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- Tue Council of the Medico-Botanical Sodiety of London take
En this opportunity of informing the Members of the Society and
a _ the public, that in selecting, from the communications read at
_ the general meetings, papers for publication, it is guided by
_ the importance of the subjects treated on, but that it does not
_ guarantee the certainty of the facts, or the propriety of the rea-
sonings contained in the papers so published, which must still

_ rest on the credit or judgment of their respective authors.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MEDICO-BOTANICAL SOCIETY

or

LONDON.

TI. GeneERAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FROM
OcroBER 12, 1827, To JANUARY 16, 1829.

October the 12th, 1827. Tue Director delivered his annual
Oration, which was ordered to be printed, together with a let-
ter to him from Sir Anthony Carlisle.

November the 9th. A letter was read from Edward Huggins,
Jun. Esq. of Nevis, dated the 25th June, 1827, respecting the
seed of ARGEMONE Mewicana, known there by name of the
Thistle seed. The author states, ‘‘ that the oil from this seed has
for ages past been used by the native nurses in particular cases.
The oil has been extracted in the usual way, by boiling the seed
after being ground, as is the case with castor oil. Since the
castor oil has become so common, it has often occurred to me,
that this oil may be used with equal safety and greater efficacy ;
and I have fully satisfied my mind, that if not equal to that
remedy, it is a very valuable addition to the Pharmacopeia.
I have consequently sent a sufliciency to allow a fair trial, by
obtaining the oil cold drawn, as from this process, in preference
to the oil being obtained by boiling, it may be divested of its
impurities, and above all, a nauseous taste, sometimes attendant
upon its being improperly manufactured.”

December the 1Ath. The Director exhibited some milk of
the Cow tree (Palo di Vaca, GALACTOTENDRON utile, Humb,
and Bonpl.), and also an Umbel of BRUNSVIGIA foxicaria,

B

2 Proceedings of the Society.

upon which Dr. Sigmond, the Professor of Toxicology, deli-
vered some observations.

The Professor of Botany cited a case which had come under
his own immediate observation, which tended to shew that, in
some cases, a cold infusion of Sarsaparilla was preferable to a
decoction.

The following Resolution, adopted on the 31st of October,
by the Council of the Royal Asiatic Society, was read :

« Resolved, that the collection of dried plants and the MSS.
relating to the Materia Medica of Ceylon, that were presented
to the Society by Sir Alexander Johnston, be transferred to the
Medico-Botanical Society, accompanied by the assurance, that
this Council feels fully impressed with the importance of the
objects to which the Medico-Botanical Society directs its atten-
tion; and that they confidently trust, that the Medico- Botanical
Society will favour them with any communications they may
receive, that are connected with Oriental subjects.”

January the 11th, 1828. The Bye-Laws, as revised by a
Special Committee, were read, approved, and ordered to be
printed.

An extract was read from a letter of Messrs. Boussingault
and Mariano, published in the Annales de Chimie and Physique,
which stated, that the constituent parts of the milk of the Cow
tree appeared from chemical analysis to be, 1° wax; 2° fibrine ;
3° a small proportion of sugar; 4° a magnesian salt, which is
not an acetate; and 5° water. They further observe, that the
presence of fibrine explains its nutritive qualities, and that the
tree might be cultivated in the Valley of Araqua with advantage
for the wax, which is very superior.

ANNIVERSARY MEETING, January the 16th. The Secre-
tary’s Report for the preceding year shewed an increase of 17
Honorary Fellows, 1 Honorary Member, 65 Fellows, and 19
Corresponding Members.

The Librarian’s Report shewed an increase of 117 Volumes
of printed Books, 56 cay Sap 14 MSS., and 597 coloured
Drawings of Plants.

Proceedings of the Society. 3

The Conservator’s Report shewed an increase of 216 Speci-
mens of Plants, &c. -
February the 8th. Letters were read :

_ From the Chevalier Soulange Bodin, requesting that the
Society would enter into correspondence with the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

From Mr. Boursault, respecting the cultivation of the Lav-
Rus Cinnamomum. “ It was always deemed absolutely neces-
sary,” says he, ‘‘ to allow 20 or 25 degrees (Reaum.) of heat
to this plant, though I possessed a fine specimen, in a house
the temperature of which never exceeded 12’, and which pro-
duced perfect seeds every year. I perceived, about three years
ago, that some of these seeds, which had been carried with the
earth into the garden, and must have passed the winter there,
had germinated. Astonished by this discovery, I cultivated
them with care in a green-house. I placed several in a con-
servatory in which all my Chinese plants are kept, with others
from the Cape of Good Hope, and I had the satisfaction of
seeing these Cinnamon trees growing with more vigour here
than those which I had left in the hot-houses. From an ex-
perience of three years, I am inclined to believe that the Cin-
namon tree might be introduced into the southern parts of

From F. C. M‘Gregor, Esq. His Majesty's Consul-General
at the Canaries, stating that he would have much pleasure in
collecting specimens and information relative to Medical Botany
in Teneriffe, and the neighbouring islands.

The following observations, made by Dr. Michael Short, on
the effects of the expressed oil of the seed of ARGEMONE
Mexicana, were read :

“ Having tried this medicine, I have great pleasure in bear-
ing testimony to the accuracy of our Nevis Correspondent, (Mr.
Huggins.) The first case in which I employed it, was that of a
maniac, (a class of patients which are with difficulty acted upon.)
I ordered one drachm, formed into emulsion with the yolk of
eggs; it produced five free evacuations, The second case was

B2

4 Proceedings of the Society.

that of a strong seafaring man. I ordered forty drops, which
proving inert, I increased the dose to a full drachm, which
opened the bowels very gently. The third and fourth cases were
very similar to the last, one drachm acting two or three times.
The fifth case was that of a youth, about sixteen years of age,
with lax fibre, and habitually constipated. I gave one drachm
in mucilage, which acted freely five times in the course of
twelve hours. I generally observed it began to operate between
five and six hours subsequent to its administration, and its ef-
fects ceased after the fifteenth or sixteenth hour. Its operation
is very similar to that of Ol. Ricini, producing no griping. In
one case nausea was excited, but I am in doubt, whether in the
existing state of the stomach any medicine would not have pro-
duced similar effects.”

A specimen of the fruit of LopoicEa Sechellarum, or double
Cocoa Nut, was exhibited by William Huttmam, Esq.

March the 14th. Specimens of an Extract of Cimchona, of
a resinous Extract of Cubebs, and of the Essential Oil of Co-
paiba, prepared by Mr. Battley, and of an Extract of Senna,
prepared by Mr. Bass, were exhibited.

A letter was read from W. H. Read, Esq. His Majesty’s
Consul-General at the Azores, dated 28th January, 1828, ex-
pressing his ardent desire to promote the views of the Institution,
and to contribute, by all the means in his power, to its success.
He transmitted with this letter a list of the medicinal plants
found in the Azores.

May the 9th. A paper, by J. Leslie, Esq. was read, re-
lating to the plants employed as poisons by the Bushmen of the
Cape of Good Hope.

June the 13th. The following letters were read :

Berkeley-street, June 9, 1828.
Sir,—I beg you will communicate to the Council of the Me-
dico-Botanical Society, and to the Society at large, that, agree-
ably to the desire of the Council, I waited on Mr. Peel, Prin-
cipal Secretary for the Home Department, who readily agreed

Proceedings of the Society. 3

to lay before His Majesty the humble request of the Society,
that He would become its Patron.
I have very great pleasure in informing you, that I learn by
a letter from Mr. Peel of the 3d instant, that our Sovereign has
been most graciously pleased to accede to the prayer of our
petition, and that further, the King has been pleased, in the
most gracious manner, to express his wishes “ for the success
of the useful exertions of the Society in a very important de-
partment of science.” I beg to congratulate you, Sir, and the
Society, on this mark of royal favour by our Sovereign, and
have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient,
humble Servant,
(Signed,) J. M‘GRIcoR,
To J. P. Yosy, Esq. President.
Sec. Med. Bot. Soc.

Whitehall, June 3, 1828.

Sir,—I beg leave to acquaint you, that 1 have submitted to
His Majesty the request of the Medico-Botanieal Society of
London, that His Majesty would be pleased to become the
Patron of the Institution.

I have the satisfaction of acquainting you, that His Majesty
has commanded me to notify to the Society His compliance with
their request, and his best wishes for the success of their useful
exertions in a very important department of science,

i am,
Sir,
Your obedient Servant,
(Signed,) Ropert PEEL.

To Sir James M‘Grigor.

An Address of Thanks to His Majesty was voted.
Thanks were yoted to the President, for his active and suc-
cessful exertions in obtaining the patronage of His Majesty.

6 Proceedings of the Society.

The following species of the Genus LAuRUsS, which were
sent by W. T. Aiton, Esq., Messrs. Loddiges, Mr. Forrest, Mr.
A. Richardson, Mr. Fairburn, and Mr. D. Cameron, were
exhibited, and a Lecture delivered thereon by the Professor of
Botany and Materia Medica (Mr. Frost).

Laurus Cinnamomum.* L. (PERSEA Cinnamomum,
Spreng.)
Cassia.* L. (PERSEA Cassia, Spreng.)
Culibaban.* L,

Camphora.* L. (PERSEA Camfora, Spreng.)
montana. Ait. Herb.
Chloroxylon. W.
glauca. W.
nobilis.* L. (L. vulgaris, Du Hamel.)
var. angustifolia. .
undulata.
salictfolia.
—— variegata.
———— Indica. W.
——— fetens.* W.
Persea.* (PERSEA gratissima, Geertn.)
——— Borbonia. W.
Carolinensis. Mich.
lucida.
——— fulgens.
Benzoin.* W.
——_—— Sassafras.* L.
aggregata. Bot. Mag.
gracilis.
nitida. (CINNAMOMUM nitidum, Hook,)
camphorifera.
Madeirensis.
niveda.
Chinensis.
involuerata.

—.

* The species thus designated are possessed of medicinal properties.

Proceedings of the Society. 7

LAURUS sylvestris.

bullata. Ait. Herb.

splendens. Ait. Herb.
— paniculata. Ait. Herb.
verticillata.
Camphore affinis.

Also the following Genera, which form part of the Natural

Order LAURINEZ.
Cryprocary A obovata.
TETRANTHERA dealbata.
laurifolia.
monopetala.
Ocorra Pichurim.* (Fruit only, known by the name of
Sassafras Nuts.)
Cymbarum.* (Laurel Oil Tree; dried specimens
from Dr. Hancock’s Herbarium.)
PIERARDIA sapida.

July the 11th. The following gentlemen were elected Pro-
fessors for the year ensuing?

Professor of Botany, John Frost, Esq. F. L. 8.
Professor of Toxicology, George G. Sigmond, M. D.
Professor of Materia Medica, John Whiting, M. D.

Complete specimens were exhibited by Dr. Hancock, of the
plant producing the Angustura Bark.

October the 23th. The Director delivered his annual Oration
which was ordered to be printed.

November the 1th. Specimens of the RuzuM australe were
exhibited by Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq. V. P. L.S.

A paper, on the uses of Cicnoritum Intybus in Russia, by
Sir Henry Willock, K. L.S. was read ; and also aletter, on the
Geum Canadense, from Colonel John Ready, Lieut.-Governor
of Prince Edward's Island, N.A., in which he gives the follow-
ing particulars: ‘‘ I have been long endeavouring to obtain for
the Society, specimens or seeds of such plants as are used by the
natives as medicines, and have at length succeeded in obtaining

one which is herewith enclosed, It is called here the Chocolate

8 Proceedings of the Society.

plant, or Blood root ; so named, I presume, from its colour.
This plant is, I dare say, known to the Society; should it not,
I can easily procure other specimens, it being found in con-
siderable quantities in the black spruce swamps, in which the
island abounds. The medical properties of this plant are very
valuable to the natives, it bemg a mild, and at the same time,
an effective bitter, calculated to restore the tone of the stomach
and bowels; it seems to be particularly applicable as a remedy
in the diarrhoea of children, and has succeeded when the com-
mon astringents have failed; if its uses were properly under-
stood, it might, from what I have observed, be found valuable
in several diseases. The root is principally used by the natives,
although the leaves are active in their qualities. The method
used in preparing it, is by decocting the root, and drinking it as
you would chocolate ; and it is rather a pleasant beverage than
otherwise, so much so, that the country people, without any
regard to its medicinal qualities, use it as a common drink.”
ANNIVERSARY MEETING, January the 16th, 1829. The
Secretaries’ Report for the preceding year shewed an increase
of 5 Honorary Fellows, 14 Foreign Members, 56 Fellows, 158
Corresponding Members, and 12 Associates.
The Librarian’s Report shewed an increase of 78 Volumes
and several Pamphlets,
The Conseryator’s Report shewed an increase of 7795 Spe-
cimens of Plants, with other Specimens of Materia Medica, &c.
The following persons were elected to form a Council, and to
be Officers for the ensuing year:
Philip Henry, Earl Stanhope, President.
George Henry, Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells.
Henry Brandreth, Jun. Esq. M. A. Librarian.
William Burnett, M. D.
John Frost, Esq. Director.
Humphrey Gibbs, Esq. Secretary.
Thomas Gibbs, Esq. Treasurer.
Theodore Gordon, M. D.
Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, K. G.

Dr. Hancock on Haimarada. 9

Robert William Hay, Esq. M. A.
Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, Bart.
Thomas Jones, Esq.
Sir Alexander Johnston.
Sir James M‘Grigor, M.D. K.T.S.
Right Honourable Robert Peel, M.P. D.C. L.
Michael John Short, M. D. Conservator.
William John Short, Esq.
Sir John Edward Swinburne, Bart.
Joseph Fitzwilliam Vandercom, Esq.
William Yarrell, Esq.
John Peter Yosy, Esq. Secretary.
The Earl Stanhope delivered an Address, which was ordered
to be printed for distribution amongst the Members.
The Society's Gold and Silver Medals were announced as
having been awarded to Dr. John Hancock, and to Professor
Octavien Targioni, of Florence,

Il. On tHe Haimarapa or Guiana, BY JOHN HAN-
cock, M. D., Fettow or THE Mepico-BoTaNnicaL
Socizry. (Read May 9th, 1828.) Vide PI. I.

Tur Haimarada, is called so by the Arowaks, and by the
Dutch Creoles Bitter Blairr.

It is greatly esteemed by the natives as an antibilious emetic
and febrifuge, and is indeed a most efficacious remedy in malig-
nant fevers and dysentery, especially in cases depending on a
disordered state of the liver.

It may not be improper to notice, the high terms in which the
native Indians and Creoles of Essequebo express their com-
mendations of this plant; if questioned on the subject, they
exclaim, “ it is our physic when we are sick with the fever, and
have pain in our stomach and bowels; it throws off all the bile,
and soon subdues the fever, &c.”

We may thus observe, amongst these rude children of nature,

10 Dr. Hancock on Haimarada.

some gleams of the gastro-hepatie theory of fevers, so prevalent,
at present, amongst our European brethren. This plant is, indeed,
their main resort, both in continued and intermittent fevers.

Their method, in the former disease, is to boil a small hand-
ful of the fresh leaves in water, of which they take a sufficient
quantity to produce full vomiting, repeating the dose for two or
three following mornings, and even four or five, if the fever
prove obstinate.

In intermittents, they employ it as an emetic, agreeably to
the practice of Celsus:—‘‘ Cum primum aliquis inhorruit, et
ex horrore incaluit, dare ei oportet potui tepidam aquam sub-
salsam, et vomere eum cogere ; nam fere talis horror ab iis oritur,
que biliosa in stomacho resederunt.” (Lib. 3, Cap. 12.)

It must be observed withal, that they make great use of
baths, fomentations, and frictions, in continued and inflamma-
tory fevers in general; and little or nothing is wanting, except
the use of the lancet, to render their practice in fevers tolerably
complete. As it is, however, it appears to be not less successful
than ours,

The plant in question belongs to the class Dydynamia and
order Angiospermia; and to the Personatz of the natural orders,
being in natural affinities allied to HeRPESTES of Gaertner,
to SCROPHULARIA, GRATIOLA, DIGITALIS, VERONICA, &c.

In botanical characters, it coincides very accurately with
VANDELLIA diffusa. It may, therefore, be sufficient if I ex-
tract from Willdenow what he has collected from the Mantissa
of Lin, and from Vahl’s Ecloge—‘ Calyx sub-quadrifidus ;
Corolla ringens ; Filamenta 2 exteriora e disco labii corrolle ;
Anthereé connexe ; Capsula unilocularis, polysperma. Habatat
in Insula Montserrat et St. Crucis, Caulis herbaceus, tetragonus,
brachiatus ; Folia ovata, sessilia, crenata, obtusiuscula; Flores
axillares, oppositi, solitarii, Habitus VERONIC& serpillifolia.”
Mant. ‘‘ Caulis herbaceus, ramosus, tetragonus, filiformis,
pubescens. Folia breyiter petiolata, vix unguicularia, sub-ro-
tunda, supra glabra, juniora subtus -pilis rarioribus, serrata,
avenia, enervia. Pedunculi axillares, solitarii, uniflori, alterni,

Dr. Hancock on Haimarada. ill

breves. Calyx quadrifidus.” Vahlii Eclogue Americane, Fase.
II, p. 47. To which we may add, with one alteration: Radix
fibrosa; Caules pedales decumbentes; Corolla calyce parum
longior, stolones radicantes, labium inferius album, trilobum,
flabeliforme, superius integrum sub-rubrum ; Capsula conica,
bivalvis ; Calyx persistens, pilosus, quinquefidus.

There can be no doubt, I think, that this plant will be recog-
nized as identical with V. diffusa, although there are some
trifling discrepancies observable. The calyx, for instance, in the
generic description of V. diffusa, is said to be sub-quadrifidus ;
in this, it has constantly five unequal divisions ; and of the
leaves, even the youngest are not without veins. These are the
only deviations I have observed in this plant from the characters
of V. diffusa, as given in the Species Plantarum of Willdenow.
It might, together with DiciraLis, ATRopA, &c. be ranged
with Linnzus’s natural, or rather unnatural order Luride or
Plante uspecte.

Infusions of this plant have a faint herbaceous odour, and a
flavour somewhat similar to that of the QUASSIA amara, but
more bitter. It leaves a peculiar impression on the palate, as
it were of a metallic taste. Both water and alcohol extract its
virtues ; proof spirit is, perhaps, the most perfect menstruum,

In respect to the chemical analysis of this vegetable, I have
made no adequate or conclusive experiments to enable me to
decide upon the nature of its active constituents. It resists,
in a remarkable manner, the action of the other vegetable infu-
sions, and of most of the metallic re-agents usually employed,
In the absence of better information, I give the following as the
results of my investigations with the aqueous infusion of Hai-
marada.

I find no change whatever to ensue on the admixture of infu-
sions of Haimarada with those of other vegetables. Those
tried were the following: infusions of Galls, Cinchona, An-
gustura Bark, Ipecacuhana, Rhubarb, Buhyari (Asura of
Aublet,) Quassia, Arisouri wood, as also with the wood of Si-
badani, a nondescript tree of Essequebo, and the bitter Cu-

412 Dr. Hancock on Haimarada.

cumber, MoMorpica operculata of Linneus, which are the
bitterest of all known substances.

No precipitate is formed with glue, nor with solutions of
nitre, muriates of soda and ammonia, or any of the neutral
salts, nor with the sulphuric, muriatic, or nitric acids, nor with
the subcarbonates of soda and potash; none with the sulphates
of iron, zine, copper, or with the muriates of iron and mercury ;
nor with the tartarate of antimony, sulphate of quinine, chlorate
of potash, with iodine, nor with solutions of arsenic. Yet there
are certain substances which form precipitates with the infusion
of Haimarada. With nitrate of silver and nitro-muriate of
gold, a scanty and slow separation takes place; with subcarbo-
nate of potass, a floculent deposite ; with acetate of lead, a co-
pious white; and with nitrate of silver, a very abundant olive
precipitate is quickly formed; with lime water, a yellow pow-
der falls abundantly, whilst the lime forms, on the surface, a
pellicle of a bright metallic lustre.

These results seem to indicate, that Haimarada contains a
peculiar constituent, and appear to shew, that it is almost des-
titute of the proximate principles common to other plants ;
shewing scarcely any traces of starch, gluten, resin, gallic
acid, tannin, or extractive,

Some of these precipitants of Haimarada probably throw
down a bitter principle ; for, by adding lime water to the infusion
till it ceases to act upon it, the infusion is deprived of its bitter-
ness, and perhaps also of its emetic property. It likewise loses its
bitterness with nitrate of mercury and acetate of lead; whilst the
solution of both these metallic salts lose their peculiar metallic
taste. Their chemical affinities are subverted, and their pre-
cipitates are extremely bitter and nauseous.*

For medical purposes, the entire plant is employed. It should
be pulled up by the root, dried, and preserved from moisture.

I have not employed the Haimarada as a remedy in half the

* It would be interesting to try the effects of this vegeto-mineral compound

as analterant in certain chronic diseases, especially in cutaneous affections, le-
pra, &c.

Dr. Hancock on Haimarada. 13

number of disorders for which its nature and properties would
seem to render it applicable. I could, indeed, make up a long
detail of cases according to the common mode of setting off a
remedy ; and agreeably to the same method, imagination might
supply the desiderata. I purposely avoid those long and tedious
tales of charlatanery.

I beg leave simply to state a few of the results of my expe-
rience with this remedy; at the same time wishing that no re-
gard may be attached thereto without due examination, or until,
by rigorous investigations in abler hands, the subject shall be
illustrated in a manner unattainable by my humble efforts.

