indian Poorest Service, etc. Studies in

Forestry, being a short course of lectures on the Principles of

Sylviculture delivered at the Botanic Garden, Oxford, during the

Hilary and Michaelmas Terms, 1893. Olive-green cloth, 7.9X I.IX

5.3, pp. xii, 335. Oxford : 1894. S. F.
lEaux et Forets, Annuaire des, pour 1894. 33<^ Annee. Blue flexible linen,

5. 9X. 7X4.1, pp. 384. Paris : 1894. The Publishers of Uewue de»

Eaux et Forets.

AGRICULTURE.

Daubeny, Charles, M. D., F. R. S., M. R. I. A., etc. Lectures on Roman
Husbandry, delivered before the University of Oxford; compre-
hending sucii an account of the system of .Agriculture, the Treat-
ment of Domestic Animals, the Horticulture, etc., pursued in
ancient times, as may be collected from the Scriptores Rei RusticiB,
the Georgics of Virgil, and other classical authorities, with notices
of the Plants mentioned in Columella and Virgil. Dark green
cloth, 9.x 1.4X6., pp. xvi, 328; 12 plates. Oxford : 1857. Nathaniel
T. Kidder.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 377

Trowell, Samuel. A New Treatise of Husbandry, Gardening, and other
Curious Matters relating to Country Affairs, etc., etc. To which
are added Several Letters to Mr. Thomas Liveings, concerning his
compound manure for land, etc. Full calf, 7.8X.6X5., pp. vii,
164. London: 1739. S. F.

(Mills, John), Editor. A Practical Treatise of Husbandry: wherein are
contained many useful and valuable experiments and observations
in the New Husbandry, collected during a series of years by the
celebrated M. DuHamel du Monceau, etc., etc. Full calf, 10. X 1.8
X8.5, pp. xxiv, 491, (7) ; 6 plates. London: 1759. S. F.

Peters, Matthew. "Winter Riches, or a Miscellany of Rudiments, Direc-
tions and Observations, necessary for the laborious Farmer, on a
New Vegetable System of Agriculture; etc. Full calf, 8.5X1. X
5.4, pp. xxvi, 256; cuts. London: 1771. 8. F.

Gleanings from the most celebrated books on Husbandry, Gardening and
Rural Affairs. From the London second edition of 1803. Inter-
spersed with Remarks and Observations by a Gentleman of Phila-
delphia. Sheep, 8.6X1.X0.3, pp. viii, 365. Philadelphia: 1803.
S. F.

Sinclair, Sir John. The Code of Agriculture; including Observations on
Gardens, Orchards, "Woods, and Plantations. 3d edition. Half
calf, 8.6X1.6X5.4, pp. xv, 593, 153; portrait, 9 plates. London:
1821. S. F.

-Baxter, John, Publisher. Library of Agricultural and Horticultural
Knowledge; with an appendix on suspended animation, poisons, and
the principal laws relating to farming and rural affairs. Half green
roan, 10.4X1.8X6.6, pp. (8), 509, xl, 14; portrait, cuts, colored
and plain, etc. London: 1830. S. F.

Parmer's Friend, The: A Record of Recent Discoveries, Improvements,
and Practical Suggestions in Agriculture. Dull green cloth, 8.X1.3
X5.1, pp xii, 340. London: 1847. S. F.

Ooessmann, C. A. On Special Fertilization of Garden Crops. Pamph-
let, pale green, 9.2X.1X5.9, pp 21, 12. [Reprint from the 11th
Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment
Station, 1893-4]. The Author.

Ville, Georges. On Artificial Manures, their chemical selection and scien-
tific application to agriculture. A series of lectures given at the
Experimental Farm at Vincennes during 1867 and 1874-5. Trans-
lated and edited by "William Crookes, F. R. S. Second edition,
thoroughly revised. Drab cloth, 8.9X1.7X6., pp. xliv, 451; 6
charts, cuts. London: 1882. S. F.

Piigg, Robert. An Experimental Inquiry into the influence of Nitrogen on
the growth of Plants. . Communicated by the Rev. J. B. Reade,
M. A., F. R. S. Read May 31, 1838.

[Also] On the Evolution of Nitrogen during the growth of Plants
and the Sources from whence they derive that element. Communi-
cated by the Rev. J. B. Reade, M. A., F. R. S. Read June 21, 1838.
(Philosophical Transactions, 1838.)

378 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Pamphlet, manilla, 11.1 X — X8.G, pp. 395-408. (London: 1838.)
L. A.

Daubeny, Charles, M. D., F. R. S., etc. Memoir on the Rotation of
Crops, and on the Quantity of Inorganic Matters abstracted from
the Soil by various Plants under different circumstances. Read
May 22, 1845. (Philosophical Transactions, 1845.) Olive-green
cloth, 11. IX. 5X8. 8, pp. 179-252. (London: 1845.) L. A.

Addyman, Frank T., B. Sc. (Lond.), F. I. C. Agricultural Analysis.
A Manual of quantitative analysis for students of Agriculture.
Green cloth, 7.7X.9X5.3, pp. vii, 200; 49 cuts. London: 1893.
S. F.

Stassfurt Industry, The. Published at the Office of the German Kali
Works. Pamphlet, 9. 4X — X6.5, pp. 20; cuts. The Publishers.

Farmer's Guide. Published at the Office of the German Kali Works.
Pamphlet, red, 6.4X. 2X3.7, pp. 5fi, xx; 4 tables. The Publishers.

Miles, Manly, M. D., F. R. M. S. Land Draining. A Handbook for
Farmers on the Principles and Practice of Farm Draining. Tan-
colored cloth, 7. OX. 8X5.-, pp. iv, (1), 199; 40 cuts. New York:

1892. S. F.

Monteath, Robert. A New and Easy System of Draining and Reclaiming
the Bogs and Marshes of Ireland : with plans for improving waste
lands in general. Etc. Half calf, 8.7X.7X5.6, pp. xx, 239; 3
plates. Edinburgh and London : 1829. S. F.

Hall, Charles, V. D. M. E. D. A Concise Treatise on the most effectual
method of Destroying Heath and Turning the Soil into Good
Pasture . . . likewise a new method of Improving Moss, etc.,
etc. Boards, maroon cloth back, 8. 9X. 8X5.1, pp. xxvii, 8, 228;
1 table. Edinburgh : 1802. S. F.

Burn, Robert Scott. Practical Architecture as applied to Farm Buildings
of every description, etc., etc. Reprinted from "The Country."
Maroon cloth, 8. X. 6X5. 3, pp. 204; 159 diagrams and plans.
London: [1870?] S. F.

Tropical Agriculturist, The. A Monthly Record of Information for
Planters of Tea, Cacao, Coffee, etc., and other products suited
for cultivation in the Tropics. Compiled by A. M. and J. Ferguson.
Vol. XII, containing numbers I-XII. July, 1892, to June, 1893.
Green cloth, 10.2X1.8X7.8, pp. (12), 792. Colombo, Ceylon:

1893. S. F.

Kohshiokuzu. [A Chinese book on the Cultivation of Rice.] Vol. 1.

silk covering, 12.5X1.3X11.2., 23 plates, with descriptive Boards,

text. Feb. 5th of the 35th year of Koki, (Chinese Period). [1697.]
Bryce, P. II., M. A., M. D., Secretary, Provincial Board of Health,

Toronto. Report on Tuberculosis in Ontario. Pamphlet, 8.5X.1

X5.7, pp. 51. Toronto: 1894.
Agricultural Experiment Stations. The following Bulletins and Reports

have been received during the year :

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 379

Alabama.— Bulletins 1, 2, and 3, 1883-84; 1, 2, and 3, 1887; 48
and 51-58 of the present series. Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports,
for 1802 and 1893.

{Canebrake Station). — Bulletin 17.

Arizona. — Bulletins 9-12.

Arkansas. — Bulletins 4 and 25-30.

California. — Bulletins 103 and 104. Report for the year 1891-
1892.

Colorado. — Bulletins 26-28. Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports,
for 1892 and 1893.

Connecticut {New Haven Station). — Bulletins 117-119. Annual
Reports for 1878 and 1893.

(Storrs Station). — Bulletins 10-13. Sixth Annual Report, for
1893.

Delaware. — Bulletins 22-24. Fourth and Fifth Annual Reports
for 1891 and 1892.

Florida— Bulletins 21-24. Annual Report for 1893.

Georgia.— Bulletins 22-24. Sixth Annual Report, for 1893.

Idaho. — Bulletins 4-6.

Illinois. — Bulletins 1-4 and 28-36. Sixth Annual Report, for
1892-93.

Indiana. — Bulletins 48-52. Special Bulletins, May and August,
1894. Sixth Annual Report, for 1893.

Iowa.— Bulletins 22-26.

Kansas. — Bulletins 41-47. Sixth Annual Report, for 1893.

Kentucky. — Bulletins 47-51. Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth
Annual Reports, for 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1893.

Louisiana. — Bulletins 23-31. Fifth Annual Report, for 1892.

Maine. — Bulletins 5-13. Report of Horticultural Department
for 1893.

Maryland. — Bulletins 23-28. Special Bulletin J. Sixth Annual
Report, for 1893.

Massachusetts (State Statioti). — Bulletins 51-56. Eleventh
Annual Report, for 1893.

(Hatch Station). — Bulletins 22-26. Special Bulletin, January,
1894. Sixth Annual Report, for 1893.

Jfleteoroloffical Division. Bulletins 60-71.

Michigan.— Bulletins 100-117. Poster Bulletins 1 and 2. Fifth
Annual Report, for 1801-92.

Minnesota. — Bulletins 29-34. Annual Report for 1893.

Mississippi. — Bulletins 27-31. Sixth Annual Report, for 1893.

Missouri.— Bulletins 18, 22, 28, and 29, Old Series. Bulletins
19, 20, 22, 23, and 27, Present Series.

Montana. — Bulletins 1 and 2.

Nebraska. — Bulletins 31-36. Seventh Annual Report, for 1893.

Nevada.— Bulletins 19, 22, and 23. Sixth Annual Report, for
1893.

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

New Hampshire. — Bulletins 18-21.

New Jersey. — Bulletins 98-103. Sixth Annual Report, for
1893.

New Mexico. — Bulletins 10-12. Fourth Annual Report for
1892-93.

New York {State (S'^faitow).— Bulletins 60-73. Eleventh and
Twelfth Annual Reports, for 1892 and 1893.

{^Cornell University Station). — Bulletins 60-77. Sixth Annual
Report, for 1893. Spray Calendar, 2 editions. Circular. — Com-
position of Fodders, etc.

North Carolina. — Bulletins 98-100. Special Bulletins 13 and
16-21. Seventh Annual Report, for 1893.
Special Bulletins 16-21.

Meteorological Division. Bulletins 49-55. Seventh Annual
Report, for 1893.

Weekhj Weather Crop Bulletins 1-23, for 1894.

North Dakota. — Bulletins 10-14.

Ohio. — Bulletins 50-54.

Oklahoma. — Bulletins 8-10.

Oregon. — Bulletins 27-31.

Pennsylvania. — Bulletins 25-27. Annual Reports for 1892 and
1893.

Rhode Island. — Bulletins 26-29.

SoDTH Carolina. — Bulletins 15-18.

South Dakota. — Bulletins 37-40.

Tennessee. — Bulletins, Vol. 7, Nos. 1 and 2. Sixth Annual
Report, for 1893.

Texas.— Bulletins 27-31. Sixth Annual Report, for 1893.

Utah. — Bulletins 25-35. Fourth Annual Report, for 1893.

Vermont. — Bulletins 37-42. Seventh Annual Report, for 1893.

Virginia.— Bulletins 30-39. Annual Report for 1892-93.

Washington. — Bulletins 7-11. Second and Third Annual
Reports, for 1891-92 and 1892-93.

West Virginia.— Bulletins 31-33.

AViscoNsiN.— Bulletins 38-41 . Tenth Annual Report, for 1892-93.

Wyoming. — Bulletins 15-20. Annual Report for 1893.

Canada. — Central Experimental Farm., Ottawa, Bulletin 20.
Ontario Agricultural College Exxoerimeiit Statiofi, Guelph,
Bulletins 92-98.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, BOARDS, ETC.

All the publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, here
acknowledged, except a few which are otherwise credited, were received
from Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 381

United States Department of Agriculture. Eeport of the Secretary of
Agriculture. 1893. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.1X5.8, pp. 48. Wash-
ington: 1893.

. Division of Pomology.

Keport of the Assistant Pomologist for 1893. By William A.
Taylor. (From the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for
1893.) Pamphlet, tea, 8. 9X. 1X5.8, pp. ill, 277-296; 9 colored
plates. Washington : 1894.

. Forestry Division.

Report of the Chief of the Division of Forestry for 1893. By B.
E. Fernow. (From the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for
1893.) Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.1X5.8, pp. iv, 303-363; 3 maps, cuts.
Washington: 1894.

Schedule and Instructions for Measurements of Acre-Yield. 1
sheet, manilla paper, 10.3X13.3. J. D. W. French.

Field Record of Test Trees. [Blank for Recording descriptions
of Trees.] Circular, 10.4X7.9. J. D. W. French.

Biological Investigations. — Instructions. 1 sheet, 10.5X8.
J. D. W. French.
•. Division of Botany.

Bulletin No. 15. The Russian Thistle : its history as a weed in
the United States, with an account of the means available for its
eradication. By Lyster Hoxie Dewey. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.1X
5.8, pp. 32; 3 plates, 2 maps. Washington: 1894.

Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium. Vol. II, No.
3. Issued May 10, 1894. Manual of the Phanerogams and
Pteridophytes of Western Texas. By John M. Coulter. Apetalae,
Monocotyledonae, Pteridophyta. Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X.5X6.5, pp. v,
347—588, V. Washington : 1894. Vol. Ill, No. 2. Issued June
10, 1894. Preliminary Revision of the North American Species of
Cactus, Anhalonium and Lophophora. By John M. Coulter. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9.7X.1X6.2, pp. iii, 91—132, ii. Washington: 1894.
Vol. IV. Issued November 29, 1893. Botany of the Death
Valley Expedition. A report on the Botany of the Expedition sent
out in 1891 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to make a
biological survey of the region of Death Valley, California. By
Frederic Vernon Coville, Botanist of the Death Valley Expedition.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.8X1.1X6.3, pp. viii, 363; frontispiece, 21 plates,
1 map. Washington : 1893.

(Circular No. 7.) Hungarian Brome Grass. (By F. Lamson-
Scribner, Special Agent.) Pamphlet, 9. IX — X5.8, pp. 4, 1 cut.
Washington : May 23, 1894.
. Division of Vegetable Pathology.

Report of the Chief of the Division of Vegetable Pathology for
1893. By B. T. Galloway. From the Report of the Secretary of
Agriculture for 1893. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9 X. IX 5. 8, pp. iii, 245-276;
1 cut. Washington : 1894.
12

382 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bulletin No. 5. The Pollination of Pear Flowers. By Merton
B. Waite. Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X.3X6.3, pp. 110; 12 plates, 5 cuts.
Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 6. Bordeaux Mixture as a Fungicide. By D. G.
Fairchild. Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X.1X6.3, pp. 55. Washington:
1894.

Bulletin No. 7. The Effect of Spraying with Fungicides on the
Growth of Nursery Stock. By B. T. Galloway. Pamphlet, tea,
8.9X.1X5.7, pp. 41; cuts. Washington: 1894.
United. States Department of Agriculture. Division of Microscopy.

Report of the Microscopist for 1892. By Thomas Taylor, M. D.
(From the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1892.)
Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 1x5. 7, pp. 281-292; 9 plates, colored and
plain. Washington: 1893.

Food Products. I. Twelve Edible Mushrooms of the United
States, with directions for tlieir identification and their preparation
as food. By Thomas Taylor, M. D., Chief of the Division of Mi-
croscopy. Reprinted by authority of the Secretary of Agriculture,
with an appendix. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X — X5,8, pp. 23; 1 colored
plate. Washington: 1894.

Food Products. II. Eight Edible and Twelve Poisonous Mush-
rooms of the United States, with directions for the culture and
culinary preparation of the edible species. By Thomas Taylor,
M. D., Chief of the Division of Microscopy. Reprinted from the
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1890. 2d revised edition.
Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.1X5.8. pp. 23; 5 plates, colored and plain.
Washington: 1893.

Food Products. III. i. Improved Methods of distinguishing
between pure and fictitious Lard. ir. Four Edible Mushrooms of
the United States. By Tlioraas Taylor, M. D. Reprinted from the
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1890. 2nd revised
edition. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. IX 5. 7, pp. 22; G plates, colored and
plain. Washington : 1893.
. Division of Entomology.

Bibliography of the more important contributions to American
Economic Entomology. Prepared ... by Samuel Henshaw.
Parts I, II, and III. The more important writings of Benjamin
Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley. Dark maroon cloth, 9.1
X 1.2X5.8, pp. 454. Washington: 1889, 1890. Samuel Henshaw,

Insect Life. Devoted to the Economy and Life-habits of Insects,
especially in their relations to Agriculture. Periodical Bulletin.
Edited by C. V. Riley, Entomologist, and L. O. Howard, First
Assistant, and others. Vol. 6, Nos. 3-5. Half green morocco, 9.
X 1.2X0.2, pp. 207-405; cuts. Washington : 1894. Fo/. 7, Nos.
1 and 2. 2 pamphlets, tea, 9.6X.1-.3XG.2, pp. 215; cuts. Wash-
ington: 1894.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 3b3

Bulletin No. 31. Catalogue of the Exhibit of Economic Ento-
mology at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 111., 1893,
made under the direction of the Entomologist. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X
.2X5.6, pp. 121. "Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 82. Reports of Observations and Experiments in
the Practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the
Entomologist. Pamphlet, tea, 8.8X.1X5.7, pp.59. Washington:
1894.

Circular No. 3, 2nd Series. An important enemy to Fruit Trees.
The San Jose Scale; its appearance in the Eastern United States,
etc. Pamphlet, 9.x — X5. 9, pp. 10. Washington: (1894).
TJnited States Department of Agriculture. Division of Ornithology
AND Mammalogy.

Bulletin No. 3. The Hawks and Owls of the United States in
their relation to Agriculture. Prepared under the direction of Dr.
C. Hart Merriam, Ornithologist, by A* K. Fisher, M. D., Assistant
Ornithologist. Published by authority of the Secretary of Agricul-
ture. Dark claret-brown cloth, 9.1X1.X6., pp. 210; 26 colored
plates. Washington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 4. The Prairie Ground Squirrels or Spermophiles
of the Mississippi Valley. Prepared under the direction of Dr. C.
Hart Merriam, Chief of Divisiiti, by Vernon Bailey, Chief Field
Agent. Pamphlet, tea, 9.7X.2X6.2, pp. 69; 3 colored plates, 4
maps. Washington : 1893.
. Division of Chemistry.

Bulletin No. 38. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at Chicago,
Illinois, August 24-26, 1893. Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, Secre-
tary of the Association, Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.5X5.8, pp. vi, 218,
vii-xiv. Washington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 39. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1893. By

Harvey W. Wiley . . . with the collaboration of Dr. Walter

Maxwell. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. IX 5. 8, pp. .59. Washington : 1894.

. Indian Corn (or Maize) in the Manufacture of

Beer. By Robert Wahl, Ph. D. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X— X5.8, pp.
21. Washington: 1893.
. Office of Experiment Stations.

Report of the Director ... for 1893. By A. C. True. (From
the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1893.) Pamphlet,
tea, 8.DX.1X5.7, pp. iv, 417—464, ii. Washington: 1894. A. C.
True, Director.

Experiment Station Record. Vol. 5, Nos. 2-12. September,
1893, to July, 1894. Half green morocco, 9.5X2.9X6.6, pp. xxxiv,
139-1227. FoZ. 5, Nos. 1 and 2. 2 pamphlets, gray, 9. 7X. 2X6.3,
pp 174. Washington: 1893, 1894.

Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations. Convention held at the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C, October, 1887. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1X.1X5.7, pp.
32. Washington: 1888.

384 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Miscellaneous Bulletin No. 3. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual
Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges
and Experiment Stations, held at Champaign, 111., Nov. 11-13, 1890.
Edited by A. W. Harris for the Office of Experiment Stations and
H. E. Alvord for the Executive Committee of the Association.
Dark claret-brown cloth, 9. 2X. 5X6., pp. 156. Washington: 1891.

Bulletin No. 18. A Contribution to the Investigation of the
Assimilation of Free Atmospheric Nitrogen by White and Black
Mustard. By J. P. Lotsy, Ph.D. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X— X5.9, pp.
19; 15 cuts. Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 19. Organization Lists of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Stations and Agricultural Schools and Colleges in the United
States. January, 1894. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 2X5. 8, pp. 99.
Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 20. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention
of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi-
ment Stations, held at Chicago, 111., October 17-19, 1893. Edited
by A. C. True for the Office of Experiment Stations and H. E.
Alvord for the Executive Committee of the Association. Pamphlet,
tea, 9.8X.2X6.3, pp. 100. Washington: 1894.

Farmer's Bulletin. JVo. 13. Cranberry Culture. By William
Saunders, Superintendent of Gardens and Grounds, pp. 16. No.
14. Fertilizers for Cotton. By J. M. McBryde, Ph.D., President
of Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Director of
Virginia Agricultural Exjieriment Station. pp. 32. No. 15.
Some Destructive Potato Diseases : what they are and bow to
prevent them. By B. T. Galloway, Chief of the Division of Vege-
table Pathology, pp. 8. No. 16. Leguminous Plants for Green
Manuring and for Feeding. By E. W. Allen, Ph.D., Assistant
Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, pp. 24. No. 17.
Peach Yellows and Peach Rosette. By Erwin F. Smith, Special
Agent, under the Direction of B. T. Galloway, Chief of the Divi-
sion of Vegetable Pathology, pp. 20; 7 cuts. No. 18. Forage
Plants for the South. By S. M. Tracy, M. S., Director of the
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 30; 17 cuts.
No. 19. Important Insecticides : Directions for their preparation
and use. By C. L. Marlatt, First Assistant Entomologist, pp. 20.
No. 20. Washed Soils : How to Prevent and Reclaim them. pp.
22; 6 cuts. 8 pamphlets, 9. X—X5.8. Washington : 1894.

Terms of Sale of the Card Index of Agricultural Literature.
Pamphlet, 8.0X — XS.."., pp. (3).
United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Statistics.

Reports of the Statistician. New Series. Nos. 111-121. 11
pamphlets, tea, 9.X.1-.2X5.8, pp. 459-590; 69-702. [Also] Synop-
ses of Reports 117-121. 5 pamphlets, 8. 8X — X5.7. Washington:
1894.

Miscellaneous Series. Report No. 8. Recent Features of our
Foreign Trade. Prepared under the direction of the Statistician by

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 385

Edward T. Peters. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X — X5.7, pp. 24. Washing-
ton : 1894.

Fiber Investigations. Report No. G. A Report on the Unculti-
vated Bast Fibers of the United States, including the history of
previous experiments with the plants or fibers, and brief statements
relating to the allied species that are produced commercially in the
Old World. By Charles Richards Dodge, Special Agent. Pam-
phlet, tea, 8. 9X. 1X5. 8, pp. .54 ; 5 plates. Washington: 1894.
United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Animal Industry.

Eighth and Ninth Annual Reports . . . for the years 1891
and 1892. Black cloth, 9.1X1.1X6., pp. 428; 8 plain and 10
colored plates, 1 map, 7 cuts. Washington : 1893.

Bulletin No. 3. Miscellaneous Investigations concerning Infec-
tious and Parasitic Diseases of Domesticated Animals. Conducted
under the direction of Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, by F. L. Kilborne and others. Pamphlet, tea,
9.X.2X5.8, pp. 8G; 8 plates. Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 4. A Revision of the Adult Cestodes of Cattle,
Sheep and Allied Animals. Prepared . . . by C. W. Stiles,
Ph.D., and Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.4
X5.7, pp. 101; 16 plates. Washington: 1893.

Bulletin No. 5. Report on the Dairy Industry of Denmark by
Prof. C. C. Georgeson. Pamphlet, tea, 8. 9X. 3X5.8, pp. 133; 33
cuts. Washington: 1893.
. Office of Irrigation Inquiry.

Needed Reforms and Laws for the Irrigation Farmers of the
United States. Pamphlet, 9. X — X5. 8, pp. 7. (Washington : 1893.)

Bulletin No. 1. Abstract of the Laws of the several States and
Territories on Irrigation and Water Rights. Compiled by O. A.
Critchett. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.4X5.7, pp. 180. Washington:
1898.
. Office of Road Inquiry.

Bulletin No. 1 . State Laws relating to the Management of Roads.
Enacted in 1888-93. Compiled by Roy Stone, Special Agent in
charge of Road Inquiry. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.2X5.8, pp. 95.
Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 2. Proceedings of the Minnesota Good Roads Con-
vention held at St. Paul, Minn., January 25, 26, 1894. Pamphlet,
tea, 8.9X — X5.8, pp. 16. Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 3. Improvement of the Road System of Georgia, by
O. H. Sheffiekl, C. E. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X — X5.7, pp. 31; cuts.
Washington : 1894.

Bulletin No. 4. Report on Road-I\Iaking Materials in Arkansas.
By John C. Branner. Pamphlet, tea, 8. 9X — X5.8, pp. 11. Wash-
ington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 5. Information Regarding Road Materials and
Transportation Rates in certain States west of the Mississippi
River. Pamphlet, 8.9X — X5. 7, pp. 24 , maps. Washington : 1894.

386 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bulletin No. 6. Information Regarding Roads, Road Materials,
and Freight Rates in certain states North of the Ohio River. Pam-
phlet, tea, 8.9X. 1X5. 8, pp. 30 ; maps. Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 7. Information Regarding Roads and Road-Making
Materials in certain Eastern and Southern States. Pamphlet, tea,
8.9X.1X5.8, pp. 29; maps. Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 8. Earth Roads : Hints on their Construction and
and Repair. Compiled hy Roy Stone. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9 X — X5.8,
pp.20; II cuts. Washington: 1894.

Bulletin No. 9. State Aid to Road Building in New Jersey, by
Edward Burrough. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X — X5.8, pp. 20; frontis-
piece. Washington : 1894.
TJnited^States Department of Agriculture. Weather Bureau.

Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau. 1891-'92. Black
cloth, 11.7X1.3X9.3, pp. 528; 4 plates. Washington: 1893.

Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1893. By Mark
W. Harrington. (From the report of the Secretary of Agriculture
for 1893.) Pamphlet, tea, 8.7X. 1X5.7, pp. iii, 89-122; 4 plates.
Washington : 1894.

Bulletin No. 11. Report of the International Meteorological
Congress, held at Chicago, 111., August 21-24, 1893, under the
auspices of the Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian
Exposition. Part I. Edited by Oliver L. Fassig, Secretary. Pam-
phlet, gray, 9.6 X. 7X6. 2, pp. xv, 206; 10 plates. Washington:
1894.

Bulletin A. Summary of International Meteorological Observa-
tions. By H. H. C. Dunwoody. Pamphlet, gray, 18.5X.3X24.,
sheets numbered I-X and 61 charts. Washington : 1893.

Bulletin B. Currents of the Great Lakes, as deduced from the
movements of bottle papers during the seasons of 1892 and 1893.
By Mark W. Harrington, Chief of the Weather Bureau. Pamphlet,
gray, 18. 5X. IX 23. 8, sheets numbered I-VI and 6 charts. Wash-
ington: 1894.

Circular of Information. Protection from Lightning. By Alex-
ander McAdie. Pamphlet, gray, 9. X. IX 5. 8, pp. 20; 11 plates.
Washington: 1894.

Circular: — International Symbols recommended for use. Pam-
phlet, 9. 4X—X6., pp. 5. (Washington: 1894.)

Monthly Weather Review. Vol. 21. Nos. 10-12. October to
December, 1893. Vol. 22. Nos. 1-8. January to August, 1894.
II pamphlets, gray, 12. X. IX 10., charts. Washington: 1893 and
1894, Annual Summary for 1893. Prof. Cleveland Abbe, Editor.
Prepared by direction of Mark W. Harrington, Chief of the Weather
Bureau. Pamphlet, gray, 12.3X — XIO., pp. vi, 377-390; 7 charts.
Washington : 1894.

Bulletins of the New England Weather Service for the months of
December, 1893 to November, 1894. Nos. 22-33. 12 pamphlets,
ll.X— X8.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 387

Annual Summary of the New England Weather Service for the
years 1892-3. Reprinted from the Annals of the Astronomical
Observatory of Harvard College, Vol. XLI, Parts I and II. Two
pamphlets, tea, 12. IX. 1X10., pp. 61; 2 charts. Cambridge, Mass. :
1893, 1^J4. J. Warren Smith, Director New England Weather
Service.

Weather Crop Bulletins of the New England Weather Service.
Nos. 1-23. From the week ending April 30 to the week ending
October 1, 1894.

Reports of the Ohio Weather and Crop Service, issued in co-
operation with the State Board of Agriculture, for the month of
March, 1893. Pamphlet, 9. 4X. IX 6.3, pp. 46; 2 charts, 1 table.
Norwalk, Ohio: 1893. William C. Lane, Librarian, Boston Athe-
naeum.

United States War Department. Monthly Meteorological Sunmiary of
Boston, Mass., during the month of June, 1888. Broadside, 14. X
8.2. William C. Lane, Librarian, Boston Athenaeum.

Irrigation Congress, International, OfHcial Report of the, held at Los
Angeles, California, October, 1893. Pamphlet, blue, 8.8X.3X5.8,
pp. 160, (2); 1 map, 1 cut. Los Angeles: (1893). Fred L. Alles,
Secretary.

Ontario, Province of. Bureau of Industries. (Twelfth) Annual Report.
1893. Parts I, II, and III. — Agricultural Statistics. Pamphlet,
salmon-color, 9.6X.2X6.4, pp, viii, 127. Toronto: 1894. Ontario
Department of Agriculture.

Ontario Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Industries. Bulletins 49
-52. Crops and Live Stock in Ontario. 4 pamphlets, 7.6X — X5.1.
Toronto: [1894]. C. C. James, Minister of Agriculture.

— . Bulletins. (Special). Common Country Roads.

Pamphlet, 7.7X — X5.1, pp. 16; 8 cuts. Toronto: April, 1894.

Dairying in Ontario. Pamphlet, 7.7 X — X 5.2, pp. 23. Toronto:
May 1, 1894.

. Toronto, Sept. 3, 1894. Remedies for the Prevention

of Smut. Prof. J.. H. Panton, Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph. 1 sheet, 7.8X5.1.

. Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Dairy

Bulletin No. 2. (1st edition.) Notes for Cheese-makers for May,
(1890). Pamphlet, 8.6X — X5.7, pp. 6. William Saunders.

Ontario, Swine-Breeders' Association and Sheep-Breeders' Association of
the Province of. Annual Reports. 1893. Pamphlet, salmon-color,
9. 7X. 3X6.5, pp. xvi, 163; 3 plates, cuts. Toronto: 1894. The
Ontario Department of Agriculture.

Ontario, Farmers' Institutes of the Province of. Annual Report, 1893.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.6X.3X6.5, pp. viii, 176. Toronto: 1894.
A. H. Pettit, Secretary-Treasurer.

New England Agricultural Society. Official Schedule of Premiums in
connection with the Seventy-Sixth Annual Exhibition of the

388 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Worcester Agricultural Society. September 4-7, 1894, etc. 31st
Annual Premium List. Pamphlet, gray, 7.4X.1X4.5, pp. 48.
Worcester: (1894). The N. E. Agricultural Society.
Maine, Agriculture of. Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the Secretary of the
Maine Board of Agriculture, for the year 1892. Black cloth, 9.4X
1.5X6., pp. 240, 127, 127, 117, 19; frontispiece, plates 5, 3, 1
portrait, cuts, etc. Augusta: 1893. The Agricultural Department,
Augusta.

. Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Board

of Agriculture for the years 1898-94. Black cloth, 9.4X1.3X6.1,
pp. 206, 106; plates 9, 21, map, cuts. Augusta: 1894. B. Walker
McKeen, Secretary.
Vermont Agricultural Report, Tenth, by the State Board of Agriculture,
for the years 1887-88. Boards, black cloth back, 8.8X1. X6., pp.
403; cuts. Burlington: 1888. C. M. Winslow, Secretary.
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Forty-first Annual Report
of the Secretary, together with tiie Eleventh Annual Report of the
State Agricultural Experiment Station. 1893. Black cloth, 9.1 X
2.1X6.1, pp. xxiv, 467, 407; 1 colored and 9 plain plates, cuts, 1
map. Boston : 1894. Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary. [50
copies.]

. Annual Meeting at Boston. February 6-8, 1894.

Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.7, pp. 339-351. Hon. William R. Sessions,
Secretary.

. Crop Reports for the months of May to October,

1894. Bulletins 1-6. Issued by William R. Sessions, Secretary,
State Board of Agriculture. 6 pamphlets, 9.X — X5.6. Boston:
1894. The Secretary.

. Report on the work of Extermination of the

Gypsy Moth. January, 1894. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 2X. 1X5. 8, pp. 35 ;
6 plates (1 colored), 1 map. Boston: 1894. Hon. William R,
Sessions, Secretary.

, — '■ and Incorporated Agricultural Societies, Laws

relating to the, etc. March 1894. Pamphlet, fawn, 9.3X.1X5.8,
pp. 39. Boston : 1894. Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary.

, Regulations of the, concerning Farmers' Institutes,

with a list of available lecturers and their subjects. Issued by the
Secretary of the Board of Agriculture by vote of the Committee
on Agricultural College and Education. November 1, 1894. Pam-
phlet, 9.X— X5.7, pp. 7. Boston: 1894. Hon. William R. Ses-
sions, Secretary.
(Massachusetts) Directory of the Agricultural and Similar Organiza-
tions in the State. February, 1894. Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 17.
Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary, State Board of Agriculture.
Massachusetts, Descriptive Catalogue of Farms in, abandoned or par-
tially abandoned. 2d edition. January, 1892. By William R.
Sessions, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Pamphlet,

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 389

fawn-color, 9. 2X. 2X5. 8, pp. 107; 1 map. Boston: 1892.

5th edition. December, 1894. By William R. Sessions, Secretary
of the State Board of Agriculture. Pamphlet, fawn-color, 9.2X
.3X5.8, pp. 161; 1 map. Boston: 1894. Hon. William R. Ses-
sions. [40 copies.]

Massachusetts Agricultural College. Thirty-first Annual Report. Octo-
ber, 1893. Public Document No. 31. Pamphlet, tea, 9.3X.2X5.9,
pp. 97. Boston: 1894. H. H. Goodell, President.

Bay State Agricultural Society. Constitution, By-Laws, List of OflScers
and Trustees. Pamphlet, pale green, 7. 8X .1X4.8, pp. 36. Boston:

1893. J. D. W. French.

Worcester North Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1893,
together with a list of the Committees and Premiums for 1894.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9. IX. 2X5. 8, pp. 70. Fitchburg : 1894.
George Cruickshanks.

Marshfield Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions during
the year 1893, [and] List of Premiums during the year 1894. Pam-
phlet, tea, 8. 9X. 1X5. 6, pp. 23 and 24. Plymouth: 1894. Francis
CoUamore, Secretary.

Rhode Island State Board of Agriculture. Ninth Annual Report made
to the General Assembly, at its January Session, 1894. Black cloth,
9.2X1.5X6.3, pp. 687; portrait, plates, cuts, map. Providence:

1894. George A. Stockwell, Secretary.

Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of
the Secretary. 1893. Black cloth, 9.2X1.9XG.4, pp. 331, xvi,
331, 200, 22; plates, cuts. Hartford: 1893; New Haven: 1894;
Middletown : 1894. T. S. Gold, Secretary.

New York State Agricultural Society. Fifty-first Annual Report. For
the year 1891. Black cloth, 9.2X1.6XC.3, pp. xxxv, 688; 4 plates.
Albany: 1892.

Fifty-second Annual Report. For the year 1892. Black cloth,
9.1X1.4X6.3, pp. xxxv, 627; 14 plates. Albany: 1893.

G. Howard Davison, Secretary.

Pennsylvania, Agriculture of. Containing reports of the State Board of
Agriculture, the State Agricultural Society, the State Dairymen's
Association, the State Horticultural Association, and the State
College. For 1893. Black cloth, 9.6X1.6X6.8, pp. 382, 77, 98,
72, 18; plates, cuts. 1893. E. B. Engle, Secretary, State Horti-
cultural Association. [6 copies.]

Virginia State Agricultural and Mechanical Society. Officers, Rules, and
Schedule of Premiums for the Virginia Exposition, Fair and Annual
Cattle Show, to be held October 9th to 19th, inclusive, 1894, at the
Exposition Grounds, Richmond. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 8.5X.2
X5.5, pp. 96. Richmond: 1894. William G. Owens, Secretary.

Georgia State Department of Agriculture. Publications for the year 1893.
Vol. XIX. Black cloth, 9.3X.8X6.2, pp. 269, 63. Atlanta:
(1893). R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner of Agriculture.

390 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

IjOUisiana Department of Agriculture. Condition and Prospect of Crops,
Reports of Parish Correspondents. Circulars 1-7. Series of 1894.
7 pamphlets, 8.9X — X5.8. Baton Rouge: 1894. H. C. Newsom
and A. V. Carter, Commissioners.

{Louisiana) State Agricultural Society. Proceedings of the Eighth
Annual Session, held at Opelousas, La., January 24, 25, and 26,
1894. Pamphlet, pink, 8. 8X. 3X5.8, pp. 136. Baton Rouge : 1894.
E. L. Woodside, Secretary.

Indiana State Board of Agriculture. Annual Reports, 30th to 38d, 35th,
86th, .39th to 42d. For 1880-1883, 1885, 1886, 1889-1 892-'3. Vols.
22-25, 27, 28, 31-34. 10 vols., cloth, dark green, black, etc., 9.X
1.1-1.4X6.3. Indianapolis: 1881-1893. Charles F. Kennedy,
Secretary.

Randolph County (Indiana) Union Fair. Premium List of the Fifth
Annual Exhibit to be held at Winchester, Indiana, October 2-5,
1894. Pamphlet, pink, 7.9X.1X5., pp. 56. Union City, Ind. :
1894. D. E. Hoffman, Secretary.

Illinois State Board of Agriculture. Statistical Reports. May 1, June 1,
and August 1, 1894. Containing Summary of the Reports of
Correspondents as to the Condition of the Crops, Live Stock, Fruit
Prospects, etc., made to the Illinois State Board of Agriculture.
W. C. Garrard, Secretary. Circulars 164, 165, and 166. Pam-
phlets, yellow, 9.1X — X5.9, pp. 32, 47, 32. Springfield, 111.:
1894. W. C. Garrard, Secretary.

Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. Annual Report for the year 1892.
Black cloth, 9. X 1.1X6.2, pp. 510; 111 cuts, charts. Lincoln:

1893. Hon. Robert W. Furnas, Secretary.

California State Agricultural Society. Transactions during the year 1893.
Black cloth, 9.2X.8X6., pp. 366; 4 plates, 1 map. Sacramento:

1894. Edwin F. Smith, Secretary, State Board of Agriculture.
Northwest Horticulturist, Agriculturist and Dairyman. Vol. 7, Nos. 1-

12. 12 pamphlets, 15.X — Xll., pp. 197-387; cuts. Tacoma and
Seattle, Washington : January to December, 1894. C. A. Tonne-
son, Secretary, State Board of Horticulture, Tacoma, Washington.

Leeward Islands, Agricultural Journal of the. Nos. 1 and 2. July and
October, 1894. Edited by tlie Superintendent of Agriculture, C. A.
Barber, M. A., Cantab., F. L. S. 2 pamphlets, fawn-color, 9.7X
.1X5.9, pp. 52; 1 chart, cuts. St. Johns, Antigua, W. I: [1894.]
Tlie Department of Agriculture, St. Johns.

Leeward Islands Gazette, Supplement to the. (XXIV?) 25th January,
1894. The Diseases of Canes. By C. A. Barber, Supt. of Agricul-
ture. Pamphlet, ll.lX — X8.1, pp. 114-122; 1 plate.

XXV. 8th February, 1894. Department of Agriculture of the
Leeward Islands. Pamphlet, 10.8X— X7.7, pp. 124-126.

(XXVI?) 8th February, 1894. Meteorological Register for
1893. Pamplilet, 10.8X — X7.7, pp. 4.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 391

XXVII. 2-4th February, 1894. The Remedies for Cane Diseases.
1894. By C. A. Barber, M. A., F. L. S. Pamphlet, fawn-color,
11.3X — X8.6, pp. 127-131.

XXVIII. 12tlj April, 1894. Botanical Station, Antigua. Report
for 1893. By A. G. Tillson, Curator. Pamphlet, fawn-color, 11.5
X— X8.7, pp. 133-141.

XXIX. 25th Mav, 1894. Experimental Cultivation in Sjt. Kitts,
■with special reference to Cane-Diseases in the Island. By C. A.
Barber, M. A., F. L. S., Superintendent of Agriculture. Pamphlet,
fawn-color, 11.3X — X8., pp. 143-152.

XXX. 21st June, 1894. On varieties of Sugar Cane grown
experimentally in Antigua. 1894. By Francis Watts, F. I. C, etc.
Pamphlet, fawn-color, 11.5X — X8.4, pp. 153-158.

XXXI. 5th July, 1894. Botanical Station, Dominica, W. I.
Annual Report for 1893. By J. Jones, Curator. Pamphlet, fawn-
color, 11.4X — X8.7, pp. 159-163.

The Department of Agriculture, St. Johns.

[Leeward Islands. Department of Agriculture.] Report on Diseases
affecting the Sugar-Cane in Barbados. Pamphlet, 13. 4X — X8.2,
pp. (6). The Department of Agriculture, St. Johns.

[Leeward. Islands Agricultural and Commercial Society.] The Treatment
of Diseased Sugar-Canes in the West Indies. Proceedings of the
Antigua Branch of the Leeward Islands Agricultural and Commer-
cial Society, at a meeting held on August 3rd, 1894. Pamphlet,
fawn-color, 11. 5X — X8.4, pp. 8. The Department of Agriculture,
St. Johns.

Timeliri : Being the Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial
Society of British Guiana. New Series.

Vol. VII, Part II, December, 1893. pp. 213-417. Demerara:
(1893.)

Vol. VIII, Part I, June, 1894. pp. 203; 2 plates. Demerara:
(1894.)

Two parts, light green paper, 8.GX.5X5.6. S. F.

Sociedad Rural Argentina, Anales de la. Vol. 28. 1894. 12 pamphlets,
ll.lX — X7.5, pp. 316; 1 plate, cuts. Buenos Aires: [1894].
The Society.

Asociacion Rural del Uruguay. Vol. 23. 1894. 24 pamphlets, 10.3 X —
X7.1,pp. 634; portraits. Montevideo : 1894. The Association.

Hoyal Agricultural Society of England. Journal. Third Series. Volume
4. Part IV. No. 16, 30th December, 1893. pp. vii, viii, 657-884,
clxxvii-ccviii ; cuts.

Volume 5. Parts I-III. Nos. 17-19, 31st March to 29th Septem-
ber, 1894. pp. viii, iv, 584, clxiv; 2 plates, cuts.

Four parts blue paper, 8. 4X. 6X5. 4. London : 1893, 1894. S.F.

Scotland, Highland and Agricultural Society of, Transactions of the,
with an abstract of the proceedings at board and general meetings,
and the premiums offered by the Society in 1893. 5th series. Vol.

392 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

V. Edited by James Macdonald, Secretary to the Society. Blue
cloth, 9. XI. 4X5.9, pp. iv, 357, 58, 84, 59, iii; cuts. Edinburgh:
1893. S. F.
Chateauneuf-SUr-Loire. Son Cornice agricole, son Exposition d'Horti-
culture et ses Fetes. Pamphlet, blue, 9.5X — X6.2, pp. 32.
Orleans : 1894. Eugene Delaire.
India, Agricultural and Horticultural Society of. Transactions. Vols.
1-7 (for the years 1820-18.39). Cloth, dark green, brown, etc.,
8. 8X. 7-1. 3X5. 5, plates, colored and plain, maps, etc. Calcutta:
1837-1840. S. F.

. Proceedings. January and February, 1840.

2 pamphlets, green 8.5X.lXo.4, pp. 16 and 38. Calcutta: 1840.
Queensland. Department of Agriculture.

Bulletin No. 1. 2d edition. Pig Raising and Pork Making,
. . . by E. M. Shelton, . . . with an Appendix on Ham
and Bacon Curing, by W. Watson. Pamphlet, 8.6X— X5.5, pp. 19.
Brisbane: 1891.

Bulletin Wo. 3. September, 1890. The Cultivation of Maize
with facts and suggestions as to its utilization. By E. M. Shelton.
Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5.4, pp. 14. Brisbane: 1890.

Bulletin No. 5. November, 1890. Canning and otherwise Pre-
serving Fruits for the Home and Market. By E. M. Shelton.
Pamphlet, 8.6X— X5.3, pp. 15.

Bulletin No. 6. November, 1890. Tobacco: its cultivation in
Northern Queensland. By S. Lamb, Tobacco Expert. Pamphlet,
8.7X — X5.4, pp. 14. Brisbane: 1890.

Bulletin No. 9. May, 1891. Botany: Contributions to the
Queensland Flora. By F. M. Bailey, F. L. S. Pamphlet, 8.6X —
X 5.5, pp. 32. Brisbane: 1891.

Bulletin No. 12. (Second edition.) May, 1893. Butter and
Cheese Making; including the Canada System of Cheese Making.
By John Mahon, Manager, Travelling Dairy, No. 2. Pamphlet,
8.5X— X5.5, pp. 19. Brisbane: 1893.

Bulletin No. 13. December, 1891. Botany Bulletin No. IV.
Contributions to the Queensland Flora. By F. M. Bailey. Pam-
phlet, 8. OX. 1X5.5, pp. 39; 6 plates. Brisbane: 1891.

Bulletin No. 15. January, 1892. Tobacco: its cultivation in
Southern Queensland. By S. Lamb, Tobacco Expert. Pamphlet,
8.7X — X5.5, pp. 14. Brisbane: 1892.

Bulletin No. 17. May, 1892. Tree Planting for Shade and
Ornament. Suggestions for teachers and others interested in the
planting of trees. By E. M. Shelton. Pamphlet, 8.6X— X5.4, pp.
16; 2 plans. Brisbane: 1892.

Bulletin No. 18. May, 1892. Botany Bulletin No. V. Contri-
butions to the Queensland Flora. By F. M. Bailey. Pamphlet,
8.6X — X5.5, pp. 36. Brisbane: 1892.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 393

Bulletin No. 19. September, 1892. Wheat Growing in Queens-
land. By E. M. Shelton. Pamphlet, 8. 6X .1X5.5, pp. 40 ; 2 plates,
1 map. Brisbane : 1892.

Bulletin No. 20. Januar}', 1893. Botany Bulletin No. VI.
Contributions to the Queensland Flora. By F. M. Bailey. Para-
plilet, 8. 5 X. 2X5. 5, pp. iv, 58, x; 18 plates. Brisbane: 1893.

Bulletin No. 22. March, 1893. The Cultivation of Wlieat in
Queensland. By E. M. Shelton. Pamphlet, olive, 8.5X — X5.5,
pp. 41-62; Scuts. Brisbane: 1893.

Bulletin No. 23. March, 1893. Sericulture ; or. Silkworms
and how to rear them. By R. W. McCulloch. Pamphlet, 8.6X.1
X5.5, pp. fi3-86; 19 plates. Brisbane: 1893.

Bulletin No. 24. May, 1893. Our Stock Foods, and how to
use them. By E. M. Shelton. Pamphlet, 8.GX— X5.4, pp. 87-106.
Brisbane: 1893.

Bulletin No. 25. June, 1893. Report of Agricultural Confer-
ences held at Beenleigh, Bundaberg, Rockhampton and Mackay.
Pamphlet, 8.5X. 4X5.4, pp. 194. Brisbane: 1893.

Bulletin No. 1. Second Series. September, 1893. Coffee-
Growing and its preparation for Market. By R. W. McCulloch.
Pamphlet, 8.5 X — X5.5, pp. 22; Scuts. Brisbane: 1893.

Bulletin No. 2. Second Series. March, 1894. Rice Growing
and its preparation for Market. 2d edition. By R. W. McCulloch.
Pamphlet, 8.5 X — X 5.5, pp. 19; 7 cuts. Brisbane: 1894.

Bulletin No. 3. Second Series. September, 1894. Manures :
their Management and Use with special reference to Queensland
Conditions. By E. M. Shelton. Pamphlet, 8.7X — X5.5, pp. 38.
Brisbane: 1894.

Botany Bulletin No. VIII. December, 1893. Contributions to
the Queensland Flora. By F. M. Bailey. Pamphlet, 8. GX. 1X5.5,
pp. vii, 71-114. Brisbane: 1893.

Botany Bulletin No. IX. September, 1894. Contributions to
the Queensland Flora. By F. M. Bailey. Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5.5,
pp. 19. Brisbane : 1894.

A Companion to the Queensland Student of Plant Life. By F. M.
Bailey. Pamphlet, olive, 8.4X. 2X5.4, pp. 108. Brisbane : 1893.

Botany Abridged, or how to readily distinguisli some of our
common plants; to wliich are appended a few additions to the Com-
panion for the Queensland Student of Plant Life. By F. M. Bailey.
Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5.4, pp. 24. Brisbane: 1894.

Papers for the people, by practical men, on Agriculture, Horticul-
ture, and Practical Farming in Queensland, Australia. Popular
Series. No. 24. Guide to the Culture of Broom Corn. By L.
Hurbutt. Pamphlet, 7.2X — X4.8, pp. 10. Brisbane : 1889.

Sugar Planting in Queensland. Being a reprint of a letter which
appeared in tlie London " Times," of 7th January, 1893. Pamphlet,
8.6X — X5.5, pp. 24. Brisbane : 1893.

The twenty-five preceding pamphlets from the Queensland Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

394 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Queensland. Commission. Centennial International Exhibition, Mel-
bourne, 1888.

A few Queensland Grasses, with short notes, range of each
species, etc., etc. By Fredk. Manson Bailt^y, F. L. S., Colonial
Botanist. Pamphlet, green, 8. 4X — X5.5, pp. 30. Brisbane : 1888.
Queensland Woods, with a brief popular description of the trees,
their distribution, qualities, uses of timber, etc., etc. By Fredk.
Manson Bailey. Pamphlet, orange-color, 8. 4 X. 3X5. 4, pp. 123; 1
plate. Brisbane: 1888. The Department of Agriculture, Brisbane.

New South Wales Department of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 1.
Report of the Conference of Fruit-Growers and Vine-Growers,
together with appendices. Issued by Direction of the Hon. Sydney
Smith, M. P., Minister for Mines and Agriculture. H. C. L.
Anderson, Director. October, 1890. Pamphlet, pink, 9. 7X. 6X6.,
pp. vi, 257; 2 plates. Sydney: 1890. Bulletin No. 2. The
Points of Stock and their relative values ; etc. By Alexander
Bruce, Chief Inspector of Stock, New South Wales. Etc. Janu-
ary, 1891. Pamphlet, light brown, 9.7X.2XG., pp. vii, 53; cuts.
Sydney: 1891. Bulletin No. 3. Reports of the Conference of
Delegates from Agricultural Societies. Etc. March, 1891. Pam-
phlet, salmon-color, 9. 7 X. 2X6.1, pp. (3), 87. Sydney: 1891.
Bulletin No. 4. Report of the Conference of Fruit-Growers,
together with appendices. Etc. February, 1891. Pamphlet, yellow,
9. 7X. 2X6.1, pp. 61. Sydney: 1891. H. C. L. Anderson, Director.

New South Wales, Agricultural Gazette of. Vol. V, parts 1-12. 12
pamphlets, green, 9.7X.1-.2X6.1, pp. viii, 887; plates, cuts, map,
etc. Sydney : January to December, 1894. H. C. L. Anderson,
Director, Department of Agriculture, N. S. W.

Rust in Wiieat Conferences. Reports of the First, Second, Third, and
Fourth Sessions, 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1894, held in Melbourne,
Sydney, Adelaide, and Brisbane, Australia. 4 pamphlets, 8.5X.1X
5.5 and 13. 5X. 2X8. 5, pp. 64, 56, 74, and 77; diagrams, cuts, etc.
Melbourne: 1890; (Sydney: 1891); Adelaide: 1892; and Brisbane :
1894. D. Martin, Secretary for Agriculture.

Victoria Department of Agriculture.

Report on Rust in Wheat Experiments, 1892-3, by D. McAlpine,
Government Vegetable Pathologist. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.4X.2
X5.5, pp. 66; 2 maps, 7 plates. Melbourne: 1894. D. Martin,
Secretary for Agriculture.

Guides to Growers. No. 15. Spraying for Fungus Diseases.
Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5.4, pp. 8.

A Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, witii notes on
the methods to be adopted to check and extirpate them. By C.
Frencli, F. L. S., F. R. H. S., Government Entomologist. Parts I
and II.

(I.) Purple cloth, 8. 7X. 6X5. 6, pp. 153, iv; 14 colored and 13
plain plates. Melbourne: 1891.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 395

(II.) Light brown cloth, 8.8X.5X5.7, pp. (3), 222; colored
plates 15-36, 11 plain plates. Melbourne: 1893.

Revised List of Fruit Trees, etc., recommended for cultivation as
suitable for Marketing, Canning, Drying, Exporting, etc. January,
1894. Pamphlet, light brown, 8. 4X. 3X5. 3, pp. 125. Melbourne:
(1894).

Proceedings of Conference of Horticultural Societies and Fruit
Growers' Associations. Held in the Board Room, Lands Depart-
ment, 29th and 30th March, 1894. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.4X.1
X5.5, pp. 58. Melbourne: (1894).

Monthly lectures delivered at School of Horticulture, by various
specialists during 1892-1893. Pamphlet, light brown, 8. 4X .3X5.5,
pp. 124; 10 plates, cuts. Melbourne: n.d.

Course of Lectures delivered by Officers of the Department of
Agriculture during the year 1891, in the Working Mens' College,
Melbourne- Pamphlet, light brown, 8.4X.4X5.4, pp. 168; cuts.
Melbourne : n.d.

Illustrated Description of Thistles, etc., included within the
provisions of the Thistle Act of 1890. Pamphlet, light brown,
8. 4X. 2X5.3, pp. 20; 12 plates, numbered 1-9. Melbourne: 1893.

Proceedings of Conference of Vine=Growers' Associations. Held
in the Board Room, Lands Department, 10th and 11th May, 1894.
Pamphlet, light brown, 8.4X.2X5.5, pp. 88. Melbourne: (1894).

Poultry Breeding and Management for the English Markets.
Pamphlet, 8.3X — X5.4, pp. 31 ; 14 cuts. Melbourne : n. d.

Report of Mr. D. Wilson, Dairy Expert, on the Dairying Industry
in Victoria. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.4X — X5.4, pp. 17. Mel-
bourne : 1894.

The eleven preceding entries from D. Martin, Secretary for
Agriculture.

INSECTS, DISEASES, ETC.

Ontario, Entomological Society of. Twenty-fourth Annual Report. 1893.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.6X.2X6.4, pp. vi. 111: frontispiece, 39
cuts. Toronto : 1894. W. E. Saunders, Secretary.

Canadian Entomologist, The. Edited by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A.,
D. C. L., William Saunders and others. Vol. 26, 1894. 12 pam-
phlets, green, 8.9X — X5.7, pp. 367; 1 portrait, cuts. London,
Ontario : 1894. J. Alston Moffat, Librarian, Entomological Society.

New York, Injurious and other Insects of the State of. Eighth Report,
for the year 1891. [From the Forty-fifth Report on the New York
State Museum.] Green cloth, 9. IX. 8X6.1, pp. 105-320; 3 plates,
53 cuts. Albany : 1893.

Ninth Report, for the year 1892. [From the Forty-sixth Report,
etc.] Green cloth, 9.1X. 7X5.9, pp. 292-494, (i), (Hi); 1 plate, 34
cuts. Albany 1893. Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist.

396 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sempers, Frank W. Injurious Insects and the use of Insecticides. A
new descriptive manual on noxious insects, with methods for their
repression. Pamphlet, gray, 7.4X.6X4.9, pp. 216; frontispiece,
184 cuts. Philadelphia: 1894. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Publishers.

Burlinghara, Richard. Instructions to prevent the Blight incident to
Peach, Nectarine, and other Fruit Trees, pp. 81. London : 1802.
[Also] An Appendix to the Treatise on Blights or the Green Insect
called the Aphis, with the means to prevent it. Etc. pp. IG. Lon-
don ; 1803. Half calf, 8. 4X. 4X5. S. F.

Ormerod, Eleanor A., F. R. Met. Soc, etc. Report of Observations of
Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests, during the year 1892,
with Methods of Prevention and Remedy. Sixteenth Report. Sal-
mon-colored paper, 9. 7X. 3X6.1, pp. vii, (1), 167; 4 plates, cuts.
London: 1893.

during the year 1893. Seventeenth Report, pp. vii, (1),

152; 1 plate, cuts. London: 1894. S. F.

Ntitzliehe Garteninsekten nach dem Leben gemalt von H. Frhr. v. Schil-
ling. 1 colored plate, 11.7X8.5. With one sheet of manuscript
description in English. Mrs. Wilhelmine Seliger.

Seymour, A. B., and F. S. Earle, Editors and Publishers. Economic
Fungi. A Series of Specimens designed chiefly to illustrate the
Fungus Diseases of Useful and Noxious Plants. 8 fascicles bound
in 5 volumes. Fascicle I. Numbers 1-50. (" . . . a general collec-
tion of destructive parasites, especially those of the Vine and Rose
Families.") January 1, 1890. Fascicle II. Numbers 51-100.
Parasites on Grasses and Grass-like Plants. January 1, 1891.
Fascicles III and IV. Numbers 101-200. Parasites on Forest
Trees and other woody plants indigenous or cultivated for orna-
ment. September 1, 1892. Fascicle V. Numbers 201-250. Chiefly
Uredinece parasitic on woody plants including Gymnosporangia with
their aecidial stages. February 1, 1893. Fascicles VI- VIII.
Numbers 251-400. Parasites on Weeds ... as auxiliary to the
Experiment Station Exhibit of Weeds at the Columbian Exposition
at Chicago. With the co-operation of Byron D. Halsted and others.
May 1, 1893. 5 vols. Boards, black cloth back, 11.8X1.-2.4X9.
Cambridgfe: 1890-1893. S. F.

"Weed, Clarence M., D. Sc. Fungi and Fungicides. A practical Manual
concerning the Fungous Diseases of Cultivated Plants and the
means of preventing their ravages. Olive-green cloth, 7. 5 X. 8X5.1,
pp. vii, 228; 17 plates, 90 cuts. New York : 1894. S. F.

— . Spraying Crops. Why, When, and How. 2d (revised)

edition. Pale green paper, 6.2X.3X4.5, pp. 130; 5 plates, 40 cuts.
New York : 1894. S. F.

Spray Calendar. Issued by E. G. Lodeman, Assistant Horticulturist in
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Broadside, 15.8X9.8. E. G.
Lodeman.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 397

Plagg, "William J. Hand-Book of the Sulphur-Cure, as applicable to the
Vine Disease of America, and Diseases of Apple and other Fruit
Trees. Flesh-colored paper, 7. 3X. 3X5., pp. 99 : cuts. New York:
1870. S. F.

Hereman, Samuel, assisted by a Nobleman's Gardener. Blight on Flowers;
or, Figures and Descriptions of tlie Insects infesting the Flower
Garden ; including various means for destroying those which by
their depredations occasion many of the Diseases of Plants. Also,
copious directions for the successful management of all kinds of
Flowers, whether in the Hothouse, Greenhouse, or Open Air. (Vol.
II. Gardener's Library.) Dull green cloth, 9.2X.8X5.8, pp. x,
(2), ii, 242; colored frontispiece and 17 colored plates (numbered
1-16). London: 1840. S. F.

Sorauer, Dr. Paul. Atlas der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Part 6. Atlas.
Boards, 16. X. 2X10.1, colored plates 41-48. Text. Pamphlet, 10.2
X — X6.7, pp. 35-43. Berlin: n. d. S. F.

Curtis, Charles E. The Manifestation of Disease in Forest Trees, the
Causes and Remedies. Red cloth, 7.3X.3X5., pp. 49. London:
1892. S. F.

Hartig, Dr. Robert. Wichtige Krankheiten der Waldbjiume. Beitriige
zur Mycologie und Phytopathologie fiir Botaniker und Forstmanner.
Boards, dull green cloth back, 11. 4X. 6X8. 9, pp. viii, 127; 6 plates.
Berlin: 1874. S. F.

GENERAL BOTANY.

Scaliger, Julius Caesar. Commentarii et animadversiones, in sex libros de
causis plantarura Theophrasti. pp. (8), 396, (27). Lugduni :
1566.

[Also] -. In libros de plantis Aristoteli inscriptos,

commentarii. pp. 143, (7). Lugduni: 1566.

Parchment, 12.7X1.5X8.6. Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant.

(Rivinus, August Quirinus.) Ordo plantarum, quae sunt iiore irregulari

pentapetalo. pp. (6), 28, (6) ; (139) plates. Lipsia; : 1699.

[Also] . Icones plantarum quae sunt flore irreg-
ulari hexapetalo. (17) plates. (Lipsise : 1760.)

Half sheep. 16.5X 16X11.7. [Contains 12 plates from some
other work.] Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant.
Hill, John, M. D., Exotic Botany illustrated in Thirty-five Figures of
Curious and Elegant Plants : explaining the Sexual System ; and
tending to give some New Lights into the Vegetable Philosophy.
Half red morocco, 18.9X.7X 11.6, pp. iv, 35, (2); 35 colored plates.
London: 1759. S. F.
Schmidel, Casimir Christoph. Icones plantarum et analyses partium aeri
incisae atque vivis coloribus insignitae adjectis indicibus nominura
necessariis tigurarum explicationibus et brevibus animadversionibus
quas composuit D. Casimirus Christophorus Schmidel. Curante et
edente Joanne Christophoro Keller. (Manipulus II curante et
13

398 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

edente Valpntino Bischoff.) Calf, 16.2X1.7X10.5, pp. 197, (3);
50 colored plates. (Norinibergae) : 1762, 1776. S. F.

Hookers' Icones Plantarum ; or Figures, with descriptive characters and
remarks, of new and rare plants selected from the Kew Herbarium.
Edited for the Bentham Trustees by Daniel Oliver, F. R. S.,
F. L. S. Under the Authority of the Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew. Fourth Series. Vol. II. Parts //, ///,
and IV. March and October, 1893, and April, 1894, plates 2126-
2200, inclusive, with descriptive text. London : 1893, 1894. Vol.
III. Parts III and IV. May, 1893, and January, 1894, plates
2251-2300, inclusive, with descriptive text. London: 1893, 1894.
Half green morocco, 8.6X1.7X6. S. F.

Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. (119-121.) Monographic des Cype-
racees, Restiacees et ]<^riocaulacees. pp. 336-402; cuts 341-374.
Paris : 1893.

(122.) Monographie des Liliacees. pp. 403-611 ; cuts 375-554.
Paris: 1894.

(123-125.) Monographie des Amaryllidacees, Bromeliacees, et
Iridacees. pp. 164; 106 cuts. Paris: 1894.
3 parts, blue paper, 11.X.2-.5X7. S. F.

Engler, A., und K. Prantl, fortgesetzt von A. Engler. Die natiirlichen
Pflanzen-familien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten
insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, etc. Lieferungen 1-109, green
paper, 10. IX. 1-.2X7., plates and cuts. Leipzig : 1887-1894. S.F.

CandoUe, Alphonse et Casimir de. Monographiaj Phanerogamarum
prodromi nunc conlinuatio, nunc revisio editoribus, etc. Vol.
octavum. Gultiferffi, auctore Juliano Vesque. Half black morocco,
10.3X1.4X6.9, pp. (8), 669. Parisiis : 1893. S. F.

Hooker, Joseph D., and B. Daydon Jackson. Index Kewensis. An enu-
meration of the genera and species of flowering plants from the
time of Linnaeus to the year 1885, inclusive, together with their
authors' names, the works in which they were first published, their
native countries and their synonyms. Compiled at the expense of
the late Charles Robert Darwin under the direction of Joseph D.
Hooker, by B. Daydon Jackson. Vol. 1, in two parts. (Aa — Den-
drobium and Dendrobium to Justicia. ) 2 vols. Olive-green cloth,
13.x 1.6X10.8, pp. xiv, 728 and vii, 729-1268. Oxford : 1893. S.F.

Milne, Colin, LL.D. A Botanical Dictionary : or Elements of Systematic
and Philosophical Botany. 3d edition, revised, corrected and very
considerably enlarged. Full calf, 8.5X1.9X5.5, unpaged, signa-
tures a-z, and aa-zz2 ; 25 colored plates, 3 tables. London: 1805.
S. F.

Crozier, A. A. A Dictionary of Botanical Terms. Olive-green cloth,
8.8X.9X5.8, pp. v, 202. New York : 1892. S.F.

Jongkindt Coninck, A. M. C. Dictionnaire Latin- (Grec)- Frangais-
Anglais- Allemand- Hollandais, des principaux termes employes en
botanique et en horticulture. Pamphlet, green, 7. 6 X. 2X5.1, pp.
83. Harlem, Anvers, Londres, Paris, Leipsic : 1894. The Author.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 399

Lindley, John, Ph.D., F. K. S. Elements of Botany, Structural, Physio-
logical, Systematical, and Medical. Being a Fourth Edition of the
Outline of the First Principles of Botany. Black cloth, 8.9X1. X
5.8, pp. iv, 292; cuts. London: 1841. S. F.

Bower, F. O. A Course of Practical Instruction in Botany. Part L
2d edition. Red cloth, 7.P.X1.1X5., pp. xiv, 329, xlvi; 15 cuts.
London and New York : 1888. S. F.

Bessey, Cliarles E., Ph.D. Elementary Botanical Exercises for Public
Schools and Private Study. Orange paper, 7.7X.1X'1.9, pp. 50,
(2). Lincoln, Neb. : 189:i. S. F.

Kitchener, F. E., M. A., F. L. S. Naked-Eye Botany with illustrations
and floral problems. (Beginners' Text-Books of Science. Botany.)
Dull blue cloth, 6.9X.5X4.6, pp. xii, 182; 52 cuts, 1 table.
London : 1892. S. F.

Vines, Sydney H., M. A., D. Sc, F. R. S. A Student's Text-book of
Botany. (First half.) Brown cloth, 8.7X1.2X5.8, pp. x, 430;
279 cuts. London : 1894. S. F.

Geddes, Patrick. Chapters in Modern Botany. (University Extension
Manuals.) Crimson cloth, 7.2X.7X5., pp. xii, 201; 8 cuts. New
York: 1893. S. F.

Gaye, Selina. The Great World's Farm. Some Account of Nature's
Crops and how they are grown. With a Preface by G. S. Boulger,
F. L. S., F. G. S. Dark blue cloth, 9.7X1.3X5.5, pp. x, (1), 365;
frontispiece, 15 plates. London : 1893. S. F.

Porster, T., M. B., F. L. S., M. A. S., M. M. R., etc.. Editor. The
Perennial Calendar and Companion to the Almanack, illustrating
the events of every day in the year, as connected with History,
ChronoloK3', Botany, Natural History, etc., etc. Boards, drab,
0.1X2.X5.7, pp. xxvii, 803. London : 1824. S. F.

Haworth., Adrian Hardy. Miscellanea naturalia sive dissertationes varia9
ad historiam naturalem spectantes. Half red calf, 8. 7 X. 6X5. 5, pp.
204. Londini: 1803. S. F.

Smith, James Edward, M. D., F. R. S., etc., etc. Tracts relating to
Natural History. Half calf, 8.6X.8X5.4, pp. xiv, 312; 1 plain and
6 colored plates. London : 1798. S. F.

Grindoa, Leo H. The Shakspere Flora. A guide to all the principal
passages in which mention is made of Trees, Plants, Flowers, and
Vegetable Productions; with comments and botanical particulars.
Half dark red morocco, 8.5X1.4X7.2, pp. xii, 327; plates. Man-
chester and London : 1883. Nathaniel T. Kidder.

New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station. Report of the
Botanical Department by Byron D. Halsted, Sc.D., for the year
1893. Pamphlet, yellow, 9. X. 3X5. 7, pp. 287-436, ii; 73 cuts.
Trenton, N. J. : 1894. The Author.

Nebraska, University of. Contributions from the Botanical Department.
New Series.

I. A Second Report upon the Native Trees and Shrubs of
Nebraska. By Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D. (Reprinted from the

400 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Annual Report of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1892.)
Pamphlet, 8. 7X. 1X5. 9, pp. 37. Lincoln: n.d.

II. Sixth Annual Report of the Botanist to the Nebraska State
Board of Agriculture. (Reprinted from the Annual Report of the
Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, 1892.) (Issued April 15,
1892.) Pamphlet, 8.7X — X5.7, pp. IG. Lincoln: 1892.

III. A Second Edition of Webber's " Appendix to the Catalogue
of the Flora of Nebraska." With a Supplementary List of Recently
Reported Species, by Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D. (Issued June 14,
1892.) Pamphlet, 9. 7X. 1X6. 4, pp. 55. Lincoln : 1892.

IV. Transpiration, or the loss of water from Plants, by Charles
E. Bessey, Ph.D., and Albert F. Woods, A. IVf. (Reprinted from
the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Vol. XL.) (Read August, 1891 : Distributed July,
1892.) Pamphlet, 9. 3X — X 6., pp. 305-308. Lincoln: (1892).

V. Seventh Annual Report of the Botanist of the Nebraska
State Board of Agriculture. By Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D.
(Extracted from the Annual Report of tlie Nebraska State Board of
Agriculture, 1893.) (Distributed June 27, 1893.) Pamphlet, 8. 6X
.2X5.8, pp. 199-293; 33 cuts. Lincoln: (1893).

VI. The Botany of the Apple Tree. By Charles E. Bessey,
Ph.D., assisted by Albert F. Woods, A. M. (Extracted from the
Annual Report of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1894.)
(Distributed March 27, 1894.) Pamphlet, 8. 7X. 1X5.9, pp. 36; 10
cuts. Lincoln: (1894). [2 copies.] Professor Bessey.

ECONOMIC AND MEDICAL BOTANY.

Bryant, Charles. Flora Dlffitetica: or, History of Esculent Plants, both
domestic and foreign. Etc. Half calf, 8.5X1. X5. 4, pp. xvi, 379,
(12). London: 1783. S. F.

Cobb, J. H., A. M. A Manual containing information respecting the
growth of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable directions for the Cul-
ture of Silk, in three parts. (1st edition.) Boards, light brown
cloth back, 7.3X.3X4.7, pp. 08; 1 plain and 2 colored plates.
Boston : 1831. Warren H. Manning.

Muller, Baron Ferd. von. Select Extra-Tropical Plants, readily eligible
for Industrial Culture or Naturalization, with indications of their
native countries and some of their uses. 8th edition, revised and
enlarged. Half green calf, 8.4X1.4X5.7, pp. viii, 591. Melbourne:
1891. S. F.

Hayne, Friedrich Gottlob. Getreue Darstcllung und Beschreibung der in
der Arzneykunde gebriiuchlichen Gewiichse, wie auch soldier
welche mit ihnen verwechselt werden konnen. (Vols. 12 and 13
edited by J. F. Brandt and J. T. C. Ratzeburg. Vol. 14 by
Friedrich Klotzsch.) 14 vols. Half sheep, 11. X. 9X8. 8, 48 colored
plates, with descriptive text, in each volume, except Vol. 14, which
contains 24. Berlin : 1805-( 1846). S. F.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 401

TERRITORIAL BOTANY.

Sruhin, Thomas A. Prodronius Florae adventitiae Boreali-Americanae.
Vorlaufer einer- Flora der in Nordamerika eingewanderten
freiwachsenden oder im Grossen cultivirten Pflanzen. (Vorgelegt
von Secretar Dr. G. Beck in der Versammlung am 6. Mai 1885.)
(Aus den Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesell-
schaft in Wien [Jahrgang 1885] besonders abgedruckt.) Pamphlet,
8.9X.1X5.7, pp. 64 (or 387-450). Nathaniel T. Kidder.

Gray, Asa. First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology, etc. To
which is added a copious Glossary or Dictionary of Botanical Terms,
pp. xii, 236; 367 ciits. New York: 1868.

[Also] Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States,
including Virginia, Kentucky, and all East of the Mississippi;
arranged according to the Natural System. Fourth Revised Edition,
with Garden Botany, etc. With fourteen plates, illustrating the
Grasses, Ferns, etc. pp. ci, 606, (33); 14 plates. New York:
1868.
Half black leather, 8.5X1.7X5.7. Mrs. J. Hildreth.

Allon, John A., Compiler. A List of the Plants contained in the Sixth
Edition of Gray's Manual of the Botany of the Northern United
States, including the District East of the One Hundredth Meridian
and North of North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. Gray
paper, 7. X. 3X4.7, pp. (2), 130. Cambridge, Mass.: May, 1893.
S. F.

Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Contributions from the. New
Series, No. VI. I. The North American Alsineae. II. Descrip-
tions of New and hitherto Imperfectly Known Plants contained in
C. G. Pringle's Mexican Collections of 1892 and "'1893. III. Notes
upon the Genus Galinsoga. IV. Miscellaneous Notes and New
Species. By B. L. Robinson. (From the Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXIX.) Pamphlet,
tea, 9. 6X. IX 6.1, pp. 273-330. [Issued May 23, 1894.]

No. VIL Further New and Imperfectly Known Plants collected
in Mexico by C. G. Pringle in the Summer of 1893. By B. L.
Robinson and J. M. Greenman. (From the Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. XXIX.) Pamphlet,
tea, 9.6X — X6.2, pp. 382-394. [Issued June 29, 1894.]

No. VIII. New plants collected by Messrs. C. V. Hartman and
C. E. Lloyd, upon an Archaeological Expedition to Nortliwestern
Mexico under the direction of Dr. Carl Lumholtz. By B. L. Rob-
inson and M. L. Fernald. [From the Proceedings of the Ameri-
can Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXX.) Pamphlet, tea,
9.6X — X6.1, pp. 114-123. [Issued August z7, 1894.]

The Gray Herbarium.

Hand, Edward L., and John H. Redfield. Flora of Mt. Desert Island,
Maine. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Plants growing on Mount

402 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Desert and the Adjacent Islands. With a Geological Introduction
by William Morris Davis and a new map of Mount Desert Island.
Linen, 9. XI. X5. 9, pp. 286; 1 map. Cambridge : 1894. S. F.

Dana, Mrs. William Starr. According to Season. Talks about the flowers
in the order of their appearance in the woods and fields. Light
green cloth, 9. IX. 7X4., pp. 159. New York : 1894. S. F.

Greene, Edward Lee. Manual of the Botany of the Region of San
Francisco Bay, being a Systematic Arrangement of the Higher
Plants Growing Spontaneously in the counties of Marin, Sonoma,
Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo,
and San Francisco, in the State of California. (Issued 2 February,
1894.) Pamphlet, gray, 9.5X.7X6., pp. xiii, 328. San Francisco:
1894. The Author.

Martins, Karl Friedrich Philipp A'on. Flora Brasiliensis, etc., etc.
Fasciculus 111. Malvaceae II. pp. 457-624; plates 81-114.
(With title-page and index to Vol. XII, part III.) Lipsite : Apr.
15, 1892. Fasciculus 2i2.— Bromeliaceae II. pp. 281-424;
plates 63-80. Lipsiae : May 15, 1892. Fasciculus 113. — Sapin-
daceae I. pp. 225-346; plates 58-80. Lipsiae: July 1, 1893.
Fasciculus 114. — Orchidaceae I. pp. 160; plates 34. Lipsiae:
July 1, 1893. Fasciculus 125.— Bromeliaceae III. pp. 425-634;
plates 81-114. Lipsiaj : Feb. 1, 1894. Fasciculus 116. — Typhaceae.
pp. 635-642; plate 115. Triuridaceae, Lilaeaceae, Potamogetona-
ceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Batidaceae,
Goodenoughiaceae, Cornaceae. pp. 643-816; plates 116-128. (With
title-page and index to Vol. Ill, part III.) Lipsiae: Apr. 15, 1894.
Six parts, brown paper, maroon cloth back, 18.6X.3-.6X12. S. F.

Henfrey, Arthur, F. L. S., etc., etc. The Vegetation of Europe, its con-
ditions and causes. (Outlines of the Natural History of Europe.
Vol. 1.) Dull green cloth, 7.X1.X4.5, pp. (1), 387; 1 map.
London: 1852. S. F.

Hooker, J. D., C. B. The Student's Flora of the British Islands. Green
cloth, 6.9X1.7X4.8, pp. xx, 504. London : 1870. S. F.

Johns, Rev. C. A., B. A., F. L. S. Flowers of the Field. 6th edition.
Blue cloth, 6.6X1.5X4.4, pp. lix, 664; cuts. London: [1865?]
S. F.

Crespigny, Eyre Ch. de, M. D., M. R. C. S., etc. A New London
Flora; or. Handbook to the Botanical Localities of the Metropolitan
Districts. Etc. Olive-green cloth, 6.7X.7X4.2, pp. xxiv, 179.
London : 1877. S. F.

Babington, Charles C, M. A. Primitiie Florae Sarnicae; or, an Outline of
the Flora of the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
and Scrk. Containing a catalogue of the plants indigenous to the
islands, etc., etc. Boards, drab cloth back, 7.6X .5X4.5, pp. xvi,
132. London: 1839. S. F.

Schubeler, Dr. F. C. Viridarium Norvegicura. Norges Vajxtrige. Et
Bidrag til Nord-Europas Natur- og Culturhistorie. 3 vols. Half

LIBRARY ACOKSSIONS, 403

olive-green morocco, 11.4X1.3X9.1. (1.) pp. 610; 111 cuts, 4
maps. Christiania: 1886. (2.)pp-587; cuts 112-153. Christiania :
1888. (3.) pp. vi, 679; portrait, cuts 154-167. Christiania: 1889.
S. F.

Kops, Jan, and others. Flora Batava. Afbeehling en Beschrijving der
Nederlandsche Gewassen. Etc. Vol. 29, part 30o, with title-page
and index (completing the A'olume). Half black cloth, 10.1X1.8
X7., colored plates 1516-1520, with descriptive text. Leiden:
(1893?)

( Vol. 20,) parts 304-306. Unbound, 10.4X. 1X6.5, colored plates
1521-1535, with descriptive text. Leiden : (1894?) S. F.

Parlatore, Filippo. Flora Italiana, continuata da Teodoro Caruel. Vol.
X ed ultimo. Blue paper, 9. 3X. 5X6.1, pp. 234. Firenze : Aprile,
1894. S. F.

Cesati, V., G. Passerini e G. Gibelli. Compendio della Flora Italiana.
Fasc. 38 and 39 (in continuation). Pink paper, 11. X — X8., plates
112-123, with descriptive text. Milano, Napoli, etc. S. F.

Boissier, Edmond. Flora Orientalis sive enumeratio plantarum in
Oriente a Grsecia et ^^gypto ad Indias fines hucusque observatarum.
5 vols., and Supplement edited by R. Buser, which contains "Notice
sur la vie et les travaux botaniques d'Edmond Boissier," by Dr. H.
Christ. Half olive-green morocco, 9.7 X 1.5-3. X 6.4, pp. xxxiv,
1017; 1159; 1033: 1276; 868; xxxiii, 466: portrait ami 6 plates
(in Supplement). Genevae, Basileas, Lugduni : 1867-1888. S. F.

Hooker, Sir J. D., C. B., K. C. S. I., etc., etc., assisted by various Botan-
ists. The Flora of British India. Vol. VI. Orchideffi to Cyper-
acese. Dark green cloth, 9. X 1.7X6., pp. 792. London : 1894. S. F.

G-ray, Asa, and others. Plants collected in Japan by S. Wells Williams,
Esq., and Dr. James Morrow. Account of the Botanical Specimens,
etc. (Carex by Francis Boott; Filices by Daniel C. Eaton; Musci
and Hepaticae by W. S. SuUivant; Algje by W. H. Harvey.)
\_Frn'm Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the
China Seas and Japan, performed in the years 1852, 1853 and 1854.
II.] Pamphlet, gray, 11. 5X. 1X8. 9, pp. 303-332. [1857.] Nathan-
iel T. Kidder.

Hasskarl, Justus Karl. Neuer Schliissel zu Rumph's Herbarium Amboi-
nense. (Besonders abgedruckt aus den Abhandlungen der Naturf.
Gesellschaft Bd. IX. Heft 2.) Half black roan, 11. 4X. 9X8.9, pp.
247, vi. Halle: 1866. S. F.

Volkens, Dr. Georg. Die Flora der iEgyptisch-Arabischen Wiiste auf
Grundlage anatoniisch-physiologischer Forschungen. Olive-green
cloth, 11. X. 8X8.8, pp. viii, 156; 18 plates, colored and plain.
Berlin: 1887. S. F.

Bi^VOil, Georges. Faune et Flore des Pays Comalis (Afrique%rientale).
[Contains] Sertuluni Sonialense par A. Franchet, pp. 70 ; 6 plates.
Half maroon morocco, 9.5X2.1X6.7, pp. (492); frontispiece and
(23) plates, colored and plain, cuts. Paris : 1882. S. F.

404 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Drake del Castillo, E. Illustrationes Florae Insularum Maris Pacifici.
7 fasciculi. Half maroon morocco, 12.5X2.6X10., pp. 458; 50
plates. Parisiis : 1886-1892. S. F.

BOTANICAL MONOGRAPHS.

Reielieilbacll, Heinrich Gustav, fil. Xenia Orchidacea. Beitrage zur
Kenntniss der Orcliideen . . . fortgesetzt durch F. Kriinzlin.
Vol. Ill, Parts 7 and 8. Corn-colored paper, 11.6X.1X9., pp. 109-
140; plates 261-280, partly colored. Leipzig : 1893, 1894. S. F.

Gray, Asa. Remarks on Menodora, Humh. and Bonpl., and Bolivaria,
Cham, and Schlecht. (From the American Journal of Science and
Arts, 2nd Series, Vol. XIV.— July, 1852.) Pamphlet, 6.4X — X
5.7, pp. 41-45. Nathaniel T. Kidder.

Trelease, William. The North American Species of Gayophytum and
Boisduvalia. (Reprinted in advance from the Fifth Annual Report
of the Missouri Botanical Garden.) Issued January 5, 1894. Pam-
phlet, pale green, 8.9X.1X6., pp. 16; plates 17-26. The Author.

Sch.euchzer, Juhann. Agrostographia, sive Graniinum, Juncorum, Cyper-
oruni, Cyperoidum, iisque affinium historia. pp. (38), 512, (24);
11 and 8 plates. Tiguri : 1719.

[Also'] Haller, Albert von. Appendices in Joh. Scheuchzeri
Agrostographiani. pp.92. Tiguri: 1775.
Boards, mottled black, 8.2X2.1X7.3.

[Also a second copy of Appendices. Boards, mottled orange-
color, 8. 2X.5X6.7.] Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Scribner, F. Lamson-. Grasses of Tennessee. Part II. (Bulletin No. 1,
Vol. VII, of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University
of Tennessee. January, 1894.) Pamphlet, blue, 9. IX. 4X6., pp.
141; 47 plates. Knoxville, Tenn. : (1894). Charles F. Vanderford,
Secretary.

Williams, Frederic N. Enumeratio specierum varietatumque generis
Dianthus. Olive-green cloth, 8. 5X. 1X5. 6, pp. 23. London : 1889.
S. F.

Beddome, Col. R. H., F. L. S. Supplement to the Ferns of British India,
Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula, containing Ferns which have been
discovered since the publication of "The Handbook to the Ferns of
British India," etc. Gray paper, 7.6X.3X5.5, pp. 110. Calcutta,
Bombay, London : 1892. S. F.

Underwood, Lucien Marcus. Our Native Ferns and their allies ; with
Synoptical Descriptions of the American Pteridophyta North of
Mexico. 4th edition, revised. Dark green cloth, 7. 6X .8X5.1, pp.
xii, 156; frontispiece, 35 cuts. New York: 1893. S. F.

t PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY.

Gibson, W. Hamilton. The Welcomes of the Flowers. Pamphlet,
9.8X— X6.7, pp. 551-566; 14 cuts. (Harper's Magazine, March,
1894.) J. D. W. French.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 405

Muller, Luise. Grundziige einer vergleichenden Anatoraie der Blumen-
bliitter. Gekronte Preisschrift. (Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.- Carol.
Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Band LIX. Nr. 1.)
Pamphlet, gray, black cloth back, 12. 8X. 8X10., pp. 356; 22 plates.
Halle: 1893. Prof. Dr. K. v. Fritscii.

Dumortier, B. C. Essai Carpographique presentant une nouvelle classifi-
cation des fruits. Olive-green cloth, 10. 4X. 6X8. 4, pp. 136; 3
plates. Bruxelles: 1835. S. F.

Henfrey, Arthur, F. L. S. On the Anatomy of the Stem of Victoria
regia. (Part J.) Communicated by Professor Edward Forbes,
F. R. S. Read April 22, 1852. (Philosophical Transactions, 1852.
Part II.) pp. 289-294 ; plates XIX and XX.

(Part 2.) Read May 19, 1859. (Philosophical Transactions,
1859.) pp. 479-492; plates XXVIII-XXXII. Pamphlet, 11. IX. 1
X8.6. (London: 1852 and 1859.) L. A.

Zimmermann, Dr. A. Botanical Microtechnique. A Handbook of
Methods for the Preparation, Staining, and Microscopical Investiga-
tion of Vegetable Structures. Translated from the German by
James Ellis Humphrey, S. D. Linen, 8.8X1. X6., pp. xii, 296; 63
cuts. New York : 1893. S. F.

Atkinson, George F., Ph.B. The Study of the Biology of Ferns by the
Collodion Method. For advanced and collegiate students. Dull
green cloth, 9. IX. 8X6., pp. xii, 134; 163 cuts. New York : 1894.
S. F.

Dodge, Charles Wright, M. S. Introduction to Elementary Practical
Biology. A Laboratory Guide for High School and College Stu-
dents. Dark blue cloth, 8.2X1.3X5.6, pp. xxiii, 422. New York :
1894. S. F.

Barber, C. A., B. A. The Structure of Pachytheca. [I.] [Annals of
Botany, Vol. Ill, No. X, May, 1889.] Pamphlet, gray, 9.4X — X
6.3, pp. 141-148; 1 partly colored plate.

. The Structure of Pachytheca. II. [Annals of Botany,

Vol. V, No. XVIII, April, 1891.] Pamphlet, gray, 9.4X — X6.3,.
pp. 145-162; 1 plate.

. On a change of Flowers to Tubers in Nymphaea Lotus, var..

monstrosa. [Annals of Botany, Vol. IV., No. XIII, November,
1889.] Pamphlet, gray, 9.4X — X6.3, pp. 105-116; 1 plate.

. On the Nature and Development of the Corky Excrescences

on Stems of Zanthoxylum. [Annals of Botany, Vol. VI, No.
XXII, July, 1892.] Pamphlet, gray, 9.4X— X6.3, pp. 155-166; 2
plates.

. Nematophycus Storriei, nov. sp. [Annals of Botany, Vol.

VI, No. XXIV, December, 1892.) Pamphlet, gray, 9.4X — X6.3,
pp. 329-338 ; 2 plates.

These five pamphlets from the Department of Agriculture of the-
Leeward Islands, St. Johns, Antigua.

406 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.

Dillenius, Johann Jakob. Historia muscorum ; in qua circiter sexoentae
species veteres et novae ad sua genera relatse describuntur : et
iconibus genuinis illustrantur : cum appendice et indice synonymo-
rum. Half calf, 11.7X2.2X9.2, pp. xvi, 576, 8; 85 plates. Edin-
burgi: 1811. Dr. Charles W. Swan.

Pry, The Right Hon. Sir Edward, LL.D., F. R. S., F. S. A., F. L. S.
British Mosses. Maroon cloth, 7. 8X. 5X5.1, pp. 71; 38 cuts.
London : 1892. S. F.

Palmer, Julius A., Jr. About Mushrooms; a Guide to the Study of
Esculent and Poisonous Fungi. Light brown linen, 9.5X .6X6.1,
pp. xiv, (2), 100; 13 plates. Boston: 1894. S. F.

!Ellis, J. B., and B. M. Everhart. The North American Pyrenomycetes.
A Contribution to Mycologic Botany. With original illustrations
by F. W. Anderson. Brown cloth, 9.2X2.2X6.5, pp. iii, 793; 41
plates, with descriptive text. Newfield, N. J. : 1892. S. F.

Massee, George. British Fungus-Flora. A classified Text-Book of
Mycology. 3 vols. Olive-green cloth, 7.9X1.3X5.3, pp. xii, 432 ;
vii, 460; viii, 512: cuts. London: 1892, 1893. S. F.

, . British Fungi. Phyconiycetes and Ustilagineae. Maroon

cloth, 7.7X.9X5.2, pp. xv, 232; 8 plates. London: 1891. S. F.

Hay, W. Delisle, F. R. G. S. The Fungus-Hunter's Guide, and Field
Memorandum-Book. With analytical keys to the orders and genera,
illustrated, and notes of important species. Olive-green cloth, 7.4
X.6X5., pp. 157, cuts. London: 1887. S. F.

