Return to LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY WOODS HOLE, MASS. Loaned by American Museum of Natural History INDICES TO THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW VOL. VI. (New Series). 1899-1902. With Title-Page and Table of Contents. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET. FEBRUARY, 1911. > In December, 1903, the publication of Volume VI. of the Society's Transactions was completed by the issue of Part III. It was found impossible, however, to arrange at that time for the preparation of Indices to the Volume, such as had been supplied with the concluding Part of each of the five previous Volumes of the New Series, and have since been also furnished for Volume VII. In response to a frequently-expressed desire, Indices to Volume VI. have been prepared and are now issued, along with Title-Page and Table of Contents, for that Volume. /\ )§o L, Glasgow, February, 1911. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VI. (New Series.) 1899-1902. With Four Plates. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET. DECEMBER, 1903. Printed by Robert Anderson, 142 West Nile Street, Glasgow. AiSoL, CONTENTS. Transactions — PAGE Notes on the Marine Mollusca of Port-Stewart, North Ireland (especially in their relationship with the Clyde Fauna). By Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M. A., 1 Notes on the Occurrence of Trichomanes radicans, Sw., in Scotland. By William Stewart, 18 A Census of Glasgow Rookeries. By Hugh Boyd Watt, - - 21 The Carboniferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls. By Robert Kidston, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. (Retiring Presidential Lecture), 25 Meteorological Notes, and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1899, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks. Glasgow, - 141 Notes on a Cruise in Clyde Waters in June, 1900. By John Paterson, 154 Reports on Excursions — Keppel Pier, Cumbrae, 158 Glamis, Forfarshire, 159 Girvan Valley, 160 Dougalston and " The Auld Wives' Lifts," 161 Ailsa Craig, 163 Cumbernauld Glen, --------- 163 Pollok, - - - 163 Howietoun Hatchery. - 163 Castlemilk, 163 Glenfalloch, - 163 Tollcross Park, ----- 163 Ben Lomond, 163 Ross Priory, 163 Gallingad Glen. Caldarvan, 164 Glen Water, Darvel, 164 Proceedings-«- Crambus latistrius, How., from Irvine. By A. Adie Dalglish. - 165 Report of the Council on the Business of Session 1898-99, - - 166 Botanising among the Dolomites. By Robert Brown. M.D., - 168 Short Address. By the President, Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S.. - 169 Acherontia atropos, L., the Death's-head Moth, from Islay. By Dr. T. F. Gilmour, 169 IV CONTENTS. Proceedings — continued. page Plants gathered in Switzerland and the Tyrol. By Robert Brown, M.D.. - - - - - - - - - 170 Exhibition of Lantern Slides illustrating the Early Development of Echinus esculentus, L. By Thos. H. Bryce, M.A., M.B., CM., F.R.S.E., - 170 On a Collection of 64 Species of Mycetozoa. By J. Wylie, - 170 On South African Antelopes. By James Mitchell, - - - 171 On Life in the Polar Regions. Lecture by Wm. S. Bruce, F.R.S.G.S., 172 Exhibition of Lantern Slides illustrating Bird Life on Ailsa Craig. By Charles Kirk, - - 174 Some Lichens from Dumbartonshire. By L. Watt, - - - 174 On the Aard Wolf {Sroteles cristatus, Gray), and Cape Ratel {Mellirora ratel). By James Mitchell, - 175 A Narrative of a Scientific Cruise on the Fishery Board Steamer "Garland." By Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M. A., - - 176 On some Deep Sea Rhizopods found in the Clyde Area. By Fred. G. Pearcey, - 178 Poly poms varius, Fr., and P. melanopus, Fr., from near Symington. By William Stewart, 179 Abstract Statement of Accounts for Session 1899-1900, - - 180 Transactions — Extracts from an unpublished Ornithology of Glasgow. By the late Dr. John Grieve, with Notes by John Paterson, - - 181 The Seals, Whales, and Dolphins of the Clyde Sea Area. By Hugh Boyd Watt, 191 Meteorological Notes, and Remarks upon the Weather during the year 1900, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks. Glasgow, - 19S Additions to the List of Scottish Coleoptera. By Anderson Fergusson, - ■ - 214 Notes on the Marine Deposits of the Firth of Forth, and their Relation to its Animal Life. By F. G. Pearcey, Naturalist to the Fishery Board for Scotland, 217 Reports on Excursions — Camis Eskan, - - - 251 Douglas Support, ..-.-.... 253 Buchanan Castle. - 254 Cadzow, ... . 258 Castlemilk, Rutherglen, - 259 Culzean Castle and Crossraguel Abbey, - 259 Aikenhead, Cathcart, - 262 Garscube, 262 CONTENTS. V Reports on Excursions— continued. page Corehouse, Lanark, 262 Creag-na-Caillich, Killin, 263 Cathcart Nurseries, 264 Proceedings — Report on Cryptogamic Conference at Boat of Garten. By William Stewart, - - 265 Report of the Council on the Business of Session 1S99-1900, - 266 Acherontia airopo.s, L. , from Lendalfoot, and Sphinx convolvuii, L., from Ayr. By Thomas Wilson, ----- 2(i9 On Supernumerary Digits. By John Lindsay, M. A., M.B., CM., 270 Some Higher Crustacea from the Firth of Clyde. By Alexander Patience, 270 The Upper Engadine : Botanical Work amongst its Higher Peaks. By Dr. Robert Brown, 271 Pterostichus lepidus, F., from Tollcross, and Dytiscus lapponicus, Gyll., from Mull. By Anderson Fergusson, - - - 272 On Glauoumjiavum, Crantz. By the President, - - - 273 Death of Queen Victoria, 274 " Conodonts from the Carboniferous Limestone of the West of Scotland"— a correction. By John Smith, - - - - 274 Statict lychnidifolia, De Girard, from Alderney, with other species of the genus Statict. By the President, - - 275 On the Revised list of the British Marine Mollusca and Brachiopoda, issued by the Conchological Society. By the Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M. A., 276 Ophisaurus apus (Boul.), the Glass Snake. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, 279 Ants. Lecture by J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., F.Z.S., - - - 280 Trigonella Fcenum-grcecum, L., from Doonfoot, Ayr. By Andrew Gilchrist, 280 Ajuga pyramidali* , L., from near Stornoway. By W. J. Gibson, M.A., - - - - 281 Corallorhiza innata, R.Br., from Kilmarnock district. By Andrew Gilchrist, 282 Plecotus auritus (L.), the Long-eared Bat, from Islay. By Dr. T. F. Gilmour, - - - 282 Eleven Species of Parasitic Fungi from Natal. By Colonel Harington-Stuart, - 283 Cases of poisoning on Island of Cumbrae from eating (Enanthe crocata, L., the Hemlock Water Dropwort, - - - 283 Abstract Statement of Accounts for Session 1900-1901, - - 284 List of Office-Bearers, Session 1901-1902, 285 List of Members, ,, ,, 286 List of Associates, ,, ,, - ...... - 297 VI CONTENTS. Transactions- Ichthyonema grayi, Gemmill and V. Linstow. B}^ James F. Geraraill, M.A., M.D.,- - - - - - - - 299 Mistletoe. By George Paxton, ------- 301 Occurrence of Sirex gigas, Linn., and Sirex juvencus, Linn., in Bute and Arran. By John Ballantyne, - 305 Arctic Plants from the Dovrefjeld, Norway. By Mrs. Peter Ewing, - - - 307 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the year 1901, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 313 Report on the State of the Alpine Flora in Breadalbane during the last week of July, 1902. By Peter Ewing, F.L.S., - 330 Reports ox Excursions— Toward, - 333 Arniston and Temple,- -------- 334. Campsie Glen and Lennox Castle, ------ 338 Craigends, - 338 Murroch and Auchenreoch Glens, 340 Bishop Loch, 342 Cambusnethan House and Dalziel House, 343 Ben Lomond and Luss, ........ 344 Duagoyne, - 346 Milton Lockhart and Carfin, 347 Tollcross Park, - - 348 Galston, - 351 Marine Biological Station, Keppel Pier, Millport, - - - 354 Proceedings — North American Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. By Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M. A., F.R.S.E., 356 Senecio erucif otitis, L., from Kilwinning. By Archibald Shanks, 356 Report of the Council on the Business of Session 1900-1901, - 357 Nasturtium sylvestre, R.Br., from Johnstone. By Robert S. Houston, 359 A New Zealand Hepialus attacked by a Fungus, Cordiceps Bobertsii. By George Russell, ------ 359 Mantis religiosa, L., the "Praying Insect.' By Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.D. - - - - 360 Boa constrictor, L., Dendrophis punctuiatus, Krelit, and Dipsadomorphus fuscus, Gray. By Thomas Beath Henderson, M.D., 360 Botanizing on the Swiss Alps in Spring. By Robert Brown, M.D., 360 CONTENTS. Vll Proceedings — continued. page Special Meeting to celebrate the Jubilee of the Society, - - 363 Address by the President, - 363 Address by the Lord Provost, 368 Address by Professor M'Kendrick, F.R.S., - - - - 370 Address by Sir John Murray, K.C.B., .... 370 Address by Mr. D. B. Morris, 373 Address by Lord Kelvin, 374 Address by Dr. James F. Gemmill, M. A., .... 374 Address by Mr. Henry Coates, F.R.S.E., - 375 Glyciphagus spinipes, Koch, a Mite infesting furniture. By James Rankin, M.B., CM., B.Sc, - - - - - 380 Notes on Forest Trees. By George Paxton, - - - - 381 A Simple Method of Preserving Birds as Specimens. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - - - 383 Lithothamnium glaciale, Kjellm., a Calcareous Alga new to Britain. By Mrs. David Robertson, 383 On the Corallines. By the President, ..... 354 Recent Changes of Animal Life in Britain. Lecture by J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 385 Xylophaga dor.salis, Turton. By A. Gray and A. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., 386 Carex disticha, Huds., from Great Cumbrae. By A. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., 386 Crustacea, &c. , from Loch Fyne. By James Patience, - - 386 Eggs of the Manx Shearwater, Puffimis angiorum (Temminek), from the Island of Eigg. By John Robertson, - - - 387 On Bromus giganteus, L., and B. ramosus, Huds. By Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., 388 Abstract Statement of Accounts for Session 1898-99, - - - 389 List of Office-Bearers, Session 1903-1904, 391 List of British and Irish Societies, &c, with which Publications are Exchanged, 392 List of Colonial and Foreign Societies, &c. , with which Publica- tions are Exchanged, - 394 Indices — General Index, 399 Topographical Index, ------... 401 Index to Names of Contributors, &c, 407 ,, Popular Names, 410 ,, Scientific Names, Zoology, 412 Botany, 418 Title, Contents, and Errata foe, Vol. VI., - Appendix ERRATA. Page 158, line 1, for "zonica ecabunga'' read " onica Bexcabunga. ■ spiceta" read "spicata." ■ ty^iglumis''' read " triglumis." schvinnizii" read " Schwemitzii." '' Frametes—F." read " Tra metes— T." 1 melalencus ;' read " me,laliucux.,) • Memdiu" read " Merulius." ' Eutrichium" read " Eritrichium." ■ Laurus " read ' ' Larus. ;' ' haa^ti''' read "^aa^'i." ; Philadelphoris" read " Philadeiphus." ' Corivilla,, read " CoroniLla." „ 163, , , 23, „ 55 5 5 5 , 28, „ „ 266, , 2, ,, 55 55 5 , 4, „ >} 55 5 , 13, „ 55 5 5 5 , 15, ,, ,5 271, , , 17, „ „ 279, , , 27. „ „ 334, , o 5 "5 5 5 „ 335, , , 23, „ „ 361, , , 6, „ TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VI. (New Series.) PART I. 1899-1900. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET, MARCH, 1901. Printed by Robert Anderson, 142 West Nile Street, Glasgow. CONTENTS Transactions— page Notes on the Marine Mollusca of Port-Stewart, North Ireland (especially in their relationship with the Clyde Fauna). By Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M. A., 1 Notes on the occurrence of Trichomanes radicans, Sw., in Scotland. By William Stewart, 18 A Census of Glasgow Rookeries. By Hugh Boyd Watt, - - 21 The Carboniferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls. By Robert Kidston, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. (Retiring Presidential Lecture), 25 Meteorological Notes, and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1899, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 141 Notes on a Cruise in Clyde Waters in June, 1900. By John Paterson, - 154 Reports on Excursions — Keppel Pier, Cumbrae, - - - 158 Glamis, Forfarshire, 159 Girvan Valley, - 160 Dougalston and "The Auld Wives' Lifts," - - - - 161 Ailsa Craig, - 163 Cumbernauld Glen, --------- 163 Pollok, 163 Howietoun Hatchery, - 163 Castlemilk, 163 Glenfanoch, .....' 163 Tollcross Park, ---------- 163 Ben Lomond, -------- . 163 Ross Priory, ----- 163 Gallingad Glen, Caldarvan, - 164 Glen Water, Darvel, ...,,.... . - 164 VI CONTENTS. PROCEEDINGS — page Report of the Council on the Business of Session 1898-99, - 166 Botanizing among the Dolomites. By Robert Brown, M.D., - 168 Short Address, by the President, Alex. Somerville, B. Sc. , F. L. S. , 169 Acherontia atropos, L., the Death's-head Moth, from Islay. By Dr. T. F. Gilmour, 169 Plants gathered in Switzerland and the Tyrol. By Robert Brown, M.D., 169 Lecture on the Early Development of Echinus esculentus, L. By Thos. H. Bryce, M.A., M.B., CM., F.R.S.E., - - 170 On a Collection of 64 Species of MycHozoa. By J. Wylie, - 170 On a Skull of Ursus maritimus, Desm. By Chas. Kirk, - - 171 On the Horns of South African Antelopes. By James Mitchell, 171 Lecture on "Life in the Polar Regions/' By Win, S. Bruce, F.R.S.G.S., .