As an emetic, about 25 grs. of the dried herb, in powder,
may be taken, or the infusion of 30 grs. made in the manner of
tea with boiling water, and in this dose it acts easily and eflica-
ciously. A dose of this kind, for several mornings successively,
is a most effectual method of subduing a dysentery, especially
when accompanied by a redundant secretion of bile; and 2 or
3 grs. may withal be repeated twice a day.

The same method proves most successful in bilious remittent
and intermittent fevers.

When Haimarada is administered in small doses with common
salt (muriate of soda), its action is directed upon the intestines
and the kidneys.

Its activity is also manifested both as a diuretic and a sudo-
rific, by combination with nitre and opium.

Asa tonic, diuretic, and resolvent, it is best, as with most other
potent remedies, to begin with small doses (as a grain or two
twice or thrice a day), gradually to augment the dose till a de-
cided effect be produced upon the system, and to continue its
use for a sufficient time, varying the dose according to its effects,
and as the judgment of the practitioner may suggest.

It has some powers as a vermifuge, and is reputed to be an
antidote to the bite of venomous serpents.

Externally, it is praised as a vulnerary ; and I can bear wit-
ness to its utility as a detergent and corrector of foul and spread-
ing ulcers.

14 Dr. Hancock on Haimarada.

Its ultimate operation on the stomach is tonic and bracing,
improving the appetite and digestive functions. From these
effects, its aptitude for expelling bile, together with its bitter-
ness and certain other analogies, I was induced to employ it in
chronic disorders of the liver. The results have appeared to me
so favourable, that I have thence chiefly been induced to solicit
the attention of the faculty to this humble plant; hoping that,
in abler hands, its virtues may be more fully developed and
turned to yet greater avail in certain untoward disorders. From
what can be gathered of its nature, I am inclined to believe,
that it may be found peculiarly applicable as a remedy in jaun-
dice. I have never tried it, however, in this complaint.

I would by no means be understood to say, that I depend on
this remedy alone in chronic disorders of the viscera, as indura-
tions and enlargement of the liver, spleen, &c. I would only
assert, that my experience has, to my own satisfaction, most
decidedly proved its value as an important aid in such cases.

I usually employ, at the same time, a light mercurial course,
frequent fomentations, and repeated applications of blisters.*

I think I shall not be contradicted by the candid practitioner,
when I assert, that we have in general been in the habit of
placing too much reliance on the use of mercury in those com-
plaints, without reflecting on the results. This must certainly
be owing to the influence of fashion, or to some mistaken views ;
for I would submit the question to any man of experience and
candour, whether its success has been in any degree satisfactory,
and what striking advantages he may have observed, from the
use of mercury alone in hepatites. Surely the experience of
the fourth part of a century within the tropics, which some few
of us have passed, should enable us to form an opinion of our
own on these points, unbiassed by the shackles of routine, or
the prevailing fashion of the day.

We know that mereury forms one of the most valuable re-
medies we possess, capable of effecting important purposes in

* From a few trials I have made of Sarsaparilla and nitric acid, in these cases,
I can speak most favourably of them as resolyent remedies,

Dr. Hancock on Haimarada. 15

the treatment of disease ; but we also know, that it is so egre-
giously abused, empirically and indiscriminately employed, and
so frequently to the exclusion of more appropriate remedies, as
to render it doubtful, whether, upon the whole, it has not been
productive of more harm than good to society.

_ Why should we repose such an overweening confidence* in a
single metal, where benignant nature has bestowed her choicest
gifts. The vegetable tribes not only furnish the most potent
poisons but also their antidotes, and are the most salutary and
appropriate remedies for the various nag eli to which our
frail nature is daily exposed.

It behoves the members of our profession duly to consider
these things. Let us hope that the subject may engage the at-
tentive reflection of those whose opportunities and active minds
shall qualify them for breaking down the trammels of authority,
and the barriers to improvement, in our most obscure and pro-
blematical art of physic.

It may not be out of place to add a short description in
English, which, with the figure (the first, to the best of my
knowledge, ever published), will enable any person to find the
plant in its various places of growth, which are the elevated
lands both of Demerara and Essequebo, especially what are
called the Grampian Hills, about the plantation Hibernia, &c.
and also in the localities given by Linneeus and Vahl.

The Root is perennial, fibrous, and strikes, like most plants
similarly constructed, at almost every joint. The Stem is
repent, extending about one foot in length and two or three
inches in height, branching, tetragonal with sharp edges, taper-
ing towards its numerous extremities, and somewhat pubescent.
The Leaves are borne on very short petioles, ovate, slightly
serrated, somewhat hairy on the lower surface, particularly of
the younger ones, smooth on the upper, opposite. The stem
and edges of the leaves are, in the healthy plant, tinged with a

* It is probably not so much from a confidence in this remedy that it is so
often prescribed, as from a listlessness and indifference to the innumerable boun-
ties with which nature has surrounded us,

16 Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree.

lurid red. The Flowers are axillary, solitary, opposite, borne
on short peduncles. The Calyx deeply divided into five sharp
segments, is persistent, and slightly hairy. The Corolla entire,
somewhat longer than the calyx, ringent, the lower lip white
and divided into three lobes, the upper of a reddish hue and
entire. The Stamens are four in number, of which two are
longer than the others; the anthers two lobed. The Pistil
consists of a conical germ, a short and tapering style, and a
double stigma. The Capsule is conical, oblong, two valved.
The Seeds are numerous and very small.

~ The Haimarada is very closely allied to the MATOUREA pra-
tensis of Aublet, (Pl. Guian, p. 642, tab. 259,) or VANDELLIA
pratensis of Vahl, (Eclog. 11, p. 48,) which Aublet says is
considered as a very good vulnerary, bruised and applied ex-
ternally, or taken internally as a decoction. Vahl affirms, on
the authority of Rohr, from whom he had his specimens, that
the V. pratensis is used in the cure of Syphilis.

REFERENCES TO PuATE I.
Calyx magnified.
Corolla magnified.
Calyx and Capsule slightly magnified.
Capsule magnified.
Seeds.
Ditto magnified.

SS ren.

Ill. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORAYURI OR ANGUSTURA
Bark Tree, BY JOHN Hancock, M. D., FELLOW or
THE Mepico-BoTaNnicAL Sociery.* (Read July the
11th, 1828.) Vide Pl. II.

Tue powerful medicinal properties of the Angustura Bark,
and its great efficacy in many cases, acknowledged by all the
learned practitioners of Europe for more than thirty years, will,

* The Society’s Gold Medal for 1829 was awarded to the Author for this Paper.

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Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree. 17

I trust, prove a sufficient apology for my drawing the attention
of the Medico-Botanical Society to the Tree from which this
drug is obtained.

Having travelled repeatedly, and resided during several
months (particularly during August and September, 1816), in
the missions of Carony, and sketched a map of the district, T
had an opportunity of seeing many thousands of the Bark
Trees, and of examining numerous specimens on the spot,
deeming it, as a medical practitioner, a duty incumbent on me
to improve the opportunity which then offered, of making my-
self thoroughly acquainted with its botanical characters, well
knowing how imperfectly they had been described in the dif-
ferent works then extant. In the course of my observations, I
remarked that it would have been impossible for any botanist,
however expert, to recognise the Angustura Bark Tree with the
assistance of any one of those works, into which its descriptions
have all been transcribed from that of Baron Alexander de
Humboldt and his scientific coadjutor, M. Aimé Bonpland ;
and I have no doubt that those learned gentlemen themselves
will confess, should these pages ever reach them, that they
have fallen into an error by trusting too much to the testimony
of others. I was informed by MM. Ravigo and Jose Terreas,
with whom the travellers lodged at Angustura, that they did
not visit the missions of Carony, but sent an Indian, who re-
turned with a sample (muestra) of the leaves, but, much to
their disappointment, without flowers. It is therefore probable
that their descriptions refer chiefly to specimens which they
observed in the province of Cumana, where a species of the
Genus to which the Angustura Bark Tree appertains may grow
to the size mentioned.

I shall now endeavour to lay before the Society, in as concise
@ manner as possible, the results of my observations on the ex-
ternal appearance of the plant; the prominent differences be-
tween my description and that of Humboldt and Bonpland in
their splendid work on the A2quinoctial plants; and, lastly, the

c

18 Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree.

medicinal properties I have noticed in the Bark, together with
the manner in which I have administered it.

I was never enabled to learn from what source the illustrious
travellers above mentioned derived the name Cuspare for the
Carony Bark Tree. I resided for three years and a half at St.
Thomas de Angustura in Spanish Guiana, whence I made several
excursions amongst the missions of Carony, and the tracts inha-
bited by Indian tribes between them and the mountains of Parime,
but never once heard the term used ; the vernacular name among
the Aborigines of this part of Guiana (the tribe called Guyanos,
who had long been subject to the dominion of the Catalonian
Capuchin Friars) being Orayuri ; and among the Spaniards and
Creoles, it was known by the name of Cascarilla or Quina de
Carony. The Cuspa, however, which is known as a tree of
Cumana, has a bark that is bitter, and of a yellow tint;
and although it is much lighter, nauseous to the taste, and
altogether different from the Orayuri, it is fancied by the inha-
bitants of Cumana to be allied to the Carony Bark Tree; at the
same time they acknowledge its virtues to be much inferior.
They usually judge of plants only from some similitude in the
bark, leaves, fruit, &c. without regarding the flowers. So,
also, in Demerara, some have identified the Carony Bark Tree,
with the Yaroury or Paddle Wood, than which, searcely any
two trees differ more, with the exception of a likeness in their
barks, both having a yellowish colour and bitterish taste.

It is not in Carony or Guiana then, but doubtless in Cumana,
that we are to seek the derivation of the term Cuspare, an easy
transition from the Cuspa of the natives, which is probably of
Tamanac origin. I know their great fertility of invention when
in want of a name for anything met with in the forest; though
I have observed that, among some of the Indian tribes, we
find, notwithstanding the numerous confusions they make in
many instances,‘a remarkable degree of intelligence and aptitude’
in naming trees and plants according to their natural affinities,
especially amongst the Arowak tribes: Wayure is equivalent

Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree. 19

to our Orchidee; Sirua to the Laurinew, and hence come
Sirubali (Ocorea Cymbarum), Sirudani, &c. by adding vari-
ous adjective terms indicative of the different species.

As to the Cuspa Tree, with which the Orayuri may have been
thus mistaken, I cannot here speak with sufficient accuracy ;
for having sent from Demerara in 1825, requesting complete
specimens, bark and all, of the Cuspa Tree of Cumana, I re-
ceived the following year, a few pieces of the bark, with the
important information, or what, no doubt, was thought impor-
tant, that the leaves and flowers were not used ‘‘ como remedios.”
_ The Angustura Bark Tree grows in abundance on the moun-
tains in the neighbourhood of St. Joaquin de Carony, situated
between the 7th and 8th degrees of northern latitude. It is also
well known in the missions of Tumeremo, Uri, Alta Gracia,
and Cupapui, (as correctly mentioned by Humboldt,) which are
the southern and back missions of the Orinoko, at a distance of
upwards of 200 miles from the sea. It lines the road side, in
many places, between the missions of St. Antoni and Villa
Upatu. It delights in a rich soil, and flourishes at the height
of between 600 and 1000 feet above the level of the sea.

It seldom or never exceeds the altitude of 20 feet, the usual
medium being about 12 or 15 feet. The diameter of the trunk,
which is tolerably erect, is from 3 to 5 inches.

Branches scattered over the whole tree without much order.

Bark, smooth and externally grey.

Leaves, placed, for the most part, alternately on the branches,
composed of three folioles, supported on a common petiole of
nearly the same length as the leaflets, slightly channelled on the
interior surface. Leaflets oblong, in general from 6 to 10 inches
in length, and 2 to 4 in breath, the centre one being longer
than the lateral ones, pointed at both extremities, and con-
nected at the base by very short leaf stalks with the common
petiole. They are very smooth and glossy, of a vivid green, and
yield, when recently broken from the tree, a strong odour,
greatly resembling that of Tobacco, from which circumstance
the term Orayuri seems derived, as the word Yuri or Yourie

c 2

2 Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree.

signifies Tobacco in the Arowak dialect. Some of the leaftets
are marked with small, whitish, round spots.

Flowers, numerous, borne towards the extreme part of long
spikes or racemes, which are both terminal and axillary. Bractez,
lanceolate, acute, in pairs. The flowers also have a peculiar,
not the most pleasant, odour.

Calyx, monopetalous, bell-shaped, five cleft, hairy, rough,
inferior, and persistent; green, about one fourth of the length
of the Corolla.

Corolla, somewhat curved prior to expansion, tubular, burst-
ing from the centre; nearly an inch long; tomentose both
inside and out; composed of five unequal petals, two of them
being about 1-9th longer and larger than the others, so united at
the base as to appear inseparable,* and indeed never separating ;
these petals are reflex, oblong, obtuse, fixed in the receptacle,
and, when faded, breaking off round the germ, leaving a pro-
tecting border besides the receptacle.

Nectaria, if they may be called so, five linear leaflets borne
at the mouth of the tube, half the length of the petals, each
bearing at its summit a very minute, round, pellucid glandule,
filled with a fluid.

Stamina, two. Before the expansion of the flower they are
found lying towards the inner or inflected side of the corolla,
the anthers in the groove of the two longer petals, the tips of the
three shorter ones being incurved over them as for protection.
Filaments flat, inserted into the two longer petals at the mouth of
the tube, considerably shorter than the nectaria. Anthers large,
linear, erect, longer than the filaments, four channelled, two
celled.

Pistillum, consists of a five-lobed depressed germ, immersed
within a coriaceous receptacle ; a simple, filiform style, hairy at
the middle, longer than the tube, and a capitate entire stigma.

Pericarp, consists of 5 bivalve capsules, of which 2 or 3 are

* I had previously described the Corolla as monopetalous, and I still consider

it to be so, although, in submission to higher authorities, I have in the text
spoken of it as a pentapetolus Corolla.

Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree. 21

commonly abortive, resembling short legumes, gibbous. When
in the embryo state they are smooth, tender, and semi-pellucid,
and when approaching maturity, they gradually acquire a vil-
lous rough coat.

Seeds, two to a_capsule; one of them often abortive, round,
black, the size of a small pea, fastened near together by mi-
mute pedicles within a chaffy envelope, which is again sur-
rounded by a strong elastic perisperm or arillus, which is horny,
bivalve, bursting with violence, and dispersing the seeds it con-
tains to a considerable distance.

Of the receptacle, or that part which may be designated thus:
In the early stage of the flower, when the corolla has reached
the length of 3 or 4 lines, on detaching it from the calyx the 5
little ovaries may be observed standing naked upon the recep-
tacle, which is then merely such. It, however, gradually grows
up into a rim or circle around the ovaries in such a manner, in-
deed, as entirely to cover and envelope them in a tough leathery
eoat or hood. By the time the flower is ready to open, and at
the falling off of the corolla, it entirely conceals them. When
they commence to emerge, this receptacle dilates, thickens, and
remains a supporting base to the then super-imposed capsules.
When the flower is fully opened, the receptacle is obscurely
8 or 10 notched. May not these different eyolutions be com-
pared to the metamorphoses of insects, or rather to the changes
which take place between the chorion and embryo in animals,
during the earlier periods of gestation?

The Angustura Bark Tree flowers in vast profusion during
the months of August and September, when its elegant, white
blossoms add greatly to the beauty. of the scenery. Its seeds
ripen in October and November.

I shall now proceed to notice the differences existing between
the foregoing description and those of anterior and even sub-
sequent writers, such as:—Willdenow, who erroneously formed
anew Genus, which he called BoNPLANDIA, on the plant sent
him by Baron Humboldt as the one in question, notwithstanding

22 Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree.

there already existed a Genus of that name, and although the
Angustura Bark Tree most obviously belonged to the Genus
Ga.ipEa of Aublet:*—Humboldt, and subsequently Humboldt

* In the above opinion, formed in the year 1816, I am confirmed by the fol-
lowing extract from the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of De
Candolle, (vol. I, p. 730,) a work which I have been enabled to consult only
since my recent return to England, and to which, after I had nearly completed
this paper from the numerous observations I had made 12 years ago, my attention
was directed by Mr. Yosy, Sec, Med, Bot. Soc., who having mentioned the subject
to Mr. David Don, the learned Librarian of the Linnean Society, was by him
informed of the improved arrangement made by De Candolle.

« DICOTYLEDONES seu EXOGEN#,
“« RUTACEA,
«* Trib. II. Cusparie. D.C.

“ XXIV, MonnieEriA.

“ XXV. Ticorea.

“ XXVI. Gauirgea. Aubl. Guian, 2. p. 662. St. Hil. Bull. Philom. 1823, p. 131. Galipea
“* et Cusparia, D. C. Mem. Mus. 9, 142 et 148. Cusparia, Humb. Bonplandia, Villd. non
** Cav. Angustura, Rem. et Schultz. Conchocarpus, Mik. Obentonia, Vel.

“ Calyx brevis quinquedentatus. Petala quinque in corollam hypocraterifor-
“ mem coalita, seu valde approximata, tubo brevi pentagono, lobis patentibus
** acutis, Stamina 4-7 hypogyna, petalis subadherentia, inequalia, interdum
« omnia fertilia, seepius 2 majora antherifera, 2-5 breviora sterilia. Nect. cupu-
* liforme. Styli 5 in unicum mox coaliti et stigma 4-5 sulcum constituentes,
* Carpella 5 aut abortu pauciora biovulata obtusa cocculiformia sessilia, endo-
** carpio separabili, Semina abortu solitaria. Cotyledones magne corrugate
* biauriculate. Frutices glabri; folia alterna simplicia aut plurifoliolata, foliolis
** oblongis acuminatis; pedunculi axillares multiflori,

© Foliis compositis.

“1. G. trifoliata. (Aubl.)

“2. G, Ossana.

“ 3. G. Lasiostemom.

“4, G,. Cusparia (St. Hil. MSS.) foliis 3 foliolatis, racemis pedunculatis subterminalibus,
“ calyce 5 dentato, staminibus sterilibus 3. Hab.in Amer. merid. Cusparia febrifuga, Humbd,
“ tabl. geogr. Bonplandia trifoliata, Willd. act. acad. beral. i802, p. 24. Humb. et Bonpl. pl. eq.
“2, p. 59 t. 57. Kunth nov. Gen. am.6, p.8. Angustura Cuspare, Ram. and Schult syst. 4,
“ p. 183. Cortex Angustur®, Offic.

“5. G. heterophylla, &c. &c.”

Ihave to acknowledge my obligation for some of the hints above given, with
regard to nomenclature, to De Candolle’s paper on the Cusparie in the Mem,
Mus. 9, p. 148, and to the learned work of Messrs. Roemer and Schultz.

It might be here remarked that trifoliata seems not to be a very appropriate
specific distinction, since there are no less than four species of Gaipga already
known as three-leaved. Besides which, the three-leaved Sciuris or Raputia of
Aublet, of which I possess very perfect specimens, appears also to be a true spe-

cies of this Genus. Aublet neglected to give a precise description of the fruit,

Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree. 23

and Bonpland, who from the nomenclature adopted by the for-
mer in his Tableau Géographique des Plantes, passed over to
that of Willdenow; and Messrs. Roemer and Schultz in their
Systema Vegetabilium, vol. 1V, p. 188, who have described the
Genus under the name of ANGUSTURA, thereby giving an im-
proper example to future botanists, as the nomenclature of
plants should never be derived from the countries or particular
places they inhabit.

And, first. We are informed in the Plante Aquinoctiales,
by Roemer and Schultz, and by Dr. Thompson in his excellent
London Dispensatory (a work which, from its more general cir-
culation amongst medical men, and even amongst the public
generally, ought above all others to be correct), that the tree
yielding the Bark in question, is a majestic forest tree from 60
to 80 feet high. As it would appear that M. de Humboldt
never saw the Bark Tree at Carony, it is more than probable
that the tree which he saw growing at Santa Fé de Cumana,
and New Barcelona in New Andalusia, and which he consi-
dered to be the same as the one of which he had obtained the
foliage, whilst residing at Angustura, is a distinct species of the
same Genus.

Secondly. Not only does a similar variation of size exist be-
tween the leaves of the GALIPEA under consideration, and those
of BonNPLANDIA trifoliata, but the proportion in the length of
the petiole, when compared to that of the leaflets, is totally
different, the leaves of the B. being stated to be 2 feet long,
and the petiole one or nearly so.

Thirdly. The leaves of Humboldt’s tree are stated to exhale,
when fresh, an agreeable odour, whereas those of Orayuri, when
fresh gathered, yield an odour resembling that of Tobacco,
which, however tastes, in the general aceeptation of the word,
may differ, can scarcely be said to be agreeable.

- Fourthly. The corolla is represented in the Pl. Adquin. as
regular; and by Mr, Kunth one petal is said to differ from the

which is similar in structure to that of Orayuri, 1 observe that M. De Candolleé
has, with some hesitation, still given it a distinct Genus,

24 Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree.

rest; whereas the corolla is irregular, there being two longer
and three shorter petals.

Fifthly. The appendages which I had considered as nectaria,
by others taken for abortive stamina, are invariably five in
number, though stated by some as three (Roemer), and by others
as four (Kunth).