XiUCand, Capitaine. Figures peintes de Champignons de la France.
(Suites a I'lconographie de Bulliard.) 16*^ fascicule. Blue paper,
13. IX. 2X10.2, colored plates 376-400. Autun:1889. S. F.

Cooke, M. C, M. A., LL. D., A. L. S. Handbook of Australian Fungi.
Green cloth, 8.8X1.8X5.8, pp. xxxii, 457; 36 plates, colored and
plain. London: 1892. S. F.

BOTANICAL SOCIETIES.

Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin. Edited by Nathaniel Lord Britton and
other members of the Club. Vol. 21, 1894. Half green morocco,
9.1X1.7X6.3, pp. ix, 538; plates 171-226. New York : 1894. The
Club.

. Memoirs. Vol. IV, No. 2. Report on the Botanical

Exploration of Southwestern Virginia during the season of 1892.
By John K. Small and Anna Murray Vail. The Musci determined
by Elizabeth G. Britton; the Hepatica; by Alexander W. Evans; the
Lichenes by J. W. Eckfeldt. Pamphlet, light brown, 9. IX. 3X5.9,
pp. 93-201 ; plates 75-82. (New York : November 18, 1893-April
17, 1894.) S. F.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 407

Xjinnean Societj- of London. Transactions. Second Series. Botany.

Vol. Ill, Part 8. On Bud-Protection in Dicotyledons. By
Percy Groom, B. A. Communicated by D. H. Scott, M. A., Ph. D.,
F. L. S. Read 18th February, 1892. pp. 255-266; plates 59, 60.
London : May, 1893. Part 9. On the Flora of the Eastern Coast
of tlie Malay Peninsula. By Henry N. Ridley, M. A., F. L. S.
Read 2d March, 1893. pp. 267-408; plates 61-66. London:
November, 1893. Part 10. Contributions to the Embryology of
the Amentiferie. Part I. By Margaret Benson, B. Sc. Read 15th
June, 1893. pp. 409-424 ; plates 67-72. London: February, 1894.
Part 11. Title-page, Contents, and Index, pp. iv, 425-456. Lon-
don : March, 1894. Vol. IV. Part 1. The Plants of Milangi,
Nyasa-land, collected by Mr. Alexander Whyte, F. L. S., and
described by Messrs. Britten, E. G. Baker, Rendle, Gepp, and
others; with an Introduction by William Carruthers, F. R. S.,
F. L. S. Read 19th January, 1893. pp. 67; 10 plates, 1 map.
London : May, 1894.

o parts^. blue paper, 12.X.1-.4X9.5. S. F.

. Journal. Botany. Vol. 26. No. 177, June 13,

1894. pp. 397-456; plates 9 and 10. Vol. 30. Nos. 206-208,
February 1, March 19, and July 10, 1894. pp. 63-280; plates 4-16.

4 parts, blue paper, 8.7X. 3X5. 8. London: 1894. S. F.
Edinburgh Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 19,

parts (II) and III. pp. 233-636 ; plates III a and IV. Edinburgh :

1892, 1893.

Vol. 20, part I. pp. 269 ; 2 plates. Edinburgh : 1894.

5 pamphlets, buff, 8 5-9.X.1-.6X5.7. The Society.

BOTANIC GARDENS.

Missouri Botanical Garden. Fifth Annual Report. Olive-green cloth,
9.7X1.X6.5, pp. 166; frontispiece, plates (8), 32. St. Louis, Mo.:
1894. William Trelease, Director.

■Jamaica Botanical Department. Bulletin. Published by the Department of
Public Gardens and Plantations. Edited by the Director, William
Fawcett, B. Sc, F. L. S. No. 49, November, 1893, and No. 50,
December, 1893 (Report of the Director of Public Gardens and
Plantations for the year ended 31st March, 1893). pp. 8 and 35.

New Series. Vol. I. Parts 1-12. January to December, 1894.
pp. 200.

10 pamphlets, light brown, 13.5X— X8.8, and 9.7X— X6.
Kingston, .Jamaica : 1893,1894. The Director.

Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information.

1893. Boards, green cloth back, 9.5X1.X6., pp. ii, 372, 6, 53; 2
plates, 1 cut. London : 1893. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Director.

. Official Guide to the North Gallery. Fifth Edition

revised and augmented. Pamphlet, light brown, 7. IX. 3X4. 8, pp.
xxxvi, 161; 1 map. London: 1892. Waldo 0. Ross.

408 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens. Official Guide to the Museums of Economicr

Botany. No. 3. Timbers. Second Edition. Revised and Aug-
mented. Pamphlet, light brown, 7.3X.2X5.8, pp.98. London:

1893. Waldo O. Ross.
KeWj Royal Botanic Garden and Arboretum, Key-Plan and Index to the.

1 sheet, folded, 16. X 11.9. Waldo 0. Ross.
Kew Guild, an Association of Kew Gardeners, past and present, The

Journal of the.

May, 1893. pp. (2), 59; portrait. London: 1893.
May, 1894. pp. (1), 58; 2 portraits. London: 1894.
2 pamphlets, green, 9.7X.2X6.2. W. Watson.
Lawson, Peter, & Son. Synopsis of the Vegetable Products of Scotland in

the Museum of the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew. Dull green.

cloth, 9. XI. 6X7. 2, pp. xx, 138, 128, 64,80,72,83; frontispiece..

•Edinburgh, 1852. S. F.
Acta Horti Petropolitani. Tomus XI, fasc. I and II; tomus XII, fasc. I

and II; tomus XIII, fasc. I. 5 pamphlets, gray, 9.5-10.8X.2-.5X

6.5-7.3, pp. 540, 4G4, and 177; plates. St. Petersburg: 1890, 1892,.

1893. A. Batalin, Director of the Botanic Garden.
Ortega, Casimiro Gomez. Novarum, aut rariorum plantarum horti reg.

botan. Matrit. descriptionum decades, cum nonnullarum iconibus.

Half red roan, 10.9X .5X7.7, pp. (8), 51 ; 6 plates. Matriti : 1797-

Bernard Quaritch.
Buitenzorg, Annales du Jardin botanique de, publiees par M. le Dr.

Melchior Treub. Vol. XI. pp. 218 ; 19 plates. Vol. XII, part 1.

pp. 116; 12 plates. 3 parts, blue paper, 9.9X.4X6.8. Leide :

1892, 1893, 1894. S. F.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES.

Boston Society of Natural History. Memoirs. Vol. Ill, No. XIV. A.
North American Anthurus — Its structure and development. By
Edward A. Burt. Pamphlet, tea, 12. IX. 1X96, pp. 487-509; 2
plates (numbered 49 and 50). Boston: 1894. The Society.

. Proceedings. Vol. XXVI. Parts II-III.

November 1893 to May, 1894. Pamphlet, tea, 9.8X.8X6., pp. 153-
393; 4 plates, cuts. Boston: 1894. The Society.

Essex Institute. Bulletin. Vol. 25, Nos. 7-12. July-December, 1893.
Vol. 26, Nos. 1-3. January-March, 1894. 3 pamphlets, 9.7X.2X
6. Salem: 1893, 1894. The Institute.

New York Microscopical Society. Journal. Vol. 10, 1894. 4 pam-
phlets, fawn, 9. IX. 1X5. 8, pp. 147; plates 38-44. New York :
1894. The Society.

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Journal. Vol. X. Part first. January
to June, 1893. Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X.1X5.8, pp. 44; cuts.
Raleigh: 1893.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 409

Part second. July to December, 1893. Pamphlet, blue, 9.X.1X
6.8, pp. 45-98 ; 2 plates. Chapel Hill, N. C. : 1894.

F. P. Venable, Secretary.
St. Louis, Academy of Science of. 1893. (Officers, Constitution, and By-
Laws, etc., etc.) Pamphlet, gray, 8. 3X. 2X5.9, pp. 91. The
Academy.

, . Transactions. Vol. VI, No. 11. Catalogue

of Reptiles and Batrachians found in the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo.
By Julius Hurter. Issued December 12, 1893. Pamphlet, gray,
9.5X. 1X6.3, pp. 251-262.

No. 12. Issued April 14, 1894. Pamphlet, gray, 9.6X.6X6.4,
pp. 263-380; 46 plates. (St. Louis : 1894.)

No. 13. A Study of the Relations of Salix Nigra and Salix
Amygdaloides, together with the Hybrids arising from them as these
species exhibit themselves in the yicinity of St. Louis. By N. M.
Glatfelter, M. D. Issued April 17, 1894. Pamphlet, gray, 9.7X —
XG. 3, pp. 427-431; 1 plate. (St. Louis : 1894.)

No. 14. Flowers and Insects — Rosaceae and Compositae. By
Charles Robertson. Issued April 26, 1894. Pamphlet, gray, 9.5X
.2X6.4, pp. 435-480. (St. Louis: 1894.)

No. 15. Determinations of the latitude, longitude, and height
above sea level of the Laws Observatory of the University of the
State of Missouri, containing a description of the building and
principal instruments. By Milton Updegraff. Issued May 1, 1894.
Pamphlet, gray, 9. 6X. 2X6.3, pp. 481-517; 1 plate. (St. Louis:
1894.)

No. 16. Issued May 7, 1894. Pamphlet, gray, 9.5X — X6.3, pp.
519-536. (St. Louis: 1894.)

No. 17. Issued June 1, 1894. Pamphlet, gray, 9.6X— X6.3,
pp. 537-544. (St. Louis : 1894.)
Ottawa Naturalist. The Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists'
Club. Vol. 7, Nos. 10-12, January to March, 1894. pp. 151-178.
Vol. 8, Nos. 1-9, April to December, 1894. pp. 142. 11 pamphlets,
gray, 8.3X — X5.7. Ottawa: 1894. AVilliara Scott, Librarian.
Leopoldina. Amtliches Organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Caruhnischen
Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Herausgegeben unter
Mitwirkung der Sektionsvorstacnde von deni Praesidenten Dr. C.
H. Knoblauch. Achtundzwanzigstes Heft. — Jahrgang 1892. Pam-
phlet, blue, 12. 5X. 3X9. 6, pp. 4, 212. Halle: 1892. Prof. Dr. K.
V. Fritsch.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Webster's international Dictionary of ^the English Language, being the
authentic edition of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, comprising
the issues of 1804, 1879, and 1884 now thoroughly revised and
enlarged under the supervision of Noah Porter, D. D., LL.D., of
Yale University. With a voluminous appendix. Full sheep, 12. IX
4.4X8.8, pp. 2118 ; 8 plates, portrait, cuts. Springfield : 1894. L. A.

410 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Calisch., J. M., en N. S. Calisch. Nieuw Engelsch Woordenboek..
Nederlandsch-Engelsch. — Engelseh-Nederlandsch. Zevende Druk.
Verbeterde en vermeerderde Uitgave. Green cloth, 8.4X1.8X5.8,
pp. (4), 16, 417, 499. Arnhem, Nijmegen: n.d. L. A.

Larsen, A. A Dictionary of the Dano-Norwegian and English Languages.
Second Edition, enlarged and rewritten, pp. viii, 695. Copen-
hagen: 1888.

[Also] Hosing, S. Engelsk-Dansk Ordbog. Sjette Udgave. pp>
ix, 541. K0benhavn: 1887.

2 vols. Half marbled calf, 8.2X1.-1.5X5.9. L. A.

Very, Frank W. Hail-Storms. (A Lecture delivered before the Pitts-
burgh Academy of Science and Art, January 5, 1894.) [Transac-
tions of the Academy of Science and Art of Pittsburgh.] Pamphlet,
9.1X — X5.9, pp. 20; 1 chart.

New England. Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the annual
meeting, 3 January, 1894, with the By-Laws of the Society. Pam-
phlet, pale green, lO.lX. 2X6.5, pp. 46,15. Boston: 1894. The
Secretary.

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Proceedings at its forty-first Annual
Meeting held December 14, 1893. Etc. Pamphlet, gray, 8.8X.3X
5.7, pp. 173; frontispiece, 2 plates. Madison: 1894. Reuben G.
Thwaites, Corresponding Secretary.

Boston Public Library. (Forty-second) Annual Report of the Trustees.

1893. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 6X. 1X6.1, pp. 62; 3 charts. Boston:

1894. The Trustees.

Salem Public Library. Fifth Report of the Trustees. December, 1893.
Pamphlet, olive, 9. 4X. 1X6. 7, pp. 20. Salem : 1894. The Trustees.

Lawrence, Mass., Free Public Library. Twenty-second Annual Report
of the Board of Trustees and Librarian, for the year 1893. Pam-
phlet, blue, 8.9X — X5.7, pp. 30; frontispiece. Lawrence: 1894.
Frederic H. Hedge, Librarian.

Lancaster (Mass.) Town Library. Thirty-first Annual Report. 1893-
1894. Pamphlet, straw-color, 9. X. 2X5. 8. pp. 75. Clinton: 1894.
The Trustees.

San Francisco Free Public Library. Report of the Board of Trustees
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893. Pamphlet, gray, 8.5X — X
.5.8, pp. 18. San Francisco : 1893. John Vance Cheney, Librarian.

Smithsonian Report. On the Construction of Catalogues of Libraries
and their publication by means of separate stereotyped titles. Etc.
By Charles C. Jewett, Librarian. 2nd edition. Pamphlet, tea, 9.6
X. 3X6.2, pp. xii, 96. Washington : 1853. Nathaniel T. Kidder.

Bibliotheca Americana, 1886. Catalogue of a valuable collection of
books and pamphlets relating to America. Etc. Pamphlet, purple,
9. IX. 8X6.1, pp. vii, 280, 51. Cincinnati: 1886. Nathaniel T.
Kidder.

United States Bureau of Education. Circular of Information No. 2,
1893. Contributions to American Educational History. Edited by

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 411

Herbert B. Adams. No. 14. Tlie History of Education in Con-
necticut. By Bernard C. Steiner, A. M., etc. Pamplilet, tea, 8.0X
.7X5.7, pp. 300; 24 plates. Washington: 1893. Hofi. W. T.
Harris, Commissioner.

United States Bureau of Education. Circular of Information No. 3, 1893
Contributions to American Educational History, edited by Herbert B
Adams. No. 15. The History of Higher Education in Delaware
By Lyman P. Powell, A. B. Pamphlet, tea, 8.8X.4X 5.7, pp. 186
plates. Washington : 1893. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

. Circular of Information No. 5, 1893. Contribu

tions to American Educational History. Edited by Herbert B
Adams. No. 16. Higher Education in Tennessee. By Lucius
Salisbury Merriam, Ph.D. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X.7X5.7, pp. 287
43 plates. Washington : 1893. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner

. Circular of Information No. 6, 1893. Contribu

tions to American Educational History. Edited by Herbert B
Adams. No. 17. Higher Education in Iowa. By Leonard F
Parker. Pamphlet, tea, 8.8X.4X5.7, pp. 190; 25 plates, and fac-
simile. Washington: 1893. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

. Circular of Information No. 8, 1893. The Spell-
ing Reform. By Erancis A. March, LL.D., L. H. D. A Revision
and Enlargement of the author's pamphlet published by the U. S.
Bureau of Education in 1881. Pamphlet, tea, 8.9X .2X5.7, pp. 86.
Washington: 1893. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

— . Report of the Committee on Secondary School

Studies, appointed at the meeting of the National Educational
Association, July 9, 1892, with the Reports of the Conferences
arranged by this Committee and held December 28-30, 1892. Pam-
phlet, tea, 8.9X. 5X5. 7, pp. 249. Washington: 1893. Hon. W. T.
Harris, Commissioner.

. Catalog of "A. L. A." Library. 5,000 volumes

for a popular library, selected by the American Library Association
and shown at the World's Columbian Exposition. Pamphlet, tea,
8.9X1.2X5.7, pp. XX, 592. Washington: 1892. Hon. W. T.
Harris, Commissioner.

New York, State of. Department of Public Instruction. Fortieth
Annual Report of tlie State Superintendent for the School Year
ending July 25, 1893. 2 vols. Black cloth, 9.1X1.7X6.2, pp. 690,
14, and 691-1247; plates and cuts. Albany: 1894. James F.
Crooker, Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Boston Asylum and Farm School for Indigent Boys, Thompson's Island.
Report of the Board of Managers. 1894. Pamphlet, gray, 8.7X.1
X5.7, pp. 23; 4 plates. Boston: 1894. C. H. Bradley, Superin-
tendent.

Illinois, University of. Fifteenth Report (seven annual, eight biennial)
of the Board of Trustees for the two years ending September 30,
1890. Black cloth, 9.x. 7X6., pp. 271: frontispiece. Springfield:
1890. William L. Pillsbury, Corresponding Secretary.

412 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bowdoin College and the Medical School of Maine. Catalogue. 1894-
95. Pamphlet, terra-cotta, 9. X. 1X5. 8, pp. 65, (7). Brunswick:
1894. William DeWitt Hyde, President.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A List of the Periodicals and
Society Publications in the Libraries of the Institute. Compiled by
Clement W. Andrews, A. M., Librarian. 2d edition. May, 1893.
Pamphlet, 9. 2X — X5.8, pp. 19. Cambridge: 1893. The Institute.

Yale University. Keport of the President for the year ending December
31, 1893. Pamphlet, gray, 8.8X.2X5.8, pp. 107. The University.

, Catalogue of. 1893-94. Pamphlet, gray, 8. 2X. 9X5.4, pp.

344 ; map and plan. New Haven : 1893. The University.

Consuls of the United States, Reports from the, on the Commerce, Manu-
factures, etc., of their Consular Districts. No. 10, August, 1881.
Pamphlet, blue, 9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. vi, 205-345, viii. Washington:
1881. W. P. Cutter, Librarian, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

United. States Consular Reports. Nos. 155-170. August, 1893, to
November, 1894, inclusive. 16 pamphlets, blue, 8.9X.3-.6X5.7.
Washington : 1893, 1894. Hon. Walter Q. Gresham, Secretary of
State.

United States Special Consular Reports. (Vol. IX, part 2.) Vagran-
cy and Public Charities in Foreign Countries. Pamphlet, terra-
cotta, 8. 9X .7X5.8, pp. 251-619, xiv. Washington: 1893. Hon.
Walter Q. Gresham, Secretary of State.

Vol. X. Lead and Zinc Mining in Foreign Countries. Pamphlet,
terra-cotta, 8.9X.3X5.7, pp. 154, ix. Washington: 1894. Hon.
Walter Q. Gresham, Secretary of State.

United States Senate. Committee on Finance. Bulletins 1-51. (Replies
to Tariff Inquiries.) 52 painplilets, 9.X .2-.5X5.8. Washington:
1894, D. W. Voorhees, Cliairman.

Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of the Board of Regents . . .
to July, 1891. {Parti.) pp. xliii, 715 ; 1 plate, cuts. Washing-
ton: 1893.

Annual Report . . . to July, 1892. (Parti.) pp. xlix, 811.
Washington : 1893. (Part II.) Report of the U. S. National
Museum, pp. xv, 620; 103 plates, 5 cuts. Washington: 1893.

Annual Report . . . to July, 1893. (Parz; /.) pp. xliv, 763 ;
94 plates, cuts. Washington: 1894.

4 vols., black cloth, 9.2X1.4-2.3X6. S. P. Langley, Secretary,
and the U. S. National Museum.

. Bureau of Ethnology. Tenth Annual Report. 1888-89.

pp. XXX, 822; 54 plates, 1290 cuts. Washington: 1893.

Eleventh Annual Report. 1889-'90. pp. ilvii, 553; 50 plates
colored and plain, cuts. Washington : 1894.

Twelfth Annual Report. 1890-'91. pp. xlviii, 742; 42 plates, 1
map, 344 cuts. Washington: 1894.

3 vols., olive-brown cloth, 11.7X2.-2.8X8. The Institution.
Bibliography of the Wakashan Languages. By James Constantine

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 413

Pilling. Pamphlet, gray, 9.SX.2X6.3, pp. x, (1), 70. "Washington :

1894.
The Pamunkey Indians of Virginia. By Jno. Garland Pollard.

Pamphlet, gray, 9. 7X—X6. 2, pp. 19. Washington: 1894.
List of the Publications of the Bureau of Ethnology with Index

to Authors and Subjects. By Frederick "Webb Hodge. Pamphlet,

gray, 9.7X — X6.4, pp. 25. "Washington: 1894.
The Maya Year. By Cyrus Thomas. Pamphlet, gray, 9.6X.1X

6.4, pp. 64. Washington : 1894.

An Ancient Quarry in Indian Territory. By "William Henry

Holmes. Pamphlet, gray, 9.7X.1X6., pp. 19; 12 plates, 7 cuts.

"Washington: 1894. The Institution.

I'ield Columbian Museum, Guide to the. With Diagrams and Descriptions.

Second Edition. Pamphlet, gray, 7. 5 X. 5X5., pp. 263; cuts.

Chicago : 1894. F. J. V. Skiff, Director.
United States Department of the Interior. U. S. Geographical and

Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, J. W. Powell in

charge. Contributions to North American Ethnology. Vol. IX.

Dakota Grammar, Texts and Ethnography. By Stephen Return

Riggs. Edited by James Owen Dorsey. Dark claret-colored cloth,

11. 8X. 8X9. 2, pp. xxxii, 239. Washington: 1893. Smithsonian

Institution.
United States Civil Service Commission. Ninth Report. .July 1, 1891,

to June 30, 1892. Also Civil List, etc. Black cloth, 9. 2X 1. X6., pp.

vi, 362; 1 map, cuts. Washington: 1893. The Commissioners.
Childs, Geo. W., Publisher. Public Ledger Almanac. 1894. Pamphlet,

7.5X.lX5.1,pp. 77; 1 plate. Philadelphia: (1893). The Publisher.
Grand Rapids, Michigan, as it is. 1894. Pamphlet, black, 9.X.1X12.4,

pp. 52; cuts. The Board of Trade, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
American Congregational Association. Forty-first Annual Report of the

Directors. Presented May 29, 1894. Pamphlet, fawn, 9.1X— X

5.8, pp. 18, (2). Boston: 1894. William H. Cobb, Librarian.
New South "Wales. Statistics, History and Resources. Compiled by the

Editor of the Year-Book of Australia. Pamphlet, gray, 8.4X.3X

5.3, pp. 144; map. 1894. The Agent-General for New South

Wales. [3 copies.]
Coghlan, T. A., Government Statistician. The Wealth and Progress of

New South Wales. 1893. Seventh Issue. Boards, pale pink, 8.6

X 1.8X6., pp. vi, (1), 828; diagrams, etc. Sydney, Melbourne,

Adelaide, and London : 1893. The Agent-General for New South

Wales.

14

414 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Gardening World.

Orchid Review.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of Botany.

Grevillea.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Lyon Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Forets.

Repertoire de Legislation et de Jurisprudence forestieres.

Journal des Roses.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et fitrang^re.

Journal des Orchidoes.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.
Ambrtcan. — Country Gentleman.

Garden and Forest.

Meehan's Monthly.

Agricultural Science.

American Naturalist.

American Journal of Science.

Zoe.

Periodicals Received in Exchange.

Canadian Horticulturist.

American Gardening.

Amateur Gardening.

Gardening.

National Nurseryman.

Weiner Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Tile Mayflower.

Success with Flowers.

Western Garden.

American P'lorist.

Florists' E.xcliange.

Baltimore Cactus Journal.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. 415

Green's Fruit Grower.

Strawberry Culturist.

Grape Belt.

Forest Leaves.

Botanical Gazette.

Erythea.

West American Scientist.

Maine Farmer.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

Our Country Home.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New-Yorker.

Farm Journal.

National Stockman and Farmer.

Germantown Telegraph.

Maryland Farmer.

Prairie Farmer.

Orange Judd Farmer.

The Industrialist.

Garden and Field (Adelaide, South Australia).

Good Roads.

Cottage Hearth.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning .Journal.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

Boston Commonwealth.

Boston Times.

REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN,

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

No two years' work in these departments are precisely alike,
and yet that of one year is so similar to that of another that it is
difficult to report the work of one without substantially repeating
othei' reports. As to the publications, the Schedule of Prizes,
and the weekly reports of the Meetings for Discussion, have been
promptl}' placed before the Society. The Transactions have been
delayed by circumstances entirely beyond my control.

The various records, including, besides the meetings of the
Society, those of the Executive Committee, Library Committee,
Committee of Arrangements, copies of all records of awards of
Prizes and Gratuities, and the several records of Library Acces-
sions required, have been fully kept. The continually increasing
correspondence has also received the best attention possible.

The number of specimens of fruit presented for name has been
larger than for several years past, and I regret to be obliged to
repeat — what I have more than once before stated — that a
majority of those who have left fruits here for study and examin-
ation by other experts, have not thought it worth while to take the
trouble to inquire the results of such examination.

One of the most important events in the history of the Library
the present year, is the gift, by the family of our late honored and
respected Ex-President, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of a large number
of horticultural and agricultural books, which, when arranged and
catalogued, will add much to the value of the Library. As it has
been impossible thus far to catalogue and arrange them, this gen-
eral acknowledgment must suflice for the present. Another gift
which should not pass unnoticed consists of a large number of
seed and nursery catalogues, from Edgar Sanders of Chicago,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 417

a Correspoudiug JMember of the Society. Among them are many
scarce and interesting catalogues, which will make onr files of
these aids to the future historian of horticulture much more
complete.

Among the more important works which have been added to the
Library during the year, I may mention Engler & Prantl's Natiir-
licheu Pflanzenfamilien, and the Index Kewensis, which will
undoubtedly become standard authorities for the names of plants ;
Schiibeler's ^'iridarium Norvegicum (Plants of Norway) spoken of
in Meehan's Monthly as "possibly one of the most delightful
works on arboriculture ever penned ;" Schneider's Book of Choice
Ferns, which the (English) Gardeners' Magazine, speaking from
a horticultural rather than a botanical point of view, pronounced
"the most complete work on Ferns in the English language;"
Schmidel's Icones Plantarum, a folio, published in 1762, with
plates of unsurpassed delicacy of execution, and several works
on gardening and floral arrangement in Japan. The continuations
of many valuable works mentioned in previous reports have been
received.

In my last report I spoke of the record of Library Accessions
in 1593, as being not quite as long as that of 1892, but when
printed it proved to be a little longer. It is impossible at this
moment to say exactly how the record for the present year will
compare with that of the last, but the probability appears to be
that the great increase noted in 1892 will be permanent.

Many j^ears ago the Library Committee said in their annual
report : ' ' Our aim must be high, no less than to make our Library
contain a copy of every published work on horticulture." As the
means at our disposal has not permitted this, the effort has been
to select those most valuable for study and reference. In pursuing
this course many books have been added by donation as well as
purchase, the immediate usefulness of which may not be apparent ;
but those who from day to day answer the calls for books, are not
infrequently surprised when some book which may have lain long
unused is desired for reference. It is a part of the mission of the
Society, even now not fully appreciated, to supply those works
which are most useful for occasional reference, of which a com-
plete collection would be beyond the means of our members
generally, as well as beyond the accommodations of most private
houses. In short it should be remembered that although it is our

418 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

aim to add to the library every practical work which may properly
circulate among our members, this is not the most important part
of the mission of the Library ; its greatest value is not as a
circulating, but as a reference library. And it should not be
forgotten that we are not collecting these books for today or
tomorrow, or for this year or next year, but, so far as we can
foresee, for all time. There are now on our shelves books which
have survived the many migrations of the Society from one hired
room to another, and the building and demolition of its first hall.
It is probable, and it is certainly to be hoped, that the unrivalled
and invaluable collection of books, frail and perishable as they
may appear, will outlast the solid building in which we are now
assembled, and perhaps more than one successor.

Looking at this collection of books from a point of view no
higher than the pecuniary one, a well selected library is one of the
best investments of money that can be made. The demand for
the class of books which are especially sought after for this library
has increased rapidly within a few years past, and is still increas-
ing, and the probability is that before many years they Avill be
absorbed by libraries like our own, from which they will not be
likely soon to come into the market again, if they ever do. If
there is one here who is disposed to look at this subject only from
the pecuniary point of view, he may be interested to know that
we have a copy of the Pinetum Woburnense, of which an edition
of one hundred copies only, with exquisite colored plates, was
printed by the Duke of Bedford for presentation to his friends.
It is not strange that when a copy of such a book comes into the
market it brings a high price. Ours was bought in 1877, for
eighteen guineas, which, as gold was then at a premium, was
probably at least $100, and was then regarded by some as an
extravagant purchase. Yet during the present year a copy has
been sold for £140, say $700.

Under the continued increased appropriation for periodicals,
binding, etc., preparation of books for the binder has been carried
on, and has formed a considerable, and important part of the work
done h^re, and we have been able to bind some, which, owing to
lack of funds, had in previous years fallen into arrears.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current to December
31, 1S94, with Charles E. Richardson, Treasurer.

1894. Dr.

Dee. 31. To amount paid on account of the Library,
during 1894, viz. :
For books, periodicals, and binding . $315 16
From income of Stickney Fund, ex-
pended for books . . . . 628 10

|943 26

To amount paid for Furniture and Exhibi-
tion ware 60 30

To Interest on Funds for Prizes, credited

below $L892 72

To accrued Interest jtaid on .$8,000 Bonds

for Sinking Fund 35 00

1,927 72

To Prizes awarded in 1893, paid in 1894,
as follows :

For Plants

Flowers .....

Fruits ......

" Vegetables .' ,

Gardens and Greenhouses
Hunnewell Prizes for Rhododen-
drons ......

" Special Prize, Edward Hatch
To amount paid on account of Committee on
School Gardens and Chil-
dren's Herbariums .... 169 61
" " Salaries of Secretary and As-
sistant, and Treasurer . $3,600 00
'^ " Salaries of members of Com-
mittees .... 1,029 00

$1,783 20

2,201 25

1,630 80

1,046 78

440 00

105 00

7,207 03

.

50 00

Amounts carried over, .$4,629 00 .$10,357 82

420

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amounts hrouglit ove7\ .....

To amount paid on extra services in Library .

" " account of Committee of

Arrangements

" " account of Committee on

Publication and Discus-
sion ....

" paid for Labor, including Janitor
and Fireman

" " $8,000 in Bonds of Boston

and Maine R. R. Co.

" " Heating ....

" " Taxes for 1894 .

" " Insurance $1,201 80

less return prem. 367 13

'•'• " City Water Rates

" *' Card Catalogue of Plates

" " Repairs

" " Lighting .

" " Incidentals

" " Stationery, Printing, and
Postage

Total payments of 1894 ....
Balance of Cash on hand, December 31, 1894

1,629 00 $10,357 82

780 75

399 40

334 00

2,496 17

8,710 00

639 25

2,560 00

834 67

208 10

96 75

1,034 15

897 10

634 91

1,811 02

$26,065 2T

. $36,423 m
13,541 89

$49,964 98

1894.
Jan. 1.

Cr.
By Balance of account rendered December

31, 1893

By Income from Building in 1894 :

Rent of Stores . . $15,558 26
Halls . . 5,163 34

$20,721 60

By Income from Mount Auburn Cemetery . 6,167 45
" Received Massachusetts State Bounty . 600 00
" " Annual Exhibitions, gross re-
ceipts . . . $986 75
Less Expenses . . 576 49

$17,689 7»

" " from Admissions and Assess-
ments ....
" Interest received on Bonds $1,117 50
" " " on Deposits

in Bank 121 &6

410 26

1,158 00

Amounts carried over,

L,239 16 $29,057 31 $17,689 T*

treasurer's report. 421

Amounts brought over, . . . $1,239 16 J$29,057 31 $17,689 79

By Interest received from all other

sources 55 00

1,294 16

" amount received from sale of one copy of

History . . 2 50

" " " " sale of Transactions 2 50

" " " " H. H. Hunnewell,

his prizes for 1893 26 00
" Interest credited to the following Funds
against charges above :
Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000,

at 5% §50 00

John A. Lowell Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

Theodore Lyman Fund, $11,000,

at 5% 550 00

Josiah Bradlee Fund, $1,000, at

5% 50 00

Benjamin V. French Fund, $500,

at 5% 25 00

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $4,000,

at 5% 200 00

William J. Walker Fund,

$2,354.43, at 5% . . .117 72
Levi Whitcomb Fund, $500, at

5% 25 00

Benjamin B. Davis Fund, $500,

at 5% 25 00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 CO

John Lewis Russell Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, $12,000,

amount 700 00

1,892 72

$32,275 19

$49,964 98
E. & O. E. CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

Boston, December 31, 1894.

Audited and approved.

H. H. Hunnewell, 1 „•

Nathaniel T. Kidder, \ ^^"'«!'f
A. Hemenway, j Comwa^^ee.

422 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

December 31, 1894.

ASSETS.

Real Estate ........ $250,000 00

Furniture and Exhibition Ware .... 6,668 76

Stereotype Plates and copies of History . . 259 50

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Bonds . . 1,500 00

f .$8,000 Boston & Maine R. R. 4^% 1

I Bonds . . I

Sinking Fund, -| ^,"7" \, , t., . • ^ rn, M^.^IO 00

" $10,000 General Electric Co. 5%

[^ Bonds J

Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield R. R. Bonds . 1,980 00

Library 33,640 72

A. K. Loring 359 41 .

Due from tenants, December 81, 1894 . . . 1,96107

Cash 13,541 89

$328,621 35

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage $1,000 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, payable to Harvard Col*

lege, 1899 12,000 00

Unexpended Balance of Income of Stickney Fund,

1894 71 90

Prize Funds invested in the Building, viz. :

Samuel Appleton Fund $1,000 00

John A. Lowell " 1,000 00

Theodore Lyman " 11,000 00

Josiah Bradlee " 1,000 00

Benjamin V. French " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 2,500 00

William J. Walker " 2,354 43

Levi Whitcomb " 500 00

Benjamin B. Davis " 500 00

$20,354 43

Prize Funds invested in Bonds :

H. H. Hunnewell Fund $1,500 00

Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

John Lewis Russell " 1,000 00

3,500 00

23,854 43

Prizes for 1894, due and unpaid .... 7,900 00

44,826 33

Surplus $283,795 02

CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

treasurer's report. 423

Membership Account of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, December 31, 1894.

Number of Life Members per last report . . . 557

Added during 1894 17

Commuted from Annual ...... 2

576

Deceased ......... 20

556

Number of Annual Members per last report . . . 232

Added during 1894 19

251

Commuted to Life Membership 2

Deceased ......... 6

Dropped for non-payment for two years ... 6

14

237

Present membership ...... . . 793

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

17 new Life Members, @ $30 $510 00

2 commuted to Life, @ $20 40 00

19 new Annual Members, @ $10 190 00

Assessments 418 "00

$1,158 00
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

424

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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'4

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 425

The Massachusetts Horticdltdral Society

To the Proprietors of the Cemetert of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following Expenditures, for grading new lands
for sale during the year 189-t :

Birch to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.

12| days, men $28 69

3i days, man and horse ...... 9 37

Larch Avenue {near Maple Avenue').

4| days, men $12 94

57 days, man and horse ...... 213 75

Glen Avenue.

2101 days, men $474 19

22 days, man and horse, ...... 82 50

638 06

226 69

556 69

$821 44

One-fourth of $821.24 is $205 36

Mount Auburn, December 31, 1894.

J. W. LOVERING,

Siipt. of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1894, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH, Treasurer.

assacljusetts liortiniltaral Sorietj.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1895.

President.
NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, OF Milton.

Vice-Presidents.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Brighton. AUGUSTUS PARKER, of Roxbuby.
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, OF Peabody. WALTER HUNNEWELL, OF Wellesley.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, of Cambridge.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, OF Salem.*

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
BENJAMIN M. WATSON, Jr., of Jamaica Plain.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, OF Cambridge.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
E. W. WOOD, OF West Newton.

•Communications to the Secretary, on tiie business of the Society, should be addressed
to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

OmCERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES. 427

^tkridirig doir\ir\ittee,^.

Executive.
The President, NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Chairman.
The Chairman of the Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL, Ex officio.
WILLIAM C. STRONG. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

WILLIAMfH. SPOONER. WALTER HUNNEWELL.

BENJAMIN C. CLARK. HON. J. R. LEESON.

CHARLES W. PARKER.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, OF Boston, Chairman.

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER. AUGUSTUS HEMENWAY.

Publication and Discussion.

J. D. W. FRENCH, of Boston, Chairman.
C. MINOT WELD. BENJAMIN M. WATSON, Jr.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, of Canton, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, AND THE

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, Ex officiis.
GEORGE W. HUMPHREY. WALTER S. PARKER.

EDWIN FAXON. GEORGE E. DAVENPORT.

Plants.
AZELL C. BOWDITCH, OF SoMERViLLE, Chairman,
DAVID ALLAN. WILLIAM ROBINSON.

JAMES COMLEY. JA:\IES WHEELER,

Flowers.
ARTHUR H, FEWKES, OF Newton Highlands, Chairman,
MICHAEL H. NORTON. J. WOODWARD MANNING, jR.

WILLIAM J, MARTIN, THOMAS C. THURLOW.

Fruits.
E. W. WOOD, of West Newton, Chairman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. O. B. HADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. WARREN FENNO. J. WILLARD HILL.

428 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTTCULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vegetables.

CHARLES N. BRACKETT, OF Newton, Chairman.

CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. VARNUM FROST. WILLIAM H. HUNT.

P. G. HANSON. WARREN H. HEUSTIS. WALTER RUSSELL.

Gardens,

JOHN G. BARKER, OF Jamaica Plain, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND

VEGETABLES, Ex offlcUs.
HENRY W. WILSON. JACKSON DAWSON.

For Establishing Prizes.
CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, CHAIRMAN.
CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES,

AND GARDENS, Ex offlciis.
CHARLES M. ATKINSON. PATRICK NORTON.

Committee of Arrangements.
JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, OF BOSTON, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, Ex offlciis.
ROBERT FARQUHAR.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Business Meeting, April 7, 1894; Photograph presented, p. 207; Large, Old,
or Interesting Trees, 207; Hitchings Herbarium presented, 207;
Election of two Immediate and three Corresponding members . 208

Business Meeting, May 5; Three members elected 208

Business Meeting, June 2; Decease of John C. Hovey announced, p. 209;

Member elected 209

Business Meeting, July 7; Appropriation recommended, p. 209; Memorial

of John C. Hovey, 209, 21(1; Two members elected 210

Business Meeting, August 4; Nominating Committee appointed . . . 211

Business Meeting, September 1; Report of Nominating Committee, p. 211;
Decease of Dr. Joseph Burnett announced, 211 ; Letter from William
Watson, 211; Four members elected ... .... 212

Business Meeting, October (5; Annual Election, pp. 212, 213; Letter from

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 212; Two members elected . . 213

Business Meeting, November 3; Appropriation for Prizes, pp. 213, 214;
Report on invitation from Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 214;
Motion to consider interpretation of Constitution and By-Laws, etc.,
214; Committee on changes in Constitution and By-Laws, 214; Four
members elected 215

Business Mekting, December 1; Secretary -pro tern, appointed, p. 215;
Further Mme granted Committee on Constitution and By-Laws, 215;
Memorial of Dr. Joseph Burnett, 215, JIG; Distribution of Seeds by
the Department of Agriculture, 210, 217; Awards made by Committee
on Gardens reported, 217; Reports of Committees on Fruits, Flowers,
and Vegetables read, 217; Report from Committee of Arrangements,
217; Two members elected, 217; Member proposed 217

Business Meeting, December 15; Reports on Constitution and By-Laws
presented, p. 218; Committee on Building to notify next meeting if ex-
pedient, 'JIS; Delegates to American Pomological Society, 218; Sched-
ule of Prizes for 1895 reported, 219; Report of Committee on Library
read, 219; Report of Secretary and Librarian read 219

Business Meeting, December 22; Building Committee granted further time,
p. 219; Programme of Lectures by William Hamilton Gibson pre-
sented, 219: Report of Committee on School Gardens and Children's
Herbariums read 219

Report of Committee on Plants, p. 220; Spring Exhibition, 220, 221;
Annual Exhibition, 221 ; Chrysanthemum Exhibition, 221 ; Prizes and
Gratuities awarded 222-231

Report of Commiitee on Flowers; Introduction, pp. 232, 233; Spring
Exhibition, 233; May Exhibition, 233, 234; Rhododendron Show, 234,
235; Rose Exhibition, 235, 230; Annual Exhibition, 236, 237; Chrysan-
themum Show, 237, 238; Weekly Exhibitions, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238;
Nymphaeas, Tender and Hardy, by James Brydon, 240-242; Water
Lilies, by Dr. Daniel D. Lee, 243, 244; Prizes and Gratuities awarded . 245-264

11 CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Report of Committee on Friits, pp. 265-267; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 2G8-285

Report of Committee on Vegetables, pp. 28G-290; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 291-306

Report of Committee on Gardens; Introduction, pp. 307, 308; Francis
Brown Hayes's residence, 308-315; Hardy Rhododendrons, 309, 310;
Half-Hardy Eliododendrons, 310, 311 ; Ornamental Evergreens, 311-315;
William C. Strong's estate, 315-318; Nathaniel T. Kidder's estate, 318-
320; George B. Andrews's Vineyard, 320-328; Plum Orchard, 328-330;
Chrysanthemums, 330; N. T. Kidder's House, 330, 331 ; Walter Hunne-
well's House, 331-333; Waban Rose Conservatories, 333, 334; William
Nicholson's Conservatories, 334, 335; Bussey Institution, 335, 336;
Awards 330,337

Report of Committee on School Gardens and Children's Herbariums,
pp. 338-341 ; George Putnam School Garden, 341-343; Robert G. Shaw
School Garden, 343, 344; Prizes and Gratuities awarded .... .344-347

REPORT OF Committee of Arrangements 348,349

Report to the State Board of Agriculture 350-353

Report of the Committee on Iaege, Old, or Otherwise Interesting

Trees 3.54, 355

Report of Committee on the Library, pp. 356, 357; Library Acces-
sions; Prefatory Note, 358; Horticulture, 358-360 ; Horticultural So-
cieties, 3C0-3C6; Flowers and Ornamental Plants, 366-368; Floral
Societies, 369; Fruits, 369-371; Fruit Growers' Societies, 371, 372;
Vegetables, 372; Landscape Gardening and Parks, 372, 373; Cemeteries,
374; Roads, 374; Trees, 374, .375; Forestry, 376; Agriculture, 376-380;
Agricultural Societies, Boards, etc., 380-395; Insects, Diseases, etc.,
395-397; General Botany, 397-400 ; Economic and Medical Botany, 400;
Territorial Botany, 401-404; Botanical Monographs, 404; Physiological
Botany, 4('4, 405; Cryptogamic Botany, 406; Botanical Societies, 406,
407; Botanic Gardens, 407, 408; Natural History Societies, 408, 409:
Miscellaneous, 409-413; Periodicals purchased, 414; Periodicals re-
ceived in Exchange 414, 415

Report of Secretary and Librarian 416-418

Report of Treasurer 419-423

Report of the Finance Committee 421

Mount Auburn Cemetery 424, 425

Officers and Standing Committees 426-428

Members of the Society; Life, pp. 429-435; Annual, 436-439; Honorary,

440; Corresponding 441-443

Extract from the Constitution and By-Laws 439

TRANSACTIONS

asMcIjusetts Jortiailtnral ^flcietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

PART I.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
1896.

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As
here presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions
are not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefully revised bj^ the speakers.

The Committee on Publication aiid Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society is
not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements, the
correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature
in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all of
which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

J. D. W. French,
C. MiNOT Weld,
B. M. Watson, Jr.,

Committee on

Publication and

Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OP THE

^Uissaduts^tts p0tticultuf al ^mttj^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 5, 1895.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was lioldeu at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

This being the commencement of the term of office of the new
board of officers and standing committees, the President delivered
the annual address as follows :

Address of President Kidder.

It is a custom of long standing for the President of this
Society to say a few words at the first meeting in January. A
pleasant custom, for then is an opportunity given to state what
has been the tone of the year passed, and to express hopes and
plans for the year just beginning.

We have just had a period of unusual anxiety. So well is this
known, alas, that I need not have mentioned it. A good deal of
daring would have been necessary to recommend any radical
measure in the way of getting our long-coveted more commodi-
ous quarters. There seems at present very little promise of a
material improvement in financial matters, and careful and
cautious should still be our actions.

I told you last year that your Chairman needed a year to find
out what the Society wanted, and that after that a second year
was not any too much for carrying out what he found it desirable
to do. It was gratifying to me to learn that you wanted me for
another term, and I take this opportunity to thank you for the
confidence you have shown in me.

In a matter of such moment as increasing the capacit}' of a
Society like this, for that is what we want to do — not merely to

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

carry on the routine business, deliberation is, it seems to me, as
important as push. We might easily buy a piece of land larger
than this we now own, put up a building which we should find
much more convenient than this, and at the end of two or three
years find that we were not in the right place, and had not enough
room after all.

This summer it became necessary to replace the boiler, and this
was done as thoroughly as if we were to stay here forever. The
entire cost was, however, but little over eight hundred dollars.
Very few other repairs have been needed. This coming summer
it will be necessary to do a great deal of repairing to the roof.

Perhaps my remarks have sounded as if I did not favor our
moving, but I do most emphatically believe we should move,
onljT^ not until we find the right place. And I think your Com-
mittee will find it yet.

On motion of Ex-President Spooner, it was voted, that the
President be requested to furnish a copy of his address for
publication.

The appropriations for Prizes and Gratuities, recommended by
the Executive Committee on November 3, and then laid over until
this meeting, came up for final action and were voted, as follows :

For Prizes and Gratuities :

For Plants,
For Flowers, .
For Fruits,
For Vegetables,
For Gardens, .

And a special appropriation of one hundred dol
lars for prizes for Palms, etc., at the meet-
ing of the American Carnation Society, in
the Hall of this Society, February 21 and
22, 1895,

Total for Prizes and Gratuities,

$2,000

2,500

1,800

1,150

500

100

$8,050

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported from that Committee a recommendation that the Society

make the following appropriations :

APPROPRIATIONS VOTED.

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover
all extraoi'dinary expenses of said Committee,

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of maga-
zines and newspapers, binding of books, and inci-
dental expenses of said Committee,. .... 400

For the same Committee, to continue the Card Catalogue

of Plates, 100

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion,

including the income of the John Lewis Russell Fund, 300

For the Committee on School Gardens and Children's
Herbariums, this sum to cover all incidental expenses
of said Committee, and to be paid through the usual
channels, ......... 250

For the salaries of the Treasurer and Superintendent of

the Building, and the Secretary and Librarian, . . 3,000

These appropriations were unanimously voted.

The President also reported that the Executive Committee had
appointed Charles E. Richardson to be Treasurer and Superinten-
dent of the Building, and Robert Manning to be Secretary and
Librarian for the year 1895.

The President further reported from the Executive Committee
that they had voted to recommend to the Society the payment of
$50 to William Castleton of East Boston, for his efficient
services in extinguishing the recent fire in the Society's Hall.
This appropriation was also voted by the Society.

The President reported in regard to the subject of a course of
lectures by William Hamilton Gibson, referred to the Executive
Committee at the last meeting of the Society, that they deemed
it inexpedient to make any appropriation for that purpose.

On motion of William C. Strong, it was voted that the Presi-
dent appoint a Committee on School Gardens and Children's
Herbariums for the year 1895. The President appointed as that
Committee, the following named persons :

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, Chairman.
Henry L. Clapp, William E. C. Rich,

George E. Davenport, Miss Katharine W. Huston,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, T. Otis Fuller.

b MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J. D. W. Fi-ench, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, announced that the Schedule of Prizes for 1895
had been printed and a copy mailed to every member of the
Society ; and that the series of meetings for Discussion would
commence on the next Saturday, with a paper entitled " A Day
with our Birds," by Mrs. Kate Tryon, of Cambridge.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, read
the Annual Report of that Committee, which was accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

William C. Strong moved the following vote :

That a Committee of three members be appointed by the Chair,
to consider the expediency of placing the property of the Society
in the hands of a Board of Trustees, with authority to consult
with legal counsel in reference thereto ; and to report to the
Society such recommendations as may appear desirable.

The motion was seconded by J. D. W. French, and carried in
the affirmative. The Chair said that he would announce the
Committee at the next meeting.

Mr. Strong moved that the Report of the Committee on the
Revision of the Constitution and By-Laws, be taken up. This
motion was carried, and the amendments proposed were, after two
readings, approved by a majority vote, and ordered to be entered
on the records, for consideration at the Stated Meeting on the
first Saturday in April.

The Report was as follows :

The Committee to whom was referred the consideration of the
Constitution and By-Laws of the Society, with special reference
to Section VI, submit the following report :

A difference of opinion arose at the outset, as to the scope of
the work to be done by the Committee. The prevailing opinion
obtained, that we should review the entire code, and submit such
suggestions as might seem desirable. Accordingly your Com-
mittee has held numerous sessions and given careful consideration
to the various articles.

It does not appear to be necessary, or desirable, to make any
radicaL changes in the present code. There are, however, some
duties of the various officers, which it seems desirable to specify
more distinctly. Some condensation and rearrangement of the
articles, and a change of phraseology would also, in the opinion
of your Committee, tend to more clearness.-

DAYS WITH OUK BIRDS. V

In regard to Section VI, a decided difference of opinion still
exists. A majority of your Committee recommend a change of
phraseology of the second paragraph of the section, so as to make
its meaning more clear.

The Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment
Station having been merged with the Trustees of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, a change in Section II is necessitated
thereby.

A copy of the various changes suggested by your Committee
has been type- written, and is herewith submitted.

In connection with the consideration of the interests of our
Society, and the largely increased valuation of its property, your
Committee wish to suggest, and earnestly recommend, that its
property be put in the care of a Board of Trustees, in order to its
more secure and efficient management. To this end we recommend
that legal counsel be employed to advise in regard to the mode of
procedure.

William Nicholson, of Framingham, and

Leonard Thompson, of Woburu,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee for mem-
bership in the Society, were, on ballot, duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 2.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 12, 1895.

A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was held today at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Following is a synopsis of the Lecture, prepared by the author
for this report :

Days With Our Birds.

By Mrs. Kate Tryon, Cambridge .

When your Committee did me the honor to ask me to speak to
you on my favorite subject, I at first felt it necessary that I
should study long and well the food habits of my birds, that I

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

might not commit the mistake of recommendiDg you to love any
birds which, as horticulturists and agriculturists, you never could
or never ought to love. Study I did, — with a result which can
be summed up in two minutes. I thought it little worth w^hile to
repeat to you tales of the wonderful reproductive energy of
noxious insects — you, who know but too well the sad facts of
the case. I deemed it unnecessary to tell you at this late day —
what you know very well — that birds were created by a wise
Providence to keep this insect host in subjection. You know that
the bird-haunted country is more fertile than the birdless country,
and you know the punishment that has come to countries which,
like France, have allowed their birds to suffer slaughter. You know
that our own birds are not protected and encouraged as they
should be. I feel certain that you, as students of Nature, are
<}onvinced of this. How, then, is it my duty to treat the subject
of the hour? Certainly I should show myself unappreciative of
my opportunity, did I not, above all, aim so to speak of your
friends, the birds, as to stimulate new interest in them — so as to
make you resolve that w^e must have more, not fewer, of them.

Fortunately or unfortunately for my subject this morning, I
myself have had absolutely no experience as farmer or gardener,
and shall not presume to decide whether or not the crow and the
English sparrow must go. That problem is beyond me. I leave
it for your Society, at some particularly lucid moment, to settle to
your satisfaction. But if in that inspired discussion you should
be anxious to find out which side of "the fence" I am on,
perhaps I should exclaim with Thoreau : "Bless the Lord, O
my soul ! bless Him for wildness ; bless Him for crows that won't
alight within gunshot!" Apropos of the English sparrow
question, I might suggest that the Almighty created him — though
not in America ; this, in all seriousness, for I cannot now consider
the English sparrow a joking matter. "Do you think the English
sparrow has driven our native birds away ? " is the question a bird
student meets everywhere. The questioner thinks affirmatively —
that all our birds have been driven away. The fact is, this person
never sees or hears birds anyway, and would scarcely know
vvhether they went or staid. Perhaps as he came along the sub-
urban street this very morning (in May), he passed a rose-
breasted grosbeak, an oriole, a yellow warbler, and a red-eyed

DAYS WITH OUR BIRDS. 11

Tireo. Ah, yes, we have about us, iu uuexpeeted places, a wealth
■of bird-life. If evei^body knew this, aud appreciated it, we
might be still more blessed as the years go on, for then everybody
would contrive to keep natural shelter aud food for the birds, and
the birds would pay their board and lodging with interest.

After these introductory remarks, bj' means of stereopticou
pictures of New England scenery and birds, the audience en-
joyed a series of spring and summer bird-hunting strolls. First
along an April road, a flock of croAv-blackbirds were found,
creaking and chucking iu the tops of tall oaks. This bird,
said the lecturer, bears an unpleasant reputation among growers
of corn and fruit, aud yet he is distinctly an insectivorous bird,
aud eminent authorities who have dissected hundreds of them, at
all times of the year, find only trifling evidence of vegetable diet.
Their case is precisely that of the robin. They are so gregarious
and so numerous, that no ill-doing on their part escapes observa-
tion. If any one is inclined to shoot either of these birds, he
should not do so before looking over such unbiased reports as
those found in B. H. Warren's "Birds of Pennsylvania."

The bluebird's warble came from over the fields, very plainl}"
suggested by the speaker's imitation, aud the old favorite, in
glowing plumage, was seen sitting on a fence-post. Here is a
bird of whose usefulness there is never a question. Will not
everybody who lives where bluebirds could possibly come,
put out a house or a box to catch their fancy when they arrive in
March? To be sure, the English sparrows, if preseut in your
neighborhood, may take possession ; still, the bluebird is a
plucky fellow and knows how to look out for number one, as the
purple martin knows to his sorroAV.

The familiar song sparrow was heard aud seen, singing beside
the meadow brook, and his relations of the finch family were also
introduced — the chipping sparrow with his hair nest in the
orchard ; the vesper sparrow of the dry hillside ; the white-
throated sparrow with his clear "Old Sam Peabody, Peabody,
Peabody," whistle, and the handsome crimson finch (American
linnet), with his craving for the spring buds of certain trees. But
what matter for this ? Did anyone ever miss the small number of
leaves or orchard fruit that these birds nip in the bud? Aud how
short is the season iu which they can commit this mischief. Of

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

course if he takes a fancy to your blossoming trees, you may as
well drive him off, for he has hundreds of useless wild or half-
wild trees to go to.

The red-winged blackbird of the bushy swamp and overflowed
meadow, is everywhere characteristic. His "tchuck!" and
"gurglee!" are familiar to everybody. Redwings, with the robin
and crow blackbird, repair to the ploughed land as soon as they
come and these birds rid the soil of an incalculable number of
noxious insect-grubs before the sowing. The dissector brings no
bad record against this bird, and the cultivator who shoots them
is very short-sighted, as regards his own interests. Indeed, to sum
up this matter, a bird should never be shot because he sometimes
offends. If he makes himself a nuisance for a week, or even a fort-
night, he is making himself useful (although it may not be, indeed, in
your particular neighborhood,) for the rest of the year. So that
to grudge a bird an ear of corn is ill-treating the unpaid little
workman, who made the crop possible. You ca7i keep birds away
from your crops, but to battle with the insect host is beyond all
human ingenuity.

The golden winged woodpecker's resounding reveille came
ringing over the countryside from the still leafless woods. This
large, gaily marked woodpecker is known to every man or boy
who has ever carried a gun. Alas, that this should be so ! for
here we have a truly famous eater of grubs and insects, gleaned
from the soil as well as from the bark of trees. Farmers are
often their own enemies, and never more certainly so than when
they shoot for sport as they do, law or no law, "one er them air
yaller hahmers," as they call them down in Maine. It is true, I
suppose, that one woodpecker, the yellow-bellied sapsucker,
decorates trees with those admirably even rows of holes, not for
insects within the bark, but for the sap, the life-blood of the tree.
But he doesn't spend all his time doing this, and he is now, in
most localities, rare enough to cause regret to the bird-lover, and
satisfaction to the forester.

The robin was the last of the spring birds treated. He is
certainly fond of such dainty fruits as strawberries and cherries ;
but lie has helped protect them from worse enemies. To shoot all
the robins would be a dangerous exi)eriment. F'rom the economie
point of view alone, no bird would be more missed.

DAYS WITH OUR BIRDS. 13

The summer birds were seen in a June day's stroll through fields
and groves near Boston. Each was interestingly characterized,
often by original stories and imitations of notes and songs. Most
prominent among these were the golden robin, kingbird, bobolink,
rose-breasted grosbeak, red-eyed vireo, thrasher, scarlet tanager,
indigo bird, cheAviuk, cuckoo, the thrushes of the wood, blue jay,
cedar bird, goldfinch, and some of the warblers, such as the red-
start, yellow warbler, and Maryland yellowthroat. The haunt of
«ach was shown on the screen, the bird itself in its natural colors
and attitude.

The rose-breasted grosbeak, a bird now quite common in most
Massachusetts towns, is known in Pennsylvania as the "Potato-
bug bird," it being the only bird known to eat this pestiferous
beetle.

In the above list of our common summer birds there are only
two or three but are known as beneficial to the cultivator. Not
far from the head of the list, for value, should be placed the red-
eyed vireo and his numerous tribe, birds nearly allied to the fly-
catchers proper. There are several species of these slim, little
olive birds, and although they are little known, save to the bird-
student, they doubtless far outnumber the robius. They prefer
hard wood growth, chiefly maple, elm, and oak, and are common,
alike to forest, and suburban street.

As soon as one begins to make a study of bird-life, (which is of
the utmost importance to one who tries to cultivate anything) the
study of trees and shrubs obtrudes itself also. So attached is
each species to a particular tree, or kind of copse, that the farmer
or fruit grower might in time have a hand in choosing his bird-
visitors or tenants by cultivating conditions liked by his favorite
birds, and by omitting to cultivate conditions that might attract
those which he considers his enemies.

Again the season is at hand in which we are to make the earth
produce goodly fruits and pleasant flowers for our use and cheer.
Let us add a new preparation this time — a new knowledge and
appreciation of our feathered friends, without whom — did you
ever think of it? — the earth could bear not even a blade of grass.

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, Jamiary 19, 1895.

A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holden at elevert
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The following paper was read by the author :

Flower Pots and Their Manufacture.

By A. H. Hews, North Cambridge.

When your Committee recently invited me to give you a talk on;
"Flower Pots and their Manufacture," I was at first strongly
tempted to decline, feeling myself to be but poorly gifted in that
direction. But as the invitation went further and allowed me the
alternative of reading a paper, it seemed hardly courteous or
possible to refuse.

Some of you may be aware of the existence of a Centenary
club in Philadelphia, to which I have the honor of belonging ; but
as it may be new to others, I take the liberty of mentioning it.
My membership is due to the fact that, sometime previous to the
year 1765, my great grandfather commenced manufacturing
pottery in the town of Weston ; and through three successive
generations (my own being the fourth) the business has continued
in the direct family line without a break. This makes our firm
eligible to the Centenary club, which consists of firms that have
had an uninterrupted ancestral record of one hundred years or
more in the same business. Having alluded to the existence of
this club, may I be permitted to mention an item or two in
connection with it, which may be of interest to you.

Up to the present time we have found but thirty-one firms in the
United States that can claim membership. The leading one
among them is the Francis Perot's Sons Malting Company,
established in 1687 — 208 years of unbroken business record.
The account given us at our first annual dinner by a member of
this firm, of the early days of the business and its varying
fortunes — also of the interesting process of malt making — was
in itself well worth the trip to Philadelphia. Anather remarkable
fact concerning this club is that of the thirty-one firms which
compose it twenty-one are in the state of Pennsylvania.

FLOWER POTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE. 15

No one knows better than myself that pages of dates and
figures make very dr}' reading, and I will endeavor not to weary
you with them. Yet if I could, at this time, tell you the year
when our firm began to make flower pots, to whom they were sold,
and at what prices, it might iii^rest us all. Unfortunately there
is a long break in our records.

Our oldest account book which I bring with me today as
evidence, shows that the first entry reads as follows: "Weston,
April 19, 1775, Lemuel Jones, to Ware, debtor: 0£ 2s 8d ;" and
on the same day, another: "Isaac Flagg, to Ware, Dr., 0£ 2s
7d." The next charges were made on the 29th of that month,
and there were three of them. In May of the same year there
were eight more. No further sales were recorded until February
20 ; whether of 1776 or the year following, the book fails to tell.

From this time to 1788 the record is again broken. But from
1788 to 1810, a period of twenty-tAvo years, we have a continuous
account. The charges during that entire term cover about as
many pages as we now often use in one day ; and the amount in
dollars and cents does not compare with single sales of the year
1894.

I have taken time to reckon up the sales of three years. The
charges were made, for the most part, in English money, —
pounds, shillings, and pence. But I find that in June of 1801
the form of entry was changed temporarily to the then new
American method of computing values in dollars and cents. This
evidently perplexed the accountant, who after two entries went
back to the familiar English money. In June of the next year
they made a second attempt to keep the books by the American "
system of reckoning, and were again, it would seem, speedily
discouraged.

It is a somewhat interesting and remarkable fact that a third
attempt was made in June of 1803. The books became American
once more, but even then for a short time only. After this third
experiment,' they became apparently disgusted with the simple
scale of tens by which America had decided to regulate her
monetary system. Doubtless they returned gladly to the more
involved and complex calculations which familiarity had endeared
to them. But at last in 1807, again in June, the fourth attempt
was made — this time successfully. After that there was na
return to the old English currency.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Through all these years the term " flower pots" does not ouce
appear. Again the record is broken ; and I very much regret
that the books containing the first sale of flower pots and the name
of the purchaser cannot be found.

Those of you who can remembe^the year 1861, will recall the
depressed condition of business after war was actually declared, and
the discouragements that seemed to hang over nearly all branches
of industry and trade. The members of the Hews firm looked on
the dark side and felt sure that there would be no demand for
flower pots, they being more of a luxury than a necessity, and that
the factory must close. At that time I succeeded in getting per-
mission to make my first venture as salesman "on the road."
Going first to C. M. Hovey, I secured from him what was a good
order for those times, some 10,000 pots or more for the spring
trade of 1862. Several other good orders were booked that day,
and it is needless to say I went home happy.

Not once after that, during the four years that the old firm
continued to exist, were they able during the busy seasons of
spring and fall to fill all their orders for flower pots. Not that
these orders were remai-kably large or numerous, but they were
beyond the capacity of the firm.

My own records date back to October, 1866. The title of the
firm at that time was Horatio Hews & Son. The first sale recorded
was to Joseph Holmes, Grocer, of Cambridgeport ; the second to
Hovey & Co., of Cambridge; the third to Frank Becker. The
prices were from 33 1-3 to 50 per cent higher than those of today,
which is more than I should be willing to admit of the relative
excellence of the goods.

We first got fairly under way with machinery for making small
flower pots in 1869. I well remember that my father, always
disposed to be a little cautious, thought that we should overstock
the country and ruin the prices. We did in that year what we
thought was a wonderful business in flowei* pots. We exceeded it
by 33 1-3 per cent in the month of October, 1894.

It would be interesting to describe the great craze of the
American people in 1875 and 1876 for reproductions of art-
pottery — how we looked through every museum this side of
Washington for copies of the pie-historic shapes — and to give an
account of our success in reproducing from the grand collection
of Gen. Cesnola, and from his discoveries in ancient tombs at

FLOWER POTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE. 17

Idalium, Cyprus, of forms which were supposed to be of PhcBuician
manufacture, aud to have extended back over a period of 1,500
years before Christ. It would also be interesting to describe the
quaint shapes from Dr. Schliemann's collection, taken by himself
personally in his excavations on the supposed site of ancient
Troy. Through the kindness of the late Professor Horsford,
we received the first photographs of those which were sent to
America, and had the shapes reproduced here before the originals
had reached the museum.

In telling 3^ou about the manufacture of flower pots, I must
confine myself to personal knowledge of the subject, for one
might look through the libraries of the country and the encyclope-
dias of the world and find himself not a whit wiser about flower
pot manufacture at the close of his investigations than at the
beginning.

As I have never visited any such factories in European
countries, my information concerning them has been derived
mainly from workmen who have come from foreign potteries.
They have uniformly felt and assured me that America is always
in the lead in regard to all improved machinery.

Until about 1864 or 1865 common flower pots throughout the
world had always been made by hand on the potter's wheel.
There had been, indeed, many different forms of this wheel, but
it had always been propelled by the movement of either hand or
foot, and this meant of course constant actual labor, more or less
wearisome. When in the early fifties a wheel was made to be
propelled by the foot, with two sizes of pulleys and a balance
wheel, whereby the speed of the wheel was increased in the
proportion of three to one, it was thought that perfection had
been reached.

Much time, though probably very little money, had been spent
previously to this date in attempts to make a pot machine ; and it
was left to Mr. William Linton of Baltimore, an experienced
practical potter, to perfect and patent the first machine.

From him we purchased two machines and the exclusive right to
use them in this State ; and within a short time we were able to
make great improvements upon his patent ; so that I feel perfectly
safe in stating that, from time immemorial until down to about the
year 1863, flower pots had always been made in one and the same
way — by hand, on a potter's wheel.

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Some of you may ask how many could be made in a day-
"When some of the boys in the old pottery ' ' broke the record " by
making one thousand three-inch pots in ten hours, I am sure it
created as much excitement among the other workmen as a
Harvard-Yale boating bulletin suspended in a store window seems
now-a-days to arouse in the minds of Cambridge students.

Then came the machine, which, however, made only small pots,
up to about five inches in size : and while it had previously takea
an experienced man to make his thousand three-inch pots per day,
a smart boy without any previous experience whatever, could, in
the same number of hours make three thousand on the machine.
This was back in the sixties. If I told you how many we make
now per day, you might question my veracity.

As I have previously said, these machines do not successfully
make pots larger than the five or six inch size, and when the
standard pot was adopted a few years ago, the hand process was
practically abandoned in the principal potteries of the country,
and the use of what is technically termed a jigger succeeded it.
This is a revolving disk propelled by machinery. These disks, or
jigger-heads, are made of different sizes and fitted with various
rings.

Plaster moulds are made in vei'y large numbers for each size of
pots, and the larger standard (from six to twelve inch) pots are
all made at the present time in these moulds. With us, pots from
twelve to twenty-four inches are made as of yore by han'd on the
wheel. The making of the- pot is not, it should be explained, its
only cost ; previously to that comes the preparation of the clay.
The hundred years from 1765 to 1865, saw no improvement in the
process of preparing it for use. It was ground in a wooden tank
or tub, the motive power being furnished by an ox. There is even
a tradition to the effect that sometimes when the ox was busy a
cow was substituted in his place. Personally I cannot vouch for
such a statement ; but the old horse in the mill I shall never
forget. When I had reached the mature age of six years I was
considered old enough to go to the factory, before and after
school, and drive that horse to grind clay. As I loved my books
no better than the average urchin of the same age does today,
that was probably the only " grinding" I did.

The various other processes remained as crude in 1865 as they
had been a century previous — the drying, firing, and all connected
with the manufacture.

FLOWER POTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE. 19

The capacity of our flower pot drying rooms of today far
exceeds the entire product of any one year prior to 1865. At
that time the custom of using wood for drying and firing pots still
continued. It required three cords of white pine and from thirty
to forty hours' labor thoroughly to fire a small furnace. Today
three tons of bituminous coal will fire five times as much pottery
in fifteen hours.

It is a very common saying that one flow^er pot is as good as
another, provided it will hold together long enough to grow the
plant ; which is equivalent to saying that one rose is as good as
another ; and when they say that one pot is worth no more than
another thej^ might as well say that a hybrid should be sold at the
price of a tea rose. It has always been our practice to make, at
a fair manufacturing profit, the best flower pot that could be
produced. The late C. M. Hovey has often said to me, "Mr.
Hews, I want all perfect pots." Then he would go on to explain
why he wanted all perfect pots. "You see, Mr. Hews," he would
say, " I am potting a nice plant which will be worth two or three
dollars and I want a nice straight pot for it, but I am obliged to
pull the pile over before I can find one. Then when I have found
it, it is sure to be of such a soft burn that it will hardly hold
together." Then he would take me into the greenhouse and hunt
for a nice plant and at the same time be very sure to select one
that happened to be in a warped, cracked pot. " And now you
see, Mr. Hews," he would say, "that pot just spoils the sale of
the plant unless I re-pot it." That was before the day of standard
pots, and I am sure no man would have appreciated the standard
size more than he.

When the Society of American Florists met at Washington in
1892, I spent several hours in the greenhouses of the various
departments, in company with a prominent member of the
Horticultural Society, who had never happened to visit the city
before. To a certain extent I had prepared him for the kind of
flower pots he would find there. I think he would say, if he cared
to discuss the subject, that I had not underestimated them. To
say that many of them looked as though they belonged to that
class of pottery found in the Indian Mounds of Mexico, would be
a reflection on the aborigines.

The poor preparation of poor materials is largely the cause of
the thousands of inferior flower pots that flood our markets.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Grades of clay used in the manufacture of flower pots are almost
as numerous as the banks in which they are found, and require
many different methods of treatment ; and to proper treatment is
largely due the excellence of the ware. Our bank in Cambridge
contains a very superior quality of clay for flower pots. Unfor-
tunately for us, it also contains very many small stones which must
be disposed of in some way before using.

To separate the clay from the stone has always been a very
perplexing as well as expensive operation, and we have spent
many thousands of dollars to accomplish this end, and are still
experimenting. Three years ago we erected at our clay bank an
expensive factory for this express purpose, putting in machinery
capable of handling six hundred tons daily, which produced one
hundred tons of sifted clay. A short description of this process
may be interesting to you.

The clay is first ploughed by means of a horse and capstan,
whereby one horse will do the work of twenty men with picks.
This clay is then loaded in dump carts and carried to the mill,
where it is shovelled through a disintegrator which expels the
larger stones and crushes the smaller ones. It then falls on an
endless belt and is carried to a revolving dryer. This is a new
western patent, wherein by the use of crude petroleum for heat, we
evaporate from twenty to twenty-five per cent of moisture from the
clay, and while it passes through a direct blaze of white heat
there is sufficient moisture all the time to prevent it from burning,
which at this stage would make it worthless. To demonstrate
this point beyond question, paper and dry shavings were passed
through with the clay, and they came out without even scorching.

From the dryer it goes into large bins, where it must remain
twenty-four hours, so that portions of it which have become too
dry and hard may absorb the moisture from that not dry enough.
From these bins it is carried to whippers, which beat the clay
without further crushing the stone. From the whipper it goes to
the revolving screens, and thence to the elevators.

The next process is mixing, or, as we term it, pugging, the clay,
which is all done by machinery. From one machine it comes out
very soft and plastic, to be worked in plaster moulds ; from the
other cut into hard cubes for the iron moulds of the machine.

The pot machine and jigger of today does each the work of
from six to eight men at the wheel, even at as lato a date as 1885.

FLOWER POTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE. 21

The difference iu cost between a good and a poor pot is very
slight, and if the florist will demand and accept nothing but a first
class pot, a standard iu quality as well as in size will soon be
reached. Some may ask what constitutes a standard in quality,
and I would thus define it. To be standard in quality a pot must
be made of clay properly prepared, be of uniform firing and of a
smooth surface inside as well as out. It must also be of right
porosity, which can be accomplished by the proper mixture of
clay, and on a machine-made pot must have a smooth rim on the
inside, so that the man standing at his bench, potting thousands of
plants per day as is being done constantly iu large establishments,
may have some flesh on his thumbs at night and more time for
recreation than he otherwise would have, if he felt obliged to ask
forgiveness for his forcible denunciation of the rough edged pots
furnished by many manufacturers. It must also be one that will
stand transportation and years of usage if necessary.

The practical florists, and there are a good many of them,
were long ago conxanced that the best pots are the cheapest.

Before asking forgiveness for having trespassed so long on your
patience I want to say a few words about ornamental flower pots,
now commonly called "jardinieres." For some j^ears there has
been a constantl}^ increasing demand for ornamental coverings for
flower pots, and we have depended very largely for these upon
articles of foreign manufacture. During the past year we have
paid special attention to this branch of the trade, and have
produced shapes and designs second to none, have imitated glazes
so perfectly that it takes an expert to detect the difference between
the real and the imitation, and w'ithal have produced these
jardinieres at prices which place them within the reach of every
one.

I often ask myself whether it is probable that the demand for
flow'er pots in the next quarter of a century will increase in the
same ratio as during the past quarter. And having the books at
hand I simply took the total manufactures of 1869 and 1894, and
found the increase as ten to one, or in round numbers 700,000
flower pots in the former year and 7,000,000 in the latter; and if
the same factory can in 1920, twenty-five years later, produce and
sell 70,000,000 we shall verily be living in a land of flowers.

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

Samuel H. Warren asked whether the painting of flower pots
was injurious to the pots, or to the plants grown in them.

Mr. Hews replied that if the plant was properly watered, no
injury would result from the paint. He also remarked that one
experienced plant-grower said " we shall not reach perfection in
growing plants in pots, until we do away with porous pots, and
thus avoid the growth of green mould upon the outside of the pots
when in use." The Japanese always grow plants in glazed pots.

William C. Strong said that if we can have our pots burned so
hard that green moss will not grow upon them, it will be an
improvement of great value.

Mr. Hews remarked that F. L. Harris, of Wellesley, always
wants the hardest pots, and added that his firm sent a schooner
load of hard burned pots to Port-of-Spain, the capital of the
island of Trinidad, to a firm who grow palms there.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 26, 1895.

A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holden today at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The following lecture was delivered on the John Lewis Russell
Foundation.

Fungous Diseascs op Ornamental Plants.

By Professor Bvron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.
I

In the brief time that is before us it may be well to make a
visit to some large grower of ornamental plants under glass, and
pass from house to house upon a tour of inspection. This series
of greenhouses will be ideal in the sense of offering examples of
many of the leading kinds of fungous troubles.

Without further preliminary parley we will consider ourselves as
having arrived upon the grounds of our florist friend, who gives
us the freedom of his houses while we discuss the subjects that
are to come before us.

FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 23

Fungous Diseases of the Rose. First let us pass into the rose
houses. No less than one hundred and sixty-five kinds of
fungous diseases of the rose are recorded in the books, and there-
fore only a few of the most injurious can be mentioned here.

The Black Spot {Actinonema rosceFr.) Fig. 1, a, is perhaps the
most wide-spread and troublesome of the fungous diseases of the
rose. It was first described in 1826 and is so common as scarcely to
need mention other than by name, to be brought to the mind of every
rosarian. The foliage when attacked by the Actinonema fungus
soon develops the characteristic dark circular spots, while
elsewhere the leaves become pale and shortly fall to the ground.
A house of roses badly affected with the Black Spot will show a
lack of leaves, particularly upon the older parts of the plants, and
of course the quantity and quality of the blooms are unsatisfactory.

The compound microscope reveals that the fungus consists of
fine threads which feed upon the substance of the rose leaf.
Starting at a given point from a spore that has been brought
through the air or in water from a mature black spot, the fungus
spreads in diverging lines until the circular area is the size of a
dime or even a half dollar. After the growth has proceeded for a
time small specks may be seen upon the surface of the spot.
These are the spore-bearing places, after the skin of ihe leaf has
been raptured or thrown off, and multitudes of spores are
produced. These spores, small as particles of dust, and as
numerous as the sands of the sea-shore, are the " seeds" or the
germs of the fungus and are capable, after finding their way to a
healthy leaf, of inaugurating a new Black Spot.

As with many other fungous diseases of plants, some varieties
of roses are much more susceptible to the Black Spot than others,
and therefore it goes without further saying that, other matters
remaining the same, it is an important precaution to grow those
sorts that are the least subject to the malady.

As we glance around in the imaginary rose house, much of the
foliage is observed to be more or less covered with a powdery
substance (mildew), as if the fine dust from a flouring mill had
settled upon the leaves, many of which are somewhat misshapen.
This powdery substance consists largely of the spores of a fungus
(Sphcerotheca pannosa Wallr.) that bears the familiar name of Rose
Powdery Mildew, Fig. 1, c. This fungus is a surface feeder and
does not send its filaments deeply into and between the cells of the
leaf. In its habit of growth, therefore, this fungus is quite in

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

contrast with that causing the Black Spot. Because superficial in
its manner of feeding upon its host this mildew can spread rapidly
over the rose leaves and quickly become manifest.

There is another rose mildew (Peronosjyora sparsa Berk.)
which differs in many ways from the one last mentioned. It is
deeply seated, in that its fine filaments penetrate through all
portions of the leaf and afterwards produce upon the surface a
fine growth that has suggested the common name of Downy Mil-
dew for this fungous parasite. This mildew is closely related to
the ones upon the grape, the onion, the greenhouse lettuce, and
several other of the destructive downy mildews.

As we pass along through the rose house some plants are seen to
be nearly defoliated. An inspection of the canes will show that
they are covered with small pimples, each one of which abounds
in spores. These microscopic spores ooze from the pimples or
small rifts in the epidermis of the cane and germinate quickly and
spread the trouble. This is the Rose Anthracnose {Gloeosporium
rosce Hals.) and is not distantly related to several of the worst
diseases of other cultivated plants. Thus Gloeosporium fnicti-
gemium Berk., is a widespread fungous trouble, causing bitter or
ripe rot in apples, grapes, and other fruits. The somewhat fatal
anthracnose of the raspberry {Gloeosporium venetum Speg.) is
another near relative of the trouble in hand. The rose plant is
most likely attacked through its young parts by the spores of the
anthracnose falling upon the leaves or succulent canes and, if the
latter, it may girdle the stem and thereby kill it. A plant thus
infested by the anthracnose may send up new canes from near the
base of the stem, which in turn are likely to bear pale sickly
foliage and finally to be destroyed by the fungus that in this
instance may spread to it directly from the old stem. This is one
of the most contagious of the fungous diseases of the rose.

Some of the plants in the rose house have foliage that 'is badly
marked with gray, irregular, often quite small spots. If these
spots are looked at closely — and a hand lens will assist greatly —
they are seen dotted over with minute black specks, the spore-
bearing organs of SpJuerella rosigena P211., Fig. 1, b. In order that
this trouble may have a common name and to avoid the word spot
and any confusion with Black Spot the expression Rose Leaf Blight
is proposed.

Before we leave the roses, and in answer to a question that has
already been asked, I may say that the peculiar discoloration of

Fig. 1.

FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 25

the leaves of La France, Fig. 1, d, which may for the lack of a better
term be called "bronzing", is, so far as I know, not of fungous
origin but probably due to a structural weakness permitting the
skin to become scalded by too great sun exposure. We will now
pass into the Carnation houses.

Fungous Diseases of the Ccirnation. The leading fungous
enemy of the Carnations today is the Carnation Rust ( Uromyces
Garyophyllinus Schr.) This fungus, while quite new to this
country, is an old pest in Europe, and doubtless came to us in
imported stock, and within the past five years has spread through-
out the country. The rust can be quickly distinguished by the
plump gray blisters produced upon the leaves and stems. After
the epidermis is broken the rusty brown spores escape in great
numbers and the affected spots then resemble those produced by
other rust fungi upon grains, grasses, and many other plants.
Before the time of spore-formation the fungus has sent its slender
threads in all directions through the leaf or stem, and the plant
has become badly diseased.

The work of the Carnation Leaf Spot fungus {Septoria Dianthi
Desm.) is easily recognized by the light brown patches upon the
leaf and stem. While not confined to any portion of the plant,
upon the stem it is most frequently found between joints. The
lower half of the leaf usually has more spots than the upper half,
and frequently a leaf bends abruptly downward near the middle
when a large spot has weakened it at that point. Occasionally a
leaf may have several bends downward and sidewise, due to as
many diseased spots. Over the light brown (sometimes reddish)
affected areas, there develop a number of minute black specks,
which in an old spot can be readily seen with the naked eye.
These specks consist of flask-shaped bodies, the walls of which are
formed of the interwoven threads of the fungus, and upon the inside
a vast number of long needle-shaped spores are produced. The
spores, mingled with a viscid substance, ooze from tbe small
opening through the wall of the flask and afterwards become
disseminated in various ways. In some of the fungi previously
mentioned, the spores have been described as produced without
cover upon the surface of the plant, but in the Carnation
Septoria the surface is finally reached by the discharge through an
opening. When lying upon the surface they may be moved when
dry by currents of air, as motes float in a sunbeam. On the other
hand any stream of water never so small can carry them along.

26 .MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In case of plants under glass where watering is frequent it is likely
that the wet method of transportation is most active, especially if
the hose is used with considerable force. A strong spray playing
upon a healthy plant through one affected with the Leaf Spot
would be quite sure to carry along an abundance of the spores
and leave them in drops of water in a suitable condition for
germination. The prevalence of the disease at the base of the
clasping leaves of the carnation may be due to the fact that the
water is held there longer than elsewhere.

The Carnation Anthracnose (species not fully determined) is a
third fungous trouble frequently met' with, and may be character-
ized by sharp-pointed black hairs arranged in microscopic rosettes
upon the surface of stem or leaf. The spores are borne upon the
tips of radiating threads intermingled with the black hairs. This
fungus is fond of moisture and is most frequently found upon the
lower stems and leaves that lie upon the earth or are matted
together. A whole branch may be destroyed by the anthracnose
that has affected its base and checked the flow of sap.

The Leaf Mould {Heterosporium echinulatum Berk.) is a
fourth fungous trouble of the Carnation, which is easily distin-
guished by its forming circular spots in the foliage varying from a
small dot to a ring extending across the whole leaf. At first the
spot is of a pale ashy color covered with a dense mould, but
changes with age to a dark brown. This change of color is due to
the maturing, upon the minute branches of the mould, of many
spores. When fully ripe the spores are covered with microscopic
prickers. In its worst form a plant, and particularly the younger
portion, will be literally covered with the blending circular spots
of this fungus.

The last fungous disease of the Carnation to be mentioned
before passing on to the violet houses is of bacterial origin. The
germs of this disease are exceedingly small, there being no thread-
like structure or spores as met with in the fungi previously
mentioned. Attention is attracted to tlie victim by the manifest
lack of vigor, and the consequent failure to produce the usual
number of blooms. If a leaf of a diseased plant is held up to
the light many somewhat transparent dots will be observed, vary-
ing from a mere point to specks an eighth of an inch in diameter.
These dots are the starting points of the bacteria which, swarming
in the cells of a leaf, destroy the ordinary green substance
(chlorophyll), and finally the leaf becomes discolored and lifeless.

Fig. 2,

Fig. 3.

Fier. 4.

Fig. 5.

FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 27

The change of color in the affected leaf is controlled somewhat by
the color of the bloom. In the yellow varieties the foliage often
turns to some shade of lemon, while purple is not infrequent in the
pink sorts. The bacterial germs most likely enter the leaf through
the stomates and, multiplying, spread from there.

This bacterial disease sickens the whole plant, and there is no
fungous growth that breaks through the epidermis as in the rust,
etc. Many other plants are liable to similar affections, the most
widely known being the twig or fire blight of the pear, apple, and
quince trees.

Fungous Diseases of the Violet. Passing from the carnation to
the violet houses, we observe that health does not prevail. Some
plants are stunted, others are yellow, while others still have the
foliage blotched and spotted in various ways. It will be best for
us to single out certain leaves and note the fungi that prey upon
.them.

The Violet Leaf Spot {Cercosiiora Violce Sacc), Figs 2 and 3, as
the common name suggests, causes the foliage to become more or
less covered with circular spots. There are several fungi causing
the spotting of violet leaves, but the Cercospora can usually be
detected by the dark centre of the spot due to the multitude of
spore-bearing threads that are brown colored. Black moulds of
various kinds often flourish upon the dead tissue of the spot and
greatly change its appearance.

Another spotting of the violet leaves is caused by another fungus,
namely, Pliyllosticta Violce Desm,, Figs. 4 and 5, of a quite different
type from the one above mentioned. By the naked eye, when
carefully inspected the Phyllosticta spots are seen to have no dark
central area, but scattered over the whole brown spot are minute
dark specks in which the spores are borne. The Cercospora spot
has the spores on minute aerial branches, but in the Phjdlosticta
Spot the spores are formed within flask-like bodies, and ooze out
of the open neck when mature. Similar to the Phyllostica are a
number of other violet parasites, as Marsonia Violce Sacc.
Besides these there are some fungi which cause blotching of the
leaf and a general collapse of the whole plant. For example,
there is an anthracnose (Glaosporium) of the violet similar to the
one mentioned upon the rose. There is a bacterial trouble also,
so that the violets are fully supplied with fungous parasites.

Fungous Diseases of Draccenas. Some of the cultural varieties
of Dracaenas, notably the Cordyline terminalis, have failed to

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

preserve their health. The fungus Pliyllosticta macuUcola Hals.,
is recognized by producing small brown angular spots in the
leaves, which finally show spore-bearing pimples.

There is a tip blight of Dracecna fragrans that often greatly
disfigures the otherwise highly prized plants. "It is often the
tips of leaves that are most subject to the bad effects of the
blight, and this is true of many other than the Dracaena plants.
This may be due to the fact that the water holds to the pendent
tips longer than to any other portions. When the plants are
sprinkled the upper portions of the foliage retaining only a film of
the liquid quickly dry off, while the water descending to the tips
remains there for a long time. The presence of this moisture
upon the surface of the leaf-tips furnishes the proper conditions
for the germination of spores that may have been brought there
by the descending water as it flowed along, gathering to itself the
spores previously deposited upon the surface of the leaf. It is
thus seen that there are* at least two good reasons why the tips of
drooping leaves may, be infested with fungi while the upright parts
escape. As a matter of fact, however, such portions do not
wholly escape. Not infrequently in the case in hand, the
Dracaena leaves may be blighted midway of tips and base. In
such instances it is possible that at some time there has been some
injury b}' means of which the spores found an easy place to
germinate, and their germ tubes to penetrate the leaf.

There is a third reason why the tips are more susceptible,
namely, the greater surface exposed in proportion to the amount of
tissues, than in the other parts of the leaf. The entrance of disease
germs is largely a surface action, and therefore the chances are
greater as the tip of the leaf is approached. The tips being
thinner and farther from the base of interior water-supplies, often
suffer from wilting, and become dried naturally. Anything of
this nature assists the parasites to get a foothold. The wonder is
that more tips are not attacked. When once a fungus ha&
established itself, it will begin to work its way in the leaf toward
its base. This advance may be quite uniform and rapid, so much
80 that there is a distinct line between the living and the destroyed
tissue."*

Fungous Diseases oj Palms. The growers of palms are far
from exempt from troubles of a fungous nature. It is difficult to

*From the writer's Report from the New Jersey Experiment Station for 1893 .

FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 29

name the palms that are most affected, many of them becoming
blotched more or less with one or another fungus. A tip blight is
not uncommon. I have studied the Kentias more than any other
palms and will speak particularly of them. If the dying of palm
leaves was confined to the tip it might be concluded that the decay
was due to the extreme susceptibility of the delicate end of the
leaf to untoward influences, but it is not unusual to find circular
spots in the bod}^ of the leaf that have the same associating
fungus. The tips blight more frequently, possibly, because they
are pendent and water collects and is retained there, giving the
spores favorable conditions for germination. The fungus found in
these blighted tips and elsewhere in the leaves is an anthracnose
(^Colectotrichum Kentim Hals.). It is a deep feeding parasite and
causes the ruin of the plants or so disfigures them as to forbid
their going to market.

Fungous Enemies in the Orchid House. The royal and fantastic
family of orchids is not free from fungous enemies. The
Sobralias, for example, are killed outright by an anthracnose
(Gloeosporium cinctum B. and C.) that works in the foliage. In
like manner the large and tender leaves of the Bletias are preyed
upon by several blights that greatly disfigure the plants. In many
instances the pseudo-bulbs have large pits of decay due to one or
more fungi. Occasionally the large and otherwise superb flowers
of vainous orchids are spotted and blotched with brown which in
some instances is due to micro-organisms. It is to be remembered
that the tissue of the floral part is exceedingly delicate in structure,
and also the colors are such that any disease is remarkably con-
spicuous. Sometimes the spotting consists of minute specks, in
great numbers, scattered over the whole surface of the petal, and
so uniform is this that one might' almost conclude at first sight that
it was characteristic of that particular species of flower. It is
often true that the little specks will be bordered by a delicate ring
of pink which will heighten the peculiar appearance of the blighted
portion. There may be on the other hand only a single blighted
patch, and this, by rapid increase, spreads throughout the whole
orchid flower. When a petal is thus attacked it soon becomes
worthless and falls down, either remaining attached by its base or
drops away entirely. Such patches, upon examination with the
compound microscope, reveal the presence of a fungous growth
which is well known to the gardener as the gray mould. This
gray mould (Botrytis vulgaris) is the most common to be met with

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

upon old Ijlooms in greenhouses or other warm, moist places, and,,
abounding in spores which are borne upon the tips of slender
threads, it keeps the atmosphere well stocked with germs, and
these falling upon the delicate tissue of the orchid bloom will
induce decay.

As a precautionary measure it goes without further saying that
any and all old and worthless parts of greenhouse plants that are
harboring this gray mould, or in fact any fungous growth, should
be promptly removed from the place and consigned to the furnace.
In this way a large portion of the decay of petals and other floral
parts will be obviated.

Botrytis is able to gain a foothold within the vigorous leaves^
particularly when some petal or other floral organ already infested
with the graj^ mould falls upon the leaf and remains there. The
fungus therein spreads from the petal to the leaf and shortly a blotch
is formed upon the leaf, which continues to spread for some time,
and possibly the decaying leaf in falling upon another will continue
to spread the disease.