-- - 172 Bird Life on Ailsa Craig. By John Paterson, - - - -174 Some Lichens from Dumbartonshire. By L. Watt, - - - 174 Skins of the Aard Wolf {Sroteles cristatus, Gv&j), - - - 175 A Narrative of a Scientific Cruise on the Fishery Board Steamer "Garland." By Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M. A., - - 176 On some Deep Sea Rhizopods found in the Clyde Area. By Fred. G. Pearcey, 178 Abstract Statement of Accounts— Session 1899-1900, - - 180 TRANSACTIONS OF THE lladturai ptstora Scrmtj) of (ilasplu- Notes on the Marine Mollusca of Port Stewart, North Ireland (Especially in their relationship with the Clyde Fauna). By Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M.A. [Read September 26th, 1899. The northern coast-line of Ireland presents a striking diversity of scenery and rock formation. As one sails round the Mull of Cantire, passes the great island of Rathlin, and skirts the main- land onward through the Skerries to Portrush, views are obtained of some of the finest examples of cliff structure in the world. The Giant's Causeway, which faces the gales of the North Atlantic, is justly celebrated for its marvellous exhibition of the form adopted by basalt in the act of cooling from a molten con- dition. But the picturesqueness of its columnar structure is greatly enhanced by the frowning crags which encircle and rise far above it, and the sight of the great Atlantic billows dashing themselves against the bases of these precipices is a thing to be indeed remembered. With several breaks in the basaltic forma- tion, as, for example, at Dunluce Castle, there is a more or less continuous wall of rock from Ballycastle in the east to Port- Stewart in the west. Sanely bays are occasionally found, wedged in between the volcanic masses, and these intervals in the ram- part have been seized on as sites for villages and towns. Port- rush is built on a rocky promontory which is flanked by two sandy bays, while Port-Stewart, five miles further to the west, skirts a sapady enclosure, which is guarded by two rocky head- lands. But a mile beyond Port-Stewart the scenery totally changes. The precipitous crags disappear, and their place is taken by a wide stretch of beautiful firm sand, skirted by great rolling sand dunes, with bent. This is the character of the coast for several miles. The same sandy scenery is continued across the River TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Bann till Castlerock promontory is reached. The cliffs here are resumed for a short distance, and then the land sinks down into a great and absolutely flat triangular piece of country, whose seaward limit is known as Magilligan Strand and Point. There- after comes the extensive stretch of water called Loch Foyle, and beyond is the great headland and promontory named Inishowen. Port-Stewart, therefore, enjoys special facilities for concho- logical work. It has the broad beach of glistening sand, where the Atlantic sweeps in with giant strength ; and it has also the rocks, with their pools and seaweeds, which afford shelter for much molluscan life. The sand dunes are in themselves extremely interesting, steep and loose in formation, and overgrown in many places with prickly plants and bent. It is not uncommon to find flint arrow-heads amongst these mounds, and the presence there also of so many of our largest marine shells, such as Cyprina islandica, so far removed from the sea margin, suggests the thought whether there is any connection between the two — whether our primitive forefathers who inhabited these dunes were accustomed to bring down their prey with these flint arrow-heads, and whether, when game was scarce, they were obliged to appease the gnawings of hunger by means of these large shell-fish which they gathered on the beach. During my stay in the neighbourhood of Port-Stewart, I paid considerable attention to its marine mollusca. I was handicapped very considerably in the preparation of a complete molluscan faunal list of the locality by the fact that I had no dredging apparatus with me. The water is so pure, and the sands are so clean, that anyone dredging in deep water along that coast is certain to have a rich harvest. The abundance of shells cast up by the waves and tides on the shore is a proof of the richness of the outside waters. The following records are therefore entirely the result of shore collecting. But if I was deprived of the means of deep-sea research by the want of a dredge, I was more than liberally assisted in shore work by the friends whose hospitality I was enjoying. They, one and all, soon became infected with the passion for discovering some- thing new, and every day they would sally forth with unabated ardour, and with keenest rivalry, in the hope that the last tide had wafted in a mollusc which would contribute an addition to the NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PORT STEWART. 3 list of species. To their perseverance and industry I am greatly indebted for any completeness which this shore list presents. A few days' research soon revealed the fact that certain stretches of the sandy beach yielded certain shells in abundance which were comparatively scarce elsewhere. Of course there is always the difference of habitat between the rock-loving species (such as Patella, Littorina, and Purpura), and those specially addicted to sand, such as Mya, Tellina, Cardium, and Venus. But, in addition to these broad distinctions, it was curious to note how Cyprcea europcea occurred in very large numbers near Rock House, but was very much scarcer as one proceeded west. Indeed, it might be possible roughly to space out the shore according to its pre- dominant shells, although it must always be borne in mind that dovetailing of the groups was inevitable to a certain extent. Proceeding westward then, the order of prevailing species was something like this : — On the gravel bank near Rock House, Cyprcea europcea, Trochus cinerarius, and Pleurotoma turricula. At the little sandy bay known as