Sixthly. The stamina are said by Kunth to be monadelphous,
whereas they are distinctly (separately) inserted in the two longer
petals of the corolla. Their number is also greatly at variance
with the truth, the Plante Hquinoctiales and most other works
terming it a Pentandrous Plaut. But it may be said that those
linear leaflets, which I haye considered as nectaria, have been
reckoned amongst the stamina as being nearly concentric with
them, This, we see, has been done, but it does not clear the
difficulty, for these bodies are, in Orayuri, invariably five in
number, and, having no anthers, ought not to be confounded
with the stamina, whilst the proper filaments with large anthers
pass at the same time totally unnoticed ; but even supposing the
numbers to correspond, these linear leaflets could never with
propriety be regarded as stamina, as the anther is the essential
part, and without the anther there is no stamen. If these are
to be taken for stamens, then the plant is heptandrous. In the
description given in the Plante A®quinoctiales there is, more-
over, no mention of sterile stamens,

Seventhly. The seeds are represented as being solitary, where-
as, though one of them is generally abortive, there are inva-
riably two, or, at least in the case of abortion, the rudiments
of a second.

In the Orayuri, I can find no trace of the spur at the bottom
of the anthers mentioned by Humboldt.

The pistil of BoNPLANDIA is said to have 5 stigmata, in-
stead of a simply capitate one.

There are other minor discrepancies in the flower, but the
most remarkable appearance in Orayuri, and which is not touch-
ed upon in the description of BONPLANDIA, is the uncommonly
strong and horny arillus in which the seeds are enclosed, This

Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree. 25

appendage is so elastic that it is difficult to preserve the seeds,
the capsule always bursting in the dried specimens. This species
of perisperm or seed-envelope, where it obtains, so far from
being disregarded, was considered by Linneus as one of the
essential characters of aGenus. Witness DicrAMNuUS, DIOSMA,
Correga, &c., but in none is it so notable as in Orayuri.
_ Though concurring, on the whole, with the lucid arrange-
ment of MM. Auguste de St. Hilaire and De Candolle of the
Genus GALiPEA, I cannot agree to the specific name bestowed
by those eminent botanists on the Angustura Bark Tree, the
term Cusparia, being, as I have before observed, founded in
error. I shall, therefore, agreeably to the suggestion of my
friend, Mr. J. P. Yosy, one of the Society’s Secretaries, propose
the name of GALIPEA officinalis; with the following specific
description:

- GALIPEBA officinalis, foliis 8 foliolatis, racemis pedunculatis
axillaribus et terminalibus, calyce 5 dentato, staminibus 2,
nectariis 5 (staminibus sterilibus ?)
If in the delightful and fruitful country to which this plant
is indigenous, the heat is at times oppressive to the inhabitants,
engendering malignant fevers, yet this salutary and providential
antidote is growing at their doors, and they have acquired a to-
lerable knowledge of its powers, the mode of employment in that
part being to drink a warm infusion in order to induce sweat and
diuresis. They often, however, begin with so large a quantity
as to evacuate the stomach or the bowels, for it is capable of
effecting both, and indeed is often employed for that purpose as
well as a febrifuge (contra-calentura ), while a decoction of the
leaves is resorted to as a bath in fevers and pains of the limbs,
arising from cold or chronic rheumatism.

In the years 1816 and 1817 there prevailed in the district of
the Orinoko, and particularly at St. Thomas de Angustura, a
malignant bilious intermittent fever, which proved fatal to great
numbers of the inhabitants as well as to foreigners. In the lat-

26 Dr. Hancock on the Angusiura Bark Tree.

ter, it assumed the form, in many cases, of true yellow fever,
with vomito prieto.

I had the appointment of Medico de Sanidad in the harbour,
which is about 260 miles up the river, and had an opportunity
of observing this disease in all its various shapes. I had also
the care of the Military Hospital in 1817, during the absence
of the garrison-surgeon, Don Pablo Gonzalez, and had seldom
less than 60 or 70 patients with fever, dropsy, and dysentery.
The number of hydropic patients was almost incredible. It was
distressing to see them dying along the streets of Angustura
from the effects of fever and want of food, the town being be-
sieged by the patriot forces under General Bolivar.

In March, 1817, the mortality increasing, our stock of Cin-
chona was soon expended, and we had no other resort but to
the Quina de Carony, of which there was a large supply in the
town. It was prepared nearly as prescribed by those who were
there termed Curiosos, or the native doctors.

Into a large jug, containing about six gallons, we put one
pound of coarsely-powdered bark, with an equal quantity of
brown sugar, filled it nearly with boiling water, and added
about four ounces of wheaten bread to hasten fermentation. It
was then stopped close, placed in the sun, and shaken fre-
quently. As soon as fermentation was well begun, it was con-
sidered fit for use, and administered in the quantity of from
four to six ounces to the dose, three or four times a day.

The success of this seemingly odd preparation was very re-
markable. The irregular paroxysms of fever were suspended
on the second or third day after commencing its use. The
number of deaths of patients from fever was soon diminished
to one fourth of that which before fell victims to this dreadful
scourge; though prior to this time it was gradually on the
increase. In the month preceding the adoption of the Cortex
Angusture, fifty-three persons died of fever: the month follow-
ing, there were but fourteen, and seyeral of these were in a
dying state when they began to use the Bark,

ee — —_ “ — —— -4 e _—— — > ~-—- --+~*- —_. ~ tt — 7 fa ~
—_— ae 1a = . ‘ ~ ee DEY Toe hil! mt eet
- > — _— - _ el, te . - -
: et a Stee “>

e
od
he
ad
ul
he
x
-

a

Tohn Tanck MD direr

RES (oe pee Sf VOL Bt we Mite,

Dians. of the Med. Bot. Soe. Vol. 1. p. 27.

Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree. 27

I, at first, conceived that fermentation might injure the re-

medy, but had subsequently every reason to suppose, that the
evolution of the carbonic acid rendered the remedy more ener-
getic, and more grateful to the palate and the stomach. Besides
this, the acetic acid and small portion of Alcohol generated in
the fermentation would contribute to extricate more completely
the active element of the Bark, thus improving the remedy by
augmenting the solvent powers of the menstruum.
_ It was not long before I perceived the efficacy of the fer-
‘mented infusion in dropsy, for many of the fever patients were
hydropic, and it was found that their swellings rapidly dimi-
nished on the use of the infusion. This naturally induced me
to give the same remedy as a tonic to those patients who were
simply dropsical or without fever. Its power in those proved
more striking and decided than any thing I ever witnessed
before in medicine. No regular account of these, however, was
kept, as it was administered to a great number of patients in
and out of the hospital.

In the more severe cases of dysentery, the Dover's Powder

was given with each draught of the infusion, in doses of from
five to ten grains, three or four times a day.
_ We had thus no reason to regret the exchange we had from
necessity made, for the Angustura Bark was found to be greatly
superior to the Peruvian Bark, Though some patients were
averse to it at first, they soon requested to have it, when they
saw their companions in sickness recovering so fast under its
use. I afterwards received a supply of Cinchona from Trinidad,
but made no use of it.

I have also witnessed the best effects from this remedy since
my return to Demerara, although I could at that time seldom
procure it in a fresh state, owing to the long cessation of in-
tereourse with the Orinoko.

The Capuchin Friars of Carony had been in the habit of
preparing an Extract from this Bark, from the sale of which
they derived great pecuniary advantages, but from the trials 1

28 Dr. Hancock on the Angustura Bark Tree.

made with this it seems much inferior to the fresh bark or its
recent infusion.

The natives also use the bruised Bark as a means for intox-
icating fishes (Barbasco ), which affords a very singular coin-
cidence with what is mentioned by Dr. Saunders, of the same
use being made of the Cinchona Bark by the Peruvian Indians.

{ am fully convinced, from ample experience of the virtues
of this Bark, that it is one of the most valuable febrifuges we
possess, being adapted to the worst and most malignant bilious
fevers, while the fevers in which Cinchona is chiefly adminis-
tered are simple intermittents, for the most part unattended
with danger.

May I be allowed to hope that, with the assistance of the
above description and the accompanying plate, the GALIPEA
officinalis may be found on the higher lands (continuation of
the Carony mountains) near the falls ef the rivers Demerary
and Essequebo, and that the Bark may be thence imported in
a state much more fit for the London market than it is now to
be had, coming as it does through a circuitous route, the length
of which cannot but impair its properties.

I have thus endeavoured to lay before the Society the results
of my observations, humble as they are, and hope that, though
insignificant in themselves, they will lead to future investiga-
tions into the medicinal properties of this valuable remedy,
which I am fully convinced are not to this time sufficiently
known or appreciated.

REFERENCES TO PuArTE II.

i. Corolla just bursting.

2. Corolla expanded with the Stamina and Nectaria.
3. Stamen.

4. Calyx.

5. Pistillum,

6.

7

8.

Mme Germ in different states of advancement.

Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine. 29

9. The longer and shorter Petals compared.
10. The Pericarp.
ll. A single seed-vessel.
12. The Arillus or Perisperm.
13. The Seed.
14. Specimens of the Bark from different branches.
15. Ditto magnified.
N.B. All these parts are represented of their natural size, excepting the main
branch, which is reduced by one third.

Norfolk Street, Strand,
July Sth, 1828.

TV. GeneRAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE UTILITY OF
Borany 1N MEDICINE, AND ON THE MEANS OF DIS-
COVERING THE MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANTS OR
OF THEIR PRopUcTS; BY M. GrareLoup, M. D., Cor-
RESPONDING MEMBER OF THE RoyaAL ACADEMY OF
Sciences oF BORDEAUX, AND OF THE MEpDICco-BorTa-
NICAL Socigry, &e. &c. (Translated by Mr. J.P. Yosy,
and read Dec. 9th, 1828.)

ALL the classes into which the immense kingdom of vege-
tables is subdivided are tributary to Medicine. They enrich the
Materia Medica with its most useful articles. Each family of
plants may be considered as the copious source, from which the
practitioner skilled in Botany may seek the means adapted to
resist the different causes of the innumerable evils which afflict
the human species ; to change the different modes in which our
organs are affected by them ; to contribute, in one word, to the
establishment of that perfect equilibrium in the faculties and
functions of the constitution which secures health.

As the vegetable kingdom is the department in natural his-
tory most productive of medicinal substances, it cannot but be
felt how important its study must be in medicine, But it is

30 Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine.

particularly in Materia Medica and Therapeutics that Botany
renders the greatest services. It enables the physician to make
the best choice of those plants which are endowed with the most
active properties; it has the invaluable advantage of supplying,
instead of exotic medicines of which he is often deprived, spon-
taneous productions that he finds at every step.

Independent of these advantages, the botanical physician will
avoid the dangerous errors to which ignorance of falsified or
adulterated drugs must necessarily expose him. He will avoid
the fearful blunders made by those who do not know how to
distinguish the genera and species of plants, who are daily con-
founding poisonous with harmless plants, salutary and medicinal
plants with those which are useless, or the properties of which
are unknown.

It is well known how often the Hemlock (CoNIUM macu-
latum) has been confused with the common Fool’s Parsley
(4ErHUSA Cynapium), sometimes with the recumbent Cheryil,
sometimes with wild Chervil (CHZROFHYLLUM sylvestre ),
and sometimes with the Water Hemlock (PHELLANDRIUM
aquaticum ), &c. &c. '

Professor Gouan, of Montpellier, informs us, in his Lectures
on Botany, that he had seen an extract prepared from the wild
Chervil instead of the Hemlock; and Mr. Thou, a physician
and learned botanist, told me, that he had seen the same error
made with the ScANDIX Anthriscus. What a mistake! and
yet there are men in the profession who will condemn a know-
ledge of Botany.

We can all recollect that the Hellebore of Hippocrates, was
for a long time confounded with other plants of different genera.
Mr. Lemonier informs us, that at Paris the stinking Hellebore
(HELLEBORUS fetidus ) was employed in its stead. According
to Vogel and Hoffmam, the Germans used ADONIS vernalis and
Arnica montana. Haller and Albert discovered that it was
confounded with the root of Pouyconarum. Loesche dis-—
claimed against the use of the green Hellebore (HELLEBORUS
viridis); Schulzius against that of the Aconite, the root of

Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine. 31

which was substituted for that of the true Hellebore. And
indeed this active remedy was confounded with the roots of
TROLLIUS Europeus, ASTRANTIA major, ACTZA spicata, &e.

This fatal error lasted for several centuries, and it is easily
conceived that the employment of vegetables endowed with
such different properties, must have been attended with the
most fatal results ; and it is probable that this error would never
have been rectified, says Mr. Puyade, had it not been for the
inquiries of Professor Gouan.

This celebrated botanist, directed by Lemonier and Lieutaud
to solve this problem, demonstrated that the plant employed by
Hippocrates in the treatment of mania was the HELLEBORUS
orientalis amplissimo folio of Tournefort, which corresponds with
the HELLEBORUS niger of Linneus, the root of which is
blackish, of a bitter taste, and a foetid disagreeable smell.

Errors like these, resulting from an ignorance of Botany, are
of the greatest importance. They not only essentially injure the
reputation of the persons by whom they are committed, but
may also have the most lamentable results in compromising the
lives of patients. Let us add that this shameful and afflicting
negligence often causes unjustly the absolute proscription of a
precious medicine or of a plant of the greatest utility.

It is therefore of the utmost importance for the physician
to be well acquainted with botanical characters, by means of
which the genera and species of plants are to be distinguished.
This knowledge will assist that of their physical and medical
properties. But in regard to this, nothing is more useful to
throw light on the researches of these properties than the study
of the natural families, that is, of the science of the aflinities
which exist between certain parts of plants.

It is also with the assistance of this study that new remedies
may be discovered, and the extent of the Materia Medica
enlarged.

Rod. Jacob Camerarius, of Tiibingen, was the first medical
naturalist who aflirmed, that plants coinciding in their exterior

32 Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine.

forms were allied by their properties, ( Diss. de convenientia
plant. in fruct. et virtb. 1699).

Isenflamm (Method. plantar. Medic. clinice adminicul.)
Wilcke (De usu syst. sexualis in med. Diss.) in 1764; and
Gmelin (Botanic. et Chem. ad midicine applic.) in 1755, all
affirmed that the virtues of plants might be known by comparing
their exterior forms, or in taking for guides the natural and
proper characters of each family.

Linneus, that celebrated botanist, greatly strengthened this
opinion by the following rule, that plants of the same genus
had similar properties; that those of the same order had
neighbouring properties; and that those of the same class even
had analogies in their properties. Qu@ecunque planteé genere
conveniunt, says he, etiam virtute conveniunt ; que ordine
naturali continentur, etiam virtute proprius accedunt ; queque
classe naturali congruunt, etiam viribus quodammodo congruunt,
(Diss. de virib. plant. prop. a Frid. Hasselquist in Ameen.
academ. I. p. 427. Philos. Botanica, virtutes § 337).

M. de Jussieu adopted the same opinion, which he developed
in an excellent essay, inserted in the Collection of the Royal
Society of Medicine of Paris for the year 1786, vol. VIII, p. 188.

But no naturalist has carried the developments of this theory
so far and in so luminous a style as Mr. De Candolle, in his
learned dissertation, entitled, ‘‘ Essay on the medical properties
of plants, compared with their exterior forms and their natural
classification, according to the method of M. de Jussieu,”
(Paris, 1804).

This illustrious botanist and distinguished physician demon-
strates in this work, by proofs deducted from theory, observa-
tion, and experience, that there exists an analogy between the
general properties of each family and the exterior forms of
plants, although very respectable authorities, and amongst them
Vogel, Plaz, and Gleditsch, had strongly opposed themselves
to its possibility. (J. G. Gledistch Diss. de Method. Bot. dubia
et fallacio virtut. in plant, judice Lips, 1742.)

pie ~ et

%

Nee ee

i i ee oe

Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine. 33

At the present time this doctrine, far from being fallacious, is
considered by men of the greatest merit, as positive and very
advantageous. The labours of the chemist furnish daily proofs
of this truth, and, indeed, what other science is more proper to
investigate the medical, alimentary, and poisonous properties of
plants than chemistry, as it succeeds in revealing their essenti-
ally active principles?

It must be conceded that if the chemists of past centuries
had a high opinion of the analyses of medicines which they made,
in order to discover their medical properties, we must be per-
mitted to entertain great confidence in those which are furnished

us by the learned chemists of the day, and amongst them by

Vauquelin, Chevreuil, Pelletier, Braconnot, Boullai, Planche,
Parmentier, Prout, Thompson, Berzelius, &c. Indeed these
Analyses give us an exact knowledge of the principles which
enter into the composition of vegetable products ; they make us
appreciate with precision, the respective qualities of each of
these principles, whether they are found solitary, or in a state
of conjunction with either fixed (as often happens) or volatile

But this is not the place to expatiate on the salutary influence
which chemists assume in Materia Medica. It is just, however,
to observe, that if the physician ought to be versed in the study
of the natural sciences, and of botany in particular, he ought
not to be a stranger to chemistry. He will, undoubtedly, with
such information, be enabled to observe, more judiciously, the
results of the action of medicinal substances, introduced into a
deranged state of the constitution, and will be more capable of
fixing the medical properties of those substances.

Let us now return to the advantages arising from a knowledge
of the law of analogy, between the virtues of plants and their
exterior form.

_ Drapenaud and De Candolle affirm, that it is on this law
that rest the labours of the physician, the physiologist, and the
experimental chemist, who endeavours to substitute indigenous
medicines for exotic ones.

D

34 Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine.

M. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, reflecting on this subject,
‘‘does not think that it is necessary to procure, from another
hemisphere, all the drugs which we employ. He thinks that
when the properties of the vegetables of France come to be ex-
amined with care, all the necessary remedies will be found
amongst them, and that they will be as good as those, which,
by long abuse, are still bought in the most distant countries.”
(Rech. Hist. Botan. et Medic. sur les Narcisses indigenes,
1810, p. 17.)

It is also very probable, says Mr. Pujade, after M. De Can-
dolle, that the vomitive properties of the root of violets would
be unknown without the analogous knowledge of the Ipecacu-
anha, which is known to be procured from two different genera ;
the white from the VioLA Ipecacuanha, which grows in Brazil ;
the grey from the PsycHoTRIA Calicocca ; and the brown from
the Psychotria emetica, which are indigenous to Mexico.

Again, we should perhaps be unacquainted with the purga-
five powers of our Bindweeds (CONVOLVULUS), and of our
RuMEX, without the Scammony procured from the CoNVOL-
VULUS Scammonia, and without the Rhubarb, which is the
root of RHEUM palmatum, undulatum, and Rhaponticum, plants
of the same family.

It is according to the laws of analogy, that Forster, finding
the LEPIDIUM oleraceum, in the South Sea Islands, used with
great success as an antiscorbutic; and that Jussieu, Duhamel,
and Lemery, have demonstrated, that the PoLyGaLa of Europe
was employed for the same purposes, and with as much success
in pleurisy as the PoLYGALA Seneka of Virginia.

It is in consequence of this law, founded on the similarity of
botanicaland medicinal characters, that the Gentianez , on account
of their bitter principle, are considered as excellent tonics,
stomachies, and febrifuges ; that the Cruciferee, which contain
a bitter and ammoniacal juice, are thought very good stimulants
of the lymphatic system, and of course the best antiscorbutic
and, scrofulous vegetables; that the Liliacee and Colchicee,
the bulbs of which contain a very bitter gum resinous principle,

Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine. 35

have stimulating, energetic, and even poisonous principles ; that
the grains of the Graminee being farinaceous and containing
much gluten, are eminently nutritive; that the Thymelex, the
bark of which is very caustic, are rubefacient and blistering ;
that the Papaveracee, having a milky, disagreeable, and narco-
tie juice, have all that powerful somniferous property, which
has, at the same time, the power of allaying pain; that the
Malvacez, being mucilaginous, are emollient and softening ; that
the Euphorbie, containing an acrid and caustic gum resinous
juice, are emetic and diuretic; that the Umbellifere, having
in general aromatic seeds, a property owing to the presence of
an essential oil, are stimulating, tonic, carminative, and anti-
spasmodic ; that the genus CINCHONA, so rich in species, having
a bitter and astringent bark, has been hitherto considered as the
most powerful tonic, and the most certain febrifuge ; and that
the Conifere are stimulating and diuretic, on account of the
resinous aromatic juice, analogous to turpentine, which they
possess.

This law of analogy certainly has exceptions, even amongst
certain species of the same genus, but they are small in number,
and depend oftner, as M. De Candolle observes, on our igno-
rance of botany, on the soil in which the plant grows, on the
climate it vegetates in, on the severity of the seasons, on the
influence of light, heat, cold, and the diseases to which plants
are subject.

‘This law may be applicable in classes, the families of which
offer striking differences; for example, in the Cryptogamia of
Linneus, if exceptions are found, there are also many points of
similarity, which bring together many genera in one family,
whether with regard to their botanical characters or medicinal
properties. Thus the marine Alge are all closely connected by
their exterior resemblance, their habitation, their physical qua-
lities, their chemical principles, and their medical properties ; a
great number of Fuci, Ceramias, Confervas, and Ulvas, pos-
sess the vermifuge properties in as high a degree as the Fucus
helminthocorton. It is worthy of observation, that the Corsican

dp 2

36 Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine.

moss, obtained in the trade, is only a mixture of many species of
marine Conferve and Ceramias. M. De Candolle found 18 dif-
ferent species, and the Fucus helminthocorton did not constitute
one third part of the parcel he examined.

The same analogy has led to a knowledge of the anthelmintic
properties of the roots of the large species of Ferns, of the
tonic and nutritive properties of the foliaceous Lichens, of the
physica and cladonia, of the poisonous effects of the greater
number of mushrooms, &c.