Fungous Diseases of Variegated Plants. Many of the indoor
foliage plants are subject to blights of various sorts, but limited
time will permit only a word under this head. It may be stated
as a general principle that variegated foliage is more subject to
attacks from fungi than the ordinary green leaves of plants of the
same species. Thus the Ficus elastica var. variegata, while it
may possess added attractions on account of the lack of chloro-
phyll, for the same reason is more susceptible to blights than the
ordinary plants. Variegated Pelargoniums are apt to suffer from
fungous attacks while the green leaved sorts go free. In like
manner the day lilies, like the Funkia undulata var. variegata, are
often worthless, and in such plants as the Aspidistras, where large
white stripes run through the leaves, the fungi are much more apt
to attack the etiolated parts. In short, gardeners are getting shy
of variegated plants, because such have an evident tendency to
blight.

Fungi of the Seed Bed. Passing now to the nursery department
of the plant establishment, we find the seed bed is not exempt
from fungous enemies. The leading trouble passes under the
common name of "damping off," which is a general expression for
a failure of the seedlings to maintain a stand. There may be
many reasons for a failure at this point, but the chief one is the
presence, in the tender tissue of the young sprouts, of microscopic

FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 31

fungi of the genus Pythium, the P. De Baryianum Hesse. ^ being
the most common one. This fungus often attacks the phiuts with
so much vigor as to sweep them off in a short time, lu structure
the Pythiums are quite similar to the mildews of the deeply seated
type and are perhaps still more nearly related to the fungus caus-
ing a fatal rot of the round potato, the celebrated Phytophthora
infestans De By.

Several other fungi may attack seedlings ; in fact they are
subject to the whole list of parasitic enemies that the host is,
subject to in its later life. The whole matter of seedlings and
their relation to fungi is a theme in itself sufficient for the hour.
Often the seed contains the fungus within itself, and as it
germinates the parasite starts into activity, and ruins its subject.
Again the germs are in the soil and pass from thence to the victim.
It is not unusual for a fungus to spread from a central point in all
directions through a seed bed, killing all plants as it goes.

Fungi of the Cutting Bench. Much of what has been said con-
cerning the seed bed holds true of the cutting bench. Slips are
portions of plants which are placed with one end in the moist
sand, and have nearly the same conditions surrounding them as
seedlings. They are subject to the attacks of "damping off"
fungi coming from the soil, and in addition to this carry with them
from the parent plant many hidden seeds of decay which under
the new conditions may develop and ruin the slips. In the cutting
bench therefore many fungi show themselves which are often only
obscurely seen in the stock plants. Thus rose cuttings fail,
because the stock has the Black Spot or the Anthracnose, the
carnations damp off from the rampant growth of the Dark Stem-
blight, and violets fail from the Leaf-spot fungus taking possession
of the cuttings. Pelargoniums are stricken down with a blacken-
ing bacterial blight, and hosts of other sorts of cuttings fall under
the influence of moulds of various sorts.

Remedies f 07' Fungous Diseases. This paper upon Fungous Dis-
eases would be incomplete from the standpoint of the floriculturist,
without some words upon the subject of remedies. It is here that
information is needed by everyone, and no one appreciates the
lack more than those who desire to instruct. Naturallj^ enough
the diagnoses of the diseases have gone ahead of the remedial
measures. It is the hope that in the near future more time Avill be
given to the actual treatment of fungous troubles. Hospitals are

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

needed where sick plants may be cured, and thereby ways and
means devised for the benefit of practical growers, who in turn
will nurse their own ailing plants, or, better still, be able to
foresee the enemy and avoid him. If one may be pardoned the
expression, the best way to cure a plant is to preserve it in health.

The conditions which are provided for the best growth of green-
house plants are those that favor the development of the fungous
enemies. As a rule they thrive best with plenty of heat and
moisture, therefore a greenhouse, other things remaining equal,
will be the place where blights of all sorts may be expected. It is
well known that the means of propagation is through the transfer
of the fungus itself or its spores produced in countless numbers.
The preventive measures are, first, to start new plants with healthy
stock either from seed, or slips free from the disease; second, to
prevent the germs of decay from entering the healthy plants, and
third, if they are present to check their growth as much as
possible.

Strong healthy seed is a very important starting point, the
necessity of which is not always fully realized, but this is not
the time to dwell upon this fact. In like manner cuttings
should be from the best possible stock. If the seed and the slips
were healthy, the only point necessary for continued vigor would
consist in keeping out the germs, and surrounding the plants with
the best conditions for growth. The latter the propagator is
supposed to do. The germs enter from the soil or the air or both.
Care should be exercised that the seed bed be germ free, and to
this end the wood work of greenhouses needs to be fumigated and
cleaned as frequently as possible. The soil is a ready receptacle
for receiving spores and soon gets charged with them, therefore a
frequent change of soil is important.

After everything has been done along sanitary lines for the good
health of the plants, namely the use of healthy seed in healthful
surroundings, there are some matters that still may need attention.
Fungicides have their place in the greenhouse as well as in the
orchard and garden. There are a few germ destroyers that when
properly used have paid handsomely.

With roses, the mildew may be controlled by sulphur, either
dusted on the foliage or heated upon the greenhouse pipes. The
Black Spot has been materially checked by the Bordeaux Mixture
and Cupram (Ammoniacal Solution of the Carbonate of Copper).
In the Bordeaux Mixture, freshly slaked stone lime is combined with

FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 33

sulphate of copper (blue stoue) and applied as a thai wash with a
spraying pump. The formula is five pounds each of the lime and
sulphate of copper, to fifty gallons of water. The milk of lime
may be made up and kept in stock to which the sulphate of copper,
also kept in solution, may be added as desired for spraying.

The chief objection to the use of Bordeaux Mixture in the green-
house is the bluish lime coating it gives to the plants. On this
account Cupram is better. The formula for this latter is five ounces
of carbonate of copper dissolved in three quarts of strong (4 F)
ammonia, to be afterward added to fifty gallons of water. A
convenient way to keep this compound is in the concentrated solu-
tion in a well corked bottle. Thus a bottle holding the three quarts
of ammonia can receive the five ounces of copper and stand ready
for use, it being necessary only to pour out an ounce for each gal-
lon of water used for spraying.

These two fungicides are the chief ones that can be recom-
mended for fungous troubles of the greenhouse. A solution of
Potassie Sulphide, a half ounce to a gallon of water, has proved
particularly beneficial with carnation diseases. This sulphide
readily dissolves in water and is easily prepared and kept for use.

Good results have followed the use of the Bordeaux mixture for
violet troubles, and many other plants grown under glass would
doubtless be equally benefited by its use.

The work against injurious fungi must be preventive instead of
curative, and the old saying that " an ounce of prevention is worth
a pound of cure " is nowhere more applicable. It is often true
that the enemy gets so far along with its destructive work that it is
the part of wisdom to destroy the plants instead of trying to save
them, much less propagate from them. Fungicides are most use-
ful at the time of attack of the fungus and, therefore, often need
to be used before the parasite shows itself. It is most likely that
greenhouse plants generally would profit by a spraying now and
then, and a more general use of fungicides is to be looked for by
growers of ornamental plants.

The man who keeps his plants in the best way, observing the
proper conditions of seed bed, soil, air, and food supply, the one
who has all things neat and clean, will also be the one who sprays.
He will not delay until the plants are sick through and through,
but will use the fungicide as a shield for plants while healthy.
Such an one will have the greatest pleasure in his plants and be
most largely rewarded by them for his watchful care.
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

W. D. Philbiick asked whether Professor Halsted had ever used
extremely diluted Sulphate of Copper, — oue ounce of the sulphate
to one hundred gallons of water?

Professor Halsted answered that he had no doubt that the
proportions named would be useful in many cases. He said that
fungicides were frequently used too strong, as experimenters found
to their cost. He had an acre of plants on which to experiment.
In his trials upon beans he used Bordeaux Mixture of three
degrees of strength. The full strength kept off the fungi, and
the leaves retained a good color, but the plants were stunted in
growth, attaining no more than half the usual size of the variety.
With the strength reduced one-half, the good effects were quite as
evident, but the dwarfing was still considerable. Recluced to one-
quarter of standard strength, the mixture thoroughly protected the
plants from fungous injury, but still prevented full development.
This trial showed conclusively that fungicides are generally used
too strong ; next year still weaker solutions will be tried. Fungous
spores will not germinate in water in which even a small quantity
of copper filings have been kept, and this without any sulphuric
acid, or any other corroding agent, than the supposed pure water
contained. The greatest success with fungicides is secured when
they are put in the right place at the right time.

Charles J. Dawson inquired what should be done to prevent
" damping off" in the seed pan.

Professor Halsted replied that while the question is an important
one, the attention of the station officers had not been so specially
called to it as to many others, and therefore but little is as yet
known about it. He did not see why the soil should not be
sprayed as well as plants ; nor why hot water could not be used —
not so hot as to endanger the plants, but sufficiently so to kill the
fungous threads, which cannot endure a very warm bath. He knew
that young ferns had been so treated successfully. He suggested
that possibly Bordeaux Mixture, if sufficiently reduced in strength,
might prove more advantageous.

Jackson Dawson said lie had tried some chemicals but was more
successful with (piite hot sand. Still, he thought seedlings could be
saved quite as well by washing out the soil in which they were
started, and pricking them out in purified soil.

LARGE, OLD, OR OTHERWISE INTERESTING TREES. 35

Kenneth Fiulayson desired to learn how it was that rusts
attained such headway before their presence was detected.

Professor Halsted said in reply that the rusts develop within the
plants they attack, and usually go all through before producing
any spores. The spores are then produced upon the surface, but
the host plant is already ruined. However, spraying the whole
body of plants, as soon as the rust appears, may prevent the
spread of the disease through the crop, by destroying the spores
before they are distributed from the first diseased plant. iNIany
fungous diseases are somewhat local and can be readily removed,
but rusts are deep-seated. Spraying at short intervals is the best
preventive of the spread of most fungous diseases.

Charles J. Dawson had noticed a kind of rot upon the stems of
some plants, and asked if such blemishes were caused by fungi.

Professor Halsted in reply stated that bacterial diseases attacked
the crowns of violets, and probably some species begin their
destructive work upon the stems of other plants.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 2, 1895.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Charles E. Richardson read his annual report as Treasurer and
Superintendent of the Building, which was accepted and referred
to the Committee on Publication.

Henry L. Clapp, from the Committee on School Gardens and
Children's Herbariums, read a supplementary report, giving an
account of the Garden connected with the Robert G. Shaw School,
by W. E. C. Rich, Principal. This report was accepted and re-
ferred to the Committee on Publication.

Edmund Hersey, Chairman of the Committee on Large, Old, or
Otherwise Interesting Trees in New England, read a report from
that Committee, and also presented a bound volume of photo-
graphs and descriptions of such trees, prepared by the Committee.
On motion of William C. Strong the report and the book were

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

accepted, and it was voted that the Committee remain in office,
and be requested to continue their work on the subject.

The President appointed William P. Rich a member of the
Committee on School Gardens and Children's Herbariums, in place
of T. Otis Fuller, who had declined to serve.

The President also announced the Committee provided for at the
last meeting of the Society, to consider the expediency of placing
the property of the Society in the hands of a Board of Trustees,
as follows : William C. Strong, William H. Spooner, and Walter
Hunnewell.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were, on ballot,
duly elected :

Dr. Daniel D. Lee, of Boston.

John C. Haskell, of Lynn.

Fred. W. Fletcher, of Auburndale.

Mrs. Clara E. Sears, of Boston.

Hon. Charles W. Hoitt, of Nashua, N. H.

Harry Burnett, of Southborough.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 2.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

The following paper was read by the author :

Hardy Plants and Shrubs and their Arrangement.
By J. Wilkinson Elliott, Landscape Architect, I'ittsburg, I'a.

It must be remembered that my experience has been with a more
western civilization, and some of my remarks may not have much
force addressed to so enlightened a gardening community as that
of Boston and its suburbs. Yet I am told there are some people
in this neighborhood who persist, and at considerable outlay and
trouble, in using thousands of tender bedding plants to make poor
representations of inanimate objects. If this is true they cannot
make the plea of not knowing better, for all about them are many
of the best and most tasteful gardens in America — splendid
examples of garden schemes in which the so-called bedding plants
cut little or no figure.

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 37

There has been so much written and said on the subject, and the
great advantages of gardening with hardy plants and sln-ubs are
so apparent, as compared with tender bedding plants, that it seems
a waste of time and words to make any argument in favor of one
and against the other, but the argument is needed as much as ever,
for it is an undeniable fact that nine-tenths of the ornamental
gardening in America is still done with a few commonplace and
uninteresting bedding plants. Think of the pity of it, that all this
enormous annual expenditure should be wasted — an expenditure
that leaves our gardens in the fall exactly as it found them in the
spring, bare earth and nothing in it.

Is it because the people prefer bedding plants to hardy ones?
You who know hardy plants know that this is not so. Who would
prefer, let us say, a bed of coleuses or geraniums to a fine group of
rhododendrons, or azaleas, or Auratum lilies, or Japanese
anemones, or to the hundreds of fine things to be had in hardy
shrubs and plants? Any one of these has a beauty incomparably
greater than can be produced with the most lavish use of bedding
plants. Then the bedding plants are a yearly expense, while an
investment in hardy plants and shrubs returns the investor an
annual dividend in increased size and loveliness. Every dollar
spent for them secures a permanent addition to the garden, and
the time soon comes when the annual outla}' can be devoted
entirely to care and culture.

I know a gentleman who carried a fine stalk of Auratum lily
flowers into the oflice of one of the largest business houses in our
city. Not a man in the office knew what it was, and all were
unwilling to believe that it grew in his garden. They supposed it
to be some rare and costly flower grown in a conservatory. Yet
Auratum lilies and dozens of other things as fine can now be
bought as cheaply as bedding plants.

The people do not prefer bedding plants to hardy ones. They
have no choice in the matter. They buy what the local florist
offers and what they see in their neighbors' gardens. They are
not sufficiently interested to make inquiries. They do not read the
gardening papers, and with few exceptions the managers of the
city parks, who should be such educators of the people in garden-
ing, are content with what might be called an annual pyrotechnical
display of bedding plants as it is of such short duration and little
artistic value.

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The popularity of bedding plants is happily ou the wane ; it
occurs to almost everybody after a time that they do not get much
for their money when they buy this sort of material, but I cannot
say that hardy plants are gaining much. There is no considerable
effort made to attract the public attention to their merits, and when
some man, more enterprising than his neighbors, does take the
trouble to hunt them up and do his gardening with them the
result is not always happy. He is very apt to use them as he
would bedding plants — that is, in formal beds cut out of the
grass of the lawn. Of course hardy plants do not lend themselves
to this treatment, and it is one of their greatest merits that they do
not. Better no flowers at all than that the lawn should be cut up
in formal beds for their accommodation.

An objection often urged against hardy plants is their short
duration of bloom, but this really is one of their greatest merits.
Let us consider the garden that depends exclusively upon bedding
plants for its decoration. It is usually the first of June before
they can be planted, and it is well into July before they are
effective, and often by the end of September they are killed by
frost, and every day during their short season of three months they
are as unchanging in appearance as the carpets in our houses and
about as interesting.

On the contrary, the well planned and well planted garden of
hardy plants begins its season with earliest spring and terminates
it not with the first light frosts of fall but when November brings
some real winter weather, and then only goes to rest to delight us
afresh with the coming of another spring. Almost every day
throughout its long season the hardy garden is changing with the
changes of the season, something new is coming into bloom, and
before it becomes monotonous its season is over and its place
taken by some other flower equally beautiful and interesting but
entirely different. Our garden is never tiresome, its' past is a
pleasant memory, its future a delightful anticipation, and its
bloom an accurate calendar of the seasons. Is this true or only
fanciful writing? It is true, every word of it — hard but pleasant
facts.

Snowdrops are in bloom with the first pleasant weather in
spring ; last spring they were in bloom during the first week in
March. They are quickly followed by scillas and crocuses, and
then comes the season of tulips and narcissuses, with their count-

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 39

less varieties. What a variety of form in the narcissuses ! What a
wealth of colors in the tulips ! Their season is fully a month, and
before it is done the early flowering herbaceous plants are showing-
bloom, and the flowering shrubs have begun a display that will
end only with fall. By May scores of hardy shrubs and plants
are in bloom — creeping Phloxes, Columbines, Doronicums, Ori-
ental Poppies, German and Siberian Irises, and in shrubs. Lilacs,
early Spirseas, Japan Quinces, Magnolias, and Mollis and Ghent
Azaleas, and we must not forget the hardy climbers, of which the
Clematis, in its numerous splendid varieties, covers a season of
fully six months and with which alone a most charming and
interesting garden could be made. June brings such a wealth of
bloom that we are at a loss as to what to use and what to reject.
Rhododendrons in many varieties and colors, Kalmias, Candidum
and Elegans Lilies, and hardy Roses are the flowers, perhaps, that
hold the greatest share of our admiration at this season, and if
June gave us hardy roses alone, our garden should be satisfactory.
The memory of a fine collection of hardy roses in full bloom is
worth more than all the ribbon and carpet beds ever devised, and
and in saying this, it is with full knowledge of the much advertised
rolls of carpet, vases, worlds of flowers, etc., with which South
Park delights the citizens of Chicago.

I fear that much of the benefit of the example of Mr. Olmsted's
and Mr. Codmau's work at the World's Fair was lost. It was so
well done and so naturally done that a majority of the visitors
never suspected that a landscape gardener had been employed.

After the glorious beauty of June we might be content to have
our garden tame for a month or two. But there is no need for
tameness. At the beginning of July the magnificent Japanese
Irises are in bloom, than which there is nothing finer. Wealthy
men build and maintain glass houses at great expense to shelter
things not half so fine. After the Irises come the Japanese Lilies,
and with a little management these will give a brave show of
bloom throughout the summer and fall until frost comes. To
carry us through the summer we have also tall Phloxes, Yuccas,
Rudbeckias, Gaillardias, Tiger Lilies, Hollyhocks — single and
double — Campanulas, Rugosa Roses, Day Lilies, Althaeas,
Hydrangeas, Tamarix, hardy Sunflowers, and a host of other good
things that the time at our disposal will not permit us to consider.
That is one trouble with a paper on hardy plants and shrubs ; a

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

list of the desirable varieties would make a long article and that
without any comment.

And when fall comes we have still some of the best flowers in
reserve, notably the Japanese Anemones and the old-fashioned and
really hardy Chrysanthemums. The flowers of both these good
things will endure the early frosts and early snowstorms and
delight us with a show of bloom on such sunshiny days as we may
be favored with in late fall.

It may be thought that to win my admiration a flower must be
hardy. Nothing of the sort. Certainly the basis of all good out-
door gardening must be hardy material, but the skillful gardener
or amateur will find a place for many tender plants, and especially
for the so-called summer-blooming bulbs, such as Gladioluses, Dah-
lias, and Tuberous Begonias, all of which are easily wintered in any
dwelling house, and he will even find a place for the new large
flowering Cannas, but that place is not in isolated beds on the
lawn. I have seen them used to the best advantage in small
groups in the margin of a shrubbery where the full benefit of
their really fine coloring was gotten, but their stiffness and
ungracefulness concealed. And the many fine annuals which are
so cheaply and easily raised from seeds are not to be overlooked —
Phlox Drummondii, Sweet Peas, Asters, Calliopsis, are all fine^
and I am free to confess that there are but few things among
hardy plants that I admire more than a fine mass of tall
Nasturtiums.

The most important thing we have to consider in connection
with gardening hardy plants and shrubs is their arrangement.
We must study to produce a pleasing effect at all seasons and tCK
have a succession of bloom so that the garden will never be dull
or uninteresting. First, let us take the smallest garden that we
can hope to make a gardening success with, that is, a fifty foot
city or suburban lot. This is a lot usually considered too small ta
do much with in a gardening way, yet it is the lot owned by
thousands of well-to-do and cultivated people, and well worthy of
consideration. I can best illustrate a good arrangement for such
a lot by describing a garden in my neighborhood. The lot is fifty
feet front and one hundred and twenty feet deep to an alley. A
path leads from the sidewalk to the steps of the front porch ;
thence around the west side of the house to the steps of the kitchen
porch, and thence straight out to the alley.

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 41

The house is thirty feet from the street line. The owner of the
lot believes with me that every garden should be enclosed, and has
selected as the most desirable enclosure a hedge of California
privet, which furnishes him a bacliground of verdure to set his
flowering plants against. He has had some difficulty in establish-
ing a portion of the hedge immediately between his house and
those of his neighbors, on account of the shade, but has overcome
it by extra culture, and deep trenching and draining. The plan of
his extremely simple but effective garden is as follows : a border
has been made entirely around the house except at the entrances,
varying from one to three feet in wadth. The front porch is
covered with Halleana and Golden Honeysuckles, Clematis JacJc-
manni, C. Henry i^ and C. paniciilata. The borders in front of
the porch are planted with Eulalia gracillima, Erianthus, Funkia
Sieholdiana and F. subcordata — the Funkias in front of the Eulalia
and Erianthus. As all these plants are grow-n for form and
foliage they are effective throughout the season. A group of
Tuberous Begonias is also introduced in this border, and of course
has to be planted every season. The border on the east side of
the house is quite shaded, and consequently is planted with shade-
loving plants, principally native Ferns, with groups of native
Cypripediums, Trilliums, Lilies-of-the-valley, Tiarellas, and a
large group of Lancifolium lilies at the end of the border where
there is the most light. The garden back of the house is almost
fifty feet square, but one side is perhaps sixty feet on account of
the shape of the house. This garden is completely enclosed by a
border, except where it is broken by the necessary path. This
border, commences west of the kitchen porch steps, and follows
the line of the house until it reaches the division between the
front and back garden ; it then crosses to the hedge, which it
follows, so that there is a flower border in front of all the hedge
back of the line of the house. This border is five feet wide
except on the west side of the lot, where the entire space, about
seven feet, is taken up, except a narrow border of grass between
the shrubs and the walk. This space is planted with fifty hardy
roses, mostly H3^brid Perpetuals, in tliirty of the best varieties.
In front of these roses is planted a narrow border, about ten inches
wide, of various narcissi ; among the roses, gladioli are planted
every spring. The remainder of the border is planted with
herbaceous plants in groups, with a selection that secures a

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

succession of bloom. This selection includes Columbines, Japan-
ese Anemones, Irises, Lilies, Pseonies, German Irises, Helianthus
.lcetiflo7'us, Coreopsis lanceolafa, Gaillardias, RudbecMa hirta^
hardy Asters, Campanulas, Phloxes, Delphiniums, and Heuchera
sanguinea. In front of these is a narrow border of Tulips,
Narcissuses, Millas, etc., which is carpeted with Phlox suhulata.
Room is also found for some Sweet Peas, Phlox Dnimmondii, and
Nasturtiums.

The kitchen porch is covered with Honeysuckles and Clematis
and the brick wall of the house with Ampelopsis Veitchii. At one
corner of the house is planted a Chinese Wistaria which is trained
upon a single wire to the top of the house and then along the
eaves. The necessary but usually unsightly posts for the clothes
line, are converted into a charming feature of the garden in
this way. For the posts, locust saplings about eight inches in
diameter with the branches shortened back to five or six feet have
beeu used. These are covered with Halleana honeysuckle. Trum-
pet creeper, and Clematis paniculata, one over each of three
posts ; and Golden honeysuckle and Clematis JacJcmanni together
on the other. As the space for flowering shrubs is extremely
limited only the choicest are used — a Magnolia stellata and a
Red-Leaved Japanese maple in the front garden, and a Magnolia
JSoulangeana, a Magnolia conspicua, and a Japanese Snowball in
the back garden. The magnolias will in time become too large
for the garden but it will be many years, and the owner is content,
for the sake of their great beauty, to cut them out and replace
them with smaller ones when he must.

In addition to all this planting, the lawn is filled with Crocuses,
Scillas, and Snowdrops, a very pleasing way of using them.

This garden is the most effective, beautiful, and interesting in
the neighborhood, yet is made on a lot usually considered too
small to have gardening possibilities. It cost more than most
gardens of this size but it is complete ; nothing more need be
bought ; on the contrary the overflow of the natural increase is
brightening the gardens of neighbors and friends. This garden
has also privacy, which I hold is as desirable in a garden as it is
in the living rooms of the house.

Suburban lots of one hundred and fifty feet frontage, and from
that to an acre or two acres in extent are popular sizes in this
■counti-y. Such lots admit of a combination border made with

HAEDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 43

hardy shrubs aud plants — one of the most attractive ways in
which they can be used. Such a border will vary of course in
size, shape, and formation, with the requirements of individual
places aud must be designed to -suit them, but let us suppose a lot
of one hundred and fifty feet frontage, and two hundred feet
depth, with an eastern exposure. The house is placed midway in
the lot and only far enough away from the northern boundary to
permit of a screen of planting. It is common to place the house
as nearly in the centre of the lot as possible, but a mistake, for such
a, location reduces the size of the lawn aud the gardening possibil-
ities greatly. We would occupy the entire southern aud western
boundaries of the lot, and perhaps a portion of the eastern, with the
border, which should vary in width from five or six feet up to
twenty feet, with a curved outline on the lawn. This border
should be planted principally with shrubs arranged in groups, but
a few trees such as Birches, Magnolias, and Judas trees should
be used, and a few evergreens, such as Retinosporas and quite a
number of evergreen shrubs. AVhere a great variety of hardy
plants is desired the entire margin of this border might be filled
Tvith them, but a more effective arrangement is to plant them in
bold groups, one variety in a group, and alternating them with
■groups of shrubs. Some of the stronger growing plants such as
Sunflowers, Foxgloves, and single Hollyhocks might be placed in
the middle or back part of the border, and the Japanese lilies, —
Auratum, Rubrum, and Album, — and our American species,
Siiperbum, can always be planted in, and combined to advantage
with, groups of rhododendrons and azaleas. After such a border
is completely planted with shrubs and hardy plants there will be
many opportunities for introducing colonies of spring flowering
bulbs, — Tulips, Narcissuses, etc. — aud the advantage of using
bulbs in this way is that the planting is peroianent aud they are
really more effective than in formal shaped beds cut out of the
lawn. It is the intention to keep this border in a cultivated con-
dition, free from weeds and grass, aud to give an annual mulch-
ing of manure. A lot of this size, planted so densely on its
boundary, should have its lawn kept quite free and open and have
only a few choice specimens planted on it and no large trees,
•except street trees on the edge of the sidewalk.

I do not claim that this is the most artistic arrangement that can
be made for a small suburban place. I have in miud a most

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

artistic place that is almost enclosed by a quite narrow planting of
ordinary trees and shrubs, with a mass of trees back of the house
and a single magnificent specimen tree on the front lawn. This is
a satisfactory arrangement, as an example of fine architecture is
satisfactory, but all the variety, interest, and pleasure of garden-
ing is lost.

In larger grounds, where a vegetable garden and perhaps an
orchard are features, the opportunities for using hardy shrubs and
plants are much greater and more varied. The vegetable garden
may be made the most interesting and delightful place imaginable.
Usually it is simply a field of vegetables fully exposed from all points
of the ground and very often unsightly. Now the vegetable garden
should be concealed from the lawn and house, and this necessity
at once suggests a border, or boundary planting, of shrubs and
herbaceous plants as described for the smaller suburban lot. This
planting should not only hide the garden but should hide its out-
lines, which are usually rectangular. The garden itself should be
enclosed with a hedge, which should show from the inside of the
garden but never from the lawn. California privet makes a very
satisfactory garden hedge, but where that is not hardy, hemlock
spruce can be used. Nothing makes a finer hedge than this, but
it is slower growing than the privet, of which I have seen a
perfect hedge five feet high made in three seasons, starting with
two year old plants. A convenient walk from the house should
pass through the shrubbery into the garden, and of course a con-
venient entrance will be made for bringing in manure, etc. A
walk should be laid out all around the garden five to six feet wide,,
with a border for flowers six feet wide between the walk and the
hedge. There should be also two walks six feet wide crossing
each other at right angles and dividing the garden into four
rectangular pieces of about equal size. On both sides of these
walks. Grapes, dwarf Pears, and small. fruits can be planted and
also on the inner sides of the outer Avalk, if desired. The walks
can be iruide of any material that is convenient, and need not
be expensive. In one garden that I know, they are made of
grass and kept as a lawn would be. I know that there are
objections that can be urged against grass walks, but the owner of
the garden in question does not find them objectionable, and they
are certainly more pleasing to the eye than gravel walks. The
border between the walk and the hedge should be given up

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 45

entirely to flowers ; hardy plants should predominate, but there
should be liberal spaces reserved for summer-blooming bulbs and
annuals. In the hardy plants each variety should be grouped and
as many sorts used as thought desirable, but in making a selection
flowers suitable for cutting as well as for making a garden effect
should be preferred. Such bold and striking plants as single
Hollyhocks and Foxgloves should be planted in decided masses,
iind a border with eastern or southern exposure should be used for
hybrid perpetual Roses.

A vegetable garden, arranged as described and properly cared
for, in addition to being an interesting and pleasant place to visit,
would furnish an abundant supply of cut flowers for the house,
for the church, for the hospital, and for friends, and I think one of
the keenest pleasui'es a garden can afford is the ability to give
away flowers without stint, and the garden of hardy flowers
enables one to give away plants as well as flowers, for the natural
increase soon makes a surplus.

In large grounds there are often opportunities for using hardy
plants and shrubs in a freer and more picturesque way than any I
have suggested ; that is, the planting of them in groups and masses
to produce the same effects as if they were growing wild. Indeed, ■
after the first careful planting, they should be allowed to grow
wild without culture and uncontrolled. The naturalizing of
hardy material does not mean that we should attempt to imitate
the thickets, woods, or meadows, on our lawns. It does mean the
taking advantage of a brookside for groups and colonies of
Irises, Narcissuses, hardy Ferns, the splendid Superbum lilies,
and the scores of beautiful things that will thrive in the grass if it
is not to be cut with the lawn mower. It means the planting an
irregular group of Foxgloves on the edge of a wood, or the
covering a rough bank with a mass of Kalmias or native Azaleas
or native Rhododendrons or with all of these shrubs together.
It means the increasing the beauty and interest of the wild and
rough parts of a place an hundred-fold, but considerable taste and
knowledge of materials are needed to produce good results.

We must not overlook the claims of climbing shrubs and plants
to our consideration. Nogai'dening scheme, large or small, should
ignore them. We can imagine a most delightful garden where
they, in connection with trees and shrubbery, alone are used ;
And, if we consider their decorative effect, foliage, gracefulness of

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

growth, and the great beauty of flowers that many of them have,
we must admit they are entitled to a more important place in our
gardens. The free use of the Clematis family alone would give a
thousand-fold more beauty than is obtainable with the most lavish
use of bedding plants, and here we not only consider the large
flowered type but the smaller flowered sorts as well, with their
luxuriance of growth and their charming effect, when used as tree,
shrub, hedge, or fence drapery. And then the Climbing Roses —
what a glorious possibility here, with their showers of bloom ia
June.

Climbei's will not exhibit their best charms if trained in a stiff
and formal manner ; they must, in whatever position used, be
allowed to grow untrammeled. My neighbor's garden furnished a
good illustration of this. He planted common Morning Glories all
about his porch, with the intention of training them on strings
later, but he was diverted from his intention and the Morning
Glories were allowed to grow as they would. The effect was most
charming ; they clambered over every shrub they could reach,
shared a trellis with a Clematis, and, where they could find nothing
to climb on, formed mounds of green of the most tangled and
pleasing description. Morning Glories, common as they are, if
used rightly, produce the most delightful effects. One of the right
ways is to sow them among tall grass, or among low bushes and
shrubbery, and as they renew themselves annually from seed they
may properly be considered hardy. As a rule vines should not be
trained in a formal manner. If you would have them exhibit
their best graces they must be allowed to grow uncontrolled. All
know the uses that vines are commonly put to — that of covering
the walls of the house, furnishing shade for porch or arbor, and
the covering of screens and trellises. Besides these, almost every
place of any size offers opportunities for their growth in a freer
and more natural way that will greatly add to the charm and
delight of the garden. Perhaps a neglected shrubbery, unsightly in
itself, will afford support for such easily grown things as Honey-
suckles, Clematis Virginiana, and 0. Flammnla, or the common;
wild Morning Glory, so plentiful in many places, would be quite at
home here. An unsightly fence might be partly concealed and
made a thing of beauty with Climbing Roses, Honeysuckles, or
Clematises, or an old tree, past its prime and beginning to be
unsightly, would be the very thing on which to grow such vigoroua^

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 47

vines as the Aristolochia, Wistaria, Trumpet vine, aud the
common Virginia creeper. In how many places are seen ever-
greens in a half dead condition, which only procrastination has
spared from the axe, and as unsightly as could well be ; but noth-
ing could be better on which to grow the Large-Flowered Clematis,
which furnishes a profusion of lovely bloom that no words can
describe. Some vines, like the Golden Honeysuckle, planted in the
grass, will pile themselves up in masses, and if any shrub is
within reach will finally clamber over it, producing an effect
entirely pleasing. There is nothing more charming in Nature than
the combination of shrub or tree with wild vines. Who has not
seen the living canopy of green formed by the wild grape over the
top of some tree or the stronger growing shrubs, or how some
wild vine converts a thicket of brambles, and an old fence into
objects of beauty that the most ambitious gardener might copy?

It is not possible in a paper of this length even to name all of
the desirable hardy shrubs and plants now obtainable, but I think
it is well to give a list of what I would commend as the very best,
taking into consideration their ease of culture, as well as the beauty
of their bloom, form, and foliage. I know many would disagree
with me as to the contents of this list, but I am confident that the
beginner could make no mistake in including any or all of the
varieties named in this planting list. I have tried to name these
plants and shrubs somewhat in the order they hold in my esteem,
but this is a difficult matter, as I am very apt to think the finest
thing to be the last fine thing that I have seen.

List of Plants.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses in va- Single Hollyhocks,

riety including Japanese Irises,

Paul Neyron, Liliuni auratum,

Ulrich Brunner, Rudheckia hirta,

Mme. Gabriel Luizet, Aquilegias in variety.

General Jacqueminot, Yucca Jilamentosa,

Anna de Diesbach, Herbaceous Paeonies — single

Magna Charta, and double, in variety.

Baroness Rothschild, Lilium speciosum,

Captain Christy, and HeliantJius Icetijlorus,

Mabel Morrison, Foxgloves,

Anemone Japonica alba, Tall Perennial Phloxes in va-
riety.

48

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Delphiniums in variety,

German Irises,

Aster Novoe-Anglice roseus,

Chrysanthemums — old-fashion-
ed hardy sorts,

Iberis sempervirens,

Lilium siiperbu7n,
" Ganadense,

Phlox subidata and the variety
alba,

Pyrethrum uUginosum,

Sedum spectabile,

Doronicum plantagineum excel-
sum,

Gaillardias,

Oriental Poppies,

Tree Pa?onies,

Eulalia gracillima,

Funkia Sieboldiana,

" subcordata,
Arundo donax,
Hibiscus Moscheutos,
Heuchera sanguinea,
Pyrethrum roseum — single and

double varieties,
Spirma palmata,

" Filipendula,
Tiarella cordifolia,
Myosotis palustris semperjlo-

rens,
Helianthus rigidwn,
Campanula turbinata,
' ' Mariesii,

Viola cornuta,
Cypripediurn spectabile,
Native Ferns in variety.

Spring Flowering Bulbs.

Narcissus bicolor,

" Horsfieldii,
" Poet's,
" Emperor,
" Van Sion,

Tulips — early-flowering single,
" Gesneriana — late-flower-
ing single,
Milla unijlora,
Crocuses in variety.

albus plenus odoratus, Scilla sibirica,
Golden Spur, Single Snowdrops.

Trumpet Major,

Climbers.

Clematis paniculata,

" Henry i,
Ampelopsis Veitchii,
Lonicera Halleana,
Clematis JacJcmanni,

Purple Chinese Wistaria,
Clematis Virginiana,
" Flammula,
Trumpet Creeper,
Golden Japan Honeysuckle.

Shrubs.

Kalmia latifolia, Azalea calendulacea,

Rhododendrons (Catawbiense " arborescens,
hybrids), iSpircea Vari Houttei,

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS.

49

Weigela Candida,

Magnolia stellata,

Ghent and Mollis azaleas,

Japan maples in three varieties —
sanguineum, aureum, and
atropurinireum dissectum,

Hydrangea panicidata grandi-
Jlora,

Japan Snowball,

Cornus SjJathii,

" sanguinea elegantissi-
yna,

Lilacs in variety,

TawMrix tetrandra,
" Chinensis,

Berberis T/mnbergii,

Forsythia suspensa,

Exorchorda grandijlora,

Desmodium pendulijiorum,

Spircea Lindleyana,
" Reevesiana,
" Reevesianaji.pl.,
" Anthony Waterer,
" Bnmalda,
" T/iunbergii,
'' prunifulia Jl. pi.,

Rosa rugosa,

Althaeas, Dwarf Single White,
Buist's Variegated, and Double
varieties,
Japan Quince,
Deutzia crenata Jl. pi.,

" gracilis.
Hydrangea panicidata,

" quercifolia,

Philadelphus coronarius,
Weigela rosea,

" rosea nana variegata,
Forsythia Fortunei,
Golden Elder,
Rhododendron inaximum,
Andromeda Japonica,

" floribiinda,

Eleagnus longipes,
Snowberries, white and red.
Primus Pissardi,
Hypericum aureum,
Ligustrum Ibota,
Upright Honeysuckles.

I have placed hardy roses at the head of the list of plants
although they are really shrubs, but they belong in the flower
garden and not in the shrubbery. None will dispute their right to
the place of honor, but notwithstanding the universal admiration
that is expressed for them, they are grown in but comparatively
few gardens. It requires considerable effort to have them in
perfection, but the results amply reward the labor. I cannot go
into cultural directions, but I wish to say, and with considerable
emphasis, that in my experience in growing roses, which has been
as an amateur, I have found roses on their own roots much more
satisfactory than budded plants.

I know that Japanese Irises and a dozen other herbaceous plants
have as strong claims perhaps for consideration as the white
Japanese Anemone, which has my unqualified admiration. It has
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SO many good qualities — individual beauty of flowers ; great
effectiveness in the garden, shrubbery, or border ; good foliage at
all seasons ; a long season of bloom, and flowers that will endure
a degree of frost that destroys almost everything else. Its only
limitation is that it will not thrive in light sandy soil, but in a
heavy, rich soil it grows with great vigor. I have often seen it
five feet high and that too in places where it had been naturalized
and received no attention after planting.

Why is it that single Hollyhocks are not offered for sale or
grown by nurserymen and plantsmen? Surely they are the most
stately, picturesque, and decorative herbaceous plants in cultiva-
tion, and I have never met anybody who did not greatly admire
them, but as far as I know they cannot be bought — not even the
seed. The single sorts were always very much finer than the
highly cultivated double sorts, whose culture has been made
difficult of late on account of the hollyhock disease. On the
contrary the single varieties are of the easiest culture, and once
established will take care of themselves in almost any location.

Equally neglected are the old-fashioned and really hardy
Chrysanthemums, which are still to be found in an occasional
garden. I know these chrysanthemums would cut but a poor
figure in the exhibitions and florists' windows, but they have far
more gardening value than all the hundreds of new varieties
introduced in the last few years, which can only be grown in
perfection by the skillful florist or by the amateur who has all the
facilities of the florist.

The numerous fine exhibitions of chrysanthemums every fall are
very enjoyable but I fail to see that they have helped gardening
any, except that of a very limited class. On the contrary, out-
door gardening has been retarded by the disappointment of
thousands of people who have tried to grow the exhibition pets in
their gardens.

In a recent number of "Garden and Forest," Mr. Gerard has
very properly called attention to the possible field for the hybrid-
izer in improving really hardy chrysanthemums for garden
purposes, and in a later number a writer takes exceptions to his
remarks, claiming that the flowers are always damaged by frost
and that their habit is straggling and poor as compared with the
improved greenhouse varieties.

Now, I think we have all seen chrysanthemums in farmhouse
yards and village gardens that have endured for years, and that

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 51

have, without any special culture, produced an annual mass of
very satisfactory (lowers and foliage, and there is no doubt that
the flowers of these sorts will go through considerable frost and
snow without tarnishing.

These chr3'santhemums are certainly useful material for the
hybridizer, but for the present we shall be very well satisfied if
some enterprising nurser3'men will collect from old gardens such
varieties as now exist and give us the opportunity^ of using them
in our gai'dens.

Before I conclude I wish to give aspecial word of praise to
my favorite shrub, Kalmia laiifolia, which is known in Pennsyl-
vania, where it is very common in the woods, as the small-leaved
mountain laurel. It is greatly admired as a wild flower, and an
occasional unsuccessful attempt is made to transplant it from the
woods, but nurserymen have made no attempt to introduce it into
general culture, and it is somewhat curious that it is necessary to
send to England to get fine specimens of this distinctively
American plant. Excepting odor, it has every good quality that
a shrub can have — evergreen foliage and good habit, great
quantity of durable bloom, extreme daintiness and beaut}^ of
indisidual flowers, and usefulness as cut flowers. If the flowers
are cut just as the buds are about to open and placed in water
they will last for two weeks in the house, and if arranged with
taste nothing is more decorative.

In one of his books Donald G. Mitchell suggests that the
Kalmia would probably make an excellent hedge. I have never
seen it tried but I am confident that it would — perhaps as fine as
the holly hedges in England, and, with a little discretion in trim-
ming, a hedge of it could be made to produce a fine crop of bloom
at least every other season.

With nursery-grown plants to start with, the Kalmia is of the
easiest culture, requiring no special soil or location, and it is
perfectly hardy. Like all evergreen shrubs it should be trans-
planted in the spring.

All the hardy plants I have named, with two or three exceptions,
will thrive with ordinai-y garden culture, and some of them without
any attention after planting, but as they are usually planted where
they are to remain for years it would be well to make the initial
preparation of the soil for them a liberal one. I usually specify
that borders for hardy plants should have two feet of good friable

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTDKAL SOCIETY.

soil mixed with one-fourth its bulk of rotted stable manure, and
that they should be prepared in late summer or fall, and the
planting done the following spring. Fall planting of hardy plants
is often recommended, but my experience is that many plants are
winter -killed after fall planting that are quite hardy after having the
benefit of a growing season to establish themselves. Of course
special plants require special treatment ; for instance, the bulbs
of the Auratum lilies should not come in direct contact with
manure, and the fine double and single varieties of Pyretlirum
roseum should be planted in beds raised a few inches, to prevent
their rotting out in cold, wet weather.

I would advise the same liberal preparation of the soil for
shrubs that I do for hardy plants, though iu many instances the
expense would be prohibitory or thought so, but in any event I
should insist on the ground being subsoiled or trenched and a
liberal application of stable manure being made. An annual
mulching of manure is beneficial to both shrubs and hardy
plants.

I have had a somewhat extended experience with Rhododendrons,
and my opinion of the proper soil to grow them in may be worth
something. Their beauty is now pretty generally known and
appreciated, but they are popularly considered tender and difficult
to grow. This is largely owing to the selling of improperly
grown plants and tender varieties, and to late fall planting, which
is very apt to be fatal. I have found that when Catawbiense
seedlings, or the well-known hardy named varieties, grown on their
own roots from layers, were planted, there was no difficulty in
growing them in any ordinary soil or in any position except
immediately under old established trees. I have seen them grown
with peat and with leaf mould, but the best results I have ever
seen in this country were where an excavation two and one-half
feet deep had been made for them and filled in entirely with turfy,
fibrous sods, chopped up, and allowed to stand over winter before
planting. No manure was mixed with the sods, but after the
rhododendrons were planted a mulching of rotted cow manure was
applied to the surface of the soil.

It seems to me I have said a great deal about the merit of hardy
plants and shrubs, and but very little about their culture, but it
must be remembered that my mind is more occupied with the
designing of gardens than with their care, and I think it is quite

HARDY PLANTS AND SHRUBS. 53

as important to create an interest in hardy material as it is to
teach how to grow it. Cultural skill will soon follow enthusiastic
desire, which j^our Society is doing so much to create, and when
we can have horticultural societies of like intelligence and breadth
of object in all our large cities the advancement of the best
gardening will be rapid.

Discussion.

In reply to a lady questioner, Mr. Elliott said he would not
attempt to transplant lilacs which had been growing fifty years.
He was decidedly opposed to transplanting either old trees or
shrubs. He had observed that the results were always unsatis-
f actor}', and that young vigorous stock planted in extra deep and
rich soil always gave quicker and better results.

Henry L. Clapp expressed his strong interest in hardy herba-
ceous plants and shrubs, especially in the Golden-rods, Asters,
Hardy Chiysanthemums, and Clethra. These plants, under cul-
ture in the George Putnam School Garden, have given great sat-
isfaction. The Aster Icevis, which was carefully cultivated, became
a mass of flowers. The Solidago Canadensis came up in the
yard, attained the height of seven feet, and spread out wide
enough to fill a hogshead. They had fourteen varieties of
Golden-rod and eighteen varieties of Asters. The purple Asters
have proved quite successful. One, the Aster Novcc Anglice L., a
seedling, made a growth as large as a barrel. Indeed, the
unexpectedly large growth and brilliant colors produced by these
plants, led many outside persons to inquire about this garden of
hardy plants. There is no finer yellow than that of the Golden-
rods, and no finer purple than is shown by the Aster Novce
Ahc/lifv:^ and when grown together they make a fine combination
of color.

Being asked whether the California Privet is hardy at Boston,
Mr. Elliott said he could not answer that question definitely. He
thought, however, that it is not reliably hardy north of the
latitude of New York.

William C. Strong had seen many hedges of California Privet,
that were quite hardy and flourishing ; others also that were not.
The plant is largely used at Newport, R. I. Its success depends
upon a good summer growth, and ripening of the wood.

In answer to a question regarding the disease that destroys
many hollyhocks, Mr. Elliott said the disease was confined mostly

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to the double varieties. He had not seen any single flowered
hollyhocks attacked by it.

Mr. Strong spoke of several evergreens, among them Kalmia
latifolia. He had nothing to say against the latter. It disap-
points many persons, because they do not treat it properly. It is
naturally a moisture and shade-loving plant, although after
becoming well established it will endure bright sunshine.

Mr. Elliott said that although Kalmia latifolia usually grows
wild in the woods, the best growth and gi'eatest beauty of flowers
of this plant he ever saw was in a space of cleared forest where
it had grown up thickly, exposed to the fullest sunshine. He had
seen it in a garden, and also in nursery grounds where it was
growing better than it usually does when in a wild state. He had
found that, like the Rhododendron, the Kalmia likes plenty of
sunshine, but also like the Rhododendron it does best in a deep,
moist but well drained soil.

Mr. Strong alluded to the fact that it grows on mountains, but
water often abounds there ; their being exposed to full sunshine
under such circumstances is a very different matter from taking
them out of their native soil, and replanting them not only in a
strange soil but in the full blaze of sunshine.

O. B. Hadwen had taken many of these plants from the pas-
ture, and planted them in open ground in the autumn months
from September to November, and lost very few. But he always
takes up a ball of earth with each root he transplants. It does
not succeed as well in the shade of trees as in clear sunshine, but
flourishes best in the trenched ground of a Rhododendron planta-
tion. He esteems the Kalmia latijolia highly, and would like to
have it selected for the State Flower. No flower surpasses it for
a picture. He had been much interested in the paper read today,
and took no exceptions to it. But there was one omission he
would mention : the old-fashioned red Pseony, which is one of our
best hardy flowering plants. He has a bed of it, about ten feet
in diameter. They come up annually and produce a most brilliant
display, which affords much enjoyment to him.

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HUOSES. 55,

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 9, 1895.

A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holdeu today at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, iu the chair.
The following paper was read by the author :

Glass Houses, their Construction and Heating.

By He;nby W. Gibbons, New York.

I have the honor of being permitted to present to your attention
this morning a paper entitled "Glass Houses, their Construction
and Heating." Under this heading come not only such structures
as are used for the purpose of raising plants or bloom for profit,
but also greenhouses designed both for useful and decorative
purposes on private estates ; from the small amateur greenhouse
for beginners in the art of floriculture, to the imposing ranges of
palm and other houses on the estates of men of large wealth.

The owners of greenhouses for either of the above purposes
have in the past been continuall}' asking for structures more
permanent and economical, more effective for the purposes
intended, and more decorative and artistic in design than has
heretofore been obtainable. It is today the aim of the leading
horticultural architects and builders to satisfy these demands, and
I feel gratified in saying that the art of greenhouse design and
construction — for it is truly an art — has reached that point
which enables us today to construct a house that is as near
perfection as we can approach. Of course, in this perfection
there are many grades, the grade being decided by the objects for
which the houses are intended, the value of the land upon which
they are to be built, the amount of money to be invested, and
many other considerations.

I shall divide this essay into two parts. In the first, I will call
your attention to houses constructed for the use of the commercial
grower, and in the second to those designed for private use.

Commercial Greenhouses.

As the primary object of such structures is profit, a great
deal of careful thought and consideration is necessary iu their
design, location, and erection. Competition in floriculture is

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

today so close and sharp that the grower cannot afford the expense
of the continual repah'ing and rebuilding which was practised
under the protection of extravagant profits ; therefore we must
look for structures as permanent as possible, and at the same time
not requiring a prohibitive amount of capital for their erection.
The perfect quality of plants and bloom now demanded by the
purchasing public compels us to design houses of such shapes and
dimensions and so arranged as to location and furnishing in the
matter of light and heating and ventilating facilities, as will
produce the best results. Thus we see that the vital requirements
of a commercial greenhouse are economy and adaptability. By
the expression " economy" with reference to such structures, two
distinct impressions seem to be conveyed ; one indicating low first
cost, which would result in the greatest profits in a short time ;
the other, which is the more correct impression, indicating the
lowest first cost which will result in a reasonable profit for the
longest period.

We will now consider the construction of greenhouses coming
under this first impression, which, for lack of a better name I will
call " Temporary Economy," as against the second impression,
which I will name '^' Permanent Economy."

Temporary Economy. A grower starting in business with a
limited amount of capital is compelled to build under the
temporary economy style, and the best construction for that
purpose is that known as sash-bar construction. Fig. 1, gives a
reasonably clear general idea of this style of construction. Posts
may be of various woods, such as locust, cedar, cypress, or chest-
nut, the first being the most, and the last the least durable, and
the average cost would be about in the same order. My preference
is for cypress, as it is easily procured at a reasonable price, and is
of very lasting quality, whereas locust and cedar are in many
localities unprocurable, and chestnut is not sufficiently durable for
this purpose.

It would be well here to consider the kinds of woods best suited
for the complete construction of such houses. I would say, with-
out hesitation, use cypress throughout, but be careful what kind
of cypress, for there are various grades of this wood, some of
them being of an exceedingly open and woolly nature, difficult to
work, and having a tendency to warp and twist, which renders
them unsuitable for greenhouse work. I think without doubt the

'» 1^- -f^'-O'

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 57

best for our work is red cypress — that which comes from the
Gulf States, it being of closer fibre, greater strength, elasticity^
and durability, and, therefore, much to be preferred to the white
cypress of the Central States. Cypress absorbs water very easily,
and if well seasoned and air-dried gives it up freely without
detriment to the wood, but if kiln-dried the absorption of
moisture will be very excessive, and cause much trouble by warp-
ing, twisting, and undue swelling of the wood when wet. I would
strongly advise those contemplating the erection of their own
greenhouses, not to purchase cypress from their local lumbermen,
for cypress handled by them if not always, is, in almost every
instance, kiln-dried stock, as this is the only stock in demand by
the general building trade for interior finish. I would suggest
that you either buy from the producers, emphasizing very
positively that what you wish is air-dried and not kiln-dried stock,
or from some reputable firm of horticultural builders, who carry a
stock of sizes and grades best suited for the purposes in view.

We do not know the durability of cypress under the conditions
found in greenhouse construction, but we do know that it lasts
much longer than any material heretofore used.

Having satisfied ourselves as to the material, we will now pass
to the details to be used in the construction of the house under
consideration, which is generally known as a Sash-bar house.
The most serviceable size of posts for a greenhouse, say about
eighteen feet and six inches wide,. is two by five inches, and they
should be placed from four to four and a half feet apart; in
many cases they are placed from six to eight feet apart, with a
two by two-inch intermediate post, used centrally between these
main posts' to give stiffness and nailing facilities for the siding.
The posts should extend to a depth of from two and one-half
to three feet below the ground line, the depth depending on
the nature of the soil, and the latitude in which the houses are
being erected. The height will be governed by the purposes for
which the house is intended ; for ordinary greenhouse purposes, if
provided with glass below the eaves, either movable or stationary,
the height should be about four and one-half feet above the
ground, but if solid board sides are desired, as in the house under
consideration, the height of the posts need be only about four
feet, and that on the north side of a three-quarter span house
eight feet. These dimensions usually give ample height above the

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

side bench, and allow of good head room in the side path. As
wooden gutters should, in all cases where possible, be avoided,
they being the first part of a house to rot out and cause all parts
with which they come in contact to decay with them, — and these
parts of the house are very vital as a usual thing, — we will
consider a house without gutters. Iron gutters may be used, but
they will come under the heading which I have named "Permanent
Economy," and will be considered later. If, however, the rain-
water is of such value that the wooden gutters must be used, I
would suggest their being made from the solid stick, usually four
by seven or eight inches, the gutter parts being dug out, and the
gutter attached as an independent part, which may easily be
removed from the house at any time without detriment to the
structure. The tops of the posts should be cut on a line to corres-
pond with the pitch of the roof, usually seven and one-half inches
to the foot, rising at an angle of thirty-two degrees, or, in the
case of the north side of a three-quarter span house, about thirty-
seven degrees.

The oi'der in which the several parts of a greenhouse are
assembled or set together varies with each builder, each adopting
that method which he finds gives him the best results. These
methods vary with the class of mechanics available, and also with
the customs in vogue in the various sections of the country. No
set order that I could describe would meet with approval in all
sections ; so I will proceed only to describe the several details
which enter into the construction of the houses, and for conven-
ience will start at the ground line and work up.

We have already described the posts, and will now consider the
siding. The first or inner siding should be of that shape known
as " beveled ship," its section being such as to make a tight joint,
which does not show the effects of expansion and contraction,
and principally one which affords no lodgment for water. This
siding should be nailed directly to the outer side of the posts, care
being taken not to make the joints of two lines of boai-ds one
directly above the other on the same posts. The usual practice is
to start the upper line with a full-length board, the next with a half
length, the next a full length, and so on, downwai'ds. Many use
a narrow, tongued, grooved, and beaded vertical ceiling for the
inner boards, but I do not approve of this practice, as it creates
so many more joints and recesses for the reception of moisture.

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 59

which is held in them by capillary attraction, this being in such
cases with small quantities of water greater than the attraction
of gravitation, thus causing a much more rapid decay than would
occur with the use of the beveled ship siding above described,
besides not giving the house the longitudinal bracing and stability
so very desirable in such a structure.

For the outer siding two patterns of milling are in general use ;
seven-eighths-inch clapboards, and novelty siding. The latter
makes the neater, warmer, and more durable covering. This
second, or outer, siding should be divided from the inner by
means of some non-conducting material. I think the best for this
purpose is a good grade of rosin-sized building paper. A grade
weighing about one- twelfth of a pound per square foot would be very
well adapted. This paper should be tacked directly to the inner
siding, and the outer siding should be nailed directly over this,
-care being taken to mismatch all joints of each of the sidings,
and make all vertical joints over main or intermediate posts. It is
a very bad practice to nail to the inner siding only, as the nails
will push through and present a very unsightly appearance,
allowing moisture to settle on the breaks thus made, and causing
rust and premature decay ; also not giving sufficient hold to the
nail, and allowing the outer siding to be drawn off if it has any
tendency to warp caused by the heat of the sun or by outer
moisture.

The next detail to be considered is the eaves-plate or, as many
call it, the lower glazing strip. Its size and shape vary somewhat
under differing circumstances. Its main object is to afford a
support for the glass and glazing bars, and make a weather-tight
connection between the board sides and the glass roof. A very
convenient size and shape for this piece, in the house under
consideration, would be six inches by two inches, having on the
under side two plow grooves, the lower and larger one being for
the reception of the upper edge of the outer siding ; the upper
one, a small groove about a quarter of an inch square, to act as a
break, and prevent the waters of condensation from the roof
reaching the siding, the groove causing the water to fall at that
point. On the upper side, no special milling is necessary, but the
two edges, especially the upper one, should be cut to a slight
bevel. This is to give a bearing for the glazing bar. If your
wood is being machined in a well-appointed mill, I would also

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

advise the beveling of the lower edge, so as to reduce as much as
possible the exposed surface of this stick, to which the moisture
would be liable to freeze, causing ice to back up under the edge of
the lower lights of glass and break them.

Next in order comes one of the most important details of the
house, the roof glazing bars, or as they are generally called, the
"sash bars." The object of these bars is to support the glass,
and for this purpose a light section of lumber only is required, its
dimensions being governed by the length of the bars to be used
without the assisting support of a purlin. I find in ordinary
practice, assuming that sixteen-inch by twenty-four-inch glass is
being used, for bars having a distance of about five feet between
supports, one and three-fourths inch by one and one-eighth inch is
ample, and for those whose supports are eight feet apart, two
and one-fourth by one and one-eighth inch is well suited, having
ample strength for the strain brought to bear upon them, and yet
being of such dimensions as to cast but little shade. These bars
should have on their upper edges suitable rabbets for the reception
of the glass ; the bottom of these rabbets being made in the shape
of a V as a receptacle for the putty necessary in glazing. A
groove is also run in each side of the bar to carry off the water
caused by the warm, moist air of the house striking the cooler
glass surface and condensing, and thus preventing its falling on
the plants and causing injury.

I wish here to call your attention to two very important points
to be considered in designing or erecting greenhouse structures :
first, avoid as much as possible any detail which will throw
shade, and, second, avoid all recesses, mortises, or other places
where moisture may find lodgment. Both of these items are of
the utmost importance, yet are generally overlooked by the novice
in greenhouse building, and I am sorry to say are often neglected
by older heads, particularly the latter items, — mortises or other
places for lodgment of water. If you desire to use bars which
are provided with the groove on each side for the carrying off of
the waters of condensation, as just described, be sure that the
outer sides of this gutter or groove at the lower end are cut away
so as to allow the water to drop out just before reaching the
eaves plate, or glazing strip, or entering any joint which may have
become opened from various causes, thereby producing premature
decay. Tliis small feature of cutting condensation grooves at the

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 61

lower eud is of the most vital importance, its observance or
neglect making a difference of many years in the life of a glass
house, and yet I never remember having seen it practised by any
other builder than myself.

Next in order we come to the purlin. This may be of wood,
about two by three inches if desired, but as the cost of an iron
purlin drilled to accommodate the correct spacing of the glazing
bars for the proper reception of the glass, is so very little in excess
of that of the wood purlin, and considering that the iron will cast
much less shade than the wood, I would advise giving it the
preference. If an iron purlin is decided upon, and you Avish to
order from a firm of experienced greenhouse builders, send them a
small piece of the bar you intend using, state the size of the glass,
and trust them to drill the purlin correctly. They will also arrange
for suitable splicing of the iron, and for caps to receive your
iron pipe columns, which are necessary to support the purlins. If,
however, you desire to do the drilling yourself, or have yonr local
mechanics do it for you, to the width of bar in sight between the
rabbets, usually about half an inch, add the width of the glass,
say sixteen inches plus one and one-sixteenth inches, for play ;
this will give you sixteen and nine-sixteenths inches between
centres of bars, and this will be spacing of holes necessary for
securing bars to purlins. The size of the holes should be three-
sixteenths of an inch, which will accommodate the No. 8 round-
headed screws. The section of iron best suited for the purlin is
two by one and one-fourth inches by one-fourth angle ; if this
cannot be easily secured, one and three-fourths by one and three-
fourths inches by one-fourth angle ma}'^ be substituted. The size
of the columns for the support of these purlins, depends upon the
extent of roof they have to support. For the southern slope of
an eighteen feet six inches wide, three-quarter span house, one
and oue-fourth-inch gas pipe will answer, or, for each slope of an
even span house of the same widths, one-inch pipe is ample, placed
about eight feet apart.

We next come to the header which makes the connection of
the roof ventilating sash and the roof. In houses such as we are
now considering, I prefer to run all bars up to the roof and fit
the header over the bars.

The ridge of such houses as these plays a very important part,
as on it devolves the duty of giving and maintaining a true roof

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

line. Of all the parts of the house, it is most important that the
ridge should be of perfectly air-seasoued timber. It should be
sawn from a sound log, straight and true to the grain, and free
from heart or sap. If you are unable fully to meet these require-
ments, in cypress wood, which is often difficult, I would advise
the use of yellow pine. In fact, in my own practice, I use yellow
pine exclusively for this purpose, as I realize the great difficulty
in securing a straight line with cypress, under the peculiar
exposures and conditions which surround the ridge of a glass
house. The ridge should be two by six inch plank and machined
as shown, one side being arranged for the reception of the ventila-
tor, and the other for that of the roof glass and bars, as shown.
A suitable cap three by one and one-half inches, machined as
indicated, is securely fastened to the upper edge of the ridge.

We will next consider the ventilating sash. For ordinary sized
houses they should be three feet deep, and continuous on either
or both sides of the ridge. The point at which these sashes should
be hinged, whether at the top or the bottom, does not admit of
much discussion, as each method affords equal ventilating con-
veniences, and the advantage gained by hinging to the ridge and
relieving the bars of the weight of the sash is so obvious that this
method is recognized as the standard, although there may be
isolated cases in which the geographical surroundings are such as
to make the hanging of the sash at their lower edge desirable.
But these cases are so few that this method needs no further
comment in a general discussion.

The cap described has three objects : first, to protect the ridge^
and help it keep its alignment ; second, to support the sash ; and
third, to make the joint between the sash and ridge weather tight.
The ridge of a three-quarter span house of the above class
i-equires support by means of one and one-half or two inch pipe
columns, or three by three inch wood posts, about every eight to
ten feet.

Ikon-Frame Greenhouses.

We will now pass to the more important style of commercial
construction, which comes under the head of Permanent or True
Economy, and is generally known as Iron-frame construction, the
object in view being to make as much of the structure as possible
practicably indestructible, but at the same time bearing in mind
the requirements and conditions which are peculiar to greenhouses.

CAST IRON CUTTEB

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 63

It is the lack of a thorough knowledge of these conditions with
builders and architects in general, that is responsible for the
thousands of greenhouses throughout the country which are
practically useless for the purposes for which they wei'e built, and
has thus caused loss of interest in plant culture, in addition to the
loss of dollars, to those who otherwise undoubted!}^ would have
been the means of materially furthering the interest of the public
in matters horticultural, and consequently would have helped to
create a greater demand for the products of our commercial
growers. I mention these facts just here in order to emphasize
the advisability and necessity when building glass houses, of first
making yourself acquainted with the most perfect methods of
construction ; and without question, the easiest, quickest, cheapest,
and in every way the most satisfactory means of doing this is to
consult some prominent and progressive firm of horticultural
architects and builders — men whose whole thought and energy
are bent in this particular direction.

The details for a perfect iron frame for a commercial house maj'
be seen by Fig. 2. It will be noticed that for the foundation a
cast iron post base is used, which may be made of any desired
length, according to the nature of the ground upon which the
house is to be built. The post bases are usually about two feet,
six inches long, and are set into the ground to their full depth, the
tops being about on the level of the floor-line of the house. To
this base is bolted an iron post, the post in this instance being that
used by Messrs. Hitchings & Co. in their improved patented con-
struction. Other styles of iron posts may be used, such as the
ordinary angle or T iron of commerce, but care must be taken to
select them of such a shape and of such dimensions as will not
only support the dead weight of the house but also have no
tendency to warp, sag, or twist, in case of strains being brought
to bear in other directions than vertically as above stated. The
advantage of the cast iron post, in addition to being designed
with a view to convenience of attaching other parts of the frame
to it, is its great stiffness, strength, and general adaptability.

"We will now pass to the rafters. I ' find in general practice
when a suitable bracket is used for connection of rafter and post,
and of rafters to each other at the ridge, that where the length
does not exceed seven feet between supports, (except in the case
of grapery roofs) a section of flat iron two inches by one-half

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

inch is ample ; where supports are from seven to eleven feet apart,
two and one-half-inch by one-half-inch iron will serve, and so on.

The rafters are tied at their upper ends by iron brackets which
have a recess or socket to receive the wooden ridge already
described. I have often been asked why I do not use an iron
ridge, and I suppose this question has come to the minds of many
present, when considering this subject. An iron ridge is unneces-
sary, and presents many objectionable features. A wooden ridge
and cap of some description are necessary for the weather-tight
and proper connecting of the ventilators and roof, and to add an
iron ridge, of such dimensions as would give to the building the
stiffness and stability that a two by six-inch yellow pine ridge will,
would so add to the amount of shadow thrown upon the house as
to be prohibitive ; it would also entail additional and unnecessary
cost. The bracket should also have conveniences for carrying the
shaft of the ventilating apparatus. We have then in this bracket
a combination of three parts. First, a convenient and practicable
tie for the rafters ; second, a suitable means for connection between
the ridge and the iron frame ; and, third, bearings for the vent
shaft, combined in one casting, which not only causes a saving of
first cost, but a saving of labor in the course of erection.

These pieces comprise the main supporting trusses of the
structure, and we will now consider the parts which are requisite
for the tying of these trusses or sections together, and for the
support of wood and glass on those parts between trusses, which
as I have before stated are placed eight feet, four and one-eighth
inches apart. This is for glass sixteen inches wide. If narrower
glass is used, a lesser spacing of the trusses will be necessary.

The posts are tied together by means of two lines of angle iron
purlins, the lower of which is placed about one foot, six inches
above the ground, and is of three by two inches by three-eighths
inch angle. Its uses are, first, to tie the posts together, and,
second, to give suppox't to the two-inch by one and one-fourth
inch by one-fourth-inch angle eaves, or gutter purlin and plate
above, by means of a light intermediate post connecting the two
together. These two purlins so connected give ample support to
that portion of the roof below the lower roof purlin ; also to the
gutter and header supporting the side ventilating sashes. The
lower purlin is also used as a back support for the side bench, and
thus obviates the necessity for any back legs, or for attaching this

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 65

bench to the wood siding and thus causing early decay at such
connections.

For the connecting of the rafters, giving longitudinal stability to
the roof, and for the support of the glazing bars, two inch by one
and one-fourth inch by one-fourth inch angle iron purlins are used.
This size of iron is selected, as the two-inch web gives the
necessary strength, and the one and one-fourth inch gives sufficient
surface for the attachment of the roof bars by means of small
screws, yet throws but little shade. These purlins are spaced
according to the length of the rafters, and the size of the glazing-
bars in use, the upper one being so placed as to afford support for
the upper ends of the glazing bars, they all resting on the purlin
about one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch, and being toe-nailed
to the cypress header which is screwed on the purlin.

The ends of the house are braced with one, two, or three lines
of purlins, according to the width and shape of the house. Iron
doorposts fastened to cast iron bases in the same manner as the
side posts, run up to the rafter and are tied together by a cast
iron doorsill at the bottom. The end purlins just mentioned run
from the end posts and rafters to the doorposts, thus forming a
very stiff end, and one to which the necessary light woodwork is
easily attached.

We now come to the last part of the iron frame, but I think one
of the most important, namely the gutters. The gutters should
be of iron, but even that would be of no advantage unless we
could prevent their contents from being frozen, for, as we all
know, in the process of freezing expansion takes place, which is
liable to burst or crack the gutters. I show here, however, a non-
freezeable gutter, of cast iron. It is so arranged that a small
portion of the inner warmth of the house is conducted to the
contents of the gutter, and thus prevents their being frozen.
These gutters are in use very largely throughout the country, and
I have never known in a single instance of their contents becoming
frozen sufficiently to prevent a fi'ee flow of water. I have, in
very low temperatures, ranging from zero downward, seen the
outer surface of the gutter coated with ice, but the warm side is
at all times free. This is a very important feature. First, it is
a permanent portion of the house, whereas the old wooden gutter
was the first part to rot and communicate decay to all its surround-
ing parts. Second, it prevents the possibility of ice forming
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and continuing up tlie roof between the lower laps of glass, and
by its expansion causing considerable breakage. Such breakages
are at all times expensive, but especially at such times as this,
when the temperature is low and the cold currents of air passing
through the broken glass may cause great damage to, or loss of
plants or bloom. Third, they provide at all times a free
passage for water from the roofs to drains or sewers, or, in many
cases when it is valuable for irrigating or other purposes, where a
supply of water under pressure cannot be obtained, to suitable
tanks or cisterns, built within the houses. They also prevent the
unsightly slopping over, which takes place with gutters whose first
contents have become frozen.

We will now consider such details in the woodwork in connec-
tion with an iron frame house as may be different from those
already described in connection with the " All- wood," or " Sash-
bar " house. We find first the sill against which the side ventilators
close ; this is of a shape well known to all, and is cut from a two
by four-inch joist, the under side being milled with a plow groove
for the reception of the upper edge of the inner siding, and two
smaller grooves to prevent water creeping along under the sill inside
and running onto the boards. The upper side has the usual rabbet
for the sash to shut against, about one-half inch deep, and the sur-
face is beveled to shed water. The side ventilator is of various
depths for different purposes ; generally about twenty inches, the
top rail being rabbeted, as is also the small header which makes
connection between the sash and the gutter. This rabbeted joint
makes a very weather-tight and close connection. The eaves or
gutter strip is screwed to the upper surface of the eaves purlin,
and is fitted with a plow groove on the under side, for the reception
of the gutter's upper edges, which act as a weather-break. The
upper surfaces are beveled, the outer one to the pitch of the roof,
and the inner at such an angle as to give support for the foot of
the roof bars.

At this point, I wish again to caution you against the very
common practice of having mortises cut in the strip for the
reception of the roof bars. This mortise and tenon style of
connection is very largely used, yet it is without question the
feature which leads to the first and most serious decay in a glazed
roof, no matter how perfectly we may make the tenon fit into the
mortise, or how careful we are to have all such joints painted

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 67

before connection. A large proportion of such joints, under the
varied changes and strains to which they are subjected, will open,
and, be it ever so little, it is fatal to that part of the roof, as
moisture will accumulate in the mortise, remain there, and the
result will be as I have stated, — premature decay.

The next, and I believe the last, feature of the woodwork,
excepting the doorposts, which differs from the construction
already described, is the piece known as the roof ventilator
header ; it is really the roof bar header. The section of this is
shown in Fig. 2. It is securely screwed to the purlin, leaving
about one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch of surface on the
lower edge of the purlin for the support of the upper ends of the
roof bars, as before described. It is generally from this purlin
that all drip of condensation formed upon the roof-vent accumu-
lates, and falls to the plants below, causing considerable damage,
and it is to avoid this annoying drip that we use the peculiar shape
of header here shown. The object of the rabbet or groove on the
upper side is to collect all drip from the lower rail of the ventilator
and by means of small channels cut through to the outer air to
carry such water onto the roof. One would expect these channels
to become frozen up and useless in severe weather, but such is not
the case. The little current of warm air which is allowed to
escape through these grooves prevents them from becoming
clogged with ice.

Glass Houses fok Private Estates.

I think I have considered the construction of commercial houses
sufficiently for the present, and as the glazing, painting, heating,
and ventilating of both commercial and private structures are the
same, I will consider them later under their separate heads, and
will now pass to the construction of glass houses designed and
arranged for use on private estates.

The construction of such houses differs very slightly from that
of the iron frame commercial house just described, the principal
difference lying in the fact that they are usually built upon brick
or stone walls instead of having posts set in the ground, with the
double-boarded sides.

In the past many styles of both solid and hollow walls have
been tried, but it is now an established fact that the only wall
suitable for greenhouse foundations is a solid one from twelve to
sixteen inches thick, according to the weight or thrust it is

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

intended to support. Great care should be observed in the bond-
ing of such walls. Undoubtedly the best bond for such purposes
is that known as "Old English," which consists of alternate
headers and stretchers, the objection to this being that as the
dimensions of bricks vary in different localities, many are such as
to make it difficult for the mason to prevent several vertical joints
coming directly over each other, and thus causing a weakness in
the wall. This difficulty can, however, be overcome if a little
care is exercised and the mason when finding joints overrunning
will cut a brick or two to bring joints into the desired position.
The next manner is to make every third course of headers ; this
finds prefereuce with most masons, and gives a good, substantial
foundation.

Theoretically, hollow walls are warmer than solid ones, but in
practice they are colder and much weaker, and will be found a
source of constant trouble and annoyance, unless you are willing
to make both sections eight inches thick, which, with the addition
of the air space would make a wall twenty inches thick, and besides
being very costly, would occupy more space than we should care to
devote to such a purpose.

The difficulty with the hollow wall, as ordinarily constructed,
i. e., two four-inch walls with a two or four-inch air-space
between, is that the action of the elements on the outer wall, and
that of the heat and moisture on the inner wall soon cause the
joints to crack, thus allowing a circulation of air to take place
between the walls, which destroys the looked-for warmth caused
by the nonconductiveness of the dead air space, and the variable
strains brought to bear by expansion and contraction, heat and
cold, dryness and moisture, on the two four-inch walls are such as
soon to break all bond between the bricks ; and unless the two
walls are so tied together as to be practically solid, they will
bulge and warp, and endanger the entire superstructure.

I would particularly caution you against the use of a single face
of four-inch brick on the outside ; if any particular color or make
of brick is desired, for the sake of appearance, make the outer
headers, as well as the stretchers of such brick, and see that the
inner brick are of the same size as the face, or make the entire
wall with the special bricks. No amount of wire or metal ties
will take the place of brick bonds in a greenhouse wall. Tliis
same caution pertains to the facing of the inside walls with white
enameled bricks, which give a very nice and clear effect. If such

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 69

bricks are desired, see that they are exactly the size of the others
you are using, and enameled on such of their several surfaces as
to enable you to get one of the bonds above described. A good
mortar for greenhouse walls is composed of two parts of clean
sharp sand and one of good Rosendale cement.

Upon the foundations, which usually extend above the ground
to about two feet six inches, a heavy cast iron sill is set in equal
parts of Portland cement and sharp sand. With such a sill,
having the centre web below the rabbet which rests on the wall
and becomes embedded in the cement, any cross movement of the
sill upon the wall is prevented, and no anchor bolts are necessary.

The iron frame of the superstructure, which is in general
similar to that already described, is bolted securely to this sill.

The woodwork used upon these houses is of the same general
shape and detail as that already described, but is preferably of
clear white pine, in order that a higher finish may be obtained, as
cypress, no matter how carefully and smoothly it may be milled,
becomes woolly and rough by contact with moisture, and this
prevents its use in greenhouses where a permanent high finish is
desired. In curvilinear houses the iron rafters should be bent lo
fit the roof lines, and this bending, except in the case of a very
large radius being used, should be done while the iron is heated to
a proper and even temperature ; otherwise, its strength is greatly
impaired. Of course great care must be exercised in the heating
of iron for such bending, and ovens and other conveniences
especially designed for this purpose are necessary to prevent an
uneven heating or burning of the iron, which would be equally as
destructive to its strength as would the cold bending.

Glazing. I will now pass to some important details in glass
houses, and first the glazing. The first thing necessary is to get
suitable glass. For roses, and other plants which require the
most perfect light, I would certainly recommend the use of
French or Belgian glass — that known generally as double thick,
second quality, the first quality being too expensive and not
possessing any material merit for plant culture other than that
possessed by the second quality. For other greenhouse purposes,
I believe glass of American manufacture is well suited, anrl have
no doubt that the time will soon arrive when we shall be able to
compete in quality, as in price, with glass of a foreign make. I
think that the only reason our domestic factories do not produce

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

glass equal to that of foreign; competitors is the higher cost of
labor, but improved methods of manufacture will soon equalize
these matters. The advantages of foreign over domestic glass are
chiefly greater clearness, toughness, or strength, and absence of
waves.

Methods of Glazing, etc. There is only one perfect method of
glazing for greenhouse work, and that is with light wooden bars,
and the glass bedded in suitable putty. The bars should be so
rabbeted as to leave a V shape, the putty being rubbed into the V,
and the glass then rubbed and pressed down firmly, until the lower
side rests on the sharp edge of the wood, and solid zinc shoe nails
or other suitable points are driven into the bar above the glass to
prevent its displacement. The surplus putty both above and
below the glass is then carefully cut away, and in painting, the
paint should be laid on thickly over that putty which may be
exposed on the upper side between the glass and the bar, and also
on the glass which is directly over the bar. This effectually
preserves the putty in the joints from the detrimental action of
the atmosphere.

A system which, at first sight, and to the uninitiated, appears
to have extraordinary merits, and yet which yearly causes a great
waste of capital, and is the source of great annoyance to those
who employ it, as well as regret to those who have innocently
advised its use, is that known as the metallic glazing. There are
man}' systems of such glazing on the market, both patented and
otherwise, but, ray friends, I cannot advise you too strongly
against the use of any one of them, or any so-called improvement
or modification of them.

In order that you may realize the defects in this system, I will
ask your attention to the following points; First, because of the
unyielding surfaces of both glass and metal (soft sheet lead
excepted), it is impossible to get a perfect contact one with the
other, and without perfect contact a perfect and air-tight joint
and security of the glass is impossible. An air-tight joint may be
made by the intervention of sheet rubber, sheet lead, cotton
saturated with white or red lead, and man}' other substances, but it
is only temporary, as the effects of moisture and variation of
temperature will soon cause decay on the one hand, and the
continual friction, caused by the difference of expansion of the
metal surfaces and the glass will soon wear away the intervening
packing. This continual friction also causes a wearing away of

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 71

the surfaces of the metal, and iu the case of galvanized sheet iron
destroj's the galvanized surface, and exposes the iron to the rapid
and destructive action of rust.

There are many metal glazing bars in the market, made of zinc
and other so-called non-corrosive materials, for which it is claimed
that there is sufficient spring to prevent this above-described
friction, and while to a certain degree this may be true, in the
direction of one bar from another, yet this friction and consequent
destruction and displacement is equally as prominent as in some
bars without this spring, and in many cases more so, in consequence
of the expansion of the bar in the direction of its length.

Another serious difficulty connected with metal glazing is the
great loss of heat in the building, caused by the rapid radiation of
heat through the metal surfaces exposed to the inner and outer
air. No part of the metal frame of a greenhouse, excepting a
small portion of the gutter should be exposed to the outer air.

For the glazing of houses having curvilinear roofs, I would
advise having the glass bent to fit the curves. This allows the use
of lights of glass twenty-four inches long, and insures a much
neater and tighter roof than can by produced by using man}' short
lights around the curves, as was done in times gone by. Many
think that the curved glass is very liable to breakage during hail-
storms, but experience has taught us the reverse, and this is
easil}' explained, as in the bending the glass becomes annealed or
toughened.

Painting. We will now consider the painting of greenhouses.
This feature should receive close attention, as upon its use or
neglect rest in a great measure the durability and weather-proof
qualities of the structure. All parts should be well primed before
erection, the iron being scraped, or brushed witli stiff steel
brushes, to remove all scale, sand, or grease, and then coated
with a good quality of anti-corrosive paint and pure linseed oil,
using as little dryer or turpentine as possible. The wood, which
of course we assume to be perfecth' dry and clean, should be well
saturated with white lead of good quality and pure linseed oil, either
by dipping or by careful laying on with the brush.

After erecting and glazing, the whole house, both iron and wood,
should receive two more coats of pure linseed oil and good white
lead, thinned with a little turpentine, one coat being perfectly (by
before the other is laid on. After the expiration of one full year,
the entire outside of the roof and glazed portions of the house

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

should receive one additional coat. It will be found very advan-
tageous, if a small percentage of oxide of zinc is mixed with the
white lead used for painting the inside of the houses. This
imparts a much brighter whiteness, and prevents the growth of
the gray fungi which adhere to interior surfaces painted with the
lead only, and which give the inside of the house a dirty and
untidy appearance after a short season's use. This mixture is
used now very largely in Government work, and also in the
greenhouses at the Executive Mansion at Washington, it being
there, I believe, that the original experiments were first made, and
the good results discovered.

Ventilation. Ventilating conveniences play a very important
part in the furnishing of a greenhouse, the usual system being to
have a continuous line of sash about three feet deep along one or
both sides of the ridge, and also a similar line below the gutter or
eaves line, these being operated by some suitable mechanical
means ; preferably by the well-known worm and wheel apparatus.

Heating. The heating apparatus plays the most important part
in the furnishing of a greenhouse. There are three systems of
heating in use ; namely, first, by means of hot-air flues ; second,
by means of circulation of steam through coils of pipes ; third, by
means of a circulation of hot water through coils of pipes. The
heating by flues is a very primitive method, but is often resorted
to in consequence of its small first cost, but its cost of mainte-
nance is greatly in excess of that of either steam or water heat,
and its results leave much to be desired, as the flues will become
leaky, and allow dust and gas to escape into the greenhouse, and
destroy all but the hardiest stock. Steam heat comes next in the
order of merit ; it also has the advantage of comparatively low
first cost, but also has the disadvantage of being costly of main-
tenance, both in the matter of fuel, attention, and repairs. This
systeiu is largely in use, and finds many advocates. Hot-water
heat, while entailing greater first cost, is the system in general
favor, being economical in fuel, requiring very little attention,
entailing no cost for repairs, and at all times, when there is any
fire under the boiler, being positive in its action. Thus far, it
must readily be admitted that the hot-water system of heating is
the most desirable, but we have yet to consider the effects on
plant life. Steam heat, on account of its intensity, has a tendency
to dry the atmosphere of the house to the injury of the plants,
but this can be easily counteracted, by means of frequent and

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 73

liberal syringing, and if the necessary moist condition of the
atmosphere is maintained, the effect of hot water and steam heat
upon the plants will be equal ; therefore, we find the merits of
these systems as follows :

In favor of the steam system: Low first cost, being from sevent}'-
five to eighty per cent of that of a similar hot-water plant.

In favor of the hot-water system : Economy of fuel and ease of
management ; absence of the necessity for repairs ; positive circu-
lation, and consequent radiation of warmth under all conditions of
the fires.

The objections to each of these systems are ; To the steam
system-: Additional fuel consumption, necessity of skilled and
continual attention; liability to accidents, leaks, etc, and conse-
quent cost of repairs ; total loss of radiation when fires become
so low as to allow the temperature of the water to drop below
212°, and consequent loss and damage to stock.

The hot-water system has one disadvantage only, namely, higher
first cost. I am thus compelled to give the preference to the
hot-water system, and will proceed to mention some details which
are desirable in its arrangement. Of course, it is understood that
the heating of greenhouses must be by a direct system, as no
indirect system would give a sufficiently even distribution of
the warmth for this purpose.

Two systems of water heating are in use ; the first being known
as " upward circulation," by which we understand a continual
upward grade of the pipes, to a point farthest from the boiler, and
a downward grade from that point back to the boiler. The
second is known as "drop circulation," where the rise to the
highest point is taken directl}' over the boiler, the pipes then
grading downward all the waj' back. I do not think either of
these systems should be given a preference as regards their effect,
under ordinary' circumstances; but as the "upward" system
presents so many less difficulties in the course of construction
than tlie " downward," I would strongl}- advise its being used in
all cases, unless some peculiar conditions of grades or other
details of arrangement of the houses exist, which might render
the "downward" system advisable.

Benches. In the furnishing of a greenhouse, we must not
overlook the benches. If lew-cost benches are desired, the}' may
be made of cypress, but for the commercial grower who is
interested in future profits and small repair bills, I would advise

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

an iron bench frame with wooden bottoms, these bottoms being
easily replaced at a small cost, without disturbing the main
supporting frame. If a permanent bottom is desired, porous tiles
may be used, which make a practically indestructible bottom, and
one which is very beneficial to the plants, as it admits of a free
drainage and circulation of air to the roots. For benches or
tables in conservatories for the reception of plants in pots, a slate
bottom is desirable, the slate being three-quarters of an inch thick,
and planed smooth on both sides. This gives ample strength to
support large plants.

I think I have covered the general details in connection with
greenhouse construction, as fully as the time will admit, but if
there are any especial features which anyone present may wish
advice upon, I shall be pleased to give it to the best of m}"^ ability.

Discussion.

Kenneth Fiulayson spoke of the difficulty of keeping paint from
mildewing in greenhouses, especially tropical houses where there
is always so much moisture — a condition that seems to favor the
rapid growth of the gray fungus. He asked if there were any
known preventive or remedy.

Mr. Gibbons advised in preparing the paint to use about
twenty to twenty-five per cent of oxide of zinc with seventy-five
to eight}' per cent of lead. When in Washington some time
ago, he visited the conservatory at the White House, and also
other structures of the National Government, and was struck by
the intense whiteness of the interiors after five to seven years' use.
Upon inquiry he was told of this composition, which is found to
prevent the growth of the gray fungi referred to, and also the
peeling of the paint from the wood.

In reply to another question, Mr. Gibbons said the Hitchings
gutters are of thin cast iron ; the side next to the greenhouse is
exposed to the interior heat, which prevents any freezing on that
side, even in zero weather ; joints are lapped a little and lined
with cement, and all the bolt and screw holes are drilled a little
larger than the diameter of the bolts or screws used. By these
means all trouble from ice expansion in the gutters is prevented.

As to lapping or butting glass, Mr. Gibbons thought that
lapping is always best. In butting glass it is desirable, if not
imperative, tiiat the glass should be of uniform thickness, a con-
dition rarely found in either a small or large purchase of glass.

CONSTRUCTION AND HEATING OF GLASS HOUSES. 75

To a question as to best size of glass, Mr. Gibbons answered
that, as a rule, the glass should be sixteen by twenty-four inches.

In reply to a question as to the object of grooves in sash-bars, Mr.
Gibbons held that the grooves would receive the greater portion of
water that was thrown or condensed upon the glass, and convey it
to a point over the space between the back of the side benches,
and the plate, where the lower side of the groove is cut away, and
the water falls directly to the ground. Accumulation of dust in
these grooves rareh' amounts to an obstruction.

It was asked whether it is better to use four-inch or two-inch
pipe for heating a greenhouse, and Mr. Gibbons replied that he
prefers four-inch to two-inch pipe, although, other things being
equal, the effects of both on plant life are the same. But the
four-inch pipe is more reliable, having a larger reserve of heat for
an emergency, and will last much longer than any smaller,
wrought iron pipe.

Another question was asked as to comparative advantages of
the upward and the downward systems of hot-water circulation in
greenhouses.

Mr. Gibbons replied that formerly greenhouses were built to
accommodate the heating S3^stem ; but, as in these days we have
often to accommodate the heating system to the greenhouses, he
thought that under ordinary^ circumstances the system best
adapted to the location, grade, and arrangement of the greenhouse
would perhaps serve the purpose better than the other. But
where the range to be heated includes more than one house, the
drop circulation is difficult to manage ; therefore, as stated in the
paper read today, taking all things into account, he would
strongly advise the upward circulation system in all cases except
where the local conditions are such as to render the downward
system necessary.

A question being asked as to comparative advantages of tiles or
slate for the bottoms or floors of plant benches or stages, Mr.
Gibbons said that tiles are in great favor for bench bottoms ; they
are much superior to slate when the bench is filled with soil in
which plants are set, but, for plants in pots slate bottoms are
preferable. The advantage of tiles lies in the fact that when they
are made, a quantity of coarse sawdust is mixed with the sand
and clay, and when they are fired the sawdust is burned out,
leaving the tile verv porous, thus securing perfect drainage and
ventilation.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 16, 1895.
A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holclen today at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.
The following paper was read by the author :

Economic Entomology in Relation to Trees, Shrubs, and
Plants, in Parks and Private Grounds.

By Edmund B. Southwick, I'h. D., Entopologist of the Central and City Parks of

New York, N. Y.

I am here today to give some hints as to the needs in the care
of trees, shrubs, and plants in parks and private grounds, and also
to suggest such remedies as I have found of especial benefit in
the care of vegetation in the Parks of the City of New York.

An experience of over twelve years has given me an opportunity
to become acquainted with these needs, and also enables me to
give some advice as to the proper care from an entomological
standpoint.

Today I am addressing tin intelligent body of horticulturists,.
who know a tree when they see it and also its family history and
the fruits thereof ; and you will agree with me, that ignorance of
the subject is the greatest drawback to a proper appreciation of it,
and therefore to a proper carrying out of the work in " Economic
Entomology."

Happily, however, the times are ripening for a wider appreciation
and better work — not so much, I fear, from the extra education
as from the necessity of combatting insect foes which are
becoming so destructive on every side — and men who own fine
trees and shrubs are forced to admit that there is an importance
attached to Economic P^ntomology, and that they must consult an
entomologist just as they must consult a physician or a lawyer in
necessary cases.

The people, however, are not educated up to the point of
consulting the physician in this case, and even when the destruction
is inevitable and they seek advice, they often will not take the
trouble to prosecute the work.

Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, your renowned fellow townsman,
was one of the first in the field to begin this education, and as far

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 77

back as 1831 he published a list of the insects of your State.
The importance of his researches was so appreciated that he was
appointed one of a commission for a more thorough survey of the
geology and botany of your State, entomology, however, being
still an outside issue, and only developed because of his
knowledge of its great importance to future generations in the
oare of vegetable productions so essential to the life of man.
Entomologists who see the possibility of increase so enormously
displayed in insect life, are specially educated as to what will
become of vegetation, if steps are not taken successfully to
combat the hosts increasing both in variety and numbers.