the "Ladies' Bathing Place," by far the most abundant shell was Donax vittatus. Beyond the last rocky point, till the River Bann is reached, the sandy beach might be spaced out into portions where the predominant types are respectively : — Montacuta, Heleion pellucidum and its var. Icevis, Venus, Solen, Capulus and Fissurella, Mactra, then a small stretch of Cyprcea, followed by a portion of the beach on both sides of the old stranded wreck on which alone Aetceon was procured. This is but a rough division, but the absence or presence of particular shells from certain portions of the beach was so marked, that one instinctively came to associate certain strips of sand with certain corresponding molluscs. There has not been such exhaustive conchological work carried on in Ireland as has been the case with some parts of Scotland, and notably the Clyde area. But the number of workers is increasing, and they are animated with great enthusiasm. Most of their results find publication in the pages of the Irish Naturalist, but there is one exhaustive treatise on "The Marine Shells of North Ireland," which stands out to this day as the most complete work on the subject. It is compiled by the Keeper of the Royal National Library in Dublin, Mr. Robert Lloyd Praeger. On my finding out the molluscan richness of the localitv, I wrote 4 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. to Mr. Praeger and asked for information of former research carried on in the neighbourhood, and he very kindly sent me a reprint of his work, which appeared in the Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club for 1887-88, though actually published in 1889. The pamphlet is a long one of 50 closely- printed pages, and gives a full list of all species and varieties recorded by previous workers in the North of Ireland. It summarises the Irish localities mentioned in (1) Forbes and Hanley's British Mollusca; (2) The Natural History of Ireland, by William Thompson; (3) the Reports of the Belfast Dredging Committee, by George C. Hyndman ; (4) Report on the Marine Zoology of Strang ford Lough, by Professor Dickie ; (5) Jeffreys' British Conchology ; (6) private lists drawn up by a number of individual workers. Mr. Praeger's catalogue then, exhaustive as it appears, is seen to deal more with the shells of the east coast of Antrim than with those found in the north. I have, therefore, thought it advisable, whenever mention is made in his list that any species has been found on the North Antrim, or Derry coasts, to enter the same in my own list, that comparison of the two may be facilitated. Magilligan Strand, which is separated from the Port- Stewart beach by the River Bann and by the high ground near Castlerock. enjoys a reputation for yielding large varieties of species; wherever a shell is common to its sandy stretch and that about Port-Stewart, I have mentioned the fact as an interesting occurrence. Besides Mr. Praeger's exhaustive list, there is an excellent article by Dr. Geo. W. Chaster in The Irish Naturalist, Vol. VI., p. 120, 1897, entitled "A Day's Dredging off Ballycastle, Co. Antrim." So large is the number of species recorded from that day's work, that I have thought it well to indicate by an asterisk any species or varieties obtained by myself at Port-Stewart, which were not collected at Ballycastle by Dr. Chaster's party. There was, however, another point which occurred to me on working out the molluscan fauna of this Irish coast. It was the degree of correspondence or difference between the shells of the Antrim and Derry shores, and those of the Clyde estuary. I have, therefore, deemed it a matter of sufficient interest to institute a comparison between these respective faunas, and in every case NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PORT-STEWART. 0 where an Irish form is unknown to inhabit Clyde or Scottish waters, I have indicated the same by a note. The total number of species and varieties which I obtained on the Derry and Antrim coast was 112. Of these, 14 are not found in the Clyde, or have been recorded on evidence which is not altogether satisfactory, leaving no fewer than 98 which are common to the Irish and Clyde shores. Of the 112 species and varieties, I am happy to be able to say that eight are additions to the lists of both Mr. Praeger and Dr. Chaster. These are Ostrea edulis, var. parasitica, Turt. ; Pecten tigrinus, var. costata, Jeff. ; Cardium tuberculatum, L. ; Venus gallina, var. gibba, Jeff. ; Donax vittatus, var. truncatus, Marsh. ; Purpura lapillus, var. imbricata, Lmk. ; Pleurotoma laevigata, var. minor, Jeff. ; and Bulla hydatis, L. Hydrobia jenkinsi, E. A. Smith, must probably, in the meantime, be looked on as not strictly marine. In order to make my list as trustworthy as possible, all the shells were sent for verification to Mr. J. T. Marshall, of Torquay, who has repeated many former kindnesses in once again authenticating my records. The only further remark I need make is, that I have followed the nomenclature of Jeffreys in his British Conchology, wThich, though now in many ways obsolete, must be our working system until the Conchological Society issue their new and revised list. ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES. Pelecypoda. Anomia ephippium, L. — Not nearly so abundant as A. patelli- formis, but still tolerably frequent. *A. e])hippium, var. squamula, L. — Common. *A. ephippium, var. acideata, Mull. — Moderately common. A. patelliformis, L. — Very abundant, but valves usually much worn. Ostrea edulis, L. — Valves very scarce. *0. edulis, var. parasitica, Turt. : with the type. — Not recorded in Praeger's list. 6 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Pecten pusio (L.). — Valves in great abundance ; showing also much diversity in the form and degree of variability in shape for which this species is noted. " Dead valves fre- quent on the Derry Coast " (Praeger). P. varius (L.). — "Of general occurrence around the coasts of Donegal, Derry, Antrim, and Down." Not so frequent as the last species. P. opercidaris(L.). — Great numbers of half -grown and beautifully- coloured valves. P. tigrinus, Midi. — A few valves. " Single valves at Port rush (Miss Richardson) and Magilligan (Praeger)." *P. tigrinus, var. costata, Jeff. — One large well-marked but imperfect valve. Not recorded in Praeger's list. *Mytilus edulis, L. — Frequent, but generally of small size. M. edulis, var. incur rata, Penn. — In considerable quantities, attached to drift-wood, etc. *M. edulis, var. pellucida, Penn. — A few examples. M. modiolus, L. — Moderately common. M. phaseolinus (Phil.).