Medical experience has sanctioned all these discoveries of the
properties of plants. It is the triumph of that great analogic
principle: Quod planta, que genere conveniebant, qua vires
etiam coinciderent. (Linn. amen. acad. vires. plant. t. I, p. 420.)

But medical experience ought to anticipate the rights of
chemical analysis and botanical analogy. The union of the
insight furnished by these three powerful sources is absolutely
necessary. When researches are being made on properties un-
known amongst vegetables, medical experience is an essentially
empiric mode. It could not proceed alone without being fre-
quently exposed to eminent danger. Enlightened by the assist-
ance of botany and chemistry, this mode is of the greatest
importance, as it establishes the real properties of plants or of
vegetable medicines.

Is it not true that a root, a bark, or a flower, endowed with a
bitter juice, will be immediately considered as bearing tonic or
febrifuge qualities ; but if it is bitter and caustic will it not be said
that it isirritating? Then, if it causes irritation, principally in
the digestive organs, it may give rise to evacuations, either
as a purgative or vomitive; it will be an emeto-cathartic or
drastic, according to the power of its irritating and evacuating
property. But this same substance may also be a strong and ac-
tive poison. We have similar examples in the Euphorbia, the
Elaterium, the Colocynth, the Croton. To this we should
be exposed by recurring to medical experience only. But
if chemical analysis is employed to operate on the substance of
which I haye spoken, and it is demonstrated that it possesses a

Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine. 87

bitter principle, in union with a gummy or gum resinous prin-
ciple, or with a very active substance, sui generis, or with
neutral or specific salts, or with some alcalis or acids, or again
with some oily or volatile principle, shall we not have acquired
a more exact and luminous knowledge of its virtues and use-
fulness in therapeutics?

Add to this the knowledge you have anteriorly derived from
the botanical relations which exist between the plant which has
furnished the substance and those which compose the genus or
the family to which it may belong, and you will have before you
every thing which can enable you to ascertain its mode of action
with precision. Nothing will remain but to describe its more
or less active properties, which may be applied more or less
usefully in different diseases, which cannot but be the result of
a long series of experiments. Then medical experience will be
of the greatest utility.

For a long time medical empiricism has been the sole guide
to the discovery of medicines. It was often founded on the
instinct of animals or patients, who directed them to such and

_such a remedy, which proved useful. This empiricism must al-
ways be preceded by the application of the senses of seeing,
tasting, or smelling, in order to appreciate the physical qualities
of the taste, smeH, or colour, proper to each substance. This
analysis, on the part of our senses, particularly taste and smell,
are certainly very essential, and the first to be employed. Frede-
rick Hoffmann, Hebenstreit, and Wedel, have given, on this
subject, the best precepts and the most instructive lessons.

Mr. Virey justly observes, that those vegetables only, endowed
with odorous and sapid principles, produce medicamentous
actions ; while inodorous and insipid plants have few virtues,
and are, at most, emollient and softening: hot and dry countries
develop more especially the odoriferous and savoury properties
of plants, and hence the aromatic and volatile oils acquire a
delightful perfume in the ardent climates of the Torrid Zone.
( Virey, Remarks on the medical prop. of Vegetables, Journ. de
Pharm. April 1820.)

388 Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine.

Hippocrates, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Galen, Aétius,
were the first amongst the ancients who endeavoured to recog-
nise medical properties by their taste. And amongst the mo-
derns, Koenig, Johnston, Femel, Cartheuser, Walter, and
Linnzus, have published excellent Dissertations on this subject.
The last of these authors establishes that plants having the same
taste are probably endowed with similar properties. It is thus
that bitter vegetables (amara) are only strengthening and anti-
septic; the sweet substances (dulcia) are laxative; those which
are acrid (acra) are heating and irritating ; the acerba are astrin-
gent; the acids are refreshing ; the oily ones lubrefiant.

It is the same with the application of the olfactory nerves to
discover the agreeable or foetid properties of vegetable sub-
stances, Linneus has also consecrated a Dissertation to this
subject (Amen. acad, vol. II. p. 365), wherein we observe that
aromatic plants (aromatice) increase the nervous influx, and ac-
celerate the circulation of the humours; that the fragrants
stimulate and strengthen the weakened nerves ; that the tetrice,
with a disagreeable and foetid odour, calm the nervous system,
and the hircine are aphrodisiac; while the alliacee provoke
transpiration, and are anthelmintic, &c.

Chance has also led to several very useful discoveries. We
are indebted to it amongst the Indians for the febrifuge properties
of the Peruvian Bark. But these discoveries are very rare and
always imperfect; those also which result from an analysis by the
taste and smell are not sufficient, and might lead us into serious
errors, if exclusive confidence was placed in them. Moreover,
this knowledge is too closely allied with chemical analysis to be
separable from it. This last, united with the trials in medicine,
offers none of the inconveniences attendant upon all other means,
particularly when preceded by researches founded on the analo-
gous relations of vegetables.

In order to direct with success medical experiments, it has
been thought necessary to make the first essays on domestic
animals, the organization and habits of which are more closely
allied to those of man, Cats and dogs have generally been pre-

Dr. Grateloup on the utility of Botany in Medicine. 39

ferred. It is very probable that as soon as a substance has been
found to have a deleterious effect on these animals, it ought to
be regarded as injurious to man. Essays made with much pru-
dence and eare on sick persons, or even men in perfect health,
have subsequently proved whether it ought to be consigned
amongst the poisons, or placed as a remedy amongst the other
articles of the Materia Medica. We ought to cite, as remark-
able instances of experiments, those of Professor Stork, on
the Conrtum, AconiruM, CoLtcuicum, Hyosciamus, &c.;
those of Doctor Alston, on the narcotic effects of Opium; those
of Withering, Horn, Fowler, Parkinson, on the DiciTaLis
purpurea ; those of Greding, Hufeland, Munch, and Mayerne,
on the ATRoPA Belladonna ; those of Horn, Hoffmann, Brug-
natelli, on Camphor, &c. &c,

I will here terminate these general observations. It seems to
me that independently of the actual utility of botany in medi-
cine being undoubted, we may conclude, from all that has been
said, that in order to obtain a solid notion of the medical pro-
perties of plants, we must of necessity require,

First. The assistance of the law of botanieal analogy, es-
tablished between the families and genera of plants, in order to
be able to judge, in the first instance, of their general properties.

Secondly. The assistanee offered by chemical analysis, which
reveals the constituent principles of plants or of their products.

And, thirdly. The assistance resulting from medical expe-
rience, which gives a knowledge of the mode of action of me-
dicinal articles; and, as a necessary consequence, of their par-
ticular or specific actions.

40 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

V. CATALOGUS PLANTARUM MEDICINALIUM IN ETRURIA
SPONTE NASCENTIUM, SYSTEMATES LINNEANO DISTRI-
BUTUS, AUCTORE OcTAVIANO Tarciont, M, D., Fio--
RENTINO,*

Cuassis I. MONANDRIA.

1. SALIcoRNIA’ fruticosa. Salicornia, Off. Erba Kali,
Vulg. Habitat ad littora maris. Extrahitur Soda.

2. SAxicorRNia herbacea. Salicornia, Off. Bacicci, Vulg.
Hab. ad littora maris et circa aquas salsas Thermarum
Montis Catini.

Ci. If. DIANDRIA.

3. LicusTruUM vulgare. Ligustro, Of. Ruvistico, Vulg.
Hab. in sepibus.

4. Oxea Europea. Olivo, Off. et Vulg. Colitur ubique
in collibus, et non raro invenitur supra muros et turres,
seminibus ab avibus defertis.

5. VERONICA officinalis. Veronica silvestre, Of. Thi
Europeo, Vulg. Hab. in montibus. }

6. VERONICA Beccabunga. Beecabunga, Off et Vulg.
Hab. in fossis aque currentis.

7. VERONICA. Anagallis. Veronica aquatica, Off. Cres-
cione, Vulg. Hab. in fossis aque currentis.

8. GRATIOLA officinalis. Graziola, Off. Stanea Cavallo,
Vulg. Hab. in pratis humidis et paludosis.

9. Lycorus Europeus. Licopo, Off. Erba sega, Vulg.
Hab. circa fossas. Male a Rizotomis affertur pro Marrubio.

10. RosMARINUS officinalis. Ramerino, Off. et Vulg. Hab,
in collibus, coliturque in hortis,

* This Catalogue accompanied the collection of officinal plants, presented to
the Society by His Imperial and Royal Highness Leopold II, Grand Duke of
Tuscany, December 9, 1828; and the Society's Silver Medal for 1829 was
awarded to the author for the same.

—— *

Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 41

11. SALVIA offcinalis. Salvia maggiore, Off. Salvia co-
mune, Salvia da uccelli, Vulg. Colitur in hortis, et
aufuga ex hortis reperitur in campis.

12. Satvia Sclarea. Sclarea, Gallitrico, Off. Erba mos-
eadella, Trippa madama, Vulg. Hab. in collibus maritimis,
coliturque in bortis.

Cui. Il. TRIANDRIA.

13. VALERIANA oficinalis. Valeriana silvestre, Off. Vale-
riana minore, Amantilla, Vulg. Hab. in montosis.

14. VALERIANA Phu, Valeriana maggiore, Off. et Vulg.
Amantilla, Vulg. Hab. in montosis.

15. Crocus sativus officinalis. Zafferano, Off. et Vulg.
Colitur in Agro Volaterrano, nunc in agris expansus.

(16. Iris Florentina yar, fl. albo.

17. Iris Florentina var, fl. purpureo. § Treos.. Off
Giaggulo, Vulg, Hab. supra moenia urbis Florentie. Co-
litur etiam ad margines arvorum in collibus. Florentina
nil differt nisi colore floris albo vel purpureo.

18. Iris fetidissima. Xiride, Off. Giglio de morti, Ri-
eottaria, Vulg. Hab. circa fossas et in sylvis humidis.

‘19. Iris Pseud-acorus. Acoro falso, Off. Coltellacci, Giglio

giallo, Vulg. Hab. in fossis et paludosis.

20. Cyperus longus. Cipero lungo, Cipero odorato, Of.
Cunzia, Giunco odorato, Vulg. Hab. cirea rivos.

21. Cyperus olivaris Targ. Cipero olivare, Ghianda della
terra, Scialino, Vulg. Hab. in campis circa fluvios. Male
pro Cipero rotundo orientali venditur.

22. ARUNDO Donax. Canna montana, Off. Canna domes-
tica, Vulg. Colitur ubique ad aggeres et in arvis.

23. Triricum repens. Gramigna, Off. Gramigna, Dente
eanino, Caprinella, Vulg. Hab. ubique in arvis et herbidis.

24. Lotium temulentum. Loglio, Gioglio, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. inter segetes.

25. CyNopON dactylon. Gramigna, Off. et Vulg. Ca-
priola, Vulg. Hab, in gramimosis,

42 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.
Cit. IV. TETRANDIA.

26. Scaxsiosasuccisa. Morsus Diaboli, Succisa, Off. Ve-
dovella salvatica, Vulg. Hab. in Valle Nebulz prop Vil-
lam Bellavista dictam, et in collibus cirea Florentiam.

27. SCABIOSA arvensis. Scabbiosa, Off. Gallinaccia, Vulg.
Hab. in arvis.

28. GALIUM verum. Gallio. Off. Caglio, Presuola, Vulg.
Hab. in pratis.

29. RuBia tinctorum. Robbia, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in se-
pibus et aggeribus.

30. PLANTAGO major. Piantaggine, Off. Petacciola, Vulg.
Hab. in pratis, et secus vias.

31. PLANTAGO media. Piantaggine mezzana, Off. Petac-
ciola pelosa, Vulg. Hab. in pratis.

32. PuantTaco lanceolata. Piantaggine, Alnoglossa, Off.
Lanciuola, Vulg. Hab. in pratis and secus vias.

33. PLantTaco Psylium. Psillio, Silio, Off. Pulicaria,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus cretaceis.

34. Trapanatans. Tribolo aquatico, Off. Castagna d’ ac-
qua, Vulg. Hab in lacubus.

35. CorNus Mascula. Corniolo, Crognolo, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in montosis.

36. ALCHEMILLA vulgaris. Alchimilla, Off. Pie de Leone,
Erba ventaglina, Vulg. Hab. in Apenninis.

Ci. V. PENTANDRIA.

37. HeELioTropiuM Europeum. Verrucaria, Off. Dittamo
salvatico, Erba de porri, Vulg. Hab. secus vias.

38. LirHOSPERMUM officinale. Milium Solis, Milium Soler,
Off. Miglio al sole, Vulg. Hab. in aggeribus.

39. ANCHUSA officinalis. Buglossa, Off. Lingua di Bue,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus Mugellanis.

40. Ancuusa Italica. Buglossa, Of. Lingua di Bue,
Vulg. Hab. circa vias, et in incultis. Utitur loco Anchuse
officinalis, quia vulgatior.

Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 43

41. CyNoGLossuM officinale. .

42. CYNOGLOssuUM pictum. ; Cinaglossa, Of.
Lingua di cane, Vulg. Hab. in collibus secus vias.

43. PULMONARIA officinalis. Polmonaria, Off. Borrana
salyatica, Vulg. Hab. in umbrosis collibus.

44. SyMPHYTUM officinale. Consolida maggiore, Of. Erba
conferma, Vulg. Hab. in nemoribus montuosis.

45. Boraco officinalis. Borrana, Off. Borragine, Vulg.
Hab. aufuga ex hortis ubi colitur.

46. PRIMULA vulgaris. Primula veris, Off. Primavere,
Vulg. Hab. in herbidis montuosis.

47. CyCLAMEN Europeum, Lin. Ciclamino, Artanita, Of.
Pan poreino, Vulg. Hab. ad sepes in umbrosis.

48. MENYANTHEs trifoliata. Trifoglio fibrino, Of. Tri-
foglione d’acqua, Vulg. Hab. ad margines Lacuus Blentine.

49. Lysimacuia vulgaris. Lisimachia, Off. Mazza d’ oro,
Vulg. Hab ad ripas, et in pratis humentibus.

50. LysimacnHiA Nummularia. Centimorbia, Off. Erba
quattrina, Vulg. Hab. secus fossas.

51. ANAGALLIS arvensis. Anagallide, Morsus galline, Off.
Centonchio rosso, Vulg. Hab. inter segetes.

52. PiumBaco Europea. Dentellaria, Off. _Caprinella,
Crepanella, Vulg. Hab. in campis agri Coritani.

53. CoNvoLvuULuS Soldanella. Soldanella, Off. Cavolo
di mare, Soldana, Vulg. Hab ad littora maris.

54. Hyosciamus albus. Josciama bianeo, Off. Dente
ceayallino, Disturbio, Vulg. Hab. ad meridiem domorum
rusticarum in viis.

55. Hyosciamus niger. Josciamo nero, Off. Hab. in in-
ceultis Apenninis.

56. Arropa Mandragora. Mandragora, Off. Mela canina,
Vulg. Hab. in Apenninis.

57. Avrora Belladona. Belladona, Of. et Vulg. Hab. in
sylvis umbrosis.

58. Puysais Alkekengi. Alchechengi, Solatro alicacabo,
Of. Accatengi, Palloncini, Vulg. Hab, ad sepes in umbrosis.

44 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

59. Datura Stramonium. 2

60. Datura Tatula. b)
Noce puzza, Noce spinosa, Vulg. Hab. in agro Pisano.

61. SoLANUM nigrum. Solano ortense, Ballerina, Erba
puzza, Vulg. Hab. in recrementis hortorum.

62. SoLANuM Dulcamara. Dulcamara, Amaradolce, Off.
Vite de Guidea, Corallini, Vulg. Hab. in sepibus et umbrosis.

63. Raamnus Frangula. Frangola, Off. Putine, Spin-
cervino minore, Vuly. Hab. frequens in sylvis non longe
a mare.

64. Ruamnus catharticus. Ramno catartico, Spincervino
maggiore, Off. Spincerbino, Spino merlo, Vulg. Hab.
ibidem.

65. Zizypuus vulgaris. Giuggiolo, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
culta ubique et in sepibus.. Pericarpia matura decoctum
pectorale ingrediuntur.

66. Evonimus Europeus. Evonimo, Off. Fusaggine, Be-
retto da prete, Vulg. Hab. in sylvulis.

67. Hepera Helix. Ellera, Off. et Vulg. Lettera, Vulg.
Muros et arbores ascendit in umbrosis.

68. VirTis vinifera sylvestris. Vite salvatica, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in Provincia Senensi inferiore, maximas arbores

Stramonio, Off.

coascendens.

69. Viowa odorata. Viala mammola, Violaria, Off. Mam-
mola, Vulg. Hab. ad. ripas fluviorum.

70. Vrouw tricolor. Erba trinitas, Jacea, Off. Suoccra e
nuora, Minuti pensieri, Vulg. Hab. in campis et locis
herbidis montuosis.

71. Vinca major. Vinca pervinea, Off. Fior da morto,
Vulg. Hab. ad sepes.

72. CyNANCHUM Vincetoxicum. Vineitossico, Off. Erba
seta salvatica, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis montuosis.

73. PeripLoca Greca. Periploca, Aposino serpeggiante,
Off. Topi, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis maritimis Pisarum.

74. ErytTHraA Centaurium. Centaurea minore, Off. Cae-
cia febbre, Biondella, Vulg. Hab. in pratis.

Turgioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 45

75. GENTIANA Pneumonanthe. Genziana, Of. et Vulg.
Hab. in montibus.

76. Cuscura Europea. Cuscuta, Of. Talpaterra, Gran-
chierella, Vulg. Hab. in cultis; parasita Lini, Medicagi-
nis, Geniste, &c.

77. Herniaria hirsuta. Erniaria, Off. Renajola, Vulg.
Hab. in arenosis.

78. Sausoia Kali. Kali, Soda, Off. Ba-
cieci, Capelli del Diavolo, Riscoli, Vulg.gHabitant ad

79. Sausota Tragus. Erba Kali, Of. littora maris,
Trago, Roscano, Vulg. ex quibus So-

80. Sausouia Soda. Soda, Of. da extrahitur.

81. SALso a sativa. Ischeri, Vulg.

82. Uxmus campestris. Olmo piramidale, Off. Olmo, Vulg.
Hab. ubique in sylvis et in cultis.

83. ERYNGIUM campestre. Eringio, Of. Calcatreppola,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus sterilibus. ;

84. SanicuLa Europea. Sanicula, Diapensia, Off. Erba
fragolina, Vulg. Hab. in montuosis.

85. Amoi Visnaga. Bisnaga, Of. et Vulg. Hab. in agro
Volaterrano.

86. AmmMi majus. Ammi, Of. Rizomolo maggiore, Vulg.
Hab. in eampis.

87. Conium maculatum. Cicuta, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in
aggeribus prope Pisas, et alibi ad fossas.

88. ArTHAMANTA Meum. Meo barbuto, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in montuosis.

89. CritrHmum maritimum. Critamo, Off. Finnocchio ma-
rino, Vulg. Hab. ad littora maris.

90. Tordy.iumM officinale. Tordilio, Off. Capo bianco,
Ombrellini di prato, Vulg. Hab. in pratis.

91. Licusricum Levisticum, Levyistico, Off. Sedano di
Montagna, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

92. ANGELICA sylvestris. Angelica salvatica, Of et Vulg.
Hab. in sylvis.

46 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

93. Srum nodiflorum. Erbacannella, Off. Crescione, Vulg.
Hab. in fossis.
94, Sison Amomum. Amomo, Off. Sisone, Vulg. Hab.
circa Florentiam.
95. Si1son Ammi. Ammi, Off. Finocchiella, Vulg. Hab.
ibidem.
96. OENANTHE pimpinelloides. Filipendula aquatica, Of.
Prezzemolo @ acqua, Vulg. Hab. in pratis humidis.
97. PHELLANDRIUM aquaticum. Fellandrio, Off. Finocchio
aquatico, Vulg. Hab. in fossis agri Pisani.
98. AETHUSA Cynapium. Cicuta aglina, Off. Prezzemolo
salvatico, Vulg. Hab. ad sepes et in arvis.
99. CoRIANDRUM ftesticulatum. Coriandolo salvatica, Off.
et Vulg. Hab. inter segetes.
100. CH#ROPHYLLUM sylvestre. Mirride salvatica, Off. et
Vulg. Hab. ad sepes in umbrosis.
101. ImPERATORIA Ostruthium. Imperratoria, Off. et Vulq.
Hab. in Apeninnis.
102. PASTINACA sativa. Pastinaca, Elafobosco, Off. Pas-
tinata, Pastricciani, Vulg. Hab. in herbosis.
103. SMyRNIUM Olusatrum. Smirnio, Off. Macerone, Vulg.
Hab. ad ripas fossarum.
104. ANETHUM Feniculum acre. Finocchio, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. ubique.
105. Aicoropium Podagraria. Podagraria, Off. Angelica
salvatica, Vulg. Hab. in umbrosis.
106. Ruus Coriaria. Sommacco, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in
collibus sylvosis.
107. Ruus Cotinus. Scotano, Off. et Vulg. Capecchio,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus sylvosis.
108. SamsBucus nigra. Sambuco, Off. et Vulg. Zambuco,
Vulg. Hab. in planis humidis.
109. SamsBucus Ebulus. Ebulo, Off. Ebbio, Nebbio, Vulg.
Hab. ad ripas.
110. TAMARIX gallica. Tamerigia, Off. Cipresso salato,
Cipressina, Vulg. Hab. circa rivos prope mare.