As pleasant as it is for me to congratulate you upon the
successful w^ork already accomplished in your State, it is my more
important duty to remind you that our knowledge of the work of
keeping insects in subjection, is still but in its infancy, and we
must not only be willing to work in lines that now look to us
fairly successful, but must deliberately look for deficiencies, and
study to devise more effective means to meet all these needs. Of
the hundreds of letters I have to answer during the year, I have
yet to receive one in reply, saying the advice w^as thankfully
received and the work would be undertaken.

In one of our prominent Hudson Eiver cities, the elm trees were
being defoliated by the elm beetle last season, and one of the
prominent citizens came to me in seemingly great distress and
wanted to know what we were doing to keep our trees looking so
well. After advising him and showing him our machines at work,
he said he would at once have the work started and carried on.
That was the last I heard of him until this winter, when another
citizen of the same place called to see me — filled with still greater
distress, if that were possible — and wanted to know what to do
with the trees in order to preserve the foliage for the coming
summer. He thought they were dying, and something must be
done. I mentioned the fact that his fellow townsman had, I
supposed, been destroying the insects during the past summer.
" Yes," he replied, "That gentleman told us he had seen you,
but did not think the work practicable." The truth was, it was
too much trouble, after consulting the physician, to apply the
remedy, and as soon as he found that it was not altogether slight-
of-hand work, but real di'udgery, he put it out of his mind and
soon set aside the heavy responsibility. And this is but one

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

example of the use that is made of advice freely and gratuitously
given. Nine times out of ten nothing ever comes of it.

I must speak of another foe which deeply concerns trees, and
that is Fungi. They not only destroy the foliage but break up
the tree trunks themselves. Another practice I must also condemn
is the wholesale cutting back of trees and shrubs by " tree butch-
ers," who are so numerous in these days. As we ride about in the
cars through our cities and towns, we see on every hand where
these tree-vandals, have been at work, destroying thousands of
fine trees, — actually beheading them. Again, we see the same
men, cutting off great numbers of large limbs for no apparent
reason, and leaving their large stumps or scars exposed to the
action of the elements, insects, and fungi.

No study is ever given to the character of a tree, and elm,
maple, and willow alike receive the same treatment. Our trees
are too valuable to be destroyed in this way, and the time is at
hand — at least with us in New York — when imported insects
will do too much of this kind of vandal work, and we are already
only too desirous to preserve a bud which will at some time
develop into a branch to fill a vacancy that injures the symmetry
of the tree and is an unsightly deformity in the eyes of the
owner.

In the large city parks of New York, comprising over four
thousand acres, there is a great diversity of foliage and tree
growth, and therefore a great variety of parasitic life, both animal
and vegetable. Like your own city of Boston, New York is a
great importing centre, and new things are there being constantly
introduced into our country. We are now suffering from some of
these introductions, among which the Elm Leaf Beetle {Galeruca
xanthomelaina) and the Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera pyrina)
can be mentioned.

From a horticulturist's point of view, most of you know how to
combat enemies of fruit trees, but perhaps not all who may read
this are as wise in their generation, or even willing, like your-
selves, to give the time and attention to these details that are so
essential to success. I will, therefore, attempt to describe some
of the most conspicuous enemies of our shade and ornamental
trees, and also the most effective means of combatting them
successfully. One of the most serious pests of the many that
have been introduced into this country is the Wood Leopard

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 79

Moth, uot forgetting your own troubles with the Gipsy Moth
which you are so heroically fighting, under so able a general as
Professor C. H. Fernald, and the great lesson you are learning of
the necessity of the same concerted action in this as would be
demanded in case of a terrible epidemic scourge.

The Wood Leopard Moth was probably introduced here about
twelve or fifteen years ago, and since then it has grown in strength
of numbers though not in public favor. The glamour of rare
specimens of the moth in entomological collections, has passed its
incipient stage, and we are actually in the midst of a fearful
warfare. The enemy has already worsted us in many sections
around the city, and I am sorry I cannot say that we are able to
impede its progress, or that we have hope that it may be stamped
out. I cannot say how soon you also will have to take up arms
against this destructive foe, for I must confess to you that it is
marching on, despite the efforts we in New York City are putting
forth, and must eventually reach your vegetation also. It has
already spread into parts of New Jersey aud Long Island, and is
steadily marching northward. This moth has already appropriated
as congenial food, over one hundred species of trees aud shrubs,
and so far the evergreens or conifers seem to be the onlj' ones
exempt. The larva of this moth is able to amputate tree- trunks
that are six or seven inches in diameter, by cutting a burrow
around the trunk, which so weakens it that a strong wind is sure
to break it off. Our elms and maples seem to be their favorite
food, and thus far have suffered most. Our treatment for the
destruction of this insect is to collect all affected limbs and destroy
the larvae we find in them. All limbs that are broken are taken
down and destroyed by fire after we have removed and killed all
the larvae we can find. All the smaller trees of the parks are
examined carefully, and when a burrow is found bisulphuret of
carbon is injected into it and the burrow closed Avith putty or
soap. We often find as many as a dozen or more borers, in the
trunk and branches of a small elm or maple from four to six
inches in diameter, aud these are easily treated with the
bisulphuret of carbon, which is sure death to any living thing in
the burrow. I have also found it a most effectual remedy for the
Apple Tree Borer, aud all borers of fruit trees where the burrows
can be found ; they are often very prominently marked by the
frass these borers eject from their burrows. Take a common oil

^0 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

■can with a spring bottom aud the liquid can be forced from it,
into the burrows without difficulty. I have used bisulphuret of
carbou in various forms for insect destruction since 1885. It is
most valuable in washes for scale insects also. Injecting bisul-
phuret of carbon into the burrows of insects is, I consider, one of
the most important discoveries I have made for the destruction of
wood-boring larva. In 1893 we spent three months collecting
and destroying the larvae of this insect, and last year showed the
valuable effect of this thorough work in the decreased number
working upon our trees.

The next most troublesome species of insects to us is the
Tussock Moth {Orgyia leucostigma) . I see that you have the
same species abundant in your own city. For their destruction I
have resorted to four methods. First, by hand-picking and by
removing the cocoons with wire brushes. In this way barrels of
the egg-masses are collected and then destroyed. Second, by
jarring the larvae down with a pole so arranged that a blow from a
mallet on a projection at the larger end of the pole, will jar down
any that may be on that limb, for they are easily dislodged by the
concussion. Third, by poisoning the foliage with London purple,
which is quite effective, especially on trees that have not been
properly cleared from egg-masses during the winter. Fourth, by
spraying the trunks of large trees that are covered with cocoons,
with an emulsion of petroleum and crude carbolic acid. This
emulsion, put on with a stiff spray, will penetrate most of the
cocoons and destroy the pupiii or larvae within, and many of the
eggs that have been deposited on the outside of the cocoons.
This last method is only resorted to, when from want of proper
winter cleaning, the trees have been defoliated by these insects.

For the Elm Beetle (Galeruca xanthomalcena) we try to follow
up preventive measures by spraying the trees with London purple,
as soon as we find the first groups of eggs. This is usually from
May 28 to June 6. This spraying is kept up at intervals of two
or three weeks, until autumn. Another method which we are
faithfully following is to kill all the pupae we can find at the base
of the tree or along walls and in any out of the way places. This,
I think, is of the greatest importance, and all pupne should be
destroyed as fast as they show themselves. An emulsion of
petroleum and carbolic acid is used, and this is sprayed into and
over all places where the larvae have crawled to pupate.

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 81

The Bag Worm (Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis) was at one
time very destructive to our park trees, and is still, I am told, in
some sections of the country. These can be readily removed with
tools in the winter season, and the trees can also be sprayed for
their destruction when in foliage. For Tent Caterpillars and
others that feed in masses, as Vanessa, Datana, etc., the most
effectual method is to remove the mass as soon as they are
discovered. If they are very young, a single twig or even a leaf,
will be all that it is necessary to take off ; but if left till nearly
full grown, they can be taken out by hand, or if on an unimpor-
tant branch, this may be cut away with the attached mass.

For scale insects, many of the emulsions so well known can be
applied, and if a pliable steel brush is used in addition, the work
can be made very complete, save on the smaller twigs, which can
be sprayed with the emulsion as the best means of reaching the
insects without destroying the smaller branches.

For Plant Lice (Aphides) one of the most effectual means is to
break up the colonies with a stiff spray of water, for most of
them have a gummy secretion that prevents the emulsion from
acting upon them, but let the hose be played upon them for a
moment, and they are in condition to receive the destructive
agent.

For the Pine Chermes (Chermes pinicorticis) and the Maple
Pulviuaria {Pulvinaria inyiumerabilis) ^ I have for a long time been
using the spray, and it is the most effectual means of cleauing a
tree of these pests. With this spray one can knock down
quantities of larvae from the branches, and most eft'ectual work
could be done with a steam engine with the proper hose attach-
ments in killing great quantities of insects besides keeping many
of them in subjection. I would condemn the practice of boring-
holes into trees, with the idea that the preparation inserted is
going to spread over the whole tree and thereby destroy all kinds
of insects ; that is a physical impossibility. We who have charge
of plantations of trees are constantly beset by venders of
remedies of all kinds that will kill everything but the trees. My
advice is, do not waste time and money trying everything that is
offered, but consult a physician who is making this a life work —
and you have a number of the very best of these in your own
state — and his conservative opinion, born of hard practical
experience, will be the best advice to follow.
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In treating our trees, shrubs, and plants for the destruction of
insect foes, I would advise careful and persistent winter work, for
when the trees are leafless is the best time to remove all cocoons,^
egg-masses, etc., from the limbs and trunks, and every dead leaf
or bunch of leaves that is fastened to the limbs ought to be
considered as harboring a mass of eggs or a pupa, and even if it
does not it is safer to have it out of the way. Always make
your winter work thorough and your summer trouble will be less.
These preventive measures are always to be studied and practised.
As you watch the expanding foliage, flowers, and fruits of your
trees, watch also for their enemies. Learn to distinguish between
friend and foe so as to be able to preserve the one and destroy
the other.

Discussion.

Professor Southwick displayed numerous charts, two by three
feet in size, some having magnified figures of the noxious insects
and fungi referred to in his paper, showing them at their different
stages of development, that those present might be able to recog-
nize the living specimens at sight.

Other charts showed various tools and the method of using
them in the warfare against the many insect pests infesting the
trees, shrubs, and plants in the several parks in the city of New
York.

There was also quite an array of the smaller tools, among which
were brushes of various forms and sizes, the brush material being
steel wire of different degrees of firmness and elasticity. Some
were suitable for brushing cocoons and egg-masses from the
trunks and branches of rough-barked trees, while others were
used on those with smooth, tender bark.

There were knives of different sizes and forms, of which the
shoe knife was held to be the most useful ; also gouges, chisels,
mallets, saws of different styles, metal cans with spring bottoms,
used to inject bisulphide of carbon into the burrows of wood-
boring insects in trees and shrubs, and a variety of other
implements for special purposes.

As Professor Southwick found nothing in the markets to serve
his requirements, he invented apparatus to meet his need in
particular lines of work.

This collection of charts excited considerable interest, and at
the conclusion of the lecture, many of the audience came to the

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOCr. 83

platform to examine them more carefully. This led to
conversation rather than discussion, but from which the following
information was gleaned :

Twelve years ago when Professor Southwick assumed charge of
the entomological work in the parks of New York City, large
numbers of trees were defoliated by the Bag Worm ( Thyridopteryx
ephemerceforynis) . The trees looked as if a fire had swept through
them, so completely were their leaves eaten by this insect. With
his improved tools, made for this work, he collected nearly twenty-
two bushels of these insects in one season and destroyed them.
This method of dealing with them nearly extirpated the species
and it has since been easy to keep them in subjection. This was
done when the trees were leafless, and the insects' cases were
easily seen. The Elm Leaf Beetle {Oaleruca xanthome} cBna)
works on the leaves of the elm tree, the beetles eating round
holes in the leaves and the larvae consuming every vestige of the
parenchyma. Professor Southwick said that in May and June he
constantly watched the elm trees in the parks, and as soon as he
saw the beetles or larvfe at work he immediately sprayed the parts
affected, but did not attempt to spray the whole tree at that time.
From the middle of May to October the trees were sprayed
several times. The solution used was : London purple, one
pound ; flour, four or five quarts ; lime, three pounds ; and water,
one hundred gallons. The flour is added to make the poison
adhere to the foliage. The solution is sprayed on the under side
of the leaves as much as possible, from a fine cyclone nozzle.
This solution is carried from the force pump to the nozzle, through
a quarter-inch orifice, rubber canvas insertion hose. The canvas
makes the hose strong and light, so that when it is lashed to a
light bamboo pole, the operator can hold up fifty or more
feet of it without difficulty. Professor Southwick urged that the
larvae of the Elm Beetle should be destroyed when they come
down the trunks of the trees to pupate at its base, as this
would materially lessen the number of beetles for the next gener-
ation. In the case of large trees, the men climb into them, but if
they are not over fifty feet in height, an extension pole is used to
raise or lower the spray as is needed. These poles are fastened
to each other with bands and are hoisted up and let down with a
rope and pulley. The preparation used for destroying the larvae
and pupae at the base of the tree is : Soap, six pounds ; kerosene,

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

five quarts ; carbolic acid, two or tliree quarts ; aud water, oue
gallon. This is boiled together and afterward mixed with one
hundred gallons of water.

The Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera pyrina) was first noticed by
him in the New York Parks in 1884, when the gardeners brought
him a larva which they had taken from an ehn limb. The female
of this insect probably inserts an egg at the base of a leaf or
node of the twig, and the young larvae enter the twigs at that point.
As it increases in size, it bores to the lower part of the branch,
or leaves it and migrates to another branch or to the trunk.
From a small maple three and one-half inches in diameter,
Professor Southwick said he had taken thirty-two borers of this
destructive insect, and that in the city parks they had already
been found in over one hundred species of trees and shrubs.
The remedy is to destroy all branches that are affected or broken
off, as far as possible, and to inject bisulphide of carbon into
their burrows, and putty up the hole. Their burrows can be
easily found, as the borer throws out the frass and this can be
seen at the base of the tree or on the trunk and limbs. Professor
Southwick said, the great secret of success with spraying com-
pounds and insect subjection is in preventive measures ; that is,
treating the affected plants before the insects have spread over the
entire foliage, and following it up by repeated applications as the
cases in hand required.

The Rose-chafer or Rose-bug {Macrodactylus subspinosus) is
described by Dr. T. W. Harris, in his work on " Insects Injurious
to Vegetation," as " one of the greatest scourges with which our
gardens and nurseries have been afflicted." As it breeds below
the surface of the earth, we have to deal with it only in its
beetle form, and during a period of about forty days from the
second week in June, each year. The most reliable methods of
treating them are, first, by hand-picking into a dish containing
kerosene, and, second, by jarring, the tree, shrub, or vine upon which
they are feeding ; this frightens them and they instantly let go
their hold on the plant and drop to the ground ; but we can catch
the falling insects upon cotton sheets (previously arranged under
the plant like an inverted umbrella) and then kill them in
kerosene. This should be done in the earlier hours of the morn-
ing when the beetles are less active, as during the warmer part of
the day they will be quicker on the wing and escape.

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 85

Professor Southwick, in reply to a question, stated that they
had no Gipsy Moths {Ocneria dispar) in New York City oi'
vicinity.

A species of Sap-fly, supposed to be a Sciai'ia, has proved
quite mischievous among the park trees of New York City. If a
limb is cut off, it often happens that the scar is induced to bleed
by the white worm-like larvae of this dipterous insect, which are
able to keep up the flow until cold weather. This sap, which
becomes sour and of the consistency of thin jelly, runs down the
trimks, rendering them very unsightly, and no doubt the ti'ees are
weakened by its continuous loss. These spots are conspicuous on
several species of trees but the elm is the more often affected, and
the wood, thus softened and exposed to the action of the atmos-
phere and to the spores of fungi, soon becomes a rotten spot in
the tree unless the progress of decay is arrested. The remedy has
been to spray the spots with a carbolic acid solution ; then, when
nearly dry, to brush the scar clean with a rice-root brush, dry off
with plaster of Paris and apply paint or shellac (or liquid celluloid
if the tree is a valuable one), after which there will be no more
trouble. Incidentally, reference was made to fungous disorders or
pests, and Professor Southwick remarked that there were a great
many species working on the trees and shrubs, and that Agaricus
ulmarius was conspicuously destructive ; that a well-developed
bunch of it was found upon a scar from which a limb has been
removed only two weeks before. He added that the mycelium of
the fungus penetrated the wood a long distance and soon destroyed
its structure.

Being questioned as to the possibly fatal effect upon poultry
from eating apples that have been sprayed with the London
purple solution. Professor Southwick said that as the solution
contained as much lime and as much flour as of the London
purple, and should be put on in a spray as fine as mist, he
doubted whether any harm would come to any poultry from the
quantity of the fruit they would eat.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 23, 1895.
A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holden today at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.
The following paper was read by the author :

Experimental Evolution Amongst Plants.

By Professor L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

[Before entering upon the proper subject of the hour, the
speaker made some introductory remarks concerning the present
state of belief in the theory of evolution. A brief abstract of
these remarks is here given.]

Every thoughtful person at the present day is an evolutionist,
although he may not know it. Everyone now considers every
movement, either of human society or of natural forces, in
connection with its origin and gradual growth or development. A
person may be an evolutionist without subscribing to any
particular doctrine of the origin of species or to any particular
dogma either of religion or science. Evolution in the abstract
means merely a gradual unfolding or growth. In the organic
world, the term is used to designate the belief in the origin of
one form or one species from another. Its use does not necessarily
imply that one believes in the origin of all things from one
species or from many. It simply means that a person sees
growth, development, and progression in nature.

There are two chief reasons for the belief in the evolution of
animals and plants : first, the fact of struggle for existence ; second,
the fact that there are constantly recurring physical changes. The
struggle for existence is the necessary result of the multiplication
of species, and the physical changes necessitate a constant
modification of the species in order that they may fit themselves
into the environment.

There are five chief lines of proof of evolution : first, the
record of the rocks, or paheontology ; second, the fact that animals
and plants are widely variable, — so much so that no two individuals
in the world are exactly alike ; third, we can see adaptive changes
taking place, particularly among plants which are widely dissemi-
nated by man or which are brought under domestication ; fourth,

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION AMONGST PLANTS. 87

the presence of missing links or breaks in the chain of life, which
shows that those forms which are weakest, or least adapted to live,
have dropped out and have left the others to strengthen them-
selves ; and, fifth, the fact that there is a perfect adaptation of all
organisms to their environments or conditions of life.

The doctrine of evolution is old, although it was not until the
■opening of the present century that it began to take on specific
and technical form. It was taught more or less vaguely by the
Greeks, and, later, by the Arabs. Perhaps it may be said that
two chief epochs in the history of the unfolding of the doctrine are
those represented by Copernicus and Darwin. Copernicus dis-
proved the old geocentric doctrine, or the notion that the earth is
the center of the universe ; Darwin disproved the homocentric
doctrine, or the notion that man is the central object of nature.
We now conceive of the universe as a whole, undergoing a general
progressive or onward movement in which all its parts are
intimately concerned.

After these introductory remarks. Professor Bailey delivered his
lecture as follows :

De Varigny has written a most suggestive book upon Experi-
mental Evolution, in which he contends for the establishment of
an institution where experiments can be definitely undertaken for
the purpose of transforming a species into a new species. " In
experimental transformism," he writes, " lies the only test which
we can apply to the evolutionary theory. We must use all the
methods we are acquainted with, and also those, yet unknown,
which cannot fail to disclose themselves when we begin a thorough
investigation of the matter, and do our utmost to bring about the
transmutation of any species. We do not specially desire to
transform any one species into another known at present ; we wish
to transform it into a new species. * * * Experimental trans-
formism is what we need now, and therein lies the only method we
can use."

This is a most commendable object, and I hope that the
attempt will be made to create a new species before our very eyes.
This is what most people demand, as a proof of evolution, and
they are sometimes impatient that it has not been done ; and it
would seem, upon the face of it, that nothing more could be desired.
When I reflect, however, upon the fact that this very thing
has occurred time and again with the horticulturist, and then

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

consider that botanists and philosophers persist in refusing to see
it, I am constrained to offer some suggestions upon De Varigny's
excellent ambition. If I show a botanist a horticultural type of
recent or even contemporaneous origin which I consider to be
specifically distinct from its ancestors, he at once exclaims that it
is not a species but a horticultural variety. If I ask him why, he
replies, "Because it is an artificial production!" If I show him
that the type is just as distinct from the species from which it
sprung as that species is from its related species and that it
reproduces its kind with just as much certaiuity, he still replies
that, because it is a horticultural production, it cannot be a
species. In what, then, does an accidental horticultural origin
differ from any other origin? Simply in the fact that one takes
place under the eye of man and the other occurs somewhere else !
It is impossible at the present day to make a definition of a
species which shall exclude many horticultural types, unless an
arbitrary exception is made of them. The old definitions assumed
that species are special creative acts, and the method of origin is
therefore stated or implied in all of them. The definition itself,
therefore, was essentially a statement of the impossibility of
evolution. We have now revised our definitions so as to exclude
the matter of origin, and thereby to allow free course to evolution
studies ; and yet here is a great class of natural objects which are
practically eliminated from our consideration because, unhappily,
we know whence they came ! Or, to state the case differently,
these types cannot be accepted as proofs of the transformation of
species because we know certainly that they are the result of
transformation !

Now, just this state of things would be sure to occur if De
Varigny were to transform one species into another. People
would say that the new form is not really a species, because it is
the result of cultivation, domestication, and definite breeding by
man. He could never hope to secure more remarkable trans-
formations than have occurred a thousand times in the garden ;
and his scheme — so far as it applies to plants — is essentially
that followed by all good gardeners. Or, if the prejudices of
scientists respecting the so-called artificial production of species
could be overcome, he could just as well draw his proofs of
evolution from what has already been done with cultivated plants
and domesticated animals as from similar results which might
arise in the future from his independent efforts. I am not arguing

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION AMONGST PLANTS. ^9^

against the scheme to create a species before our eyes, but I am
simply stating what has been and is the insurmountable difficulty
in just this line of endeavor, — the inability of the experimenter
to satisfy the scientific world that he has really produced a
species ; for it is a singular thing that whilst all biologists now
agree in defining a species upon its tangible and present characters,
they nevertheless act, for the most part, upon the old notion that
a species must have its origin somewhere beyond the domain of
exact history.

This notion that a species, to be a species, must have originated
in nature's garden and not in man's, has been left over to us from
the last geueration, — it is the inheritance of an acquired
character. John Ray, towards the close of the seventeenth cen-
tury, appears to have been the first to use the word species in its
technical natural-history sense, and the matter of origin was an
important factor in his conception of what a species is. Lin-
naeus's phrase is familiar: " We reckon as many species as there
were forms created in the beginning." Darwin elaborated the
new conception, — that a species is simply a congregation of
individuals which are more like each other than they are like any
other congregation, and with a freedom from prejudice which
is rarely attained even by his most devoted adherents, he declared
that "one new variety raised by man will be a more important
and interesting subject for study, than one more species added to
the infinitude of already recorded species." The old naturalists
threw the origin of the species back beyond known causes ;
Darwin endeavored to discover the " Origin of Species," and it is
significant that he set out without giving any definition of what a
species is. I have said this much for the purpose of showing that
it is important, when we demand that a new species be created aa
a proof of evolution, that we are ourselves open to conviction that
the thing can be done.

I have said that no modern naturalist would define a species in
such terms that some horticultural types could be excluded, even
if he desired that they should be omitted. Haeckel's excellent
definition admits many of them. In his view, the word species
' ' serves as the common designation of all individual animals or
plants, which are equal in all essential matters of form, and are
only distinguished by quite subordinate characters." It is impos-
sible, however, actually to determine whether one has a species in

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hand by applying a definition. One must show that his new type
— if it is a plant — has botanical characters as well marked as
similar accepted species have, and these characters must show,
as a whole, a general tendency towards permanency when the
plant is normally propagated by seeds. He must measure his
type by the rule of accepted botanical practice. If the same plant
were found wild, so that all prejudice might be removed, would
the botanist unhesitatingly describe it as a new species? If yes,
then we should say that a new species had been created under the
hand of man ; and this rule I wish now to apply to a very few
familiar plants. In doing so, I do not wish to be understood as
saying that I consider it advisable to describe these plants
as species under the existing methods of botanical description and
nomenclature, for, merely as a matter of convenience and perspi-
cuity, I do not ; but I wish to show that they really are, in every
essential character, just as much species as very many other
universally accepted species are.

The evolution of forms which any botanist would at once
designate as species, were he ignorant of their origin, is well
illustrated in the tomato. Dunal, the accepted authority upon the
genus Lycopersicum, admits ten unqualified species into his
account in De Candolle's Prodromus. Two of these, L. pyriforme
and L. cerasiforme, are generally regarded as mere forms of the
-common garden species, L. esculentum, both because they are
very like the common tomato in botanical characters and because
we know, as a matter of history and experiment, that all three of
these reputed species are modifications of one type. Omitting
these two species, then, there remain eight to which we cannot
attach any such suspicion as a knowledge of their origin. These
are what botanists call good species. These species agree in
having a weak and spreading habit of growth, much like the
common tomato. The features by which they differ amongst
themselves, that is, the specific characters, are founded chiefly
upon the manner of division of the leaves, the shape of the leaf-
lets, the character of the flower cluster, and the relative hairiness
or smoothness of the parts. If one applies these same tests in
the same degree, to the two modern offshoots of the tomato — the
Upright and the Mikado types — he will find that these offshoots
differ as much or even more from each other and from their own
■common parent, than auy one of the wild species differs from any

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION AMONGST PLANTS. 91

other species ; and everyone knows that these characters come
true from seed. The Upright type differs from all other tomatoes
in its stiff and self-sustaining habit of growth, a character which
belongs to Solauum rather than to Lycopersicum ; and this habit
is so marked that persons unfamiliar with the variety usually
think the plants potatoes rather than tomatoes, when the fruit is
not seen. The entire foliage of the plant is so distinct that the
most casual botanist could draw botanical characters from it to
separate the plant specifically from any other species of Lycoper-
sicum which is yet described. The leaflets are reduced in number
and are greatly modified in shape. Even the inflorescence shares
in the transformation, for the flowers, instead of being six or
more as they are in its known ancestors, are reduced to tAVO
or three. If De Varigny were to experiment for centuries, he
could scarcely expect to produce any " new species" which should
have better characters than this singular race of tomatoes, the
origin of which is so well known that we have the recoi'd of
the year in which it originated, and the very man who sowed the
seed from which it spi'ung. This curious race came in suddenly,
without any premonition, so far as we know, of its appearing, and
the same thing has probably not originated a second time.

The other type to which I referred, the large-leaved or Mikado
race, gave evidence of its coming. This type has a most remark-
able divergence from the species in the most fundamental botanical
characters of Its leaves. The leaflets are much fewer than in the
common tomatoes, very large, the lower side strongly decurrent
on the stem, the margins entire, and the blades plane or flat, —
characters which are as far removed from Lycoj)ersicum esculentum,
from which it came, as the characters of the latter are from other
recognized species. In young plants, the leaves are even entire, a
character which is supposed to be foreign to the genus. The ten-
dency towards this large-leaved type was noticed many years ago
in the old Keyes's Proliflc tomato, but it appeared to have first
attracted much attention in Nisbit's Victoria, a variety which
came from seed of Hathaway's Excelsior, which has foliage very
small, curled, and much divided. In very recent years, it has
appeared again in a most emphatic form in the Mikado or Turner
Hybrid, and in the Potato Leaf. AVe have a good indication of
how distinct these two races of tomatoes are from the fact that we
have a real species — that is, one which has no genealogy — in

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultivation, besides Lycopersicum esculentum, and it is not
regarded by horticulturists as wortiiy such explicit description
or separation from the common type of tomatoes as either the
Upright or the Mikado type is. In fact, gardeners do not look
upon it as a distinct species at all, although it is universally
received by botanists, and Vilmorin even places it in the genus
Solanum, This is the Currant tomato, or L. pimpinelUfolmm.

But the most remarkable feature of the evolution of the tomato,
to my mind, is one which appears to have escaped scientific
comment. It is the fact that, in America at least, the whole body
of garden forms is rapidly progressing or departing from the
original type. This original type, or something very like it, was
the only tomato at the opening of the century, and it was
essentially that which the older men of the present generation
knew in their boyhood. The plant was comparatively small, with
an erect or upright tendency of the young shoots, with foliage
light in color and small and either thin or much curled, the leaflets
tending somewhat to rounded forms, the flowers two-ranked in
long and sometimes forking clusters, the fruit, in the simplest
forms, strictly two-celled, and in the most developed forms flat on
the top and bottom and coiTugated or ridged on the sides. Now
all this is changed, and there is only an occasional variety, or the
persistent Cherry Tomato, which recalls the old type. At
present, the tomato plant is large and widely spreading, with
scarcely an indication of the spire-like growths of the young
shoots which characterized the old forms, with foliage very dark
green and large and the leaflets thick and flat and tending to
pointed and jagged forms, the flowers reduced to irregnlar clusters
of two to four, the fruit very many-celled, and, under the
influence of recent selection, regularly rounded on top and apple-
shaped. For nearly a century, the tomato has been steadily
moving forward into this new form, with all its botanical characters
profoundly modified ; and it holds this form as uniformly when
propagated from seeds as any wild species could be expected to
do. If, as Ilaeckel declares, a species is a succession of organisms
which exhibit the same form under the same environments, then
even the common type of tomatoes might contend for specific
distinction from their ancestors of a century ago. At all events,
we have here as profound, onward, definite, transformation as De
Varigny could hope to secure in the same length of time ; and if

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION AMONGST PLANTS. 93

such pioductious as these of which I have spoken are not to be
accepted as species, why should we accept those which we assume
would arise under the care of an evolution experiment station?
Here we have absolutely new and unique types, as De Varigny
demands, and they are as distinct from each other and from their
parents, in accepted botanical characters, as "good species" in '
the same genus are from each other, and they perpetuate these
characters as unequivocally as those species do. Moreover, we
know definitely what their origins were, and they therefore answer
all the purposes of experimental evolution.

Similar observations respecting the evolution of forms of
specific importance, could be made for most species of plants
which have been widely cultivated for a considerable length of
time. The case is singularly well illustrated in Indian corn.
Maize lias been very uniformly accepted as a single species by
botanists. This arises mostly from the fact that corn is nowhere
known truly wild, and has therefore attracted little attention
from systematic botanists. There are some authors, however,
who have made species of some of the marked cultivated types,
either upon the hypothesis that these forms must have been derived
from distinct wild types, or that, independently of origin, they merit
specific recognition. The chief author who takes the latter view
is Sturtevant, who, whilst accepting the common origin of all
types of maize, nevertheless prefers to recognize seven "agricul-
tural species," as follows: Zea tunicata^ "a primitive form"
from which the other six are derived, — Zea everta, pop corns;
Z. inclurata, flint corns ; Z. indentata, dent corns ; Z. amylacea^
soft corns ; Z. saccharata, sweet corns ; and Z. amyleasaccharata,
, the starchy- sweet corns. Whilst these species are not accepted
by the regular botanists, there can be no doubt that some of them
would be regarded as distinct species if they should turn up in an
evidently wild state ; and a proof of this statement is found in
Watson's Zea canina, which was founded upon wild corn collected
in southern Mexico. Now Mr. Watson was one of our most
conservative American botanists, and any new species which he
should describe could be depended upon to have good botanical
characters; yet this new Zea canina is so like our rice pop corns
that Sturtevant unhesitatingly refers it to his Zea everta, thus
showing that it is not more unlike ordinaiy corn than some types
of pop corn are ! Moreover, this corn is found to lose quickly

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the very botanical characters upon which the species is founded y
when it is brought into cultivation. Even in its wild state it is
scarcely more distinct from the common races of maize than the
" husk corn" is, or the curious striped-leaved corn of Japan, —
and the latter would certainly be considered worthy of specific
' recognition by botanists were it not for the fact that historical
evidence shows that maize was introduced into Japan directly or
indirectly from the New World, and that, therefore, its origin is
more or less enshrouded in knowledge ! All this is but another
illustration of how tenaciously botanists still hold to the Linnaean
idea of species, whilst they profess the Darwinian idea.

A similar evolution of types which are as distinct and per-
manent as accepted species in the same genus, is well illustrated
in the various beans. The common garden or kidney bean was
made into two species by Linnaeus, the pole beans {Phaseolus
vulgaris) and the bush beans (P. nanus). Since it has been
demonstrated by experience and experiment, that these groups
are interchangeable forms of one type, botanists have discarded
Linnaeus's designations of them and now call the garden bean a
single species ; yet it should be said that a more explicit and
satisfactory instance of the evolution of specific forms right under
our own observation could not be demanded. The two groups
are species until we discover that they have sprung from one type
within historic times, whereupon we then regard them not as
species but as anomalies of cultivation. Von Martens, however,
discards origin as a mark of specific likeness or differertce, and
now proposes to erect seven species upon the obvious racial
differences in the garden beans. But the most interesting feature
of this bean botany is the complete neglect, on the part of
botanists, of the singular dwarf Limas, which have appeared in
very recent years. Remember, now, that Linnaeus regarded the
common pole beans and the common bush beans as two distinct
species, because one is a running or twining plant and the other is
a dwarf erect plant. The Lima bean is a twining plant ; but within
the last few years three well-marked types of true bush beans
have sprung independently from the old types of Lima. If these
differences were worth specific recognition in the common garden
beans, why are not the same differences worth at least a passing
comment in the Lima bean? Yet, because these types have
originated before our eyes, botanists consider them not worth

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION AMONGST PLANTS. 95^

notice, although, at the same momeut, they are hoping for the
time when they shall see the origination of a new species of
plant ! But this curious bean evolution has not stopped here.
The old Scarlet Runner and White Dutch Runner of our gardens
{Phaseolus multijlorns) have well marked botanical characters in
the leaves, inflorescence, pods, beans, and particularly in the
roots, which are fleshy and perennial, and in the very tall twining
habit. Yet, at the moment when dwarf forms had sprung off the
Lima stock — in the same way as the common bush beans
undoubtedly had sprung off the stock of the common pole bean
before Linnjfius's time — a bush beau sprung off the stock of the
old White Dutch Runner, and this is known in commerce as
Barteldes's Bush Lima. But this singular bean has other charac-
ters than the very dwarf complete bush habit, to distinguish it
from its parent, for it differs in a smaller inflorescence, in foliage,
and particularly in a remarkable tendency towards a fibrous annual
root. Here is a new form Avhich surely ought to satisfy any
person who demands the direct origination of a new species, as a
proof of evolution.

There are other curiosities amongst the beans. Gardeners
know two well-marked types or races of the Lima bean, the Sieva
type and the Large Lima type. There are good and valid
botanical distinctions between the two, which were amply recog-
nized by Linnieus, who, supposing that one came from Bengal
and the other from Africa, made species of them. The smaller,
or what we now know as the Sieva type, he called Phaseolns
lunatus; the other he called P. inamomus. The term Lima bean,
which all agree in associating with Phaseolus lunatus, should
properly be applied, therefore, to the Sieva type. For a century
these species of Linnaeus were generally considered to be good, —
that is, distinct and valid. It is now pretty well established that
both these beans came from Brazil. Only one of them is known
in a truly wild state, and the suspicion is so strong, therefore,
that the other sprung off from it under cultivation, that the two
types are now united as one species. Still a third well-marked
type, differing in shape and texture of leaflets, and characters of
pods and seeds, has now originated from the Large Lima type ;
this is the Potato Lima type. It should also be said that Macfad-
yen, in his flora of Jamaica, made four new species out of the
Lima type of beans. Here, then, are three groups of beans, each

^6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as distiuct from the others and from its ancestors as accepted
species of Phaseolus are from each other, yet, because of their
origin under domestication, they are debarred specific distinction.
Now, a most curious thing about these dwarf Lima beans, which
Jiav-e appeared so suddenly in the past few years, is that they
have come from each of these three types, — Henderson's from the
Sieva type, Thorburn's or Dreer's from the Potato Lima type,
and Burpee's from the Large Lima type, — thus showing that each
of these types or races is developing along independent but
parallel lines ; and these lines are also identical with the method
of evolution which was early assumed by the common garden bean
and with the departure which has just now appeared in the old
White Dutch Runner.

The Soy bean, now coming into popular cultivation in the
South, affords a most striking example of the evolution of a new
species, and one, moreover, which is accepted by careful botan-
ists. This plant is unknown wild, and there is every reason to
consider it to be a modified form of the wild Glycine Soja of
China and Japan ; but its botanical characters are so unlike those
of its ancestral household that Maximowicz — a most conservative
botanist — describes it outright as a new species. Glycine hispida.
I have now brought to your attention a few familiar plants for
the purpose of showing that what are, to all intents and purposes,
good species have originated in recent years ; and that, whilst
botanists demand that the origination of species within historic
times shall constitute the only indisputable proof of organic evo-
lution, they nevertheless refuse to accept as species those forms
which have thus origiuated and which answer every demand of
their definitions and practice. The proofs of the evolution of
species, drawn from the accepted practice of the best botanists
themselves, could be indefinitely extended. We need only recall
the botanical confusion in which most cultivated plants now lie, to
find abundant proof of the evolution of hundreds of types, so dis-
tinct that the best botanists have considered them to be species ;
but other botanists, basing their estimate of species upon
origins, have rechiced them or reincluded them into the form or
type first described. Consider the number of species which have
been made in the genus Citrus, comprising the various oranges,
lemons, limes, and the like. Recall the roses. The Moss rose
and others would be regarded as distinct species by any botanist

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION AMONGST PLANTS. 97

if the}' ^ere found wild and if they held their characters as tena-
ciously as they do under cultivation. In fact, the Moss rose was
long regarded as a good species, and it was only when its origin
began to be understood that this opinion was given up. The
earlier botanists, who were less critical about origins than the
present botanists are, made species largely upon apparent features
of plants, although their fundamental conception of a species was
one which was created as we find it, in the beginning. Yet,
strangely enough, we at the present day, who profess to regard
species as nothing more than loose and conventional aggregations
of similar individuals, and which we conceive to have sprung from
a common ancestor at some more or less late epoch in the world's
history, make our species upon premises which we deny, by
giving greater weight to obscurity of origin than we do to similari-
ties of individuals.

The fact is that the practice of systematic or descriptive botany
is at variance with the teachings of evolution. Every naturalist
now knows that Nature does not set out to make species. She
makes a multitude of forms which we, merely for purposes of
convenience in classifying our knowledge of them, combine into
more or less marked aggregations to which we have given the
name species. Very often we find in Nature an aggregation
of successive individuals which is so well marked and set off from
its associated groups that we consider Nature to have made an
out and out distinct species ; but a closer acquaintance with such
species shows that, in many cases, the intermediate or outlying
forms have been lost and that the type which we now know is the
remainder in a continuous problem of subtraction. In other
cases, a form appears to have arisen without intermediate forms, as
a distinct offshoot from an older type. This is well illustrated in
many remarkably distinct garden forms, which originated all at
once with characters new to the species or even to the genus. T
have mentioned such a case in the Upright tomato. Even the
sudden appearance of these strange forms is proof that species
may originate at any time and that it can be no part of our funda-
mental conception of a species that it shall have originated in
some remote epoch. Species-making forever enforces the idea of
the distinctness and immutability of organic forms, but study
of organisms themselves forever enforces an opposite conception.
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The intermediate and variable forms are perplexities to one who
attempts to describe species as so many entities which have
distinct and personal attributes. So the garden has always been
the bugbear of the botanist. Even our lamented Asa Gray
declared that the modern garden roses'were "too much mixed by
crossing and changed by variation to be subjects of botanical
study." He meant to say that the roses are too much modified to
allow of species-making. The despair of systematic botanists
is the proof of evolution !

I repeat that mere species-making, in the old or conventional
sense, is an incubus to the study of nature. One who now
describes a species should feel that he is simply describing a
variable and plastic group of individuals for mere convenience's
sake. He should not attempt to draw the boundary lines hard
and fast, nor should he be annoyed if he is obliged to modify his
description every year. This loose group may contain some forms
which seem to be aberrant to the idea which he has in mind ; and
it would seem as if he should be ready to call them new or
distinct species whenever, from whatever cause, they become so
much modified that it is convenient, for purposes of identification
and description, to separate them from the general type. Just as
soon as botanists come to feel that all so-called species of plants
are transitory and artificial groups, maintained for convenience in
the study of Nature, they will not ask whether they are modified
outside the garden or inside it, but will consider groups of equal
distinctness and permanence to be of equal value in the classifica-
tion of knowledge, wholly aside from the mere place of their
origin. At the present time, the garden fence is the only distinc-
tion between many accepted species and many disregarded ones.
The cultivation of man differs from the methods of nature only in
degree, not in kind ; and if man secures results sooner than
nature does it is only another and indubitable proof of the
evolution of organic forms. It is certainly a Avholly unscientific
attitude to demand that forms originating by one of nature's
methods are species, while similar forms originating by another
method are beneath notice.

If species are not original entities in nature, then it is useless
to quarrel over the origination of them by experiment. All we
want to know, as a proof of evolution, is whether plants and
animals can become profoundly modified under different conditions,
and if these modifications tend to persist. Every man before me

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION AMONGST PLANTS. 99

knows, as a matter of common observation and practice, that
this is true of plants. He knows that varieties with the most
marked featui'es are passing before him like a moving panorama.
He knows that nearly every plant which has been long cultivated,
has become so profoundly and irrevocably modified that people
are disputing as to what wild species it came from. Consider
that we cannot certainly identify the original species of the apple,
peach, plum, cherry, orange, lemon, wine grape, sweet potato,
Indian corn, melon, bean, pumpkin, wheat, chrysanthemum, and
nearly or quite a hundred other common cultivated plants. It is
immaterial whether they are called species or varieties. They are
new fprms. Some of them are so distinct that they have been
made the types of genera. Here is the experiment to prove that
evolution is true, worked out upon a scale and with a definiteness
of detail which the boldest experimenter could not hope to attain,
were he to live a thousand years. The horticulturist is the only
man in the world whose distinct business and profession is evolu-
tion. He, of all other men, has the experimental px*oof that
species come and go.

Discussion.

Rev. Calvin Terry said that a minister once announced to his
congregation, and advertised in the local papers, that he would
preach on evolution. His people expected to hear a scientific
discussion of the subject. But the preacher started with a living
man in view, and confined his remarks to showing the possibility,
the need, and the duty of everyone to strive to become a better
man, or a better woman, — every Christian to become a better
Christian. The preacher's evolution meant, simply growing "in
grace. A negro preacher undertook to give an account of the
creation of man. He said, in dramatic style : " God wet de clay,
and formed de man, and set him up ag'in' de fence to dry." One
of the congregation, having more sense than the preacher, inter-
rupted him and said: "But massa, who put dat fence dar?"
Some, who call themselves scientific evolutionists maintain that
somehow things make themselves, and that all existing organisms
have been developed from some very low substance called proto-
plasm. Ever, in science, common sense requires us to believe
that we must have something to begin with. We cannot under-
take to say that things have come into being without a Creator, —
a self-existing, eternal cause. These philosophers sound the deep

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sea and draw up mud, and with microscopic eyes examine it, to
find something which has the elements of life. But where did
that first thing come from ! How came it to possess this element
of life, with the power to grow — by a long process, and the sur-
vival of the fittest — into a Daniel Webster? Everything must be
furnished by Creative power, with those elements to be developed.
Whatever our theories, we cannot account for the existing organ-
isms without the Creative act of an Infinite, Almighty, and
Eternal power.

F. L. Temple said that scientific botanists claim that a species
can maintain itself and has done so from the beginning. On the
other hand, varieties, so far as we know, cannot endure in
competition with original species, therefore they should not be
called species.

Professor Bailey responded that seemingly Mr. Temple had
brought up a good point ; but it is a mere assumption that a wild
form, even though it be termed a species, can and will maintain
itself. We know that a wild bitter orange exists in Florida ; that
two forms of wild apples are known in Europe ; yet it is known
that the latter are not original species, but varieties which persist,
the same as species are assumed to do.

A lady said she understood from Professor Bailey's lecture that
he did not distinguish creation from development.

Professor Bailey replied, citing Dawson's belief in successive
points of creation ; and added that the question of ultimate origin
of any created thing has no necessary connection with evolution.
Creation and evolution are entirely distinct. " In the beginning,
God," is the way creation appears to his mind.

William D. Philbrick moved a vote of thanks to Professor
Bailey for his able and instructive lecture, and it was unanimously
passed.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 2, 1895.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Ex-President William II. Spooner, read a circular asking
contributions to a Memorial to Francis Parkman, late President of

DECEASE OF J. J. THOMAS AND F. B. HAYES ANNOUNCED. 101

the Society, to be erected in the garden he created, and by the
shores of the lake he loved so well, both now destined to become
a part of the Public Park system of his native city. The circular
was signed by Martin Brimmer, Leverett Saltonstall, Henry L.
Higginson, Charles S. Sargent, and Lorin F. Deland, Committee.

O. B. Hadwen announced the decease of John J. Thomas, of
Union Springs, N. Y., an Honorary Member of the Society, and
moved the appointment of a committee to prepare a memorial of
him. The motion was carried and the Chair appointed as that
Committee, William C. Strong, O. B. Hadwen, and Robert
Manning.

The President made the official announcement of the death of
Francis Brown Hayes, one of the largest and most constant
contributors to the exhibitions of the Society. On motion, the
Chair appointed Francis H. Appleton, Arthur H. Fewkes, and
William H. Spooner, a Committee to prepare a memorial of Mr.
Hayes.

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, for membership in the Society, were on
ballot duly elected :

George Fred. Harwood, of Newton,
Amor L. Hollingsworth, of Milton,
William Bowen Murphy, of Boston.
The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

The following paper was read by the author.

A Talk on Gardens.
By David Hill Coolidge, Jr., Boston.

The origin of gardening arose from necessity, and as necessities
increased, desires became greater, more luxurious, and more
refined. Thus the Garden developed from an enclosure of a few
square feet, to the noble English Park, miles in circumference, its
boundaries lost in forest scenery, a gorgeous palace with archi-
tectural terraces placed in its centre, and the surrounding grounds
ornamented by lakes, rivers, and pleasure grounds, varied with

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bowling greens, plantations, flower gardens, hot-houses, orchards,
vegetable gardens, and in fact, with all the beauties and gifts of
Nature, so useful and necessary to mankind.

From these different objects have arisen the different branches
of gardening ; and as communication extended over the world,
new plants were introduced from every quarter of the globe ;
fruits and vegetables were improved by selection and various pro-
cesses of culture. Books were written ; societies were established
with prizes for individual merit, so that today a vast and volumi-
nous mass of knowledge has been accumulated on the subject of
Gardening.

Among these several branches I shall touch upon only one,
namely, that of ornamental gardening.

Three important factors have influenced gardens to a marked
degree. First, the different nations which have successively
flourished in different parts of the world ; second, the different
forms of government which have prevailed from time to time ;
and third, the different climates and situations.

Of the gardens of antiquity the first one we hear mention of is
that of Genesis, Eden, an enclosed garden or Paradise, in
which, according to Scripture, our first parents were placed.
The oldest historians represent it as a place of remarkable beauty —
each according to his own light and all unreliable. In the same
doubtful state is the site of this beautiful garden. The inhabit-
ants of Ceylon, however, seem to have settled it to suit their
minds, as they to this day point out Adam's bridge and Abel's
tomb ; also the tree which bore the forbidden fruit (the Tabernce-
montana alternifoUa) ^ noted for its sweet-scented flowers and the
beauty of its fruit, the shape of which gives the idea of a piece
having been bitten out of it. The inhabitants say that it was
delicious before Eve ate of it, but now it is poisonous.

The Gardens of the Hesperides have been described by a
geographer of the sixth century B. C., as situated in a deep
basin, with steep sides. They were closely planted with various
kinds of trees, among which were the tree of the golden apple —
supposed to be the orange — pomegranates, mulberries, olives,
almonds, together with arbutus, myrtle, bay, and ivy. But the
wonders of these gardens somewliat diminish when facts show
that they were nothing more than old stone quarries, whicli still
remain; their bottoms covered with excellent soil in which are
planted various shrubs and luxuriant fruit trees.

A TALK ON GARDENS. 103

The garden of Alciuoiis, the Eastern king of ancient times,
was situated on the island of Capri. It was placed in front of
the palace and was about four acres iu extent. The first hedge
mentioned in history surrounded this garden, which contained
three or four sorts of fruit trees, borders of flowers, and beds of
vegetables, while two fountains furnished water in an ornamental
manner.

Of the gardens of ancient times those of Babylon were the
most remarkable. These were built about 2000 B. C. and were
considered one of the wonders of the world. They wei-e four
hundred feet square and rose with terraces, one above the other,
in the form of steps, supported by stone pillars, to a height of
three hundred feet, the top terrace being much smaller than the
base. Vast stone beams placed on top of columns held up the
terraces. The beams were covered by reeds, cemented with
bitumen, upon which were placed a double row of bricks laid in
cement. The bricks were covered with lead sheathing to hold in
the moisture, and upon this was filled in suflflcient earth for the
growth of plants. Various kinds of trees were planted in rows
along the sides of the terraces, thus giving, at a distance, the
effect of a completely wooded hill. The river Euphrates supplied
water to these gardens. This was raised and introduced into foun-
tains by machinery. The different terraces contained fountains,
parterres, seats, and banqueting rooms. These gardens offered
all the splendor and luxury of Eastern magnificence, combined
with the more peaceful enjoyment of natural scenery.

The Persian kings were very fond of gardens, which were laid
out in quadrangles, with long parallel walks, planted with shade
trees set in lines and regular figures. The margins of the walks
were planted with tufts of roses, violets, and other sweet smelling
flowers of low growth, while interspersed between the trees was
every kind of flowering shrub. Formal canals ran parallel to the
avenues and generally terminated in a large basin, octagonal in
shape and ornamented with sparkling fountains. A tower, from
the top of which one had a grand view of the garden, was
generally placed in one corner.

These few examples are sufficient to give the general idea of the
ancient garden and in looking back upon this period we see that
gardening was one of the first necessities, and may claim priority

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to every other art. The style was naturally formal, nor does it
seem so strange that this method should have been adopted, when
one considers that picturesque beauty or other poetical associa-
tions with natural scenery as an art of imagination, is one of the
very last to have been brought toward perfection.

The second epoch of the art of gardening is from the time of
the Roman kings, in the sixth century B. C, till the fall of the
empire in the fifth century of our era. Italy furnishes us with the
best examples.

In general it will be found that the Romans copied their
gardening indirectly from the Persians, and that gardening, like
other arts, extended with civilization from east to west.

The first garden mentioned in Roman history is that of
Tarquinius Superbus, who lived about 534 B. C. This garden
adjoined the royal palace at Rome, and abounded with flowers, —
chiefly roses, lilies, and poppies. A formal stream of water is
the only other feature mentioned.

The grandest gardens in the century of our Saviour were those
of Lucullus, who, influenced by his travels in the East, had con-
tracted a taste for its magnificence and pomposity. He had
several villas in the different parts of Italy, so that by moving
from one to another according to the season he had a very
agreeable time the year round. There still remain near Baiffi, in
the Bay of Naples, the traces of one of these villas, which, with
its terraced gardens, was situated on an elevated, artificial
structure, built out into the sea. The palace and gardens were
surrounded by sea water, introduced by subterranean passages
from without. From the buildings, gardens, and artificial
mountains a most extensive panorama was obtained. It is to the
folly and extravagance of Lucullus that mankind is indebted for
the introduction of the cherry, peach, and apricot from the East.

Up to the time of Cicero, who died in 43 B. C, an occasional
reference had been made to a more natural style of planting than
the universal formal method. But Cicero himself combined a
variety of natural beauties at his villa. He speaks of groves he
had formed there ; of the. natural streams that passed through
them from the surrounding hills ; and especially of the absence of
all appearance of art, and of all false ornament. Many passages
have been left to us by other Roman poets and philosophers, full
of the most beautiful descriptions of natural scenery ; but this was

A TALK ON GARDENS. 105

seldom carried iuto the garden, which was treated as a manifest
work of art, and it was from this point of view that it was
regarded. The garden was laid out with straight lines, and
basins of water interspersed with masterpieces of sculpture. A
flower garden placed near the terraces generally contained a
fountain in the centre. The walks were bordered with box and
the trees trimmed and sheared into the forms of birds and animals
and other most fantastic shapes as well. Alcoves and summer
houses offered places for repose. For planting, the plane tree
was much used for shade, while the ivy, acanthus, myrtle,
narcissus, and roses were generally found in the more ornamental
parts. The myrtle and the bay were held in high esteem for their
odors, and the mixture of sweet smelling trees became a point of
study. Open groves were of frequent occurrence and they seem
to have been the only sort of plantations of forest trees then in
use. These were clipped, while the method of planting was that
of the quincunx.

At the decline of the Roman Empire, gardening came to a
standstill. Through the dark ages the peace and quiet of the
world were so disturbed by invasions and all kinds of barbarism,
that the more peaceful occupations were abandoned for those of
war. Many of the gardens were entirely destroyed, and the taste
for a quiet life became almost extinct.

From the end of the eighth to the twelfth century, the monks
were the only class in Europe who occupied themselves in agri-
culture, and it is to them that we are indebted for the preservation
of the arts of culture.

With the art of printing, about 1440, came the revival of
mental light, and the blessings of peace and commerce, and with
the revival of other arts came that of gardening.

The great family of Medici, at Florence, were the principal
patrons, and the most celebrated gardens of the beginning of the
sixteenth century were those of Lorenzo di Medici. The style
was simply that of the past, with the usual alleys of clipped trees,
trimmed hedges, fountains, cascades, statues, and topiary work.
Such is the Italian style seen today, and one cannot help being
impressed by the complete harmony of the house with the grounds,
accomplished by the architectural treatment an€l decorations of
the steps, and by the building of terraces and balustrades. The
natural style of gardening has never made much progress in
Italy, as the Italian mind does not seem to enjoy the charms of a

lOG MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

quiet, country life, or to be greatly influenced by the beauties of
Nature.

The formal style was in vogue up to the eighteenth century, in
all civilized countries where royal gardens were built. The general
plans seem to have been closely allied, but influenced by natural
conditions. The most noted example of this style is the gardens
of Versailles, built in the time of Louis XIV, under the landscape
architect, Le Notre. A short description of some of its principal
features will give an idea of the whole.

Versailles was built in an age of pomp, display, and vanity,
and Le Notre seems to have been just the man to sink the
extraordinary sum of forty millions of dollars into these gardens.
Hardly a style of gardening suitable for the American public at
the present time !

As we pass through the palace and take a first look at these
gardens, one is impressed by the enormous gravel terraces, which
in warm weather the I'adiation of the sun renders almost impos-
sible to walk upon with any comfort.

There is a central vista which carries the eye for miles into the
country beyond, enhanced by means of a formal water basin, a
'•'■ tapis vert" and a long canal-shaped stretch of water. The
whole is framed by groves of clipped trees, which save the vista
from utter tameness and soften the lines of crude formality.
The grounds, on either side of this main vista, are divided into
many gardens, some of which are very pleasing with their box
edging, clipped yews, and statues, effectively standing against a
background of horse-chestnut trees.

The flower borders, typical of the French method, are a com-
bination of ribbon and mixed planting. Along the centre of the
borders are lines of permanent, high-growing plants, such as
standard roses, small Persian lilacs, etc. These are kept in
neat, round heads, and in no way injure the bedding plants. This
green line is very effective and saves the border from monotony and
over coloring. Around each standard are rings of bedding-
plants — fuchsias, veronicas, and the like — and between these
rings are other plants. On the outside of the border run low-
growing plants in straight lines, each of which forms a continu-
ous, separate color ; the whole effect is very good.

The tapis vert, a large, long, turf avenue, is a delightful place
to walk, sheltered by trees and adorned with rows of costly
statues and vases.

A TALK ON GARDENS. 107

There is an enormous orangery adjoining the palace, built in
the face of the terrace. The collection of orange trees planted
in tubs is very great, and the expense is in proportion to the
number. The effect does not warrant the cost, for they are only
placed out of doors, on the terraces and around the grounds, for
about five months during the year. They never bloom, conse-
quently they are never seen with their golden fruit hanging upon
their branches.

One of the most pleasing gardens is that of the Bosquet du
Roi, near the orangery. It is pleasing because the dreary,
decaying formality, so universal throughout the grounds, is here
wanting, and in its place we have a most restful piece of turf,
surrounded with handsome trees with a few neat flower beds
appropriately placed, a small sheet of water, and a few fine
foliaged plants scattered about.

The colonnade, a grand example of architectural gardening,
consists of thirty-two marble columns, varying in color, forming
a circle. Beneath each arch is a marble basin supporting a jet
d'eau, while in the centre of the open space is a large statue of
the Rape of Proserpine. The whole is set off very well, as the
structure is placed amidst a thick grove of trees.

The statues and fountains at Versailles are innumerable, the
most important of the latter being that of the basin of Neptune.
As it costs about two thousand dollars every time it plays, it is
very seldom one has the pleasure of seeing it in full effect.

The gardens of Versailles do not belong to the present age, and
one feels that they are echoes of the past. To judge the gardens
from an artistic standpoint, we must look back and remember
they were built for the vain and flippant court, and were used as
an out-of-doors ballroom. Their elegance, formality, and pom-
pous display, were in harmony with their use, as shown by the
following short description of a fete given by Louis XIV :

" The entertainment was continued for several succeeding days,
and supplied materials for an illuminated folio, officially published
soon afterwards by the court printer. All the gardens, through-
out their whole extent, were illuminated from sunset to sunrise by
lights emitted from transparent vases. The branches of the trees
were clipped so as to represent different orders of architecture,
and musicians in the garb of shepherds, were perched everywhere
among the boughs, playing sylvan pipes, flutes, and violins innum-
erable. Tables were loaded with the most sumptuous banquets.

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"Chinese fireworks detained a splendid twilight in the firmament^
while the atmosphere was odoriferous with the perpetual splash of
scented fountains. Masks and dances alternately ministered to-
the amusement of the court, among whom the sovereign himself
was conspicuous by his silver armor, studded with a profusion of
diamonds, and the fire-colored plumes that nodded in his helmet."

It is certainly a great relief to mind and eye to go from these
gardens to that of the Petit Trianon, the favorite place of Marie
Antoinette, to which she and her chosen friends used to fly from
pomp and formality, to enjoy the peace and repose of green
fields, verdant glades, and the delicious coolness of naturally
grown shade trees. She built there a picturesque little dairy on
the margin of a natural flowing stream. The whole effect is one
of perfect peace and quiet, in which the lover of Nature takes
such delight.

The style of Le Notre prevailed throughout England, and he
was called upon to make designs for many of the royal gardens
of the palaces. As time went on, however, people began to think
for themselves, and the influence of fashion to give way to
native feeling, and general reasoning.

Milton is generally considered the prophet of natural gardening.
In his Paradise Lost, published in 1667, there is a charming
description of a picturesque garden. This led to writings by
Addison and Pope, which so stirred the public mind that a revolu-
tion in favor of a more natural style of gardening was started.

William Kent, a young artist of Yorkshire, realizing the
beautiful descriptions of the poets, began in 1730 important
innovations. The most conspicuous were the destruction of the
walls 'as boundaries, and the introduction of sunken walls or
ha-has, as they were called. These did much to harmonize the
lawn and park. Kent was the gentleman who, as the saying
goes, "Peeped over the wall and found all Nature was a garden."

Brown followed Kent. He acquired a very great reputation,
which reached its height when, by constructing a dam at Blenheim,
he produced in a week, a grand artificial lake, the largest at that
time in the world. Improvement was the fashion of the day,
filling Brown's pockets to overflowing. His work, however, was
characterless. He treated all places practically the same, what-
ever the extent or character of the surface, always surrounding
them by a narrow belt of trees, while the intermediate space was

A TALK ON GARDENS. 109

broken up by various circular or oval clumps of trees. A
serpentine stream was introduced when possible, perfectly
uninteresting from the lack of appropriate planting. So stereo-
typed had the art become that any one might have guessed what
would be the plan given by "Capability Brown," as he was
nicknamed, and in fact there was an instance in which this was
done.

The monotonous productions of this systematic style soon fell
into bad repute, and a desire for a purer taste began to be
expressed by intelligent writers, who had much influence on the
public mind. Among these was Gilpin. His works were largely
read. The beauties of landscape, the effect of light and shade,
the grouping and outline of trees, and a thousand and one other
attributes of picturesque scenery were for the first time placed
before the public in a charming and comprehensive form. His
works were published between 1770 and 1790.

Other able writers have left us good works which aim at a purer
and a more naturalistic style of gardening ; among these are
Price, Knight, and Repton.

The tendency of these discussions was to refine the taste and
make it more liberal, the outcome of which is the modern style of
today, which in general terms may be called one of harmony, in
which the beauties of the formal style are often skillfully blended
with those of the natural, when necessity so dictates.

And now let us turn our eyes homeward from foreign countries,
whose governments and conditions are so different from ours.

America is a country of independent homes, and the laws of
inheritance are such that it is almost impossible for large estates
to remain long undivided ; consequently it is comparatively rare
that enormous sums of money are expended on large private
gardens. Such sums are rightly spent for the good of the public
on our noble park systems, which in the last twenty years have
made such grand development that they rank among the first in
the world.

I had the pleasure, a few years ago, of showing the President
of the London County Council, — Lord Meath, who has done so
much to open to the public breathing spaces in the crowded
districts of London, — our parks and gardens. His praise was
unstinted as we examined the Charlesbank, the Common, and
Back Bay Fens, but as we drove on through our beautiful suburbs

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and parks, he became less talkative, but was evidently thinking
deeply. As we were nearing home he suddenly burst out with
the exclamation, " I am perfectly astounded ; I had no conception
that such work was going on in this country. Well may the
citizens of Boston be proud of their beautiful city." And when
he went back to his smoky London, and published a little report
of what he had seen in America, the parks of Boston were the
most highly spoken of. It was good praise, from a source that
knew. I speak of this to show to what perfection the art of
Landscape Gardening has arrived in our parks. In Boston the
hand of a true artist has made them beautiful, and they will be
tenfold more so in twenty or thirty years, if the true aim of the
designer is ever kept as a sacred trust, and not utterly destroyed
by turning portions of the parks into enjoyable but inappropriate
features, such as race-tracks, parade, or even circus grounds.

But parks are a very small part of this country, and their
beauty alone will do but little in making the inhabited portions of
this great continent attractive or pleasant.

The private homes, with large or small grounds, alone have the
power to make this country beautiful as a whole, and it is to their
owners that we must look for that development of taste, which
can produce general good effects. Nor is this simply an
aesthetic question ; it is one of great importance to the nation, for
beauty and attractiveness in the home are the source of much
genuine happiness. They continually appeal to a man's better
nature and keep him at home, when he otherwise would be away
from it. As they sweeten his domestic life, they strengthen his
character. Anything that has a tendency to add these blessings
to our homes is a good thing for the people to acquire.

I remember once walking along a modest street in Liverpool.
It was towards the close of a beautiful June day, and the work-
men were returning from their daily toils. The street was
composed of small houses, set a little way back from the road, so
that each house had a small area of ground about it, which we
generally speak of as a garden. There was one lot which partic-
ularly attracted me. The principal reason for this was that I
could not look into it, owing to an irregular screen of floweriug
shrubs planted on the inside of the fence. The path leading to
the house was curved, while the shrubbery was so arranged at the
entrance that I could not even see the house. My curiosity got

A TALK ON GARDENS. Ill

the better of me and I became a trespasser. I saw a perfect
picture of domestic and happy life on modest means, a problem
which many fail to solve. The house was placed on one side of
the lot, thus giving all the available space that was possible for a
lawn, and doing away with those small and detached pieces of
ground which are so hard to treat harmoniously. A gracefully
curving path led to the front door, and between the boundary and
the path was a plantation of flowering shrubs. The treatment of
the rest of the ground was simply that of lawn framed with
masses of shrubs, with perennials blooming in the margin of the
shrub beds, while a few ornamental trees were so planted as to
give shade to the path, and to the most desirable portions of the
lawn. The house was of brick and sufficiently clothed with vines
to I'elieve it from that bareness so often noticed with our houses.
Projecting from the south side appeared a tiny conservatory with
open windows filled with flowers, from the midst of which a
canary was bidding his nightly adieu to all the world, as the sun
began to sink with golden splendor towards the horizon. On the
lawn, a man in his shirt sleeves, evidently having just finished a
turn with the lawn mower, was sitting down to supper with his
wife, two children, and a dog about him. A feeling of content-
ment was around the place, and was as pleasing to the mind as
was the fragrant bloom of the flowers to the nose and eyes.

There is little danger of the gardens of the wealthy being
neglected, although their designs are not always in good taste. It
is, however, of great importance to the advancement of gardening
that art should be displayed in those that are most numerous and
most often seen. These are the small places, and what a lack of
art we show in most of these in this country I

The oft repeated remark that " my place is too small to land-
scape " has some truth in it, as Landscape proper must have space
in which to lose its lines in the hazy distance. But no place with
a few feet of ground is so small but that it can be made useful,
attractive, and pleasure giving.

How often we see a house standing in the centre of a lot, with
neither tree, vine, nor shrub anywhere about it, nor any percep-
tible boundary to indicate that both house and grounds do not
belong to the public highway. The only "ornamentation" to be
seen is perhaps an old iron pot, burned through at the bottom,
supported on three sticks, painted some brilliant color, and filled

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with red-hot geraniums, growing over a small pile of stones
flaming with nasturtiums. Or, perhaps we see the ugly pile of
stones, known as a rockery, covered but a few weeks in the year,
with often most inappropriate vines. Good taste is not difficult to
acquire, for its foundation is truth and simplicity. But it does
require a little common sense, and it is only a small amount of
common sense that is needed to tell us that iron pots are not made
for ornaments in our gardens.

Places are laid out with a view to their use and enjoyment, and
with this in mind let us briefly consider what are some of the
principal features that would be desirable in successfully treating
the small place. It is obvious that the same cut and dried rules
or plans cannot be adapted to any two places alike, for each has
its own individual character and problems, which must be solved
according to existing circumstances. Let us imagine, however, a
small, inexpensive house placed on an average sized suburban lot.

The important living rooms are placed in the southern part of
the house on account of the warmth in the winter, the pleasant
southern breezes, and the beauty of the western sky at sundown.
The entrance is on the north side, and the house is so placed that
as much available unbroken space as possible is preserved for the
pleasure grounds towards the southern portion of the premises.

As the ground slopes considerably towards the south, the
material from excavating the cellar is formed into a small terrace,
which offers a suitable plateau on which the house may rest. The
terrace wall is of simple field stones, laid dry, with considerable
batter. As this imaginary household is very fond of flowers, a
small plant room is built out from the dining room, opening on the
terrace. During the winter months this is entirely enclosed, but
in summer the side sashes are reinoved, the roof being supported
by light pillars on which awnings run. Vines on lattices embower
the whole. Here the family often take tea, while enjoying the
glimpses of their own grounds as well as the more distant views,
which when pleasing have been carefully preserved. The flight of
steps on the east side of the terrace leads to a small flower gar-
den, enclosed with a low spruce-pole fence, covered with vines,
and on the lawn side to the south planted on the outside with
occasional masses of shrubbery to break the monotony of the
fence line.

The design of the garden is a quadrangle with a narrow straight
path running around it, eight feet from the fence, in which

A TALK ON GARDENS. 113

space is a border six feet wide filled with all the old-fashioued
flowers so dear to the feminine heart. In the central space of the
quadrangle are a few beds, cut out of the turf, of bright colored
plants, which are always kept filled from the border, the higher
plants being placed in the central bed. To relieve the flat effect
of the garden six pyramidal Arbor Vitals are introduced, one at
each corner of the turf space, and one in the centre of each long
side. The dark green foliage forms a fine contrast to the brilliant
hues around, and in winter saves the garden from desolation.

The lawn, whose broadest expanse is advantageously seen from
the living rooms, runs close up to the terrace, at the base of which
are two or three masses of shrubs varying in height. Vines are
creeping here and there over the stones, partially hiding them from
view. The effect of this planting happily unites the house to the
grounds ; each helps the other in forming an harmonious picture.
The surface of the lawn is carefully modeled into gentle undula-
tions, except where a sufficiently flat space is preserved for lawn
tennis or croquet. Where the view of the neighbor's barn
obtrusively thrusts itself upon the gaze, the ground near the
boundary rises in a decided swell, which is thickly planted with
shrubs, at the rear of which several poplars raise their pointed
heads, shutting out from view the objectionable feature. The
turf of the lawn is for the most part encompassed with bushy
foliage planted so as to form little bays, according to the
topography of the ground. In one of these little dells is placed a
covered seat for quiet reading or intimate conversation, partially
concealed from the house by a small isolated mass of shrubs
placed between the house and the bay. This mass adds greatly
to the effect of distance. The shrubs are planted thickly to-
gether, as the general effect is better and more immediate.
Due thinning, however, is to be practised from time to time,
as a too thick growth may demand. In general, the tallest grow-
ing plants are placed next to the boundary, lower ones next, while
very low shrubs, creepers, and masses of ground-covering
perennials are placed in front of all. The sky line of the
planting varies, in some places being high while in others it is low.
Thick masses are predominant here, while there they are thin and
graceful, forming a picture harmonious in itself, but of endless
variety. No isolated flower beds are seen in the lawn to mar this
picture, for although pretty in themselves, they are detached
8

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

objects, which should be looked at separately ; consequently they
do not pleasantly intermingle with the graceful forms and effective
tints which are characteristic of the lawn. As the place is too
small for many large trees, a few ornamental kinds are planted
here and there in pleasing conjunction with the shrubs. The
laundry yard is placed as much out of the general view as
possible, on the north end of the house. It is surrounded by a
lattice fence covered with Virginia creeper and honeysuckles.

Such, in general, are a few of the principles which can be
applied to our small places, and when they become universal, the
art of gardening will have accomplished much for the happiness
of man, for as Pope says: "I pity the man who has completed
everything in his garden." The art of gardening when properly
understood is ever bringing forth new pleasures and perpetual
enjoyment.

Discussion.

Rev. Calvin Terry expressed a strong interest in the subject of
the lecture. The general subject has many important features,
and in speaking of it a selection must be made. He had often
wondered why so many persons who have a small piece of ground,
as is common in every country homestead, do not have a garden.
The possibilities of such a possession are almost unlimited, —
vegetables in variety, freshly gathered every day, all through the
season, instead of stale ones from the markets at exorbitant
prices ; choice, luscious fruits through the entire year, beginning
with strawberries and cherries, and then other berries in their
season ; apples, the prince of all fruits, throughout the year ;
with plums, peaches, pears, and grapes, all in their seasons, and
of the varieties preferred ; always fresh from the plants or trees,
and at a large saving of expense and avoidance of doctors' bills.
Again, one's higher nature is aroused, gratified, and developed,
for man is not a mere animal. Cultivation of the garden excites
an interest in Nature and her works. The spirit of intelligence
manifested in every growing thing commands attention and starts
into activity one's curiosity ; and every effort to gratify this
impulse adds to the power to see and to understand better the
natural laws of life and growth. The person who thus learns to
observe may notice that the roots of a tree will sometimes grow
farther on one side than on any other, and stretch out yards or

A TALK ON GARDENS. 115

even rods to where the best food for that plant may be found,
indicating that there is intelligence, — a soul, as it were, in the
tree. There are twenty-four hours from sun to sun, of which
only nine hours are now by law required for a day's work. With
no garden to engage one's hands or thoughts at home, the hours
for recreation may be passed in dissipation or vice. But if a
garden is awaiting attention and service, one may there be enter-
tained by^ the music of the birds and other voices of Nature.
There one may be canned out of narrow self-consciousness and be
taught the spirit of morality and of religion, by observing the
wonderful operations of Nature as there displayed. Children
may there learn of these things, or be taught about them ; as the
father of George Washington taught him, that effects are always
the results of causes, by writing the lad's name in a garden bed,
and sowing therein cabbage seeds, which germinating, soon
appeared to the boy's great amazement, until his father explained
why and how that name was made to appear and thus directed his
mind to thoughts of God by whom all things exist. Thus the
garden is a profitable possession for the pecuniary, healthful,
educational, moral, and religious returns which come from it to the
cultivator. And could the rich learn to appreciate this mode of
recreation and amusement, there would be less need of attempts
to kill time by games, yachting, horse racing, and the like, and
there would be less danger of life being suddenly and prematurely
ended through ennui or excess.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 9, 1895.
A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holden today at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.
The following paper was read by the author :

Budding and Grafting.

By Jackson Dawson, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica I'lain.

In preparing this paper on grafting I have gone somewhat awa}^
from my subject so as to give you an insight into the records of
ancient methods of the growing and grafting" of trees in early

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

times. Many of them you may call absurdities ; but as you will
see by the following pages, notwithstanding the faultiness of the
books on the art of gardening at that time, there are many truths
in them which it would be well to observe. What today we call
our own inventions we find were practised by the ancients centuries
ago, and while their age was one of superstition, in many cases
ours is little less so today ; as we shall see if we consider that
their fallacies have been practised in our own country less than a
century ago. Even today, not only the common people, but those
who are professed horticulturists, are easily taken in by the glar-
ing descriptions of horticultural products sent out by some of our
advertisers. I have seen — right here under the shadow of Horti-
cultural Hall — water chestnuts, bearing leaves of parsley pinned
in them, sold to some of our members as something new and curi-
ous. It may not have been the ignorance of these members, be-
cause they ought to have known better ; but it was that same
curiosity that so often gets control of the human mind ; they want
something extraordinary, even if they know it cannot be. They
want a change, and if the ancients could have made an illustrated
catalogue, showing more impossibilities in the way of fruit and
flowers than we find in some catalogues of today, we might call
them smart. While there are many conscientious nurserymen and
seedsmen who give honest descriptions of the seeds, plants, or
flowers they offer for sale, there are many catalogues that are mis-
leading and detrimental to the business. Possibly it is true, as an
eminent florist once said, that " there is a new crop of fools every
year."

The Origin oj Grafting. — Grafting is of great antiquity. It is
mentioned by several of the Greek authors — Theophrastus, Pliny,
and others — but in a rather unsatisfactory manner. It is referred
to by St. Paul in his Epistle to the Romans, chapter XI, verses 17,
19, 23, 24, as follows :

"And if some of the branches be broken off, and thou, being
a wild olive tree, wert grafted in among them, and with them
partakest of the root and fatness of the olive tree.

" Thou wilt say then, The branches were broken off, that I might
be grafted in.

"And they also, if they abide not still in unbelief, shall be
grafted in ; for God is able to graft them in again.

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 117

"For if thou wert cut out of the olive tree, which is wild by
nature, and wert grafted contrary to nature into a good olive tree ;
how much more shall these, which be the natural branches, be
grafted into their own olive tree ?"

It is more than probable that the first idea of grafting origiuated
or was suggested by natural inosculation of branches growing
close together in a thicket, whereby the action of the wind, at
certain times of the year, had rubbed off the bark of each tree, as
you see quite often at the present day, and in a season of calm
the two cambiums had been pressed together, had united, and
firmly grown together, thereby becoming as one tree. Afterward
the original top on one side or the other may have become separ-
ated from its own stem and root, and the tree or shrub may have
borne two kinds of fruit at the same time. I do not mean by this
that if the trees had been of two different species they would have
become united, but they might have been closely allied species ;
for instance, a pear may have become inarched, in this natural
way, on another pear; a mountain ash on a thorn; a plum on a
peach or almond ; or two distinct species of plum or its varieties
on nearly related genera. "We often see today nurserymen bud-
ding or grafting on the peach, plum, or almond, the different spe-
cies of Prunus, such as P. tovientosa, P. Amygdahis, P. Japonica,
P. triloba, and others too numerous to mention. However this may
be, the art of grafting was practised by gardeners at a very early
period. Macrobius, a Roman author of the fifth century, says
that the art was taught by Saturn to the inhabitants of Latiura.
It does not appear to have been known to the Persians or to the
Greeks in the time of Homer ; and, according to Chardin, was not
known to the Persians in his day (1643-1715). Grafting, it is
said, was not known to the Chinese till very lately, when it was
taught t© a few of their gardeners by the missionaries, and to the
natives of Peru and other parts of South America by the
Spaniards. Some, however, infer from a passage in Manlius, and
one in Democritus, that grafting may have been mentioned in
some of Hesiod's writings which are lost. Pliny speaks of the
mulberry growing on the briar, but whether blackberry
or raspberry does not appear. The Romans propagated trees
by the same methods now in common use in nurseries ; fruit
trees were generally grafted or inoculated. Vines, figs, and
olives were raised from cuttings, layers, and suckers; willows

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. '

were cultivated for binding the vines to the trees that supported
them and for making baskets, and they were grown on moist
ground as they are today. It was a doctrine held by Pliny, that
any scion might be grafted on any stock, and that the scion,
partaking of the nature of the stock, had its fruit changed in
flavor accordingly. Pliny mentions the grafting of the vine on
the elm, and drawing a vine through the trunk of a chestnut, but
modern experiments prove the absurdity of the idea that any
union can be effected in such cases, even though some of these
authors affirm they have seen what they describe. Notwithstand-
ing the ignorance and inaccuracy which these statements betray,
the Romans were aware of all our common methods and some of
our uncommon ones. They propagated plants as we do ; pruned,
thinned, watered, forced, and retarded fruits and flowers, and
even made incisions and ringed trees to make them more fruitful.
One cultivator, C. Furius Cresinus, was so successful as a culti-
vator of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, that he was accused before
the Senate of practising magic, and was obliged to justify himself
by showing them his tools. "These," said he, "are the imple-
ments of magic which I use ; but I cannot show you the care and
toil, or the anxious thoughts that occupy me day and night." It
is even so today ; those who make gardening in any department a
success must spend many hours in anxious thought, besides the
physical labor.

During the Dark Ages, but for the monks, the art of gardening
would have been lost to the greater part of Europe ; and many
provinces of Europe, which at present are covered with numerous
orchards and cultivated fields, nourishing thousands of inhabitants,
would have remained a desert or wilderness to this day.

The Greek Geoponica (that is, Horticulturist) was compiled
from various ancient authors, both Greek and Roman, more than
a thousand years ago. The compiler is commonly supposed to
have been one Cassianus Bassus. It contains many useful obser-
vations on the cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables ; but
at the same time it is full of absurdities and superstitions. The
following extracts about propagation, grafting, and growing of
fruits and fruit trees may be interesting at this time: "Grafting
can be done in autumn or spring ; budding in spring and summer.
Grafting is more successful in wet weather, and budding in dry.
In dry weather water the grafts every evening. In budding, if

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 119

the wood in the billet containing the buds is removed it is weak-
ened ; but if suffered to remain the bud will make a more vigorous
shoot. In grafting the olive, if the bark is thick, insert the scion
under the bark. Walnut seedlings can be taken up, grafted on
the roots, and then set out. In making cuttings of grapes have a
piece of last year's wood attached to them. Some graft the vine
half a foot below the ground, others just at the surface. Inarch-
ing is the best mode of propagating the vine ; bore a hole through
the vine you wish to alter, then pass the branch of the better sort
through the hole, and in two years cut off the connection between
the graft and its original stock and you will have a good vine.
The two vines, of course, are supposed to be planted close
together. The quality of fruit of a tree is improved if you graft
it over with the same variety, provided your scions come from a
tree whose fruit is of better quality. As to the affinities of fruit,
the peach may be grafted on the plum, plane tree, or bitter
almond ; on the bitter almond the peach is rendered more hardy ;
on the plane tree it produces red peaches. Red peaches are also
obtained by pouring cinnabar (dissolved in water) on the kernels
just before planting. Graft the plum on pear, quince, or apple ;
apricot on plum and almond ; cherry on the turpentine tree ; pears
on pomegranate, quince, almond, and mulberry. On the mulberry
tree the pears are red. Graft the apple on the wild pear, quince,
plane tree, or citron. On the plane tree it produces red apples,
and on the citron it bears all the year round. Quinces may be
grafted on the oxyacantha. Graft the vine on myrtle, olive, or
cherry ; on the myrtle, the fruit nearest the stem of the bunch will
be myrtle berries ; if you work the vine on the cherry, the grapes
will ripen in cherr}' season ; this last operation succeeds better if
your scions come from a black variety of the grape. Graft figs
on the mulberry or plane ; citron on pomegranate, mulberry, or
apple. On the mulberry it produces red citrons ; on the apple
black ones. The mulberry succeeds well on white poplar, chest-
nut, beech, apple, wild pear, or elm ; on the white poplar it
produces white mulberries. Graft chestnut on walnut; walnut on
strawberry tree ; myrtle on willow, and laurel on ash. Some
graft the roots of olives, if they are above ground, while others
propagate it from root slips. Graft pistachia on almond. If you
work the vine on the olive, or the olive on the vine, they will pro-
duce grapes and olives ; the fruit in this case is, as to flavor, a

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

compound of olive and grape, hence the name Elaistaphylos, that
is, olive-grapes."

" I have seen," says Florentinus, " a tree of this description in
the garden of Marius Maximus. This olive-grape can also be
reproduced from cuttings. Any species of trees can be grafted
into the quince or wild fig. When a young vine is too full of
fruit, thin it out, for this process improves the size and quality
of the remaining fruit. To produce stoneless fruit, split in the
middle the part of a cutting, take out the pith, tie up the two
parts carefully, and set out the slip. You can also, on the head
of a tree, take out the pith without splitting the stock, and care-
fully insert a peg in its place. This method refers chiefly to
grape, peach, and cherry. To bring a barren tree into bearing,
gird up your loins, roll up your sleeves, then take hold of an axe
or mattock, and being full of wrath approach the tree as if intend-
ing to cut it down. Let some one come up to you and beg you
not to cut it down, pledging himself at the same time that it will
do better next year. Then you, appearing to grant this man's
request, will spare the tree, which after this will become a great
bearer."

The Object of Grafting in the first place is to perpetuate and
multiply and in the shortest possible time, all our choice fruit and
ornamental trees and shrubs of value, that do not quickly repro-
duce themselves from seed or are difficult to grow from cuttings.
Nearly all our named varieties of trees and many of the shrubs
are propagated by grafting, so that they may the sooner become
plentiful as well as a source of income. Should we resort to the
propagation of our pears, peaches, plums, apples, and other fruits
by cuttings and layers, it would take us many years to reap the
benefit of our labors ; and many would go hungry while they were
waiting for the orchards of Bartletts, Seckels, Angoulemes, and
other pears, as well as the Baldwins and many other apples ; or
the plums, cherries, peaches, and various other fruits. Yet this
idea was vigorously advocated a few years ago, both in England
and America by those who wanted " nothing but own root trees."
Even if it were practicable, which I have reason to doubt, it would
not be profitable and I do not know of any one wlio has planted
orchards of our standard fruit trees from cuttings, and gathered
fruit from them. Old, or otherwise worthless trees can be
regrafted with new or more desirable kinds, and in a few years

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 121

made to produce heavy crops of marketable fruit, thus rejuvenat-
ing whole orchards in a few years, which, if they had to be
replanted with new trees would require at least ten years before
they came into bearing. Old vines in graperies can be grafted,
and in a short time will give heavy crops of the new varieties.
Seedling hybrids of fruits, many of which would take at least ten
or fifteen years to become fruit-bearing on their own roots, can be
top-grafted on old trees and brought into bearing in a very few
years, so that the hybridizer can see the result of his labors, and
by the time the original seedling would naturally come mto bear-
ing he can have enough to supply orchards for the whole coun-
try. By careful selection of stocks trees can be dwarfed, as for
instance by grafting the pear on the quince ; the apple ou the
Paradise stock ; or the cherry on the Mahaleb. Fruit buds may
be grafted into espaliers to supply blank spaces ; or other buds to
fill up where branches have been lost ; or to strengthen the fruit.
Plants can be made fertile by grafting in the missing sex in all
dioecious trees. Rare species, where only one of a kind has been
brought from a great distance, can be propagated and made plen-
tiful by grafting it on some near or allied species, or on its own
roots. In small places many varieties of nearly equal vigor can
be grown on a single plant. Species or varieties which are natur-
ally delicate become more robust when worked on strong growing
stocks. Vines produce larger and finer grapes when worked on
more robust sorts, such as the Syrian, or the Black Barbarossa.
It has been said that the double yellow roses, such as sulpliurea
plena and others which seldom open their blooms to perfection,
grow and flower freely when worked upon the common China rose.

Mr. Knight says that the flower-buds of garden roses worked
on wild roses, where they were abundantly supplied with nutri-
ment, gave finer roses than they would have done had they
retained their natural position. He reports many similar experi-
ments upon pear and peach trees with similar success ; but in the
case of the pear, the buds, grafted earlier than the end of August
or the beginning of September, became branches instead of
flowers.

I have, myself, grafted hundreds of roses from November to
March, and had them bloom as well or better than good-sized
roses lifted from the ground at the same time. I found that those
grafted early, say during December and January, flowered better

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than those grafted in February and March ; these later ones
growing more to wood. The working of trailing varieties of
shrubs or trees on tall stocks makes the so-called weeping trees ;
for instance, the Camperdowu elm, weeping mulberry, cherry, salix,
Prunus Cliamcecerasus, and many others, which, on their own
roots are trailers or creepers. All sorts of variegated and cut-
leaved foliage trees are preserved and multiplied by grafting. It
is also employed to aid the healing up of wounds, by grafting on
them scions or strips of bark.

Physiology of Grafting. — Grafting and budding are governed
by the same physiological principles. There must exist an affinity
between the stock and the scion or else there can be no permanent
union.

The physiology of grafting is, that the shoots springing from the
buds of the scion become united to the stock by the newly gener-
ated tissue, which tissue, when once united, determines the ascent
of the sap, rising from the stock ; which sap, after being elaborated
into the true or proper juices by the leaves on the scion, descends
by the inner bark. The sap, however, must be sufficiently homo-
geneous {i. e., must be prepared in plants of the same family) to
be readily absorbed by the growing cellules, near which it passes.
Id other words, each cellule elaborates sap according to its own
nature, and if the ascending sap has only an incomplete analogy
with the wants of the scion, the latter does not thx'ive, though the
organic union between it and the stock may take place ; and if the
analogy between the alburnum of the stock and scion is wanting,
the organic union does not long continue. Hence, evergreen
scions seldom succeed for any length of time when grafted on
deciduous stocks, or the apple on the pear, or vice versa. Thus,
in a physiological view, the epochs of vegetation are the principal
points to be attended to, as no plant can be grafted on another
which does not thrive in the same temperature. Nor can two
plants in which the sap is not in motion at the same time be
successfully united. This is because it is only when cellular
tissue is in a state of activity — when it can form accretions —
that a vital union can be formed and maintained and a reciprocal
activity must exist in stock and scion for that purpose. No union
can take place between the parts of two plants previously formed,
except when both parts are in the act of forming the vital tissue,
union being effected only by the coalition of the newly generated

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 123

tissue, thrown out by such parts as have the power of generating
it. This power does not exist in the heart wood nor in the outer
bark, but only in the alburnum or rather the substance imbedded
between the alburnum and the inner bark, constituting the
cambium.

Mr. Knight says the effects produced upon the growth and pro-
duct of a tree by grafting are similar to those which occur when
the sap is impeded by a ligature or by the destruction of a circle
of bark ; it acts by obstructing the descending sap, and so causes
fruitfulness. The modification effected by the graft therefore is a
subject of practical interest and importance to the grower or
cultivator, for although the graft alters neither the species nor
the variety of the stock it has considerable influence on its habits
as well as on the production of fruits and flowers.

Affinity of Species. Graft and Stock. — Plants of the same
family have an analogous origin and can be grafted only on one
another with a prospect of success. The success of the operation,
even within the family limits, will not always be complete; per-
haps from some difference in their organic structure. In such
cases practical experience must necessarily become our guide.
The pear and the apple can be united onl}' for a short period.
Soft- wooded plants do not succeed well with hard-wooded ones,
nor ligneous plants with herbaceous ones. The peach and the
apricot are grafted on each other with difficulty, while both do
well on the plum. Most cherries do well on the Mahaleb, but the
Mahaleb does not succeed well as a graft on other cherries.
The sweet chestnut will graft on the oak, but will not on the
horse-chestnut. The medlar, which has solitary flowers, does
well on the thorn, whose flowers are in corymbs. The Ckiouan-
thus, so nearly allied to the lilac with its panicled flowers and
simple leaves, will do well only on the European or flowering ash,
which has compound leaves. The Photinia, allied to the beam tree
(Pyrus Aria), and the Eriobotrya, allied to the medlar, both
evergreens, will graft on the medlar, and not on the hawthorn.
The cotoneasters, amelanchiers, and Pyrus Aria all do well on the
hawthorn, and by experience last longer, but make slower growth
than they do on the mountain ash. Pyrus arbutifolia grafts well
as standards on the mountain ash. Berheris aquifolia will grow
on the common barberry, and Primus Lauro-Cerasus does well
on the Bird cherry.