— -Two valves. Not admitted by Brown as sufficiently authenticated to be included among the " Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde, 1878," but well established since. Nticida nucleus (L.). — A few worn valves. Pectuncidus glycymeris (L.). — "Thrown up in abundance at Magilligan Strand, but only single valves " (Praeger). This statement holds true also for Port-Stewart. Area tetragona, Poli. — One of the most abundant of all the shells found in the neighbourhood ; valves in countless numbers strew the beach. Regarding the habitat of this species, Jeffreys {Brit. Conch., Vol. II., p. 181) remarks: — " Rocky, stony, and shelly ground on all our coasts and at all depths." But from this comprehensive statement the Clyde estuary must, I fear, be excluded. I have not come across a single record of this species having been obtained in the waters to the north of a line between the Mull of Can tyre and the mouth of Loch Ryan. It has been recorded from Stornoway, 18 fathoms, by M 'Andrew and Forbes; from Iona and Eigg, by Mr. Alexander Somerville ; and from Oban Bay by the Rev. J. E. Somerville, having NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PORT-STEWART. 7 been obtained attached by a green byssus to the corners of old Mytilus modiolus. Mr. Frank Coulson has also taken it off Kerrera; off Loch Don, living, in 97-120 fathoms ; and off Croulin Island in 15-50 fathoms. Messrs. Chaster and Heathcote, in their exhaustive report on the molluscan fauna of Oban Bay {Journal of Conchology, Vol. VII., p. 307) can only add to the mention of its capture by Canon Norman, " two dead and worn valves." It is not unlike the well-known Mediterranean shell Area Noce, L. Montacuta ferruginosa (Mont.). — Valves washed up in consider- able abundance along the sands. Lucina borealis (L.). — Moderately common, but seldom full- grown. "Single valves are commonly thrown ashore on the Derry Coast, where also the writer has found living specimens " (Praeger). Axinus flexuosus (Mont). — A single very large valve. Cardium echinatum, L. — " Single valves of large size are abundant, and complete specimens frequent, on the sandy beaches of Magilligan and Portrush" (Praeger). The young specimens of this shell, as a rule, had their spines very well developed. *C tuberculatum, L. — Mr. Praeger omits this shell from his North of Ireland list, yet I found it in fair numbers on the broad stretch of sand near Port-Stewart. Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., Vol. II., p. 273) has a remark "Leach says, 'abundantly in the Firths of Forth and Clyde, Youghal, Bantry, Cork, and Dingle Bays, Ireland,' but I fear he has confounded this species with C. echiiiatum." The only West of Scotland records I have for it are Bute (on the somewhat doubtful authority of the late Mr. Smith, of Jordanhill, as C. rusticum) and Lewis, as a locality given by the late Dr. Robertson, of Millport. It is quite recognisable from C. echinatum. I have valves from Broad Bay, Stornoway, and from Ballantrae. *C. exiguum, Gm. — Three worn valves. " Portrush, dead — Miss Richardson " (Praeger). C. fasciatum, Mont. — Tolerably frequent. *C. nodosum, Turt. — Two valves. *C. edule, L. — Not by any means abundant. b TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Gyprina islandica (L.). — "Thrown up in great numbers on Magilligan Strand during northerly gales " (Praeger). Valves of young specimens were found along the tide- marks, but up amongst the sand dunes very large shells were conspicuous. Indeed, so numerous in some places were these large Cy prince, lying on the surface or half -buried in the loose sands, that one was almost inclined to ask, Have we here the remains of an ancient kjokken-modden'? Venus exoleta, L. — Very scarce indeed. V. lincta, Pult. — " Common, dead, thrown up on sandy beaches, from Magilligan in Co. Deny to Newcastle in Co. Down " (Praeger). This Venus is certainly the predominant one of its genus on the Port-Stewart sands, while exoleta is curiously rare. V. ovata, Penn. — A few odd Valves. V. gallina, L. — " Found alive from low- water mark to 8 and 10 fathoms on the north and north-east sandy coasts. Thrown ashore on the sandy beach of Magilligan in quantity and of large size " (Thompson). The Port-Stewart specimens were living and beautifully marked on the exterior. *V. gallina, var. gibba, Jpff. — One valve. Not mentioned in Praeger's list. Tapes virgineus {L.). — Very frequent. *T. pullastra {Mont.). — Curiously scarce, perhaps because so little mud (which this species loves) is mingled with the fine firm sand of the Port-Stewart beach. *T. pullastra, var. perforans (Mont.). — Four odd valves. *Tellina balthica, L. — A single perfect, though dead, specimen. I believe it is the opinion of most conchologists that this species is rapidly dying out, at least on the west coast of Scotland and England. Formerly the shell used to be abundant in many localities, where now only a few stray examples may be obtained. The survivors are nearly all of the well-known pink colour, the j^ellow varieties being much scarcer. Mr. Standen, of the Owens' College, Manchester, informs me that he remembers seeing whole bays of the coast of Lancashire strewn with this shell, whereas now it is by no means a frequently-met-with species. NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PORT-STEWART. 