Targioni's Catalogue of Tuscan Planis. 47

111. Srartice Limonium. Limonio Behen rosso, Of. Bu-
tula, Vulg. Hab. ad littora maris.

112. Linum catharticum. Lino cathartico, Off. Lino sal-
vatico, Lino sottile, Vulg. Hab. in pratis.

CL. VI. HEXANDRIA.
113. Litium candidum. Giglio, Off. et Vulg. Giglio di S.

Antonio, Vulg. Hab. non raro, et inyentitur in collibus ;
an aufuga ex hortis ?

114. SciLua maritima. Scilla, Off. et Vulg. Hab. ad littora
maris in insula Ilva (Elba).

115. ASPARAGUS acutifolius. Sparagio salvatico, Off. et
Vulg. Sparagiaja, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis.

116. CoNVALLARIA majalis. Mughetto, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in montibus, colliturque in hortis.

117. CoNVALLARIA polygonatum. Poligonato, Off. Sigillo
di Salomone, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis Vallis Umbrose.

118. Brreeris vulgaris. Berberi, Off. Trespino, Crespino,
Vulg. Hab. in Apenninis.

119. Loranruus Europeus. Visco quercino, Off. Pania,
Vulg. Hab. parasita in Quercu, in sylvis.

120. Rumex alpinus. Rabarbaro falso, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in Apenninis.

121. Rumex Acetosa. Acetosa, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in syl-
vis montuosis, coliturque in hortis.

122. Rumex Acetosella. Acetosa piccola, Of. et Vulg.
Solecciola, Vulg. Hab. in campis.

123. CoLcHicuM autumnuale. Colchico, Of. Zafferano bas-
tardo, Vulg. Hab. in pratis.

Ci. VII. HEPTANDRIA.

124. AEscuius Hipocastaneum. Castagno d’ India, Off. et
Vulg. Colitur in ambulaeris. (Nulla hujus classis planta
medicinalis spontanea in Etruria reperitur.)

48 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

Cui. VIII. OCTANDRIA.

125. DAapPHNE Mezereum. Camelea, Off. Olivella, Vulg.
Hab. in sylvis Vallis Umbrose.

126. DapuHNe Laureola. Laureola, Off. Olivella, Pepe
montano, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis Vallis Umbrose.

127. Potyconum Bistorta. Bistorta, Off. Serpentina,
Vulg. Hab. in pratis.

128. Potyconum Hydropiper. Erba pepe, Of. et vie
Pepe @’ acqua, Vulg. Hab. in fossis.

129. Pontyconum Persicaria. Persicaria, Off. Cucitoli,
Salcerella, Vaulg. Hab. in fossis.

130. Potyconum aviculare. Poligono, Of. eo ae
Centimorbia, Vulg. Hab. in arenosis.

131. Paris quadrifolia. Erba Paris, Off. Erba crociona,
Uva di Volpe, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis Vallis Umbrose.

Ci. IX. ENNEANDRIA.

132. Laurus nobilis. Allora, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in collibus
Pisanis, coliturque in Viridariis.

133. RHEUM Rhaponticum. Rapontico, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in Apenninis alterioribus.

Ci. X. DECANDRIA.

134. ANnacyrRis fetida. Anagirida, Off. Fagioli della
Madonna, Favia lupina, Vulg. Hab. circa Liburnum (Leg-
horn) et in provincia Senensi inferiore.

135. Dicramnus albus. Fraxinella, Off. Dittamo bianco,
Limonella, Vulg. Hab. in Apenninis Mugellanis et Pis-
toriebus.

136. Ruta Chalepensis Ruta, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in mon-
tibus.

137. ArsutTus Unedo. Corbezzolo, Of. et Vulg. Albatrello,
Vulg. Hab. in montibus frequentior in Senensibus.

138. Arsutus Uva Ursi. Uva orsina, Of. Ova d’ orso,
Vulg. Hab. in Apennino Pistoriensi.

Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 49

139. SaPoNaria officinalis. Saponaria, Off. Coridisi, Ga-

i rofoli a mazzeti, Vulg. Hab. cirea fossas.

140. Dianraus Caryophyllus. Viole, Garofanini, Of. et
Vulg. Hab. in montosis.

141. Cucusatus Behen. Behen bianco, Off. Bubbolini,
Strigoli, Vulg. Hab. in arvis.

142. SepumM acre. Erba da calli, Off. et Vulg. Hab. inter
muscos et supra muros vetustos.

143. Sepum Telephium. Fabaria, Off. Erba 8S. Giovanni,
Vulg. Hab. ad ripas sylvarum.

144. OXALIs corniculata. Acetosella, Trifoglio acetoso, Off.
Alleluja, Carpigna, Vulg. Hab. ubique.

145. Oxa.is Acetosella. Acetosella, Trifoglio acetoso, Off.
Alleluja, Erba Luliola, Vuly. Hab. in montosis.

Ci. XI. DODECANDRIA.

146. Asarum Europeum. Asaro, Cariofillata salvatica, Asa-
rabachara, Of. Baccara, Vulg. Hab. in Apennino Mu-

_ gellano, et Faullie.

147. .Lyrurum Salicaria. Salicaria, Off. Riparella, Ver-
ga rossa dei fossi, Vulg. Hab. in fossis Montis Maurilli.

148. Acrimonia Eupatoria. Agrimonia, Off. Erba da
andata, Erba Guglielmo, Vulg. Hab. ad ripas.

149. Evurnorsia Chamesyce. Erba da pondi, Erba pondina,

Off. et Vulg. Hab. in campis.

150. Evurnorsia Lathyris. Catapuzia, Off. Cacapuza,
Esca da pesci, Vulg. » Hab. in incultis.

151. SeMpERVivUM tectorum. Semprevivo, Off. Sopra-
vivolo, Erba da Calli, Vulg. Hab. in tectis et supra muros
vetustos.

Ci. XII. ICOSANDRIA.

152. Myrrus communis. Mirto, Mortella, Of. Mortella,
Mortine, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.
153. Punica Granatum. Melagrano, Balausti, Of. Me-
lograno, Melogranato, Vulg. Hab. in sepibus non longe
a Florentia.
K:

50 Targioni's Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

154. PRUNUS spinosa. Prugnolo, Off. Susina di macchia,
Vulg. Hab. in sepibus.

155. Sorsus domestica. Sorbo, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in ne-
moribus montanis.

156. PyRUS communis sylvestris. Pero salvatico, Peruggine,
Off. et Vulg. Hab. in sylvulis.

157. Pyrus Malus. Melo salvatico, Meluggine, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in sylvulis.

258. MesprLus Germanica. Mespolo. Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in sylvulis.

159. Spir#A Ulmaria. Ulmaria, Olmaria, Off. Barba ca-
prina, Vulg. Hab. in pratis Apenninis.

460. Spina Filipendula. Filipendula, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in pratis montosis.

461. Rosa canina. Roselline, Off. Rosa dimacehia, Rosa
salvatica, Vulg. Hab. in sepibus, locisque incultis.

462. Rosa rubiginosa. Roselline, Off. Rosa di macchia,
Vulg. Hab. in sepibus et in incultis.

163. Rosa sempervirens. Roselline, Off. Rosa lustra, Vulg.
Hab. in sepibus.

164. Rusus fruticosus. Rogo, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in sepi-
bus, locisque incultis.

165. Rubus fruticosus var. inermis. Rogo, Off. Rogo di
S. Antonio, Vulg- Hab. in Monte Alverniz.

166. Rusus Ideus. Rogo ideo, Off. Lampone, Vulg. Hab.
in sylvis montosis.

167. FRAGARIA vesca. Fragola, Off. et Vulg. Hab. ubique
im collibus.

368. PoTENTILLA reptans. Potentilla, Of. Cinque foglio,
Vulg. Hab. in herbosis.

169. ToRMENTILLA erecta. Tormentilla, Of. et Vulg. Hab.
in collibus.

170. Geum urbanum. Cariofillata, Of. Garofanaia, Vulg.
Hab. in sylvis.

Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 51

Ci. XII. POLYANDRIA.
171. CApparis spinosa. Cappero, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in

muris et in meeniis urbis Florentiz.

172. CHELIDONIUM majus. Celidonia, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in umbrosis ad sepes.

173. Papaver Rheas. Rosolaccio, Off. et Vulg. Hab. fre-
quens in arvis.

174. Nympna alba. Nimfea, Of. Nannun fero, Vulg.
Hab. in lacu Blentine.

175. T1v1a Europea. Tilio, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in Apen-
ninis Vallis Umbrose.

176. Ponta officinalis. Peonia, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in Mon-
tibus Mugellanis.

177. Dewrninium Consolida. Consolidaminore, Off. Fior
capuccio salyatico, Vulg. Hab. inter segetes.

178. DevpHINium Staphysagria. Stafisagria, Off. Stra-
fizeca, Vulg. Hab. inter segetes in Provincia inferiore
Senensi.

179. AQUILEGIA vulgaris. Aquilegia, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in montibus.

180. NIGELLA damascena. Melantio, Off. Scapigliata, Vulg.
Hab. inter segetes.

181. ANEMONE hepatica, Lin. Epatica, Off. Erba trinitas,
Vulg. Hab. in sylvis montosis.

182. ANEMONE Pulsatilla. Pulsatilla, Of. et Vulg. Hab.
ad littora maris.

183. Crurmaris Flammula. Flammola, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in incultis.

184, RANUNCULUS aconitifolius. Ranunculo Apennino, Vulg.
Hab. in montibus Apenninis. Male pro Aconito affertur a

t Rizotomis.

185. He&Liesorus niger. Elleboro nero, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in sylvis.

186. Hev.xsorus viridis. Elleboro nero falso, Of. Erba
nocea, Vulg. Hab, in collibus,

rR 2

52 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

187. HELLEBORUS fetidus. Elleboro fetido, Off. Cavole
di lupo, Vulg. Hab. ad sepes in umbrosis.

Ci. XIV. DIDYNAMIA.

188. AJUGA reptans. Bugola, Consolida mezzana, Off. Erba
mora, Morandola, Vulg. Hab. ad ripas.

189. Asuca Chamepythis. Ivartetica, Chamepizio, Off.
Canapicchio, Vulg. Hab. inter segetes.

190. Trucrium Scordium. Scordio, Off. Erba aglio, Vulg.
Hab. circa fossas in collibus.

191. TrEucrium Chamedrys. Camedrio, Off. Erba quer-
ciola, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

192. Trucrium Scorodonia. Scorodonia, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in collibus.

193. SATuREJA hortensis. Satureja, Off. Santoreggia, Vulg.
Hab. in ecampis et collibus.

194. Lavanpuua Spica. Lavendula, Off. Spigo, Vulg.
Hab. in collibus apricis.

195. LAVANDULA Stechas. Stecade, Sticade, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in monte pisano.

196. MENTHA rotundifolia. Menta salvatica, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. circa fossas in collibus.

197. MENTHA sylvestris. Menta salvatica, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in campis.

198. MeEnTHA Pulegium. Puleggio, Off. Mentuccia, Vulg.
Hab. in pratis humidis. '

199. GLEcHOMA hederacea. Edera terrestre, Off. Ellera
terragnola, Vulg. Hab. ad sepes.

200. BrrTonica officinalis. Bettonica, Of. Vettonica, Vulg.
Hab. in collibus.

201. Marrusium vulgare. Marubbio, Off. Marubbio, Mal-
robbio, Vulg. Hab. in siccis.

202. BALLora nigra. Marubbio fetido, Off. Cimiciotto, Vulg.
Hab. in umbrosis.

203. Lzonurus Cardiaca. Cardiaca, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in ruderatis prope Monte Ladrone.

A

Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 53

204. CLINopopIUM vulgare. Clinopodium, Off. Menta dei
greppi, Vulg. Hab. in montibus.

205. ORIGANUM vulgare. Origano, Off. Regamo, Vulg.
Hab. in collibus.

206. THyMuS vulgaris. Timo, Off. Pepolino, Sermollino,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus et nemoribus.

207. Tuymus Serpyllum. Serpillo, Off. Pepolino salvatico,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

208. Tuymus Calamintha. Calaminta, Off. Calamento mon-
tano, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

209. Tuymus Nepeta. Nepitella, Off. et Vulg. Erba da
Funghi, Vulg. Hab. secus vias.

210. Me.issa officinalis. Melissa, Off. Cedroncella, Erba
eedrina, Vulg. Hab, ad ripas fossarum.

211. VERBENA officinalis. Verbena, Off. Vermena, Erba
erocetta, Vulg. Hab. in herbosis,
212. Virex Agnus castus. Agnocasto, Off. Albero del Pepe,
Pepe de monaci, Vulg. Hab. prope Portem Herculis.
213. Evupurasia officinalis. Eufrasia, Off. Eufragia, Vulg.
Hab. in pratis. montuosis.

214. Linaria vulgaris. Linaria, Urinaria, Of. Erba li-
naiola, Tentennino, Vulg. Hab. in campis.

215. ScRoPHULARIA nodosa. Scrophularia maggiore, Off.
Castagnola, Erba da emorroidi, Vulg. Hab. in humidis.

216. ScRoPHULARIA aquatica, Scrophularia, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in humidis.

217, ScropHuLaRia canina, Ruta canina, Off. et Vuly.
Dente di cane, Vulg. Hab. in sterilibus.

218. Dicirais lutea. Erbaaralda, Off. et Vulg. Erba nalda,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus Loco purpuree utitur majore dosi.

219. AcANTHUS mollis. Acanto, Branca orsina, Off. Branca
orsina, Marmoracia, Vulg. Hab. in collibus,

CL. XV. TETRADYNAMIA,

220. CocnLearia Armoracia. Armoracia, Off. Barba forte,
Vulg. Hab. secus rivos in Apennino.

54 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

221. LeEpipium latifolium, Lepidio di paolo, e di Plinio, Off.
Erba mostardina, Peperella, Vulg, Hab. in umbrosis.
222. LuNARIA annua. Lunaria maggiore, Of. ‘Erba ar-
gentina, Vulg, Hab, in umbrosis.

223, ERisyMuUM officinale. Erismo, Off. Erba crociona,
Cascellora, Vulg, Hab, ubique secus vias.

224, SisymBrium Nasturtium. Nasturzio aquatico, Off.
Crescione, Vulg. Hab. in rionlis,

Ci, XVI. MONADELPHIA,

225. GERANIUM Robertianum, Cicuta rossa, Erba roberta,
Off. Erba cimicina, Vulg, Hab. in umbrosis.

226, GERANIUM moschatum. Geranio muschiato, Off. Spil-
letone muschiato, Vulg. Hab, in herbidis.

227, ALTHZA officinalis. Altea, Malyavisco, Off. Bismalva,
Buonvisco, Malvaccione, Vulg, Hab, secus fossas et in
pratis humidis, ;

228. MAtva rotundifolia, Malva, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in
prasis et cirea fossas.

229. MALva sylvestris, Malva, Off.et Vulg. Hab. in arvis.

230, LAvaTeRA arborea, Malva arborea, Off. Malva d’ E-
gitto, Vulg. Hab. prope Montem Argentarium in viciniis
maris,’

Ci. XVII, DIADELPHIA,

231. FUuMARIA officinalis. Fumaria, Off, Fumosterno, Vulg.
Hab. in campis.

232. PoLyGaLa vulgaris, Poligala, Off. Erba bozzolina,
Vecciolina, Vulg, Hab, in pratis Apenninis.

233. SPARTIUM junceum, Ginestra, Off, et Vulg, Fiori di
fiorita, Vulg. -Hab, in collibus,

234. Sparrium Scoparium. Ginestra, Off. Ginestra di car-
bonia, Ginestra da granate, Vulg, Hab. in collibus.

235. ONONIS arvensis, Anonide, Of. Bulimacula, Vulg.
Hab. in arvis.

236. ANTHYLLIS vulneraria. Vulneraria, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in pratis montuosis.

j
:
7
j

Targioni's Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 58

237. ConurRa arborescens. Sena falsa, Of. Erba vescica-
ria, Vulg. Hab. in sylvulis.

238. GiycirRRHIZA echinata. Liquirizia, Of. Logorizia,
Vulg. Hab. in provencia inferiore Sonensi.

239. Liquiritia officinalis. Liquirizia, Off. Logorizia,
Dolce radice, Vulg. Hab. in collibus senensibus.

240. Ga zca officinalis. Galeg, Of. Capraggine, Vulg.
Hab. in campis.

241. Lotus hirsutus. Loto irsuto, Off. Erba velia, Vulg.
Hab. in collibus.

242, TRIGONELLA Fenum Grecum. Fieno greco, Off. et
Vulg. Hab. in provincia inferiore Senensi.

243. MELILOTUS officinalis. Meliloto, Of. Tribolo, Vulg.
Hab. in arvis.

Cu. XVIIL POLYADELPHIA.

244. Hypericum perforatum. Iperico, Off. Perico, Erba
S. Giovanni, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

245. Hypericum Androsemum. Androsemo, Off. Cici-
Jiana, Erba S. Giovanni, Vulg. Hab. in sylvulis.

Ci. XIX. SYNGENESIA.

246. TRAGOPOGON porrifolium. :

247. TRAGOPOGON pratense. Tragopogono, Of.
Barba di Becco, Salsefica, Vulg. Hab. in pratis.

248. ScorzoneRA humilis. Scorzanera, Off.et Vulg. Hab.
in argillosis agri Volaterrani.

249. Lacruca Scariola. Seariola, Of. Lattuga salvatica,
Vulg. Hab. ad margines arvorum.

250. Lacruca virosa. Lattuga virosa, Of. Lattuga vele-
noso, Cavolaccio, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

251. Leonropon Taraxacum. ‘Tarassaco, Off. Dente di
Leone, Vulg. Hab. ubique.

252. Cicuorium Intybus. Cicoria, Off. Radicchio, Vulg.
Hab. ubique ad ripas, coliturque in hortis.

56 ‘Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

253. CARTHAMUS Marianus. Cardo mariano, Off. Cardo
S. Maria, Vulg. Hab. ad margines fossarum et viarum.

254. Arctium Lappa. Bardana, Lappa bardana, Off. Lap-
polone, Cappellaci, Vulg. Hab. in umbrosis incultis.

255. CARDUUS vulgaris, (Savi, Fl. Pis.) Cardo comune, Vulg.
Hab. ad margines fossarum et viarum. In receptaculo
ridulatur yermis odontalgicus Gerbi, seu larva curculionis
Bacchi.

256. CARLINA acaulis. Carlina, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in
Apenninis.

257. CARLINA caulescens. Carlina, Off. et Vulg. Carlina
nera, Vulg. Hab. in collibus Apenninis.

2578. EupaToriuM cannabinum. Eupatorio d’ Avicenna,
Eupatorio adultenno, Off. Canapa aquatica, Vulg. Hab,
in fossis Jocisque humidis,

258, TANACETUM vulgare. Tanaceto, Off. et Vulg, Hab.
in sylvulis, coliturque in hortis.

259. ARTEMISIA Abrotanum. Abrotano, Off. Abrotine,
Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

260. ARTEMISIA Absinthium. Assenzio, Assenzio Romano,
Off. et Vulg. ab. in collibus.

261. ARTEMISIA c@rulescens, Assenzio palustre, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in paludibus maritimis prope Liburnum (Leghorn).

262. ARTEMISIA vulgaris. Artemisia, Off. Canapaccia,
Vulg. Hab. in aggeribus secus rivos.

263. CoNnyZA squarrosa. Coniza, Off. Baccherina, Vulg.
Hab. in arvis et collibus. Male a Rizotomis pro Digitale
purpurea venditur, que nunquam in Etruria invenitur, sed
colitur in hortis botanicis et viridariis,

264. TussiLaco Farfara. Tossillagine, Farfaro, Off. et
Vulg. Hab. in campis humentibus argillosis.

265. INuLA Helenium. Enula campana, Off. <Antivoleno,
Erba de dolori, Vulg. Hab. in paseuis humidis Pisanis.

266. INULA dysenterica. Inula dissenterica, Off. Incen-
saria, Mentastio salvatico, Vulg. Hab. in pascuis humidis
et circa fossas,

Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 57

267. Doronicum Pardalianches. Doronico, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in montibus Apenninis.

268. BE wis perennis. Bellide, Of. Primofiore, Margheri-
tine, Vulg. Hab. in pratis ubique.

269. MarricaritA Chamomilla. Camomilla, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. inter segetes.

270. AcHILL#A Ageratum. Eupatorio di Mesue, Of. Erba
bacaja, Erba giulia, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

271. AcHILLZA Ptarmica. Ptarmica, Off. Erba stamuta,
Vulg. Hab. in montibus.

272. AcuiLLZA Millefolium. Millefoglio, Of. Millefoglio,
Erba pennina, Vulg. Hab. in pascuis montuosis.

273, CENTAUREA Centaurium. Centaurea maggiore, Off.
Fiele di terra, Vulg. Hab. in Apenninis.

274, CALCcITRAPA benedicta. Cardo santo, Cardo benedetto,
Off. et Vulg. Hab. in provincia inferiore Senensi.

275. CALENDULA arvensis. Calendula, Off. Fiorrancio di
eampi, Vulg. Hab. in arvis.

276. CALENDULA officinalis. Calendula, Of. Fiorrancio
maggiore, Vulg. Hab. in ruderatis.

Ct, XX, GYNANDRIA,

277. Orcuis Morio,

278. Orcuis Mascula. Salep nostrale, Of
Zonzelle, Vulg. Hab. in pascuis montosis.

279. SarnyriuM hyrcinum. Salep, Saterio, Of. Fiore di
cuculio, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis.

920. ArisroLocuta rotunda. Aristolochia, Off. Strollogi,
Vuly. Hab. in collibus. Pro radice Columbee falso venditur.

28]. ArisroLocuia Clematitis. Aristolochia sottile, Off.
Erba astrologa, Vuly. Hab, in aggeribus.