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In almost every case the grafting of deciduous plants on ever-
greens has proved a failure. It is always best to unite by grafting
only such plants as have some analogy between them, such as vigor,
time of commencing to grow, and hardiness. If any difference
exists it should be that the graft be later than the stock in vegetat-
ing, and also more vigorous and hardy. Weak stocks and weak
scions produce worthless trees. When a weak scion is grafted on
too vigorous a tree it is difficult for the scion to absorb all the sap
furnished by the stock, and an evenness of gi'owth cannot be
established between the stock and the graft ; then follow weak-
ness and disease. It is preferable to have the scion stronger than
the stock ; for instance, the pear on the quince and the cherry on
the Mahaleb ; otherwise the tree will be less vigorous than if
perfect harmony exists between the two parts, and growth being
thus tempered tends more to the production of fruit. The French
often double-graft a tree to make its growth more uniform ; for
instance, a strong-growing stock is grafted with one of an inter-
mediate growth, and on the latter the variety they wish to propa-
gate ; the stock should always be strong enough to receive the
scion, for if it is weakly, although the graft and stock may unite,
it will almost always make a sickly tree.

Practical Directions. — The term grafting is usually confined to
the operation with detached scions ; and in every kind of grafting it
is essential that the two parts (the scion and the stock) be in close
communication with each other, not by the wood or bark, but by
the inner bark or alburnum in the tissue of which the cambium
flows. The more points of contact here the greater the chance of
success, which also will be assisted by a similarity of texture
between the scion and the stock.

The best season for grafting out of doors is in the spring, when
the sap is in motion (say from March to June) ; and for grafting
under glass, from the first of August to the last of September,
with half-ripened wood ; in December and to the last of
March, with dormant wood. During the midsummer days grafting
either in doors or out is not often a success, although with great
care it might be accomplished the year round. In all kinds of
grafting it is better to have the stock started a little ahead of the
scion, and it is not safe to graft out of doors with scions that are
started unless you can cover up or shade them ; for the evapora-
tion that takes place at this time weakens the scion too much

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 125

before it has time to unite with the stock. A calm atmosphere
and warm temperature, rather than wet and cold weather, are
move conducive to success, and certainly more agreeable to the
operator than when it is cold and stormy. The stone fruits, such
as cherries and plums, should be the first ones operated on ; after-
wards the pears and apples.

The tools necessary for use in grafting are a saw, a pruning
knife, grafting iron or wedge, a budding knife, a pair of good
pruning shears, a whetstone to keep your knives in good condi-
tion, a bunch of raffia, bast, or waxed cloth for tying the grafts
and keeping them in their places when set ; also some kind of
grafting wax to cover the wounds to protect them from the air and
water. A number of grafting machines have been invented,
especially in France, where, since the ravages of the Phylloxera,
these machines have been in great demand, as they were thought
to be of great advantage in grafting the grape ; but an expert
workman will do the work quite as well with the tools named
above. There are many varieties of grafting wax and mastic, as
well as other compositions for the same purpose. In the old times
a composition of clay, cow manure, and chopped straw was used,
and is used by some even today ; and as it retains moisture better
than the modern grafting wax it is recommended for coarse work
and for covering large wounds in large operations.

For grafting in the open air the following compound is much
used in this country : common rosin, four parts ; beeswax, two
parts ; mutton tallow, two parts ; all melted together. When
cool it is applied by the hand, or, being melted, applied with a
brush.

In many large nurseries, where apples and pears are grafted in
winter, this wax is heated and applied thinly with a brush to
sheets of cloth, and after becoming cool the cloth is torn into
narrow strips and used in tying up the grafted roots and plants.
I have found that where only a limited supply is wanted, it is
cheapest to buy it already prepared, and for years I have used
that which is sold by nearly all seedsmen as Trowbridge's grafting
wax ; it is as good as, or better than, any of the French mastics.

All scions should be cut before the sap begins to flow rapidly
(say from January to the middle of March) for all trees that are
hardy, and whose wood is not injured by freezing. But many
plants with slender stems are injured by freezing and if scions.

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from them are wanted to propagate by grafting, they should be
taken off in early autumn and heeled-in in loam, sand, or moss, in
a moist pit or cellar for future use. I have found this especially
applicable, to hybrid roses, where the wood is wanted for winter
use. A great loss of grafts is sure to be the result if you do not
have the wood thoroughly ripened and taken off early in autumn
and buried in the earth. Ten degrees of frost will injure many
varieties of rose grafts. In selecting scions bear in mind that the
wood should not be too coarse but of medium texture, healthy,
and well ripened ; nor should you use fruit buds, unless you want
them for a special purpose ; although at times we often have to
use any wood we can get for scions, especially in the case of
varieties which from any cause are scarce ; but as a rule it is a bad
policy, and as soon as possible, new or stronger shoots, from the
one so grafted should be grafted on young vigorous stocks. This
is an essential point and should not be overlooked, that weak or
sickly scions grafted on sickly stocks soon produce a degenerate
race. In good nurseries, where careful attention is given to these
points, the stock trees are carefully pruned (or ought to be) and
cultivated on purpose to produce a healthy stock of wood for
grafts or other uses. The grafts should not be cut from the scion
until just before they are to be used. Never allow scions to
suffer from exposure to dry air, cold, or wet. In collecting scions
of evergreen trees, I think it best to cut them from the parent
plant just at the time of using them. If you must keep them over
winter the best way is to lay them thinly in sand, and keep in a
deep pit or cellar where it is cool and somewhat moist ; if they are
put in too thickly they will heat or rot.

The Methods of Grafting. — These are so numerous that a sys-
tematic classification of them would be difficult. It would only be
a waste of time to try to enumerate them all, as that would be of
no practical value except to show in how many different ways the
work can be done. Almost every propagator has his favorite
style. Those methods that are practised by skillful propagators
are best ; they are few and may be summed up as follows :

Inarching, or grafting by approach,

Bottle grafting,

Cleft grafting,

Side grafting under the bark, or inlaying,

Crown grafting,

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 127

Saddle grafting,

Splice, tongue, or whip grafting,

Root grafting,

Veneer grafting.

Inarching or Grafthig by Approach. — This is without doubt
the most ancient of all grafting methods. From time to time
Nature gives us examples of it in roots or trees which have
become united where they have been bruised or pressed together.
Man was no doubt quick to perceive and take advantage of this
hint and when once tried, to improve on it. This method is
practised both in doors and out ; and at one time was extensively
used b}' both nurserymen and gardeners. When I was a boy it
was about the onlj^ method in use for the propagation of azaleas
and camellias. It is even now employed by some to propagate
varieties which are difficult to graft otherwise.

The time for inarching out of doors is from early spring until
July or August, while the tree is in active growth, and as the
scions are still attached to the parent plant they can be inarched
in either a woody or herbaceous state. Under glass it cau be
done at all seasons of the year. The simplest method is to
remove from both the stock and scion plants a thin slice of the
bark and alburnum from two to three inches long; then, brinoino-
both cut surfaces together in such a manner that they shall fit
exactly, to tie them firmly with bass or raffia, aud cover the wound
with grafting wax to keep out the air.

Another kind of inarching is similar to tongue grafting. An
incision is made in the stock and the graft, and the two are bound
together and waxed. Sometimes the top of the stock is cut off
and tongued at the time of grafting, and the graft is joined at the
cut extremity. Another way is to cut off the stock and cut out a
V ; the scion is then cut on both sides to fit into the stock, then
inserted in the V and completed by tying carefully as in other
cases. This method is much used in grafting high standard
weepers, which are then tied carefully and waxed as has been
directed. In grafting by this method, the trees or plants to be
grafted must be in close proximity to each other. The scion
plants must be either planted around the stock tree or in pots and
so arranged on stands as to be easily brought in contact with the
branches of the stock tree.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Grafting by approach is also used to fill up vacancies in graper-
ies and fruit houses, to restore main branches, or increase the size
of the fruit. When the graft has taken hold, cutting it from ita
parent stem is an important matter. It must not be done too
hurriedly, but gradually, making a small incision at first, and
increasing it from time to time, until the final separation is made.
This may require several weeks. As soon as this is done. the
wound is cut smooth and covered with grafting wax.

Bottle Grafting. — This is only another method of grafting by
approach. The lower end of the scion is buried in moist soil, or
is inserted in a bottle of water, to keep it in good condition until
the cut surfaces are united. In all other particulars it is identical
in principle with inarching.

Cleft Grafting. — This system was practised at a very early
date, and is a method much in use now, to top-graft old trees in
orchards, or to renew individual trees, as well as young stocks
that have become too large to bud, and in order to bring them into
bearing more quickly. This was probably one of the first kinds of
grafting that the Pilgrims used in the new world, and for a long
time was practised the most of any kind. But, compared with
other methods, it is rather crude, as there is a large amount of cut
surface to be healed over by the new growth, which often takes a
long time. In cleft grafting the stock is cut off with a saw, at
a point at which to insert the scion. This surface is smoothed off
with a sharp pruning knife. Then with a knife, a grafting iron,
®r thin chisel, split the stock through the centre, being careful to
divide the bark at the same time so as to leave the edges smooth.
The cleft is kept open by means, of a wedge. The scions are then
cut in the shape of a wedge, and fitted into the cleft (one on each
side if the stock is large) taking care that the two cambium-layers
meet on the edge near the bark. If the stock has very thick bark
slightly incline the lower end of the scions inward to the cleft to
make sure that some part of their cambiums may come in contact
with the cambium of the stock. In large stocks it is not necessary
to bind the graft before waxing ; but in smaller ones it brings the
parts into closer union and holds them there. When the stocks
are small it is not necessary to put in two scions, or to split the
stock entirely across, but only part way, holding the cleft open
with a knife while inserting the scion. This is a much better way
when it can be done, as there is less cut surface to be covered.

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 129

Wheu the stock is very large, more than two scions can be used
by making two parallel clefts, so placed as to leave the pith in the
centre untouched. March and April comprise the usual time for
grafting out of doors. Cleft grafting can also be performed in
the latter part of the summer by using well-ripened wood. The
grafts would make no growth but would merely become united.
Terminal cleft grafting is only a modification of cleft grafting, and
is done by splitting the bark through the terminal bud without
heading down the stock. The scion is cut with a regular double
slope and inserted the same as in any cleft grafting. The stock
and scion are then firmly bound together. As soon as the stock
and scion begin to grow, the shoots are pinched but not cut off, as
they draw the sap towards the graft, which is essential in plants
that are slow to unite. This kind of grafting is used on both the
walnut and the fir tree.

Side Grafting. — This term is applied to a number of processes
of grafting in which the head of the stock is not cut away. The
most simple side graft is that in, which the scion is cut with a long
splice, perfectly smooth and thin to the bark. Then from the
stock a thin strip of bark and wood two or more inches in length
is cut. Fit the barks exactly together and bind firmly. This is a
favorite method of grafting the camellia and azalea, and should
be done under glass. In side grafting with a vertical cleft, the
scion is cut half its length on both sides in the form of a thin
wedge. The stock is cut with one stroke of the knife, allowing
the blade to penetrate the alburnum. The scion is then thrust in
the cleft thus made and held in its place by a ligature of bass or
raffia. This kind of grafting can be used for camellias, or in fact
any plants under glass. It is especially used in herbaceous graft-
ing, such as chrysanthemums, potatoes, tomatoes, coleus, cacti,
and other succulent plants. In succulent plants it is not neces-
sary to pare them down as thin as in woody ones, but to leave
them more in the form of a wedge. Side grafting can also be
done under the bark in spring when the stock is in an active state
of vegetation, so that the bark will lift easily from the wood, as in the
case of budding. The scion is cut with a long splice, thin towards
the point. An incision is made in the bark as in T budding,
cutting through the bark but not into the wood. The bark is then
raised and the scion slipped under it. It is then tied and covered
with grafting wax, to exclude the air. There are other systems
of side grafting, but they are only modifications of one another.
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crown Grafting is similar to cleft grafting. It is practised in
spring, as soon as the bark is easily separated from the wood, the
stock being headed down several weeks before the time of graft-
ing. The scions should be cut with a flat, sloping cut on one
side ; but instead of splitting the stock the bark is divided from
the top downwards an inch or more, and lifted as in budding.
The scion is then inserted under the bark. A small implement of
wood or ivory, made in the form of the scion, can be used to
advantage in preparing a place to insert the scion much more
easily than by lifting the bark with a budding knife, and with less
fear of bursting the bark, or injuring a tender scion. In another
form of crown grafting, the scion is cut half way through and the
wood removed, leaving a square shoulder at the top near a well-
developed bud. A corresponding strip of bark is removed to
admit the scion. The two parts are then fitted together and
bound with waxed cloth, and the top of the stock as well as that
of the scions is then covered with wax to prevent evaporation.

Saddle Grafting. — By this method the stock is cut, with a
slant on two sides into the form of a wedge, while the scion is cut
just the reverse, so that when in position it stands astride of the
stock. But it takes more time than other forms of grafting. The
rhododendron is now largely grafted in this way.

Tongue or Whip Grafting. — This method is most commonly used
in nurseries, for grafting fruit frees, where seedling stocks from
one to three years old are used. The stock and scion are nearly
of a size. The scion is prepared with a long sloping cut, and the
stock in the same manner. A small cleft or split is also made
about midway of the cut portion of both the stock and scion,
forming a tongue on each. These tougues are inserted into the
cleft in the other part, thus forming what is called a tongue or
splice graft. They are then bound with waxed cloth, heeled in,
in boxes about a foot iu depth, in finely sifted sand or loam, and
kept in a moist cellar until spring, when they are put in a warm
place until they show signs of starting. They are then planted in
nursery rows, covering the graft to the first eye.

Root Grafting. — Many plants, that are difficult to grow from
cuttings, can be successfully grafted on pieces of roots, either
their own or those of another plant. Many woody plants, of
which we have no allied species, can be grafted on pieces of
their own roots.

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 131

All methods of grafting can be used in root grafting ; whip,
splice, side, cleft, or veneer. Always cut the roots as they grow
from the stem, keeping the neck up. Plants that grow from root
gi'afts are mimerous. The poeony, bignonia, wistaria, rose,
hydrangea, clematis, chestnut, plum, pear, apple, dahlia, magnolia,
and many others can be root grafted. Sometimes when we receive
a new plant and can find no stock to work it on, I cut off a few of
the roots and graft them with their own branches. I tried to
propagate Ccesaljymia Japonica for two years from cuttings, but
did not succeed. Last fall I dug up the plant, selected some of
its best roots, and veneer grafted some of the best shoots upon
them ; now I have several plants. Hydrangea vestita, a hard
plant to grow from cuttings, does well on the roots of H. panicu-
lata. Combretum purpureum, a rare stove climber, can be grafted
on its own roots. Euptelea polyandra^ a scarce Magnoliaceous
plant, and many others, can be woi'ked successfully in the same
way. When I speak of root grafting, I mean pieces of
detached roots — not seedling plants, cut down and grafted on the
crown. For many plants, grafting on the crown of the root will
be better than on the stem, on account of the softness of the
tissue beneath the ground surface. This is a favorite way with
roses, so as not to have them sucker from the roots.

Veneer Grafting. — This is one of the best methods of propagat-
ing hard wooded plants under glass, and can be practised from
November to April, and from August to October. In this mode
of grafting the plants should be established in pots for the
convenience of handling, as well as for the success of the
operation. Seedling plants are the best, but many varieties can
be grown from cuttings or layers. Pot the plants in early spring,
and plunge them in fi-ames or in a sheltered position, giving them
attention, as to watering and pruning, during the summer or until
wanted for use. In grafting, select a smooth place on the stock,
and with a sharp knife make a slight cross cut downwards in the
stock, cutting through the bark and slightly into the wood. Then
insert the blade two or more inches above, cutting off a thin slice
of the bark down to the cross-cut. A corresponding slice is taken
off the scion. They are then fitted together so that the two cam-
biums meet, then tied firmly and placed inside of the greenhouse
in close frames, and slightly sprinkled overhead when necessary.
Keep the plants close for the first few days and syringe when

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

necessary to keep up a moist atmosphere. As soon as the plants
begin to knit together, air can be given during the morning and
evening, and after a week or two the air can be kept on all day.
The time taken by the different varieties to unite varies from two
to four weeks. After the grafts have begun to unite, they should
be removed from the frames, but kept inside the greenhouse for a
month or more before being planted out or removed to their
winter quarters. My method has been, as soon as I am certain
the grafts are all right, to turn them out of the pots and trans-
plant them thickly in boxes. As soon as they are well established
they are put out of doors in a sheltered place to harden off.
When no double frames are at hand, I have found a bed of
sphagnum moss, three to four inches deep, a good substitute, laying
the plants on their side, and covering the base of the graft an
inch or two with damp — not wet — moss. This gives out a gentle
moisture, and the graft is not subject to sudden changes of
temperature, as it would be otherwise. All coniferous plants are
much more easily propagated by veneer grafting than by any
other method. Their treatment after grafting is similar to that of
other plants, except that they should not be headed in until the
second year.

Budding. — This consists in taking a bud with a portion of bark
attached to it, from one tree, and inserting it in some portion of
another, or in the same tree. In order to do this, a longitudinal
incision is made through the bark of the stock, to the wood ; a
cross cut is then made at the upper end forming a letter T, into
which a bud, previously prepared, is inserted, either with or with-
out removing the inner wood from the bud. In budding, it is
necessary that the bark of the stock should part readily from the
wood without being torn. If the bud is inserted when the flow of
sap is abundant, it immediately comes in contact with the nourish-
ment it requires for its support. In budding, it is necessary to
have a budding knife to prepare the buds, and for opening the
bark to admit them ; also tying material to hold the buds in place
after they are set. In selecting the buds, the young shoots of the
previous year's growth are the best — neither too gross nor too
weak. The best buds are those about the centre of a stem or
shoot. As soon as the scions are cut, the leaf blades should be
removed, leaving a small portion of the leafstalk attached to it
which facilitates the handling of the bud. Buds should never be

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 133

allowed to get dry, nor should they stand in water too long.
Unless they were shriveled when received, damp moss or cloth is
the best material to keep them in.

Shield Budding. — This is the method most practised in nurseries.
It is done from July to September, according to the kinds and
varieties of plants to be budded. There are many forms of bud-
ding ; such as budding with a cross-shaped incision for chestnuts or
other plants with large buds ; and inverted budding, when the sap
is in excess, as in the maple.

Veneer Shield Budding. — This method is sometimes employed
when the sap does not flow freely enough to allow putting the bud
under the bark. It consists of an oblong, four-sided strip of
bark, marked with four cuts, leaving the eye or bud in the centre.
This strip of bark is lifted with the budding knife, and removed
with the bud from the scion. A corresponding strip is taken from
the stock, and the prepared bud is fitted into its place, and treated
the same as any bud.

In many places, especially in Holland, double budding is prac-
tised on roses ; that is, two buds are inserted opposite each other
in the same stock. There are various other methods of budding
used, but the common shield budding I have described answers
all purposes, and is almost universally practised. In preparing
the bud, take the shoot in your left hand ; then at about a half-
inch above the bud, cut through the bark and a little into the wood
back of the bud, and the same a half inch below it ; next make a
horizontal incision in the stock first, and from this make another
incision downwards, about an inch long ; lift up the edge of the
bark by passing the blade up to the horizontal position, at the
same time holding the bud by the leafstalk ; slip it into the incision
as quickly as possible, so that the bud shall not become dried. If
the upper part of the bud does not fit, it must be cut across so as
to allow the bud to sit firmly on the stock. When the bud is fitted,
bind it with bass both above and below, leaving only the bud and
the leafstalk exposed. At the end of a week or ten days the
ligatures should be looked over to see that they are not strangling
the stock. If they are cutting into the stock they need to be
loosened only, as it is not always safe to take them away entirely.
Budded stocks are usually headed down to about six inches above
the bud the following spring. As soon as the buds begin to grow.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it is necessary to tie them up to the stalk that is left. Disbud all
suckers from the stock, before they get too strong, by rubbing the
hand quickly up and down the stalk while these shoots are young.
"When the buds that were inserted are a year old, the old stems
should be cut off smoothly to heal over.

In the propagation of plants by grafting, it is fully as necessary
to know the kinds of stocks to w^ork on, as it is to know how to
perform the operation, and while I have not the time at present to
speak of all the stocks used, I will give a list of the principal ones.

The five-leaved pines, such as Cembra, parvifoUa, and others, all
do well on Pinus Strobus ; and on P. sylvestris (the Scotch pine)
and P. resinosa, all the rest of the pines will succeed. Picea
excelsa will do for all the spruces, while Abies pectinata and A.
balsamea will serve well for the Silver firs. The common arbor
vitte (Thuja occidentalis), and ChamcBcyparis pisifera make good
stocks for the Petinosporas. Almost all junipers do well on the
red cedar, (Juniperus Virginiana). The common hemlock
(Abies Canadensis) is good for all the varieties except A. Doug-
lasii and A. Mertensiana. On the common European larch,
(Larix Euro2')cea), you can graft all the varieties, excepting Pseu-
d'jlarix Kmmpferi. For Rhododendrons, the general stock used is
li. Ponticum, but P. maximum might also be used. All decidu-
ous Rhododendrons (Azaleas) can be grafted on P. viscosuvi or
P. nudiflorum. All types of Kalmia latifoUa can be worked on
the species. Most varieties of Amelanchier, some forms of
mountain ash, and Pyrus Aria and varieties, make good plants
when grafted on the hawthorn. All apples will thrive on seedling
stocks, but while Pynts Toringo and P. baccata varieties will grow
on the common apple, they do better on seedlings of Pyrus baccata.
Primus mirobakma makes a good stock for nearly all plums ; and
all of the flowering section do well on it, such as Prunus tomentosa^
P. triloba^ etc., and I think the Peach is longer lived when worked
on the plum. Pyrus communis is a good stock for all species and
varieties of pear, except for dwarfs ; although if it were plentiful
enough, Pyrus betidcefolia would make one of the best of stocks for
pears on high light ground. The Mauetti, brier, and multiflora
are best for most roses. All lilacs will succeed well if grafted on
the privet and lilac ; but I think, if it were plentiful enough,
Syringa villosa would make a much better stock for them.
Clematises graft easily on the roots of Clematis Flammtda, and

BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 135

C paniculata. Cormis florida makes a good stock for all its
varieties. Parrotia Persica^ Hamamelis Japonica, aud others will
graft on the common witch hazel. All lindens can be grafted
on the American or European varieties. Vitis Labrusca and V.
oistivalis make good stocks for all hardy grapes. Euonymus
Europceus is a good stock for all the Euonymus family. Acer
X>latanoides does well as a stock for all the forms of maple
excepting the Japanese maples, which will grow only on Acer
palmatum or A. Japonicum. Robmia Pseudacacia is good stock
for all the species and varieties of Robinias. All Wistarias
grow well on the roots of W. Chinensis. Caragana arborescens
suits all the Caragana species and varieties, and also Halimo-
dendron argenteum, and possibly other Leguminosfe. Vibui-iium
opulus and V. dentatum make good stocks for all Viburnums;
Catalpa speciosa for the other Catalpas, and for Tecoma radicans.
Ulmus campestris is best for all the English elms, and U. Ameri-
cana for the American types. Quercus rubra is best for most of
the oaks, although I believe the red oaks would do better on
Q. rubra var. tinctoria. All the hornbeams and hop horn-
beams, work more readily on Garpinus Betulus than they do on
our own species. The European white birch (Betula alba) is the
best for the general run of birches, while Alnus incana does well
for the alders. Corylus A'jelkma, the English hazel, is a good
stock for all the species and varieties. The common horse-
chestnut (^sculus Hippocastanum) is good for all its varieties,
as well as the red and the yellow buckeye, uE. rubra aud u3^.
Jlava. The fine varieties of hickory will graft on Carya porcina,
and C. alba, but I believe they will graft more easily on C
amara (the bitter-nut) ; it is of much more rapid growth than
the other hickories, and while young the tissues are softer. The
common chestnut is a good stock for all the Japanese, English, and
Spanish chestnuts. Cerasus sylvestris, (the Mazzard cherry), is
as good a stock as can be found for standard cherry trees, and C.
Mahaleb will serve well for dwarfs. Prunus demissa will graft on
P. Virginiana but not on P. serotina. The American and European
beeches make equally good stocks for all varieties of that genus.
Gleditschia triacanthos is a good stock for the weeping, and also
for all Japanese varieties. Pterostyrax hispidum makes a hardier
plant if grafted on the Halesia, than it does on its own roots.
Magnolia tripetala, or umbrella tree, and M. acuminata (the

136 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

cucumber tree) make good stocks for all deciduous magnolias.
The umbrella varieties have more roots and are more easily
transplanted.

DiSCUSSIOK.

Mr. Dawson exhibited many drawings illustrative of the several
methods of grafting and budding which he described. He also
brought a large number of living plants, which had been budded
or grafted, and which represented not only all the methods of
which he had spoken, but the practical application of each to a
great variety of plants, including evergreen and deciduous, hardy
and tender, trees, shrubs, and vines. At the conclusion of his
lecture, many from the audience gathered about him, to examine
his exhibits ; to question him as to details ; to witness the practical
illustrations which he gave, and to hear his explanations of
details as he performed the operations.

Shield budding, he said, should be the method used on most
nut-bearing trees, as it proves the most successful one for them.

Where one has a rather light sandy or gravelly soil to be used
as a fruit garden or orchard, he thought Pyrus betidcefoUa would
be the best stock on which to work pears, being naturally adapted
to thrive in such a soil.

In grafting beeches the work should be done near to the surface
of the ground, to secure the best results.

Never bud or graft grape vines, until the stock plants are in full
foliage ; otherwise bleeding may ruin the whole work, and even
kill the stock plant.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 16, 1895.
A meeting for lecture and discussion was holden today at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.
The following paper was read by the author :

Some Notes on Tomatoes.

By W. M. MoNSON, Horticulturist to the Maine State College Agricultural
Experiment Station, Orono, Me.

Next to the potato, the tomato stands, perhaps, at the head of
the list of garden vegetables in commercial importance. In

SOME NOTES ON TOMATOES. 137

Maryland aloue there are as many as twelve thousand acrea
devoted to this one crop, while in New Jersey, Delaware, Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois, the crop is of special importance.

By far the larger portion of the area devoted to this crop is
employed in supplying fruit for the canning factories, and it is
this demand of the canneries which, more than any other, haa
given the great impetus to tomato culture. The credit of
introducing canned tomatoes as an article of trade is due to INIr.
Harrison W. Crosby, who made his first venture in 1848, while
steward of Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. There wa&
a ready demand for the goods, and with increased supply and
improved machinery, the cost has been reduced from fifty cents
per can, in 1848, to seven cents at the present time.^ With
this reduced cost, the output of the factories has increased to an
almost incredible extent. The total output for 1894 was nearly
six million cases of two dozen cans each, as compared with less
than three million in 1887.-

Classification and History. — Our garden varieties of tomatoes
belong to two distinct species — Lycojjersicum pimpinelUfolium,
Dunal, and Lycopersicuvi esculentum Miller. The former is
represented in the garden by the "Currant," or " German Raisin "
Tomato, which is of weak spreading habit, with small thin foliage
and very delicate flowers, arranged in two ranks on a long raceme.
The whole aspect of the plant is delicate, and the long racemes of
fruit are not unlike clusters of currants. This species is found
wild in Peru and Brazil, and but little is known of its history. It
has not been modified by domestication, and probably has not
been long under cultivation. The chief value of this species,
aside from its use as an ornamental plant, and to a limited extent
for preserves, is in the breeding of new types, as I shall suggest
in another connection.

Lycopersicuni esculentum, the ordinary tomato, is undoubtedly a
native of Peru, but is spontaneous or indigenous throughout
Mexico, and as far north as Texas and California, in a form
closely approaching the Cherry tomato of the gardens. So far as
we know, it was first cultivated in the south of Europe. It is-

1 Am. Grocer, Jan. 11, 1893.

2 Ibid, Jan. 9, 1895.

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mentioned as early as 1561, i while in 1583 "the fruit was eaten
upon the continent, dressed with pepper, salt, and oil. 2" It was
grown in England in 1597,^ but for mau}^ years was used only for
ornament. In 1700'* Tournefort mentions seven varieties, one of
which was pale red, one striped, two yellow, one white, and two
red ; but the culture was still neglected, for in 1819^'' only four red
varieties are mentioned, and the pale red sort is not named.

England was much behind the Continent in the general culture
of the tomato, but our own country was still later. The fruit is
said to have been introduced into Philadelphia by a French
refugee from St. Domingo in 1798, ^ and in 1806 M'Mahon writes:
" The tomato is much cultivated for its fruit in soups and sauces,
. . . and is also stewed and dressed in various ways and very
much admired."^ It was introduced into Salem, Mass., about
1802 by an Italian painter, Corne, " but he found it difficult to
persuade the people even to taste the fruit. ""^

The tomato began to be cultivated for market in this country
about 1829, but not until 1839 was it mentioned in the premium
lists of this Society. 9

Variation in the Type. — As before remarked, the Cherry tomato
of the gardens approaches very nearly the wild type of the
species, but the tomato is one of the most variable fruits we have
under cultivation, and is readily susceptible to the influence of
selection. Its variability lies mainly in size, form, and number of
cells, and, as shown by Bailey, i° the latter character may, to a
large extent determine the former. In nature there is a definite
number of cells in the fruit of any given species, but one of the
first effects of cultivation is to render this character inconstant.
In our cultivated varieties of tomatoes, we find almost as many
different forms and combinations of cells as there are individual
fruits. In the wild type there are normally two cells. The
effect of cultivation has been to increase the size of the fruit by
the interposition of new cells, this condition resulting in the
angular shapes characterizing many of the garden forms. In

'Aiiguillara, Semp., 217. 'M'Mahon, Garil. Calendar, 319.
^Uortonaei Stirp. Hist., 4.")5. 'Felt, Annals of Salem, II, 631; cited by

"Gerarde, Uerball, 1st ed., 275. Manning, Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc, 40.

^Inst. Rei. Herb., 1, 150. ''Manning, Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc, 248.

"Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc, III, 347. '"Am. Naturalist, June, 1887, 573.
^Manning, Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc, 40.

SOME NOTES ON TOMATOES. 139

other words, the modern large fruited and irregular sorts have
been developed first by the augmentation of cells in the primitive
type, and later by the modification of the flower, and the produc-
tion of an abnormal number of parts.

The direction of variation and order of development suggested
by Bailey^ seem most natural. Starting with the Cherry tomato
and adopting, slightly modified, Bailey's expression of the evolu-
tion of forms we have :

Pear-shaped and oblong sorts, — King Humbert, Nis-

bett's Victoria, etc.
Angular sorts, — Orangefield, Hundred Day, etc.
Yelloiv apple-shaped soi'ts, — Green Gage, White
€herry : ( Apple, etc.

Large red sorts, — Little Gem,
The Cook's Favorite, and
thence to Paragon, etc.

( a. Graudifolium, — Mikado, Potato Leaf, etc.
( b. Validum, — Tree Tomato.

The history of the introduction of our common sorts is, no
doubt, familiar to most of you. The old Large Red of the
earlier catalogues was followed in 1862 by Fiji Island, and in
1864 by The Cook's Favorite. In 1866 Tilden appeared and
then in rapid succession Maupay, Keyes's Extra Early, Boston
Market, General Grant, Trophy, and Paragon.

Paragon was a marked step in advance over all former intro-
ductions. It was really the first of the round or apple shaped
varieties to attain prominence, and gave a great impetus to the
•culture of the tomato as a field crop. It was a triumph for the
application of correct principles of selection, for, in the produc-
tion of this variety, the habit of a whole plant rather than the
character of an individual fruit was considered.

In 1880 Perfection appeared and during the ten j^ears following.
Favorite, Beauty, Dwarf Champion, Lorillard, Ignotum, and a
host of less worthy sorts have followed, until it would seem that
the limit of profitable variation may have been reached.

iCf . Bailey, Bui. 31, Mich. Agr'l College, 6.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Breeding New Varieties. Is it true that the limit of improve-
ment in the tomato has been attained? For New England I
should say emphatically, No. In general the shortness of our
season is such that a new and much earlier variety is needed to
insure a crop before heavy frost. With this end in view we have
for several years been breeding new races of tomatoes.

In 1891 crosses were made between Ignotum, one of the most
valuable market varieties, and Peach, an early and productive
sort which is too small and soft for general culture. Ignotum was
used as the female parent. Plants resulting from these crosses-
were grown in the field the following year with very satisfactory
results. There was a marked influence of the male parent in the
character and habit of the plants, but, save in size, the fruits
were not very different from Ignotum. The increase in earliness
and productiveness was very marked. Whereas the average
number of ripe fruits on pure Ignotum plants previous to frost
was but eighteen^ that on the crossed plants was forty. But, as
before remarked, the size was considerably reduced.

Seeds were saved from these crossed plants and the following-
year a comparison was made between two generations. There
was a falling off of nearly forty-four per cent in the total
number of fruits borne, and of thirty-one per cent in the number
ripened before frost. The past season three generations were
grown side by side, with practically the same results.

A cross between Lorillard and Peach, carried along the same
lines as the one just mentioned, has behaved in a very similar
manner. In both cases the second and third generations showed
a tendency to split up into various forms, and showed the influence
of the male parent more plainly than in the first generation. In
other words, although promising forms have been obtained, no type
has as yet been firmly fixed.

The most interesting and important work we have done in breed-
ing tomatoes is in connection with a true hybrid between the two
species. The variety selected for the female parent was Lorillard,
a well-known sort of medium size and valuable for forcing, but
only moderately productive under field culture. The male parent,
was Currant — so far as I know the only representative of Lyco-
persicam pimjyinellifolitim. The hybrid is almost exactly inter-
mediate between the two parents. The form and general
texture of the foliage is suggestive of Currant, while the size

SOME NOTES ON TOMATOES. 141

is equal to that of Lorillard. The blossoms though larger, were
■of the type of Currant and the fruit is borne on long racemes,
very similar to those of the male parent. The individual fruits,
however, were fully four times the size of Currant. The object
in view in this work has been to combine the earliuess and the
productive qualities of Currant, with the size and vigor of the
common type. To this end, crosses have been made between the
hybrid already mentioned and the female parent, Lorillard, and
again between this cross and the same parent. The results are
in every way encouraging, but the end is not yet. The crosses
still retain the distinct evidences of the influence of the original
male parent, but are gradually increasing in size and now fre-
quently show a more or less angular form, as found in the com-
mon type.

Many attempts have been made to secure a yellow tomato with
a distinctly blush cheek ; but as a rule no satisfactory results have
been obtained. One variety has been sent out as "Lemon Blush"
but in our own experience the blush has never appeared.

"We have repeatedly made crosses between the red and the
yellow varieties, but in every instance red fruits have resulted.
At the present time, however, we have under observation a
selection from Golden Queen, which is very promising. From our
studies of this strain, I am convinced that the desired type may
be produced more easily in a southern climate or under glass, than
is possible under field culture in our latitude. The same plants
produce much more highly colored fruit in February and March
than in December or January, while cuttings from plants which
bear well-colored fruit in the forcing-house, as a rule yield less
highly colored fruit when grown iu the field. It is hoped by
continued care in selection to fix the type.

There is little doubt that varieties or strains, " run out," or lose
their distinguishing characteristics. This variation in type may
and often does, occur very early in the life of any given variety,
but with careful selection on the part of the grower, a type ma}'
be preserved for many years. It must not be understood,
however, that " running out" necessarily implies deterioration, for
such is not the case. A type may lose its distinguishing charac-
teristics by reason of improvement, as well as from neglect or
other causes tending to deterioration.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

The Ideal Tomato. — Naturally the per cent of solid tissue in
any fruit is in direct proportion to the number of cells, and in
producing a new tomato, we must bear in mind a given ideal.
The ideal tomato must be of medium size, firm texture, rich
color, perfectly smooth, and must be early and prolific. Such a
variety we have not at the present time.

My own taste would call for a fruit which is solid and "meaty"^
— one which contains thick cell walls, but relatively few seeds.
Such a fruit was secured in the best strains of Ignotum, while
that variety was in its prime. The Stone also is of this type, but
neither is satisfactory in New England. The type represented by
Yellow Victor, which has a hard, almost woody, core, is of course
objectionable. On the other hand, some tastes demand a fruit
with a large per cent of " pulp, " a character found in those sorts
with relatively few cells. For such tastes Chemiu Market is
excellent. But while it is one of the most prolific sorts we have
grown under glass, this variety is so late as to be discarded for
field culture.

Solidity, however, is largely an individual rather than a
varietal character. As already noted, the solidity of a fruit
depends on the relative number of cells or seed cavities. It
should be added that a further controlling factor, is the number
of seeds present. Now we know that the amount of pollen
available has an important bearing on the seed production of
most fruits. In other words, within certain limits, the amount of
pollen received by a given fiower, by determining the number of
seeds produced, may to a large extent control the size, form, and
relative solidity of the resulting fruit. Every grower is familiar
with the small unmarketable fruits so common in the house during
winter. A careful study of these fruits will reveal the fact, that
most of them are nearly if not quite seedless.

Cultural Notes. — It is unnecessary at this time to go into the
details of the culture of tomatoes. It may be well, however, to
call attention to some of the more salient points which have
received our attention during a somewhat extended study of this
plant, — leaving any points of general interest to be brought out
in discussion.

Our practice previous to setting plants in the field, is to sow the
seed in flats about April 1, and, as soon as the plants begin to
crowd, to remove them to three-inch and later to four-inch pots.

SOME NOTES ON TOMATOES. 143

I am aware that some of the best cultivators combat the idea that
frequent haudling is of advantage in securing strong stocky
plants, but in our own experience the practice has always been
found beneficial.

Each 3'ear but strengthens our conviction that, if properly
handled iu the house, tomatoes may, with good results, be set in
the field much earlier than is commonly supposed. The notion
often expressed that the tomato is specially susceptible to a chill
early in the spring, seems to be without foundation. The check
frequently observed is more often due to lack of available plant
food than to the " shock" of transplanting.

Trimming the plants in midsummer has usually resulted in
hastening the maturity of fruit already set, and as only a
relatively small portion of the crop will ripen in any case, the
practice may be regarded as a good one for amateurs. It is
questionable, however, whether there is sufficient advantage to
warrant the practice in commercial plantations.

The old notion that tomatoes do best on relatively poor soil,
was long ago exploded, ^ but comparatively little accurate work
has been done toward determining the specific element or
combination of elements which will produce the best results.
Deductions from work conducted in Maryland^ indicate that
potash has a tendency to produce a relatively large percentage of
acid iu the fruit, while phosphoric acid seems to have a similar
effect on the sugar content. Voorhees^ has found that nitrate of
soda, while increasing the yield, does not do so at the expense of
earliness of maturity, if used in small quantities or iu two or
more applications ; but if large quantities of nitrate were used in
one application, maturity was retarded. Moreover it was con-
cluded that nitrogen is the ruling element in the growth of the
tomato, though its effect is dependent on the presence of a full
supply of other elements.

In general, we may conclude that while heavy fertilizing does
not lessen productiveness, the best fertilizers are those which act
quickly, or hasten growth early in the season.

iCf. Bailey c*t Munson, Bui. 21, Cornell Expt. Sta.
^Patterson, Bui. 11, Md. Expt. Sta.
3Bul. 63, N. J. Expt. Sta.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Forcing. — The winter forcing of tomatoes is one of the most
interesting and satisfactory operations of the gardener, and many
have found it a profitable enterprise. The crop is one which
demands care and intelligent management, but such conditions
are well repaid by a ready demand for the products at high
prices.

The most important conditions are: a warm, light, house — one
having a two-thirds span facing the south being preferable, —
strong bottom heat, rich soil, careful training, uniform tempera-
ture, care in watering and in pollinating ; and above all, good
judgment and constant watchfulness on the part of the grower.

Our practice may be briefly outlined : We always plan for two
crops each season and as, in our northern latitudes, from four to
five months are required for the tomatoes to reach maturity, we
arrange that a large part of the growth of each crop shall occur
without special expense for heating. The first crop is started
about the first to the middle of July, and, if put on the fruiting
benches in September, the crop will be in its prime in season for
the holidays. The second crop is started in October, and is thus
ready to take the place of the first lot, when their fruit is off in
February.

When on the fruiting benches, we usually grow the plants in
boxes eighteen inches square and a foot deep, four plants being
placed in each box. Each plant is trained to a single stem, and
thus occupies about one and one-half square feet of floor space.
In training, strong flax cord, the size of wool twine or a little
smaller, is used. A single strand extends from the base of each
plant to the roof, and the plant is secured to the cord by bands of
raflia.

Some commercial growers consider it necessary to attend to the
pollination of each individual flower. Tomato flowers are highly
self-fertile, however, and the only attention we have found
necessary is, on bright days when the atmosphere is relatively
dry, to give each plant two or three sharp taps with a padded
stick.

From an extended study of the subject, I am convinced that
failure to secure satisfactory results in forcing tomatoes is very
commonly due to an insulHcient supply of pollen. We know that
when only a small amount of pollen is supplied to the stigma an
undersized or irregular fruit invariably results ; while, as already

SOME NOTES ON TOMATOES. 145

suggested, the small unsalable fruits whose history has not been
traced, are almost invariably seedless, or supplied with a very
small number of seeds. I therefore regard some method of
artificial pollination as of the greatest importance.

The varieties found most satisfactory for forcing are Lorillard,
Ithaca, Chemin Market, Optimus, and Golden Queen. In our
houses, for several years past the average crop from several of
the leading varieties has been about 2.5 pounds per plant or 1.7
pounds per square foot of floor space. If we are sure of fifty
cents per pound, the crop is a paying one.

A Brief Resume. — The sum of the whole matter then, is this :

1. Lycopersicum esculentum, from which most of our common
varieties of tomatoes have been developed, is a native of Peru,
but is spontaneous or indigenous as far north as Texas and
California, in a form closely approaching the Cherry tomato of
the gardens.

2. The tomato was first cultivated in the south of Europe and
is mentioned as early as 1561.

3. The fruit was used for food in 1583, but was slow in
coming into general use. Seven varieties were known at the
beginning of the eighteenth century, but not till a hundred years
later did the culture become general in England.

4. The tomato was known and used as an article of food in
this country in 1806, but was not grown for market until about
182!).

5. The modern large fruited and irregular varieties, including
the French Upright, and the Grandifolium or Mikado type, have
undoubtedlj' been developed from the Cherry tomato or a closely
related form ; this development has apparently come about largely
by the augmentation of cells in the primitive type.

6. The results obtained from crossing the common tomato with
Lycopersicum pimpineUifolium indicate a promising field for the
development of new types.

7. Solidity of fruit is an individual, rather than a varietal,
character, and this character is often dependent on the amount of
pollen received by the flower.

8. If properly handled in the house, tomatoes may be set in
the field much earlier than is commonly supposed, with good
results.

10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9. Trimming plants in midsummer has usually resulted irt
slightly hastening the maturity of fruit already set.

10. While heavy fertilizing does not lessen productiveness, the
best fertilizers are those which act quickly and hasten growth
early in the season.

11. For New England the most pi'ofitable work with tomatoes
may be carried on under glass. For this purpose Lorillard,
Chemin, Optimus, and Golden Queen, are the most promising.

Professor Munson exhibited a variety of photographs, to show
the methods of training in the forcing house, and in field culture ;
the effect of varying amounts of pollen on the flowers of one
plant, i.e. where deficient; when sufficient; when excessive.
Others showed the effects of different fertilizers used in both
greenhouse and field ; and also where diff'erent amounts per acre
were used.

Discussion.

William C. Strong asked : When do you put out young tomato
plants in the field, in spring? How do you avoid the killing
effects of spring frosts ?

Professor Munson replied that they get them out by the
fifteenth of May, or as soon after as the weather will permit.
The best results are always obtained from the earliest settings.
If properly hardened off, tomato plants will endure a much lower
temperature than is commonly supposed. One reason that young
plants are so easily cut down by frost is the usual lack of vigor
following transplanting. He believed that this weakness is more
often due to starvation than to a sudden change of temperature.
The supply of nitrogen, in a readily available form, seems
insuflicient for the needs of the plants. A solution of nitrate of
soda — say three ounces to a gallon of water — applied at the
time of setting will, by inducing vigorous growth, render the
plants belter able to withstand checks of any kind.

Benjamin P. Ware expressed much interest in the statement
made in the lecture, regarding artificial pollination of tomato
flowers, and he asked if it was necessary in field culture.

Professor Munson replied, No, the forces of Nature — wind
and insects — attend to it there.

SOME NOTES ON TOMATOES. 147

Mr. Stroug asked whether tomato plants could be made to
produce fruit more than one year in New England. He spoke of
the tomato plant as being pereuuial in Southern California, be
having seen plants in fruit there which were more than one year
old, although not in a thrifty condition. He had lately seen, in
the island of Jamaica, plantations of them producing fruit in
great abundance, and in perfection throughout the winter months,
especially on the southern side of the mountain range, where the
soil is comparatively dry. It would seem that the fruit might be
sent to our northern markets with profit, the passage by steamer
being less than six days. Rut it is found to be very difficult to
get it here in good condition. It is a fruit that does not keep or
caiTy well.

Professor Munson said he had sometimes taken two crops of
fruit from the same plant. After the first crop had been taken
from a forced plant, in January, the old growth was coiled upon
the top of the box of soil, in which it grew, and some fresh soil
put over it. Soon after, new shoots started out, grew well,
blossomed, and bore a crop of fruit — the second crop. The
same result is often obtained by cutting back the old plant when
the first crop is off, and allowing new shoots to grow from the
eyes near the base. In practice, however, better results are
obtained from the use of young plants, — either seedlings or
rooted cuttings.

Mr. Strong spoke of a peculiar experience. One season he
planted a large field of tomato plants. The lot was upon a side
hill, and sloped to the south. In July a terrific hail storm swept
over the district, causing the almost total destruction of this crop
throughout that district. Singularly enough, his field, on the
southerly slope of a hill, almost entirely escaped injury. From
this field he sent to market a forty bushel load of fruit, which
brought to him one hundred and sixty dollars. He then again
referred to May planting out of tomatoes, and asked if it would
be expedient to place temporary boxing around the young plants,
to be covered with glass when frost was threatened.

Professor Munson had known of boxes being used as described,
and the crop saved by them. But another method was to run a
cultivator through all the open ground in the field, just before
night ; this would induce a more rapid evaporation, which would
prevent frost bite.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A sti-anger stated that on tomato ground made rich with
phosphates and other feililizers, the fruit cracked badly.

Professor Munson had conducted some experiments with this
point in view, but had obsei'ved no ill effects from heavy fertiliz-
ing. Fruits from heavily manured plats were uniformly larger
and smoother than from plats less heavily fertilized. It is ques-
tionable, however, whether excessive manuring will be found
profitable in commercial plantations, as the increase in yield is not
sufficient to pay the increased cost of production. In some work
carried on at the Cornell University a plat 30x60 feet was given
nearly three tons of rich compost; while an adjacent plat, under
ordinary commercial treatment was given less than one-fourth as
much. The average yield per plant in the former case was but
three ounces greater than in the latter.

A stranger said that some tomato plants set out early grew well
and attained good size before blooming. But soon after the
flowers opened they fell off. He wished to learn why they did not
set fruit instead.

Professor Munsou replied that not knowing the other conditions
he could not explain the result.

The questioner stated his belief that tomato plants could not
develop perfect flowers except when in a warm atmosphere.

Professor Munson said that oftentimes plants which have
formed fruit in the house, fail to set any after being planted out.
We may accept the almost universal principle, that checking
plant-growth induces fruitfulness.

Another gentleman inquired whether allowing a plant to become
pot-bound would promote fruitfulness.

, Professor Munson said that if other conditions were favorable
it would. But there is a limit to the power of good influences to
secure fruitfulness ; for if the other conditions are unfavorable
the crop of fruit may fail.

Professor Munson, in reply to a question, said he thought one
element of success in growing forced tomato plants in boxes is
that the roots are thereby somewhat confined.

EDIBLE NATIVE FUNGI. 149

LECTURE AND MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 23, 1895.
A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holden today at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathanikl T. Kidder, in the chair.
The following paper was read by the author :

Edible Native Fungi.
By Hon. John M. Kinnet, Boston.

Prejudice is stronger than reason, and it is often impossible to
persuade men to do what is manifestly for their own interest, if
there is any lingering memory or superstition which attaches a
bad odor to the thing we want them to do. The tenacity with
which we cling to prejudice is illustrated by nothing better than
by the contempt and dread with which the community treats the
Fungus family, condemning all varieties as unfit to eat, excepting
the Agaricus campestris or Common Mushroom.

English and European fungi have been carefully studied and
classified and their edible and poisonous qualities ascertained by
a few men of science and enterprise. Badham, Berkeley, Cooke,
Johnson, Smith, Bell, and Mrs. Hussey, have devoted a great
deal of time to the subject, and have published books with
profuse illustrations, showing to the eye by color and form what
their words fail to convey. No American has, until late years,
undertaken to publish any treatise on the subject. Now we have
the valuable work of Capt. Julius A. Palmer, Jr., with its fine
colored plates, and clear descriptions, which are full and complete,
and easy to comprehend, and the United States Agricultural
Reports of late years give considerable space to drawings and
descriptions, showing that the people are demanding information
in this regard.

There is no fruit or vegetable which, in my opinion, possesses
the nutritive value of the mushroom. Badham, in his "Treatise
on the Esculent Funguses of England" says (p. 136), "I have
this autumn myself witnessed whole hundred-weights of rich,
wholesome diet rotting under trees ; woods teeming with food and
not one hand to gather it ; and this perhaps in the midst of potato
blight, poverty and all manner of privations and public prayers
against imminent famine."

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is desirable that a more general interest should be developed
in the direction of knowledge of the wild mushrooms. Of course
the wealthy can buy the cultivated article in the market, whilst
others having the desii-e for this food are unable to gratify their
taste in this direction, from lack of information. This informa-
tion is easily attained by a little judicious application, and in a
short time, exercising reasonable care, a person will be safe and
make no mistakes and secure to himself a food product very
nutritious and palatable. The supply is abundant. In fact " the
woods are full of 'em," and within a short distance of this city,
edible fungi can be found in great quantities.

The Italians are great gatherers of mushrooms and dry them
for use in the winter. I had the opportunity about thirty years
ago, to notice what these people were doing in this way. There
was a small paper mill in Wareham, just below the Tremont
station, where a number of Italians were employed. One day
when driving past, I saw the hillside near the mill covered with
old boards on which these people were drying mushrooms by the
heat of the sun. It happened that I was at that station when
these same people, late in the fall, were making their exodus to
the city and they were literally loaded down with dried mushrooms
in bags and bundles.

I find that the Italians at the North End are experts in the
selection of wild mushrooms, as well as in the preparation of
delicious dishes. I have frequently had sent to me from an
Italian family, maccaroni cooked with mushrooms, which I
consider excellent eating.

In the great pine forests of Plymouth and Barnstable counties,
where the deer freely roam protected by law, are immense
quantities of the Boletus family. With these I have become more
familiar than with any other variety. Some years ago I was
induced by a lady friend of mine, to collect a large quantity of
these mushrooms to make into catsup, for which she had a
recipe. I set boys to work, and got altogether more than two
thousand pounds ; but for some reason I failed to connect on the
catsup, and fermentation setting in, I soon found that I had an
excellent mushroom vinegar. With this as a basis, I made a
superior table sauce, equal to the famous Worcestershire ; indeed,
by many people it was considered better, as it had a delicate
mushroom flavor, not apparent in the other. Many other varieties

EDIBLE NATIVE FUNGI. 151

of edible fungi were found in this locality, but I am not so well
acquainted with them.

It is an accepted fact that some of the mushroom types are
poisonous, whilst others are edible ; but the problem to be solved
is, which are good and which are bad. It must be understood at
the outset, that there are no general rules, capable of universal
application, whereby the edible fungi may be at once distinguished
from the poisonous. Our task would be an easy one, if such a
royal road could be discovered. But unfortunately, every effort
to apply general rules has failed, and no possible course remains
but to become acquainted with every individual species which we
resolve to eat, and at the same time with those we should specially
avoid. Therefore it may be proper to remark that there are
some features manifested in connection with poisonous or disa-
greeable fungi, which should be borne in mind, as tending to
diminish labor in investigation. For instance it may be concluded
that fungi which possess a distinctly disagreeable odor may be
discarded at once, as unwholesome. Then again, any kinds, the
flesh of which when cut or bruised shows a change of color,
especially to a dark blue, should be avoided. Even the common
mushroom will turn brown when cut, and some of the other
edible species, will show a slight change ; but it is the immediate
and rapid change to a deep blue, which should be accepted as a
danger signal. It may be safely understood that any species of
which a small fragment when eaten raw is biting or unpleasant, is
not worthy of experiment. Another precaution may be added,
that such fungi as contain a milky juice which exudes freely on
being cut or wounded should not be eaten, without careful deter-
mination. Once for all, it must he insisted on that, in order to
avoid danger, no fungi should be eaten at random, and only those
which after careful examination are found to agree with both
figure and description (unless practically well-known) should ever
be prepared for the table. No method is so safe as that which
consists in mastering the characteristics of a few species,
especially when pointed out by one who is practically conversant
with them, and increasing the number by experience. There are
certainly a great many common species to be found in this
country which may be eaten with safety, but if only ten or twelve
of these are well known, they will furnish all the variety which an
ordinary person will require. Experiments in eating unknown

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fungi or those concerning which any doubt exists, should on no
account be encouraged. "We may not possess so many truly
poisonous species as has been supposed, but that we do possess
some is an undoubted fact ; and it should be remembered as a
caution. Thoroughly experienced fungus-eaters seldom experi-
ment on unknown species, but only upon those which are known
to be harmless, or which by their natural affinities afford no
possible reason for doubt.

Characteristic and accurate figures are a great help in the deter-
mination of species, but figures alone are scarcely sufficient for
the inexperienced, and should always be supplemented by a
reference to the written description. Features of importance may
be overlooked in scanning a figure, but these may be emphasized
in the description. Moreover there are features which cannot be
represented in diagi-ams, which may nevertheless be very evident in
the fungus itself, such as viscidity, odor, and taste.

It is a popular error that a mushroom may be distinguished
from a toadstool by the cuticle of the cap. Some persons hold
that if the cuticle or skin of the cap (or pileus) can be stripped
off readily, then the fungus in question is an edible mushroom ;
but if it cannot be stripped off, it is poisonous. The cuticle is
certainly separable in the mushroom, both wild and cultivated ;
but in numerous instances it is separable in other species that are
certainly dangerous ; whereas in some excellent species which are
constantly eaten, there is no separable cuticle. I was advised by
Capt. Palmer, (a high authority on fungi, whose book on
American fungi I have already mentioned), when in doubt as to
the safety of any species, to eat a small piece, and the next day
to try a larger piece ; if no unpleasant results occurred it might
be considered edible. I would advise all persons who have an
interest in this subject to study his works.

The assumption that fungi of the same species growing in
different localities, may be so modified by circumstances as to
lose or acquire poisonous qualities, has not been established.
One of our most virulent species has undoubtedly been eaten in
Russia with no disagreeable results, but there is no evidence that
the character of the fungus had changed, whilst there is every
reason to believe that the process of cooking adopted was
calculated to produce such results. It is very probable that the
poisonous principle existing in any fungus as it is grown, may be

EDIBLE NATIVE FUNGI. J5S

neutralized by the use of acids or alkalies. Fungi of the mush-
room type grow rapidly, and rapidly decay. Chemical changes
take place so readily that it is important that this class of food
should be cooked as speedily as possible after it is gathered,
before any appreciable change tsikes place. ]t is by no means
certain that stale mushrooms are innocuous, and in some cases
where mushrooms have been accused of producing unpleasant
effects in persons of delicate constitutions, it is possible that the
cause was not in the mushrooms originally, but was developed by
incipient decay.

We would dispel the illusion that the common mushroom is the
type to which all edible fungi must conform, and that all others
should be compared with it. There are some which have the same
flavor, or one closely resembling it, whilst there are others of a
totally different kind. Much disappointment is liable to follow if,
in all cases, it is expected to meet with the mushroom in some
modified form. There is as much difference in the peculiar flavor
of different species as there is in the different kinds of flesh. No
one would be satisfied if veal tasted like mutton, or roast pork
like roast beef ; and there is just as much difference in the taste
of the edible fungi. In some the taste is perfectly novel, and
produces a new sensation ; for instance, there is not the least
resemblance between the Puffball and the ordinary mushroom.
It is in this great variety that much of the charm lies ; otherwise
it would be better to adhere to the common mushroom than to
venture upon others which would be no better than substitutes.
In tasting of a new dish, therefore, it is better to forget the old
one for the time, and expect to partake of something which has to
rest on its own merits, and not on its resemblance to anything
else.

As a natural consequence of this variety of flavor, it is
essential that each species should be used by itself, and that two
or more kinds should not be mixed together, in a sort of hotch-
potch, where no particular flavor prevails, but all are reduced to a
horrible mediocrity. A professed fungus-eater would no more
think of sitting down to a dish composed indiscriminately of half
a dozen species, than would a gourmet of mixing his wines, or
combining his venison with his salmon and turkey. Much of the
excellence of a dish of fungi depends upon the cook, for a bad
cook will spoil the best dish that was ever invented. It is no part

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of our present design to give special instructions in the art of
cooking mushrooms, for there is an art in it which makes all the
difference. Frankly, the ordinary domestic cook, without experi-
ence, never succeeds well, even with the common mushroom ; it
requires a kitchen genius to present them at their best. It has
been said that " Mushrooms are the gift of Nature, whilst a good
cook is the gift of God."

The edible qualities of various Agarics are well known to the
common people on the continent of Europe. They eat them
freely, and make money by their sale, whilst in Great Britain,
scientific men have ventured to a large extent to explore the field
and forest in search of additions to the table list. On the conti-
nent, eaten fresh, dried, preserved in oil or vinegar or salt, fungi
constitute, for weeks together, the food of many people ; and in
Rome there is an inspector of fungi, who daily examines the
supplies which come in from the country, and condemns all that
are unsound or unsafe to be thrown away. Curiously enough, the
law points out by name our favorite Agaricus campestris, as
poisonous, and orders it to be thrown into the Tiber. Here again
the question of locality occurs, suggesting that climatic, or some
other unknown cause, may make a radical change in the fungi, as
in the case before mentioned, in which a variety whose poisonous
quality here is well settled, is eaten with impunity in Russia, and
this opens up a wide field for scientific investigation.

It is commonly supposed that fungi are the consequence of
decay, and we do find the greatest number of them on decaying
substances ; but we find them also on glass, flints, metals, in
poisonous solutions, and in pure and undecomposed water.

An instance is given of a blacksmith who threw aside a piece
of iron at night, fresh forged, and in the morning found it
covered with an Ethalium two feet in length. Gun-barrels and
sword-scabbards left in damp, close rooms have been covered with
a h\v\e mould in a few days. The rapidity with which many if
not all fungi grow baflfles calculation ; the great Pnffball, Lyco-
perdon giganteum will grow as large as a peck measure in forty-
eight hours, and specimens of Agaricus campestris have developed
from the button (which is a bud the size of a pea), to a mushroom
as large as a coffee saucer, in a night; but it must not be supposed
that all this incx'ease of size in a single night is actual growth.
Agarics are many weeks forming under the surface of the ground ;

EDIBLE NATIVE FUNGI. 155

their cells are small and closely packed, and read}' to expand
when the moisture and heat are favorable. When the auspicious
moment arrives, the cells absorb abundant moisture and,
stimulated by heat, swell out to their full size.

" Any vegetable productions which can increase so fast and are
so omnipresent are worth studying to find out their good and bad
qualities ; and it is probable that among the poisonous fungi,
there are many which are as valuable to the pharmacopana as
others are to the table." This statement, written more than
twenty years ago by the late R. Morris Copelaud, has been verified
bj^ the use of Muscarina. This remedy is an " active toxic
alkaloid of syrupy consistence, from Agaricus 7nvscarius, or
Amanita muscaria, or fly agaric, a poisonous mushroom, used in
Kamschatka as an intoxicant. The alkaloid is freely dissolved
out by water and dilute acetic acid." A full description of the
physiological effects can be found in Pattee's " Compend of Materia
Medica." The poisonous effects manifest themselves very soon
after eating, causing heat and a prickling sensation in the fauces
of the throat, with burning, and severe sickness at the stomach.
In light cases the sickness is relieved by vomiting before any seri-
ous injury is done, but at other times the victim is sick for many
days, and occasionally death ensues. In the intoxication produced
by the Amanita muscaria, ludicrous effects are produced ; a
talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets ; one fond of
music is perpetually singing, and if a person under its influence
wishes to step across a straw or small stick, he takes strides or
jumps sufficiently long and high to clear the trunk of a tree.

The juice of Agaricus muscarius will kill flies ; the fumes of
dried puft'ball when burned will stupify bees and small animals ;
even the spores of Agaricus vellereus made one experimenter very
sick ; a few grains of Amanita verna will kill a dog. Rnssxila
emetica, as its name shows, is a violent emetic, and a larger dose
will kill.

With so much that is dangerous, there is little real risk
attendant on the use of the varied forms of fungi, for they can be
easily classified, and are quite distinct in their appearance and
effects. There are simple rules which, carefully applied, greatly
reduce the chances of mistake, and simplify choice. Any fungus
which has a disagreeable smell should be avoided ; for, although
there are a few bad smelling ones that are good kinds, they are
very rare.

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It may be asked, what is a bad smelling fungus? It may
be answered more easily by saying that a mushroom has a good
smell ; it has a decidedly earthy or fresh odor, reminding one of
cool shady nooks in the forest, amongst the ferns and lichens.
To describe the odor in words would be impossible. Find a good
mushroom and smell of it, and the standard will be always
established. Every good fungus will smell like a mushroom,
though often with a difference, but no one will ever call the odor
unpleasant or impure. Bad kinds will have a peculiar sharpness
in their woody smell, or a dirty smell like decaying flesh, and some
are so bad smelling that their presence cannot be endured in a
room. If the odor of a fungus is satisfactory look at its color.
Nearly all the edible fungi are pleasant colored — white, with
delicate tints of rose ; light shades of yellow and orange ; light
brown and gray ; but the majority are white, pink, orange, or
drab. I have a theory that soon the poisonous alkaloid will be
eliminated or neutralized from the dangerous species, so that all
mushrooms may be rendered edible and useful, and all risk
removed. This opens up a wide field for chemical investigation,
and I trust that some chemist may be found competent.

I have not attempted to give a list of the numerous varieties, as
this can be much better done by the study of some standard work
on American fungi, with illustrations and descriptions, and I .
would specially recommend the works of Capt. Palmer, for this
purpose.

I have endeavored to collect some points of interest to bring to
your notice, and hope I have aroused a little more interest in our
native edible fungi.

Discussion.

Rev. Calvin Terry said that it appears that there is danger of
serious illness, and possible death, if one indulges in this kind of
food without some knowledge by which to make a proper selection.
"We have but one life and it behooves us to get the necessary
information before we begin to use anything that is new and
strange to us. We need to learn what color distinguishes the
wholesome varieties, what peculiar forms are to be selected, and
what localities are to be visited to find this delicious food
material.

EDIBLE NATIVE FUNGI. 157

Mr. Kiuuey said that color is not a sure indication of wbole-
someness. The only sure way to learn how to distinguish the
edible varieties is to get a book containing full and clear
descriptions of this class, with accurately drawn and correctly
colored illustrations. Take the book with you into the field,
meadow, or woodland, and, having fouud a living specimen,
carefully examine it in all its parts, and having found in your
book a picture resembling it, compare the two critically, and see
if the description also in the book is applicable to the plant in
hand in all respects ; but bear in mind that the appearance of the
living plant changes as the days of its brief existence go by, and
that when it has passed a certain stage decay begins and poisonous
qualities are developed. The common mushroom ( Agaricus
■canipestrii^), when ready for use as food, has pink gills, which
later become brown and finally black.

Miss Jones said she had seen, in a French book, a statement of
what was claimed to be an iitfallible rule, that if the juice of any
mushroom would not quickly discolor a bright silver surface, it
was a safe one to use as food.

Mr. Terry suggested that it might be true that there is a
difference in the constitution of individuals which allows some
persons to eat freely, with safety, of certain vegetables or other *
foods which are poisonous to others

Professor George F. H. Markoe said many important discoveries
had been made in toxicology ; one of which was that all decom-
posing organic matter develops poisonous alkaloids called
ptomaines. In the decay of milk, a peculiar ptomaine is
developed and this poison is always the cause of cholera infantum.
Every one should be very careful how he or she uses any food
which is in a state of decay. In selecting mushrooms for table
use, one can safely adopt this rule : every good mushroom has a
pleasing odor and an agreeable taste. The speaker said that he
would be perfectly willing to eat any unknown mushroom, which
had no offensive odor, nor an acrid, bitter, or otherwise disagree-
able ta§te.

Mr. Kinney approved Professor Markoe's statements respecting
the characteristics of good mushrooms.

Professor Markoe added that we obtain many valuable sub-
stances from poisonous plants. The so-called Poison Hemlock
( Conium maculatum) yields, from leaves and seeds, a narcotic
poison which is much used as a sedative and antispasimodc

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

medicine ; and our well-known Tapioca is prepared from the roots
or tubers of the Cassava plant (Jatrojiha manihot) although the
sap of the plant contains hydrocyanic acid. But in the prepara-
tion of tapioca, the heat employed expels the poisonous element.
It is a curious fact, that, in Russia, the above mentioned poison
hemlock, is eaten with impunity by sheep and goats.

MEETING FOR LECTURE AND DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 30, 1895.

A Meeting for Lecture and Discussion was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

Commercial Fertilizers in Horticulture.

By Professor W. H. Jokdan, Director of the Maine State College Agricultural
Experiment Station.

Statistics tell us that in 1892 the farmers of the United States:^
purchased 1,500,000 tons of commercial fertilizers at a total cost
of $53,000,000. It goes without saying then, that my subject
today is an important one. It is also a difficult one. I am often
moved to declare, at those times when my thought is concentrated
upon its complexities and ramifications, that it is, all things
considered, the most unsatisfactory of themes for discussion
before a body of practical men.

A very large percentage of the inquiries that come to me as a
Station Director, pertain to commercial fertilizers, and to some of
■these questions I can give immediate and definite replies. But
when some farmer interrogates me after this fashion: "What is
the best commercial fertilizer sold in the state?" or " What fertili-
zer should I purchase to use in growing potatoes?" or "Do yon
regard John Doe's Potato Fertilizer as preferable to James Roe's
Potato Manure?" both my regard for the ofttimes sensitive
feelings of the fertilizer manufacturer, and my pride in my
reputation as one who would like to be called a sound adviser,
lead me to return evasive or very general replies. Definite and
unmodified replies would be injurious both to my reputation and
to the best welfare of the inquirer. Before you today, then, you
may expect me to treat this subject in a somewhat general
njannev.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 15l>

Two facts handicap a discussion of certain special questions
that relate to this subject as viewed from the standpoint of the
horticulturist.

First. There is a dearth of exact knowledge that can be uni-
versally applied to the use of commercial fertilizers. We have
many theories, opinions, and think so's, but altogether too few
demonstrations.

Second. There is a perplexing complexity and variation of
conditions under which different men ai'e working.

When I first began to cast about in my mind for the lines of
thought which I would discuss hei'e today, these two topics at
once presented themselves :

First. Fertilizers that we may safely regard as " specifics " for
particular crops.

Second. The composition of fertilizers in its relation to the
quality of the product.

These two topics are today in the forefront of active thought
pertaining to plant nutrition, and it would give me great pleasure
at this time to incorporate into a creed of practice well demon-
strated facts bearing upon these important considerations.
When, however, I came to turn over the records of experimental
work upon the relation of different compounds and mixtures of
compounds to the development and quality of vegetables and
fruits, I found such an absence of data, such conflicting testi-
mony, and, in general, such an unsatisfactory condition of
statement, that a decision was at once reached that I would not
come here and talk about hypotheses or half -demonstrated
theories. There are, however, certain general remarks that with
your indulgence 1 will make in this connection.

In the first place, I am somewhat skeptical in the matter of
"specifics" in plant nutrition, at least so far as quantity of
l)roduct is concerned. It is true that the needs of all plants for
food are not just the same, because both the relative and absolute
quantities of ingredients that they take up differ, and because
some plants thrive with a food supply to which others are more or
less indifferent. If by "specific" manuring we mean the
supplying of a particular plant with its needed food elements in
acceptable forms, so that it will make rapid and generous growth,
I have no exception to take to the term, but I hold that the
^'■needed food elements'' and the ^'-acceptable forms" are too

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nearly the same for a large proportion of the crops that enter
iuto intensive agriculture to allow any very narrow use of the term
specific.

The specific thing to do is to feed the plant generously with
what it needs.

I can illustrate my thought no better perhaps, than by referring
to the experiments from the results of which the public, at least,
has come to believe that nitrate of soda is a specific for tomatoes.
These experiments were conducted mostly at the New Jersey and
New York (Cornell) Experiment Stations, and upon consulting
the conclusions drawn by the experimenters, I find that while
nitrate of soda has in some cases a greater influence when used
iilone than any other single fertilizer, such statements as these are
made: First. "Neither nitrate of soda nor muriate of potash
alone are profitable tomato manures upon thin soil." (Cornell
Bui. 21.) Second. "That the best effect is secured from manur-
ing with nitrate of soda when there is in the soil a sufficiency of
the mineral elements phosphoric acid and potash. (N. J. Bui.
63.)" Third. " These conclusions . . . show that ^financial
profits from the use of nitrate of soda are also governed by the
quantity applied^ the method oj application and a full supply in
the soil of the minercd elements. (N. J. Bui. 79)." What other
meaning can be given to these conclusions than this, — that when
tomatoes are abundantly supplied with all other elements of
growth save nitrogen, the addition of nitrate of soda, containing
nitrogen combined as nitric acid (all things considered its most
efficient form), greatly promotes growth and vigor. Of very
many, if not nearly all, of our cultivated plants, can the same
thing be said. Nitrate of soda is a great and almost universal
specific for furnishing available nitrogen to crops, as a wide
experience shows. That it is peculiarly so for tomatoes or any
other small list of cultivated plants I seriously question.

My point is this : Cultivated plants require the same elements
of plant food, though in somewhat variable proportions. These
elements are found in certain compounds which are very generally
useful in plant nutrition. When a crop grower uses one or more
of these compounds to supplement his otherwise available supply
of plant food so as to secure intensive growth, that compound is
for him a " specific" for his conditions.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 161

Turning now, in the second place, to the influence of the
composition of the fertilizer upon the product, we enter a field of
far too scanty knowledge, and in regard to the information which
we have, I freely confess that to me it does not have a desirable
definiteness and conclusiveness. Nor is this strange. Quality in
vegetables and fruits is dependent upon so many conditions, such
as climate, season, the fertility of the soil, rapidity of growth,
and manner of handling, that it is diflScult to trace the relation
between a single cause and its effect. There appears to be no
theoretical reason why a vegetable or a fruit may not be materially
modified by varying the kind and quantity of its food supply, and,
indeed, there are well established examples of this nature. The
increased ash content of plants through a liberal supply of easily
available mineral food ; the greater albuminoid content in certain
grasses due to heavy feeding with soluble nitrogen salts ; the
effect, in certain instances at least, of potassium chloride upon
the starch content of the potato ; the influence of the proportion
of nitrogen to phosphoric acid and potash compounds in fertilizers
upon the sugar content of beets ; the deterioration of the burning
quality of the tobacco leaf because of the influence of muriate of
potash in the fertilizer, — are all instances, well enough proven, of
favorable or unfavorable results from the manner of feeding the
plant. It is 'entirely reasonable to suppose that the sweetness or
acidity of fruits, or the flavor of certain vegetables, may be
modified in ways we do not now understand, by the kind and
quality of food supplied. Here is a field for continued and
painstaking work on the part of investigators in experiment
stations.

It appears to me quite certain, however, that much of the
influence supposed to be due to the fertilizer is of an indirect
rather than a direct nature. I regard the sugar beet as an illus-
tration of this. It does not appear that the depression of the per
cent of sugar caused by heavy applications of animal manures,
or by an excessive use of nitrogen salts, is due to a direct
antagonism of the nitrogen compounds to sugar formation, but
rather to the fact that the abundant supply of nitrogenous
compounds so intensifies and prolongs the growth of the beets as
to prevent the production of the large sugar content which occurs
at maturity. So with other vegetables, the rate of growth and
the degree of maturity within a given time are important in rela-
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion to quality, and these conditions are controlled in part by the
fertilizer used.

But I feel quite sure that what I have said so far you would
characterize as consisting of somewhat broad generalizations, so
indefinite as to be devoid of much in the way of practical sug-
gestions. Let us, therefore, turn to a side of our subject, which
admits of discussion on a safe and well established basis. And I
notice, first of all, that stable manure is the main reliance with
the horticulturist, especially in forcing house and market garden
work. This will doubtless always be the case for several reasons.

First. The organic matter of these manures gives a physical
condition which, in its relations to heat and moisture is more
favorable to plant growth than can be obtained in any other way.

Second. Such manures cause a soil to become a hotbed of
chemical activity.

Third. Animal manures, generally speaking, are a fairly
complete and well balanced source of plant food.

We may safely assume then that, in vegetable growing at least,
commercial fertilizers will be used principally as a supplement to
stable manure. It is with this fact in mind, then, that we will
continue our discussion of this subject.

We are now considering commercial plant food, — that which
must be purchased, — the nitrogen of which will cost upwards of
twenty cents per pound, the available phosphoric acid, seven
cents, and the potash five to six cents, when landed where they
are to be used. How shall this plant food be purchased, and in
what forms? Are the ordinary superphosphates, or even the so-
called special manures in the marlcets, a desirable source of plant
food for the horticulturist?

And I remark as a general proposition that the agriculturist,
and the horticulturist in particular, can do better than to depend
upon the ordinary brands of superphosphates or mixed fertilizers,
as at present manufactured, for his commercial supply of plant
food. This statement is not offered as a general criticism upon
fertilizer manufacturers or upon their goods. While I am not
satisfied with the existing conditions of our fertilizer trade in its
relation to any class of crop producers, there is no element of
blame attaching to either the honorable manufacturer or the
farmer. They are both very much the victims of circumstances.
The trade has grown into its present means and methods

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 1 63

gradually, molded by compelitiou, the necessity for pi'ofit, the
relative cheapness of materials, conditions of intelligence or
ignorance apon the part of consumers, and, to some extent, by
prevailing notions in the scientific world.

Unfortunately, however, (aud I say this out of a dozen or more
years of experience as an inspector of fertilizers) it is the minor-
ity of fei'tilizer manufacturers who are making a study of the
real needs of agriculture so as to meet these needs with the right
amount of the best materials. Too many of them are dealing
upon the ephemeral basis of selling the least value in plant food,
for the biggest price that competition will allow, rather than upon
the more enduring foundation of supplying the most useful
compounds for plant nutrition in the right proportions. The
methods that govern the patent medicine trade have entered too
largely into the fertilizer trade. It is too often a matter of skill-
ful advertising, or the canvassing of a shrewd, tonguey agent,
rather than a consideration of the real needs of the consumer.
The horticulturist, at least, should stand outside these unfortunate
conditions, for he, as a rule, is a man who is intelligently study-
ing his business.

In order to get at this matter more in detail, let us consider
briefly what fertilizers are aud the sources of the materials that
enter into them.

The superphosphates of the trade are, as you well know, mostly
mixtures, in varying proportions, of three classes of compounds,
— those containing nitrogen, phosphates of various kinds, and
potash salts. The leading ingredient in the matter -of quantity is
phosphoric acid, potash standing next in order.

The principal sources of phosphoric acid are bone in its various
forms, — raw, steamed, dissolved bone and dissolved bone black,
South Carolina and Florida rock phosphates both crude and
dissolved, phosphatic guanos, etc. Jn all these substances the
phosphoric acid is combined chiefly with calcium oxide or lime,
although one material which is made up mostly of phosphates of
iron and aluminum has recently come into some prominence.
The availability of phosphoric acid in these several sources of
supply is the main point for consideration, and I have this to say,
that in so far as it is rendered water-soluble its value is uniform
whatever its source. The so-called "reverted" or "citrate
soluble " phosphoric acid must also have a practically uniform

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

value when it consists of phosphate of lime that is truly "re-
verted," but there are other compounds which are dissolved by
ammonium citrate to which the term available should, in my judg-
ment, be applied with caution. Let me explain.

We have recently erected at the Maine Experiment Station a
forcing house for the study of certain problems in plant nutrition.
For two years we have been investigating the foraging power of
a variety of plants for phosphoric acid as obtained from different
sources, and among other materials entering into our work is one
somewhat peculiar. It is made up of phosphates of iron and
aluminum, which in their natural condition were hydrates and
insoluble in the citrate solution, but which by the application of
heat are rendered anhydrous and soluble in ammonium citrate,
though not in water. In the parlance of fertilizer analysis this
phosphoric acid is therefore styled reverted and available. The
fact is, however (and this is a sad comment on the citrate method
for determining the real availability of phosphoric acid), the
phosphoric acid in this form does not prove to be highly available,
at least under the conditions of our experiments, except in the case
of turnips. In our experiments clover, peas, barley, corn,
potatoes and tomatoes have not been able, under forcing house
conditions, to feed from it readily, whereas, in the case of the
clover and peas at least, floats from Florida rock, very little of
the phosplioric acid of which is dissolved in the citrate solution,
have proven more useful.

The important point in this connection is this : these anhydrous
phosphates of iron and aluminum are being used to increase the
per cent of so-called available phosphoric acid in some of our
mixed fertilizers. To this fact in its relation to the forcing house
and the market garden, I shall refer later.

The potash salts imported from Germany are the almost
exclusive source of potash in our mixed fertilizers. We have
three of these compounds, the chloride or muriate, the sulphate,
and lately the carbonate, all of which are soluble in water, and
which, for general agricultural uses, we may regard as practically
equal in value, and probably so for the special uses of the horti-
culturist. Commercially the sulphate is more valuable than the
muriate.

The commercial sources of nitrogen are greater in number and
more varied in character than is the case with either phosphoric
acid or potash. No plant-food problem, either commercially or

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 165

in practice, demands more careful consideration than does the
nitrogen supply.

First. The element is expensive, for it costs nearly three times
what the other two do.

Second. It is subject to greater possibilities of waste than any
other commercial element of plant food.

Third. It may be, and is, derived in part from inferior sources.

The third and last statement is the one with which we are
mainly concerned in today's discussion.

The nitrogen of fertilizers is found to be combined in three
general forms, viz. : in nitric acid or nitrates, in ammonia or
ammonium salts, and in vegetable and animal substances, which
as a class are called organic ammoniates. The only representative
of the first class, which enters into the fertilizer trade is nitrate
of soda. In this we have the nitrogen as nitric acid, the form
adapted par excellence for the uses of the plant. We have reason
to believe that nitrogen enters the plant largely in this combina-
tion, and that other forms are to a great extent changed to this
before becoming useful.

Standing next to nitrates in point of value, and perhaps
scarcely below, are the' ammonium compounds, sulphate of
ammonia being the only one entering into the list of fertilizer
supplies. This is the most concentrated nitrogenous fertilizer we
have, and even though its nitrogen may suffer conversion into
nitric acid wholly or in part before being utilized, it takes a place
second to nitrate of soda, if at all, only upon theoretical grounds,
for in practice it is found to act with entire promptness and
efficiency in promoting growth.

When now we come to a consideration of the organic
ammoniates actually found in the markets, it is not possible to
speak of them all in terms of approval. A fairly complete list of
these ammoniates are the following : Dried blood, dried meat,
tankage (which may be varied in character and may cover a
multitude of sins), ground bone, dried fish, fish scrap, hoof and
horn meal, waste hair, waste meal, leather, cotton seed meal, and
castor pomace.

These materials are classified as to agricultural value according
to their availability, or the readiness with which the nitrogen is
carried over (through processes of fermentation and decay) into
compounds which the plant can utilize. Judging from this stand-
point those organic ammoniates which should be ranked as

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

desirable are dried blood, dried meat, taukage (consisting of
meat and bone), dried fish, cotton seed meal, and castor pomace.
I am not ready to place hoof and horn meal in the afore mentioned
list, neither shall I include it with certain kinds of tankage, wool
waste, hair waste, and leather, which are inferior and should be
regarded as frauds in any fertilizer that is put forward for one of
good quality.

But you ask. Are these inferior ammouiates, these frauds,
actually used in the manufacture of fertilizers? There is credible
evidence that they are. Some one now inquires. Are they found
ill the fertilizers which I buy? That depends. Unquestionably
they are bought by somebody, otherwise they would not be
manufactured, but whether you buy them or not I am not able to
say. Unfortunately if you were to put a sample of the fertilizer
you have purchased into the hands of the chemist, he could not
answer your question with any degree of certainty.

Doubtless these statements will be regarded as a serious indict-
ment of the fertilizer trade. I do not mean to imply, however,
that all brands of fertilizer contain these inferior materials, or to
disguise the fact that a vast amount of the best of organic
material is mixed into the various brands of superphosphates. T
do mean to call attention, though, to the possibilities of purchas-
ing nitrogen unfit for the uses of the horticulturist who is seeking
rapid growth and quick returns. Whatever may be said of grass
and grain farming, the forcing house and market garden are no
place for compounds so inert that they must undergo a long
process of "weathering" before becoming useful, and whose
purchase in the place of better materials may cause the partial
loss of a season's opportunity. The producer of fine vegetables
for the city market needs his plant food in forms easily available
at once, especially that part of it which he purchases as a supple-
ment to stable manure in order to secure the earliest possible
growth.

It is very easy for us to perceive, in the light of these facts,
that it is very important, for the horticulturist especiall}', to adopt
such methods of dealing as shall insure the purchase of the right
kind of plant food. What shall these methods be? While affirm-
ing that the advertised brands of fertilizers furnish, in a certain
percentage of cases, which may be greater or less, plant food of
the very best quality, I will offer for your consideration two

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 167

methods, the adoption of either of which would iu my judgment
constitute a progressive step.

First. Home mixing of chemicals.

Second. An order to a manufacturer iu whom you have entire
confidence, for a mixture of chemicals which you shall specify.
Either of these methods gives an opportunity to select materials,
the quality of which is known, with a good degree of assurance.
Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia may be adulterated, but
"when taken in an unmixed condition, the value and extent of the
adulterations are easily detected. Dried blood and dried and
ground meat, each possesses a somewhat characteristic appear-
ance, an important variation from which attracts attention. Tank-
age, to be sure, may, if purchased, still give an opportunity for
deception, but if it can be inspected as such, the presence of wool
and hair waste and leather are much more easily discovered, than
when mixed with the larger bulk of phosphatic and potash mate-
rials, associated with it in mixed fertilizers.

The nature of phosphoric acid compounds may also be known
"when purchased as a plain superphosphate. Dissolved bone
black and acid phosphates are easily recognizable by their
physical appearance, but if not, chemistry is perfectly competent
to determine whether they contain any compounds of questionable
value. In fact, when a plain superphosphate is bought on a
guarantee there is very little reason to expect any deception as to
the amount and quality of the phosphoric acid obtained. Cer-
tainly in this way it is possible to avoid the unwitting nse of these
phosphates of iron and alumina of which I have made previous
mention, and which we must now regard as undesirable for use in
forcing the growth of vegetables.

I urge upon the horticulturist then, some method of buying his
plant food that will allow him to select it with reference to. its
quality. Why shall he not do this? The dairyman is very
particular about the quality of his animal foods, and why should
not the plant feeder be equally careful. Fertilizers cost more per
ton than bran or meal, and a season's opportunity in vegetable
production is worth as much as cows, milk, and butter. You
cannot deceive the plant any more than you can the cow. The
cow and plant alike refuse to yield generous returns without
proper nourishment, and so I am unable to understand why plant
food should not be obtained in ways that admit of the same close
inspection of materials as is the case in the cattle food trade.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There is another reason why I would not buy the ordinary-
brands of superphosphates, as a supply of plant food for the
forcing house and market garden, viz. : The three ingredients,
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash are not combined in the
right proportion for use under these conditions. Not long ago I
took occasion to ascertain the proportion of nitrogen to available
phosphoric acid and potash soluble in water in fifty-eight brands
of fertilizers sold in Maine. I found that for each 100 pounds of
nitrogen these goods contained on the average 460 pounds of
available phosphoric acid and 120 pounds of potash. These
proportions are very different from those existing in the quick
growing food plants most common to horticulture. I find that the
average proportions in twelve of the most important vegetables
is, nitrogen 100, phosphoric acid 50, and potash 160. This shows
that in the average fertilizer the ratio of phosphoric acid to
nitrogen is nine times greater than it is in the average of twelve
vegetables. The ratio existing between the nitrogen and potasli
is not greatly different in the two cases. This means then, that if
the fertilizer is t© correspond to what the plant uses it must be
compounded quite differently from the average formula found in
the market : in no case, out of the fifty-eight fertilizers examined,,
did I find a ratio of nitrogen to phosphoric acid greater than one
to two, which would give a proportion four times less than in the
crops distinctively horticultural.

But should a fertilizer contain the elements of plant food in the
same relative proportions that they are found in the plant?
Perhaps never just the same — perhaps sometimes very widely
different — but the degree of approximation to this must depend
upon circumstances. It is true in the abstract that a crop grower
purchases plant food most wisely when he buys just enough of
certain ingredients to make good the deficiencies of his home
resources. What those deficiencies are is determined by several
factors, the important ones being the soil, the crops grown in the
rotation, and the kind and quantity of products sold. I would
never advise the general farmer to adopt as a principle of action
special fertilizers whose formulas are based wholly upon the
composition of the crops he is to produce, for to do this is to
ignore the greatly varying capacities of soils, the unlike feeding
power of different plants, the use of legumes as a source of
nitrogen supply, — is to ignore, indeed, all but one of those factors

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 169^

which determine the farmer's plant food deficiencies. For certain
farmers in the Connecticut Valley, whose alluvial soils cry out for
potash, to buy the same fixed formula as the Maine farmer, whose
granitic soil is, by the processes of weathering, yielding its annual
quota of available potash, or for the grain producer, whose
environment admits of the successful use of clover in the rota-
tion, to purchase as much nitrogen as the farmer located where
clover does not thrive, is to adopt a "rule of thumb" method
that does not belong to the highest order of farm management.
I grant, yes, I do more than this, I assert, that with the horticult-
urist, who is engaged in intensive production, the case is different.
In the forcing house and garden, conditions are almost if not
entirely artificial, so far as it is a question of feeding the plant.
Even in the garden, the variations in the natural food supply are
obscured by the greater amount of available material supplied by
the generous applications of stable and commercial manures.
"While we must still depend to an extent upon the chemical
activities whose field of action is the rich garden loam and the
artificial soil of the forcing house, we are comparatively indepen-
dent of those processes of weathering which are of so much
importance as a means of fertility in the long rotations of the
grass and grain farm. In the production of grass, grain, and even
the ordinary hoed crops, the natural capacity of the soil, or its-
annual contribution of available plant food is an important, and
even a controlling, factor ; but in certain lines of horticultural
work it is a minor factor. In horticulture and the forcing of
vegetables, the plant is the one thing to be considered, and after
we have made the physical conditions and water supply what they
should be, we may safely proceed to feed the plant as if its sole
supply of nourishment is what we furnish it.

The considei'ations stated in the foregoing lead me to the
conviction then that the fertilizers ordinarily found in the markets
are not economically adapted to certain lines of horticultural
work. The proportions of ingredients in these goods is such that
it is necessary to purchase too much of one in order to obtain
enough of others. For use under the conditions to which I have
so far confined this discussion, I am convinced that on the
average the amount of phosphoric acid used should at least not
be in excess of either the nitrogen or potash, or, in other words,
for market garden and forcing house use, the proportions of

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nitrogen and potash should be greater than is found in the
established brands of mixed fertilizers now offered in the market.

This desirable change can be secured, as I have already
indicated, by the purchase of chemicals to be mixed at home, or
by cooperating with some manufacturer in whom you have
■confidence. Under right conditions either method may be success-
ful. It would be foolish to ignore the manufacturer, because the
wisdom of a division of labor holds good here as elsewhere. But
we should keep him in his place, which is to supply us with what
we wish to purchase, without even supposing that he can determine
our needs. These we must discover for ourselves, aided by the
investigations and results of others. There has been too much of
a feeling on the part of the agricultural public, that somehow or
other the manufacturer is able to discern the needs of farmers,
because of a higher range of knowledge to which he has access ;
that somehow or other the same knowledge enables him so to con-
jure with materials obtained from unusual sources that he is
bound to offer, if not the right thing, a very good thing, which
rises above the common everyday facts and means of agricultural
practice.

The crop grower should never forget that the manufacturer is
studying commercial opportunities chiefly, and that he is first of
all a business man, and is rarely competent either from the
practical or scientific standpoint to guide in the practice of plant
feeding. His province is to study the markets and processes of
manufacture, and in these directions he must lead ; but in respect
to the use of plant food the farmer should lead, and the manufac-
turer should buy and manipulate to suit the demand that comes
up to him from the consumer.

Commercial fertilizers, as they exist in the markets today, are a
€urious medley. In their composition the fact is recognized that
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, aijd potash, are the three constituents
of plant food, one or more of which is likely to be needed to
increase fertility ; but beyond this they fail in most instances to
embody any distinct principle or rule of practice. The so-called
special manures of different manufactures, designed for the same
crop, differ almost as widely as do the brands designed for general
use. Order will sometime come out of this chaos, but chiefly
through the efforts of those who use the various preparations of
plant food. This will not be done, however*, until trade names pass

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZKHS I.V HORTICULTURE.