9 *T. tenuis, Da C. — Valves fairly abundant, but not so plentiful as the next species. *T.fabula, Gron. — " Not uncommon on extensive sandy beaches, as Magilligan" (Thompson). My experience at Port- Stewart was, that it was much more abundant than tenuis, a circumstance the reverse of what obtains in Clyde waters. Psammobia ferroensis (Chem.). — A few odd valves. "Thrown up alive by the tide at Castlerock, Co. Derry." (Praeger). *Donax vitattus, Da C. — This is without doubt the predominant shell on the coast. Some parts of the shore, e.g. the little bay known as the " Ladies' Bathing Place," are literally covered with the shells of this mollusc ; the shells being of all hues from the richest dark purple to the most golden yellow. The majority of the shells are perfect, though empty, the strong ligament holding the valves together. Living specimens are also frequent. Thompson states that it is " plentiful close to low- water mark at Magilligan, where it is collected by the people for food." Praeger records it from Portrush. The only Clyde localities I have for this species are : — Clyde (Smith and Landsborough — both declared doubtful by Mr. Alfred Brown, and excluded from his list of the mollusca of the firth) ; Ardrossan and Ayr (Coulson) ; Irvine (J. Smith) ; Karnes Bay, Cumbrae, one living and one dead (Robertson) ; and Salt- coats (Alex. Somerville). Broad Bay, Stornoway, is the great place for this shell, or rather for its variety turgida, a locality where it may be seen in countless numbers. *D. vittatus, var. truncatus, Marsh. — I was fortunate in securing three specimens of this variety, which is an addition to Jeffrey's British Conchology. The shell is described and figured in the Irish Naturalist for January, 1895. Mr. J. T. Marshall says, that so far as he is aware, this variety is peculiar to the south and west of Ireland. The discovery of the variety in the extreme north of Ireland is, therefore, very interesting. *Mactra solida, L. — By no means frequent. "Portrush, dead" (Miss Richardson). " Dead valves are abundant at Magilligan " (Praeger). M. solida, var. ettiptica, Bro. — Moderately common, b 10 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. M. subtruncata (Da C). — Frequent ; more coarse in appearance than those found so abundantly on our Ayrshire shores. *M. stultorum, L. — " Portrush, and abundant on the Derry coast " (Praeger). It is, indeed, abundant — finely marked living, or perfect, though dead, specimens being everywhere obtainable. The distribution of this handsome shell is somewhat peculiar. It is the typical mollusc of the north-east coast of Scotland, being very plentiful on the sandy beach near Aberdeen. Down the west coast there is a solitary record of its discovery at Oban by Mr. Alex. Somerville, who states also that, in 1888, a valve was shown him which had been picked up by Miss Kallenberg in Islay. Smith and Landsborough both record it from the Clyde, the former naming Ayr and the latter Lamlash Bay as their respective localities ; but Mr. Alfred Brown, who refuses to admit the shell as a genuine Clyde mollusc, sug- gests that possibly they may have intended by the name not the stidtorum of Linnaeus, but the stultorum of Pennant, which is our M. subtruncata, Da C. This, however, can hardly be the case, as J. Smith records it as " frequent " on the Irvine and Ardeer beaches, and Coulson has taken it on the Ardrossan shore. *M. stultorum, var. cinerea, Mont. — Rather scarce, with the type. " Magilligan " (Thompson). *Lutraria elliptica, Lmk. — " On the Derry coast it is very abundant " (Praeger). I obtained some large valves. Scrobicularia prismatica (Mont.). — "Magilligan" (Thompson). The valves of this rare and beautiful shell were tolerably abundant, and, as a rule, longer than those obtained in Clyde waters. It is generally distributed throughout the West of Scotland, but nowhere in great abundance, except (according to Alfred Brown) off Ardrishaig Pier, in 6 fathoms. S. alba ( Wood). — Not so plentiful as the foregoing species, and all the valves obtained were very small, and more thin and glossy than those got in, for example, Loch Goil or the Gareloch. Sofon ensis, L. — Very scarce at Port-Stewart. *S. siliqua, L. — Very common all along the sands, but none very large. NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OP PORT-STEWART. 11 *S. siliqua, var. arcuata, Jeff. — Sparingly, with the type. Not mentioned in Praeger's list. Thracia prcetenuis (Pidt.). — " Magilligan is the only northern locality in which the species has yet been met with by Mr. Hyndman or myself. It is thrown ashore quite fresh there " (Thompson). I have about a dozen valves from the sands of Port-Stewart. Mr. Praeger says, " I have a valve found by my brother at Magilligan." It is fairly common in the Clyde. Corhula gibba, Olivi. — A single valve. *Mya arenaria, L. — Common. *J/. truncata, L. — Not so frequent as the last species. Saxicava rugosa (L.). — Fairly plentiful, but not of large size. Gasteropoda. * Patella vulgata, L. — In its usual prolific abundance. Helcion pellucidum (L.). — Yery common along the sands, and on the gravel beds between Port-Stewart and Rock House. *H. pellucidum, var. laivis (Penn.). — One of the most abundant shells of the neighbourhood, especially among the gravels above the rocks near Rock House. Tectura virginea (Milll.). — Frequent, but much worn. Emarginula Jissura (L.). — Plentifully obtained. "Thrown up by the tide on sandy beaches at Castlerock and Magilligan " (Praeger). Fissurella grceca (L.). — " Portrush — Miss Richardson. Magil- ligan and Castlerock, Co. Derry, dead" (Praeger). One of the most abundant shells along this coast, and frequently of large size. It is excluded by Brown from his Clyde fauna, though its presence was vouched for by Smith at Bute; north of Holy Isle, 10-30 fathoms, by Greville and Miles ; in Loch Fyne, by Barlee ; and at Lamlash, by Lands- borough. Since the publication of the "Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde" it has been recorded by the "Medusa" from Loch Goil, in 35-40 fathoms, and in the Dunoon basin, from 6-8 fathoms. It is difficult to conceive how such a well-marked shell could be confused with any other species. It is frequently found in Oban Bay, Tobermory, Stornoway, and elsewhere on the west coast. 12 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Capidus hungaricus (L.). — " Rather worn shells are thrown ashore by the tide at Magilligan " (Praeger). Abundant on the Port-Stewart sands, though never attaining to the size of the true "Torbay bonnet." Trochus helicinus, Fabr. — A single, minute specimen. *T. magus, L. — "Not uncommon on the coasts of Derry and Antrim" (Praeger). I obtained only two much- worn specimens. T. tumidus (Mont.). — Only four examples obtained. T. ciyierarius, L. — Abundant. *T. umbilicatus (Mont.). — Rather scarce. T. zizyphinuSy L. — Common. T. zizyphinits, var. lyonsii, Flem. — With the type, but scarce. The only Clyde record is my discovery of it while on the " Garland," inside Sanda Island, in 25 fathoms. Phasianella pullus (L.). — Six of these beautiful little shells were got in the gravel bank near Rock House. Brown omits it from the Clyde mollusca. Smith had recorded it from Portpatrick, and Forbes had vaguely mentioned the " Clyde, 15 fathoms." Mr. Somerville has a specimen which he obtained in Arran. I have taken it between Sanda and the Mull of Cantyre in 19 fathoms. Lacuna crassior (Mont.). — I was fortunate in securing five examples of this species, which is a total stranger to the Clyde. The only West of Scotland records are : — Oban Bay, where Mr. Darbishire obtained three, and Messrs. Chaster and Heathcote one specimen, but all dead ; and Loch Spelve, one dead, 7-15 fathoms (Coulson). L. divaricata (Fabr.).