Cu. XXI, MON ZECIA,

282. BUuXUS sempervirens, Bosso, Bossolo, Of. et Vulg.
Hab. in agro Senensi, coliturque ubique,

58 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

283. ALNUS glutinosa. Alno, Ontano, Off. Ontano, Vulg.
Hab. circa rivos et locis humidis.

284. Urricaurens. Ortico, Off.et Vulg. Ortica maggiore,
Vulg. Hab. in ruderatis.

285. Urrica dioica. Ortica, Off. et Vulg. Hab. ubiquein
umbrosis.

286. XANTHIUM Strumarium. Xanthio, Off. Lappola,
a Oliva, Strappa Lana, Vulg. Hab. ad ripas.

287. Porrerium Sanguisorba. Sanguisorba, Off. Salvas-
trella, Sorbastrella, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

288. QueERcUS Suber. Sughero, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in
sylvis meridionalibus.

289. Quercus Robur. Querce, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in sylvis.

290. QueERcuS pedunculata. Querce ischia, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in sylvis.

291. Coryuus Avellana. Nocciuolo, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in collibus umbrosis.

292. Facus sylvestris. Faggio, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in
Apenninis superioribus. '

293. CASTANEA vesca. Castagno, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in
Apenninis inferioribus.

294. JUGLANS regia. Noce comune, Of. et Vulg. Hab. in
vallibus, coliturque in arvis.

295. Arum Italicum. Aro, Off. Gichero, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. ad sepes et in umbrosis.

296. Pinus Pinea. Pino, Off. Pino domestieo, Pino da
pinochi, Vulg. Hab. in collibus, coliturque ubique.

297. Pinus Pinaster. Pino salvatico, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
in montuosis.

298. Pinus Abies. Abeto, Off. Abeto bianco, Vulg, Hab.
in sylvis Apenninis.

299. Pinus Larix. Larice, Off. et Vulg. Hab. in Apenninis
Pistoriensibus, ad confinia Ducatus Mutinensis.

300. CUPRESSUS sempervirens. Cipresso, Off. et Vulg.
Colitur circa domos rurales unde sponte germinat in col-
libus.

Targioni's Catalogue of Tuscan Plants. 59

301. Momorovica Elaterium. Elaterio, Off. Cocomero asi-
nino, Vulg. Hab. in incultis et recrementis hortorum.
302. BryontA dioica. Brionia, Off.et. Vulg. Vite bianca,

Vulg. Hab. in montibus.

Ci. XXII. DIOECIA.

303. Saxix alba. Salcio, Off. Salcio grande, Salcio da
pertiche, Vulg. Hab. in planis circa rivos.

304. Viscum album. Visco bianco, Off. Vischio, Pania,
Vulg. Hab. parasita in arboribus.

305. Puisracia Lentiscus. Lentisco, Off. Dentischio, Son-
dro, Vulg. Hab. in argillosis provincie inferioris.

306. Humutus Lupulus. Luppolo, Off. et Vulg. Hab.
ubique in sepibus et in locis incultis.

807. SMILAX aspera. Smilace, Of. Rogo cervione, Vulg.
Hab. in sepibus.

8078. PopuLus nigra. Pioppo, Off. Albaro, Albero, Vulg.
Hab. circa fluvios.

308. MERCURIALIS perennis. Mercuriale, Off. Mercorella
bastarda, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis.

309. MERCURIALIS annua, Mercuriale, Off. Mercorella,
Erba strega, Vulg. Hab. in herbosis.

310. JUNIPERUS communis. Ginepro, Off. Ginepro comune,
Vulg. Hab. in sylvis et collibus.

311, JUNIPERUS Oxycedrus. Ginepro rosso, Off. Appeggi,
Ginepro Appeggi, Vulg. Hab. in montibus.

312, Juniperus Sabina. Sabina, Off. Savina, Cipresso di
maghi, Vulg. Hab. in viciniis maris.

313. Taxus baccata. Tasso, Off. Libo, Nasso, Vulg. Hab.
in provincia inferiore.

314. Ruscus aculeatus, Rusco, Of. Pugnitopo, Vulg.
Hab. ad sepes,

Ci. XXIII, POLYGAMIA.

315. FRAxinUs Ornus. Orno, Off. Orniello, Vulg. Hab.
in sylvis.

60 Targioni’s Catalogue of Tuscan Plants.

316. PARIETARIA officinalis. Parietaria, Off. Vetriola,
Erba Vetriola, Vulg. Hab. in muris vetustis.

317. VERATRUM nigrum. Elleboro bianco, Off. Veladre,
Condisi, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis umbrosis.

Cit. XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA.

318. EQuIsETUM arvense. Equiseto, Off. Coda di cavallo,
Vulg. Hab. in campis humidis.

319. LycoropiuM clavatum. Licopodio, Off. Musco cla-
yato, Vulg. Hab. in sylvis Apenninis altioribus..

20. OsmMUNDA regalis, Osmunda, Off. Felce florida, Vulg.

Hab. in nemoribus. |

321. CETERACH officinarum. Cetracca, Off. Erba dorata,
Erba ruggine, Vulg. Hab. supra muros vetustos et rupes,

322. PoLypopiuM vulgare. Polipodio, Off. Polipodio quer-
cino, Vulg. Hab. ad radices Quercuum.

323. ASPIDIUM aculeatum. Felce, Off. Felce maschia mi-
nore, Vulg. Hab. in nemoribus.

324. Asripium Filix mas. Felce maschia, Off, et Vulg.
Hab. in nemoribus.

325. Aspipium Filix feemina. Felee femmina, Off. et Vulg.
Hab. in nemoribus.

326. ASPLENIUM. Trichomanes, 'Trichomane, Politrico, Off.
Capel venere, Vulg. Hab. in muris yentustis et rupibus.

327. ASPLENIUM Adianthum nigrum. Adianta nero, Off,
Erba radioli, Capel venore doppio, Vulg. Hab. in umbrosis.

828. ScoLoPENDRUM officinale. Scolopendrium, Off. Lingua ~
cervina, Vulg. Hab. in umbrosis et nemoribus.

329. PreRis aquilina, Felceramosa, Off. Felce da ricotte,
Felce imperiale, Vulg. Hab. in collibus.

330. ADIANTHUM Capillus Veneris. Capel venere, Off. et
Vulg. Hab. in umbrosis humidis et puteis.

331. PARMELIA pulmonacea. Pulmonaria arborea, Off. et
Vulg. Hab. in sylvis ad truncos arborum vetustiorum.

332. Crrraria Islandica. Lichence islandico, Off. Hab. in
Apennino Pistoriensi.

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla, 6h

VI. OsseRVATIONS ON SARSAPARILLA AND ITS PRE-
PARATIONS, WITH INCIDENTAL REMARKS ON CERTAIN
OTHER REMEDIAL AGENTS IN THE CURE OF OBSTINATE
CHRONICAL Disorpers, BY Jonn Hancock, M.D.,
FELLow or THE Mepico-BoTranicaL Society, VICE-
PRESIDENT OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SocietTy oF BRI-
TISH GUIANA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE Zoo-
LOGICAL Society, &c. &c. (Read May 26th, 1829.)

THE admirable effects, and consequent high price, of the article
in question, has induced the inhabitants of those countries from
whence it is imported, to gather it from all the different species of
SMILAXx, the roots of which have any resemblance to the genuine
sort, and even from some other plants of different families. Till
a very recent period, the people of Essequebo mistook for Sarsa,
even the pendent fibres (not roots) of a species of climbing
AruM, with large heart-shaped leaves ; and, however gross the
error, I found certain medical practitioners there, indulging in
the belief of its being the genuine drug, and employing it as
such! We cannot be surprised, therefore, to find the European
market deluged with false kinds of Sarsa, which sufliciently ac-
counts for the little credit given it by many of the faculty, both
at home and abroad.
Of the six or eight species of SMILAX which I have observed
growing in the woods of Guiana, I never found but one to mani-
fest to the taste any thing of the sensible qualities of the genuine
medicinal Sarsa; the rest being, for the most part, perfectly
_ insipid in the mouth and fauces, and, as far as my experience
_ goes, nearly inert as remedies. In reference, indeed, to medi-
¢inal powers, there are evidently two distinct divisions of this
_ genus of plants, although we know of no botanical characteristics
_ for thus distinguishing them into two sections. Botanical ana-

logy seems entirely to fail us in this instance. It appears fuliy

evident, however, that, of this numerous genus, but a very small

i ee

62 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

proportion indeed, are to be considered as possessing any very
marked medicinal properties.

The species just alluded to, as possessing some active proper-
ties, grows on the declivities of the hills and mountains up the
Essequebo, and doubtless in various other parts of the interior.
The stem is round, armed with short curved spines ; the leaves
are oblong, pointed, distant, smooth, and glossy; the root is a
tuber, with numerous divergent fibres, of two or three lines in
thickness, and several feet in length.

Unfortunately, the traveller’s attention is absorbed by a vast
variety of interesting scenes, while traversing the Guiana forest,
and he is prone to neglect special objects. I have no doubt,
however, that the Rio Negro Sarsa will one day be found grow-
ing abundantly within the limits of British Guiana; and who-
ever makes this discovery, will confer an inestimable benefit on
the public. Not only this, but the discovery of the true Ipeca-
cuhana plant, and the Cinchona tree, are amongst the important
discoveries which may be anticipated in Guiana, either upon the
plains, or on the range of its interior mountains. Such dis-
coveries are to be expected from the real botanist, who combines
a knowledge of the external forms of plants, with the more im-
portant science of their intrinsic properties, their application to
medicine, to the arts, and domestic economy.* I must here ob-
serve that, from my examination of samples of the genuine drug
from the Rio Negro, as it arrived at Angustura, with parts of
the stem adhering, it appeared that the species described by
Willdenow, as the SMILAX syphylitica, caule aculeato tereti
aculeis axillaribus, is not that which is regarded as the true and
more active species, which has no axillary spines, and may there-
fore still be considered as a nondescript species. The natives,
(the Mandavaces of Cassiquari,) of whom I made inquiry, denied

* The present would be a most favourable time for a botanist so inclined, to
set about an enterprise of this nature, as he would find, in the enlightened
Governor, Sir Benjamin D’ Urban, the support of a zealous and unaffected patron
of science.

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla. 63

that the true kind was to be found on the banks either of the
Cassiquari or the Guiana, as they call the Rio Negro. I placed
the more reliance on this information, as these were Peones who
had been employed in digging the Sarsa, which, as they asserted,
was chiefly obtained on the elevated lands of the Rio Imiquen,
at Unturana, and Caraburi. They acknowledged too, that, when
the right sort was not found in plenty, they sometimes dug one or
two others, which they esteemed to be nearly equal in quality.
' The Sarsa of the Rio Negro, which comes by way of Angus-
tura, or of Para, is the best. Respecting this species, indeed,
IT can speak with confidence, having had very ample experience
of its medicinal properties, especially in Angustura, where I
lived nearly four years. It is the only remedy used for the cure
ef venereal affections, and many others falsely considered as such,
in the Oronoko ; not to mention its great power in rheumatism
of long standing, and in a multiplicity of chronic complaints.

~ The Sarsaparilla which is usually met with in the shops, how-
ever, is, for the most part, nearly inert, either from age, or being
procured from various non-medicinal species. It should be
taken from recent importations in the roll, and not that which
is kept slit up, in the shops, which is very often quite useless.
Good Sarsaparilla has a peculiar nauseous acrimony when chew-
ed ; and this is almost the only criterion we have for judging of
its medicinal activity.

It is quite amusing to observe the diverse opinions respecting
the nature and properties of this medicinal root. In Mr. Rennie’s
Supplement, page 384, it is stated, that “ genuine Sarsaparilla
is covered by a brown or reddish bark, with a central woody
portion, soft, white, and sometimes like starch. This part is use-
less, the virtues residing in the bitter principle of the bark ; and
the more it inclines to a red colour, it is the richer and more
powerful. The gray and dirty-brown sorts are not good. The
best sort comes from Jamaica and the Brazils, called Lisbon
Sarsa; the worst from Honduras and Vera Cruz. (Pope.)”
Here, it would appear, that it is only the thin pellicle of bark, a
sort of epidermis, which is allowed to possess any useful pro-

64 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

perty; and the colour of this pellicle is the only character called
in for discriminating the different kinds, or for judging of their
medicinal powers !

The fact is, the real and only criterion sds knowing good Sarsa,
is almost universally neglected, viz. its sensible qualities in the
mouth ; and which affords the best and most effectual guide for
enabling us to judge of the intensity and value of vegetable
remedies in general. It is by the taste and odour, chiefly, that
we judge of good Peruvian Bark, Rhubarb, Jalap, &c.; and
even the speculators about Cinchonine would be guided more by
such tests, in choosing good bark, than by their hypothetical ones
of glue and tan.

The medicinal properties of Sarsaparilla, moreover, are not
confined to the bark so called, but are found to reside almost
equally in all parts of the root, as the cuticle, woody, and fari-
naceous portions. This has been fully proved in Demerara, by
the results of their separate administration in actual disease.
The same will easily be believed by a trial of their sensible
effects on the mouth and fauces.

The medicinal powers of Sarsaparilla, I am inclined to believe,
depend on a certain acrid or nauseous matter, or on a principle
similar to that of Ipecacuhana, judging from its sensible qua-
lities and clinical effects; and this acrimonious or nauseous
matter, which I find to exist in the more active medicinal Sarsa,
is, in some measure, covered or concealed by its demulcent or
mucilaginous particles, which may also contribute something to
its curative powers, added to the diluting effects of the water
employed. As sudorifics, their action seems to be similar. So
also, in emetic properties, when the Sarsa is taken in large doses,
and not spoiled by long boiling. However this may be, I sus-
pect that Ipecacuhana might, in many cases, be employed with
equal advantage where Sarsa is indicated. This, however, I
know from sufficient experience, that the powers of Sarsaparilla
are, like those of Ipecacuhana, quite destroyed by long boiling.
It is true, indeed, that the condensed vapour arising from both,
is perfectly insipid ; but it is, with regard to Tpecacuhana, well

Dy. Hancock on Sarsaparilla. 65
known that, “though the water distilled from it has scarcely any
emetic effect,”"* it becomes nearly inert by long coction ; and
precisely the same is true with regard to the Sarsa.

After long boiling, indeed, the peculiar odour which rises
abundantly on the coction of good Sarsa, is almost extinguished.
From the Sarsa prepared in this way, I found no sensible results
upon any patient, nor were its peculiar nauseating, drowsy, and
racking effects, produced by a large quantity, although the de-
coction of six or eight ounces were tried at a dose.

These experiments having been carried to a sufficient length,
most of the same patients recovered under the use of the Sarsa,
taken from the same parcels as before, but now prepared by sim-
ple maceration in hot water, i.e. affused in a boiling state, and
kept near the boiling point for some hours. In all cases, the
Sarsa was directed to be well bruised in large mortars, and in
the mean time, all other remedies were abstained from, which
might, in any way, affect the result.

Knowing, then, the destructive effects of long boiling on this
drug, we cannot wonder at the doubtful and discordant reports
given of it by our medical and pharmaceutical writers, after they
have directed it to be boiled down to one half, &c., which must
truly render it very nearly useless and inert.

Another preparation, still more preposterous, appears to be
exceedingly in yogue at the present time; that is, to boil
down the decoction of Sarsa into an extract. By this absurd
practice, its virtues are still more completely destroyed. It is
much to be lamented, that such vast quantities of this valuable
root are thus thrown away in vapour, a boiled, if not a burnt
offering, to the goddess of Folly. Onentering some of the shops
in London, where this process is carried on upon a large scale,
we find the rooms teeming with the efllavium, which may be re-
garded as the active principle, or, at least, as an element neces-
sarily connected with it; since we find that, in proportion as we
drive off this odorous principle by heat, we despoil this remedy
of its active properties.

* Murray's Mat. Med. p. $22,
r

66 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

Mr. Brande remarks, at page 404 of his very useful Manual
of Pharmacy, that, “‘ there is much difference of opinion re-
specting the activity of this extract, (as directed by the College),
among those who admit the efficacy of other forms of Sarsa-
parilla. It is certainly the worst preparation of that remedy,
as it is usually met with, for it is easily decomposed by heat, and
always suffers more or less during the protracted evaporation
that is required.” These remarks are exceedingly just, and si-
milar ones have been made by Murray and Thompson, yet they
seem to be entirely disregarded by the practical pharmaceutists,
perhaps because they consider them not to be derived from
actual experiment.

As prepared by the College directions, the extract must cer-
tainly be quite inert ; and it would seem, that some presentiment
was entertained of its inefficacy, for, by way of compensation,
as it were, it is directed to be given in the decoction of the
root! But certain sages of our profession have assigned to this
useless extract, and to that not less useless syrup of Sarsaparilla,
which is prepared from the extract, their best offices, when, in
prescribing the decoction, they say “‘ thicken it with extract,
and sweeten it with syrup!” We have seen those boasted ex-
tracts and syrups used in great quantity, and at great cost, but
in vain; when afterwards a quart of the strong infusion has
removed all the violence of the symptoms.

In speaking of the deterioration of Sarsaparilla by long
boiling, I have only insisted on that which depends on the loss
of its active principles by evaporation ; but that which arises from
the action of the air and heat, during a tedious process of boiling,
must, in a great measure, subvert its affinities, form insoluble
compounds, and precipitate such of the active materials as may
not be dissipated in vapour. It is doubtless the latter, however,
or the evolution and loss of its volatile parts, which proves the
most injurious.

The boiling in vacuo, as it is rather improperly termed (for
we can scarcely consider it a vacuum, where the space is con-
tinually occupied by the production of aqueous vapour), is said

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla, 67

to be a vast improvement in the preparation of decoctions, ex-
tracts, &c. It doubtless will be an advantage where much
boiling is really necessary, principally by avoiding the access of
air, smoke, and sooty matter, by which the extracts will at
least appear more clear and pleasing to the eye; but it will by no
means obyiate the main objection just stated to the process of
boiling, while it is far too operose and expensive for general
use; and if, as asserted, the atmospheric pressure be taken off, it
will not only facilitate the evaporation of the water, but that of
the volatile elements of the drug likewise. There is, however,
no occasion whatever for boiling: if the drug be duly bruised or
reduced to a gross powder, the affusion of boiling water and
digestion therein, just below the boiling point, will extract the
active properties of this or other vegetable remedies, as com-
pletely as could be done by the longest coction, and without the
loss or dissipation of their volatile parts ;* and when required, it
may be effected with a very small quantity of fluid, if a power-
ful press be employed after due maceration in hot water. The
medicinal properties of dried vegetables, may thus be extracted
as perfectly as could be done by expressing their juices in a
fresh or green state. Those containing resinous principles,
require, of course, a similar operation with alcoholic menstrua
or proof spirit. This method would be the most expedient for
procuring unaltered the native properties of all those remedies
depending on volatile or fugaceous principles, as in the narcotic
drugs, or those containing essential oils, for example, hemlock,
henbane, savine, &c.

Over such preparation as I have just deprecated, that em-
ployed by the Spaniards of the Orinoko, is indisputably superior.
_ There, it is prepared constantly without boiling, either by di-
® It is the ebullition or intestine motion, caused by the heat, which elevates and
drives off the aqueous vapour and the volatile parts of the infusion along with it.
When at the temperature of 212, the water is progressively converted into steam
at the bottom of the vessel, its elasticity or expansive power then overcoming the
weight of the superincumbent atmosphere. By raising the heat, therefore, to

the boiling point, we rapidly increase the evaporation, whilst the solvent power of
the water remains nearly the same as when a few degrees lower,

F 2

63 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

gestion in wine, or a spirituous menstruum, or by an infusion
with water, allowing it to stand for eight or nine days exposed
to the sun’s rays, or by a fire side in the rainy season, and
forming thus a strong vinous or fermented liquor. After my re-
turn from the Orinoko to Demerara, in January, 1818,* I had

* Early in this year, I published, in the Guiana Chronicle, the Spanish recipe
for the Jarave, so called, or diet drink, after which the use of the Sarsa became
very general in the Colonies. The following is a somewhat modified and im-
proved form of this recipe :—Take of Rio Negro Sarsa, bruised, 2]b.; Bark of
Guaiacum, powdered, 80z.; raspings of guaiac wood, anise seeds and liquorice
root, each 4oz. ; mezereon, bark of the root, 20z.; treacle, 2lb.; and a dozen
bruised cloves: pour upon these ingredients about four gallons of boiling water,
and shake the vessel thrice a day. When a fermentation has well begun, it is fit
for use, and may be taken in the dose of a small tumblerfull twice or thrice a day.

The publication of the recipe, at least gave an impulse to the employment of
Sarsa in the Colony. At first, it was prepared according to the Spanish process,
and which certainly produced the most beneficial results,—surprisingly so it
might be said, for many spoke of it as effecting very extraordinary and unexpected
cures, even in old invalids, or those who had been for a long time entirely
crippled.

Some years afterwards, many were found to complain, that they had not expe-
rienced that efficacy in the decoction which had been reported. It was soon
perceived, on inquiry, that the persons who had been thus disappointed, were
for the most part, those who had confounded the preparation with that of the old
decoction of woods, prepared by long boiling.