171

into " innocuous desuetude," aud plant food in its various forms, is
both bought and sold by the names it properly bears, as one buys
and sells sugar, iron, or an}^ other standard commodity. And the
time is coming when the general farmer, or the market gardener,
will order of the dealer so rnany pounds each of nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash, just as now he purchases seeds and foods.
As a suggestion to those, especially market gardeners and ihose
managing forcing houses, who are inclined to mix their own
fertilizers or to ask for a definite mixture from the dealer, I offer
the following combinations, which may be varied ad libitum.

(1)

15 per cent nitrogen
10 " "

2 " phosphoric acid
15 " " "

50 " potash
This combination would contain the following :

Nitrogen 122 lbs. or 6.1 per cent.

Phosphoric acid 119 " " 5.9 "

Potash 125 " "6.2 "

(2)
Sulphate of Ammonia 20 per cent nitrogen

^ 6.75
Cotton seed meal

Nitrate of soda

Dried Blood

Acid Phosphate
Sulphate of Potash

350 lbs

700

K

700

((

250

it

250 lbs.

Acid Phosphate
Muriate of Potash

] 2.75
(l.75
15

50

phosphoric acid

1000

potash

phosphoric acid

550

potash

200

This combination would contain the following :

Nitrogen 117 lbs. or 5.85 per cent.

Phosphoric Acid 110 " " 5.5 "

Potash

11

7 " " 5.85 "

(o)

Nitrate of Soda

15 per

cent

nitrogen

300 lbs.

Dried Blood

VI

phosphoric acid

600 "

Dissolved Bone

TL

11

nitrogen

800 "

Sulphate of Potas

5h

50

i I

potash

300 "

This combination would contain the following :

Nitrogen 125 lbs. or 6.25 per cent.

■ Phosphoric acid 124 " " 6.2 "

Potash 150 " '' 7.5 <'

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special attention is called to mixture No. 2, which, owing ta-
the low price of cotton-seed meal, would furnish plant food more
cheaply than either of the other combinations.

It is very easy to see that by varying the quantities of
chemicals the mixture may be made to contain more of one
ingredient and less of others.

Just here the question will arise, — "How shall I know what
combination to use?" Only by observation and study. You
should not adopt the successful rule of practice of some other
man unless your conditions are entirely similar to his. And the
only method admitting of intelligent and reliable observation is
when fertilizing materials are applied with a full understanding of
what they contain, so that it is possible to trace cause and effect.
If you purchase these ingredients separately, you are then able to
apply them singly, or combined in different forms and in different
proportions. In this way you may attain a degree of knowledge
applicable to your own business that will never be possible if
you continue to buy the fixed formulas of the markets. This
may be a hard doctrine, but it is nevertheless the means of
salvation.

The agricultural public should study carefully the results of
experiment station investigations, for in this way much will be
learned, which, as general principles, will be important to every
man's practice. But never will experiment stations relieve the
individual of the necessity of making a close study of the needs
and methods of his own environment.

Principles, the practitioner may be taught by others, — the right
relation of the principles to his own business he must, in part at
least, discover for himself, and in no field is there a larger
opportunity for this than in the purchase and use of commercial
fertilizers.

Discussion.

A gentleman remarked that some persons not familiar with
plant culture regard all commercial fertilizers as similar in
character to alcohol, — as only stimulants. But the truth is they
are really plant food — as positively so as any stable manure^
This has been proved by many careful experiments, including
those by sand culture and water culture. As no healthy child
could be reared on alcohol, so no plant life can be long sustained
without being supplied with plant food.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 173

William C. Strong asked whether the phosphates of iron and
-aluminum were undesirable.

Professor Jordan replied that for the horticulturist they are ; as
in his cultural work he had found their action to be too slow.
But in farming operations, especially on land about to be laid
down to grass, they may be valuable for their staying qualities,
as they require much of "Nature's weathering" to develop
their useful conditions.

Benjamin P. Ware asked what was meant bj' the terms " avail-
able" and " reverted" phosphoric acid.

Professor Jordan answered that those expressions represent an
important fact. Available phosphoric acid — if such in reality —
is that which can be rapidly taken up by growing plants. The
term "available," as used in connection with fertilizer analysis,
means the sum of the water-soluble and reverted (or citrate-solu-
ble). " Reverted " should really be applied only to " that which
has once been soluble in water, but by chemical change has gone
back;" but is now used in the sense of "that which is soluble
in ammonium citrate."

The question was asked, What is the relative value of wool-
waste and hair-waste as compared with other materials in
commercial fertilizers?

Professor Jordan replied that although rich in nitrogen, both
are very slow to yield their fertilizing elements, unless they are
broken down by chemical treatment or some process other than
Nature's weathering ; even then there are other sources which are
preferable for the horticulturist. Cotton-seed meal, for this pur-
pose, is this year sold in Maine at twenty dollars per ton. This
yields six and three-fourths per cent of nitrogen ; two and three-
fourths per cent of phosphoric acid, and one and three-fourths
per cent of potash. At the price named one can now get a supply
of nitrogen from cotton-seed meal more cheapl}' than from any
other source. (In the first two formulas given in the paper read
today, the term acid phosphate refers to Florida rock. South
■Carolina rock, or bone-black, each in a dissolved state.)

The next question asked was, What fertilizing elements are
<lerived from bones? To this Professor Jordan replied that bone
furnishes phosphoric acid and nitrogen. If bones are steamed,
that process takes away a portion of the nitrogenous matter, thus
reducing the proportion of nitrogen in the fertilizer.

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Ware expressed his delight that the essa3ist had given sa
outspoken a talk upon commercial fertilizers. Public speakers
generally seem to be a little delicate about speaking their mind
on this subject, ©ut of regard for the feelings of manufacturers^
The milkman who is wise supplies his cows with well balanced
rations. All cultivated crops, to make the best growth, require
well balanced rations as much as cattle. The soil of Massachu-
setts is generally deficient in potash, but the manufacturers of
commercial fertilizers persist in putting on the market compounds
that are made up of materials in wrong proportions — too much
phosphoric acid and too little potash. Why should not our
farmers and horticulturists purchase the ingredients which are
needed in their soils and mix them on their own premises, in the
proportions required in each case? All the conveniences neces-
sary for this work are a barn-floor, a shovel, and a man ; and
proper mixing can be done for fifty cents per ton. Last 3'ear the
speaker purchased his own selection of ingredients for what would
be equivalent to ten tons of mixed fertilizers of which the price
was forty dollars per ton ; but he paid only about one-half the
cost of so-called complete fertilizers. By following this plan one
gets what he needs with no useless surplus, and will save at least
one-third of the cost of an unknown mixture. In the paper read
here today. Professor Jordan has touched upon one of the most
important subjects to all who cultivate the soil ; he has spoken
the truth, openly and fearlessly, and it has been a great satisfac-
tion to hear him state the facts.

Professor Jordan thunked Mr. Ware for so heartily indorsing
his statements. He then said he wished to leave upon the mind&
of all present, this distinct impression : he would have a method
of mixing fertilizing compounds with special regards for the
needs of the different localities where they were to be used. If
cultivating wheat in Pennsylvania, he would not buy so much
nitrogen, because in the rotation of crops, clover would furnish
that. But lie would especially have regard paid to the require-
ments of market gardehers and forcing house men, whose soils are
in so artificial a condition, that the gardeners practically furnish
all tlie plant food their crops get or require. In such case the
culturist needs to know what ingredients are necessary for each
crop, and the relative proportions of each. He cannot find such
mixtures in the market. His only course then, is to buy the

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN HORTICULTURE. 175

several materials and mix them himself, or, place an order for
such mixtures with a reliable manufacturer. Professor Jordan
stated that at present the manufacturer dictates to the farmer
what he shall purchase, whereas the reverse should be true.

The question was then asked. What is the relative value of the
liquid manure, and the solid product from stables ?

Professor Jordan had no doubt that the loss, by the waste of
the- liquid manure of stables, was in man}' localities fully equal to
the amount paid for artificial fertilizers. He believed that where
the animals were well fed, the liquid manure constituted one-half
or more of the commercial value of the whole product; but this
valuable material is, by many farmers, allowed to run to waste.

To a question concerning the valne of sulphate of ammonia,
Professor Jordan replied that he regarded it with favor. It con-
tains about twenty per cent of nitrogen. It is less likely to
leach rapidly from the soil than nitrate of soda, and is sufficiently
available for quick growing crops.

The question was asked. How does gas-lime rank as fertilizing
material? In answer Professor Jordan said that when first
received from the gas works, it consists chiefly of lime, with some
addition of the sulphate, the sulphite, and the sulphide of lime;
the last named, especially, is poisonous to vegetation, but if
exposed a while in the open air, the poisonous properties disap-
pear. The remaining lime, if put into the soil is of use by its
chemical action upon inert matter there present, converting it into
plant food.

In reply to a question whether potash is a necessary element of
plant food. Professor Jordan said that if there is anything pretty
^vvell proven, it is that plants must have potash. Plants undoubt-
edly contain some potash which is in excess of a minimum
portion that is absolutely essential. There is a minimum which
plants must have, and which no other compound can replace.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Prefatory Note, 3

Business Meeting, Januarys, 1895; Address of President Kidder, pp. 5, G;
Appropriations for 1895, pp. 6, 7 ; Appointment of Treasurer and Secre-
tary, 7; Appropriation for William Castleton, 7; Report, inexpedient,
on Lectures by W. H. Gibson, 7; Committee on School Gardens and
Children's Herbariums, 7; Announcements by Committee on I'ublica-
tion,8; Report of Chairman of Committee on Gardens, 8; Committee
on Board of Trustees, 8 ; Report of Committee on Revision of the Con-
stitution and By-Laws, 8, 9; Two members elected, 9

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, January 12; Days with our Birds,

by Mrs. Kate Tryon, 9-13

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, January 19; Flower Pots, by

A. 11. Hews, pp. ll-'Jl; Discussion, 22

Meeting for Lecture and Discus.sion, January 20; Fungous Diseases of
Ornamental Plants, by Byron D. Halsted, with three plates, pp. 22-33;
Discussion, 34, 35

Business Meeting, February 2; Annual Rei)ort of Treasurer read, p. 35;
Supplementary Report from Committee on School Gardens, etc., 35;
Report of Committee on Large, Old, or Interesting Trees, with volume
presented, 35, 36; "Vacancy in Committee ou School Gardens, etc.,
tilled, 36; Committee on Board of Trustees, 36; Six members elected, 36

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion; Hardy Plants and Shrubs, by

J. Wilkinson Elliott, pp. 36-53; Discussion, 53,54

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, February 9; Glass Houses, by

Henry W. Gibbons, with two plates, pp. 55-74; Discussion, . . 74,75

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, February 16; Economic Entomol-
ogy, by Edmund B. Southwick, pp. 76-82; Discussion, .... 82-85

Meeting for Lectuke and Discussion, February 23; Experimental Evolu-
tion Amongst Plants, by Prof. L. H. Bailey, pp. 86-99; Discussion, . 99, 100

Business Mekting, March 2; Contributions to Memorial to Francis Park-
man, pp. 100, 101 ; Decease of J. J. Thomas and F. B. Hayes announced,
101; three members elected 101

11 CONTENTS.

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion; A Talk on G-arflens, by David

Hill Coolidge, Jr., pp. 101-114; Discussion, 114,115

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, March 9; Budding and Grafting,

by Jackson Dawson, pp. 115-13G; Discussion, 136

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, March 16; Some Notes on Toma-
toes, by Frof. \V. M. Munsou, pp. 136-14C; Discussion, .... 146-148

Meeting for Lecture and Discussion, March 23; Edible Native Fungi,

by Hon. John M. Kinney, pp. 149-150; Discussion, 156-158

Meeting for Lecturb and Discussion, March 30; Commercial Fertilizers

in Horticulture, by I'rof. W. H. Jordan, lip. 1.58-172; Discussion, . . 172-175

TRANSACTIONS

!asMcI]iisctt$ Joriiciiltural ^a(k%

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

PART II.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
1896.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Hiassnclutsdts p0vticultutal ^mnt^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 6, 1895.
A duly notified Stated Meeting of the Society was holden at
eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of the late John J.
Thomas, an Honorary Member of the Society, presented the
following report :

Report of the Committee on the Death of John J. Thomas.

It is not given to men engaged in the quiet industry of horti-
culture to arrest attention and startle the world by brilliant deeds
or discoveries. The common lot with us is this, that we run our
short race with average success, and then are gathered unto our
fathers. Yet it is also true that such as these, who have with
quiet faithfulness and marked ability acted well their part, have
been of greatest service to mankind, and are entitled to lasting
remembrance.

Such a man was John J. Thomas of Union Springs, N. Y.,
who ceased from his long life of earthly usefulness on the 22d of
February last. Born in 1810, on the shore of the beautiful
Cayuga Lake, in the heart of the great agricultural and horti-
cultural Empire State, he identified himself with these interests at
an early age, and soon took rank as a leader. In the year 1839
he became a regular contributor to the " Cultivator," published at

180 3IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Albany, and upon the establishment of the "Country Gentleman"
by Luther Tucker in 1853, he became associate editor, and held
this important position for more than forty years, until compelled
by ill health to resign in August last. During this long period he
was unwearied in his writings, giving practical instructions in
cultivation and suggestions as to buildings and farm machinery,
with drawings from his own pencil, and replying to questions with
unvarying patience and skill. During the same period he wrote
"The American Fruit Culturist," a most comprehensive and authori-
tative work, which will be of enduring value ; also a volume on
" P^arm Machinery," besides editing the nine volumes of " Rural
Affairs," extending over twenty-seven years, their contents being
indeed, chiefly from his pen and their many illustrations chiefly
from his pencil. These writings were far from being the specula-
tions of a theorist but rather were a record of the observation and
experience of a man who came into actual contact with the soil.
With him theory and practice went hand in hand. The smoothing-
harrow, the pruning shears, the sliding gate, jarring of plum trees
for the curculio, sanitary arrangements for outhouses, and a
multitude of other methods which he devised, were all suggested
by his owu necessities as an extensive orchardist and nurseryman.
It was for this reason that his opinions were regarded as of such
practical value and were so constantly sought and prized.

It is not easy to estimate the wide influence which Mr. Thomas
thus exerted throughout the country. But his interest was not
limited to rural pursuits. His was a well-rounded character,
active in all social, educational, moral, and I'eligious questions of
the day. With uniform kindliness, sterling integrity, and recog-
nized sagacity, he gave expression to his views and widely
influenced public opinion. AVhen some great military captain is
gone we recount his brilliant deeds of arms. When an eloquent
statesman has run his course we magnify his masterly service.
Shall we put a less value upon the work of him who in the quiet
and unobtrusive walks of life has yet been a mighty power for
good in all our wide land?

Mr. Thomas was elected an Honorary Member of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society in 1856. In the closing of tliis earthly
life of our fellow-worker and friend this Society desires to express
to his family its deep sympathy with them in their loss. May it
not also join with them in grateful acknowledgment to the Author

MEMBERS ELECTED. 181

of all being in the remembrance of the noble and usefi;! life of

our brother?

William C. Strong, )

O. B. Had WEN, > Committee.

Robert Manning, j

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants was read by the
Secretary, accepted, and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee
reported from that Committee a recommendation that the Society
appropriate $50 to defray the expense of the first volume of
" Photographs and Descriptions of Old Trees of New England,"
prepared by the Committee on Large, Old, or Otherwise Interest-
ing Trees. The appropriation was unanimously voted.

The amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws, ordered by
a majority vote, at the Stated Meeting on the first Saturday in
January, to be entered on the records, came up for further action.
William C. Strong moved that the Constitution and By-Laws be
taken up de novo, and be amended according to the report of the
majority of the Committee on that subject, with certain changes
which he proceeded to state. The majority report of the
Committee on the Constitution and By-Laws, as thus amended,
was read twice, and by a majority vote ordered to be entered on
the records, and laid over for consideration at the Stated Meeting
on the first Saturday in July. It was also voted that these
proposed amendments be printed and distributed.

The following motion, offered by Leonard Thompson, was
unanimously carried :

That the plan of the Rumford Historical Association in erecting
a pillar marking the spot of the discovery of the Pecker, or, later
named, Baldwin apple is approved as worthy by this Society.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society were ©n
ballot duly elected :

Mrs. C. S. Hatch, of North Cambridge,

Professor James F. Babcock, of Boston,

Livingston Cushing, of Weston,

C. Sidney Waldo, of Jamaica Plain.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Upon recommeudatiou of the Executive Committee,

Joseph Jefferson, of Buzzard's Bay,
was elected au Honorary Member of the Society, and

Professor Byron D. Halsted, of New Brunswick, N. J.
was elected a Corresponding Member.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 4, 1895.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

Dudley L. Pickman, of Boston,

George H. Lyman, of Wareham,

George P. Gardner, of Boston.

The Secretary read a letter from Mrs. Mary H. Thomas,
acknowledging the receipt of the memorial of her husband, John
J. Thomas, adopted by the Society at its last meeting, and
expressing the grateful appreciation of it by the family.

Also a letter from Professor Byron D. Halsted, acknowledging
the receipt of his Diploma as a Corresponding Member of the
Society, and thanlving the Society therefor.

Also a letter from William J. Stewart, President of the
Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston, inviting the members of
this Society to attend a meeting of the club on the evening of
Tuesday, the 7th instant, when Mr. Henry O'Meara would read a
paper on "The Poetry of Flowers."

Adjourned to Saturday, June 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 1, 1895.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock. Vice President Charles H. B. Breck in the chair.

NOMINATING COMMITTEE. 183

The Librarian laid before the Society a copy of " L'Horticul-
ture dans les Cinq Parties du Monde," a gift to the Library from
the author, Charles Baltet, President de la Soci(^t6 Horticole,
Vigneronue, et Forestit^re de I'Aube, Tro3^es, France, and moved
that the thanks of the Society be presented to M. Baltet for the
gift of this most important work, which motion was unanimously
carried.

The meetino- was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 6, 1895.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
■eleven o'clock. Vice President C. H. B. Breck in the chair.

On motion of Ex-President William C. Strong, it was voted to
take up the consideration of the amendments to the Constitution
and By-Laws, which received a majority vote at the Stated Meet-
ing on the 6th of April and were laid over for consideration at this
meeting, and they were finall}^ adopted as reported by the Com-
mittee.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 3, 1895.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
■o'clock, Vice President C. H. B. Breck in the chair.

The Chair announced the following named persons as the
Committee to nominate candidates for Officers and Standing Com-
mittees for the next year, appointed by the President agreeably to
the Constitution and By-Laws :

William H. Spooner, Chairman,
Benjamin M. Watson, Jr., Patrick Norton,

Samuel Haktwell, Henry W. Wilson,

Benjamin P. Ware, C. Minot Weld.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

. The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

John T. Brown, of Newburyport,
Charles H. Souther, of Jamaica Plain,
Richard F. Barrett, of Concord.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 7, 1895.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at eleven
o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder in the chair.

William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Committee to nominate
candidates for Officers and Standing Committees for the year 1896,
presented a printed list. This report was accepted and it was
voted that the Committee be continued and requested to nominate
candidates in place of any who might decline before the election.

Mr. Spooner announced the decease of Benjamin P. Cheney,
and moved the appointment of a Committee to prepare an expres-
sion of the Society's regard for him. The motion was carried,
and the Chair appointed as that Committee, Benjamin G. Smith,
Benjamin C. Clark, and Walter Hunnewell.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 5, 1896.

A Stated Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
being the annual meeting for the choice of Officers and Standing
Committees was holden at eleven o'clock, the President, Nathaniel
T. Kidder, in the chair.

MEMORIAL OF BENJAMIN 1". CHENEY. 185

The Secretary stated that the meetiug had been duly notified to
the members of the Society, agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws.

William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Nominating Committee,
reported that that Committee had nominated Frederick S. Davis
as a member of the Committee on Flowers in place of Walter H.
Cowing, who was unable to serve.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the Chair appointed
Samuel Hartwell, James Wheeler, and A. Chandler Manning, a
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given, and
report the number.

On motion of Mr. Spooner it was voted that the polls remain
open for two hours. The polls were opened at twelve minutes
past eleven o'clock.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of Benjamin P. Cheney,
reported the following :

Benjamin Pierce Cheney was one of New England's noblest
sons, and was an honored and respected member and benefactor of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He was born in New
Hampshire ; the personal friend and admirer of Daniel Webster,
he presented to the State of New Hampshire the finest bronze
statue of the departed statesman ever executed. He was one of
three gentlemen, members of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, who presented the three beautiful statiies of Flora,
Pom®ua, and Ceres which adorn this building. He was a member
of the Finance Committee from 1867 to 1880 inclusive. He was
one of the most successful business men of our time. His gener-
osity without ostentation through his long and successful business
life, his fidelity, his urbanity, and the uniform consistency of
character for which he was distinguished, have secured for him a
high place in the estimation of his fellow citizens. He was
upright in business and attached to him his numerous emplo^'ees,
many of whom remained with him during his long business life.
No better evidence of his honorable course can be given. We
who knew him thoroughly can testify to his princelj' gifts
unknown to the public ; he never sought but avoided notoriety in
dispensing his benefactions ; thousands of dollars at a time were
given by him for worthy objects unknown to the world. He

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was the architect of his owu fortune ; self-reliant he depended
upon his owu judgment in making his investments. With all his
activity he found time to cultivate his intellectual endowments,
with which he was unusually gifted.

His view of life and duty was broad ; his tastes and conversa-
tion refined. His was a well-balanced and symmetrical nature.
His conversational powers were of the highest order. It was a
pleasure to listen to him, and those who had the pleasure of his
acquaintance and friendship can never forget him.

Resolved, That in the death of Mr. Cheney not only this
Society but the whole community suffer a severe and irreparable
loss.

Resolved, That these sentiments of respect and affection, with
the earnest expression of sincere condolence be communicated to
the bereaved family of the deceased.

Benjamin G. Smith, ^
Benjamin C. Clark, J- Committee.
AYalter Hunnewell, )

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation that the Society make an additional
appropriation of $200 for the Flower Committee the present
year. The report was accepted and the appropriation was
voted.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were upon
ballot duly elected :

William S. Kemp, of Brookline,
John Crowley, of Dedham,
Ajiory a. Lawrence, of Boston,
Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston,
Orlendo W. Dimick, of Watertown,
Mrs. I. TisDALE Tali'.ot, of Boston.

Charles Baltet, President de la Soci^te Horticole,
Vigneronue, et Forestii'sre de I'Aube, Troyes, France, was upon
recommendation of the P^xecutive Committee elected a Correspond-
ing Member of this Society.

APPROPRIATIONS RECOMMENDED.

187

The polls were closed at twelve minutes past one o'clock, and
the Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes, and report
the number given, reported the whole number to be one hundred
and one, and that the persons named on the ticket reported by
the Nominating Committee had a plurality of votes and were
elected.

The report of the Committee was accepted, and the above
mentioned persons were, agreeably to the Constitution and By-
Laws, declared by the President to have a plurality of votes and
to be elected Officers and Standing Committees of the Society for
the year 1896.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday November 2, 1895.
The last meeting of the Society adjourned to today, and the
members present were called to order by the President, but no
-quorum was present, and the meeting

Adjourned to Saturday, December 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 7, 1895.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at eleven
•o'clock, the President, Nathaniel T. Kidder, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation from that Committee that the Society'
make the following appropriations for Prizes and Gratuities for
the year 1896, viz. :

For Plants, $2,000

" Flowers,

" Fruits, .

" Vegetables,

*' Gardens,

2,600

1,800

1,150

500

Total,

$8,050

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The report was accepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution
and By-Laws, was laid over for final action at the Stated Meeting:
of the Society on the first Saturday in January, 1896.

The President further reported from the Executive Committee a
recommendation that the Society appropriate $30(i for the Com-
mittee on Lectures and Publication, this sum to include the income
of the John Lewis Russell Fund. This report was accepted and
laid over until the first Saturday in January.

John Gr. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, made
a partial report, being the awards of Prizes and Gratuities made
by that Committee, and asked for further time to prepare the
remainder of the report. The report, so far as made, was
accepted and further time was granted.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, read the
Annual Report of that Committee, and also his report as Delegate
to the State Board of Agriculture.

Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Arthur H. Fewkes, Chairman of the Committee on Flowers,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Azell C. Bowditch, Chairman of the Committee on Plants, read
the Annual Report of that Committee.

These five reports were severally accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were on
ballot duly elected :

Robert D. Ireland, of Winthrop,

George M. Anderson, of Milton,

Charles W. Hallstram, of Boston,

Edward Hatch, of Boston,

H. Fisher Eldredge, of Boston,

Hon. Edward P. Shaw, of Newburyport,

jAMiis E. Rothwell, of Brookline,

Alexander Montgomery, of Natick,

Joseph W. Howard, of Somerville,

Mrs. Elizabeth S. Cheney, of Wellesley,

George A. Gardner, of Boston,

Micajah Pratt Clough, of Lynn.

LETTER FROM CHARLES BALTET. 189

The Secretary laid before the Society a letter from Mrs.
Elizabeth S. Cheuey to Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the
Committee to prepare a memorial of the late Benjamin P. Cheney,
acknowledging the receipt of the memorial and returning heart-
felt thanks therefor, from herself and family.

Also a letter from Charles Baltet, of Troyes, France, acknowl-
edging the receipt of the notice of his election as a Corresponding
Member of the Society, expressing his pleasure at this action of
the Society, and offering to the Library any of his Avorks that are
not already in it.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 21.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 21, 1895.

The last meeting of the Society adjourned to today, and the
members present were called to order by the President, but no
quorum was present and the

Meeting was dissolved.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

By AZELL C. BOWDITCH, Chairman.

Auotber year has passed over our heads, but we can hardly
congratulate ourselves upon any very marked improvement in our
exhibitions, with the exception of Orchids and Chrysanthemums,
both of which were very fine and showed much improvement over
former years. The absence of some of our larger growers of
greenhouse plants was quite marked, and that very interesting
class of trees, the Conifers, which are not only ornamental but
instructive, was sadly missed the past season. But every
Saturday, from early in the year to its close, has brought enough
to please the eye and foster the ever-growing interest of both the
amateurs and the public. The love of plants is ever on the
increase and it will be the aim of your Committee, in the future as
in the past, to encourage it by awarding the most liberal prizes
offered by the Society, in as judicious and impartial a manner as
possible.

The first exhibit for prize was on February 12, for Chinese
Primroses, for which there were two competitors, John L. Gardner
and Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney.

Nathaniel T. Kidder showed a fine plant of Acacia heterophylla.

January 26, from the Botanic Garden of Harvard University
came a fine plant of Angrcecum sesquipedale, with seven spikes,
having sixteen blooms.

REPOKT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 191

February 21. The Society offered 8100 in prizes for Palms and
other Decorative Plants at the meeting of the American Carnation
Society, which was competed for by Nathaniel T. Kidder and
John L. Gardner. John M. Anderson also made a very flue
display of Cyclamens. George M. Nicholson showed some fine
Cinerarias grown in six-inch pots.

March 1 1 . William H. Spooner showed the Crimson Eambler
Rose. Too much cannot be said of this introduction, as it fills a
place long vacant in the gardens. The Bussey Institution,
exhibited some fine Anemones, and James Comley a plant of
Rhododendron Livingstonii.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 26, 27, 28, and 29.

The display of Orchids, Azaleas, Cyclamens, Tulips, Hyacinths,
and Narcissuses, with other Spring Flowering Bulbs, was remarka-
bly fine. Dr. C. G. Weld and James Comley made fine displays
of Indian Azaleas.

Mrs. Frederick L. Ames made a magnificent display of Orchids,
among which were Cattleya Triance, C. Mossice, and C
MendelK, Odontoglossum grande, O. aspersum, 0. cordatum,
Cypripedium Measuresianum^ C. vexillarium, and many others,
in all about fifty plants.

The Bussey Institution made a nice showing of India Azaleas.
Edward Butler and Dr. C. G. Weld exhibited some fine plants.
Mr. Butler also had three fine Orchids.

The Cyclamens were the finest ever exhibited ; the plants from
Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney were two feet in diameter and covered
with hundreds of blooms ; other exhibitors were George M.
Anderson, Dr. C. G. Weld and Nathaniel T. Kidder.

Cinerarias were exhibited by George M. Anderson, John L.
Gardner, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney, and James Carthley.

The Ouvirandra fenestralis or Madagascar Lace Plant was
exhibited by Elisha S. Converse ; this most beautiful and curious
aquatic plant attracted much attention.

The rest of the exhibition was made up of some very fine
displays of Tulips, Hyacinths, Narcissuses, Lilies of the Valley,
Freesias, Tritonias, etc., the whole forming one of the finest dis-
plays of Spring Flowering Plants and Bulbs ever held in the hall.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 4.

In the class of Pelargoniums Nathaniel T. Kidder had no
competitor.

In the Calceolarias there was quite a rivalry, the first prize
going to Dr. C. G. Weld for six nicely grown plants, remarkable
for the brilliant green and closeness of their foliage. Dr. Weld
also exhibited fifteen plants of Streptocarpus.

Nathaniel T. Kidder showed Cymhidium Lowianum.

May 24, Walter H. Cowing exhibited a new seedling Canna ; it
was of a bright clear yellow with lips spotted with carmine, for
which he was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

June 6, Mrs. Frederick L. Ames and John L. Gardner made
fine displays of Orchids.

The exhibit of Cattleyas from John L. Gardner, was particvilarly
good ; indeed your Committee thought it the best ever made in the
hall.

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 20 and 21.

There was but one exhibit of Stove and Greenhouse plants, by
Dr. C. G. Weld. John L. Gardner sent a fine plant of Rhyncho-
spermum, exhibited as a specimen plant. James Comley showed
a large plant of Rhododendron. Dr. C. G. Weld and Elisha S.
Converse exhibited some good plants of Tuberous Begonias.

July 20, Oakes Ames, exhibited Cypripediuvi bellatulum and
C. Chamherlainianum.

July 27, Mrs. Frederick L. Ames exhibited Cypripedium Annie
Measures, a cross between C Dayanum and C. bellatulum, for
which she was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

E. V. R. Thayer exhibited six plants of SaintpaaUa lonantha,
which belongs to the Gesneria family. Seed sown in February
flowers in July, and it may become a very desirable house plant.
Awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

August 1, William Wallace Lunt sent Cattleya Rex. This is
one of the most beautiful and highly colored of the Cattleyas.
Awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS. 193

August 10, The Botanic Garden of Harvard University
exhibited a plant of Agave KercJiovei, with flower stem nineteen
feet high — quite a curiosity. Nicholson's " Dictionary of Gar-
dening," says that the flower is unknown. Awarded a gratuity.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 4 and 5.

There was no exhibit of Hardy Coniferous Trees. Your Com-
mittee have thought it advisable to increase the prizes as they
were too small to induce growers to handle them. It is hoped the
coming season, with the larger prizes, to have a creditable show.
This exhibition was again notable for the absence of Greenhouse
plants, such as Palms, Aralias, Cycads, Ferns, etc., in groups.
For the six plants and single specimens there were the usual
competitors.

Mrs. Frederick L. Ames exhibited a beautiful plant of Sopliro-
Loelia Veitchii, for which a Silver Medal was awarded ; also a
plant of Cypripedium Miss Ames, a new hybrid, which received
a First Class Certificate of Merit.

October 19, Rea Brothers exhibited a plant of Scabiosa Cau-
casica var. alba, a new perennial said to be hardy ; if it proves so
it will be quite an acquisition. It received the award of Honor^
able Mention.

CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

November 5, 6, 7, and 8.

In commenting on this exhibition your Committee would say
that while the plants were grand and were the best ever seen in
these halls, and perhaps as good as any seen on the other side of
the ocean, they must deprecate the use of superfluous stakes and
in order to further their disuse your Committee have offered three
prizes for plants grown to a single stem, with bushy tops, and
without the aid of stakes, hoping by this means to bring into the
market a class of plants more suitable for table and window
decoration. The varieties in the collection from Nathaniel T.

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Kidder (William J. Martin, gardener), which took the first prize

for twelve plants ©f any or all classes, were :

Clinton Chalfant, Joseph H. White,

Golden Hair, Louis Boehmer,

H. L. Sunderbruch, Portia,

lora, Superbiflora,

Ivory, Vernal Fall,

John Shrimplon, W. H. Lincoln.

Walter Hunnewell (T. D. Hatfield, gardener), exhibited a group
of twelve plants that were a great credit to him. The Committee
were put to their best endeavors to award this prize, the competi-
tion was so close.

Mr. Hunnewell's Collection comprised

Clinton Chalfant, Mirabeau,

' Columbine, Octavia,

George W. Childs, Portia,

Joseph H. White, Primula,

Louis Boehmer, Theo,

Louis Menand, W. H. Lincoln.

Mr. Kidder had for his Specimen Japanese a most beautiful
plant of the pink lora, which for good points probably never had
its equal in this country. It was fully six feet high and as many
in diameter.

The names of other exhibitors may be found in the award of
prizes in the different classes.

The Society's appropriation was . . $2,100 00

Prizes awarded $1,643 00

Gratuities awarded . . . . 371 00
Two silver medals awarded . . . 10 00

$2,024 00
Balance unexpended, 76 00

2,100 00

a. c. bowditcii,

James Comley,

James Wheelek, \ Committee.

William Rokinson,

David Allan,

PRIZES AMD GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 195

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS.

1895.

January 12.

Chinese Primroses. — Six plants in six-inch pots, John L. Gardner $5 00

Second, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney -1 00

Third, John L. Gardner 3 00

Lachenalias. — Three six-incli pots, the second prize to John L.

Gardner 3 00

Gratuities: —
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Acacia heterophylla . . . . . 3 00

Margaret L. Waite, Ornithogaium rigidulum . . . . . 1 00

MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CARNATION SOCIETY.

February 21 and 22.

Palms and Other Decorative Plants. — Best display, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 50 00

Second, John L. Gardner 30 00

Gratuities: —

George M. Anderson, Display of Cyclamens . . . . . 15 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, " " " 5 00

George M. Nicholson, " " Cinerarias . . . . . 6 00

March 11.

Gratuities: —
Bussey Institution, Display of Anemones . . . . . 3 00

James Coraley, Rhododendron Livingstonii . . . . . 3 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 2G, 27, 28, and 29.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties, in pots, Dr. C. G.

Weld 30 00

Second, James Comley 20 00

Orchids. — Display, with Foliage Plants, arranged for effect in a

space eight feet by five feet, Mrs. Frederick L. Ames . . 30 00

Second, John L. Gardner . ... .... 25 00

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Society's Prizes.

Indian Azaleas. — Four distinct named varieties, in not exceeding

ten-inch pots, Bussey Institution . . . . . . 12 00

Second, Bussey Institution 10 00

Two distinct named varieties, Mrs. Henry F. Durant . . 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Specimen plant, named, Mrs. Henry F. Durant . . . . 8 00

Second, Bussey Institution . . ..... 6 00

Single plant of any named variety, in not exceeding an eight-inch

pot, Elisha S. Converse ........ 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Orchids. — Three plants in bloom, Mrs. Henry F. Durant . . 10 00

Single plant in bloom, Mrs. Henry F. Durant . . . . 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Third, John L. Gardner 3 00

Stove or Greenhouse Plants. — Specimen in bloom, other than

Azalea or Orchid, named, John L. Gardner . • . . 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Hard-wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Four, in bloom, Dr. C. G.

Weld 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Hardy Flowering Deciduous Shrubs, other Than Azaleas,
Forced. — Four, of four distinct species, named, Bussey

Institution 8 00

Second, Bussey Institution . . . . . . . 6 00

Hardy Azaleas. — Six plants, Bussey Institution . . . .10 00

Second, Bussey Institution 8 00

Hardy Flowering Evergreen Shrubs, Forced. — Four, of four

distinct species, Bussey Institution 8 00

Cyclamens. — Ten plants in bloom, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney . 15 00

Second, George M. Anderson 12 00

Third, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney 10 00

Fourth, Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Ton plants in bloom, in not over seven-inch pots. Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Second, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney 6 00

Tliird, George M. Anderson 4 00

Single plant in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Second, Mrs. Benjamin P. Clienoy 4 00

Third, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney 3 00

Hardy Primroses. — Ten plants of distinct varieties, in bloom,

John L. Gardner 5 00

Polyanthuses. — Ten plants, Fancy and Gold Laced, Bussey Insti-
tution 5 00

Auriculas. — Six, in pots. Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . . 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. AVeld 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS.

197

Cinerarias. — Six varieties in bloom, George M. Anderson
Second, John L. Gardner .
Third, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney
Three varieties in bloom, James Carthley

Second, George M. Anderson
Single plant in bloom, James Carthley .
Second, John L. Gardner .
OoviRANDRA FENESTRALis. — EHsha S. Converse

8 00
6 00
5 00
5 00
4 00
3 00
2 00
12 00

Spring Flowering Bulbs.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each
pot, in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . , .

Second, Bussey Institution .......

Six distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Elisha S. Converse .......

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Three distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom.

Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Elisha S. Converse .......

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Three pans, not to exceed twelve inches, ten bulbs of one variety
in each pan, Bussey Institution ......

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld

Two pans, not to exceed twelve inches, with ten biilbs of one
variety in each pan. Dr. C. G. Weld .....

Second, Bussey Institution .......

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Single pan, not to exceed twelve inches, with ten bulbs of one

variety, Dr. C. G. Weld'

Second, Elisha S. Converse .......

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each, in
bloom. Dr. C. G. Weld ........

Second, William S. Ewell & Son

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Three eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each, in bloom,
Elisha S. Converse ........

Second, William S. Ewell & Son

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Three ten-inch pans, twelve bulbs of one variety in each pan,

Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Bussey Institution .......

Third, William S. Ewell & Son

Fourth, Bussey Institution .......

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198

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in each,
distinct varieties, in bloom, Dr. C. G. Weld ....

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Jonquils. — Six six-inch pots, the number of bulbs in each to be at
discretion of the grower, in bloom, Bussey Institution .

Second, William S. Ewell & Son

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld

LiLiUM LONGiFLORUM. — Three pots, not exceeding ten inches,
Bussey Institution .........

LiLiUM Harrisii. — Three pots, not exceeding ten inches, Bussey
Institution ..........

Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, Bussey Institu-
tion

Second, William S. Ewell & Son

Anemones. — ^ Three pots or pans, Bussey Institution

Second, Bussey Institution . . . . .

Freesias. — Six pots or pans. Dr. C. G. Weld ....

Second, John L. Gardner ........

Third, Bussey Institution ........

IxiAS. — Six pots in varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld ....

Tritonia crocata.^ — Six pots, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . .

Roman Hyacinths. — Six eight-inch pans, ten bulbs in each pan.

Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, AVilliam S. Ewell & Son

Third, Bussey Institution ........

Prize for Florists Only.
General Display of Spring Bulbs. — All classes, William S.

6 00

4 00
3 00

5 00
3 00
2 00

8 00

8 00

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Ewell & Son

12 00

Gratuities : —
James Comley, Display of thirty pots of Roses, etc.
Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Phaiiis grandifolius
David Nevins, Primula ohconica
David Allan, Display of Orcliids
David Nevins, Roses in pots
Charles J. Power, Lily of the Valley
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Display .
Bussey Institution, "

Dr. C. G. Weld, "

March 23.

Gratuity : —
Edward Butler, Dendrohiiim nohile .

April 13.
Grat uities : —
John L. Gardner, Display of Orchids
H. Ilollis llunncwcll, Plant of Crimson Rambler Rose

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2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS.

199

MAY EXHIBITION

May 4.

Pelargoniums. — Six named Show or Fancy varieties, in not less
than eight-inch pots, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Six named Zonale varieties, in pots, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Indian Azaleas. — Six plants in pots, named, C. Minot Weld
Second, John L. Gardner .....
Single specimen, Nathaniel T. Kidder .

Second, John L. Gardner .....
Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots. Dr. C. G. Weld
Second, Elisha S. Converse ....
Third, John L. Gardner . ....

Single plant. Dr. C. G. Weld ....

Second. Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney
Third, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney

Gratuities : —
Dr. C. G. Weld, Lomaria gihha and fifteen plants of Streptocarpus,

etc.

Walter Hunnewell, Plants of Calceolaria rugosa, (a shrubby

species) ...........

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Cymbidium Lowianum .....

John L. Gardner, Collection of Orchids, etc. .....

Mat 18.
Graivities : —
John L. Gardner, Wistaria Sinensis ......

John L. Gardner, Orchids ........

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Mat 24,

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Display of Orchids

June 6.

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Display of Cattleyas (forty plants)
]Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Display of Orchids .

June 15.

Gratuities : —

James Comley, Display of Cattleyas

8 00

25 00
20 00

2 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 20 and 21.

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — Two distinct named
varieties, in bloom, no Orchid admissible, Dr. C. G. Weld

15 00

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Specimen Plant in Bloom. — Named, other than Orchid, John L.

Gardner, Hhynchospermum jasminoides . . . . 7 00

Second, James Comley, Rhododendron Livingstonii . . 5 00
Specimen Foliage Plant. — New and rare, other than Orchid, the

Second prize to Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Hard-wooded Greenhouse Plants. — Three, of three distinct

named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner . . . . 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner ....... 6 00

Orchids. — Six plants, of six named varieties, in bloom, John L.

Gardner 25 00

Three plants, of three named varieties, in bloom, the Second

prize to John L. Gardner . . . . . . . 10 00

Single specimen, named. Dr. C. G. Weld ... . . 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner ........ 6 00

Tdberous Begonias. — Six pots, of six varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse 4 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Display of Orchids 15 00

David Allan, Allamanda Williamsonii . . . . . . 1 00

June 29.
Gratuity: —
Joseph Tailby, Brassia verrucosa . ...... 2 00

JOLY 20.

Hydrangeas. — Pair, in tubs or pots, Samuel J. Trcpess . . 8 00

Single plant, in tub or pot, Samuel J. Trepess . . . . 5 00

Gloxinias. — Six pots, in bloom, the Second prize to John P.

Spaulding 4 00

Gratuities : —
Oakes Ames, Cypripedium bellatulum und C. Chamberlainiatium 3 00

July 27.
Gratuity : —
Mrs. D. E. Butterfield, Gloxinia Plant 1 00

August 3.
Gratuity : —
Oakes Ames, Ophiopogon spicatus aureo variegatus . . . 1 00

August 10.
Grat uity : —
Bussey Institution, Achimenes 1 00

August 24.
Gratuities: —
Elisha S. Converse, Gymnogramme Peruviana . . . . 2 00
Botanic Garden of Plarvard University, Agave Kerchovei . • 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS. 201

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 4 and 5.

Special Prizes Offered hi/ the Society.

Palms. — Pair, in pots or tubs not more than twenty-four inches in

diameter, Dr. C. G. Weld 12 00

Second, Natlianiel T. Kidder • 8 00

Pair, in pots not more than fourteen inches in diameter, Elisha S.

Converse 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Regular Prizes.

Greenhouse Plants. — Six Greenhouse and Stove Plants, of dif-
ferent named varieties, two Crotons admissible, Nathaniel T.

Kidder 30 00

Second, John L. Gardner . . . . . . . . 25 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld 20 00

Single plant for table decoration, dressed at the base with living

plants only, only one entry admissible, Elisha S. Converse . 6 00

Second, John McKenzie ........ 4 00

Third, Moses T. Stevens 3 00

Specimen FLOWERiNr, Plant. — Single named variety, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 8 00

Fuchsias.- — Six, in not over ten-inch pots, Nathaniel T. Kidder . 6 00
Ornamental Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties, not offered in
the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, Dr. C. G. Weld 20 00

Second, James Comley . . . . . . . . 15 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 12 00

Single specimen, variegated, named, not offered in any collection,

Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, John L. Gardner 4 00

Caladiums. — Six named varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Nathaniel

T. Kidder 10 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Adiantums. — Five distinct named species, other than Farleyense,

Dr. C. G. Weld 8 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, named, not less than six feet in

height, Elisha S. Converse 10 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . 5 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, Dr. C. G. Weld . . . . 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 6 00

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Okotons. — Six named varieties, in not less than twelve-inch pots,

Dr. C. G. Wekl 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 5 00

Third, John L. Gardner 4 00

Cycad. — Single plant, named, ''Mrs. Anna D. Wood . . .10 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse 8 00

Orchids. ^ — ^Six plants, named varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner 15 00

Tuberous Begonias. — Six pots of six varieties. Dr. C. G. Weld . 6 00

Gratuities: —

J. W. Howard, Seedling Coleus 2 00

Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Collection . . . . 30 00

Elisha S. Converse, Collection 10 00

David Allan, Collection 4 00

September 21.

Gratuity : —
Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Twelve plants of Nerine

Sarniensis .......... 3 00

September 28.
Gratuity : —
Jason S. Bailey, Display of Orchids ..... . 3 00

October 2.
Gratuity: —
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Display of plants 25 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

November 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Chrysanthemums. — Display of twelve named plants any or all

classes, distinct varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . 60 00

Second, Walter Hunnewell 50 00

Fourth, II. Fisher Eldredge 30 00

Twelve plants of twelve different varieties grown to one stem and
bloom, in not over six-inch pots, preference being given to

plants not more than three feet in height, Dr. C. G. Weld . 12 00

Second, James L. Little 10 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse 8 00

Fourth, Jason S. Bailey 6 00

Red, six plants grown as above but all of one color and different

varieties. Dr. C. G. Weld 6 00

Second, James L. Little 5 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse 4 00

White, Dr. C. G. Weld 'i 00

Second, James L. Little 5 00

Third, Donald McRea 4 00

Pink, James L. Little fi 00

Second, Dr. C'. G. Weld 5 00

Third, Elisha S. Converse 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS.

203

Beuj

amin P. Cheney

Yellow, Donald McRea

Second, James L. Little

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld

Any other color, Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, James L. Little ........

■Group of plants, arranged for effect, limited to one hundred and
fifty square feet, preference being given to collections with
palms or other foliage added, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney

Second, J. W. Howard

Third, A. W. Blake ....

Fourth, Bussey Institution

Fifth, H. F. Eldredge
Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, Mrs.

Second, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Specimen Japanese, named variety, Nathanie

Second, Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney

Third, Walter Hunnewell .
Specimen Pompon, named variety, Arthur Hunnewell .

Gratuities : —

William H. Elliott, Display

Mrs. Benjamin P. Cheney, Display of Adiantum Farleyense

Dr. C. G. Weld, Ericas

Jason S. Bailey, Display, .......

November 1G.
Gratuity: —
James Comley, Pots Seedling Chrysanthemum Francis B. Hayes

1 T. Kidder

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SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL.

January 26. Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Angrcecum sesqtii-

pedale.
Annual Exhibition, September 4 and 5. Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Sojohro-

Lftlia Veilchii.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

March 11. William H. Spooner, Crimson Rambler Rose.

May 24. Thomas H. Westwood, New Seedling Canna.

July 27. Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Cypripedium Annie Measures, cross

between Cypripedium hellatulum and C. Dayanum.
July 27. E. V. R. Thayer, Saintpaidia lonantha.
August 1. William W. Lunt, Cattleya Rex.

Annual Exhibition, September 4 and 5. Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Cypriped
ium Miss Ames. (New.)

HONORABLE MENTION.

October 19. Rea Brothers, Scahiosa Caucasica, variety a/ba. Hardy per-
ennial.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

By ARTHUR H. FEWKES, Chairman.

The Committee on Flowers have but little to report for the past
year that is of exceptional interest, as the displays have differed
but little from those of previous years, although as a whole our
exhibitions have averaged better than ever before, particularly in
the number of exhibits and in the fewer inferior flowers shown.

The exhibitions during the early months of the year, though
not numerous, were excellent and helped very much to enliven the
hall at our weekly meetings. Francis Brown Hayes was the
principal exhibitor.

The displays of Wild Flowers have been as popular as in
previous seasons, and have assumed an importance second to that
of no other department in their educational value, and, almost
unconsciously it seems, the Society has established a School of
Botany, which is quite unique in its way. Nowhere else can the
student of that science find such an opportunity for the study of
our Native Flora. It has gone beyond a simple matter of local
interest, for the reputation of these displays has spread far and
wide and there are many who visit our weekly shows purposely to
study these exhibits.

When we consider the growing importance of this branch, we
can but feel the necessity for competent botanists to act as

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 205

judges. A florist, a gardener, or a horticulturist is not necessarily
a botanist, and it seems an injustice to both the exhibitor and the
judges, that the Flower Committee should be compelled to judge
these displays.

The Ro3^al Horticultural Society of England has its Botanical
Committee and why can not we also have one ? They take charge
of all displays of purely botanical interest and are a valuable
addition to the Standing Committees of the Society. Such a
committee might be entirely independent or act as a division of
the regular Flower Committee.

The displays of Carnations on February 21 and 22, when the
American Carnation Society held their Annual Meeting, should be
mentioned, although the exhibition was not one of our own, but
belonged to that Society. It was a grand display of this popular
flower, making one wish that we might have a repetition of it
annually.

On March 16, a First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to
Alexander McKay, gardener to David Nevins, for superior culti-
vation of Hybrid Roses under glass, he having made exhibits of
flowers which we have never seen equalled. On the same date
First Class Certificates of Merit were awarded to Sewall Fisher
of Fraraiugham, for a beautiful white seedling Carnation, named
Crystal, and Fred Dorner of Lafayette, Ind., for his white
seedling Carnation, Storm King. These two varieties are very
promising and are superior to other white varieties in cultivation.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 26, 27, 28, and 29.

At this exhibition the cut flowers were well represented and
were a marked improvement over last year. We were pleased to
note a revival of interest in forced Hybrid Roses, which were
almost entirely absent from our last Spring Show. There was
also more interest shown in the Tea Roses, of which there were
excellent examples of several varieties. Carnations are always
well represented at this show and are destined to be one of the
leading features of it if they receive the encouragement due so
beautiful a flower.

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The display of Violets was quite remarkable, particularly the
flowers shown by David Nevins (Alexander McKay gardener),
which were the largest we have ever had the pleasure of examining.

The Antirrhinum is making a place for itself as a winter
flower and attracted much attention.

James Comley made a very beautiful display with forced
flowers of a form of Cleynatis montana which he raised from seed
collected in Japan. If this form proves hardy in this latitude it
will be a grand addition to our hardy vines.

MAY EXHIBITION.
May 4.

The displays of flowers at this exhibition wei'e not extensive but
were mostly good. Tulips were very poorly shown and there was
but one exhibitor of Herbaceous Plants. William Nicholson
showed remarkably fine Carnation flowers and as he has made
numerous displays of equal quality, we awarded him a First
Class Certificate of Merit, for superior cultivation of the
Carnation.

From the May Show to the Rhododendron Show the exhibitions
were of the usual excellence.

On June 1, First Class Certificates of Merit were awarded to
James Comley for a Seedling Rhododendron and Thomas C.
Thurlow for Symplocos Japonica.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 6 and 7.

This, as usual, was one of our most beautiful exhibitions. The
displays of Hardy Rhododendrons were particularly interesting,
for they were specimens of the varieties which, with proper care,
may be planted out with reasonable certainty that they will live
from year to year.

Following is a list of varieties which stood the unusually severe
winter of 1894-5 on the grounds of Mr. H. H. Hunnewell ; also

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS.

207

a list of twelve hardy varieties which survived the winter on the
grounds of Francis B. Hayes at Lexington.

List of varieties of Hardy Rhododendrons, which stood the
winter of 1894-5, on the grounds of H. H. Hunnewell at
Wellesley.

Bluebell,
Charles Thorold,
Countess of Normanton,
Duchess of Connaught,
Duchess of Sutherland,
Edward S. Rand,
F. D. Godman,
F. L. Ames,
James Mackintosh,
James Nasmyth,
J. Marshall Brooks,
John Waterer,
Kate Waterer,
Lady Grey Egerton,

Lady Rolle,

Mrs. Arthur Hunnewell,

Mrs. Heywood,

Mrs. H. Ingersoll,

Mrs. R. S. Holford,

Mrs. Shuttleworth,

Michael Waterer,

Minnie,

Neilsoni,

Princess Mary of Cambridge,

Ralph Sanders,

Silvio,

St. Simon,

The Queen.

List of twelve Hardy Rhododendrons, which stood the winter
of 1894-5, on the grounds of Francis B. Hayes at Lexington,
viz : ''

Album elegans.

Album triumphans,

Atrorubrum,

Caractacus,

Delicatissimum,

Everestianum,

H. W. Sargent,
Lady Armstrong,
Maculatum,
Oculatum nigrum,
Roseum elegans.
Roseum srandiflorum.

Herbaceous Paeonies were almost entirely absent, as this ex-
hibition is fully a week too early for them.

Other seasonable flowers were shown in great quantities and of
fine quality, conspicuous among them being the Orchids and
Javan Rhododendrons from Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, the
Herbaceous Plants from J. W. Manning and the Botanic Garden
of Harvard University, and the displays of German Irises,
Oriental Poppies, and Pelargoniums.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. Frederick L. Ames was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit for Aristolochia Gigas Shirtevantii, a gigantic represen-
tative of tlie Dutchman's Pipe family.

ROSE SHOW.
June 20 and 21.

With the present year the manner of showing the roses was
changed throughout the entire exhibition. The old wooden boxes
were discarded and all flowers were shown in vases, to the manifest
improvement in the appearance of the hall.

The present season was a very trying one for the rose ; the
unseasonably warm weather in April and the dry weather in May
did them great harm and materially injured the exhibition as a
whole. It was claimed by some that the deficiencies in the
exhibits were occasioned by the change in the Schedule whereby
all duplicates were prohibited in the different classes when
competed for by one individual. This may have made some
difference in the general display but when it is considered that
there was but one less award made the present year to competitors
in the various classes than there was last year it seems unjust to
attribute all the injury to that cause.

As has been the rule for several years past the best roses came
from the South Shore, principally from Hon. Joseph S. Fay of
Wood's HoU. J. Eaton, Jr., of New Bedford, also contributed
many fine blooms. In the class for the best single bloom of any
variety, Hon. J. S. Fay took all the prizes with the following
varieties in the order named, viz : Earl of Dufferin, Princess
Rodocanachi, and Margaret Dickson. The first prize for a
single bloom of any variety inti'oduced since 1892, was awarded
to J. Eaton, Jr., for Marchioness of Londonderry and the second
to W. W. Astor, of Newport, R. I., for the same variety.

There were many interesting miscellaneous collections, the
Herbaceous Plants being most prominent.

Charles J. Dawson brought from the Bussey Institution, fine
flowers of the rare Ostroivskf/a magnijica., a very difficult plant to
grow.

James Comley was awarded a PMrst Class Certificate of Merit
for a seedling Rhododendron maximum, with white flowers
blotched with yellow.

KEPORT OF THK COMMITTEE OX FLOWERS. 209

On several occasions Mr. M. H. Walsh has exhibited his
seedling Hybrid Rose, the Michael H. AValsh, and on July 1,
181)3, he was awarded a First Class Certificate of .Merit for it.
The rose appeared to us to have so much promise that we deemed
it expedient to see the plants growing and flowering in the open
ground, and on invitation of Mr. Walsh we visited the grounds of
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, his employer, on July 9, of this year, to
make a further examination of the variety. The rose exceeded
our most sanguine expectations, and of the great number of older
varieties in Mr. Fay's collection, the cream of the European pro-
ductions, there was not one to surpass this in beauty or vigor.
This is the more remarkable when we take into consideration that
of the hundreds of varieties of Hybrid Roses there are but two or
three of any merit that are of American origin. With this fact
in mind it was the unanimous opinion of the Committee that the
Society should bestow upon it the highest honor within its power.
We therefore awarded Mr. Walsh the Society's Gold Medal.

The exhibition of the week after the regular Rose Show has
assumed considerable importance as a rose exhibition, and the
roses shown are often superior to many at the regular show.
This season June 29 was no exception, and we had fine displays
of Hybrid Roses, Iris Kcempferi, English Irises, Delphiniums,
Lilium aindidum, Campanula Medium, Herbaceous Plants,
Native Plants, and a great variety of other seasonable flowers.

Jul}' 13 was Hollyhock day, but this has ceased to be the
beautiful exhibition it was a few years ago, owing to the ravages
of the holl3'hock fungus, which has nearly put a stop to hollyhock
growing in this region.

On this date William Robinson was awarded a Silver Medal for
a seedling Sobralia named Amesice, a cross between X'lntholeuca
and WilUamsii. This is a very beautiful orchid and a credit to its
originator. Mrs. Frederick L. Ames was awarded a First Class
Certificate of Merit for a number of beautiful varieties of Javan
Rhododendrons.

July 27 was Sweet Pea day and the displays were numerous
and beautiful. Particularly valuable were the named varieties
from Frederick A. Blake, A. A. Hixon, and John 1*. Spaulding.

August 3 was prize day for Hardy Nymph;eas. The prizes
were competed for by Hon. John Simpkins and Oakes Ames and
3

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

won in the order named. The collection of Mr. Simpkius was of
extraordinary merit and manifested great skill in cultivation. It
included several new varieties, three of which were awarded
First Class Certificates of Merit; N. Laydekeri lihicina, an
improyed La>/deke7'i rosea ; N. Afarliacea Jlammea, a. magnificent
cup-shaped flower of about four rows of petals, which are very
broad and rounded, deep lilac-carmine in color, with large yellow
disk in the centre; and N. Marliacea Robinsonia, a very large
carmine-rose colored flower with pointed petals. Mr. Simpkins
was also awarded the Appleton Silver Medal for the great excel-
lence of his exhibit.

Mrs. Frederick L. Ames was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit for new Montbretias.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

SkPTEMHER 4 AND 5.

The cut flowers at this show, while making a ver}^ important
part of the exhibition, were not, as a whole, so numerous as they
have sometimes been. Dahlias were shown in great quantities and
of fine quality. The Aquatics are always interesting and on this
occasion they attracted much attention. The Victoria re(/ia was
much missed but the displays of Nympheeas and Nelumbiums
were quite equal to any previous show of them.

First Class Certificates of Merit were awarded to J. W. Howard
for a new Chrysanthemum-flowered Double Sunflower, a most
remarkable form of this old plant ; and to P. Bisset for a Seed-
ling Nelumbium, deep rosy-carmine in color, grown from seed
sent from Corea.

Robert Christie was awarded Honorable Mention for a collection
of Seedling Cannas, and Warren W. Rawson & Co. were awarded
the Society's Silver Medal for a collection of Dahlias which were
well arranged, of the best quality, and exceeded in extent any
previous exl)i])ition of this flower known to us.

September 14, Oakes Ames was awarded Honorable Mention
for a white Nelumbium, N. album graiidijlorum.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS. 211

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Two years ago it seemed as though the height of perfection had
been reached in the cultivation of Chrysanthemums, but there has
been steady improvement and the show of flowers this year
eclipsed all our previous exhibitions, particularly in the size and
finish of blooms. The flowers from John Simpkius and Edmund
Wood & Co. were marvels in size and symmetry. It would be
useless to attempt to select any special varieties from their
exhibits for they were all so good.

There were very few classes that were not competed for and
very few displays not in competition. As usual the greatest
competition was in the classes for twentj^-five flowers of twenty-
five varieties, there being no less than eight competitors and
only three prizes to award.

Special effort was made this year to bring the Anemone-flowered
class more into notice and exhibit the strange forms peculiar to
this class. The display by Hon. John Simpkins of these flowers
was a remarkable one and illustrated their peculiarities in a
marked manner.

Seedlings were less numerous than for several years, the most
promising being the pink variety shown by E. G. Hill of Rich-
mond, Ind., named Mrs. Perrine ; the bronze-yellow vaiiety from
H. A. Gane, named West Newton, and the white variety from
J. Eaton, Jr., named J. H. Woodford. First Class Certificates
of Merit were awarded to T. D. Hatfield for a new seedling named
Sundew, and to H. A. Gane for a new seedling Anemone-flowered,
named Marcia Jones. Complimenlary notice was issued to Mr.
H. A. Gane for four new seedling Chrysanthemums.

Nathaniel T. Kidder, having obtained the greatest number of
first prizes throughout the season for Herbaceous Plants, became
entitled to the Appleton Silver Medal, and J. W. Manning to the
Appleton Bronze Medal for the next greatest.

The Committee have awarded during the year one Society's
Gold Medal, two Society's Silver Medals, two Appleton Silver
Medals, one Appleton Bronze Medal, sixteen Certificates of Merit,
two Honorable Mentions and one Complimentary Notice.

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The amount appropriated for the year 1895 was . §2,500 00
Additional appropriation . . . . . 200 00

2,700 00
We have awarded in prizes and gratuities, inchiding

medals 2,660 OO

Leaving an unexpended balance of . . . $40 00

All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

Arthur H. Fewkf.s,

Chairmen) ^

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 213

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FLOWERS.

1895.

January 5.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Display of Flowers 4 00

W. E. Coburn. Chinese Primulas 1 00

January 12.

Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias .....

4 00

David Nevins. Two bunches Marie Louise Violets .

2 00

W. N. Craig, Vase of Freesia refracta alba

2 00

"William Nicholson, Carnations

1 00

W. E. Coburn, Chinese Primulas

1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers ....

2 00

January 19.

Grat nit ies : —

Francis Brown Haves. Cut Flowers .....

4 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, ^^ i.

1 00

January 26.
Gratuities : —

Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias . . . . . . . 3 00

George M. Anderson, Cyclamens ....... 1 00

February 2.

Orchids. — Display of named species and varieties, filling not less

than twelve bottles, Mrs. F. L. Ames . . . . . 15 00

Second, Mrs. F. L. Ames 10 00

Violets. — Best collection of varieties, fifty blooms of each in a
bunch, W. N. Craig ........

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder .......

Third, Harry S. Band

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than
six varieties, in vases. William Nicholson ....

Second, W. N. Craig

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers, with foliage,
not less than twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties,
Francis Brown Hayes ........

Second, John L. Gardner ........

Gratuities : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Camellias ... ...

Bussey Institution, Forced Crab Apple blossoms

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214

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Norris F. Comley, Forced Lilacs
David Nevins, Three vases of Violets

C. E. Weld, Violets

W. N. Craig, Vase of Eucharis Amazonica

W. E. Coburii, Chinese Primulas

C. E. Richardson, Acacia and Azaleas

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers .

February 9.

Gratuities : —

Bussey Institution, Display of Forced Shrubs and Flowers
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

February 16.

Gratuities : —

Bussey Institution, Cherokee Roses .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .

February 22.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Antirrhinum majus .
Dailledouze Brothers, Flatbush, N. Y., Mignonette
William W. Edgar, Mignonette

March 9.

Gratuities : —

David Nevins, Five vases of Hybrid Roses
James Comley, Camellias, Roses, etc.
Bussey Institution, Lilies and Rhododendrons
Harry S. Rand, Six vases of Violets
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers .

March 16.

Gratuities : —
James Comley, Cut Flowers
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " "

3 00
1 00

1 00
1 00

3 00
2 00
2 00

5 00
4 00
1 00
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1 00

4 00
3 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 2G, 27, 28, and 29.

Htbrid Perpetual Roses. — Twelve cut blooms of not less tlian
six distinct named varieties, David Nevins ....

Second, James Comley ........

Six cut blooms, distinct named varieties, .Tames Comley
Twelve cut blooms of Ulrich Brunner, David Nevins .

8 00

6 00

6 00

10 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

215

Tender Roses in Vases. — Twelve blooms of American Beauty
Hon. John P. Spaulding ......

Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet, Thomas II. Meade

Second, William H. Elliott

Third. Charles V. Whitten

Twelve blooms of Meteor, Charles V. Whitten
Twelve blooms of Papa Gontier, William H. Elliott

Second, William H. Elliott

Twelve blooms of The Bride, William H. Elliott .

Second, Charles V. Whitten ......

Third, Hon. John P. Spaulding ......

Best Tender Rose introduced since 1892, F. R. Pierson, Tarn-
town, N. Y , for Bridesmaid ......

Second, Hon. John P. Spaulding, for Bridesmaid
Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varie'
ties, Hon. Joseph S. Fay ......

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay ......

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Violets. — Best bunch of fifty blooms of Czar, Harry S. Rand
Second, Nathaniel T. Ividder ......

Best bunch of fifty blooms of Lady Hume Campbell, Harry S

Rand

Best bunch of fifty blooms of Marie Louise, David Nevins .
Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder ......

Best bunch of fifty blooms of any other variety, Nathaniel T
Kidder, for Swanley White ......

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, for Neapolitan
Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than six
varieties, in vases, William Nicholson ....

Second, F. A. Blake

Twelve blooms of any named Crimson variety, William Nicholson
for Ferdinand Mangold .......

Second, Arthur H. Fewkes, for Anna Webb
Twelve blooms of any named Dark Pink variety, William Nichol
son, for Nicholson ........

Second, F. A. Blake, for William Scott ....

Twelve blooms of any named Light Pink variety, Joseph H. White
for Daybreak .........

Second, William Nicholson, for Daybreak
Twelve blooms of any named Scarlet variety, William Nicholson
for Hector .........

Second, L. H. Foster, for The Stuart ....

Twelve blooms of any named White variety, David Nevins, for
Mrs. Fisher .........

Second, F. A. Blake, for Lizzie McGowan
Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage
not less than twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties
John L. Gardner ........

8 00
8 00
6 00
4 00
8 00
8 00

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8 00
6 00
4 00

4 00

3 00

4 00

3 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

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4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

3 00
2 00

3 00
2 00

3 00
2 00

4 00

216

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY

Second, James Comley ........

Six cut blooms, of not less than four named varieties, with foliage,
Joseph H. White .........

Centre Piece. — The last day of the Exliibition, Mrs. E. M. Gill .

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Bride's Bouquet. — The Second prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill

Gratuities : —
James Comley, Display of Roses ....

David Nevins, Hybrid Perpetual Roses

F. R. Pierson, Vases of Tea Roses, Meteor and Kaiserin Augusta

Edward Butler, Thirteen vases of Orchids

David Allan. Orchids ......

C. W. Ward, Collection of Carnations

Arthur H. Fewkes. Three vases of Antirrhinunt majiis

William H. Elliott, Asparagus plumosus nanus

James Comley, Wistaria, Rhododendrons, and Clematis

F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N. Y., Display of Cannas

Harry S. Rand, Eight vases of Violets

"Botanic Garden, Collection of Sarracenias

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers ....

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " etc. ....

3 00

3

00

10

00

8

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4

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10

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5

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2

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1

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3

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3

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

April 6.

Gratuity : —
James Comley, Azaleas, Roses, etc.

4 00

April 13.

Grat)iity : —

James Comley, Thirty varieties of Roses .

2 00

Gratuity : —
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers

April 20.

1 CO

April 27.

Gratuities : —

William Nicholson, Carnations ....

James Comley, Vase of Magnolia stellata and Wistaria
Mrs. A. 1). AVood, Cut Flowers ....

Mrs. E. M. Gill. " " ....

1 00

1 ()0

2 00
1 00

M^Y EXHIBITION.

May 4.

Tulips. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct named varictie.'i, tlie Second
prize to John L. Gardner .......

4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

217

Hardv Narcissuses. — Collection of not less than ten named varie
ties of blooms, in vases, John L. Gardner
Second, Bussey Institution ......

Pansies. — Forty-eight cut blooms, not less than twenty-four varie
ties, Hon. Joseph S. Fay ......

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . . . . .

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Herbaceous Plants. — Thirty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Native Plants — Collection not exceeding thirty bottles, Mrs. P
D. Richards .........

Second, Miss C. M. Endicott and Miss M. C. Hewett
Third, Misses Eleanor and Mollie Doran ....

Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Tulips and Fritillarias
Dr. C. G. Weld, Display of Narcissuses
E. S. Converse, Gloxinias
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Pansies
Dr. C. G. Weld. "

James Comley, Display
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers

May 11
Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Pansies .
James Comley, Display
Mrs. E. M. Gill, '• ...

Mrs. A. D. Wood, '• ...

Mrs. P. D. Richards. Native Plants

6 00
5 00

4 00
8 00
2 00
8 00

00
00
00

4 00

4 00
1 00
3 00
1 00

5 00
3 00

4 00
4 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

May 18.
Gratuities : —

James Comley, Display ......... 3 00

John L. Gardner, " 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers 100

Mrs. E. M. Gill, '' " 1 00

Miss C. M. Endicott and ]\Iiss M. C. Hewett, Native Plants . . 3 00

Mrs. P. I). Richards, Native Plants . . ... . . 3 00

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, " " 2 00

May 25.

Tree Proxies. — Tiiree double varieties, named, three of each.
John L. Gardner .........

3 00

Gratuities : —
James Comley, Hardy Shrubs and Cut Flowers . . . . 5 GO

E. Sheppard & Son, Collection of Pelargoniums, Azaleas, etc. . 2 00

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William Miller and Son, Hardy Pinks 1 00

John L. Gardner, Collection of Cut Flowers 2 00

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, Wild Flowers 3 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " ...,..'. 2 00

« June 1.

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Collection of Rhododendrons . . . . 5 00
James Comley, Collection of Rhododendrons, ^Azaleas, Roses and

Orchids 7 00

T. C. Thurlow, Collection of Flowering Shrubs . . . . 1 00

L. M. Chase, Snowballs, etc 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display 2 00

Mrs. Mary E. Loud, Native Ferns 1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

Juke 6 and 7.

If. H. Hunnewell Fund.

Rhododendrons. — Twelve distinct varieties, of unquestioned hard-
iness, named, James Comley, a piece of plate valued at . 20 00
Second, John L. Gardner, a piece of plate valued at . . 15 00
Six distinct varieties, of unquestioned hardiness, named, Samuel

J. Trepess 10 00

Second, Mrs. B. P. Cheney . . . . . . . 5 00

Six tender varieties, named, James Comley . . . . . 5 00

Three tender varieties, named, the Second prize to John L. Gardner 3 00
Hardy Azaleas. — From any or all classes, fifteen varieties, one

vase of each, James Comley ... .... 8 00

Second, Thomas C. Thurlow 5 00

Twelve varieties, one vase of each, Thomas C. Tluirlow . . 4 00

Cluster of trusses, one variety, Thomas C. Thurlow . . . 2 00

Society's Prizes.

Herbaceous P.eonies. — Twelve named varieties, the Third prize

to John L. Gardner 6 00

Gekjian Ikises. — Six distinct varieties, one spike of each, Walter H.

Cowing 3 00

Second, George Hollis 2 00

Hardy Pyketiirums. — Display, John L. Gardner . . . . 3 00
Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Collection of thirty
species and varieties, named, cut blooms, the Third prize to

Alice Grinnell 5 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Tiiirty bottles, J. W. Manninj^ . . . 8 00

Basket op Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood 5 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. (Jill 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

219

Native Plants. — Collection not exceeding thirty bottles of named
species and varieties, one bottle of each, Mrs. P. 1). liichiinls
Second, Miss C. M. Endicott and .Miss M. C. Howett
Third, Misses Eleanor and Mollie Doran .....

Gratuities : — ^
H. H. Ilnnnewell, Rhododendrons and Azaleas
James Comley, Display of Rhododendrons and Azaleas
Mrs. B. P. Cheney, Display of Hardy Rhododendrons
T. C. Thurlow, Rhododendrons, Azaleas, etc. .
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Rhododendrons
John L. Gardner, " ...

Mrs. F. L. Ames, Orchids and Javanese Rliododendrons
John L. Gardner, Paeonies .....

James Comley, Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrnbs. etc
Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Display of Herbaceons

Plants

I. E. Coburn, Pelargoniums
E. S. Converse, Begonias and Gloxinias
George Hollis, Display of German Irises
Walter H. Cowing, Oriental Poppies

" " Aquilegias

W. N. Craig, Display
Mrs. E. M. Gill, '• ...

Jdne 15.
Gratuities : —

Thomas C. Thurlow, Display of Pfeonies

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, •' "

George Hollis, " "

Hon Joseph S. Fay, Hybrid Roses ,

W. H. Cowing. Spanisli Irises .

C. C. Metcalf, Tulip Tree Flowers .

James Comley, Display

John L. Gardner, " ...

Mrs. E. M. Gill, '' . . .

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers

Miss Alice L. Grinnell, Native Flowers

.5

00

i

00

3

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25

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25

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10

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4

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15

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3

(0

2

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8 00

6 00

3 00

10 00

1 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

I 00

2 00

EOSE EXHIBITION.

June 20 and 21.

Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.

IIardv Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of

each variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 35 00

Third, Mrs. J. W. Clark 25 00

220

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for

Special Prizes, offered by the Society.

Six blooms of Alfred Colomb, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Six blooms of Baroness Rothschild, Hon. Joseph^S. Fay

Second, James Comley ......

Six blooms of John Hopper, Hon. Josepii S. Fay

Second, James Comley ......

Six blooms of Marquise de Castellane, Hon. Josepli S. Fay
Six blooms of Merveille de Lyon, Dr. C. G. Weld

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .....
Six blooms of Mme. Gabriel Luizet, J. Eaton, Jr.

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .....
Six blooms of Mme. Victor Verdier, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Six blooms of Prince Camille de Rohan

Twelve blooms of any other variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fa
Magna Ciiarta .......

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay for Gen. Jacqueminot .

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay for Ulrich Brunner

Fourth, Sumner Coolidge for Ulrich Brunner .

.Regular Prizes.

Sixteen distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay

Second, J. Eaton, Jr. ........

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each variety, J. Eaton, Jr.
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .......

Six distinct named varieties, three of each variety, Hon. Joseph

S. Fay

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Third. J. Eaton, Jr

Three distinct named varieties, three of each, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Second, J. Eaton, Jr. ........

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, one of each, the Second
prize to J. Eaton, Jr. ....... •

Eighteen distinct named varieties, one of each, the Second prize

to Dr. C. G. Weld . . . .^

Twelve distinct named varieties, one of each, the Second prize to
Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . . i .

Best single bloom of any variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay for Earl of
Duiferin ...........

Second, Hon. Josei)h S. Fay, for Princess Rodocanaclii
Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, for Margaret Dickson
Twelve blooms of not less than four varieties, introduced since

18!»2, Hon. Jo.«eph S. Fay .

Best single l)loom of a variety introduced since 1892, J. Eaton, .Jr.,
for .Marchioness of Loiidonilerry ......

5

00

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4

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10

00

.5

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIKS FOR FLOAVERS.

221

Second, W. W. Astor, Newport, R. I., for Marchioness of Lon-
donderry ...... ....

Moss Hoses. — Six distinct named varieties, three clusters of eacii,
Hon. Joseph S. F;iy ........

Second, Dr. C. G. WeM

Tliird, John L. Gardner ........

Hybrid Tea Roses. — Six named varieties, buds admissil)le, Hon.

Joseph S. Fay

General Display. — One hiindred hottles of Hardy Roses, liuds
admissible, Hon. Joseph S. Fa}' ......

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Third, W. W. Astor

Fourth, James Comley . ...

Fifth, John L. Gardner ........

Basket of Roses. — Arranged for effect, to be shown the second
day, the Second prize to James Comley ....

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Foxgloves. — Twelve spikes, Miss M. S. Walker ....

Second, John L. Gardner ........

Sweet Williams. — Thirty spikes, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, Walter H. Cowing

Second, W. N. Craig ........

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass
vases, Mrs. A. D. Wood .......

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

4 CO

C, 00
4 fO
3 00

6 00

10

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Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Harrison Yellow Roses and Persian Yellow
Roses ........

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Disphiv of Roses

J. Eaton, Jr., Roses .......

Mrs. J. W. Clark, Hoses

Patrick Kane. "......

William C. Winter, Hardy l{oses ....

William H. Spooner, Hybrid Roses ....

James Comley, Display of Roses and Flowering Shrubs

Miss M. S. Walker, Display of Roses, etc.

George Hollis, Pseonies and Foxgloves

O B. Hadwen, Paeonies ......

Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Herbaceous Phm
J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants ....

W. N. Craig, Carnations and Antirrhinums

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers

John li. Gardner, Orcliids . . . .

Thomas C. Thurlow, Flowering Trees and Shrubs
Bussey Institution, Drncunculns vulgaris ?ix\<\ Ostrowskya
Walter H. Cowing, Spanish Irises ....

" •' Shirley Poppies ....

riKu/nifica

3 00

30 00

-> 00

2 00

2 00
1 00
1 00

10 00

3 00
1 00

1 00
10 00

4 00
3 00
3 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 Oo

222

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

F. A. Blake, Petunias .......

J. W. Howard, Gloxinias .......

Miss M. C. Hewett and Miss C. M. Endicott, "Wild Flowers
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers

1 00

1 00
3 00

2 00

not

M. S

less

Walker

than twelve bottles

June 29.

Hardy Roses. — Collection, filling fifty vases, one rose in each
vase, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Third, Mrs. J. W. Clark .

Fourth, James Comley
Iris K.empferi. — Fifteen varieties, three of each, in vases, John
L. Gardner . . ......

Third, Thomas C. Thurlow

Six varieties, three of each, in vases, Nathaniel T. Kidder
English Irises. — Best collection, Walter H. Cowing

Second, Frederick S. Davis .....
Delphiniums. — Collection of twenty spikes, John L. Gardner

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
LiLiUM CANDiDUM. — Twelve spikes. Miss

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Hon. John P. Spaulding
Campanula Medium. — Collection,
Mrs. E. M. Gill

Second, Frederick A. Blake
Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, J.

Second, Shady Hill Nursery Co.
Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill .

Third, James Comley

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Display of Roses
James Comley, Iris Kam-pfcri and Roses
John L. Gardner, Iris Kcempferi and Delphiniums .
E. Sheppard & Son, Delphiniums and Iris Kampferi
Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Display of Herba

Plants

Walter H. Cowing, Shirley Poppies .
Walter IT. Cowing, Sweet Williams .
Thomas C. Thurlow, Trees and Siirubs
Frederick A. I51ake, Display of Flowers
Mrs. ¥j. M. Gill. Display .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers .

W. Manning

20

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6

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6

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4

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

223

July C.

Vase of Flowkrs. — Best arrangocl, in one of the Society's glas

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Second, Mrs. A. I). Wood

Tiiird, Miss Haltie B. Winter

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles, M
D. Richards ........

Second, Misses Eleanor and Mollie Doran

Third, Miss Alice L. Grinnell

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Oratuities : —
James Comley, Hybrid Roses
J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants
James Comley, Iris Kampferi.
Sumner Coolidge, Hollyhocks .
James Comley, "

2 00
2 00
2 00
4 00
1 00

July 13.

Fay

Hollyhocks. — Double, twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors,
Hon. Joseph S. Fay ....

Second, James Comley ....

Tliird. Hon. John P. Spaulding .
Six blooms, of six distinct colors, Hon. Joseph S.

Second, James Comley ....

Third, E. S. Converse . . . •

Twelve spikes, Hon. John P. Spaulding

Second, James Comley ....
Parlor Bouquet, Mrs. A. 1). Wood

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill ....

Third, Miss Hattie B. Winter

Gratuities : —
Hon. John P. Spaulding, Hollyhocks
Sumner Coolidge. "

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, "

E. Sheppard & Son, "

J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants
Mrs. F. L. Ames, Orchids
W. N. Craig, Carnations and Sweet Peas
Ettore Tassinari, Zinnias .
James Comley, Display
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers
Miss Alice L. Grinnell, " '•

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224

MASSACFIUSEXrS HOHTICULTUaAL SOCIETY.

July 20.

Gloxinias. — Twelve vases, cut blooms, three in each vase, arranged

with any foliage, Hon. John P. Spaulding ....

Second, Moses S. Stevens

Tuberous Begonias. — Twelve vases, three in each vase, arranged
with any foliage, Hon. John P. Spaulding . . . .

Hardy Ferns. — Best Display, Mrs. P. D. Richards

Gratuities : —

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hollyhocks

Bi)tanic Garden of Harvard University, Tuberous Begonias
Hon. John P. Spaulding, Gladioli

" " " Sweet Peas

E. C. Lewis, Sweet Peas .
James Comley, Display
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " ...

Misses Eleanor and Mollie Doran, Native Flowers
Alice L. and George H. Grinnell, "• "

July 27.

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling thirty vases, arranged with any

foliage, Hon. John P. Spaulding

Second, Frederick A. Blake ......

Third, Adin A. Hixon .

Display of named varieties in vases, six sprays in each vase
Frederick A. Blake .......

Second, Adin A. Hixon

Third, Hon. John P. Spaulding

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Basket of Flowers. — F'or tal)le decoration, Mrs. E. M. Gill
Second, Miss Ilattie B. Winter

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Roses, Sweet Peas, and Phlox .
Bi)tanic Garden of Harvard University, Herbaceous Plants

Hon, Joseph S. Fay, Hollyhocks

Mrs. F. L. Ames, Collection of twenty-eight varieties of Cypripe
diuras .......

Hon. John P. Spaulding, Collection of Cannas

Oakes Ames, Display of Flowers

James Comloy, Display .....

Mrs. 1". 1). Richards, Wild Flowers .

August 3.

Hardy Nymph.kas. — Collection, with foliage, John Simpkins
Second, Oakes Ames .......

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

225

bottles,

Mrs

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike of
eaeli, George Hollis

Second, Thomas C. Tliurlow

Third, James Comley
Vase of Flowers. — P^or table decoration, James Oomley

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill ....

Third, Miss Hattie B. Winter .
Native Flowers. — Collection, not exceeding fort
P. D. Richards

Second, Oakes Ames .....

Third, Misses Eleanor and Mollie Doran .

Graiuiiies : —
Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Collection of Phloxes

Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hybrid Roses

Hon. .John 1*. Spaulding, Collection of Gladioli

Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Display of Annuals

James Conilev, Display of Flowers ......

August 10.
Gladioll — Twenty named varieties, in spikes, J. Warren Clark
Second, James Comley .....
Ten named varieties, in spikes, Walter H. Cowing
Second, William E. Endicott ....
Si.K named varieties, in spikes, John Parker .

Second. Walter H. Cowing ....

Display of named and unnamed varieties, tilling one hundred
vases, arranged for effect, with any foliage, Hon. John P
Spaulding .........

Second, William E. Endicott

Phlox Drummondi. — Thirty vases, not less than six varieties

L. W. Goodell

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Third, Hon. John P. Spaulding ..*...,

Graiidties : —
Dr. C. G. Weld, Gladioli .
William Patterson, " . .

Hon. John P. Spaulding, Gloxinias .
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Phlox Drummondi
Aaron Lummus, Dahlias .
William C. AVinter, "...
John Parker, Dahlias, etc.
Oakes Ames, Tank of Water Lilies .
George HoUis, Phlox and Lilies
L. W. Goodell, Japan Pinks and Begonias
James Comley, Display of Cut Flowers
Mrs. E M. Gill, Cut Flowers
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers .
4

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226 MASSACHUSKTTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 24.

Asters. — Large Flowered, of all classes, fifty vases, not less than

twelve varieties, three flowers iu each vase, Joseph H. White 5 00

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay 4 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 3 00

Truffaut's Pajony Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve

varieties, Hon. Joseph S. Fay . . . . . . 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder 4 00

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve varieties,

Joseph H. White 5 00

Second, E. S. Converse 4 00

Pompon, thirty cut plants, not less than six varieties, the Sec(md

prize to Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . 8 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

September 4 and o.

Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.

Aquatic Plants. — Display, including not less than twelve flowers

of Nympliaeas or Nelumbiums, Hon. John Simpkins . . 30 00

Second, L. W. Goodell . 20 00

Third, Cakes Ames 10 00

Regular J'rizes.

Asters. — Collection of fifty flowers, one flower in each vase, pref-
erence being given to the collection containing the greatest

number of classes, named, L. W. Goodell . . . . .'i 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge ' . 4 00

Dahlias. — Double, twelve blcfoms, distinct named varieties, L. W.

Snow 6 00

Second, John Parker ......... 5 00

Third, Lothrop lliggins 4 00

Six blooms, distinct named varieties, Lawrence II. Parker . . 4 00

Second, L. W. Snow 3 00

Third, William C. Winter 2 00

Specimen bloom, Lawrence 11. Parker . . . . . . 2 00

Second, L. W. Snow 1 00

Liliputian, display, twenty-five bottles, not less than eight named

varieties, William C. Winter 4 00

Second, Aaron Lummus ........ 3 00

Third, William E. Endicott 2 00

Single, display of twenty-five spikes, not less than eight varieties,

the Second prize to William C Winter 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS.

227

LiLinM LANCiFOLiuM. — Collection of named varieties, Sumner
Coolidge ...........

Second, Thomas C. Thurlow . . .

Trop.i^olums. — Display, filling twenty-five vases, Dr. C. G. "Weld
Second, A. L. Cain .........

Tliird, E. S. Converse

Marigolos. — Display of French and African, filling twenty-five
vases, Bussey Institution .......

Second, Onkes Ames .........

Caknas. — Collection of not less than ten named varieties, in spikes,
with foliage, R. & J. Farquliar & Co. .....

Second, Walter H. Cowing .......

Tuberous Begonias. — Twenty-five spikes, in vases, three spikes in
a vase, with foliage, not less than four varieties, Hon. John
P. Spaulding ..........

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld

Third, Albert H. Brown

Double Zinnias.— Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties.
Dr. C. G. Weld ....;....

Second, L. W. Goodell

Third, John Jeffries .........

Single Dianthuses. — Collection of Annual and Biennial varieties,

filling fifty bottles, L. W. Goodell

Vase of Flowers. — For table decoration, James Comley

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Third, Miss Hattie B. Winter

Native Plants. — Collection, not exceeding forty bottles. Mrs. P.
D. Richards ..........

Second. Misses Eleanor and ]\Iollie Doran ....

Third, Phillips Barry

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Gratuities : —
William C. Winter, Display of Dahlias
James S. Cowles, Newport, K. I., Display of Canna, Mrs. Fairman
Rogers ......

L. W. Goodell, Sweet Peas and Begonias
Thomas C. Thiirlow, Perennial Phloxes .
James Comley, Display of Cut Flowers .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, '•

4 00

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2 00
1 00

September 14.

Herbaceous Plants. — Forty bottles, Nathaniel T. Kidder
Second, J. W. Manning ......

8 00
6 00

Gratuity : —
James Comley, Vase of Flowers

3 GO

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

September 21.

Perennial Asters. — Display of Native or Introduced species and

varieties, George Hollis ....... 5 OO

Second, Mrs. P D. Richards 4 00

Grai uities : —

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of Cannas, Gladioli, etc. . . 5 00

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Display of Annuals 2 00

Misses Eleanor and MoUie Doran, Wild Flowers . . . . 2 00'

October 2.

Gratuities : —

James Comley, Bougainvillea glabra . . . . . . 2 00

Walter II. Cowing, Display of Cannas ...... 3 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 5, fi, 7, and 8.

Special Prizes from the Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Twenty-five blooms, of twenty-five distinct varieties, named,

Hon. John Simpkins, a piece of plate, or value in money . 20 00'

Second. Walter Hunnewell . . . . . . . 15 00

Third, Mrs. B. P. Cheney 10 00

Six vases of six named varieties, ten blooms each, E. M. Wood & Co. 30 00'

Second, C. V. Wbitten 25 00'

Special Prizes offered by the Society.

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, Hed, J. Brydon,

for Mars 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, Pink, E. G. Hill,

Richmond, Ind., for Mrs. Perrine . . . . . 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms. White, .J. Eaton, Jr.,

for J. H. Woodford 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, Yellow, Mann

Brothers, for Theo 5 00

Best Seedling, never disseminated, three blooms, any other color,

Henry A. Gane, for West Newton. . . . . 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Twelve cut blooms, Incurved, named, in vases, Joseph H. White 10 00
Twelve cut Idooms, Japanese, named, in vases, Nathaniel T.

Kidder 10 00

Second, Joseph 11. White 6 00

I bird, W. K. Wood 4 GO'

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 229

Twelve cut Mooms, Japanese Incurved, named, in vases, Hon.

John Simpkins 10 00

Second, Joseph H. Wliite 6 00

Third, W. K. Wood 4 00

Twelve cut blooms, Anemone, named, in vases, Hon. John Simp-
kins 10 00

Second, James L. Little ........ 6 00

Six cut blooms, Incurved, named, in vases, William Slack, Stam-
ford, Conn 6 00

Second, W. K. Wood 4 00

Third, Joseph H. White 2 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, Hon. John Simpkins 6 00

Second, William Slack, 4 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese Incurved, named, in vases, E. S. Con-
verse ........... 6 00

Second, Mrs. B. P. Cheney 4 00

Third, James L. Little 2 00

Six cut blooms, Reflexed, named, in vases, John Simpkins . . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White 4 00

Third, Mrs. B. P. Cheney 2 00

Six cut blooms, Anemone, named, in vases, J. W. Howard . . 6 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld 4 00

Third, E. S. Converse 2 00

Twelve sprays, Pompons, not less than six named varieties, the

Second prize to J. W. Howard . . . . . 4 00

Third, Bussey Institution 3 00

Twelve best varieties, named, introductions of the current year,

Hon. John Simpkins ........ 8 00

Second, T. D. Hatfield 6 00

Third, William Slack 4 00

Vase of blooms, on long stems, arranged in the Society's large

china vases, Hon. John Simpkins . . . . . . 18 00

Second, Hon. John Simpkins . . . . . . . 16 00

Third, Mrs. B. P. Cheuey 14 00

Fourth, Joseph H. White 12 00

Fifth, J. W. Howard 10 00

Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems. Red, named, Edmund

Wood & Co., for E. Molyneux . . . . . 10 00

Second, Jeanne W. Howard, for Jeanne Delaux . . . 8 00
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, Pink, named, Edmund

Wood & Co., for Viviand Morel 10 00

Second, Mrs. B. P. Cheney, for Viviand Morel . . . . 8 00

Third, Mrs. B. P. Cheney, for Inter-Ocean . . . . 6 00
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems. White, named, Edmund

Wood & Co., for Mrs. Jerome Jones 10 00

Second, Mrs. B. P. Cheney, for Mutual Friend . 8 00
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems. Yellow, named, Edmund

Wood & Co., for Golden Wedding 10 00

230

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, Mrs. B. P. Cheney, for Major Bonnaffon
Third, Mrs. B. P. Cheney, for H. Snnderbruch
Best vase of ten blooms, on long stems, any other color, named,
Edmund Wood & Co., for Robert Mclnnes ....
Second, W. K. Wood, for Golden Hair .....