— A solitary example of this abundant shell. L. puttolus (Turt.). — Only one specimen obtained. The only records from the Clyde are somewhat contradictory. Mr. Alfred Brown says that it is very scarce, and to be found at Farland Point, Cumbrae. Canon Norman records it as plentiful on the Allans, in Millport Bay ! I have records for its occurrence in Loch Fyne and in the Outer Hebrides. *Zittorina obtusata (L.). — Abundant everywhere. *L. neritoides (L.). — This is the species which covers the lower parts of the basaltic columns of the Giant's Causeway. The NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF POET-STEWART. 13 shells are there in myriads, just above high-water mark, and therefore able to abide calmly the wrath of the billows of the Atlantic. A higher wave than usual may sweep over them, but as a rule they are smitten merely by the flying spray, and thus their position on these truncated columns is apparently as secure as is " Lord Antrim's Chair." Mr. Brown admitted this species into his Clyde list under protest, and solely on the authority of Canon Norman, who affirmed that he had obtained it in abundance on the Outer Allans, at Millport. Neither Mr. Brown nor Dr. Robertson had ever this good fortune. But since the date of Brown's list it has been secured in several other places on the Clyde, and its establishment as a record is certain. In a letter which I received from Canon Norman in July last, he stated, "All I can say is that specimens taken in 185i are still in my collection, and that the last time I was at Cumbrae, in 1888, I found it in another spot — Farland Point." *Z. rudis (Afaton.). — In its usual abundance. *L. littorea (L.). — Everywhere plentiful. Rissoa parva (Da C). — A solitary example of this very common species. M. striata (Ad.). — A single specimen of this equally common species. *i£. cingillus (Mont.). — Two specimens. *Hydrobia idvce (Penn.). — A few examples from the sands ; not plentiful, as the mud which it loves is absent from the neighbourhood. [*H. jenkinsi, E. A. Smith.. — I obtained two specimens of this most interesting species, both from the tide marks on the sands of Port-Stewart. It is a moot point whether this shell should be regarded as purely a fresh- water mollusc, but until the question is definitely settled we may treat it here as at least a brackish- water species. The history of the mollusc is peculiar. In October, 1889, Mr. Edgar A. Smith, Keeper of the Molluscan Collection in the British Museum, described in the Journal of Conchology an apparently new species of Hydrobia, which Mr. A. J. Jenkins had collected on Plumstead Marshes. Specimens of a similar character were also forwarded him from ditches at Beeton, near North 14 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Woolwich. As the species had features which distinguished it from all known British or foreign Hydrobise, Mr. Smith decided to give it the name of its discoverer, and called it Hydrobiajenkinsi {Journal of Conchology, Yol. VI., p. 142). In December, 1892, Mr. Lionel E. Adams read a paper before the Conchological Society in which he stated that he had discovered specimens of the shells at Countess "Weir, halfway between Exeter andTopsham, and also at Sandwich. He suggested that the species had been introduced through the importation of timber from Russian or Finland ports. In November, 1893, Mr. A. T. Daniel reported the discovery of a nourishing colony of the shell in an inland locality, namely, in a canal near Dudley, Staffordshire. In April, 1894, Mr. Adams again reported that there had arisen a large colony near Lewes, in Sussex. In July of the same year, the Journal of Conchology had a note by Mr. C. H. Morris that H. jenkinsi had, in that locality, enormously increased in numbers. Suddenly appearing in the neighbourhood, it could now be gathered by the gallon. In November of the same year, it was observed in a canal at Short Heath Station, near Willenhall, by W. H. Overton. In December, 1897, came the first record of an Irish locality, Mr. Adams again writing that he had seen specimens gathered at the mouth of the Bann. He believed this habitat supported his theory that it was imported through timber, as he found that three firms imported Baltic timber at Coleraine, and that a con- siderable amount was used for the Bann mouth extension works. The Bann is a thorough tidal river below Coleraine, and there can be no doubt that II. jenkinsi, on this occasion at least, enjoyed the benefit of salt water. In May, 1898, Mr. A. Hann had a note in the Journal of Conchology, Vol. IX., p. 89, that he had discovered the species in abundance near Middlesborough, where Baltic timber is constantly brought into the Tees. In June of the same year, Mr. Adams had another note {Ibid., p. 114) regarding the dis- tribution of this species, arising out of the fact that Mr. Welch, of Belfast, had sent him some specimens found at Kenmare, in a little stream running into the tidal river at the head of the estuary. Baltic timber was imported at NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PORT-STEWART. 