The recipe, or formula, having been anonymously published in the Gazettes,
which are seldom preserved in Demerara, in a short time after, no indication
was left for recurring to it. Many people would send to the druggists’ shops
for the articles, and some not even knowing what was meant, would send for the
deeoction of the woods. They received the packages, of course, with a very
small portion of the more active article, Sarsa, (it being the dearest one), put up
in the old way, and with the usual pharmacopeial directions, by which it was
boiled till quite exhausted of all active properties. This affords an example of
the dilapsus and neglect of many of the most valuable remedies from mere care-
lessness and inattention.

If intended for old and obstinate complaints, as leprous affections, elephantiasis,
various anomalous ulcerations, and foul disorders of the skin, there was added
to the jug a solution of tartrate of antimony, with muriate of mercury and
ammonia, viz. Antim. Tar. 12grs. Hydr. Oxymur. 8 or 10 grs. Mur, Ammonie,
1 drachm. These three articles, being previously dissolved in a little water, are to
be thrown into the jug, when the infusion has well begun to ferment, not before,
as they would prevent the fermentation taking place. The addition of those
active ingredients not only greatly enhances the alterative power of the vegetable

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla. 69

opportunites of trying its action on numerous patients in every
way I thought proper; and I found, by a long series of expe-
riments, that the fermented infusion was equally as efficacious
here as in the Orinoko. It appears to me very probable, that
the acetous and alcoholic principles gradually evolved in the
course of the fermentation, serve more effectually to extract the
active properties of Sarsaparilla than can be done by any other
method we are acquainted with. There seems to be a certain
fixed principle in the Sarsa from Para and the Rio Negro (and
probably in other kinds also), which is not so completely taken up
or dissolved by boiling water, for after exhausting half a pound
of this sort by two digestions, boiling, and pressure, 1 added to
the dregs half a pint of proof spirit, and digested this with a gentle
heat for a few hours in a close vessel, then affusing hot water
to the amount of that taken off from the first boiling, and press-
ing again, I procured, by this last operation, about four pints
of an infusion, which possessed the acrid properties of the Sarsa,
in a much higher degree even than that obtained by the first
decoction with simple water.

The activity of Sarsa as a medicine, seems to depend ona

infusion, but, at the same time, so effectually prevents its decomposition that it
may be kept for a long time quite unaltered, even in a hot climate,—a circum-
stance of great moment where it is frequently required for a number of patients.

T once mentioned such a formula in conversation with a chemical critic, who,
in the fulness of his wisdom, scouted the idea of such a compound, and pro-
nounced most dogmatically, that between the tartarised antimony and muriate of
mercury, the whole would be decomposed! I merely requested he would try it and
convince himself, but heard no more from him, The truth is, no change what-
ever occurs from this admixture. Were the articles of the solution separately
employed, there would be a trifling decomposition in the vegetable infusion ; but
these three articles being first united, form the most effectual conservative com-
gen! which it is possible to devise, either for vegetable or animal substances ;

so bind the different elements as to render them, for along time, quite
inseparable from exposure to light and air.

Por some fastidious and delicate people, a variation was, at times, requisite, in
which case the infusion was taken by itself; and, in liea of the above solution,
very minute doses of calomel, or the gray oxide of mercury, with precipitated
sulphur of antimony, in pills, were substituted, as a quarter of a grain of the
former with half a grain of the latter, night and morning.

70 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla,

kind of narcotic quality, affecting the tongue and fauces with
more or less of a nauseous acrimony,—the degree or intensity
of which, affords the best indication of the strength and value
of the drug, Its effects on one patient, an African, were cer-
tainly those of a narcotic, agreeably to the best definition of this
term. It was given him ina large dose, the infusion from 4oz.
of Rio Negro Sarsa, It caused nausea and great prostration of
strength, a degree of torpor which induced him to lie upon the
ground with unwillingness to moye or to getup. He said that it
made him “‘ sick as death, and broke all his bones.” There was
scarcely any alteration in the pulse, unless it were a little retarded,

Whatever restorative and aphrodisiac virtues may have been
by the ancients attributed to the OpuRyS Satyrion, or the dif-
ferent Orchidez, it appears to me, that the Sarsa is the only
medicinal agent justly entitled to the character of a direct resto-
rative. This property, at the same time, seems to be totally
unconnected with, or independent of, its farina or amylaceous
principle, since it is found to produce the same restorative
effects, not only when prepared by an aqueous menstruum, but
also in a saturated alcoholic tincture, which we know could not
take up those amylaceous or simply nutritive particles.

This is one of the most remarkable effects of the genuine
Sarsa, and tends clearly to exemplify its eminently salutary
properties, namely, the augmentation of flesh, and melioration
of the habit, so frequently observable in patients who have
taken it for some time. It was noticed by many of the planters
of Demerara, as well as by eminent medical practitioners, that
not only did sores heal up, and swellings of the joints subside,
on the use of the Sarsa,* but that the patients acquired a

* It was proved by numerous examples, that the Sarsa was the only efficient
article in the preparation, and equally successful by itself, whilst the other woods,
&c. usually joined with it, were productive of little or no perceptible effects on
the patient or the disease. The Bark of Guaiacum, however, was an exception ;
but not being an article pertaining to commerce or found in the shops, it was
seldom obtainable. Certain native plants were also found exceedingly useful in
healing ulcers, and as general alteratives; but these are scarcely relevant here and
are intended to form the subject of a separate paper.

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla. 71

plumpness, smoothness of the skin, and a degree of activity
unknown before.

Whatever be its mode of action, its advantages will doubtless
be found very great in the treatment of phthisis and scrofula,
and especially in correcting a constitutional diathesis tending to
those disorders.

It is esteemed by the Colonial Spaniards, as a remedy for
every stage of syphilis. When they go under a course of this
remedy, they drink barley water, vegetable acids, and cooling
articles, to counteract the heating effects of the Sarsa, for they
consider it very heating. Perhaps they should ascribe this effect
more to the vinous menstruum which they employ.

Much has been said by different writers regarding the specific
powers, so termed, of Sarsaparilla, as a remedy in lues venerea.
Although well convinced of the great efficacy of the genuine
Sarsa, under proper regimen, in the various stages of lues, I
consider it no specific ; and it is not particularly as an antivene-
real remedy that I would insist on its value, but as a general
corrective and sanative agent in scrofulous swellings, ulceration,
and lesions of various kinds, and especially in general marasmus,
cachexia, debilitated and emaciated habits, and in disorders
arising from the abuse of mercury.

Those narrow views and yain discussions about the specific
action of Sarsa in syphilis, have had the effect of keeping down
its character, as a great and extensively useful remedy—a cha-
racter which it certainly deserves, It is to the want of a pro-
per regimen under its use, to the introduction of spurious kinds,
and (o faulty modes of preparing it (by long boiling especially),
that we are to attribute the frequent failures which many com-
plain of, and for which it is even totally neglected by some
practitioners,

_ The disease, however, which in the Orinoko and Venezuela,
most frequently demands the employment of this invaluable
alterative, is a species of rheumatism, which commonly follows
gonorrhoea, making its attack soon after the discharge has been

72 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

suddenly stopped, and the patient has been exposed to cold and
moisture.

This species of rheumatism, from suppressed gonorrheea, is
so common an occurrence in Venezuela, that it usually takes the
name of galico, (i.e. venereal); and as most rheumatic affec-
tions are there referred to this cause, we rarely hear it spoken of
under any other title.

The true gonorrhceal rheumatism, however, makes its attack
upon the muscles, the ligaments, and even the periosteum of
the bones, soon after the discharge disappears. The joints are
rendered immoveable; all the limbs, the spine, hips, and shoul-
ders, suffer excruciating pain; after a time, these symptoms are
followed by tophi upon the tibia, os frontis and bones of the
fore arm, and the patient, if not timely relieved, becomes quite

‘crippled and emaciated.

Whatever obloquy may arise from an avowal of our own mis-
fortunes, the paramount objects of truth and candour compel me
to say, that such as just described was my own case during
several months of the year 1814; and that, after a full, but
ineffectual trial of mercury, and the usual European remedies,
I was entirely restored to health, by taking a single botejuela or
small jug of the Jarave del Rey.

Having been long a convert to some of the exploded or
unfashionable doctrines of the humoral pathology, it may
readily be believed, that my faith was not diminished by consi-
dering the striking translations of disease, from one part to
another, so apparent in the foregoing, and in numerous other
cases equally convincing.

They also satisfy me, that, in certain cases at least, and these
more frequent than is commonly imagined, secondary symptoms
follow gonorrhoea as well as syphilis; and, when added to the
observations of the army surgeons, (as to gonorrhoea producing
chanere, and chancre gonorrhoea), they tend to establish the
identity of these diseases.

The Spaniards, I may observe, bythe term reumatismo, seem

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla. 73

to mean nothing more than a flow or prevalence of acrimonious
humours in the body,—the same as appears to have been under-
stood by the Greeks in their cevuari2w or rhéumatizd,—aflicted
with humours—* rheumatismes Greeci fluxiones vocant.” Plin.

There is a scrofuloid species of ulcer which more frequently
infests the negroes; appearing in different parts of the body, but
more especially about the lower extremities, arising with a
whitish head, remaining stationary for a long time, and when
opened, mostly found to contain a curdy matter. In its rise,
progress, and structure, it has a close analogy with tubercles of
the lungs. It is of a most intractable nature; and usually re-
quires, as a preliminary, the application of a strong escharotic.
There are varieties of this ulcer; some of which, on being
opened, shew plainly the hydatid form, or half-organized struc-
ture ; in different stages, steatomalous, curdy, purulent, &c.:
they are encysted, and are doubtless animalcules. In their more
perfect state, plano-convex, or shape of a coffee seed, marked
with a sort of umbilicus, or black dot, on the flat side. Some
of the old women in Demerara shew a surprising degree of pa-
tience in picking out these troublesome subjects, to which they
give the name of tetter ring-worms.

Mercurial salivations may cause these ulcerous tumours or tu-
bercles to heal, but they soon break out again, without the timely
use of Sarsa, which is almost the only remedy we know of
that will heal them with any degree of permanence ; and of this
we usually find a long course is required. The nitric acid and
antimonials were found greatly to contribute to the sanative
process; and not only in this species, but in most other inveterate
ulcerations so common in the Colonies.

It was in the course of my practice in those anomalous and
inveterate complaints, that I perceived the absolute necessity of
attending to the doses of medicines in a degree too rarely
noticed and too little insisted on by medical writers. I especially
allude to the necessity of watching the results and augmenting
the doses of the remedies till some sensible effects are produced
on the system, When that is sufficiently apparent, the remedy,

74 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

whether it cause inconvenience to the patient or not, is of
course to be discontinued for a time,—a week or two, and some-
times longer, according to the intensity of its action on the
patient. When its apparent effects have subsided, we may
again commence its use in a small dose, and augment it gradually
as before.

By reflecting on the controul thus acquired over external ul-
ceration, it naturally occurred to me, that the same method
ought to have its influence in some cases of pulmonary lesions
with severe cough and purulent expectoration, as also in ulce-
ration of the bladder and other viscera.

It is true I had but few opportunities of repeating experi-
ments proper for illustrating this important point, having left
the Colony not long after I had formed the plan here alluded to.
My experience in this, however, was such as to afford me the
most confident hope of its ultimate success in phthisis and
internal ulceration.

In other cases likewise of obstinate chronic and cutaneous
disorders, it is not unfrequently found requisite, especially
amongst the negroes, to employ yarious additional remedies. A
preliminary light course of mercury and antimony, nitric acid,
iodine, sulphureous fumigation, a grain of opium at night, and
the vapour bath occasionally, are amongst the best auxiliaries.
The disorders here alluded to, are for the most part of that
anomalous description, which it would be impossible to charac-
terize by any definite name as being chiefly complications of
yaws, leprosy, syphilis, and scrofula, developed in various lesions
or affections of the skin, joints, ligaments, and glandular parts,
as cutaneous eruptions, swellings, ulcers, &c., in different parts
of the body.*

* Amongst the chief exciting causes of such affections, we should mention ex-
posures to vicissitudes of weather, in the rainy season especially, and defective
nourishment. The Jatter cause, however, is not so frequent amongst the slaves
as they are usually well fed by their masters, whose interest, humanity apart, is
too deeply involved to allow this point to be neglected; and, in case of deficiency,
it would be speedily corrected by the inteference of the law, which, in one of the
richest soils conceivable, renders it compulsory on the planter to keep in proper

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla. 75

I ought to observe here, that from the few trials I made with
iodine, it appeared to be a very useful auxiliary in leprosy, and
in those scrofuloid ulcers here spoken of, as also in swellings of
the knee joint, common in Guiana, being a species of hydar-
thrus, or white swelling, arising as the results of cold and
rheumatism, in strumous habits especially.* In lepra, the use of

cultivation, for every five slaves an acre of land, which, admitting the statement
of Baron Humboldt to be correct, would be a supply for many times that num-
ber of people. See his History of New Spain, vol. Il. p. 874, where it is said,
that “ the produce of the banana is to that of wheat as 133 to 1, and to that
of potatoes as 44 to one.”

Without recurring to any exaggerated reports, and although never an advocate
for slavery, I may here take occasion to remark, that the present condition of
the slaves in the British Continental Colonies (I do not allude to the Islands), may,
in point of comfort and plentiful supply of food, be said to be quite enviable
compared with that of the labouring classes in this country. This is a truth which
ought in fairness to be stated, but it is not intended as an apology for slavery.

- And this advertence, which may seem irrelevant here, I have introduced, because,
upon speaking on these subjects in London, it has been more than once suggested
to me, as a query, whether the negroes were not half starved in the Colonies.
A n of very moderate capacity like myself, after a residence of twenty-five
years in the Colonies, ought to be able to form a tolerably correct opinion on the
subject.

The Plantain is considered the staple and indispensable article of food in
Guiana ; but, independent of this, the slaves are generally allowed as much land
as they choose to cultivate ; consequently, those who are inclined to a little in-
dustry can procure, for their own use and for market, an abundance of yams,
maize, sweet potatoes, and other nutritive vegetables, They are frequently found,
however, to be very indifferent to this privilege, and, therefore, the supply of
those articles, in order to ensure its being more constant and regular for their
familics, is, on certain estates, under the express direction of the proprietor or

r. I mention this beneficial practice, not as one universally followed, but
a deserving imitation by all; for it is well known that a diversity of similar
alimentary substances contribute much more strength and vigour than can be de-
rived from any one taken singly, as, in respect to medicines and spices, their
powers are greatly enhanced by combination,

_ ® When the joint was found much enlarged, the contained fluid was let out with
acommon lancet. This fluid was usually of a slimy or gelatinous nature, not un-
frequently similar in appearance to that of the burse mucosw in a healthy state,
and more rarely sanious or purulent, I never observed any ill effects from these
openings, or from the ingress of air which has been so much dreaded; indeed,

the neglect of it must inevitably cause a stiff joint, or render amputation neces-

76 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

iodine was suggested, by the presence of those glandular lumps
or tubercles, which, in all advanced cases, might be felt under the
skin, especially in the legs and thighs of lepers, and withal greatly
disfiguring the face. This remedy was exhibited in small doses,
cautiously augmented, in the form of tincture, in the manner
advised by Coindet, in somewhat analogous disorders of the
glandular system ; and also, as a deobstruent tonic, in cachexia or
anasarcous habits, depending on glandular visceral obstructions.
Tike advantages gained by these remedies were often very
great; they seemed to impart to the system a susceptibility to
the action of Sarsaparilla, and the bark of guaiacum. In one
case of chronic hepatitis, the symptoms were quite removed by
the use of iodine and Sarsa, or on their use, for it is not always
easy, when a recovery takes plaee, to decide how much is re-
spectively due to nature, and how much to the remedy admi-
nistered. Another instance may be adduced, in which an in-
veterate cough attended, and which gave reason to suspect the
existence of tubercles in the lungs: the patient recovered after
a six weeks’ course of iodine and Sarsa. In some other cases
of this kind also, the result seemed to afford a hope, that the
action of iodine, may equally contribute towards resolving the
pulmonary tubercle, as well as those seated more superficially.
The genuine Sarsa of the Rio Negro proves also a very po-

sary. I may possibly labour under some erroneous impression, but I have long
regarded that as one of the most preposterous of pathological dogmas which
proscribes the timely opening of these tumours. It has probably arisen from se-
veral different tumours of the knee joint being confounded under the same name
ornames. Instead of discharging their contents by one of the simplest and safest
operations, it is usually enjoined, that they be allowed to break of themselves :
the consequence is, that the matter or fluid being pent up for a long time makes
its way in different directions under the muscular expansions, forming sinuses,
corroding the capsular ligament and the ends of the bones, and, at the least,
leaving the patient with an incurable anchylosis It is, in general, only necessary
to let out the fluid and bind the knee moderately tight with an elastic bandage. In
cases where adhesion has not followed, and the collection and swelling has re-
turned, I have injected into the sac a very dilute mixture of honey and water, and
again pressed it out as soon asa little pain was excited, and which, with the in-
fernal remedies just mentioned, haye effected the cure.

Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla. 77

tent antihydropic, especially in cases of great debility, and
where dropsy arises in emaciated habits. The diuretic power
of the Carony Bark has been already alluded to, (see p. 26
and 27). It is, perhaps, partly owing to this power, and partly to
its tonic and bracing effects, that this Bark has been found so use-
ful in dropsies, in which it has often proved a decisive remedy ;
and, at other times, a powerful auxiliary, along with a gentle
course of mercury and squills, with the use of Taraxacum, and
a grain of opium at night, and once or twice a week a dose
of the wild Elaterium, or bitter cucumber, MomMoRDICA oper-
culata,* in a solution of tartrate of potash. This is briefly the
plan which, in general, I haye found most successful in dropsies
of various kinds, whether general or partial.

I must here observe, that in recent dropsies which come on
suddenly from colds and obstructions, we find depletion to be
of the first importance, the sine qua non indeed. In this species
of dropsy, the blood is often observed to be sizy er quite gela-
tinous. The remedies just mentioned usually produce a degree
of tone and excitement in the system, such indeed, at times, as
to indicate bleeding. This condition, arising in adynamical
dropsies, in cachectic and leuco-phlegmatic habits, is ever to be
regarded as the most favourable ; and, under such circumstances
too, moderate depletion has been found most essentially to
promote the curative process, and to contribute to a happy re-
covery. The diseased aetion seems by these measures to be
subverted, the dormant energies of the vital or nervous system
to be roused into action; the vessels to recover their wonted
power of contracting upon the sluggish fluids, of propelling
them through the veins and capillaries, and of restoring the
healthy balance throughout all the corporeal functions.

The results of such cases tend to convince us, that remedial
agents which we are prone to regard as the most opposite and
incompatible, not unfrequently prove the only curative ones in

* This plant grows abundantly on the coast of Essequebo, especially at Cape

Batave, the property of Mr. Gilgeous, and at Plantation Richmond, belonging to
Mr. Bean.

78 Dr. Hancock on Sarsaparilla.

many of the most untoward disorders, and those too, both acute
and chronic, for similar conclusions may likewise be drawn from
those methods which have been found to be the most successful
in cases of yellow fever.

It is well known there are a great variety of exceedingly use-
ful remedies amongst the indigenous vegetables in England, but
these, in general, appear to be too much neglected by the
members of the faculty, who, however eminent in other re-
spects for exalted talents and profound medical skill, seem, on
the whole, to evince rather too exclusive a preference to the
chemical or chemico-mineral remedies at present in vogue.
Amongst those native plants I should venture to propose the
Taraxacum, or Dandelion, as a valuable addition to this com-
pound infusion of Sarsaparilla (p.68). Thisplant, the Taraxacum,
is acknowledged to be a useful remedy in certain obstructions and
disorders of the liver, by some eminent English physicians ; and
on the continent, in Germany especially, it is employed with
the most decided advantage as an alterative in cutaneous affec-
tions, and many very obstinate chronic maladies, as I have
been assured by Earl Stanhope, the distinguished President
of the Medico-Botanical Society, who, to the more renowned
and splendid talents of a statesman as a peer of the realm,
unites a love of all the sciences conducive to human happiness ;
attaching however a more particular interest to the advancement
of Medical Botany, on which subject he has manifested the
most correct views and soundest intelligence: he is moreover
sensibly impressed with a conviction that, in the prevalent
affection for mere descriptive botany, its more important and
scientific objects have been nearly overlooked and disregarded,
viz. the application of its principles to useful purposes in me-
dicine, in the arts, and to domestic comforts and economy.

Tiis Lordship being absent (on the Continent) I have used
this reference without permission, persuaded however, that he
would not refuse his name to a discussion which involves the
public good, and the objects of the Medico-Botanical Society.

APPENDIX.

List or HonorRARY FELLOWS, ForEIGN MEMBERS, AND
FELLOWS, ELECTED FROM OCTOBER THE 12th, 1827,
TO JANUARY THE 16th, 1829.

October the 12th, 1827.

Henry, Marquess of Lansdowne, President

of the Zoological Society ........+-+-++ Honorary Fellow.
His Excellency the Viscount Itabayana,

Brazilian Minister in London .........- Foreign Member.
His Excellency Count Mandelsloh, Wirtem-

berg Minister in London ...........+.. ditto.
George, Marquess of Donegal, K. P....... Fellow.
William, Earl of Northesk, G.C.B. .... ditto.
Jemes Hartley, Esqi.s. 0. .cccisve ceeds ditto

November the 9th.
John William, Earl of Dudley, F. R.S. .. ditto.