Gratuities : —
David Nevins, Display of Chrysanthemums
Arthur Hunnewell, Display of Chrysanthemums
William Nicholson, " " "

E. S. Converse, Collection of Chrysanthemums
James Comley, Display of Chrysanthemums
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Three vases Chrysanthemums
Hon. John Simpkins, Vase of Chrysanthemums, Pitcher & Manda
Hon. John Simpkins, Collection of Anemone Flowered Chrysanthe
mums ........

L. W. Goodell, Anemone Flowered Chrysanthemums
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Chrysanthemums ....

William Nicholson, Carnations ....

Peter Fisher. " ....

Oakes Ames, Nymphaas ......

David Allan, Dipladenia profusa ....

November l'3.
Gratuity : —

James Comley, Display of Chrysanthemums

December 7.

Gratuity : —
James Comley, Display of Chrysanthemums

December 21.
Gratuity : —

James Comley, Collection of Chrysanthemums

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SOCIETY'S GOLD MKDAL.
July 9. Michael H. Walsh, Seedling Hybrid Rose, Michael H. Walsh.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

July 13. William Robinson, Seedling Sobralia, Sobralia AmesicB xatitholeuca

X Willianisii,
Annual Exhibition, September 4 and 5. W. W. Rawson & Co., Collection

of Dahlias.

APPLETON SILVER MEDALS.
August 3. Hon. John Simpkins, Collection of Hardy Nymphaeas.
September 14. Nathaniel T. Kidder, Herbaceous Plants.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FLOWERS. 231

APPLETON BRONZE MEDAL.
September 14. J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

March 16. Alexander McKay, Superior Cultivation of Hybrid Roses under
glass.
" '^ Sewall Fisher, Seedling Carnation Crystal.

" " Frederick Dorner, Lafayette, Ind., Seedling Carnation Storm
King.
May 4. William Nicholson, Superior Cultivation of Carnations.
June 1. James Comley, Seedling Rhododendron.

" " Thomas C. Thurlow, Symplocos Japonica.
Rhododendron Show, June 6, 7. Mrs. F. L. Ames, Arisiolochia Gigas

Sturievantii.
Rose Show, June 20, 21. James Comley, Seedling Rhododendron maximum.
July 13. Mrs. F. L. Ames, Javanese Rhododendrons.
August 3. Mrs. F. L. Ames, New Montbretias.
August 3. Hon. John Simpkins, Nymphcea Lnydekeri lilacina.
" " " " " " Mariiacea flammea,

" " " " " " '• Rohinsoninna.

Annual Exhibition, September 4, 5. J. W. Howard, New Clirysanthemum-

flowered Double Sunflower.
" " '• " P. Bisset, Seedling Nelumbium.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 5. T. D. Hatfield, New Seedling Chrysan-
themum Sundew.
" " " " Henry A. Gane, New Seedling

Anemone-flowered Chrysanthemum
Marcia Jones.

HONORABLE MENTIONS.

Annual Exhibition, September 4, 5. Robert Christie, Collection of Seedling

Cannas.
September 14. Oakes Ames, Nelumhium alhum grandiflorum.

COMPLIMENTARY NOTICE.

Chry§anthemum Show, November 5. Henry A. Gane, Seedling Chrysan-
themums.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

There was less injury to fruit-bearing trees, canes, aucl vines
during the winter of 1894-5 than the average in past years;
the extremes of temperature were less, and the ground was more
continuously covered with snow, some of the snow falling in
November remaining on the ground until after the middle of
March.

Several exceptionally warm days in early spring pushed forward
the fruit buds, and being followed later by frosts, strawberries and
grapes were severely injured, in many places the earlier varieties
proving a total failure. The season was favorable for the growth
of fruit ; while the rainfall was not up to the average it was so
evenly distributed that there was less injury from drought than in
many of the other States.

It being the off year for Apples the exhibitions of that fruit,
especially the late varieties, have not compared favorably with
those of the previous years and where the trees were not properly
cared for and sprayed, the fruit was so wormy and knurled as to
be of little value. Of Pears there has been an average crop and
some fine specimens were shown at the exhibitions. There has
been little complaint of the blight among the growers the past

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX FRUITS. 233

season and the pear continues to be less subject to injury from
insect pests than most of our fruits.

The Peach crop, the past season, has been the largest for many
years ; the fruit buds were not so badly killed during the winter
as in previous seasons, and there have been good exhibitions of this
fruit. Cherries have been shown in less quantity than usual
because of late frosts in some localities and rain at the time of
ripening. There have been fair exhibits of Plums and the recent
introduction of Japanese varieties has caused an increased
interest in the cultivation of this fruit. There are several
varieties of good quality that seem well adapted to our soil and
climate ; they are being tested and we shall ere long be able to
speak more definitely of their practical value.

The fungous and insect enemies of fruit, where undisturbed,
have done the usual amount of injury, but further experience
seems to prove that the damage from these pests may be prevented
or very much reduced by careful and systematic spraying. The
tent caterpillar has not been as numerous as in recent years but
the canker worm in some localities destroyed all prospects of a
crop, and the ever present codling moth was as numerous as in any
previous year, and as the crop of fruit was small a larger propor-
tion than usual bore evidence of his destructive work.

There have been few new fruits shown the past year requiring
special mention. The Alice grape, a white variety, from Ward
D. Guun. of Cliftondale. N. Y., was deemed of so much promise
that the Committee awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit to
the originator. Liberal prizes have been offered by Ex-President
Strong the past two years for varieties of Strawberries not
previously exhibited, but the competition has not shown anything
having as many points of excellence as varieties already in general
cultivation. Of recent introductions, the Mackintosh Apple is
promising ; it is of good quality, bright red in color, slightly
below medium size, and an excellent fruit for the table. At the
Annual Exhibition, October 2 and 3, William C Clapp, of
Dorchester, showed the seedling pear Harris, which was then
in perfect condition. It was of medium size and excellent
quality and seemed to the Committee worthy of cultivation. The
Marshall Strawberry easily took the lead as an exhibition berry,
and its large size, good quality, and perfect form and color
recommend it for the amateur, but the plants having been sold in

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

limited quantities until the past season it is impossible to speak
positively of its merits for field culture until the close of next
season.

The Committee have awarded in premiums and gratuities
$1,528, leaving an unexpended balance of $212.

E. W. Wood, v

O. B. Hadwen, I

C. F. Curtis, /

Warren Fenno, ) Committee.

J. WiLLARD Hill, V

Benjamin G. Smith, 1

Samuel Haktwell, '

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

235

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS,

189").

January 12.
Gratuities : —
George McWilliam, Foreign Grapes
Edwin A. Hall, Collection of Pears .
A. H. Lewis, •' " " .

$3 00
1 00
1 GO

February 2.
Gratuities : —
Henry W. Wilson, Display of Tropical Fruits
A. H. Lewis, Collection of Pears
Edwin A. Hall, " ^' " . .

O. B Hadwen, " • Apples .

5 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION,

March 26, 27, 28, and 29.

AYiNTEK Apples. — Baldwin, George C. Kice .

Second, J. V. Fletcher ....

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Northern Spy, F. J. Boyden ....

Second, George C Rice ....

Third, George V. Fletcher
Roxbury Russet, Benjamin P. Ware

Second, C. C. Boyden ....

Third, Littlefield Farm ....
Tompkins King, George C. Rice

Second, Louis J. Kendall ....

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Any other variety, George C. Rice, Yellow Bellfio

Second, George C. Rice, Mackintosh

Third, William Everett, Jacobs Sweet
Winter Pears. — Any variety, Leverett M. Chase,

Second, Leverett M. Chase, Vicar
Strawberries. — One pint, James Comley

Gratuities : —
E. M. Wight, Strawberry plants in fruit .
Marshall W. Chadbourne, Maple Syrup .

Anjo

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236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

April 6.

Gratuity : —

James Comley, Strawberries ........ 2 00

May 4.

Gratuities: —

Rev. Calvin Terry, Collection of Apples ...... 1 00

Elisha S. Converse, Peaches ........ 1 00

Mat 11.

Gratuity : —

William Brown, Peaches ....... . 1 00

May 18.
Gratuities: —

Benjamin P. Ware, Collection of Apples . . . . . . 1 00

William Brown, Peaches ......... 1 00

May 25.

Gratuity : —

Elisha S. Converse, Nectarines ....... 1 00

June 6.
Gratuities: —

William Doran & Son, Strawberries . ...... 2 00

William C. Winter, Peaches 1 00

July 14.

Gratuities: —

James Comley, Peaches ......... 2 00

J. W. Howard, Marshall Strawberries ...... 1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 20 and 21.
Special Prizes from the Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variet)'-, Hon.

Josepli S. Fay, for Marshall, the Lyman Plate, value 20 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge, " " " " " " 16 00

Third, J. W. Howard, " " " " " " 12 00

Fourth, Warren Heustis& Son, " " " " " 10 00

Fifth, Marshall F. Ewcll, " " " " " 8 00

Si^ecial Prizes Offered hy the Society.

For the best two quarts of any variety, to be judged by points,

Warren Ileustis & Son, Marshall 6 00

Second, Marshall F. Ewell, " 5 00

Tliird, George V. Fletcher, " 4 00

Fourtl), I. E. Coburn, Jesse 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

237

Regular Prizes.

For the largest and best collection, not less than twenty baskets of
two quarts each, and not less than five varieties, George F
Wheeler .....

Second, Isaac E. Coburn .
Ten baskets, not less than three varieties, two quarts each, Isaac
E Coburn ....

George V. Fletcher
Five baskets of one variety, two quarts each, ]\Irs. J. W. Clark

Pomfret, Conn.,
Two quarts of Belmont, J, W. Howard

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third. William Doran & Son
Bubach, I, E. Coburn

Second, Sumner Coolidge .

Third. Oliver K. Kobbins .
Champion, Wilfred Wheeler .

Second, George F. Wheeler
Charles Downing, Wilfred Wheeler

Second, Ge«rge F. Wheeler

Third, William Doran & Son
Crescent, the Second prize to Isaac E. Coburn

Third, William C. Winter .
Cumberland, the Third prize to George F. Wheeler
Jesse, Isaac E. Coburn .

Second, (ieorge V. Fletcher

Third, William C. Winter .
Leader, George V. Fletcher .

Second, George F. Wheeler
Marshall, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Second, E. W. Wood

Third, Isaac E. Coburn
Miner's Prolific, the Second prize to George F. Wheeler
Sharpless, the Third prize to William Doran & Son
Any other variety, Sumner Coolidge, Hersey

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Haverland ....

Third, Mrs. J. W. Clark, " ....

Collection of not less than six varieties, one quart of each, G
V. Fletcher ........

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ......

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, George V. Fletcher

Second, Edwin Hastings ......

Third, Joshma C. Stone ......

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Elisha S. Con

Second, Winter Brothers .
Forced Peaches. — Six specimens of any variety, William C
Winter .....

25

00

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238

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 29.

Strawberries. — One quart of any variety, J. W. Howard

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .

Third, Isaac E. Coburn
Cherries. — Black Tartarian, Leverett M. Chase

Second, James L. Duncan

Third, Charles B. Travis .
Downer, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Any other variety, A. T. Brown, Reine Hortense

Second, Charles B. Travis, Elton

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne, White Heart

Gratuity : —
William Doran & Son, Raspberries .

3

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July 6.

Cherries.— Two quarts of any variety, Charles F. Curtis, Downer

Second. E. S. Chapell, Napoleon

Third, Charles F. Curtis, Hyde's Seedling
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son
Red Antwerp ......

Second, Josiali W. Talbot, Seedling .
Ccrrants. — Two quarts of any Red variety, W. N. Craig, Fay's

Second, William Doran & Son, Fay's

Third, " '" " " Versaillaise

Two quarts of any White variety, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Samuel J. Trepess ....

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July 13.

Raspberries.- — ^ Collection of not less than four varieties, two quarts

of each, William Doran & Son

Two quarts of any variety, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Sumner Coolidge .......

Blackcaps. — Two quarts of any variety, Hon. John P. Spaulding
Currants. — One quart of Versaillaise, W. N. Craig

Second, Elisha S. Converse

One quart of any other Red variety, William C. Winter

Second, Hon. John V. Spaulding

One quart of any White variety, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Samuel J. Trepess ......

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, Joseph S. Chase
Triumph .........

Second, Amos Bates, Bates's Seedling ...
Third, E. W. Wood, " <■' ...

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

239

July 20.

Raspbbrkies. — Two quarts of any variety, Hon. John P. Spaulding

Second, Mrs. E. J. Cutter

Third, Sumner Coolidge ........

Currants. — One quart of any Red variety. William Doran & Son .

Second, W. N. Craig .........

Third, Elisha S. Converse

One quart of any White variety, Elisha S. Converse
Gooseberries — ^Two quarts of any Foreign variety, Dr. Walter G.
Kendall ...........

Second, Benjamin P. Ware . . . .' .

Tiiird, W. N. Craig

Gratuities : —
Rev. Calvin Terry, Pears .........

William C. Winter, Peaches

July 27.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Marshall W. Chad
bourne ......

Second, Rev. Calvin Terry
Apples.- — Tetofsky, Samuel Hartwell

Second, ^Marshall W. Chadbourne
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, E. S. Converse

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Charles N. Brackett
Any other variety, Mary Curtis, Giffard

Second, A. T. Brown, "

Third, William Milman "

Peaches. — Any variety, Charles S. Smith

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Gratuities : —
Ardrew Wellington, Apricots .
iMrs. Frederick L. Ames, Nectarines
William C. Wiuter, Peaches

August 3.

Apples. — Red Astrachan, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, S. F. & F. L. Weston
Sweet Bough, Sumner Coolidge

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, George V. Fletcher
Any other variety, Joshua C. Stone, Williams

Second, Sumner Coolidge, "

Third, P. G. Hanson, ''

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240

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pears. — Giffard, Mary Curtis ........

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Rufus T. Tobey

Any other variety, Sumner Coolidge, Clapp's Favorite .

Second, A. T. Brown .

Third, Elisha S. Converse

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Marshall W. Chad-
bourne ...........

Second, Rev. Calvin Terry .......

Peaches. — Any variety, Mrs. N. D. Harrington, Amsden

Second, Charles S. Smith, Alexander . . . . .

Third, Mrs. N. D. Harrington, Alexander . . . . .

Gratuities : —

William Everett, Seedling Gooseberry

Mrs. Frederick L. Ames, Nectarines ......

August 10.

Appr.ES. — Oldenburg, William T. Hall ....

Second, J. V. Fletcher

Any other variety, Joshua C. Stone, Williams

Second, Varnum Frost " . .

Third, Sumner Coolidge, " . .

Pears. — dlapp's Favorite, George V. Fletcher

Second, Sumner Coolidge ......

Third, S. Klaus

Manning's Elizabeth, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Warren Fenno

Any otlier variety, Sumner Coolidge, Bartlett
Second, Samuel G. Damon, "

Apricots. — Any variety, Andrew Wellington, Large Early

Second, Andrew Wellington, Alexander
Peaches. — Any variety, Sumner Coolidge, Early Rivers
Second, Leverett M. Chase, Early Rivers .
Third, William C. Winter, Waterloo . .

Six specimens of cold house or pot culture, William C. Winter
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Winter Brothers
Muscat of Alexandria .......

Second, Winter Brothers, Black Hamburg ...

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GratuHy : —
T. Carleton, Collection of Grapes

2 00

August 17.

Apples — Chenango, Samuel Hartwell
Williams, Joshua C. Stone .
Second, Charles F. Curtis .
Third, Varnum Frost

3 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

241

Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin
Second, Samuel G. Damon, Porter
Third, Samuel Hartwell, Bietigheimer
Pears.— Rostiezer, S. F. & F. L. Weston
Second. Marshall W. Chadbourue
Third. Charles N. Brackett
Tyson, Leverett M. Chase
Second. Clifford Weld
Third, Warren Fenno
Any other variety, A. T. Brown
Second, Sumner Coolidge .
Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Peaches. — Any variety, Sumner Coolidge

Second, William C. Winter
Plums. — Japanese, any variety, William C. Winter, Abundance
Second, Joseph S. Chase, Abundance ....
Any other variety, George V. Fletcher, Bradshaw
Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard "
Third, M. L. Whitney, Washington

August 24:.

Apples. — Foundling, the Second prize to Warren Fenno
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Joshua C. Stone .

Third, Charles S. Smith '.
Maiden's Blush, Dr. Walter G. Kendall

Second. Joshua C. Stone

Third, Warren Fenno
Porter, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, George V. Fletcher
Summer Pippin, Warren Fenno

Second, Samuel Hartwell .
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Bietigheimer

Second, Joshua C. Stone, Williams

Third, Warren Fenno, Garden Royal
Pears. — Andrews, Elisha S. Converse

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Joshua C. Stone
Bartlett, William Milman

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Boussock, Charles N. Brackett

Second, Charles F. Curtis .

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Any other variety. A. T. Brown, Flemish Beauty

Second, Warren Fenno, Souvenir du Cougres

Third, George V. Fletcher, Clapp's Favorite
6

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242

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Peaches. — Single dish, of any variety, Mrs. N. D. Harrington
Second, George W. Jameson .....
Third, John L. Bird

Plums. ^ — Bradshaw, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Second, George V. Fletcher .....

Third, William H. PInnt

Any other variety, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Washington
Second, William C. Winter, Abundance
Third, Joseph S. Chase, " ...

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of any variety, Samuel G. Damon
Moore's Early ........

August 31.

Gratvity : —
Mrs. N. D. Harrington, Peaches

September 3.
Gratuities : —

W. I). Hinds, Collection of Peaches .....

^Irs. J. W. Clark, Pomfret, Conn., Collection of Foreign Grapes

September 14.

Apples. — Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, Charles S. Smith .
^laiden's Blush, Joshua C. Stone

Second, Thomas L. Perkins

Third, Warren Fenno
Porter, George V. Fletcher .

Second, Sumner Coolidge .

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Stump

Second, Warren Fenno, Washington Strawberry

Third, P. G. Hanson, Mackintosh
Crab Apples. — Twenty-four specimens, Transcendent, W
Fenno ....

Second, Mrs. N. D. Harrington
Any other variety, Marshall W. Chadbourne, Hyslop

Second, Joshua C. Stone, Hyslop
Pears. — Bartlett, William Milman .

Second, George V. Fletcher

Tiiird, Mrs. N. D. Harrington
Belle Lucrative, Elisha S. Converse

Second, G. L. Brown

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Bous50ck, Warren Fenno

Second, Charles E. Swain .

Third, Charles N. Brackett

3 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

243

Hardy, Charles F. Curtis

Second, William S. Janvrin

Third, Warren Fenno
Paradise of Autumn, William Milmau

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .

Third, William H. Hunt
Souvenir du Congrcs, A. T. Brown

Second, Dr. Walter G. Kendall .

Third. Charles N. Brackett
Any other variety, William Milman, Seckel .

Second, C. A. Jones, Louise Bonne of Jersey

Third, Warren Fenno, Pratt
Peaches.— Crawford's Early, P. G. Hanson

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third. Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .
Foster. Mrs. ^lary Langmaid

Second, Sumner Coolidge ....

Third, P. G. Hanson

Oldmixon Freestone, Sumner Coolidge

Second, W. D. Hinds ....

Third, Charles S. Smith ....
Stump the World, Mrs. N. D. Harrington

Second, Leverett ^I. Chase

Third, W. D. Hinds

Any other varietj', W. D. Hinds, Crosby

Second, Mrs. N. D. Harrington, Seedling .

Third, Charles S. Smith, Susquehanna
Peaches, Orchard House Ccltdre. — Any variety
White

Second, William C. Winter
Nectarines. — Any variety of outdoor culture, C C
Plums. — Imperial Gage, George V. Fletcher
Jefferson, Charles F. Curtis ....
Lombard, George V. Fletcher

Second. P. G. Hanson

Third. Samuel G. Damon ....
Any other variety, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Green

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, " " " "

Native Grapes. — August Rose, Joshua C. Stone

Second, Horace Carlton ....
Cottage, Benjamin G. Smith
Eumelan, n ^ n ...

Second, Samuel G. Damon
Massasoit. F. J. Kinney ....

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Don

Gage

Josepl

nell

1 H

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244

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Moore's Early, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Any other variety, F. J. Kinney, Worden

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, "

Third, Samuel G. Damon, Delaware .
Any variety from girdled vines, F. J. Kinney, Worden

Gratuity : —
W. D. Hinds, Collection of Peaches

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

3 00

2 00

September 21.

Grniuiiy : —
Joseph S. Chase, Collection of Grapes

3 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

October 2 and 3.

Special Prizes.
Samuel Appleton Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Sumner Coolidge

Hubbardston, Samuel Hartwell
Pears. — Bosc, Samuel G. Damon ...

Sheldon, " " "

Benjamin V. French Fund

Apples. — Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell
Rhode Island Greening, George V. Fletcher

Marshall P. Wilder Fund

Pears. — Anjou, A. T. Brown

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid .

Third, Samuel G. Damon

Fourth, William Patterson
Bartlett, George V. Fletcher .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Varnum Frost

Fourth, Samuel Lake
Grapes. — Concord, George W. Jameson

Second, Samuel G. Damon
Worden, F. J. Kinney .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, WiUiam C. Winter .

5 00
5 00
5 00
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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

245

Special Prizes offered by the Society.

Pears. — Anjoii, Samuel W. Damon .....

Seckel, A. T. Brown

Peaches. — Any variety, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Native Grapes. — Twelve bunches of any variety, Benjamin G
Smith

5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

Regular Prizes, Theodore Lymnn Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Joshua C. Stone

Second, E. P. Tewksbury .

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Dutch Codlin, the Second prize to Warren
Fall Orange or Holden, Samuel Hartwell
Fameuse, Joshua Coolidge

Second, "William Milman

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Gloria Mundi, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Mrs. J. W. Clark .
Golden Russet, H. E. Rich
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell

Second, William T. Hall

Third, B. N. Moore
Hubbardston, Joshua C Stone

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
Hunt Russet, E. T. Creesy .

Second, Samuel Hartwell
Mackintosh, Everett Smith

Second. Samuel Hartwell

Third, C. M. Handley
Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno

Second, T. L. Perkins
Mother, W^arren Fenno .
Northern Spy, George V. Fletcher

Second, Samuel G. Damon,

Third, C M. Handley
Porter, George V. Fletcher

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, C. M. Handley
Pound Sweet, George V. Fletcher
Rhode Island Greening, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Joshua C. Stone

Third, Arthur F. Coolidge .
Roxbury Russet, Joshua C. Stoae

Second, William C. Clapp

Third, Sumner Coolidge

Fe

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246

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sutton, the Second prize to H. E. Rich .

Tompkins King, Mrs. H. A. Small

Palmer, Samuel Hartwell ....

Washington, Strawberry, Joshua C. Stone .

Wealthy, Samuel Hartwell ....

Any other variety, Benjamin L. Priest, New York
Second, William Everett, Jacobs Sweet
Third, Samuel Hartwell, Yellow Bellflower
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, Joshua C. Stone
Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Any other variety, Samuel H. Warren

Society's Pr

Pears. — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Mary Curtis

Fourth, Varnum Frost
Bosc, Richard Poison

Second, Mrs. George S. Harwood

Third, A. T. Brown .

Fourth, Sumner Coolidge .
Clairgeau, Samuel G. Damon

Second, William T. Hall .

Third, Willard P. Plimpton
Comice, A. T. Brown

Second, William Everett, .

Third, Charles N. Brackett
Dana's Hovey, A. T. Brown .

Second, Willard P. Plimpton

Third, Charles E. Swain .

Fourth, E. W. Wood .
Diel, Charles E. Swain .

Second, A. T. Brown .

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Fulton, Elisha S. Converse

Second, S. F. & F. L. Weston

Third, John L. Bird .
Hardy, Charles F. Curtis

Second, William Milman

Third, Warren Fenno
Howell, Benjamin G. Smith .

Second, .Joseph C. Stone

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Josephine of Maliiies, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, John L. Bird .

Pipp

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

247

Lawrence, A. T. Brown

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Third, William T. Hall
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Aaron S. Mcintosh

Second, Thomas M. Davis

Third. John W. Martin
Marie Louise, Charles E. Swain

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Merriani, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Warren Heustis & Son
Onondaga, John J. Merrill

Second, Leverett M. Chase

Third, Warren Fenno
Seckel, J. McEttrick

Second, C H. Plimpton

Third, Charles E. Swain

Fourth, A. T. Brown
Sheldon, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Mrs. N. D. Harrington

Third, Sumner Coolidge

Fourth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid
Souvenir du Congres, A. T. Brown

Third, Marshall W. Chadbourne
St. Michael Archangel, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Warren Heustis & Son

Third, Warren Fenno
Superfin, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Urbaniste, Charles E. Swain

Second, Mrs. Emmons

Third, Elisha S. Converse
Vicar, A. T. Brown ....

Second, Elisha S. Converse

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Winter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis .

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Clifford Weld ....
Any other variety, William C. Clapp, Harris

Second, Warren Fenno, Pratt .

Third, Elisha S. Converse, Kingsessing
Quinces. — Orange, A. F. Coolidge .

Second, George V. Fletcher

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .

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248

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pear, George V. Fletcher

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Rea, George S. Curtis ....

Second, Mrs. George S. Harwood

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .
Any other variety, Charles S. Smith

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, Charles B. Travis .
Peaches. — Crawford's Late, Francis Blake

Second, Samuel Hartwell .

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .
Any other variety, W. D. Hinds

Second, Sumner Coolidge

Third, Warren Henstis & Son
Peaches, Orchard House Culture, D. B. Fearing, New
Plums. — Coe's Golden Drop, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Any other variety, George V. Fletcher
Native Grapes. — Brighton, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Delaware, Joseph S. Chase .

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Herbert, Joseph S. Chase

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
lona, Joseph S. Chase .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Benjamin G. Smith
Lindley, Joseph S. Chase

Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Niagara, Thomas H. Talbot .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, George W. Jameson
Pocklington, Samuel H. Warren

Second, M. Houghton

Third, P. G. Hanson .
Prentiss, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Josejjh S. Chase .

Third, Samuel G. Damon .
Wilder, Benjamin, G. Smith .
Worden, F. J. Kinney .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith

Third, William C. Winter .
Any other variety, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Benjamin (i. Smith

Third, Mrs. Mary Haller

port

R r.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

249

Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches of each, Mrs. J. W
Clark, Pomfret, Conn., ....
Second, Benjamin G. Smith
Black Hamburg, two bunches, Mrs. J. W. Clark
Muscat of Alexandria, Joseph H. White
Any other variety, Mrs. J. W. Clark
Second, Elisha S. Converse
Cranberries. — Half-peck, L. J. Fosdick

Second, L. J. Fosdick ....

Third, ^^ u ....

Gratuities : —
^Irs. J. W. Clark, Collection of Grapes
Joseph S. Chase, " 'i '^

W. D. Hinds, " " Peaches .

10

00

8

00

5

00

.")

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

November 16.

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Joshua C. Stone
Hubbardston, Samuel Hartwell

5 00
5 00

Society's Frizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Joshua C. Stone

Third, J. V. Fletcher
Fletcher Russet, Amos T. Leavitt
Hubbardston, John Parker

Second, Joshua C. Stone

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Dr. Walter G. Kendall
Northern Spy, George V. Fletcher

Second, Samuel Hartwell

Third, William T. Hall
Rhode Island Greening, George V. Fletcher

Second, Joshua C. Stone

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Roxbury Russet, Frank M. Stone

Second, Luther Woodbury

Third, Joshua C. Stone

8 00

2 00

1 00

3 00
3 ()0

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Mackintosh

Second, George V. Fletclier, Pound Sweet

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Gloria Mundi
Pears.— Angouleme, A. T. Brown

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Mary Curtis

Fourth,' Varnum Frost
Anjou, A. T. Brown

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Mrs. S. Klaus .

Fourth, Charles Fi. Swain
Clairgeau, Samuel G. Damon

Second. William T. Hall

Third, Joshua C. Stone
Comice, A. T. Brown .

Second, William Everett

Third, S. F. & F. L. Weston

Fourth, Samuel G. Damon
Dana's Hovey, A. T. Brown .

Second, Samuel G. Damon

Third, Charles E. Swain

Fourth, George V. Fletcher
Diel, Samuel G. Damon

Second, A. T. Brown

Third. Charles E. Swain
Glout Morceau, Mary Curtis .

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, Clifford Weld .
Josephine of Malines, Samuel G. Damon

Second, Warren Fenno

Third, John L. Bird .
Langelier, Thomas M. Davis

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Mrs. S. Klaus .
Lawrence, A. T. Brown

Second, Mrs. Emmons

Third, Mrs. A. A. Johnson
Vicar, A. T. Brown

Second, John J. Merrill

Third, Elisha S. Converse .
Winter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis

Second, A. T. Brown

Third, Mrs. Emmons .
Any other variety, Samuel G. Damon, Sheldon

Second, A. T. Brown, Bosc

Third, Charles E. Swain, Seckel

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 251

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Elisha S. Con-
verse, Gros Colman ........ 4 00

Second, Elisha S. Converse, Alicante 3 00

Gratuities : —
Samuel G. Damon. Collection of Pears . . 5 00

L. J. Fosdick, Cranberries 2 00

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL.
September 3. Mrs. J. W. Clark, Pomfret. Conn., Golden Hamburg Grapes.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE OF MERIT.

Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables, October 2 and 3- Ward D.
Gunn, Cliftondale, N.Y., Alice Grapes.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The exhibitions of vegetables during the past year, taking the
season as a whole, have been of unusual excellence. For beauty,
evenness, and smoothness of growth, it was the generally expressed
opinion that the specimens shown have rarely if ever been excelled
at any of our former exhibitions.

Competition for the prizes has been more active and close than
in any former year within the memory of the present Committee.
There has also been a large increase in the number of contributors.

On nearly every Saturday from January to November, whether
it has been prize day or not, choice specimens of vegetables either
from the forcing house or open ground have been on exhibition,
thereb}' adding to the interest in our weekly shows.

The constant and increasing interest manifested by contributors
and the public generally, in this department of our exhibitions,
has been duly appreciated by your Committee, and should be
highly gratifying to the Society at large.

The opening Prize Exhibition of the year was that for Forced
Vegetables, January 12, at which time there were shown specimens
of Rhubarb, Radishes, Cucumbers, Lettuce, Mushrooms, Parsley,
and Tomatoes, all of which were of superior quality and growth.

From this time to the Annual Exhibition our weekly shows have
been such as not only to attract and gratify visitors, but also to

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 253

reflect credit upon contributors and the Society. From 3'ear
to year marks of improvement are visible, and give evidence of a
constantly growing and continued progress on the part of the
cultivator.

On May 4, the first Asparagus of the season was shown by
^'arnum Frost, who secured the first prize. Fine specimens were
also exhibited on the following prize day by P. G. Hanson and
Hon. George Heywood, who were awarded prizes in the order
named.

Peas were shown for the first time June 15, F. C. Goddard
being the exhibitor. From this date ou through the season peas
were shown in liberal quantity and varietj'. The leading kinds
were American Wonder. Advancer, Stratagem, Hei'oine, and
Champion. A new and very handsome pea belonging to the same
class as the Heroine and Stratagem was shown b}' Samuel J. Tre-
pess, and was much admired. It was called Juno.

With many growers the Heroine is taking the place of the
Stratagem on account of the difficulty of procuring pure seed of
that variety, which of late appears to be badly mixed and unreli-
able. It is to be regretted that so fine a pea should be allowed to
run out for want of care in the selection and growing of stock seed.

Tomatoes of outdoor culture were shown for the first time July
13, Joshua C. Stone being awarded the first prize for the Boston
Market. Fine specimens of May's Favorite and Paragon were
shown on the same date.

The cultivation and development of the different varieties of the
Tomato may be said to have approached, if not to have reached,
perfection. In form, quality, or size there appears to be little to
be desired. If any further improvement is possible it would seem
to be in the way of earliness, but we doubt whether much more
can be gained in that direction. The experience of the past ten or
more years shows that we have about reached the limit.

A new feature, and one in which the visiting public appears to
be deeply interested at the present time, has been the introduction
at our weekly shows of large collections of our Native Mushrooms,
both edible and noxious. The larger portion of the Mushroom
family are said to be wholesome and nutritious, but because of
the prevailing ignorance in regard to them, deaths from eating
those which are poisonous are of not infrequent occurrence, so
that great care and experience are requisite to discriminate those

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which can be eaten with safety. It is useless to tell an ignorant
person how to distinguish a poisonous from a wholesome mush-
room. This knowledge can be safely gained only by learning
from those who know. Until such knowledge is acquired we can
only advise the masses to eat nothing but the one which everybody
is supposed to have learned to be the good Mushroom, (Agaricus
campestris) and the only one which is generally grown artificially.

The largest exhibition of Native Mushrooms was made at the
weekly show, July 27. The contributors were Hollis Webster,
Annie M. Livsey of Crompton, R. I., Joseph H. Woodford, and
William C. Bates. The collection of Mr, Webster was a very
extensive one, comprising a large number of named specimens
both edible and noxious. On August 10, Charles E. Richardson
showed a good collection, and Ellen N. Rumrill another October
19.

In view of the interest manifested both by members of the
Society and visitors, in acquiring a better knowledge of our Native
Mushrooms, it has been thought advisable to offer prizes the
comiog year for the best collection of named Edible Native Mush-
rooms. For further information those interested are referred to
the Schedule of Prizes for 1896.

At the Annual Exhibition were to be seen a fine collection of
vegetables of all the best varieties, giving proof of the highest
cultivation, and displayed in tempting profusion.

The show of Potatoes at this time was the largest and best the
Society has ever made. There were one hundred and six dishes
in all and not a really poor one among the lot. The first prize for
the best four varieties was awarded to C. H. Thomas of New
Hampshire. His specimens were splendidly grown and much
admired.

The show of Tomatoes at this exhibition was equally fine and
fnU^ — one of the best ever made so late in the season. The
whole number of dishes was eighty-seven. Hon. Aaron Low was
the largest contributor, showing some twenty varieties. The first
prize for the best three varieties was awarded to Varnum Frost.

At this exhibition we were indebted to William J. Martin,
gardener to Nathaniel T. Kidder, for a large collection comprising
upwards of sixty varieties of well-grown vegetables, tastefully
arranged and forming an interesting feature of the show.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 255

The show of Cauliflowers, Celery, and Squashes was also
uuiisually fiue, the exhibits of Cauliflowers by A. M. Knowlton,
William H. Teele, and B. J. Sonza, and of Celery by Warren
Heustis & Sou and xVrthur F. Coolidge being particularly worthy
of mention.

During the past exhibition season more of the prizes offered in
the Schedale have been competed for and taken than in any
previous year, the full ^nount appropriated for Vegetables having
been awarded.

The attention of contributors is called to changes and alterations
in the Schedule of Prizes for the coming year.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

C. N. Brackett,
• Chairman.

256

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

Januahy 5.

Gratuities : —
Francis Brown Hayes, Celery
Norris Comley, Rhubarb .

January 12.

Radishes- — Four bilnches of any variety, Joshua C. Stone

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....

Third, Charles A. Learned ....

Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, John L. Gardner
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, H. R. Kinney

Second, W. N. Craig

Parsley. — Two quarts, H. R. Kinney

Second, W. N. Craig. Matchless

Third, W. N. Craig, Emerald ....
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, George M. Anderson
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, Essex

Second, W. N. Craig, Chemin .....

Third, Winter Brothers, President Cleveland

Gratuities: —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery
Francis Brown Hayes, ''
Norris Cornier, Rhubarb .

$1 00
1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00
3 00

2 00
1 00

2 GO
1 00
1 00

January 19.

Gratuity : —
Norris Comley, Rhubarb

February 2.

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, Joshua C. Stone

Third, W. N. Craig

Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, John L. Gardner
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, the Second prize to Joshua C.
Stone ...........

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Norris Comley . . . . .

Second, C. F. Smith

Third, (Jeorge Sanderson ........

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, Chemin

Second, W. N. Craig

Third, Winter Brothers, Essex .......

1 00

3

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 257

Gratuities : —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery 1 00

William Miller, Mushrooms 1 00

Febeuary 16.

Gratuity : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery ....... 1 00

February 23.
Gratuities : —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery 1 00

Herbert F. Calder, Rhubarb . I 00

Charles A. Learned, Lettuce 1 00

March 2.
Gratuity : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery ...... I 00

March 9.

Gratuities : —
David Nevins, Cauliflowers . . . . . . . . 1 00

Samuel J. Trepess, Lettuce 1 00

March 16.
Gratuity : —
John Lyons, Lettuce ........ 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 26, 27, 28, and 29.
William J. Walker Fund.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, H. R. Kinney . . 3 00

Second, Joshua C. Stone 2 00

Four bunches of Long Scarlet, H. R. Kinney . . . . 3 00

Second, William C. Winter 2 00

Third, John L. Bird 1 00

Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son, Perle le Grand . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Boston Market . . 2 00

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, H. R. Kinney . . . 3 00

Second, Charles A. Learned 2 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder 1 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, 11. R. Kinney 2 00

Second, George Sanderson . . . . . . . 1 00

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Mrs. E. M. Gill . . . 3 00

6

258

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Norris Comley

Second, George Sanderson ....

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Winter Brothers, Chemiu

Second, Winter Brothers, Essex ....

Gratuities : —
David Nevins, Celery

" " Mushrooms ......

" " Cauliflowers ......

John L. Gardner, Cuciambers . . . . . .

Charles A. Learned, Beets ......

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

April 6.

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

00

oo

00

00

00

00

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Charles Cummings . . . 3 00
McsHROOMS. — Twenty-four specimens, the Second prize to Mrs. E.

M. Gill 2 00

Gratuity : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Kadishes

April 13.

Gratuity : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes

1 00

1 00

April 20.
Gratuity : —

Warren Heustis & Son, Dandelions .

1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 4.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, Varnum Frost
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Varnum Frost

Second, Walter Russell

Third, Charles Cummings .
Any other variety, the Third prize to John L
Spinach. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son .
Dandbliows. — Peck, Varnum Frost

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Lettuce. — Four heads, John L. Gardner
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Varnum Frost

Second, P. G. Hanson

Third, Warren Heustis & Son

3 00

rost .

3 00

2 00

.

1 00

. Gardner

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

259

Gratuities : —
Varnum Frost, Cucumbers
John L. Gardner, Lettuce
W. N. Craig, Tomatoes and Parsley
Walter Russell, Radishes ....
Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Collection

May 11.

Gratuities : —
P. G. Hanson, Asparagus and Rhubarb
Hon. George Heywood, Asparagus
Walter Russell, Cucumbers and Radishes
Warren Heustis & Son. Collection

1 00
1 GO
3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

Mat 18.
Gratuities : —
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Beets and Carrots
Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes
Hon. George Heywood, Asparagus .
W. N. Craig, Collection of Tomatoes, etc.
Walter Russell, Collection

Mat 25.

Gratuities : —
W. N. Craig, Cucumbers and Tomatoes .
John L. Gardner, Cabbages and Cucumbers
George Heywood, Asparagus
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Walter Russell, "

June 1 .

Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Cauliflowers .
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
P. G. Hanson, "

Walter Russell. "

2 00
1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
3 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

RHODODENDRO]N SHOW.

June 6 and 7.

Beets. — Twelve specimens, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Second, Joshua C Stone . . . . .

Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, W. N. Craig
Second, Warren Heustis & Son .
Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard .

3

00

2

00

3

00\

2
1

00
00

260

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, "Walter Russell

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....

Third, Walter Russell ....

Four bunches of Long Scarlet, Warren Heustis & Son
Asparagus. — Four bunches, P. G. Hanson

Second, Hon. George Heywood ....

Third, J. Fuller

Cucumbers. — Pair, grown under glass, Warren Heustis &{Son

Second, Charles Cummings ....

Third, Walter Russell

Lettuce. — Four heads, Joshua C Stone

Second, Sumner Coolidge .....

Third, George Winn ......

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, P. G. Hanson

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, Samuel J. Trepess . .
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, W. N. Craig .

Second, Moses Stevens, Nicholson's Hybrid

Third, " " May's Favorite

Gratuities : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
John L. Gardner, "

W. N. Craig, "

Walter Russell, "

H. R. Kinney, "

3

Ql

2

01)

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

o

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

June 15.
Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Cauliflowers and Peas .
F. E. Goddard, Stratagem Peas
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Collection
Walter Russell, "

Warren Heustis & Son, "

2 00
1 00
4 00

3 00
3 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 20 and 21.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, Warren Heustis & Son . $3 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge ........ 2 00

Third, Joshua C. Stone 1 00

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Walter Russell . . . . 3 00

Second, Sumner Coolidge 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

261

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Warren Heiistis & Son

Second, Charles A. Learned ......

Third, Walter Russell

Any other variety, W. N. Craig ......

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed, Hon. Joseph S. Fay

Third, Warren Heustis & Son ......

Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ......

Third, E. C. Lewis

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, P. G. Hanson

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay ......

Third, Charles A. Learned ......

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

Gratuities : —
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Cauliflowers
W. N. Craig, Collection of Tomatoes
Winter Brothers " "

Sumner Coolidge, Collection
P. G. Hanson, "

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection .

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00

June 29.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, New Queen

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Early Rose
Onions. — Twelve specimens, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .....
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Joshua C. Stone .

Second, Sumner Coolidge ......

Four Scalloped, Sumner Coolidge ....

Second, Joshua C. Stone ......

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed, Hon. Joseph S
Wakefield

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Wyman

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, All Seasons
Peas. — Half-peck of American Wonder, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Advance

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay .....

Third, Joshua C Stone ......

Fav

Gratuities : —

John P. Spaulding, Beans
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Sumner Coolidge, "

Walter Russell "

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

262

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 6.
Squashes. — Four Long Waited, Sumner Coolidge .

Second, Walter Russell

Beans. — Half-peck of String, of any variety, Joshua
Cranberry .......

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Cranberry
Third, Sumner Coolidge, Hybrid
Peas. — Half-peck of Stratagem, John P. Spaulding
Half-peck of any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn
Second, Hon. Aaron Low .....

Gratuities : —
W. N. Craig, Tomatoes ......

Moses Stevens, " ......

Samuel J. Trepess, Tomatoes .....

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection ....

Sumner Coolidge, " ....

Walter Russell, " ....

C. Stone

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

GO

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

Jolt 13.

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed, Warren Heustis & Son,
All Seasons ........

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Johnson's No. 2
Beans. — Half-peck of Cranberry, .Joshua C. Stone

Second, Warren Heustis & Son ....

Third, Sumner Coolidge ......

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Heroine

Second, Samuel J. Trepess, Juno ....

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Advancer ....
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Sumner Coolidge, Hybrid

Second, Sumner Coolidge, Corey ....

Third, Joshua C. Stone, " ....

Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens, Joshua C. Stone
Boston Market . . . . .

Second, Samuel J. Trepess, Paragon

Third, Samuel J. Trepess, May's Favorite

Gratuities : —
Walter Russell, Cucumbers ......

Sumner Coolidge, Collection .....

Warren Heustis & Son. " .....

W. N. Craig, "

July 20.
Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Hon. Josej)h S. Fay, Rose,
Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron
Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Savoy

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

GO

2

00

1

GO

3

GO

2

00

1

GO

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

CO

1

00

3

00

2

GO

1

GO

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

263

Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety. Warren Heustis & Son

Second. Sumner Coolidge .

Third. George F. Stone
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears. Sumner Coolidge, Hybrid

Second. Sumner Coolidge. Corey

Third. Joshua C Stone,
Tomatoes. — Open culture, twelve specimens, Joshua C. Stone
Boston Market ....

Second. Samuel J. Trepess, Acme

Third. W. N. Craig .

Gratuities : —
Walter Russell. Cucumbers
Elias Sprague. Celery ....
Nathaniel T. Kidder, Tomatoes
Hon. Joseph S. Fay. Collection of Potatoes
Warren Heustis & Son. Collection
Sumner Coolidge, "

Jolt 27.

Potatoes. — Any variety, twelve specimens. Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Rose .........

Second. Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Hebron

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, '■ ...

Squashes. — Three Marrow. Joshua C- Stone

Second. Sumner Coolidge .....

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, C. H. Goddard, Stratagem

Second. Isaac E. Coburn, Heroine ....

Third, Hon. Aaron Low. Stratagem ....
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Crosby, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Joshua C. Stone ......

Twelve ears of any other variety, Sumner Coolidge, Hybrid

Second, Joshua C Stone, Hybrid ....

Third, Joshua C. Stone, Corey
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Joshua C. Stone. Comrade

Second, Winter Brothers, President Cleveland

Third, Isaac E. Coburn. Comrade ....

Gratuities : —
Warren Heustis & Son. Cabbages
Sumner Coolidge. Collection
E. C. Lewis.
W. N. Craig, "

Isaac E. Coburn. "

Walter Russell. "

Hollis Webster, " of Fungi

Joseph H. Woodford, " " "

Annie M. Livsey. " " "

William C. Bates. '' " "

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264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 3.

Beans. — Two' quarts of Goddard, shelled, Rev., Calvin Terry
Half-peck of Horticultural, Joshiia C. Stone

Second, Sumner Coolidge

Third, Sumner Coolidge, King

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens of Acme, Samuel J. Trepess
Twelve specimens of Comrade, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Joshua C. Stone .......

Twelve specimens of any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Stone
Second, E. N. Pierce, Lorillard .....

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Atlantic Prize ....

Egg Plant. — Four specimens of Round Purple, Joshua C Stone
Second, Sumner Coolidge

Gratuities : —

Joshua C. Stone, Egg Plants

Hon. John P. Spaulding, Cauliflower

C. H. Goddard, Stratagem Peas

W. N. Craig, Collection

Sumner Coolidge, "

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection

August 10.

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Sumner Coolidge, Potter's Excelsior
Second, Oliver R. Robbins, Honey Dew ....
Third, Sumner Coolidge, Fottler's Early ....

Egg Plant. — Four specimens of Round Purple, Sumner Coolidge
Second, Joshua C Stone

Gratuities : —
Samuel J. Trepess, Tomatoes
James Comley, Cucumbers
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection
Sumner Coolidge, " .

Charles E. Richardson, Fungi
William C. Bates, "■

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August 17.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens of any variety, Hon. Joseph S. Fay
Hebron .......

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Hebron

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Rose
Onions. — Twelve specimens, W. N. Craior

Second, Sumner Coolidge

Third, Warren Heustis & Son

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

265

Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Samuel Hartwell .....

Third, C. L. Marshall

Bea^s. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Sumner Coolidge .

Second, Hon. John P. Spaulding ....
Two quarts of Goddard, Oliver R. Robbins

Second, Rev. Calvin Terry .....

Third, Samuel Hartwell

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, Mrs. M
Goddard ........

Second, Charles B. Lancaster .....

Third, Hon. Aaron Low ......

Twelve ears of any other variety, Sumner Coolidge, Stowell

Second, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Stowell's

Third, Oliver R. Robbins, Honey Dew
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, P. G. Hanson .

Second, Joshua C. Stone. ......

Third, E. C. Lewis

Any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Ruby King

Second, E. C Lewis, " "

Third, Hon. Joseph S. Fay, " "

Celery. — Four roots of any variety, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, Varnum Frost ......

Third, W. N. Craig

iry

Gratuities : —
Walter Russell, Collection
W. N. Craig, •'

E. C. Lewis, "•

Nathaniel T. Kidder, "

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AUGDST 24.

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed, .Joshua C Stone
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, A.M. Knowlton .
Celery. — Four roots, Varnum Frost ....

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .....
Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Sumner Coolidge
Two quarts of Dwarf Lima, Hon. John P. Spaulding

Second, Isaac E. Coburn ......

Martynias. — Twelve specimens, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second. Nathaniel T. Kidder .....
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, P. G. Hanson .

Second, George W. Jameson .....

Third. Joshua C. Stone, ......

Any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Ruby King

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266

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
Isaac E. Coburn. Collection of six varieties of Tomatoes
Varnum Frost. Tomatoes ......

W. N. Craig, Collection

A. S. Coffin, Collection of Fungi ....
William C Bates " "

September

Gratuity : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery

September 14.
Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, E. C Lewis

Second, Sumner Coolidge, .....

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, .....
Salmon Flesh Melons. — Four specimens, Hon. Aaron Low

Second, Hon. Aaron Low, Christiana

Third, Hon. Aaron Low, Emerald Gem
Watermelons. — Two specimens, Rev. Calvin Terry

Second, Sumner Coolidge, Phinney's

Third, Sumner Coolidge, Ferry's Hybrid .
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, A. M. Knowlton

Second, B. J. De Souza ......

Third, Joshua C. Stone

Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, E. C Lewis, Defiance

Second, Sumner Coolidge ......

Third, E. C. Lewis, Sutton's Favorite
Celery. — ^Four roots of any variety, Arthur F. Coolidge

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .....
Parsley. — Two quarts, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard ....

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, "Varnum Frost

Second, Sumner Coolidge ......

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Corn, Sweet. — Twelve ears of Potter's Excelsior, Charles B. Laii
caster .........

Second, Sumner Coolidge, .....

Third, P. G. Hanson

Any other sweet variety, Oliver R. Robbins, Hickock .

Second, P. G. Hanson, Quincy Market

Third, Arthur F. Coolidge, Stowell's
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Arthur F. Coolidge,

Third, Joshua C. Stone

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, Varnum Frost

Second, Hon. Aaron Low ......

Third, W. N. Craig

PEIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR TEGETABLES.

267

Twelve Acme, Hon. Aaron Low

Second, Samuel J. Trepess

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Twelve Comrade, Varnum Frost

Second, Isaac E. Coburn

Third, Hon. Aaron Low
Twelve Ignotum, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard
Twelve May's Favorite, Varnum Frost

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Third, Hon. Aaron Low
Twelve Paragon, Varnum Frost

Second, P. G. Hanson

Third, Samuel J. Trepess .
Twelve of any other variety, Varnum Frost, Stone

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Stone . . * .

Third, P. G. Hanson, Stone ....
Marttnias. — Twelve specimens, Marshall W. Chadbourne

Second, Nathaniel T. Ividder ....
Okka. — Twelve specimens, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Dwarf

Third, Warren Heustis & Son ....
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, P. G. Hanson

Second, George W . Jameson ....

Third, Joshua C. Stone .....
Any other variety, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Bull Nose

Second, Hon. Aaron Low, '• •'

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Ruby King .

Gratuities:
Hon. Aaron Low, Collection of ten varieties of Tomatoes

C. E. Lewis, Collection

^V. N. Craig, "

Walter Russell, " .......

P. G. Hanson, "

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September 21.

Gratuities : —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celerj-
Ettore Tassinari, Onions .
Daniel T. Curtis, Cucumbers

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268

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

October 2 and 3.

Special Prizes.

Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens, and best kept during the ex-
hibition, William H. Teele 5 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton 4 GO

Celert. — Best four specimens, and kept best during the exhibition,

Warren Heustis & Son . 8 00

Second, Arthur F. Coolidge 6 00

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Varnum Frost. . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney , . . . 1 00

Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, H. R. Kinney . . 3 00

Twelve Intermediate, H. R. Kinney 3 00

Second, Henry E. Rich 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son 1 00

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, H. R. Kinney 3 00

Second, E. C. Lewis 2 00

Third, Mrs. J. W. Clark 1 00

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens each, C H. Thomas 5 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 4 00

Third, Isaac E. Coburn 3 00

Clark, Twelve specimens, Samuel Hartwell 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 2 00

Third, Isaac E. Coburn 1 00

Hebron, Isaac E. Coburn 3 00

Second, W. F. Wilder 2 CO

Third, H. R. Kinney 1 00

Rose, Isaac E. Coburn 3 00

Second, B. J. De Souza 2 00

Third. Mrs. Mary T. Goddard ' 1 00

Savoy, Samuel Hartwell . . . . . . . 3 00 ,

Second, Hon. Aaron Low ........ 2 00

Tliird, H. R. Kinney 1 00

Any other variety, C. H. Thomas, Rural New Yorker . . 3 00

Second, W. F. Wilder, Monroe County Prize . 2 00

Third, H. R. Kinney, Potentate 1 00

Salsify. — Twelve specimens, Nathaniel T. Kidder 3 00

Second, E. C. Lewis . . 2 00

Third, Samuel J. Trepess 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

269

Tdrnips. — Twelve Flat, F. J. Kinney

Second, Henry E. Rich
Swedish, B. J. De Souza

Second, 11. R. Kinney
Onions. — Twelve Danvers, Ettore Tassinari

Second, AVilliam O'Connell

Third, Varnum Frost
Red, William O'Connell

Second, W. N. Craig

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder
White, William O'Connell .

Second, Walter Russell
Squashes. — Three Bay State, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Hon. Aaron Low .

Third, Charles B. Lancaster
Hubbard, Arthur F. Coolidge

Second, Sumner Coolidge .

Third, E. C. Lewis ....
Hybrid Turban, Hon. Aaron Low

Second, Joshua C. Stone .

Third, E. C. Lewis ....
Marblehead, E. C. Lewis
Marrow, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Varnum Frost

Third, Arthur F. Coolidge
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, E. C. Lewis

Second, Richard T. Lombard

Third, W. N. Craig ....
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, trimmed, Charles B. Lancaster

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Third, Samuel Hartwell
Red, trimmed, Mrs. George S. Harwood

Second, H. R. Kinney

Third, Charles B. Lancaster
Savoy, trimmed, Joshua C. Stone

Second, Samuel J. Trepess

Third, Samuel Hartwell .
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, William H

Second, A. M. Knowlton .
/ Third, B. J. De Souza

Celery. — Paris Golden, four roots, best kept, Arthur F. Coolidge

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .

Third, Varnum Frost
Any other variety, H. R. Kinney, Giant Pascal

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, •' "

Third, Mrs. J. W. Clark, Pomfret, Conn., White Plume

Teele

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270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

each, Varnum

Endive. — Four specimens, H. R. Kinney

Second, Sumner Coolidge .

Third, Mrs. Mary Haller .
Lettuce. — Four heads, Sumner Coolidge

Second, Warren Heustis & Son .

Third, Joshua C. Stone
Parsley. — Two quarts, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Second, Arthur F. Coolidge

Third, Sumner Coolidge
Horseradish. — Six Roots, H. R. Kinney
Corn. — Yellow, or Field, twenty-five ears,
Cowen ......

Second, William H. Cowen, eight rowed

Third, Thomas H. Perkins
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Arthur F. Coolidge

Second, Sumner Coolidge .

Third, Mrs. J. W. Clark .
Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens

Second, Hon. Aaron Low

Third, " " " . . .

Acme, twelve specimens, Hon. Aaron Low

Second, Samuel J Trepess

Third, Henry E. Rich
Comrade, P. G. Hanson

Second, Varnum Frost

Third, Hon. Aaron Low
May's Favorite, Hon. Aaron Low .

Second, W. N. Craig ....

Third, Varnum Frost
Paragon, P. G. Hanson

Second, Hon. Aaron Low .

Third, Oliver R. Robbins .
Any other variety, Samuel J. Trepess, Ignoti

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Stone

Third, P. G. Hanson, President Cleveland
Peppers. — Twelve specimens of Squash, P. G

Second, George W. Jameson

Third, Joshua C. Stone
Any other variety, George W. Jameson, Ruby Kin

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Bull Nose

Third, Mrs. J. W. Clark,

traced, William H

Hanson

Frost

Gratuities : —
Hon. Aaron Low, Thirteen varieties of Potatoes
E. C. Lewis, Watermelons ....
Samuel Hartwell, Melons .....
Henry E. Rich, Beans

3 00
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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

271

Samuel Hartwell, Lima Beans .

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection of Celery

Hon. Aaron Low,
Isaac E. Cobiirn,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
H. K. Kinney,
W. N. Craig,
E. C. Lewis.
Varnum Frost,
Walter Russell,
Warren Heustis & Son,
Ettore Tassinari,

" Tomatoes

Sixty Varieties

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OCTOBKR 12.

Gratuities : —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery 1 OO

Patrick Melia, Squash 1 00

October 19.

Gratuities : —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery ........ 1 00

Ellen N. Rumrill, Native Mushrooms 1 00

November 5.
Gratuity : —
George M. Anderson, Mushrooms . ..... . 1 00

EXHIBITION OF WINTER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

November 16.

Cucumbers. — Francis Blake, White Spine . . . . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney, " " 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner, Telegraph 1 00

Cabbages. — Three Red, trimmed, Charles B. Lancaster . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard 2 OO

Three Savoy, George Sanderson . . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Joshua C. Stone 2 00

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Nathaniel T. Kidder . . . 3 00

Second, W. N. Craig 2 00

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, A. M. Knowlton . . . 3 00

Second, William H. Teele 2 00

Third, B. J. De Souza 1 00

Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son, Paris Golden . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Kinney, Paris Golden . . . 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Giant Pascal . . . . 1 00

272

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

.Lettuce. — Four heads, Arthur F. Coolidge

Second, Joshua C. Stone

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, William C. Winter, Chemin

Second, William C. Winter, Early Essex .

Third, " " " President Cleveland

Gratuity : —
Francis Blake, Collection

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FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE OF MERIT.
November 30. A. W. Crockford, for superior cultivation of Mushrooms.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

Bv JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

The season of 1895 has not differed in many respects from those
that have preceded. For the H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium
no application has been made, but we are glad to report that we
already have an application for 1896, and another one is confi-
dently expected. For the best arranged and best kept Flower
Garden, named Hardy Perennial and Biennial Plants admissible,
although we should naturally think that this prize would draw
attention from those who have flower gardens, in many years not
more than one application has been received. No application was
received for the Rose House. Some changes have been made in
the Schedule, which we trust may attract the attention of the
various growers.

We find it impossible to arrange a Schedule that will include all
that we should like to offer prizes for. But this fact need not
deter anyone from calling the attention of the Committee to any
object he may have worthy of inspection.

During the season of 1895 we have made nine visits, and we
trust that the account presented of each one will be sufficient
evidence to the Society of the continued usefulness of the Garden
Committee.

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. S. C. Pratt's Strawberry Garden, Reading.

Mr. Pratt having made his entry for the best Fruit Garden, the
Committee made their visit on the 18th of June. We found that
he devoted about fifteen acres to the cultivation of Strawberries,
and we were informed that his business is more for the sale of
plants than fruit. A complete system of irrigation is in use, which
of course is indispensable. About one ton of fertilizer is used to
each acre, the chemicals being obtained from a reliable source,
Mr. Pratt doing his own mixing, using 1,500 pounds of dissolved
Bone Black and 500 pounds of high-grade Sulphate of Potash,
costing about $22. A bed is fruited but one season, and first-
class fruit is obtained. Mr. Pratt says that his experience with
fruiting an old bed has not been satisfactory ; the berries are
second class and give the grower a poor reputation.

The first fruit picked for the market was June 15, from Beder
Wood; the last picking was on the 10th of July, from Beverly,
Timbrell, and Fountain. Two acres were fruited that were grown
in the narrow row system, for fruit only, Beverly and Barton's
Eclipse yielding 20,000 baskets of first-class fruit. Mr. Pratt
says: "I am satisfied that with such a yield it pays to raise the
fruit at six cents a quart," and that he received twice that at
wholesale.

J. W. Manning's Herbaceous Garden, Reading.

On the same day the Committee enjoyed a very profitable
visit at the grounds of Mr. Manning, especially in looking over the
collection of Herbaceous Plants and some new shrubs of merit.
Those who are attendants at the weekly exhibitions have admired
and profited by the exhibits of Mr. Manning, and we desire to
record our satisfaction at the care bestowed upon his plants, not
only in cultivation but in keeping them true to name. No garden
is complete today without the hardy bed, for there is nothing that
the landscape gardener can use that will give greater satisfaction.

Mr. Manning writes us as follows :

Reading, Mass., Jan. 21, 1896.
Mr. John G. Barker, Chairman of Committee on Gardens :

Dear Sir : — Agreeably to your request I take pleasure in
giving you some notes upon the Hardy Perennials and other plants
that your Committee viewed at the Reading Nursery last September.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 2«0

At Reading we labor under considerable difficulty in the matter
of soil, which is quite generally a very light loam, devoid of any
traces of clay, but with an excessive preponderance of gravel at
times ; consequently in many cases we find it quite out of the
question to attempt the raising of certain classes of nursery stock
which are better grown on a clay soil. For this reason large
blocks of Pears, Plums, and Cherries ai'e not to be seen with us.
On the other hand for the raising of many sorts of Hardy Herba-
ceous plants and most of the Shrubs, our soil is exceptionally well
adapted.

Among new Hardy Shrubs we find the following of the greatest
promise and worthy of extended culture :

StepJianandra flexuosa, of Japanese origin, forms a densely
branched shrub with deeply toothed foliage, of a rich glossy green,
taking on unusual tints of reddish purple in its young growth and
again at its autuiun ripening. The branches are long and slender,
densely clothed with brauchlets, and the white flowers, though
minute, are borne in such profusion as to give considerable effect.
A plant that clothes itself well to the ground even with age, — a
feature of itself.

Ruhus deliciosus, the Rocky Mountain Bramble, is very hardy
with us and of neat habit of growth, with foliage of a pleasing
light green, and a wealth of rich white flowers in June and July ;
each an inch and a half across, giving the effect of single roses.

Caryopteris MastacantJius, the so-called Blue Spiraea, is prov-
ing of great interest, with its dense whorls of rich deep blue
flowers in late September, continuing till frost. Much after the
habit of the Desmodium, this probably will kill back nearly if
not quite to the ground yearly, but will not kill out completely
unless present indications and reports are decidedly wrong. We
are indebted to China for this acquisition.

Hypericum Moserianwn, with its rich foliage and elegant large
golden flowers in great profusion, is of highest merit but the
matter of a good winter covering of leaves must not be overlooked.

Double Lilacs and the new single forms, of which there is such
a confusing variety, at present show remarkable improvements,
and cannot fail to add greatly to our early summer shrubbery
effects. I note among the best the following :

Philemon. — Rich wine red ; perhaps the deepest colored of all
the single or double sorts.

276 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Comte Horace de Choiseul. — Double, deep reddish purple.
Chinensis alba. — A dwarf form, with pure white starry flowers
with distinct lilac eye.

Trainoniana. — Rich blue; very prolific.
Louis Spaeth. — Deepest reddish purple.

Sjrlraea arguta. — A new Japanese species, among the earliest
and best of new Spiraeas.

Daphne Genkwa. — A deciduous species from Japan, with dense
clusters of small intensely fragrant, lilac flowers. It can be highly
recommended.

Berheris ilicifulia, the Holly-leaved Barberry is a stronger
grower than the Mahouia ; not quite so evergreen but with a rich
purple shading of foliage in the younger growth and a deep clear
green with age. Seemingly quite hardy, this gives great promise.

Colutea purpurea is a notable improvement in flower over the
old form of the Bladder Senna ; more prolific and richly colored.

Viburnum tomentosum cannot be too highly recommended as a
large growing shrub. Its great profusion of showy flat cymes of
pure white flowers are well set off by its rich foliage.

Among the newer variegated foliaged shrubs, Cornus alba var.
/Spaeth, with rich shading of green and gold ; the Golden Hop
Tree ( Ptelea trifoUata var. aurea); the Variegated Syringa or
Mock Orange, with handsome marbling of silver and green ; and
the Variegated Hypericum Moserianum, with shades of green,
gold, and flesh color, are all notably good additions.

In trees the most remarkable good new things that we have
tested are the Van Houtte's Golden Elm, with beautiful golden
foliage having a charming metallic luster in the full sun, and Dam-
pier's Golden Elm, nearly if not quite as good, — both varieties of
the English Elm ; the Weeping Purple Beech, a grand thing with
good weeping tendencies and a particularly rich purple coloring
of foliage ; the Tricolor Beech, having the foliage handsomely
variegated with shades of purple and red ; Teas's Weeping Mul-
berry, and Bunge's Catalpa ; this last forming a dense globe of
large and showy foliage, and on specimens grafted on a good
standard stem forming a particularly desirable tree for lawn use.

Our collection of Hardy Herbaceous Perennials, of which we
feel that we have a very fair one, embracing as it does something
over two thousand varieties at the present time, with a discardure
after careful testing during the last ten years of perhaps one-half

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 277

as many more, has given us food for niiich thought as to their
possibilities in the near future. "We are well aware that our soil,
with its light nature admits the cultivation of many sorts that in
a more retentive soil would probably prove less hardy, but leaving
aside the possibly tender sorts it is a pleasure to note the follow-
ing newer kinds as perfectly hardy with us under the severest trials
that we can give them, and consequently such as we would recom-
mend for further trial in other soils :

Achillea Eupatorixim, the Noble Yarrow, with a constant suc-
cession of broad flat heads of clear lemon yellow.

Aconitum autumnale, the latest blooming of all Monkshoods.

A. Xajiellus var. bicolor, with tall spikes of blue and white.

^lEthionema grandiflora^ a charming evergreen, with dense
heads of rich pale purple.

AJuga Genevensis, of dense growth, completely enveloped in
showy clusters of the richest blue in early summer.

Alstroemeria aurantiaca has clusters of showy, lily-like, yellow
flowers, handsomely streaked with purple.

Aiiemone sylvestris has pure white flowers in early summer.

Aquilegia vulgaris var. alba (Munstead White), with purest
white flowers, is one of the most satisfactory of the Columbines,
without the objectionable d^nng-out habit of this class.

Arabis albida var. variegata. — Foliage beautifully vai'iegated
with gold and green.

Armeria maritima var. Lauchiana, a beautiful form of the
Thrift, with dark green foliage, dense tufted habit, and a nearly
constant succession of rich deep crimson flowers. An elegant
edging plant, which might well supersede the dwarf box.

Arnebia echioides, the Prophet flower, with dense clusters of rich
yellow flowers, curiously spotted with fading purple.

Asjyei'ida odorata, the Maitrank of the German nation, forming
a dense carpet of green with intensely fragrant clusters of minute
pure white flowers.

Of Hardy Bamboos, the following seem to be quite reliable :
Bambusa falcata, B. Metake, B. Ragamoivski , B. Simonii, B.
striata and B. viminalis, all particularly graceful in their leaf
effects.

Callirhoe involucrata, the Poppy Mallow, is nearly always in
bloom and its rich crimson flowers are particularly showy on the
vines in early morning.

278 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Campanula Van Houtteii can never be omitted from a list of
really good things. Its flowering effect is simply marvellous in
well established clumps.

Centaurea montana and its different varieties, particularly the
pure white form, are choice for cutting and are continuous bloomers.

Delphinium Chinensis. — These are too little known and should
be extolled to the utmost, producing as they do an almost constant
succession of loose open panicles of beautiful flowers in the most
exquisite shades of blue, lavender, and white, in many cases
oddly spotted with deeper shades. For cutting purposes these
should never be omitted from the flower garden.

Desmodium penduliflorum^ classed either as herbaceous or a
shrub, is especially desirable for its wealth of bloom just in
advance of frosty weather.

Doronicum playitagineum var. excelsum is among the finest of
spring flowers, with a wealth of rich golden yellow aster-like
flowers.

" Elymus glaucits is a particularly showy grass, with rich silvery
foliage, and soon forms a fine clump.

The Epimediums are among my choicest favorites, with their
elegant showy foliage, so odd in shape and so handsomely colored
in its young growth, and the showy panicles of flowers are note-
worthy among spring-blooming perennials ; E. alpinum, with red
and white starry flowers ; E. sulphureum, pure yellow ; E. niveum,
pure white ; and E. macranthum, with pale mauve purple Orchid-
like flowers, are among the choicest of this genus.

Eulalia gracillima is a particularly showy grass with long,
slender, white-ribbed leaves, the whole plant producing a vase like
effect.

Glaucium Fischer i has particularly showy silvery foliage and a
good supply of orange colored flowers.

Giobularia tricosantha, with its tufted habit and dense heads of
blue, is desirable for any well drained spot.

Gypsophila repens forms a densely branched carpet of foliage,
handsomely set with clusters of small white flowers tinged with
pink.

G. Steveni is an improvement over the old Chalk Plant in its
dwarfev habit and more continuous blooming, and is earlier as
well.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 279

Helenium Hoopesii is the choicest of the Sneezeworts, forming
immense candelabra like heads of rich golden yellow flowers.

Of the Helianthemums much could be said ; all are evergreen,
forming dense carpets of foliage, and in midsummer thickly
studded with yellow flowers like minute roses in the species
angustifolia, croceuin, and vulgare, while H. hyssopifoUum gives us
copper colored and H. rhodanthemum bright red flowers.

In the Sunflowers, Helianthus mollis has glaucous, velvety
foliage and handsomely formed lemon yellow flowers ; H. Iceti-
florus, with rich orange semi-double flowers on long clean wiry
stems, is particularl}^ to be recommended for cutting purposes.

Hemerocallis Thunbergii is a welcome addition to the Yellow
Day-lilies, coming into bloom in July and bearing rich lemon
yellow flowers, of a mild but charming fragrance.

H. aurantiaca major is being tested and we have much hope
from it.

H. Damortierii and H. Middendorfiana are two orange yellow
species of recent introduction and both can be recommended.

Heuchera sanguinea is perfectly' hardy, and would be desirable
for its handsomely mottled foliage alone, while the addition of its
rich scarlet vermilion flowers, in dense long stemmed clusters,
renders it quite unique among the good new things.

Lupinus polyphyllus in its clear blue, pure white, and variegated
blue and white forms, is a first-class border plant.

Omphalodes verna and its pure white form, both known as
Creeping Forget-me-nots, thrive admirably with us and form
dense carpets of broad foliage with clusters of blue and white or
white flowers.

Pajxiver pilosu7n, a species of Popp}^ from Bothnia, with salmon
colored flowers, is in almost constant bloom.

Polemonium humile or Richardsonii is among the best of the
Jacob's Ladders, having clusters of large pure blue flowers with a
most charming odor.

The hybrid Poteutillas or Ciuquefoils are perfectly hardy,
increase rapidly and give a wealth of bloom in midsummer. The
coloring of the semi-double forms is remarkably rich in shades of
yellow, orange, purple, and crimson. In their season these are
among the choicest of garden plants.

In Primulas I have found a source of delight and surprise. P.
denticidata, P. vulgaris in all its forms, P. officinalis, P. cortu-

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

soides, P. SiebokUi, aud P. Japonica do well, and some other
sorts can with little care be safely wintered. Those noted thrive
without any covering being necessary, and I have been surprised
that the old-fashioned Polyanthus has not been more freely
planted than it is. Nothing is more charming than a good edging
of primulas, and in the open border, when planted singly or in
clusters, they always command attention to the exclusion of other
flowers in spite of the great wealth of bloom that we have in
spring. The forms of Primula Sieboldii are all welcome additions
and as soon as well known will be extensively planted.

There continues a great improvement in the Hybrid Pyrethrums
and many deep shades of yellow and copper are appearing among
the newer double sorts. In light soils we find these perennials
first class in every way.

Scabiosa Caucasica is one of the most desirable plants in the
entire collection, producing a profusion of large showy lavender
flowers, each on a good stem for cutting. There is a shade of
color in this flower quite beyond description, which is particularly
beautiful. For cutting purposes this is invaluable.

Silene Virginica, the Fire Pink, I have no difficulty in growing,
and this can be particularly noted as one of the most brilliant
flowers that we have ; a dazzling cardinal.

In Spiraeas the palmata section is coming rapidly to the front
as well they may, their sturdy habit of growth and showy spikes
of rich red rendering them among the best of their class.

Solidago rigida is the most satisfactory of the Golden-rods,
producing heavy trusses of rich golden yellow flowers. This is
less weedy than most sorts and altogether is very satisfactory.

The Silver Thyme is quite hardy with us and forms a neat
carpet plant, with particularly showy silver and green variegated
foliage.

Tricyrtis hirta, the Toad Lily, is among the most curious plants
we have, giving a remarkable amount of bloom just in advance
of hard frost in most grotesquely formed aud colored flowers.

Among the Veronicas or Speedwells I must not fail to mention
the following as quite indispensable : V. amethystina, a dense
bushy plant with innumerable clusters of deepest amethyst blue ;
F. longijolia var. subsessilis, with long spikes of richest blue in
late summer and continuing nearly to frost; V. rvpestris, forming

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 281

a dense low carpet of evergreen verdure quite bidden in spring
with its clouds of bright blue flowers ; V. incann with its silvery
foliage, setting off so well its upright spikes of lavender purple,
and V. pectinata^ with grayish woolly foliage and deep blue
spikes.

The above represent to a certain extent the less well-known
sorts of hardy perennials ; the list is only partially complete, yet
possibly is as long as should be given to occupy the room of the
report.

Jacob AV. Manning.

Mrs. J. W. Clark's Estate, Po3ifret, Conn.

On the 20th of August the Committee visited this estate, the
special object being to inspect the vinery, from which for several
seasons very fine fruit has been shown at the exhibitions by Mrs.
Clark. The account given by Mr. John Ash, the successful gar-
dener, will be read with interest and profit. The vinery gave evi-
dence in every way of skillful cultivation, showing at this time
some very fine fruit. Other objects of special interest might 'be
mentioned, but at some future time a more extended report of the
grounds will probably be given. It may, however, not be out of
place to say now that the entire grounds were in excellent condi-
tion, having all the requirements of a first class private place.
The vegetable garden was especially noticeable, its arrangement
being very orderly, and with a large succession of all the standard
varieties of vegetables in great abundance. The farm was quite
a feature, with a large barn for storing hay and keeping the horses
and cattle, all in excellent condition, and giving evidence of
good management and reflecting much credit on Mr. Ash who has
the direction of the entire estate.

Mr. Ash's account of his method of cultivation is as follows :
I would say, with regard to my mode of cultivating grapes
that it is very simple. I start my grapery about Febuary 1.5th,
at a temperature of from 43° to 48° of artificial heat, allowing the
sun heat to run it up to from 80° to 85° with moderate ventila-
tion, keeping the house at these temperatures until the buds show
signs of swelling, when I raise the artificial heat to 55°, night tem-
perature, with a day temperature of 60°. I keep the house at this
heat until the vines have made a growth of about three inches, when

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I again raise the temperature to from 60° to 65°, night, and from
65° to 70°, day. When starting my house I give the border a
thorough soaking with water heated to 85°, repeating the opera-
tion once about two weeks before the vines are in bloom, at which
time I keep the atmosphere in the house moderately dry, ventilat-
ing freely on bright days and only damping the floor about mid-
day. This treatment is followed until the fruit is set, when I put
on a top-dressing of barnyard manure and give the border a
thorough watering with tepid water, repeating as often as is re-
quired. Just when the grapes commence to take their second
swell, I give a copious watering with liquid manure and another
similar dose just before the grapes begin coloring. After this I
use only clear water, and when the grapes are ripe I keep the
border as dry as possible without allowing the vines to suffer. My
grapery is 50X20 ft.

The extent of this estate is one hundred acres ; we have about
six acres of lawn and flower garden, and about four acres of vege-
table garden. We grow almost everythiug in the vegetable line.
Besides the grapery we have a Palm house 50x20; Rose house
50X18; one house for general greenhouse flowering plants, 50 X
18, and a house for Carnations and Violets 100X10. The green-
houses are heated by hot water (overhead system), using two
Foster boilers connected so that we can use either separately or in
conjunction with each other.

W. D. Hinds's Peach Okchakd.

For the best Fruit Garden an application was received from Mr.
W. D. Hinds of Townsend to examine his orchard of Crosby
Peaches. Not since 1881 have your Committee had an oppor-
tunity to inspect a Peach orchard ; at that time we visited those of
John B. Moore and Marshall Miles of Concord, and Thomas C.
Thurlow of West Newbury. Those who were there remember
what success these cultivators had achieved. Since then we began
to iliink that the days of Peach cultivation in Massachusetts had
ended, ])iit this visit to Mr. Hinds quickly dispelled all such
thoughts. We have endeavored to obtain all the good points we
could on peach culture, and we venture a few extracts in regard
to the subject. The revised edition of A. J. Downing's "Fruits
and Fruit Trees of America," 1869, says, " Thousands of acres
are devoted to this crop for the supply of the markets of our

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 283

large cities. . . . Many growers have orchards of from
10,000 to 100,000 trees of different ages, and send to market in
good seasons as many bushels of fruit from the bearing trees."

The following extract is as important now as it was when writ-
ten twenty-seven years ago.

"The very great facility with which the peach grows in this
country, and the numerous crops it produces, almost without care,
have led to a carelessness of cultivation which has greatly en-
feebled the stock, and, as we shall presently show, has in many
places produced a disease peculiar to this country. This renders
it necessary to give some additional care and attention to the cul-
tivation of the peach ; and with very trifling care this delicious
fruit may be produced in great abundance for many successive
years." " Garden and Forest," 1894, p. 467, says, " Some
nine thousand acres of laud in Western New York are devoted
to the peach iudustry. . . . Professor Bailey thinks
that the peach industry, more than any other pomological inter-
est, suffers peculiarly from careless methods. The first error
is lack of cultivation ; the second, inattention to borers and yel-
lows ; the third is neglect to thin the fruit, and the fourth is
carelessness in marketing." Then follow excellent suggestions
on Locations and Soils, Cultivating and Fertilizing, and Pruning
and Thinning Fruit. On this last point we copy the remarks,
which are practical and very useful. — " No two peaches should
be alloAved to develop nearer than five inches apart. No work of
the orchard pa^'s better than thinning the fruit, either in the price
which the remaining produce brings or in the energy which is
saved to the tree. "When regularly thinned the tree bears every
year unless injured by frost. The fruit must be picked sooner or
later, and the work is more easily done in June than in Septem-
ber, so that no labor is lost. The thinning should be delayed
until the fruit is the size of the end of a man's thumb, and by this
time the ' June drop ' has occurred, and the fruit can readily be
seen." The points suggested in regard to marketing are so well
known to all cultivators that it is unnecessarj' to reproduce them ;
suffice it to say that too much care cannot be exercised in handling
and properly packing ; crushed and bruised fruit is not attractive
to the purchaser.

284 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Now as to the Crosby Peach, that most conservative and care-
ful of all careful periodicals, which is always slow in indorsing a
new thing, "Meehan's Monthly" for 1894, p. 77, says, "The Crosby
Peach seems to be a kind that has come to stay awhile and is well
suited to New England gardens. It originated near Lowell,
Mass., in 1875. It is one of the sweetest of the yellow Crawford
class, and a particularly abundant and regular bearer."

We give the following statements by Mr. W. D. Hinds and
Mr. A. J. Hinds in the belief that they will be found of much
interest.

Statement of Mr. "W. D. Hinds.

TowNSEND, Mass., Nov. 9, 1895.
Mr. John G. Barker:

Dear Sir : — In reply to yours of the 5th instant I will say that
after seeing the Crosby Peach fruit four years in succession pre-
vious to 1888, and two years when we had no peaches of any
other variety, I decided to set out an orchard as soon as I could
get the trees. As the originator had died and no one else was
propagating this variety I set two hundred Fox Seedling trees in
the spring of 1888 and rebudded them in August with the Crosby.
This being my first attempt at budding I only got about a hundred
of them to grow. In the fall of 1888 I sent some buds to Hale
Brothers to bud some trees for me. From these I got one hun-
dred and fifty trees, which I set in the spring of 1890. I had also
grown from three hundred to four hundred trees, which I budded
myself ; some of them I set out and some of them I sold. In the
sprmg of 1891, I received about two thousand trees from Hale
Brothers, selling eight hundred of this lot to my brother and some
to my father and setting some of the small ones myself. I have
set two or three hundred every spring since, so that I have now
about two thousand trees in my orchard. About six hundred
trees were in bearing this season, from which I sold over twelve
hundred baskets of very fine fruit, for from one dollar to two
dollars per basket.

Had it not been for the severe frosts in May, while the trees
were in blossom, I should have had at least five hundred baskets
more, as I had over six hundred three year old trees on which the
frosts killed all the blossoms ; they were as full as possible up to

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 285

that time. My orchards have beeu fertilized with boue tankage
and muriate of potash, using the tankage in the fall and the
potash in the spring. Last spring I used about eight hundred
pounds of sulphate of potash per acre. Of tankage I used from
one to two tons per acre according to the age of the trees.

The trees have all made a satisfactory growth and bid fair now
to give us more fruit next year.

We are just spreading on the tankage again, my brother and I
using nearly thirty tous this fall. We intend to do our part to
the best of our knowledge and if the chief of the weather bureau
prescribes the right kind of a winter we hope to be able to invite
the Committee again to see some more Peaches.

Very truly yours,

W. D. Hinds,

Excelsior Fruit Farm, Toivnsend, Mass.

Statement of Mk. A. J. Hinds.

John G. Barker, Esq. :

Dear Sir: — In compliance with j'our request I herewith give a
brief synopsis of my experience in the Peach industry in Town-
send, Mass.

I set my first two hundred and fifty trees in the spring of 1888,
eight hundred in the spring of 1891, and a few each spring since,
having now about two thousand two hundred trees. In 1893 I
had from the first two hundred and fifty trees about two hundred
and fifty baskets of fruit. I had about one thousand trees in
bearing this year, from which I took two thousand five hundred
baskets of fruit, and sold it at very fair prices.

From the start I have held to the clean culture method from
early spring until about the 15th of August, and until the third
year have usually sown winter rye at the last cultivation, plough-
ing it in in the spring. I have also used considerable quantities
of meadow hay for mulching every season. For fertilizers I have
used scrap and bone (tankage) and both muriate and sulphate of
potash and wood ashes. I have used the above in varying quan-
tities according to the present conditions of the trees and the
previous condition of the land, but sufficient to produce a vigorous
growth, necessitating thorough pruning twice each season to keep

286 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the trees in shape. The growth and general appearance of the
trees under the above treatment has been satisfactory.

Were I asked to name the essentials for the successful culture of
Peaches I should say :

First. Proper selection of location and soil, which should be
high and well drained.

Second. Proper setting out of the trees, which should not
be too deep in the ground. Many trees make a bad start and are
apt to have the yellows because set too deep.

Third. Constant and thorough cultivation throughout the
growing season and watchfulness for borers and other insects.

Fourth. Close and energetic attention to pruning and thinning
of the fruit. One-half of the crop should be picked by the time
it gets the size of marbles.

And lastly as in most other lines of business, personal supervision
and attention to details, which if I were to enumerate would make
the reader tired, as well as the man whose' lot it is to attend to
those things closely enough to win success in the cultivation of
peaches.

A. J. Hinds.

Townsend, Nov. 15, 1895.

Forest Hills Ckmeteky, Jamaica Plain.

Before calling j^our attention to the visit at this place, it may
be well to remind you that in previous years, visits to cemeteries
formed no small part of the duties of the Garden Committee. As
early as 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1860, the Transactions record
visits at Woodlawn Cemetery, Chelsea, and in 1858 and 1860 to
Mount Auburn, Cambridge. I cannot find that any other visit
was made there. In 1866 Mount Hope, West Roxbury, was
visited; it was then under the charge of the late C. M. Atkinson,
who was awarded a gratuity for skill and care in its management.
In 1867, Oak Hill Cemetery, Newburyport, was visited. In 1868,
Mount Hope was again visited, and a gratuity was awarded for
successful efforts in improving the cemetery. In 1872, Newton
Cemetery was visited, and a gratuity was awarded to the Superin-
tendent, Henry Ross, who had done much to be commended in the
work of Landscape Gardening. In 1875, Woodlawn was again
visited and also Newton Cemetery. In 1 877, Newton Cemetery was
again visited, and a gratuity was awarded for correct taste displayed

REPOKT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 287

in planting flower beds, and beautifying tlie grounds. In 1879 a
visit was made to Pine Grove, Lynn ; in 1884 again to Newton
and Pine Grove, and in 1889 again to Newton, when an award
was made for well kept grounds, and artistic laying out and im-
provement of the same. The next visit was to Forest Hills, in Rox-
bury, 1895. Since the Horticultural Society was the promoter of
Mount Auburn Cemetery, which is kuown all over this continent
and in foreign lands, and whose influence has done so much to
improve our Rural Cemeteries, it seems eminently fitting that the
connection between the Society and the cemeteries should be main-
tained.

The Garden Committee having expressed a wish that they
might have an opportunity to visit Forest Hills, your Chair-
man, being the Superintendent felt that it might look like sound-
ing his own praises, and confessed to some diffidence in extending
the invitation, but upon consultation with the President of the cor-
poration, it was decided to invite the Committee with the Trustees
and other friends. On the 26th of September the invitation was
accepted, and while a goodly number were present we regret that all
who were invited could not be with us. About two hours were spent
in driving through the grounds giving a general idea of the place.

Forest Hills was consecrated June 28, 1848, and was controlled
by the City of Roxbury until the year 1868, when Roxbiiry was
annexed to Boston, and by a special act of the Legislature it was
then conveyed to the lot holders and sinc« that time has been
under the control of a board of seven Trustees, one being elected
each year at the annual meeting of the proprietors. This Board
of Trustees has full control of the affairs and property of the cor-
poration, and under them all subordinate officers serve. Two
committees attend to the business of the corporation, a Finance
Committee, and a Committee on Care of the Grounds. The area
of the grounds is two hundred and four acres, finely diversified.
The last purchase, of what was known as the Milton estate on the
east of the main entrance at Morton St., and directly opposite
Franklin Park, is a very valuable addition and being so near the
entrance enables the Trustees to offer to their patrons better located
lots than at any time since the establishment of the cemetery.
The location is very commanding affording a fine view of Jamaica
Plain, Brookline, and the surrounding country. The access to
this new addition is by a rustic stone bridge of unusually fine pro-
portions, and in most excellent taste, from designs by the well

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

known architect, W. G. Preston, of Boston. The material for
the main part of the structure is the natural pudding stone quar-
ried in the grounds ; the cap stone and all the trimmings are of
Medford granite. Several prominent citizens have already pur-
chased lots on this new part of the grounds.

The diversity of the grounds and the natural features are of
immense advantage in laying them out; nature has lavishly be-
stowed upon them many fine features, especially in large and con-
spicuous boulders and natural rock surfaces, all of which have
been retained, adding very much to the general effect of the
grounds. An interesting and attractive feature is the grotto, or
rockery, as many call it, all the rocks, of which there is a great
abundance, remaining in their natural positions. This place has
been improved by winding paths to the summit, where a rustic
summer house is located, affording a delightful resting place. On
a projecting point a bridge and a lookout enables the visitor to
obtain a fine view of Lake Hibiscus, and the surrounding portion
of the grounds. The ornamentation is of hardy shrubs and choice
hardy and native plants and ferns, additions to which are con-
stantly being made as the plants are re-arranged and opportunity
offers. The highest point at the head of the grotto is Mount Dear-
born. On Sweet-Brrer path, which forms a part of this elevation
is the lot in which Gen. Dearborn is interred. On it is a hand-
some marble vase bearing the name, " H. A. S. Dearborn," and
on the base which supports it is the inscription :

" Erected by the workmen of Forest Hills Cemetery
to commemorate his many virtues."
This inscription tells the story of the monument in a simple and
appropriate manner, and the flowers with which the vase is sup-
plied testify to the sincerity of the tribute.

On the summit of the hill, but a few steps from this lot, is the
Dearborn monument erected by his friends and fellow citizens.
It is an elegant Corinthian column, of white marble, on a base
which extends by scrolls on each side to smaller pedestals bearing
funeral urns ; the shaft is decorated with convex flutings ; the capi-
tal is elaborately wrought, and is surmounted by a funeral urn
with flame. On the front of the base is a raised tablet inscribed
as follows :

" H. A. S. Dearborn,

Obiit Julii 29, 1851,

il^:tat. 69."

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX GARDENS. 289

On the opposite side, in a pauel, is the brief, but expressive Latin
inscription,

" Ossa in terra

quam dilexit, cohiit, oruavit,

cives et amici mcereutes

condinius."

The monument is appropriate to the character and tastes of him in
whose honor it is erected. It is in a lovely spot, not only bearing
his name, and near the burial place of his kindred, but one which
was with him a place of frequent resort while he was spared to
watch the progress of the Cemetery.

As the most distinguished person whose remains were originally
interred at Forest Hills Cemetery, and as the designer of the
cemetery, if not its originator ; also as the first President of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, it seems proper that more
than a mere passing notice should be given of his eminent services,
which we copy from the early history of the cemetery.

In what is known as the old grounds, the improvements have
been quite marked the past few years ; nearly all the iron fences
have been removed, and many of the unsightly granite curbings,
and as far as possible the abrupt terraces have been removed,
and gentle slopes substituted ; large and worthless trees, of
which there were many, have been cut down, and replaced
with smaller trees and shrubs. The grass has greatly improved
where this work has been done. In many places grass walks
have been substituted for gravel, for in summer time when people
visit the grounds most frequently, grass is much pleasanter than
gravel to walk upon, and a grass walk adds greatly to the appear-
ance of the grounds, as compared with gravel. For several years
no gravel walks have been made.

Forest Hills is by no means a Lawn Cemetery, as some of the
more modern cemeteries are termed, but it is a Garden Cemetery.
The early history of the place indicates that this was the intention
of the projectors. From the only written history, we copy the fol-
lowing : "One of the attractive features at Forest Hills is the
profusion of flowers which bloom in some parts of it, making it in
truth a Garden Cemeter}'. In most of the borders attached to the
lots there are flowers in more or less abundance, besides which
there are numerous triaugles formed by the intersection of avenue

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or paths, and other spots not quite adapted to burial lots which
are prepared as flower borders, or are planted with various flower-
ing shrubs." By this it will be seen that flowers were to form a
very prominent feature in the attractions at Forest Hills, and to
this time it is the same and will continue so notwithstanding the
fact that some think they are a thing of past generations, and
should have but a small place, if any, in the modern cemetery. In
the triangles no tender plants are used, and evergreens now form a
very attractive and pleasing feature at these places. Shrubs, both
evergreen and deciduous have been introduced wherever they could
be judiciously used ; hardy plants form no small part of the ornamen-
tation of the grounds. Tender plants are used but little beyond the
private lots ; there are so large a proportion of the proprietors who
require them, that we can well afford to substitute other styles of
planting in the ornamental beds. Sub-tropical beds when prop-
erly arranged are very attractive, and have been used to good
advantage. The new flowering Cannas are freely used, and since
we have found that Crotons will do well as bedding plants, they
have been substituted for Coleuses. As handsome foliage plants
the Acalyphas have no equal, and are certainly, like the Crotons,
far superior to half-faded and sickly looking Coleuses. Half-
hardy plants are found of much value, as they can be taken out at
least a month earlier than the bedding plants, and remain out a month
later. For the accommodation of these plants, a pit has been built
the past season 80X25 feet, and is already filled with a good
collection of plants, among which are fine specimens of Hollies,
Myrtles, Yews, Aucubas, Laurels, Laurustinuses and the tender
Retinosporas, etc.

The first Greenhouse was built in 1860; in 1868 it was removed
and enlarged ; in 1873 a large conservatory was built, with ranges
of smaller houses. These were all heavy wooden structures, which
after twenty years of use were much decayed and not worth the
large cost of repairing, so that in 1893 the entire range was re-
built in the most approved style of construction by the Lord &
Burnham Co., and has proved entirely satisfactory. The total
number of houses is seven, with 4,480 feet of cold frames. Plants
used for spring flowering are Pansies, Myosotis, Daisies, Silenes,
etc., 15,000 in all; Geraniums, 40,000; French Cannas, 8,000;
Begonias, 6,000; Salvias, 3,000; Echeverias, 2,000; Coleuses,
5,000; Achyranthes, 6,000; Golden Pilea, 2,000; Abutilons,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 291

8,000; Grasses, 500; Peristrophe, 700; Ageratum, 2,000; Helio-
trope, 3,000; Cupheas, 800; Alyssums, 1,500; Celosia crislata,
3,500 ; Torenias, 2,500 ; Nicotianas in variety, 700 ; Lautanas,
500 ; Lobelias, 200 ; Acalyphas, 2,000 ; Crotous, 2,000 ; a total
number of 117,700,

A Receiving Tomb was built in 1871, and since that time has
been greatly improved ; a fine porch of elegant proportions adds
greatly to the architectural appearance of the structure. In sum-
mer, large Palms are placed at the sides under each arch, giving a
very pleasing effect, while on either side are arranged large beds
of half-hardy plants. Opposite the tomb is a fountain, of elegant
design, which was procured at the Centennial Exhibition in Phila-
delphia. Around this fountain special attention is given to orna-
mental bedding, this being an unusually appropriate place for
such work. Around the natural rock at the base of the bell
tower and observatory is a large border filled with a choice col-
lection of hardy plants ; this we consider a very interesting spot,
for from early spring until late fall something is in flower.

It is not possible to enumerate the large collection of trees and
shrubs in use : it would take up too much space, but all the choice
flowering shrubs are used in large qualities.

The Observatory or Bell Tower is located on a prominent emi-
nence opposite the main entrance. The lookout, which is reached
by an easy flight of steps, affords a magnificent view of the sur-
rounding country in all directions. The Chapel and Office were
built in 1884, and form a very unique and convenient buildino-.
The Chapel is greatly admired, and is frequently used for funeral
purposes; no description could do it justice, it must be seen to be
appreciated. A system of water-pipes was introduced in 1891,
throughout the grounds, satisfactory arrangements being made
with the city for the supply of water.

The growing demands of the proprietors, with the constant in-
crease of the unoccupied portions of the grounds, rendered a
building necessary for their accommodation at the east entrance.
This summer such a building was finished, and it is not only a great
accommodation to the patrons of the place, but a unique and
appropriate ornament to that part of the grounds.

For the care of the grounds when the sale of lots shall have
ceased, provision is being made by setting aside a certain per cent
from every sale now made. This is deposited in two funds, the

292 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Perpetual Care and Permanent Funds ; the first named for the
care of the lots ; the second for the buildings and avenues. These
two funds have already attained a good sum, and will be ample in
the future for the purposes for which they are intended. I have
only given a very brief sketch of Forest Hills Cemetery, but cer-
tainly as much as the occasion calls for. Its fine location and
attractive entrance, together with its immediate connection with
Franklin Park, and the excellent drives from Boston insures for it
a very promising future, and the citizens will find in the develop-
ment of the grounds, that they can all be accommodated in their
wishes, from those whose means are limited to others whom good
fortune has blessed with a greater abundance.

Mrs. B. p. Cheney's Estate, South Natick.

The object of this visit, made on the 2d of November, was
especially to see the Chrysanthemums, of which we found a good
collection of well-grown plants. Mr. John Barr, gardener,
informs us that he grew 700 to one stem and bloom, w^hich were
propagated in May and planted out in June. He grew them
indoors all summer. There were over one hundred distinct named
Japanese varieties and tw^enty Chinese in the collection. Mr. Barr
considers that quite a number of the Japanese are not worth grow-
ing except as exhibition blooms ; 500 were grown in boxes on
account of the convenience of handling them, it being an easy and
quick way of filling up the house, and as they are done flowering
they can be cleaned out gradually and the space used for other
purposes. The results of this mode of cultivation were quite as
satisfactory as growing them on benches. For fertilizing, clay
and sheep manure were used. Thirty plants, mostly Japanese
varieties, were growing in twelve-inch pots. Those growing in
boxes were particularly noticeable, and that mode of cultivation —
new to at least a portion of your Committee — it seems to them
might be adopted by many growers as an easy w^ay of giving a
place to this popular flower.

There are three greenhouses and two vineries, one of the
greenhouses being used as a Rose house ; another for growing
Carnations, Cyclamens, Cinerarias, and other winter flowering
plants ; and the other for Palms and Foliage Plants for use in the
summer season. The Palms and many other plants are placed in

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 293

the viueries, until the Chrysanthemuuis in boxes are removed.
In spring all available space is filled up with bedding plants. We
were glad to notice a fine lot of the lovely Adiantum Farleyense
in a most luxuriant condition, the treatment being quite different
from that usually bestowed upon this superb fern, which is generally
consigned to the stove ; in this case it was the opposite, being in a
cool house with the ventilators raised on a chilly day, November 2.
The estate contains about two hundred acres, largely^ in woods
and grass ; twenty-five or thirty acres have been thoroughly
trenched and laid down into a lawn. A feature of the place is the
many beautiful views. We hope in our next report to give a
description of this fine estate, the day of our visit being so very
wet that we could get scarcely any idea of the extent or beauty of
the grounds. We found Mr. Barr a progressive man and a good
grower, and accord to Mrs. Cheney our most hearty thanks for
this delightful and profitable visit.

William Nicholson's Chrysanthemum and Carnation Houses,

fuamingham.

The last visit of the Committee was on the 4th of November, to
William Nicholson's Chrysanthemum and Carnation houses, in
regard to which he has favored us with the following letter :

Framingham, Mass., November, 1895.
John G. Barker, Esq. :

Dear Sir: — In reply to your request for a few items in regard
to the culture of Chrysanthemums and Carnations on my place, I
will say that the cuttings for my Chrysanthemuuis were struck the
last of May and the first two weeks in June ; potted into two and
a half-inch pots, and planted out on benches July 26, after my
crop of Tomatoes was through. The compost was made early in
the spring, of one load of good rotted horse manure to four loads
of loam, with two bucketfuls of fine bone meal to every five loads
of loam and manure. After they began to show buds we fed
once a week with liquid bone manure ; once or twice with hen
manure, and top dressed once with sheep manure. We plant six
by eight inches apart on benches. The varieties that I deem best
for market, for which strength of stem is most considered, are :

Yellow. — Early; Yellow Queen and Gold Lode. Late; Major
Bonnaffon, W. H. Lincoln, and H. Lippincott.

294 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

White. — M. Bergmau, Ivory, Mrs. Jerome Jones, Niveus, Pel-
ican, and Minnie Wanamaker.

Pink. — Mrs. S. T. Murdock, Helen Bloodgood, Ada Spaulding,
Viviand Morel, and Lady Playfair.

Dark Red. — Mrs. John Shrimpton and Cullingfordii.

These I consider best for Boston market. I think that Ermen-
ilda will be a good pink variety for this market when it becomes
better known, but it should not be grown to single stems on late-
struck cuttings.

In regard to Carnations I will give you my mode of cultivation.
The cuttings are taken for general stock for winter forcing from
February 14 to April 1 ; pricked out in flats, which I prefer to
pots ; placed in cold frames about April 20, and planted out m
the field from May to June 10. I have had splendid plants for
fall use struck in April and planted in the field June 10. 1 pre-
pare my ground in the following manner :

It is ploughed in the fall, about the middle of November, and
left iu the rough till spring ; then I put on about once in three or
four years eight barrels of lime to the acre, in heaps of say half a
bushel. As soon as it is all powder, which will be in about ten
days, or earlier if it rains, I spread all over the ground thinly.
I put on about one ton of wood ashes to the acre and about
five cords of manure, and plow it in about seven inches just
before I plant out. I harrow it smoothly and plant the Carna-
tions in beds, eighteen inches between tlie rows and fifteen inches
between each plant in the row. Every fourth row I leave two feet,
which makes it very hand}^ to take out the weeds iu summer. I
think that it is owing to the lime and wood ashes that I am so
free from all kinds of diseases, and that they present a glaucous
appearance.

In regard to stopping, one must be governed by the kinds he
grows and the time when he wants the flowers for market. Some
kinds do not need stopping after July 25 ; others will need it until
the last week in August.

The preparation of the loam for benches is as follows : plough
up sod ground in the fall; get a-car of good rotted horse manure
from horses that are heavily grain fed ; add one horse load of
manure to four of loam, and two buckets of pure bone flour with-
out acid ; repeat that till your pile is large enough ; turn two or
three times and add two buckets of wood ashes to every five loads

REPORT OF TliE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 295

(one horse loads). I always have my benches well washed with
water and then give them a heavy coat of hot whitewash from
fi'esh lime.

I begin to take in my plants September 1 , and plant in the house
about ten by twelve inches apart — a little more or less, according
to the size of the plants, and after they are planted in the house
syringe once in two weeks with four ounces of salt to three
gallons of water, and the alternate week with the following formula :
one pound of sulphate of copper in powder, and one quart of con-
centrated ammonia dissolved together in an earthern jar with
water enough added to make three gallons. Keep it all perfectly
air tight. Take a two-inch potful of this mixture and at the same
time half a two-inch potful of clear ammonia and syringe alternate
weeks with the salt mixture.

I also mulch my carnations about twice in the season with a
light dressing of sheep manure.

As Mr. Nicholson has entered his Carnation house for the prize
offered by the Garden Committee for 1896, we will not make any
comments on the very excellent house which we saw when there
on the 4th of November, except to say that it was a model of
neatness and gave ever}^ evideuce of thorough practical cultivation.

The Committee have made the following awards :
Society's Prizes.

For the best Vegetable Gardeu. to Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Milton 850 00

For best Fruit Garden, to W. D. Hinds, Townsend, for

a superior Peach Orchard . . . . . . 50 00

For the second best to C. S. Pratt, Reading, for a Market

Strawberry Garden 30 00

For the best house of Chrysanthemums arranged for

effect with other plants, to Nathaniel T. Kidder, Milton 50 00
For the second best to Mrs. B. P. Cheney, South Natick 30 00
For the best house or houses of Chrysanthemums grown

on benches, to William Nicholson, Framingham . 50 00

296

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities.

To J. W. Manning, Reading, for a superior collection of

named Herbaceous Plants . . . . . 35 00

To Mrs. J. W. Clark, Pomfret, Ct., for successful culti-
vation of Exotic Grapes . . . . , . 35 00

To Mrs. B. P. Cheney, for a house of Chrysanthemums

grown in boxes . . , . . . . 35 00

To William Nicholson, Framingham, for superior culti-
vation of Carnations . . . . . . . 35 00

To A. J. Hinds, Townsend, for a well-cultivated and

promising young Peach Orchard . . , . 35 00

To John G. Barker, Superintendent of Forest Hills
Cemetery, for a well-kept and best-arranged Rural
Cemetery, with choice Evergreens and Hardy and
Tender Plants 50 00

Amount appropriated ...... $500 00

Amount awarded ...... .485 00

Balance unexpended . . . . . . 15 00

For the Committee on Gardens,

John G. Barker, Chairman.

REPORT

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

By J. H. WOODFORD, Chairjian.

We are glad to be able to report a prosperous year for the
exhibitions of the Society just closed. The various and numerous
shows during the year have at times taxed the ingenuity of your
Committee to find space in the halls for the proper display of the
various classes offered by the exhibitors, and then have space
enough left for the comfort of visitors.

This state of things does not reflect any credit on the foresight
of the Committee having our property in charge, for when we take
into consideration the poor accommodations at our disposal nnd
the very meagre net income that we receive from an investment of
half a million of dollars, it seems to us that we ought to have very
much better accommodations and vastly superior facilities for our
shows out of an investment of half the mone}'. This same inade-
quacy of accommodation has been repeatedly referred to by the
presidents of our Society, and by several chairmen of committees
in their annual addresses and reports, and still, as far as our
Society knows, no notice has been taken of their statements. We
would suggest that the Committee having the building in charge

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be called to account and their action or inaction be laid before the
Society for its consideration.

The halls are not commodious enough for our great shows, and
are also very difficult of access, particularly for aged persons,
and there is no place for rest after anyone gets into them, except
by climbing a third flight of stairs to the gallery.

We would recommend action in the immediate future with a
view to acquiring a property of half the value of the present hold-
ing, and having a hall of easy access and of suflicient capacity to
accommodate an}^ and all of our exhibitions, and at the same
time capacious enough to contain a large audience comfortably,

We have much pleasure in referring to the numerous commen-
dations of exhibitors of Roses that we have received since we
changed from the cumbersome, dirty boxes heretofore used in their
display, to the clean bright glass vases owned by the Society.
The change is decidedly to the advantage of this noble class of
flowers.

We are also pleased to record the forming of an auxiliary
society to ours called the Boston Mycological Club. This will be
of immense advantage and value to all lovers of Mushrooms, as it
will educate people to distinguish the Edible Fungi from the
Poisonous.

There are at present great quantities of the edible kinds left
uutasted for fear that if eaten they might kill, but when the com-
munity is taught by object lessons to distinguish the good kinds
from the bad, tons of this esculent vegetable will be consumed for
food wiiich now "goes to waste its sweetness- on the desert air."
We consider this as some progress in the right direction which we
are making in the noble art of Horticulture.

The receipts for admission to the two exhibitions at which fees
were exacted were larger than last year, but not nearly as large as
they ought to be with proper facilities to make our shows attrac-
tive to the public.

The amount of money placed at the disposal of this Committee
for extraordinary expenses has been judiciously expended and for
the furtherance of the best interests of the Society. The halls
have been well arranged during the season and in so judicious a
manner as to produce but little friction among the numerous
exhibitors.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. 299

The Treasurer shows by his books receipts

for the Spring Exhibition . . . $409 00

Chrvsauthemum " . . . 1,016 50

Si, 425 50

Expenses :

Spring Exhibition $268 72

Chrysanthemum Exhibition . . . 400 85

669 57

Leaving a balance in the treasury' of the Society of S755 93

All of wliich is most respectfully submitted.
For the Committee,

Joseph H. Woodford,

Chairynan.

REPORT-

OF THK

Committee on School Gardens and Children's Herbariums,

FOR THE YEAR 1896.

SWAN SCHOOL GARDEN, MEDFORD.

The first systematic attempt to iutroduce school garden work
into the schools of Medford was made at the Swan School, on the
corner of Park and Washington streets, early in the season of
1895. The teachers and pupils entered into the spirit of the work
with the utmost enthusiasm, and its success has inspired other
schools in Medford with a desire for garden work, which it is
hoped the School Committee will be able to gratify another season
with means furnished by the city.

The special aim of our School Garden and Herbarium Com-
mittee being to arouse and foster an interest in, and love for
native plants, particular pains were taken to aid the teachers and
children of the Swan School in establishing a garden of wild
plants ; and the appended list shows how many of the choicer
and rarer of our native shrubs, flowers, and ferns have been intro-
duced during the first year, and indicates what the policy should
be for future seasons.

The frequent visits of both teachers and children to the woods
for the purpose of obtaining plants for the garden showed
their interest in the work. But the large amount of land
surrounding the schoolhouse, and the broad plan on Avliich the
garden was laid out, rendered it didlcult to make the garden
attractive, as a whole, in one season by the use of wild plants
alone ; therefore the use of cultivated plants was allowed, not only
to ornament the grounds, but to add interest and furnish ready
workino; material.

Swan School Gardknkrs, Mkuford.

Swan School Gardkn, Mkdkoisk.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 301

The result has been more than gratifying, and while the native
plants have not been neglected, as will be seen from the subjoined
list, the cultivated flowers were the means of enabling some of
the children during the summer vacation season to contribute
something toward the pleasure of invalids in the hospitals by
sending flowers from the Swan School garden to the Mission twice
a week. Thus they not only received pleasure themselves and
gave pleasure to others, but were unconsciousl}' instructed in
humane principles.

The portion of the school grounds set apart £or the garden
work comprises approximately between 2,500 and 3,000 square
feet, and the different beds laid out were treated differently,
according to the character of the plants the}^ were to receive.

The general treatment was as follows : — The soil was first well
broken up and dug over to the depth of nearly two feet, and some
twenty or more loads of rich loam and two good loads of old
manure, rotted to pulverization, were mixed in thoroughly. The
beds to be devoted to the ferns were not made so rich, because
the intent was to imitate nature as far as possible.

Nearlj^ all the planting except that of the trees was done by
the children under the guidance of their teachers.

In addition to the native flowering plants 150 Gladiolus bulbs,
100 Tuberose bulbs, 125 Pansy plants, 25 Cannas, and 50 plants
each of Sweet Williams, hardy Carnations, Verbenas, and Daisies
were planted. -Cryptogamous plants were represented by 28
species of hardy native ferns.

100 feet of garden hose with a reel, 6 watering pots, 3 sets of
garden tools, including a spade, and 2 extra large tubs for water-
plants, were furnished, all of which will come into use next season.

Since November 1 , there have been planted for spring blooming
over 200 bulbs including hyacinths, narcissi, and tulips in variety,
a good part of them having been furnished by the Garden Com-
mittee, a large number of scilla bulbs, several fresh crowns of
the ostrich fern, mossy clumps of Polypodium vulgare, "Woodsia
llvensis, Phegopteris hexagonoptera, and Iris Kaempferi.

The garden has also been put in order for the winter by having
the shrubby plants staked and the various beds raked over and
covered for protection.

The expenses of the garden have been met from appropriations
hy the School Garden Committee, and generous contributions
from Gen. Samuel C. Lawrence, Mayor Baxter E. Perry, J. Henry

302 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Norcross, M. J. Dwyer, and others interested in seeing the experi-
ment of school garden work tried in Medford.

The educational value of such work is beyond question, and in
some European countries is considered of sufficient importance to
justify legal enactments establishing and providing for it as a
necessary part of a school's equipment.

Not only do these gardens beautify school grounds and make
the schools more attractive to the children, but they serve the
purpose of supplying, close at hand, material for nature study of
a diversified character. The plants and flowers attract a variety
of birds and insects, so that the children, under the guidance of
an intelligent teacher, may receive object lessons in natural history
that they can get in no other way without great difficulty.

The success which has attended the George Putnam and Robert
G. Shaw school gardens in Boston and this new garden in Med-
ford should be an incentive for other schools to emulate the
example thus set before them, and it is to be hoped that school
committees will encourage their development and support wher-
ever possible.

I resigned from the Medford School Committee last September,
but I am not without hopes that the Committee will be able
another year to continue the work so successfully begun.

The following list of the native plants set out is appended for
future reference and comparison :

Ccitalpa speciosa. Azalea viscosd.

Cladrastis tinctoria. Viburnum lantanoides.

Liriodendron tulipifera. Rhododendron maximum.

Magnolia glauca. Cornus Florida var. rubra.

Kalmia latifolia. Aquilegia Canadensis.

Culluna vxdgaris. " chrysantha.

Asclepias tuberosa. " ccerulea.

Aster Novce-Aiiglioe. Arisoema triphyllum.

" " var. Claytonia Virginica.

roseus. Hepatica triloba.

Geranium Robertianum. Sanguinaria Canadensis.

" maculatum. Cypripedixim pubescens.

Trillium grandijlorum. " parvijlorum.

" erectum. " spectabile.

Tiarella cordifolia. Viola Canadensis.

Opuntia vulgaris. " pedata.

Azalea nudijlora. " blanda.

31 species and 2 varieties recorded.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 303

Anemone nemorosa and some others brought by the children
are not recorded.

Osmunda r eg alls.

" cinncnnomea.

'' Claytoniana.
Onodea sevsibilis.

" Struthiopteris.
Dicksonia j^Hosiuscula.
Ph egopteris hexagon optera .
" piolypodioides.

Asplenium Filix-foemina .

"■ thelypteroides.

" august if oUum.

" Trichomanes.

Woodsia Ilvensis.
Woodivardia Virginica.

" angustifolia.

Camptosorus rhizophyUus.

27 species, 3 varieties.

Ferns.

Pteris aquilina.
Polypodium vulgare.
Aspidium cristatum and var.
Clintoniamim.

Boottii.

aculeatum var.
Braunii.

marginal e.

acrostichoides.

Goldieanum.

sp)inidosum and var,
intermedium.

Thelypteris.

simidatmn.

Novehoracense.

GEORGE E. DAVENPORT,

Sub- Committee, Swan School, 1895, to September

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GEORGE PUTNAM SCHOOL GARDEN, ROXBURY.

The plants uamed below, numberiDg thirty species, were for the
most part put into the garden during the warm season of 1895 :

Sjiifanthes cernua.
Goodyera puhescens.
Clintonia borealis.
Cypripedium acaxde.
Iris versicolor.

" Pseudacorus.
Maiantheniuyn Canadense.
Moneses grandijlora.
Pyrola elliptica.
" secunda.
Chiogenes serpyllifolia.
Solidago arguta.
Aster paniculatus.
Anaplialis margaritacea.
Gnaphalium polycephalum.

Achillea millefolium var. roseus.
Potentilla Norvegica.

" sp.
Cornus Canadensis.
Medeola Virginiana.
Oxalis Acetosella.
Viola rotundifolia.
Linncea borealis.
Aralia trifolia.
Asarum Canadense.
Thalictrum purpurascens.
Hedeoma pulegioides.
Parnassia Caroliniana.
Woodwardia Virginica.

" angiisti folia.

Some cultivated plants have been added, and half a gross of
hyacinth and tulip bulbs were planted in October; but the
stress of the work done has been in furnishing ample means for
studying wild plants as they grow.

The pupils of the first class have studied fifteen species of
ferns by means of pressed specimens, specimens brought in for
the lesson, lantern slides of three kinds, — first of the reproductive
organs, second, of pressed specimens, third, of growing clumps
in their native habitats, — and lastly by observing all the species
growing in the school garden. They have studied them about six
weeks, have drawn and studied all the minute parts, spores,
sporangia, indusia, sori, pinnules, piuufe, rachis, stipe, general
shapes, textures, and relative positions of parts. Most of the
drawing has been done on tiie board off-hand on call. Every
pupil made a sheet of drawings of such characteristic parts as he
chose ; some of the drawings were colored, and the best were put

Children Observing in George Putnam School Garden.

Children Observing in Gkorgk Putnam School Garden.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 305

on exhibition at the Mechanics' Fair. Every pupil at the end of
his study wrote a composition on ferns, and it remained an uncor-
rected first draft.

Various classes in the school during the autumn studied
composite flowers and the distribution of seeds, by means of the
material obtained in the school garden and by visiting it. The
dahlia tubers and gladiolus corms have aided two classes in the
fall study of roots.

The garden has been established five years, and the size,
beauty, and vigor of the plants must be ascribed no less to proper
time in which plants can grow than to good care and changing
them to suitable conditions. During these five years an attempt
has been made to carry out the instructions of the Committee,
namely, to stock the garden with wild native plants and economic
plants, to illustrate the actual use made of the garden by means
of children's graphic work, and to present photographs of such
plants as would give the Committee a somewhat adequate idea of
the contents and condition of the garden.

Some cultivated plants, although not required, have been
introduced to play a minor part, chiefly for the ornamentation of
the grounds and the decoration of teachers' desks. The cultivated
plants have not been named, but each native wild plant bears a
oopper-wired tree-tag on which its name is written.

No attempt has been made to arrange the wild native plants,
such as asters, golden-rods, and ferns, in decorative or ornamental
beds ; first, for the reason that the Committee in their instructions
have expressed their disapproval of mere ornamental beds ; and,
second, for the reason that beds of any considerable size have
been found to be of little use for practical work. When fiftj^-six
pupils at a time are to study growing plants the plants must be ae-
<3essible, and therefore scattered as much as is consistent with other
conditions, especial!}^ that of caring for the plants and mowing
the grass about them. Three or four times as many children can
examine twenty plants set in rows as can examine them arranged
in a bed ; and the work of weeding the plants and cutting the
grass in the former arrangement is not half as much as in the
latter.

During the long summer vacation the janitor of the school
building weeds and waters the plants and cuts the grass period-
ically. In spring and autumn he wheels in and spreads fertilizing
9

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

material, prepares new beds or rows, and resets old ones. For
this work he receives ten dollars every year. When a garden has
been established five years and has received yearly many additional
plants, the labor involved is considerable, and it should be kept
at a minimum for the salvation of the garden.

From five to eight dollars' worth of fertilizer is put into the
garden at a time ; this year six dollars' worth. The first prize of
fifteen dollars awarded to the garden has defrayed these expenses
up to this time. By this it will be seen that the garden is put on
an economical and useful basis in accordance with the practical
experience that comes from adapting means to ends.

H. L. CLAPP, Principal.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 307

CHILDREN'S HERBARIUMS.

The Exhibition of Children's Herbariums, November 29 and
30, 1895, was the most satisfactory exhibition of its kind that has
been held in Horticultural Hall. The various packages of
pressed plants were sent to the Committee very plainly and
adequately labelled, so that the allotment of space necessary to
keep each collection unbroken and the laying-out of the
specimens were made comparatively easy. The somewhat explicit
instructions in the circulars of the Committee were closely carried
oat.

The namber of exhibitors, as well as the number of specimens,
was smaller than in 1894, but the quality of their work was much
superior. Some remarkable examples of pressing, mounting, and
preserving the natural colors of flowering plants were exhibited,
especially in Arthur E. French's collection of 125 specimens,
which were selected from a collection numbering 200 specimens
that were changed to fresh paper every day during the pressing
process. The preservation of the colors of the flowers was
probably due to that careful work. Master French took the first
prize for twenty ferns at our Exhibition in 1894.

Arthur C. Faxon exhibited highest grade work in sedges,
grasses, and leaf spraj's of shrubs. His combination of scientific
and artistic arrangements and naming were beyond criticism. It
was his fourth exhibition of herbarium specimens.

Gordon Weinz, a little boy eight years old, took the second
prize for fifty flowering plants. His interest in the other children's
collections was pleasant to see.

Phillips Barry contributed this year for the fourth time, and
gave evidence of his earnestness, industry, and knowledge, in the
form of one hundred flowering plants that he had not previously
exhibited, among them being fourteen orchids, some of which
are quite rare.

The fern collections, though not large, were of fine quality, and
the labelling in vertical writing was the finest ever seen at our
exhibition, especially that done by Theresa Cohn and Lulie D.
Ellis. The ferns of the latter exhibitor were exceptionally fine.

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

From such work every observer and exhibitor may learu that care
iu every particular is necessary to insure a fine exhibit.

The labelling was much more correct than in any previous year
of our exhibition ; but the Committee were unable to identify
some I'are specimens, owing to a lack of such herbarium specimens
as it was suggested last year that this Society should have for
permanent reference.

In 1894 twenty-eight children exhibited sheets of leaves, two on
a sheet, to the number of eight hundred. The work bore
evidence of haste and transitory interest, and the Committee
concluded that it was not of sufficient educational value to be
continued. They restricted the work on leaves to sprays mounted
on regular botanical sheets, which are twice the size of the sheets
used by the children for leaves last year ; consequently, a large
number of leaf contributors dropped out, there being but one
contributor this year. Nevertheless, the quality of the whole
exhibition has been obviously improved.

Sedges, grasses, and ferns, which require more careful study
and are more difficult to name correctly than flowering plants,
taken together were more numerous than last year. There was a
gain in sedges and grasses and a loss in ferns. Sedges and leaf
sprays of shrubs were displayed at our exhibition this year for
the first time.

The service that some of these young botanists have rendered
and are likely to render in botanical work may be indicated by
mentioning some of the donations of herbarium specimens which
they have already made. The following notice was taken from
the "Jamaica Plain News : "

"Arthur C. Faxon of School street, has lately made and
presented to the George Putnam school a most valuable collection,
consisting of the pressed and mounted leaves of eighty-four
native trees of Massachusetts. Many of the sheets contain the
flower and fruit in addition to the leaves, and the specimens are
so gracefully arranged as to testify to Master Faxon's artistic
skill in grouping, while the careful mounting and labelling make
the collection an instructive guide to a knowledge of our own
trees. Such earnest and accurate work cannot fail to have a stim-
ulating effect upon the many children whose privilege it will be to
examine it, and the school is much indebted to Master Faxon for
this important waymark in its study of nature."

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 309

Already the teachers of the school in their work with leaves
have often had the privilege of examining the collection.

At the close of our last exhibition Phillips Barry presented to
the George Putnam school eighty-seven exhibition specimens of
flowering plants and ferns. These will form an important addition
to the working material of the school.

Miss Ann E. Newell of South Boston, has presented to the same
school some pressed specimens of rare ferns from the island of
St. Helena. The gift was suggested by her seeing our exhibition.

Even in these young botanists we can discern the spirit of the
scientist. No sooner does he learn the secrets of nature than he
desires to share his knowledge with others. So he gives his time
and material. Some of these young people may become emi-
nent in the future, and we hope this Society may have occasion
to refer with pride to the steady encouragement it gave them at the
beginning of their botanical work.

The encouragement given to the exhibition in the form of
appreciative and generous notices by the representatives of the
daily newspapers is well worth mentioning. Undoubtedly the
excellent attendance on the second day was largely owing to those
notices.

This year premiums for school herbariums are offered. A few
pupils in many schools will be able to contribute specimens for
their own schools and the aggregate will be large. If an herba-
rium, with plants properly identified and labelled by the aid of
our Committee, can be thus formed in each of many schools,
teachers and pupils alike will be stimulated to carry out the work
contemplated by the Committee, and at the same time have one of
the most practicable means of continuing the work from year to
year, although the teaching corps may change yearly. An
attractive and permanent herbarium will be like a sheet anchor to
hold the plant work to its true course.

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR SCHOOL
GARDENS AND CHILDREN'S HERBARIUMS, 1895.

School Gardens. — George Putnam School, first . $15 00
"and Robinson's "Ferns in Their Homes and
Ours," special prize for the best collection of
growing ferns.
Swan School, Medford, second . . . . . 12 00

and " Ferns in Their Homes and Ours," special

prize for the best collection of flowering plants.

Also special prize to Swan School for excellence of

first year's work ...... 5 00

Children's Herbariums. Flowers. — First prize for
one hundred and twenty-five specimens, Arthur

E. French 5 00

First prize for fifty specimens, Carrie P. Webber 2 00

Second prize for fifty specimens, Gordon Weinz 1 50

Gratuity for fifty specimens. Bertha Rowe . . 1 25

Gratuity for fifty specimens, Ethel M. Thomas . 1 00

Special prize for one hundred additions, Phillips

Barry . . • 4 00

Special prize for twenty-five additions, Willis H.
Weinz ........

Grasses. — First prize for ten specimens, Phillips Barry
Second prize for ten specimens, Willis H. Weinz
Special prize for ten additions, Arthur C. Faxon
Sedges. — First prize for thirty specimens, Arthur C
Faxon .......

First prize for twenty specimens, Arthur E. French
Ferns. — First prize for fifteen specimens, Lulie D

Ellis

Second prize for fifteen specimens, Christine L
Lewis .......

Urst prize for ten specimens, Bernice L. Dole

Second prize for ten specimens, Katherine Dewey 1 25

Gratuity for ten specimens, Mabel M. Wood . 1 00

Gratuity for ten si)ecimeus, Theresa Cohn . . 1 00

1

00

1

00

50

2

00

3

00

2

00

3 00

2 00
1 75

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SCHOOL GARDENS, ETC. 311

Gratuity for ten specimens, Genevieve Goudy

Gratuity for ten specimens, Pliillips Barrj' .

Special prize for uiue additions, Ethel M. Egan .

Shrubs. — First prize for thirt}' specimens, Arthur C.

Faxon ........

Extra Awards. — Arthur E. French for special excel-
lence in pressing and mounting flowers

Arthur C. Faxon for special excellence in pressing
and mounting leaves .....

Carrie P. Webber for excellence in pressing and
mounting succulent plants ....

Miss Webber also placed on exhibition specimens
of grasses and sedges, Gratuitv

Amount of Premiums for School Gardens .
" " " " Herbariums

" " Gratuities for Herbariums and excellent
work ........

Total awards.

Other Expenditures.
Paper, printing, bulbs, expressage, exhibition expenses,
garden appropriations, etc. ....

Total,

. Balance of appropriation (8250) on hand,

$1

00

1

00

2

25

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

75

$32

00

34

25

11 00

$77 25

S73 36

8150 61
$99 39

Hekry L. Clapp, Roxbury,^

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Dedham,

George E. Davenport, Medford,!

Miss Katharine W. Huston, Roxbury,'
Mrs. p. D. Richards, West Medford, ^
William P. Rich, Chelsea,

W. E, C. Rich, Secretary,

99 Moreland St., Roxburv, Mass.

Committee on

School Gardens

and

Children's

Herhariiims.

REPORT OF THE DELEGATE

Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

By E. W. WOOD, of "West Newton, Delegate.

The Legislature of Massachusetts as early as 1819 took action
for the aid and encouragement of Agricultural Societies by pass-
ing the following act :

An Act for the encouragement of Agriculture and Manufactures.

Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the
same, That every incorporated Agricultural Society within this
Commonwealth which shall have raised by subscription of individ-
uals, or which may hereafter raise by such subscription and put
out to interest on public or private security the sum of one thou-
sand dollars as a capital stock appropriated for the uses of said
society, shall be entitled to receive in the month of October
annually out of the treasury of this Commonwealth the sum of two
hundred dollars ; and also a proportionable sum annually for any
greater sum which they should so subscribe and put out to interest
as a capital : Provided, always that no agricultural society shall
receive by virtue of this act within one year any greater sum than
six hundred dollars.

Additional sections provide for the formation of new societies
and the limitation of their boundaries ; and also require all societies
receiving the benefit of this act to file in the olllce of the Secretary
of the Commonwealth annually, in the month of October, a certifi-
cate signed by the President and Treasurer of such society speci-

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 313

fying under oath the sum actually subscribed and put out to inter-
est. Also to transmit to the Secretary's office in the month of
January annually an official statement of their proceedings in rela-
tion to the expenditure of the money received from the State.

The above act with certain amendments required as the number
of societies increased, and by the transfer of the work from the
office of the Secretary of State to the office of the Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture, is substantially the law at the present
time as it relates to the connection of the State with the Agricul-
tural Societies.

On April 12, 1837, the Legislature passed the following Re-
solve :

Resolved, That His Excellency the Governor, by and with
the advice of the Council is hereby authorized and requested to
appoint some suitable and competent person whose dut}' it shall
be under the direction of His Excellency the Governor, to make
an Agricultural Survey of the Commonwealth, collect accurate in-
formation of the state and condition of its Agriculture and every
subject connected with it, point out the means of improvement,
and make a detailed report thereof with as much exactness as cir-
cumstances will admit.

Resolved, That a suuunary of such survey and examination shall
be furnished to His Excellency the Governor every six months
until the whole shall be completed; and at such other times, as
shall be required, to be published in such way and manner as he
with the advice of the Council shall deem to be expedient and use-
ful ; and he is authorized to draw his warrants from time to time,
upon the treasury for such sums, as may be necessary to defray
the expenses of said survey, and to enable the person, so appointed,
to proceed in the execution of the duties, that shall be required of
him ; and to pay the same to him, not exceeding the sum of two
thousand five hundred dollars per annum.

Rev. Henry Colman was appointed Commissioner on the 27th of
the ensuing May. He published four reports, which were widely
circulated in this country and attracted favorable attention abroad.
The resolve was repealed and the office discontinued, by chapter
1-4 of the Resolves of 1841. In one of his reports Commissioner
Colman made the first published suggestion of a State Board of
Agriculture.

314 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The commissioners to whom were referred the resolves of the
Legislature of 1850, concerning the establishment of an agricultural
school, etc , in their report in January, 1851, recommended the
establishment of a State Department of Agriculture, which should
sustain a similar relation to Agriculture and the schools connected
with it, as the Board and Secretary of Education do to the primary
schools.

In 1850, Hon. Amasa Walker, Secretary of the Commonwealth,
wrote : " But something it is believed may be safely attempted, a
beginning may be made, a Board of Agriculture may be estab-
lished by the authority of the State ; corresponding in its general
features to the Board of Education. Such a board might at once
be empowered to employ an able secretary whose whole time shall
be devoted to the work of obtaining and diffusing information on
the subject of agricultural education, and whatever else concerns
the ga'eat farming interests of the Commonwealth."

The first meeting of the voluntary Massachusetts Board of Agri-
culture was held September 3, 1851, at the State House, Boston.
The following list of officers for a permanent organization of the
Board was reported and accepted : President, Marshall P. Wilder ;
Vice-Presidents, Henry W. Cushman, John W. Lincoln; Corres-
ponding Secretary, Allen W. Dodge ; Recording Secretary, Edgar
K. Whitaker.

At the second meeting of the Board, January 14, 1852, it was

Besolved, That inasmuch as Agriculture is the chief occupation
of her citizens, the Commonwealth, in the organization of its gov-
ernment, should be provided with a Department of Agriculture,
with officers commensurate with the importance of the duties to
be discharged, of the abilities to be required, and of the labors to
be performed.

Through the earnest efforts of the Board and the active cooper-
ation of the agriculturists throughout the State, the Legislature of
1852, with great unanimity passed the following act.

Acts 1852, Chapter 142.

An Act to establish a State Board of Agriculture.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in
General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same as
follows :

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 315

Sec. 1. A State Board of Agriculture is hereby established, to
consist of His Excellency the Governor, His Honor the Lieutenant
Governor, and the Secretary of State ex officiis ; of one member from
each of the Agricultural Societies in the Commonwealth that re-
ceives an annual bounty from the State, and of three members to
be appointed bj^ the Governor and Council. Said members shall
hold their offices for three years, except as hereinafter provided ;
and the Governor and Council, and the Agricultural Societies as
aforesaid, shall, within sixt}' days after the passage of this act,
appoint said members ; and af terwai'd whenever vacancies shall
occur.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of this Board to investigate all such
subjects relating to improvement in Agriculture in this Common-
wealth, as they may think proper ; and they are hereby empowered
to take, hold in trust, and exercise control over any donations or
bequests that may be made to them for promoting agricultural edu-
cation, or the general interests of husbandry.

All the societies receiving bount}^ from the State are required to
award in premiums an amount at least equal to the amount received,
and to hold ever}^ year three institutes, the Board furnishing one
speaker to open the discussion.

Since 1863 the Board has held in December annual winter meet-
ings continuing three days, in different parts of the State, when
agricultural and horticultural subjects have been discussed ; and
an annual business meeting in February, when reports from the
inspectors visiting the exhibitions of the societies are received,
essays by members upon subjects selected at the previous meeting
are read, and committees elected to perform the routine work of
the year. The proceedings of these meetings are published in
full, and fifteen thousand copies are distributed by the members of
the Legislature, Agricultural and Horticultural Societies, Granges,
and Farmer's Clubs throughout the State.

The work of the Board has been much increased within the past
few years. In 1891 the Legislature passed an Act to provide for
the Protection of Dairy Products, and to establish a State Dairy
Bureau. The execution of the provisions of this Act was placed
in the Board of Agriculture ; also the duties required by an Act,
passed in 1891, to authorize the State Board of Agriculture to
collect and circulate information relating to Abandoned Farms ;

316 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

also an act, passed iu 1891, to provide against Depredations by
the Insect known as the Ocneria dispar or Gypsy Moth. For
carrying out the provisions of this act the State has already appro-
priated more than half a million dollars.

The officers of the Board are, a President, who is the Governor
of the Commonwealth, two Vice Presidents, a Secretary, and eight
Standing Committees ; said committees to consist of five members
each, except the Executive Committee, which consists of seven
members being composed of the Chairmen of the seven other com-
mittees.

The eight Standing Committees are, an Executive Committee, a
Committee on Agricultural Societies, a Committee on Domestic
Animals and Sanitation, a Committee on the Gypsy Moth, Insects
and Birds, a Committee on the Dairy Bureau and Agricultural
Products, a Committee on the Agricultural College and Education,
a Committee on Experiment and Station work, and a Committee
on Forestry, Roads, and Roadside Improvements.

At the present time the number of members constituting the
Board of Agriculture is forty-six.

E. W. WOOD,

Delegate from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

REPORT

TO THE

State Board of Agriculture,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

By GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, of Fitchburg.

The exhibitions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for
1895 have closed. The year has been one of advance in every-
thing pertaining to horticulture in fruit, flower, and vegetable.
The lectures delivered before this Society, in one of its halls, were
well attended. Those of this season's course were as follows :

January 12. Daj'S with our Birds, by Mrs. Kate Trj'on, Cam-
bridge.

January 19. Flower Pots and their Manufacture, b}' A. H.
Hews, North Cambridge.

January 26. Fungous Diseases of Ornamental Plants, by Pro-
fessor Byron D. Halsted, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

February 2. Hardy Plants and Shrubs and their Arrangement,
by J. Wilkinson Elliot, Pittsburg, Pa.

February 9. Glass Houses, their Construction and Heating, by
Heury W. Gibbons, New York.

February 16. Economic Entomology in Relation to Trees,
Shrubs, and Plants in Parks and Private Grounds, by E. B.
Southwick, New York.

February 23. Experimental Evolution amongst Plants, by
Professor L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, New York.

March 2. A Talk on Gardens, by David Hill Coolidge, Jr.,
Boston.

March 9. Budding and Grafting, by Jackson Dawson, Arnold
Arboretum, Jamaica Plain.

318 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 16. Tomatoes, by Professor W. M. Munson, Orono,
Me.

March 23. Edible Native Fungi, by Hou. John M. Kinney,
Boston.

INIarch 30. Commercial Fertilizers, as applied to Horticulture,
by Professor AV. H. Jordan, Orono, Me.

The amount appropriated to be awarded in Prizes and Gratuities
during the year 1895, was $8,250.

The Spring Exhibition began March 26, and continued four
days. The Upper Hall was devoted to a fine show of pot plants,
comprizing the different classes of Spring Flowering Bulbs, such as
Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissuses, and Jonquils, and a fine display of
Cinerarias, Cyclamens, Orchids, and Azaleas. The Lower Hall was
devoted to an excellent show of cut flowers and early vegetables.

The Annual Exhibition of Fruits and Vegetables began October
2, continuing two days. The show of fruit has not been surpassed
by this Society ; many of the specimens were of extra size and of
fine form and color. The vegetables were all of excellent quality.
Very large exhibits of Tomatoes and Potatoes were made.

The crowning exhibition of the year, the Chrysanthemum show,
which is looked forward to with great interest by all lovers of the
beautiful in flowers, opened November 5, to hold four days.

The Upper Hall was devoted to the display of pot plants. The
Committee of Arrangements are entitled to much credit for the
plan of arranging the plants in groups so as to give the best effects.
Each exhibition of a group of plants arranged for effect was
limited to one hundred and fifty square feet, the very liberal pre-
miums offered bringing out the best.

On entering the Lower Hall, which was devoted to the cut
flowers, several tall vases filled with large flowers of all the different
colors met the eye of the visitor. The cut flowers were all of fine
(quality ; the row of vases in front of the platform has not been
equalled. The number of exhibitors was larger than heretofore ;
besides the growers of Massachusetts, those of New Hampshire,
Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey entered the race for the
coveted prizes. The Chrysanthemum show of 1895 for large
flowers, fine form, purity of color, and robust, healthy foliage has
not been equalled.

George Cruickshanks,

Delegate.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

Nothing startling has occurred in the alTairs of the library
during the year. As in former years there has been no difficulty
in spending all our available funds to good advantage, and, as
usual, a full list of all purchases, as well as of books and pam-
phlets received as gifts, will be found in the Transactions in due
time. It is not necessary to name many of these acquisitions
here, but the completion of the Hortus Kewensis is an event of
such exceptional importance that it deserves especial mention.
Probably no work we possess will be more useful than this, which
does for species what Bentham and Hooker's great work does for
the genera of plants.

Another work, our Catalogue of Plates, is, we believe, of equal
importance within the limits of our own library, and even outside
of this place and Society it has proved of value and will be more
and more so as time goes on. We are of opinion that no money
the Society has appropriated has been spent to better advantage,
and we take pleasure in stating that the advance made in it this
year has been no less than in former years.

This report would hardly be recognized as emanating from the
Committee on the Library if no mention were made of the lack of
room ; and yet it seems hardly necessary to speak of it with such
an object lesson continually before our eyes. Wherever we look

320 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

we see books iu places where no books should be, — on the tables
and on the floor, and hundreds of other books there are which
ought to be in sight but which are packed away behind others, just
as they were hist year and the year before and the year before
that. " These things ought not so to be."

For the Committee,

W. E. Endicott,

Chairman.

If the arrangement of the Transactions generally adopted were
kept up, the List of Library Accessions would here follow the
Report of the Committee on the Library, but so much time is
unavoidably required to prepare this list that, in order not to
delay the printing of the Transactions, the Committee on Publica-
tion have directed that the List of Library Accessions be published
in a separate pamphlet as Part III of the Transactions for 1895.

REPORT

SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN,

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

The report of the work iu these departments is, from the neces-
sity of the case, in many respects very similar in one year to that
of another. The records of the Society as well as those of three
Committees have been faithfully and acceptably kept, as also
copies of the records of Prizes and Gratuities awarded. The
abstracts of the lectures delivered before the Society have, as
after every Meeting for Discussion during the preceding twelve
years, been placed on the table on the succeeding Saturday. The
Schedule of Prizes for 1895 was, as it has been every year for
many years, ready at the beginning of the 3'ear, and that for 1896
will form no exception to this rule. That the publication of the
Transactions has not been equally prompt is due partly to the
increase in size, especially in the most difficult part, the List of
Library Accessions, which more than doubled in length in the
three years from 1891 to 1894. This has conspired with other
•circumstances beyond my control to cause delay which, however
unavoidable, is much to be regretted. The revision of the Consti-
tution and By-Laws, extending over much more time and going
through more changes than usual, added much to the work in the
Secretary's department.

I have spoken of the great increase in the accessions to the

Library, but this means not only more work in preparing the

printed list, which may be considered as an annual supplement

to the Catalogue published many years ago, but means more than

10

322 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

double the labor in collating the books, in looking out for the
completion of series, in recording, iu cataloguing, and in all that
is required before they can be placed on the shelves ready for use
by the members of the Society here and in their homes. Under
the ideal administration this should be done as speedily as pos-
sible. It would seem that with proper facilities it should be
effected, on the average, in a week after the books are received,
but this has been found impossible, for two reasons, — first, the
force employed is entirely insuflicient, being no greater than
before the extraordinary increase in rapidity of growth of the
Library ; and, second, the shelves are entirely inadequate to con-
tain the books. From these two causes the work on the Library
is continually hampered and embarrassed. We need not be
surprised at the rapid increase of horticultural literature, for while
research and publication in every other department of science and
knowledge is more active than ever before, it would be strange if
botany and horticulture should form an exception to this activity.
It is not intended to question the statement of the Committee
having in charge the provision of better accommodations for the
Society that every effort within reason has been made, but on the
contrary the difficulties in the way when this report was made, as
well as those which have occurred since, are fully recognized.
But it is submitted, with entire confidence, that uutil that time in
the indefinite future, when adequate provision for all our needs
shall have been made, it is absolutely necessary that some tempor-
ary provision be made for the bestowal of our books. If any
proof of this statement is desired a glance around this room will
supply it.

In this connection I wish to say that I have heard with much
regret that members of the Society have been deterred by the
crowded state of the Li])rary Room from attempting to use the
books when they desired. I hope that no one will be deterred
by this or any other cause from asking for any book that he wishes
to read or consult, in the assurance that if we cannot do for him
all that he could wish, all those employed in the room will do
evei'ythiug in their power to facilitate his researches.

In former years, when both halls have been leased, this room
has been the only resource in case of a Saturday exhibition of
horticultural products. This contingency has not occurred for
some time, but it is liable to occur again, and it is desirable to be

REPORT OF SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 323

prepared for it, and uot to be obliged to remove valuable books at
a moment's notice, to the great danger of their injury. Moreover
the question to what place they shall be removed, even for a few
hours, is one uot easily auswered.

Among the more important additions to the Library during the
year I would mention first, a set of Nature, in forty-seven volumes,
the gift of Waldo O. Ross, a former Chairman of the Library
Committee, whose zeal for the improvement of the Library has
suffered no diminution in the seventeen years since his retirement,
but there is no room in our bookcases for his valuable donation.
Of those monumental works, the Index Kewensis and the Silva of
North America, the former has been completed, and the latter has
made good progress, volumes seven and eight having been placed
on the shelves this year. Kuiphof's Botanica in Originali, in four
folio volumes, is interesting as being one of the first, if not
actually the first, work of considerable extent in which the process
of nature-printing was employed to illustrate plants. It was sup-
posed that a copy in the library at Kew Gardens was unique in being
colored, but the twelve hundred plates in ours are all colored, and
it seems to be in every way as good a copy as that at Kew. That
admirable work, Kerner and Oliver's Natural History of Plants
has been completed. A set of the London Journal of Botany,
which has long been a desideratum, as one member of a series
forming substantially one work, all the others of w^hich we have
long possessed, has at last been secured, and a set, as far as pub-
lished, of the later Annals of Botany has been purchased. A set of
Ledebour's Flora Rossica, in five folio volumes, with five hundred
•colored plates, remarkable for the minuteness of the engraving, is
among our most important acquisition in its line, and a set, in six
octavo volumes, of William Gilpin's works on Landscape Garden-
ing and Forest Scenery is a valuable addition to our collection of
books on that subject. A set in sixteen volumes of The Gardener,
a periodical edited by William and David Thomson, from 1867 to
1882, though less costly than the books above mentioned, finds an
appropriate place in our library. Les Orchidees Exotiques et leur
Culture en Europe, by Lucien Linden, and Le Livre des Orchidc'es,
by the Comte de Kerchove de Denterghem, are two solid and
valuable works on that family.of plants. The great interest which
has been awakened during the past year in Edible and Poisonous
Fungi has led to the purchase of such works on that subject as

324 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seemed most desirable. The number of Nursery and Seed Cata-
logues arranged during the year is probably greater than in any
other year since we began to collect them. The whole collection
has, during the year been alphabetically arranged and counted, and
found to number over seven thousand.

The work of arranging and binding such books as were most in
need has been steadily pursued. The periodicals annually bound
form no small addition to our Library, and besides those a large
proportion of the books bought are received in parts which require
to be bound as soon as completed. The work of binding the
agricultural newspapers, which for the last five years have been
preserved as permanent additions to the Library, has not yet
been begun, but it should not be much longer delayed.

Robert Manning,
Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 1895.

Massachusetts Horticdltural Society in account current to December
31, 1S95, with Charles E. Richardson, Treasurer.

1895. Dr.

Dec. 31. To amount paid on account of the Library,
in 1895, viz. :
For books, periodicals, and binding . $403 00
From income of Stickney Fund, ex-
pended for books . . 771 90

To amount paid Interest on Funds for

Prizes, credited below .... $1,892 72

To amount paid Interest accrued on $5,000

Bonds for Sinking Fund ... 101 88

To amount of Prizes awarded in 1894,
paid in 1895, as follows :
For Plants, $1,887 90

Flowers,

2,301 70

Fruits,

1,716 00

Vegetables,

1,089 00

Gardens and Greenhouses

385 00

H. H. Hunnewell Prizes for Rhodo-

dendrons,

105 00

u

H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Prize .

160 00

To amount paid on account of Committee on
School Gardens and Chil-
dren's Herbariums

$1,174 90

1,994 60

7,644 60

150 61

Amount carried over,

),964 71

326 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amount brought over, ...... $10,9G4 71

To anioiint paid Salaries of Secretary and As-
sistant, and Treasurer . $3,600 00
" " Salaries of members of Com-
mittees .... 1,010 00

" " for extra services in Library

and on Transactions . . 821 05
" " on account of Committee of

Arrangements . . . 400 00
" "on account of Committee on

Publication and Discussion 265 00
" " on account of Committee on
Large, Old, and Interesting

Trees .... 50 00

" " for Labor, including Janitor

and Fireman . . . 2,755 15
" " $5,000 in Bonds of West End

Street R. E. Co. . . 5,162 50

" paid for Heating .... 572 08

" " Taxes for 1895 . . 2,560 00

" " Insurance . . . 68 56

" City Water Rates . . 117 40

" «' Card Catalogue of Plates . 100 00

'' " Repairs . . . . 662 06

" " Lighting .... 953 31

" " Incidentals . . 695 15

" " Stationery, Printing, and v

Postage . . . 1,321 22

«' " Commission ... 6 25
" " Furniture and Exhibition

Ware . . . . 320 15

" -'■ Legal Services ... 500 00

" advanced to A. P. Loring . . 5,000 00

" paid William Caselden . . 50 00

$26,989 88

Total payments in 1895 $37,954 59

Balance of Cash on hand, December 31, 1895 . . . 7,495 35

$45,449 94

treasurer's report. 327

1895. Cr.

Jan. I. By Balance of account renilered December

31, 1S94 $13,541 89

By Receipts from Building in 1895, viz. :
Rent of Stores . $17,450 00

" Halls . . 5,752 68

.$23,202 08

By Income from Mount Auburn Cemetery . 2,308 03
'' Retreived Massachusetts State Bounty . 600 00
•' " from Annual Exhibitions,

gross amount . -SI, 425 50
Less expenses . 669 57

755 93

1,348 0 '

" " from

Admissions and

Assess-

ments .

" Interest receiv

11 11 11

ed on Bonds $1
on Deposits

,237 50

in Bank

74 69

.1 11 11

from all other

sources

60 00

1,372 19

" amount received from sale of Transac-
tions 3 00
" " " " sale of one copy

of History 2 50

'■' " "• " H. H. Hunnewell,

1894 prize money 20 00
" " " " sale of duplicate

book 3 00

" Insurance 400 00

" Interest credited to the following Funds
against charges above :
Samuel Appletou Fund, $1,000,

at 5% .$50 00

John A. Lowell Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

Theodore Lyman Fund, $ll,f'00,

at 5% 550 00

Josiah Bradlee Fund, $1,000, at

5% 50 00

Benjamin V. French Fund, $500,

at 5% 25 00

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $4,C00,

at 5% 200 00

William J. Walker Fund, .$2,354.43,
at 5% 117 72

Amounts carried over. . . . $1,042 72 $30,015 33 $13,541 89

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amounts brought over, . . . $1,042 72 $30,015 33 $13,541 89

Levi Whitcomb Fund, $500, at

5% 25 00

Benjamin B. Davis Fund, $500,

at 5% 25 00

Marsliall P. Wilder Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

John Lewis Russell Fund, $1,000,

at 5% 50 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, as per inden-
ture 700 00

1,892 72

31,908 05

$45,449 94

E. & 0. E.

CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

Boston, December 31, 1895.

Approved :

H. H. HUNNEWELL, ^ „•

I Finance

A. Hemenway, > ri j^

I Uommittee.
Francis H. Appleton, >

treasurer's report. 329

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

December 31, 1895

ASSETS.

Real Estate, §250,000 00

Stereotype Plates and copies of History . 257 00

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. U. Bonds . . 1,500 00

Sinking Fund 23,872 50

Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield R. R. Bonds . 1,980 00

Notes Receivable '60i 85

Library 34,812 62

Furniture and Exhibition Ware .... 6,988 91

A. P. Loring 5,000 00

Due from tenants, December 31, 1895 . . . 1,687 74

Cash 7,495 35

$333,898 97

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage f 1,000 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, payable to Harvard College,

1899 12,000 00

Prize Funds invested in the Building, viz. :

Samuel Appleton Fund $1,000 00

John A. Lowell " 1,000 00

Theodore Lyman " 11,000 00

Josiah Bradlee " 1,000 00

Benjamin V. French " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 2,500 00

William J. Walker " 2,354 43

Levi Whitcomb ", 500 00

Benjamin B. Davis " 500 00

$20,354 43

Prize Funds invested in Bonds :

H. H. Hunnewell Fund $1,500 00

Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

John Lewis Russell " 1,000 00

3,500 00

$23,854 43

Prizes for 1895, payable in 1896 .... 8,250 00

45,104 43

Surplus $288,794 54

CHARLES A. RICHARDSON,

Treasurer.

330

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Membership Account of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, December 31, 1895.

Life Membership per last report
Added during 1895
Commuted from Annual

Deceased ....

Annual Members per last report
Added during 1895

Commuted to Life Membership
Deceased ....
Dropped for non-payment for two years
Resigned ......

556
23

237

587
24

245

23

Present membership ......

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

668

222

785

23 new Life Members @ $30 $690 00

8 " Annual Members @ $10 80 00

8 commuted to Life @ $20 160 00

Annual assessments ......... 418 00

1,348 00

CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, Treasurer.

treasurer's report.

331

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332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following Expenditures, for grading new lands
for sale during the year 1895 :

Birch to Eagle and Cherry Avenues

62i days, men $118 13

I day, man and horse 2 81

$120 94:

Larch Avenue (near Maple Avenue).

31 days, men ........ 69 75

47i days, man and horse ...... 178 13

247

Glen Avenue.

208 days, men 468 00

Gi days, man and horse ...... 23 44

491 44

$860 26

One-fourth of $860.26 is $215 07

Mount Auburn, December 31, 1895.

JAMES C. SCORGIE,

Supt. of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1895, rendered l)y the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH, Treasurer.

assadjusetts portkultural Soridj,

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1896.

President.
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, OF Peabody.

Vice-Presidents.
CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Bhighton. WALTER HUNNEWELL, OF Wellesley.
AUGUSTUS PARKER, of Roxbury. BENJAMIN P. "WARE, OF CLIFTON.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Buildingr-
CHARLES E. RICHARDSON, of Cambridge.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, OF Salem.*

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
BENJAMIN M. WATSON, of Jamaica Plain.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture.
E. W. WOOD, of West Newton.

•Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed
to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

^tki^dii^g doii\ii\ittee^.

Executive.
The President, FRA>X'IS H. APPLETON, Chairman.
The Chairman of the Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL, Ex officio.
WILLIAM C. STRONG. BENJAMIN C. CLARK.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER. WALTER HUNXEWELL.

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER. CHARLES W. PARKER.

CHARLES F. CURTIS.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, OF Boston, Chairman.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. AUGUSTUS HEMENWAY.

Lectures and Publication.

J. D. W. FRENCH, OF Boston, Chairman.
C. MINOT WELD. BENJAMIN M. WATSON.

Library.
WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, OF Canton, Chairman.
GEORGE W. HUMPHREY. WALTER S. PARKER.

EDWIN FAXON. GEORGE E. DAVENPORT.

Plants.
AZELL C. BOWDITCH, OF Somerville, Chairman.
JAMES COM LEY. JAMES WHEELER.

WILLIAM ROBINSON. WILLIAM J. MARTIN.

Flowers.

J. WOODWARD MANNING, JR., of Reading, Chairman.

MICHAEL H. NORTON. KENNETH FINLAYSON.

THOMAS C. THURLO^f . FREDERICK S. DAVIS.

Fruits.
E. W. WOOD, OF West Newton, Chairman.
CHARLES F. CURTIS. WARREN FENNO. J. WILLARD HILL.

O. B. HADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL. SUJMNER COOLIDGE.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, of Watertown, Chairman.
CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. VARNUM FROST. WALTER RUSSELL.

P. G. HANSON. WARREN H. HEUSTIS. AARON LOW.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES. 335

Gardens.
JOHN G. BARKER, OF JAMAICA Plain, Chairman.
CHAIR3IEX OF THE COMMITTEES OX PLAXTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND ARRAXGEMENTS, Ex ogiciis.
HENRY W. WILSOX. JACKSOX DAWSON.

For Establishing Prizes.
WILLIAM J. STEWART, OF Winchester, Chairman.
CHAIRMEX OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDEXS, Ex officiis.
MRS. P. D. RICHARDS.

Committee of Arrangements.
JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, of Boston, Chairman.
CHAIRMEX OF THE COMMITTEES ON PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, Ex officiis.
ROBERT FARQUHAR.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Members of the Society and all other persons who 'may knoiv of deaths,
changes in residence^ or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly commimi-
cating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information , or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose names are ma^-ked thus f-

Adams, Luther, Brighton.

Albro, Charles, Taunton.

Alger, Rev. R. F,, Becket.

Allan, David, Boston.

Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell.

Ames, Frank M., Canton.

Ames, George, Boston.

Ames, Oakes, 2d, North Easton.

Ames, Preston Adams, Boston.

Amory, Charles, Boston.

Amory, Frederick, Boston.

Andrews, Charles L., Milton.

Andrews, Frank W., Washington,

D. C.
Andros, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis H., Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Ash, John, Pomfret, Conn.
Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont.
Avery, Hon. Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M. D., Brookline.

Bailey, Jason S , West Roxbury.
Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfield, Francis L., M. D., Worces-
ter.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William H., Boston.

fBarney, Levi C, Boston.

Barratt, James, East Pasadena, Cal.

Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.

Barry, William C, Rochester, N. Y.

Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.

Bates, Hon. Amos, Hingham.

Beal, Leander, Boston.

Becker, Frederick C, North Cam-
bridge.

Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Jamaica
Plain.

Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston.

Beebe, Franklin H., Boston.

Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.

Berry, James, Brookline.

Birchard, Charles, Framingham.

Black, James W., Cambridge.

Blake, Francis, Weston.

Blake, Frederick A., Rochdale.

Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.

Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.

Blaney, Henry, Salem.

Blinn, Richard D., Chicago, III.

Bliss, William, Boston.

Boardman, Samuel M., Milton.

Bocher, Prof. Ferdinand, Cambridge.

Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.

Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn.

fBotume, John, Wyoming.

Bouv6, Thomas T., Boston.

Bowditch, Azell C, Somerville.

Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica Plain.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

337

Bowditcli, James H., Brookline.
Bowditcli, Nathaniel I., Framingham.
Bowditch, William E., Roxburj-.
Bowker, William H., Boston.
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Watertown.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.
Brigham, William T., Honolulu,

Hawaii.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brooks, J. Henry, Milton.
Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S.
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
Brown, George Barnard, Brookline.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Brown, John T., Newburyport.
Bullard, John R., Dedham.
BuUard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Harry, Southborough.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.

Cabot, Edward C, Brookline.
fCadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.
Cains, William, South Boston.
Calder, Augustus P., Boston.
Campbell, Francis, Cambridge.
Capen, John, Boston.
Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.
Carr, Hon. John, Koxbury.
Carter, Charles N., Boston.
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cartwright, George, Dedham.
Chadbourne, Marsliall W., Mount

Auburn.
CliafRn, John C, Newton.
Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston.
"fChase, Andrew J., Lynn.
Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.
•Chase, George B., Boston.

11

Chase, William M., Everett.
Cheney, Mrs Elizabeth S., Welles-
ley.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Childs, Nathaniel R. , Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Southborough.
Christie, William, Newton.
Claflin, Hon. William, Newtonville.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, J. Warren, Rockville.
Clarke, Miss CoraH., Jamaica Plain.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clough, Micajah Pratt. Lynn.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Cobb, John C, Milton.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Mount Auburn.
Cottle, Henry C, Boston.
Cowing, Walter H., West Roxbury.
Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxhury.
Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston.
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
tCrowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Cummings, Hon. John, Woburs.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Cushing, Livingston, Weston.
Cushing, Robert M., Boston.

fDaggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.
Dana, Charles B., Wellesley.
Davenport, Albe-rt M., Watertown.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester.
Davenport, George E., Medford.
Davenport, Henry, New York.

338

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Davis, John, Lowell.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Day, William F. , Roxbury.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.
Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston.
Dickerman, George H., SomerviUe.
Dike, Charles C. , Stoneham.
Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W. W., Andover.
Dowse, William B. H., West Slewton.
Draper, Hon. Eben S., Hopedale.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Cambridge.
Edgar, William W., Waverly.
Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston.
tEldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
Eliot, Charles, Brookline.
EUicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Elliot, Mrs. John W., Boston.
Elliott, William H., Brighton.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Endicott, William, Jr., Boston.
Everett, William, Dorchester.
Ewell, Warren, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Boston.
Falconer, William, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.
Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale.
Farquhar, John K. M. L., Roxbury.
Farquhar, Robert, Boston.
Faxon, John, Quincy.
Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.
Finlayson, Kenneth, Brookline.
Fisher, David, Montvale.
Fisher, James, Roxbury.
fFisher, Warren, Roxbury.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.

Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.
Flint, David B., Boston.
Forster, Edward J., M. D., Boston.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.
French, S. Waldo, Jamaica Plain.
French, W. Clifford, Newton.
Frohock, Roscoe R., Maiden.

Galloupe, Charles W., Swampscott.

Galvin, John, Boston.

Gardner, George A., Boston.

Gardner, George P., Boston.

fGardner, Henry N., Mount Auburn.

Gardner, John L., Brookline.

Gibbs, Wolcott, M. D., Newport,
R. I.

Gill, George B., Medford.

Gillard, William, Harrison Square,.
Dorchester.

Gilmore, E. W., North Easton.

Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.

Glover, Albert, Boston.

Glover, Joseph B., Boston.

Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.

Goddard, Joseph, Sharon.

Goddard, Mrs. Mary T., Newton.

Goodell, L. W., Dwight.

Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.

tGould, Samuel, Boston.

Gowing, Mrs. Clara E., Kendall
Green.

Gray, James, Wellesley.

Gregory, Hon. James J. H., Marble-
head.

Greig, George, Toronto, Ontario.

Grey, Benjamin, Maiden.

Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.
Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.
Hall, George A., Chelsea.
Hall, George R., M. D., Warren, R. I.
Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

339

Hall, Stephen A., Revere.

Hall, William F., Brookline.

Halliday, William H., South Boston.

Hammond, Gardiner G., New Lon-
don, Conn.

Hammond, George W., Boston.

Hammond, Samuel, Boston.

Hanson, P. G., Woburn.

tHarding, George W., Arlington.

Harding, Louis B., Stamford, Conn.

Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Keene, N. H.

Hart, William T., Boston.

Harwood, George Fred, Newton.

Haskell, John C, Lynn.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

Hatch, Mrs. C. S., North Cambridge.

Hatch, Edward, Boston.

Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead.

Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, Rockland,
Maine.

tHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Hews, Albert H., North Cambridge.

Hey wood, Hon. George, Concord.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hittinger, Jacob, Mount Auburn.

Hoar, Samuel, Concord.

Hodgkins, John E., Portsmouth,
N. H.

Hoitt, Hon. Charles W., Nashua,
N. H.

Hollingsworth, Amor L., Milton.

Hollis, George W., Grantville.

Hollis, John W., Allston.

Holmes, Edward J., Boston.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.

Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N. S., George-
town.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hovey, Charles H., Pasadena, Cal.

Hovey, StillmanS., Woburn.

Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.

Hubbard, Gardiner G., Washington,
D. C.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Henry Sargent, Welles-
ley.

Hunnewell, H. Hollis, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Dudley F., Reading.

Hunt, Francis W., Melrose.

fHunt, Franklin, Boston.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hyde, James F. C. , Newton High-
lands.

Jack, John George, Jamaica Plain.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.
Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Bedford.
Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
fKendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,

Cal.
Kendall, Dr. Walter G., Atlantic.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennedy, George G., M.D., Roxbury.
Kent, John, Brookline.
fKeyes, E. W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, John M., Concord.
Kidder, Charles A., Southborough.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
fKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, F'ranklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., Boston.
Knapp, Walter H., Newtonville.

340

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lancaster. Charles B., Newton.
Lawrence, Amory A.. Boston.
Lawrence, Amos A., Boston.
Lawrence, James, Groton.
Lawrence, John, Groton.
Learned, Charles A., Arlington.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Daniel D., Jamaica Plain.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton

Centre.
Lemme, Frederick, Charlestown.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.
Lewis, William G., Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.
Little, James L., Brookline.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
Lodge, Richard W., Swampscott.
Loftus, John P., Dorchester.
Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.
Lovett, George L., West Newton.
fLowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lunt, William W., Hingham.
Lyman, George H., Wareham.
Lyman, Col. Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, M. D., Charlestown.

fMahonej', John, Boston.
Mallet, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Maine.
Mann, James F., Ipswich.
Manning, Jacob W., Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Brookline.
Marshall, Frederick F., Chelsea.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R. I.
McClure, John, Revere.
McWilliam, George, Whitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. IL, Lexington.
Merrifield, William T., Worcester.

Merrill, Hon. Moody, Roxbury.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Washington,

D. C.
Minton, James, Boston.
Mixter, George, Boston.
Monteith, David, Dedham.
Moore, John H., Concord.
fMorse, Samuel F., Boston.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,

N. H.
Murphy, William Bowen, Boston.

Nevins, David, Framingham.
Newman, John R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfleld.
Nickerson, George A., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.
Norton, Edward E., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.
Olmsted, John Charles, Brookline.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
Paige, Clifton H., Mattapan.
Paige, John C, Boston.
Palmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parker, Charles W., Boston.
Partridge, Horace, North Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, Francis H., Boston.
Peabody, John E., Boston.
Peabody, Col. Oliver W., Milton.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, William G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
fPerry, George W., Maiden.
Philbrick, William D., Newton

Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, George Francis, Dorchester.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.
Poor, John R., Boston.

ME3IBERS FOR LIFE.

341

Porter, Herbert, Maiden.
Porter, James C, Wollaston.
Potter, Joseph S., Fredericksburg,

Va.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G., West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Dr. Mark W., Boston.
fPrescott, Eben C, Boston.
Prescott, William G. , Quincy.
Pringle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, HoseaM., M. D. .Worcester.

Raddin, Everett W., North Cam-
bridge.

Rand, Miss Elizabeth L., Newton
Highlands.

Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge.

Rand, Oliver J., Cambridgeport.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Ray, Hon. James P., Franklin.

Ray, Hon. Joseph G., Franklin.

Raymond, Walter, Cambridgeport.

Read, Charles A., Manchester.

Reardon, John B., Boston.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Melrose High-
lands.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., Allston.

Robinson, Warren J., Somerville.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ross, Waldo 0., Boston.

Ruddick, William H., M. D., South
Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.
Russell, Hon. John E., Leicester.
Russell, Walter, Arlington.

Salisbury, William C. G., Boston.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Saville, ^Richard L.. Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Boston.
fScott, Charles, Newton.
Sears, Miss Clara E., Boston,
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Sha-w. Christopher C, Milford. N. H.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.
Shuman, Hon. A., Roxbury.
Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle, N.Y.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.
Smith, Calvin W., Wellesley Hills.
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.
Smith, Edward N., San Francisco.
Smith, George O., Boston.
Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.
Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.
Snow, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,

Me.
Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.
Spaulding, Hon. John P., Dorchester.
Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.
Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Springall, George, Maiden.
Stearns, Frank W., Newton.
Stewart, William J., Winchester.
Stone, Amos, Charlestown.
Stone, Charles W., Boston.
Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.
Strater, Herman, Roxbury.
Strong, William C, Waban.
Sturgis, Russell, Manchester.
Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D., South

Framingham.
Surette, Louis A., Concord.
Swain, Charles E., Roxbury.
Swett, Evarell F., Maiden.

342

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Talbot, Mrs. I. Tisdale, Boston.
Tarbell, George G., M. D., Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Portland, Me.
Temple, Felker L., Boston.
Thompson, Leonard, Woburn.
Thurlow, Thomas C, West New-
bury.
Tllton, Stephen W., Koxbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
Trepess, Samuel J., Brookline.
fTurner, John M., Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Boston.

Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vander-Woerd, Charles, Waltham.
Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.

Wainwright, William L., Braintree.
Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
Walcott, Henry P. ,M.D., Cambridge.
Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica Plain.
Wales, George 0., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C. R., Roxbury.
Walker, Miss Mary S., Waltham.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.
Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbur\'.
Ward, John, Newton Centre.
Wardwell, William H., Brookline.
Ware, Benjamin P., Clifton.
Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Waters, Dr. George F., Boston.
Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica
Plain.

Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica

Plain.
Weld, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Richard H., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
Wheelwright, A. C, Brookline.
Whitcomb, William B., Medford.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
White, Joseph H., Brookline.
Whitney, Arthur E., Winchester.
Whitney, EUerton P., Milton.
Whitten, Charles V., Dorchester.
Whittier, Hon. Charles, Roxbury.
Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D., Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury.
Wilson, Col. Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Winthrop, Robert C, Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Wright, George C, AVest Acton.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly communi-
cating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Abbott, Samuel L., M. D., Boston.
Allen, Charles L., Floral Park, N.Y.
Alles, William H., Hyde Park.
Arnold, Mrs. Anna E., Roxbury.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.

Badlam, William H., Dorchester.

Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.

Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.

Benedict, Wasliington G., Boston.

Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor-
cester.

Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South-
borough

Bird, John L., Dorchester.

Bird, Mrs. Sarali Elizabeth, Roxbury.

Bliss, Benjamin K., East Bridge-
water.

Bock, William A., North Cambridge.

Bolles, Matthew, Boston.

Bolles, William P., Roxbury.

Boyden, Clarence F., Taunton.

Breck, Charles H., Newton.

Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.

Brooks, George, Brookline.

Brown, David H., West Medford.

Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Carroll, James T., Chelsea.
Carter, Mrs. Sarah D. J.. Wilming-
ton.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverett M., Roxbury.
Chase, Philip A., Lynn.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.

Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury.
Clapp, Henry L., Roxbury.
Clark, John Spencer, Boston.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Codman, Philip, Brookline.
Coleman, Mrs. S. H., Jamaica Plain.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Coolidge, David H., Jr., Boston.
Coolidge, Sumner, Mt. Auburn.
Cotter, Lawrence, Dorchester.
Councilman, Prof. W. T., Boston.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.
Curtis, Louville, Tyngsborough.

Davis, Frederick, Boston.
Davis, Frederick S., West Roxbury.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
Dimick, Orlendo W., Watertown.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E., East Cambridge,
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.

Eaton, Warren E., Reading.
Endicott, Miss Charlotte M., Canton.
Ewell, Marshall F., Marshfield Hills.

Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Felton, Arthur W., West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Revere.
Fisher, Sewall, Framingham.
Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brookline.
Fletcher, Fred W., Auburndale.

344

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUX,TUEAL SOCIETY.

Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
French, Charles G., Utica, N. Y.
Frost, Artenias, Belmont.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Varnum, Arlington.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gage, Alfred P., Arlington.
Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Brookline.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Grosvenor, Clarence E., Brooklyn,
N. Y.

Haile, Hon. William H., Springfield.
Hall, Charles H., M. D., Boston.
Hall, Harry B., Dorchester.
Hall, Stacy, Boston.
Hall, William T., Revere.
Hargraves, William J., Jamaica

Plain.
Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica

Plain.
Harris, Frederick L., Wellesley.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Hatfield, T. 1)., Wellesley.
Henshaw, Samuel, West Brighton,

N. Y.
Hersey, Alfred H., Hinghani.
Hersey, Edmund, Hingham.
Heustis, Warren H., Belmont.
Hewett, Miss Mary C, Canton.
Hill, Edwin 8., Hyde Park.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hobbs, George M., Boston.
Hollis, George, South Weymouth.
Horton, Herbert .\.. Brookline.
Houghton, George S., West Newton.
Hubbard, F. Tracey, Cambridge.
Hunt, Henry C, Newton.
Huston, Miss Katharine W., Kox-

bury.

James, Robert Kent, Dorchester.
Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Jordan, Hon. Jediah P., Roxbury.

Keith, Miss Mary R., Wollaston.
Kelley, Augustus H., AUston.
Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.

Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lawrence, Henry S., Roxbury.
Lee, Francis H., Salem.
Lee, William W., Northampton.
Lomax, George H., Somerville.
Lombard, Richard T., Way land.
Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., North Andover.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Loud, Mrs. Mary E., Roxbury.
Low, Hon. Aaron, Hingham.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Manda, W. A., South Orange, N. J.
Manning, A. Chandler, Reading.
Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William H., Dorchester.
Martin, William J., Milton.
Masten, Cornelius E., Roxbury.
May, F. W. G., Boston.
McDermutt, Andrew, Roxbury.
McDowell, Mrs. Mary, Cambridge.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMuUen, Edgar, Boston.
Meredith, Albert A. H., Milton.
Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.
Merrill, John J., Roxbury.
Milman, William, Roxbury.
Munson, Prof. W. M., Orono, Me.

Newton, John F., Roxbury.
Nicholson, William, Framiugham.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Brookline.

Park, William D., Boston.
Park, William P., West Boxford.
Parker, John, Newtonville.
Parker, Walter S., Reading.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

345

Patterson, William, Quincy.
Peirce, George H., Concord.
Peterson, Ellis, Jr., Jamaica Plain.
Petremant, Robert, New York, N. Y.
Pickman, Dudley L., Boston.
Pigott, Thomas E., Winthrop.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Prichard, Joseph V., Dorchester.
Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.

Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.
Rich, William P., Chelsea.
Richards. Mrs. P. D., West Medford.
Robbins, Oliver R., Weston.
Robinson, Walter A., Arlington.
Robinson, William, North Easton.
Ross. Charles W., Newtonville.
Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville.
Rothwell, James E., Brookline.

Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.

Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.

Schmitt, Georg A., Boston.

Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.

Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.

Seaver, Edwin P., LL.D., Waban.

Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.

Shaw, Hon. Edward P.,Newburyport.

Shedd, Abraham B., Waltliam.

Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.

Slade, Dr. Daniel D., Chestnut Hill.

Smith, Archibald, Somerville.

Souther, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.

Southworth, Edward, Quincy.

Squire, Miss Esther A., North Cam-
bridge.

Stearns, Mrs. Charles A., East
Watertown.

Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.

Stevens, Miss Mary 0., North An-
dover.

Stone, Joshua C, Watertown.

Storer, Charles, Boston.
Story, Miss Sarah W., Allston.
Swan, Charles W., M. D., Boston.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.
Teele, William H., West Acton.
Terry, Rev. Calvin, North Wey-
mouth.
Tobey, Rufus T., Roxbury.
Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.
Travis, Charles B., Brighton.
Turner, Nathaniel W. , Boston.
Tyndale, Theodore H., Brookline.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Warren, Samuel H., Weston.

Welch, Patrick, Dorchester.

Weld, Charles E., Roslindale.

Wells, Benjamin T., Newtonville.

Weston, Mrs. L. P., Danvers.

Westwood, Thomas H., Jamaica
Plain.

Wheeler, James, Brookline.

White, Maurice P., Roxbury.

White, W. Henry, Lowell.

Whitney, Joseph, Cambridgeport.

Whiton, Hon. Starkes, Hingham
Centre.

Wilcox, George D., M. D., Provi-
dence, R. I.

Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.

Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.

Winter, William C, Mansfield.

Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T.,
Dedham.

Wood, Mrs. Anna D., West Newton.

Wood, Elijah A., West Newton.

Wood, E. W., West Newton.

Woodford, Joseph H., Boston.

Woods, Henry F., Boston.

Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.

Young, Arthur W., Hingham.
Young, Charles S., Newton Centre.
Young, E. Bentley, Boston.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

346 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXII.
Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments, and any annual member,
having paid all dues, may become a Life Member by the payment of twenty
dollars in addition thereto.

Annual Membership.

Every annual member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises the
privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission fee,
and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIII.
Withdrawal or Discontinoance of Membership.

Any member may withdraw from the Society, on giving notice to the
Treasurer and paying the amount due from him. Any member who shall
neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual assessment, after due
notice from the Treasurer, shall cease to be a member. The Treasurer
shall give notice of such withdrawals or discontinuances to the Secretary,
who shall erase such members' names from the list.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIII.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons ivho may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstajices showing thai
the following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by
promptly communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information , or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Joseph
Maxwell, elected, in 1830, and George W. Smith, elected i7i 1851.

Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111.
Hon. Joseph S. Fay, Wood's HoU.
Joseph Jefferson, Buzzard's Bar.

Major L. A. Huguet-Latour, M. P., Montreal, Canada.
Edward Winsloay Lincoln, Secretary of the Worcester County Horticul-
tural Society.
Col. Theodore Lyman. Brookline.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.

Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.
Samuel R. Patson, Boston.
George W. Smfth, Boston.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
knoxv of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor hy promptly
reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any cleiu to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. ReynolJs, M. D., 1832, and Francis Summerest
(or Summerer), 1833.

fiDOUARD Andre, Editor in Chief of the Revue Horticole, Paris, France.

Professor L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Charles Baltet, President de la Societe Horticole, Vigneronne, et For

estiere de I'Aube, Troyes, France.
Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
D. W. Beadle, 303 Crawford St., Toronto, Ontario.
Professor William J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan.
Prosper J. Berckmans, President of the American Pomological Society,

Augusta, Ga.
Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial College

of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.

John Croujibie Brown, LL.D., Haddington, Scotland.
Professor J. L. Bddd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society,

Ames.
William Bull, Chelsea, England.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadelphia.
IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.
George W. Campbell, President of the Ohio State Horticultural Society,

Delaware, 0.
Maxime Cornu, Director of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France.
Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
Daniel T. Curtis, Dorchester.
Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,

England.
Robert Douglas, Waukegan, 111.
Malcolm Dunn, Dalkeith, Scotland.
W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, England.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 349

Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Cobden,
111.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y .

Henry John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Colesborn, Andoversford, Gloucester-
shire, England.

William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge.

B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Division of Forestry, Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticul-
tural Society, Brownville.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D., Director of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Amherst.

George L. Goodale, M. D., Professor of Botany, Harvard University,
Cambridge.

Obadiah B. Hadaven, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.

Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the New
Jersey Agricultural Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.

Robert Hogg, LL.D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Rochester, England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

JosiAH HooPES, West Chester, Pa.

George Husmann, Napa, Cal.

William J. Johnson, M.D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Charles Joly, Vice-President of the Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de
France, Paris.

Dr. George King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Secretary of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Columbus, 0.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi-
cal Society, Norfolk, Va.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.

T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, South Haven.

Dr. P. MacOwan, Director of the Botanic Garden, Cape Town, Africa.

Dk. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.

George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N.Y.

Thomas Meehan, Germantown, Pa.

Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Ala.

Dr. Daniel Morris, CM.G., D.Sc, M.A., F.L.S., Assistant Director of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

350 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ch. Naudin, Antibes, France.

George Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Professor D. P. Penh allow. Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,

Canada.
Henry Probasco, Cincinnati, 0.
P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.
Cavaliere Enrico Ragdsa, Palermo, Sicily.
D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.
S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.
William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
Edgar Sanders, Chicago, 111.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
William R. Smith, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Washington, D. C.
Robert W. Starr, Port William, N. S.
Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan.

William A. Stiles, Editor of Garden and Forest, Deckertown, N. J.
William Sumner, Pomaria, S. C
Francis Summerest.

William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis.
Dr. Melchior Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.
H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
Henry L. db Vilmorin, Secretary of the Societe Nationale d' Agriculture

de France, Paris.
Anthony Waterer, Knap Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.

ERRATA.

In part I, page 135, line 17, for rubra read Mobur, and in line
19, after rubra, insert "or the," so that the sentence shall read
Quercus Robnr is best for most of the oaks, although I believe the
red oaks would do better on i^. rubra or the var. tinctoria.

CONTENTS.

BusiJiEss Meeting, Ainil C. 1895; Memorial ol" John.J. Thomas, pp. 179-
ISl; Annual Report of the I'lant Committee read, 181; Appropriation
for Committee on Large, Old, or Otherwise Interesting Trees, 181 ;
Amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws taken up, 181 ; Pillar to
mark the spot of the discovery of the original Baldwin apple tree,
181; Four members elected, 181; Honorary Member elected, 182;
Corresponding Member elected 182

Business Meeting, May i; Three members elected, p. 182, Letter from
Mrs. Mary H. Thomas acknowledging the memorial of John J. Thomas,
182; Letter from Prof. Byron D. Halsted acknowledging the receipt
of his Diploma, 182; Invitation from W J. Stewart, President, to the
Gardeners' and Florists' Club, May 7 182

Business Meeting, June 1; Book presented from M. Charles Baltet . . 183

Business Meeting, July 0; Amendments to Constitution and By-Laws

adopted 183

Business Meeting, August 3; Nominating Committee appointed, p. 183;

Three members elected 184

Business Meeting, September 7; Report of the Nominating Committee,

p. 184; Decease of Benjamin P. Cheney announced 184

Business Meeting, October 5; Annual Election, pp. 185,187; Memorial to
Benjamin I*. Cheney, 185, 186; Additional appropriation for Flower
Committee, 186; Six members elected, 186; Corresponding iMember
elected 186

Business Meeting, November 2; No quorum present 187

Business Meeting, December 7; Appropriations for Prizes and Gratuities
for 1896, p. 187; Appropriation for Lectures and Publications, 188;
Partial report of the Committee on Gardens read, 188; Further time
granted for the Committee on Gardens, 188 ; Rei)orts of the Committee
on Fruits, Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, Committee of
Arrangements, Committee on Flowers, and Committee on Plants, read.
188; Twelve members elected, 188; Letters from Jlrs. Elizabeth S.
Cheney and Charles Baltet read 189

Business Meeting, December 21 ; No quorum present 189

Report of the Co.mmittee on Plants; Introduction, pp. 190, 191 ; Spring
Exhibition, 191; May Exhibition, lii2; Rose and Strawberry Exhibi-
tion, l'.»2, 193; Annual Exhibition, 193; Chrysanthemum Exhibition,
193,194; Financial Statement, 194; Prizes and Gratuities awarded 195-203

11

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Report of the Committee on Floweiis; Introduction, pp. 2W, 205;
Spring Exliibition, 205, 206; May Exliibition, 206; Rliododendron
Sliow, 206-208 ; Rose Show, 208-210; Annual Exhibition, 210; Chrysan-
themum Show, 211 ; Financial Statement, 212; Prizes and Gratuities
awarded 213-231

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 232-231; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 235-251

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 252-255; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded 256-272

Report of the Committee on Gardens; Introduction, p. 273; S. C. Pratt's
Strawberry Garden, 274; J. W. Manning's Herbaceous Garden,
274-281; Mrs. J. W. Clark's Estate, 281, 282; W. D. Hinds' Peach Or-
chard, 282-284; Statement of W. D. Hinds, 284, 285; Statement of A. J.
Hinds, 285, 286; Forest Hills Cemetery, 286-292; Mrs. B. P. Cheney's
Estate, 292,293; W. Nicholson's Chrysanthemum and Carnation
Houses, 293-295; Awards 295,296

Report of the Committee of Arrangements 297-299

Report of the Committee on School Gardens and Children's Hekb-
AKiUMS; Swan School Garden, Medford, pp. 300-303; George Putnam
School Garden, Roxbury, 304-306; Children's Herbariums, 307-309;
Prizes and Gratuities awarded 310, 311

Report of the Delegate to the Massachusetts State Board ok

Agriculture 312-316

Report to the State Board of Agriculture 317, 318

Report of the Committee on the Library, 319, 320; Note . . . 320

Report of Secretary and Librarian 321-324

Report of Treasurer 325-330

Report of the Finance Committee 328

Mount Auburn Cemetery . . . ' 331, 332

Officers and Standing Committees for 1896 333-335

Members of the Society; Life, pp. 336-342; Annual, 343-345; Honorary,

347; Corresponding 348-350

Extracts from the Constituiion and By-Laws 346

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