Richard Battley, Esq. ........0eseeeeees ditto.
William Burnett, M.D. .....csece0e .. ditto.
Sir Anthony Carlisle, F.R.S. ....+-..4- ditto.
John Calvert Clarke, Esq. ......++ és wb ditto.
Henry Gore Clough, Esq. F.S.A. .....- ditto.
Francis Dighton, Esq. .......00000e000- ditto.
_ Jonathan Pereira, Esq. F.L.S. .....6.66. ditto.
Captain H. S. Stephens ........ ooee eles ditto.

John Soane, Esq. R.A. F.R.S. .....44. ditto.
December the \Ath.
Decne de Pala on we'e'siate «see Foreign Member,

g

9»

2 Appendix.

Philip Henry, Earl Stanhope, F. R.S. .... Fellow.
James Annesley, Esq. .....--+e+-eeeeeee ditto.
L. A. de la Chaumette, Esq. F.R.S. ...... ditto.
Samuel Curtis, Esq. F.L.S. .........--. ditto.
James Dunlap, M.D. ......--....-+00e- ditto.
William Huttmann, Esq. .........--+e+ ditto.
Sir Alexander Johnston, F.R.S. ........ ditto.
M. de Jomard, President of the Geographical
Society of Paris .......eeeeeeeeeeeeees ditto.
César Moreau, Esq. F.R.S. Kt. Leg. Hon. ditto.
Michael John Short, M.D. ........-.000- ditto,

January the 11th, 1828.

The Chevalier de Biedermann .........- .- Foreign Member.
Baron de Ralamb, Secretary to the Swedish
Legation in London ........seeeeeeeee ditto.
Joseph Sigmond, Esq. ......+eeeeeeeeees Fellow.
William John Short, Esq. ......seeeeee- ditto.

February the Sth.

His Excellency Prince Lieven, Russian

Ambassador in London .........+-++-05 Foreign Member.
His Excellency Baron von Bulow, Prussian
Minister in London .....-..eeeeeeeees ditto.
Chevalier Da Cunha. ..........ceceeecaies ditto.
Henry Cope, Jun., Esq. ...-2.22eseeeee- Fellow.
Louis H. Petit, Esq. M.P. M.A. F.R.S... ditto.
George Leith Roupell, M.D. ............ ditto.

March the VAth.
His Imperial, Royal, and Apostolic Majesty

Francis II., Emperor of Austria........ Honorary Fellow.
His Imperial Majesty Don Pedro, Emperor

of the Bratale sib 0005s tp boda ceneses ditto.
George Barclay, M.D... sicecsececess Fellow.

John Whiting, M.D. ...... a ditto.

Appendix. 3

April the U1th.
His Excellency Francis Gabriel, Count yon

Bray, Bavarian Minister in Vienna...... Foreign Member.
Gaspar, Count von Sternberg ............ ditto.
Charles Ehrenbrecht, Baron yon Moll...... ditto.

Francis N., Earl of Mount Charles, G.C.H. Fellow.

May the 9th.

Edward, Viscount Exmouth, G.C. B. .... ditto.
Rey. Richard W. Jelf, M.A. ..........-. ditto.

June the 13th.

His Excellency William, Baron von Humboldt, Foreign Member.
Right Honourable Robert Peel, M.P. His

Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for

the Home Department ..............5. Fellow.
James Woodforde, M. D........ wed ab owe ditto.

July the 11th.
His Majesty Charles John XIV, King of

Sweden and Norway ............sse0+: Honorary Fellow.
His Royal Highness Oscar, Prince Royal of
Sweden and Norway ........ssseeesecs ditto.

Benjamin Guy Babington, M. B. F.R.S... Fellow.
John Smirnove, Esq. F. R.S. F.L.S. Se-
cretary to the Russian Embassy in London, ditto.

October the 21st.
His Excellency Lieutenant-General Count

Bjornstjerna, Swedish Minister in London, Foreign Member.
His Excellency Count Ludolf, Neapolitan

Minister in London .........00.- reaere
Baron de Thenard .........-.+.- PP bearer
Martinus van Marum, M.D. .......... +» ditto.

October the 2th.
William, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury .. Fellow.

4 Appendix.

John Singleton, Lord Lyndhurst, Lord High
Chancellor of England ............++++ Fellow.
John, Duke of Bedford, F.S.A. ........ ditto.
Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, K.G. ........ ditto.
Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable
Sir George Murray, G.C.B. His Majesty’s
Principal Secretary of State for the Colo-

nial Department ....... Se de alas mails ditto.
Right Honourable Sir Gore Ouseley, Bart.
G.C.H. K.S.G. K.L.S8. .s......05 ditto.

Right Honourable W. F. V. Fitzgerald, M. P.
F. R.S. President of the Board of Trade, ditto.
Right Honourable Charles Arbuthnot, M. P.
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster .. ditto.

November the 11th.
His Excellency Count D’Ofalia, Spanish Am-

bassador at Paris .....-.+-- others stan os Foreign Member.
Frederick E. Fischer, M. D. St. Petersburg, ditto.
Gotthelf Fischer, M.D. Moscow ........ ditto.
Thomas Drever, M.D.......... o aime tens 0) LOW,
Robert Gibbs, Esq. ....-+eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ditto.
November the 25th.
U. J. Bi Rach, Haqes si. oS... ews - ditto.
Sir Frederick F. Biker Bart. F. R. S.. . ditto.
William Beatty, M. D. F.R.S........... ditto.
Titus Berry, Esq. ......eeseeeeeeeeees -. ditto.
Lieut.-Colonel W. Blackburne, M.R.A.S. ditto.
J. M. Brackenbury, Esq............ ©» oper MEO:
Benjamin B. Cabbell, Esq. F. sty ahwe ee ditto.
John Capel, Esq. M. P. .....--eeeeeeees ditto.
Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, M.D. ...... ditto.
Abraham Favenc, Esq. ..... a init Mababe ..- ditto.
Abraham Garnett, Esq. ..... Mbdebals. &.. ditto,

George Gibbs, Esq. .....+. 2 de viene ascieee ditto.

;

Appendix. 5

Sir Andrew Haliiday, M. D. K. H....... Fellow.
Robert William Hay, Esq. M. A. F. R. S. ditto.
Sir George St. M‘Kenzie, Bart. F.R.S... ditto.

Sir Oswald Moseley, Bart. .............. ditto.
George Parker, Esq. ....... Adit eal ots ditto.
ee ete, Haq. Tek. DY. 0th. Moikwdouc’ ditto.
Cemnd John Ready. sd). isioels, cw ecas ditto.
Charles Welstead, Esq. .........2. seeese ditto.
Henry Winchester, Esq. .....s0sseeeeees ditto.

December the 9th.
His Majesty Frederick William, King of

BOOM in SI CROKE -»+ Honorary Fellow.
John Coles Fourdrinier, Esq. ....... s++e+ Fellow.
ee oe TTL Tee Tee ditto. —

William Church, Esq. .............. ese “aitte;

January the 5th, 1829.

His Excellency the Chevalier de Zea Ber-

mudez, Spanish Minister in London .... Foreign Member.
Count Donhoff, Secretary to the Prussian

Legation in London ...eesseeescsceees ditto.

List or DONATIONS, RECEIVED BY THE SocIETY FROM
OCTOBER THE 12th, 1827, To JANUARY THE L6th, 1829.

BOOKS,

From the Court of Directors of the East India Company :
Dr. Whitelaw Ainslie’s Materia Indica, 2 vols. 8vo.
handsomely bound.
From W. Townsend Aiton, Esq. F. L. 8. Fellow:
His second edition of the Hortus Kewensis, Svols. Svo.

6 Appendix.

From the late Dr. C. P. Thunberg, of Upsal:
Fifty-one Medico-Botanical and other Dissertations, 1 vol.
Ato.
From the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland :
Parts 1, 2, and 3 of the Ist vol. and Part 1 of the 2d vol.
of their Transactions, 4to.
From John Whiting, M.D. Prof. Mat. Med.:
Culpepper’s Physical Directory, 4to. 1650.
Pharmacopeia Edinensis, 8vo. 1809.
Pharmacopeia Matritensis, 4to. 1760.
From Sir Anthony Carlisle, F.R.S. Fellow:
His Hunterian Oration for 1826, 4to.
From John Frost Esq. Director :
His Remarks on the Mustard Tree of the Scriptures, 8yvo.
His Account of the expressed Oil of CRoToON Tiglium,
with a coloured engraving, 8vo.
Nicholson’s Dictionary of Chemistry, 8vo.
Parkes’s Chemical Catechism, 8vo.
From the Société de Geographie of Paris :
The two first volumes of their Transactions, 4to,
Numbers 45 to 67 of their Bulletin, 8vo.
From Sir John Scott Lillie, Fellow:
Sir James Edward Smith’s Spicilegium Botanicum, fol.
From William John Short, Esq. Fellow:
Salmon’s New London Dispensatory, 8vo.
W. ten Rhyne’s Dissertatio de Arthritide, 8vo.
Salmon’s Synopsis Medicine, 8vo.
Seguieri Plante Veronenses, 2 vols, 8vo.
Sutherland’s Attempts to revive Antient Medical Doc-
trines, Svo.
Bohn’s Dissertatio Chemico-Physica, 12mo.
From the Rey. Stephen Weston, B. D. F.R.S.:
Scheuchzer’s Herbarium Diluvianum, fol.
Thunberg’s Dissertatio de Erica, edited by R. A. Sa-
lisbury, Esq. 4to.
Leonh. Fuchsii Historia Stirpium, 18mo.
Nylandt’s Nederlandsche Herbarius, 12mo.

Appendix. 7

From Mr. de Paiva:
Dictionaire de Botanique and de Pharmacie, Svo.
From George Barclay, M. D. Fellow :

The Rey. Lansdowne Guilding’s Description of the Bo-

tanic Garden of St. Vincents, 4to.
From Joseph Houlton, Esq. F. L. S. Associate :

His Translation of Majendie’s Formulary for the Pre-
paration and Employment of several new Medicines,
8vo.

Numbers 1 to 6 of the London Medical and Surgical
Journal, 8vo.

From Robert Bree, M.D. F. R.S. Honorary Fellow :

His Oratio Harveiana for 1827, 4to.

From Earl Stanhope, President :

Remberti Dodonzi Historia Stirpium, fol.

Thornton’s Family Herbal, 8vo.

Sir J. Hill’s useful Family Herbal, 8vo.

Waller's Translation of Orfila’s Toxicology, 2 vols. 8vo.
with coloured plates.

Nees von Esenbeck’s complete Collection of Officinal
Plants, with 438 coloured lithographic plates, fol. 18
numbers.

From Professor Link, of Berlin, Corresponding Member :

Ist vol. of his Eneyclopcedisches Worterbuch der medi-
zinischen Wissenschaften, 8vo.

From Sir Alexander Johnston, Vice-President :

Dissertatio inauguralis de plantis medicinalibus in insula
Ceylona sponte nascentibus, auct. Joh, Scott, M.D.
8vo.

From John P. Yosy, Esq. Secretary :

Plinii secundi Historia Mundi, fol. 1535.

From Sir John Edward Swinburne, Bart. Vice-President;

Jos. Pitton de Tournefort’s Elémens de Botanique, 4 vols.
Ato. with numerous plates.

The same author's Histoire des Plants de Paris, avee leur
usage dans la Medicine, 2 vols. L2mo.

8 Appendix.

From J. C. Loudon, Esq. F. L. 8.:
The Ist number of the Magazine of Natural History, 8vo.
From the Yorkshire Philosophical Society :
Their annual Report for 1827, 8vo.
From the Société de Pharmacie of Paris:
Their Journal, from January, 1828, to January, 1829,
8vo.
From the Right Honourable Sir John Sinclair, Bart. Fellow:
His Dissertation on the Culture and Use of the Potatoe,
8vo.
From the Royal Academy of Lyons:
Their Reports, from 1805 to 1827, 8vo.
From George G. Sigmond, M. D. Professor of Toxicology :
Second edition of his Medical Dissertations, and several
other Medical Dissertations by Graduates at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, 8vo.
From William Zollickofer, M.D. Corresponding Member :
His Materia Medica of the United States, 8vo. hand-
somely bound.
From F. W. Hornemann, Professor of Botany at Copenhagen,
Corresponding Member :
His Nomenclatura Flore Danice, 8vo.
His Tractatus de Fuco buccinali, Ato.
From Mr. Chevalier, of Paris, Corresponding Member :
Memoir on the Improvements to be made in Litho-
graphy, 4to,
A Treatise on the Culture and Uses of Hops, 12mo.
From C. A. Agardh, M.D. Professor of Botany at Lund,
Corresponding Member :
His Botanical Aphorisms, 8vo.
His Essay on the Classification of Plants, 8vo.
His Description of several new Genera and species of
Algz found in Austria, 8vo.
Novitiz Suecice, by Prof. Elias Fries, Svo.
From the Editors :
Numbers 1 to 14 of the Flora Medica, 8vo,

Appendix. 9

From Antonio Bertoloni, M. D. Corresponding Member :

Prelectiones Rei Herbarie, 8vo.

From W. Allmann, M. D. Professor of Botany in Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, Corresponding Member :

His commencement of Analysis of the Genera of Plants
with conspicuous stamens, 4to.

From Frederick Otto, Inspector of the Botanic Garden at
Berlin, Corresponding Member :

Icones Plantarum selectarum Horti Regii Berolinensis,

auct. H. F. Link et Fred. Otto, 10 Parts, Ato.
From Dr. Joseph Cope :

His Translation of a Treatise on Clinical Medicine, by

J. R. Bischoff, M. D. 8vo.
From James Woodforde, M. D. Fellow :

A Translation of Dodonzi Historia Plantarum, fol.

His Catalogue of indigenous phenogamic Plants, grow-
ing in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, 8yo.

From Mr. Chereau, of Paris, Corresponding Member :
) Nouvelle Nomenclature pharmaceutique, Svo.
From His Excellency Count Ludolf, Foreign Member :

A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Royal Botanic
Garden of Naples, 8vo. and a Catalogue of the Seeds
collected for exchange, fol.

From the Royal Academy of Bordeaux :
Its Proceedings for 1827.
From the Linnean Society of Bordeaux :

The eleven first numbers of its Bulletin.

From Sir James M’Grigor, M.D. F.R.S. K.T.S.:

Dr. Maton’s edition of Pulteney’s Life and Writings of
Linneus, 4to.

Alpinus de plantis exoticis, 4to.

Gmelin’s Historia Fucorum, 4to.

Acta Societatis Upsaliensis, 4to.

Lavoisier’s Treatise on Chemistry, 2 vols. 8vo.

Medikus’s Botanical Observations, 2 vols, 8yvo.

10 Appendix.

Flora Frisica, 4to.
Scopoli Fundamenta Botanica, 8vo.
From Henry Dutrochet, M. D. Corresponding Member :
New Experiments on Endosmose and Exosmose, 8vo.

Paris, 1828.
MSS. anno DRAWINGS.

From the Royal Asiatic Society :

Four Cingalese MSS. on medicinal subjects.

A Collection of Cingalese MSS. translated by direction
of Sir Alexander Johnston.

From Henry Thomas Colebrooke, Esq. F. R.S. Dir. Roy. As.
Soc. Honorary Member :

A Collection of 597 coloured Drawings of East Indian
Plants, being duplicates of the drawings made under
the direction of Dr. Roxburgh during his superintend-
ence of the Calcutta Botanic Garden.

From Sir Alexander Johnston, Vice-President :

A MS. Catalogue of the Herbarium of East Indian
Plants, collected by Mr. Rottler, of Madras, with
many descriptions of new species.

A Drawing of NEPENTHES distillatoria.

From John Frost, Esq. Director :

Drawings of ERYTHRONIUM Dens Canis and CyNo-

GLOSSUM omphaloides.

PLANTS.

From John Frost, Esq. Director:
One hundred Species of medicinal and other Plants.
A Collection of upwards of 5000 Species of indigenous
and exotic Plants, collected and dried by him, with a
Catalogue.
From the Rev. Stephen Weston:
Several Specimens of dried Plants.
From the Royal Asiatic Society :
Two Collections of North American and Cingalese Plants.

Appendix. ll

From Thomas Hughes Ridgway, M. D.:

A Specimen of ACACIA capensis.

From W. T. Iliff, Esq. Fellow :

A small Collection of dried Plants, principally Erice

from the Cape of Good Hope.
From George Barclay, M. D. Fellow :

A numerous and valuable Collection of Plants, from the

Botanic Garden of St. Vincents.
From John Hancock, M. D. Fellow:

A Specimen of Haimarada.

A numerous Collection of Plants, from British Guiana
and the shores of the Oronoko, with many descrip-
tive and medical Observations, made during a residence
of 25 years in those regions.

From Benjamin Guy Babington, M. B. F.R.S. Fellow:

A Collection of 242 dried Specimens of Plants, collected

in 1811 and 1812 in the Mauritius, with a Catalogue.
From Mr. Alexander Campbell, Associate :

Two fine Specimens of Musa rosacea, in flower and
fruit.

A Specimen of AristoLocnia labiosa.

From His Majesty Lewis, King of Bavaria, Honorary Fellow:

A Collection of 596 dried Specimens of Plants indige-
nous to His dominions and the North of Italy, col-
lected and arranged in 4 vols. according to the natural

system of Professor Martius.
_ From the Court of Directors of the East India Company :

A Collection of 163 Specimens of East Indian medicinal
Plants, selected from their Herbarium, and arranged
by Dr. Thomas Horsfield.

From Sir James M‘Grigor, M. D. F.R.S. Fellow:
A Collection of 250 dried Specimens of Plants, collected
by him in the Island of Jersey 30 years ago.
From Mrs. Frost :
A numerous Collection of Mosses and other eryptogamie
7 Plants, with some rare phanerogamic Plants,
7 H

12 Appendix.

From James Woodforde, M.D. Fellow:
A numerous Collection of indigenous Plants.
From Colonel John Ready, Fellow:

A Specimen of GEuM Canadense.

From Matthew Curling Friend, Esq. Lieut.R.N. F.R.S.
Fellow:

A Specimen of TypHa, and a Plant called Vanguilla
from Demerara.

From His Imperial and Royal Highness Leopold II., Grand
Duke of Tuscany, Honorary Fellow:

A Collection of 332 dried officinal Plants, iti ginous to
his dominions, collected and arranged according to the
Linnean system, and accompanied by a descriptive
Catalogue, by Octavian Targioni. j

From John Hardy, Jun. Esq. :

Specimens of the Leaves, Flowers, Powder, and Ex-
tract of the Guaco, with several other medicinal
Plants, collected by Don Emigdio Maldonado, Presi-
dent of the Patriotic Society of Sant Jago de Cuba.

The Society has also to acknowledge the kindness of Thomas
Gibbs, Esq. Treasurer, Willlam Anderson, Esq. and Mr.
Alexander Campbell, in furnishing recent Specimens of medici-
nal Plants for exhibition at the Meetings.

MISCELLANEA.

From the Rev. Mr. Smirnove, Chaplain to the Russian Embassy :
A considerable quantity of the dried Plant and Seed of
GENISTA tinctoria.
From Edward Huggins, Esq. :
Fifty-six pounds of the Seed of ARGEMONE mexicana.
From William Tiffin Iliff, Esq. Fellow :
A folio Engraving of NEPENTHES ampullaria.
From George Barclay, M. D. Fellow:
A Collection of West Indian Seeds.

Appendix. 13

From Sir James M‘Grigor, M. D. F.R.S.:

A Specimen of the Fruit of ADANSONIA digitata.

A Collection of Roots from the Cape of Good Hope.
From Richard Morris, Esq. F.L.S. Fellow:

A Collection of Seeds from the Island of Ceylon.
From Robert Keate, Esq. Fellow:

A Specimen of the Seed of MIKANIA Guaco.
From Matthias Robinson, Esq. F.L.S. Fellow:

_ The Fruit and Seed of Dimocarpus Litchi.

From William Huttmann, Esq. Fellow :

A Bottle of the expressed Oil of Poppy Seed.
From Abraham Favenc, Esq. Fellow:

A Branch of GLEDITSCHIA triacanthos.
From Antonio Bertoloni, Corresponding Member :

A small Collection of Hot-house Seeds.
From Sabino Berthelot, Corresponding Member :

A Specimen of the Syrup of Mocan.
From Samuel Reed, Esq. Fellow:

A Portrait of Sir James M‘Grigor.
From John Frost, Esq. Director :

A Portrait of Earl Stanhope.
From William Burnett, M. D. Vice-President:

A Specimen of the Root of Cyperus articulatus,
(Adowro Root,) an infusion of which is occasionally
useful in checking irritability of the stomach in the
Endemic Fever of the West Indies.

From John P. Yosy, Esq. Secretary:

A Portrait of John Frost, Esq.

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ae reaqgot Ecol} Io oy adh mow? Hoof ‘io nebant
Lg My A eet 2 peli Lp
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7 ylsaniassoo ui doidw “to “notewtett am (dood peer fe

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i” ue gps: = pada rf
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“to January 16 1829 ieee ae

Catalogue of the medicinal Plants of ipiisaiie a biohecee:
eee Rn) ao ome ep cs

Es

Pek |

tions on Sarsaparilla and its preparation, by Dr.

" Hlancook = eae ah Daa a

~

sc eterereces

+

APPENDIX.

Planta: .. 3.00
Miscellanea _