15 Kenmare till twenty years ago. Mr. Welch also sent some which had been taken from within half-a-mile of Newry in marsh drains. Such is the history of this shell up to date. I have only to record my own capture of it on the sea-sands of Port-Stewart.] Turritella terebra (L.) — Neither frequent nor large, and yet "In Loch Foyle the dead shells of this species constitute a large part of the great shell-banks for which the place has long been noted " (Praeger). Scalaria communis, Lmk. — Two specimens of this handsome shell recorded from Magilligan in the Belfast Museum. Authentic records for the Clyde are somewhat scarce. Brown doubts its presence here altogether. J. Smith obtained it on the Ardeer beach. *Ianthina rotundata, Leach. — "On the north coast of Antrim and on the coast of Deny it is of frequent occurrence, and is occasionally washed in in quantity. I am informed that after October gales the strand at Bush-foot is sometimes thickly strewn with it. Portrush, occasionally — Miss Richardson " (Praeger). My fortune in regard to this beautiful oceanic visitor was limited to a single perfect specimen, which was picked up not far from the rocks near Rock House. The mollusc, as is well known, is entirely a pelagic species, buoyed up on the Atlantic billows by its float, from the under surface of which hang its clusters of egg capsules. The only recorded Scottish localities where it has been cast on our shores are Machrihanish Bay (Campbeltown Museum); Loch Ryan (on the authority of the late James Smith, of Jordanhill) and Skye (in a MS. of the late Professor Forbes). It is strange, how- ever, that some stray specimen should not be sucked round the Mull of Cantire, and landed somewhere on our broad Ayrshire sandy beaches. *Natica catena (Da C). — " Thrown up alive and of large size on Magilligan Strand" (Praeger). Good-sized examples were common on the Port-Stewart sands. N. Alder i, Forb. — Frequently met with. Velutina kevigata (Penn.). — Not uncommon, but frequently in- jured by the heavy waves. " Thrown up by the tide at Portrush and Magilligan " (Praeger). 16 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. Aporrhciis jies-pelecani, (L.). — Two immature specimens, without the adult " webbed-foot." Cerithium reticulatum (Da C). — Moderately abundant in gravel beds near Rock House. * Purpura lapillus {L.). — Very common on rocks near Rock House. *P. lapillus, var. imbricata, Lmk. : with the type. — Not referred to in Praeger's list; nor have I any records of its occurrence in Clyde waters. It has been taken, in 20 fathoms, offlona by Mr. Somerville. Buccinum undatum, L. — Common. %Murex erinaceus, L. — Found dead in abundance, and generally much worn. Jeffreys gives a list of British stations, and remarks — " All the specimens procured from the northern coasts were dead" (B. C, vol. IV., p. 308). But Mr. Praeger has been fortunate enough to dredge it alive, in 3 fathoms, off Rockport, Belfast Lough, which, I understand, is a solitary record for its living state. Brown omits it- f rom his Clyde list ; Smith quotes Bute and Ayr as places where it has been found ; Forbes mentions " the Clyde, 15 fathoms, dead"; and Mr. Somerville has taken it at Ardrossan. It is got in Oban Bay, but commonly dead and worn. Trophon truncatus (Strom.). — Two examples obtained. Fusus antiquus (L.) — Common. F. gracilis (Da C). — Sparingly on Port-Stewart sands. "I have not observed it on the Derry Coast " (Praeger). *Nassa reticulata (L.) — " I have dead shells from Portrush and Magilligan" (Praeger). It occurs in considerable abund- ance along the broad sands of Port-Stewart, but more especially on the gravel bank beside Rock House. N. incrassata (Strom.). — In myriads near Rock House. Defrancia linearis (Mont.). — Only one specimen. Pleurotoma nebula (Jlont.). — Two examples of this rather scarce mollusc. *P, Icevigata, var. minor, Jeff. — It would seem that the two specimens which I obtained of this variety are a new record for the North Irish coast. Praeger does not mention the species at all ; and Jeffreys gives Guernsey as NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PORT-STEWART. 17 the habitat of the type, while " the variety occurs in the Channel Isles also, and on the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall." Alcock records it from Connemara. The type is referred to in the "Medusa" records as occurring near Minard, in Loch Fyne, in 15-20 fathoms; in the Dunoon basin, in 20 fathoms; and off Carradaie, in 16-20 fathoms, There are no Scottish records for the variety. *P. septangularis (Mont.). — A single example of this rare species. Smith records it from Ayr and Bute; Canon Norman states it is rare in Lamlash Bay ; Dr. Robertson took a single live specimen off Cumbrae. P. turricula (Jlont.). — Abundant in the gravel beds near Rock House. Marginella Icevis (Don.). — Hyndman had recorded this from Magilligan. I was glad to secure one example from the gravel bank near Rock House. It was not full-grown, and had its apex slightly damaged. The shell is widely, though very sparsely, distributed over the West Highlands, but the only record from the Clyde is the dubious mention of Ayr by the late James Smith. Cyprcea europcea, Mont. — In great abundance on the sands, but more especially on the " Cowry Beach," near Rock House. Cylichna cylindracea (Penn.). — A single example washed up. *Actceon tomatilis (L.). — " Port-Stewart — Miss Richardson. Frequent on the Derry Coast, thrown up by the tide, from the Bann to Magilligan Point" (Praeger). Most of the specimens obtained of this beautiful and distinguished- looking shell were somewhat injured by the waves. * Bulla hydatis, L. — This again seems to be a new record for the North of Ireland. My specimen is a fragment, but quite recognisable. Praeger does not mention the species, and Jeffreys gives only Galway, Bantry Bay, Cork Harbour, and Dublin Bay. The only Scottish record I possess is "Deep water of Upper Loch Fyne," mentioned in the " Medusa " lists. It is possible that this may be right, but more likely it is a mistake for Bulla utriculus. 18 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Notes on the Occurrence of Trichomanes radicans, Sw„ in Scotland. By William Stewart. [Read 31st October, 1899.] In preparing a list of the Ferns of the Clyde area for the meeting of the British Association in Glasgow, I found a note in the Journal of Botany, Vol. L, p. 293, by Mr. C. C. Babington of the finding of this fern in Arran, by the late Mr. George J. Combe, in 1863. In Vol. II., p. 104, Mr. Walter Gait has a reference to the discovery, in which he expresses a doubt of the plant being a native. Hennedy also, in his Flora of Clydes- dale, regards it as being a "questionable native;" while Dr. Bryce, in Arran and other Clyde Isles, accepts it as a native without demur. That it is a genuine native of Scotland is established by evidence of its having been found on Lochfyneside, as well as in Arran where it has occurred in three stations many miles apart. The collation of this evidence, and the putting on record my own testimony in connection with one of the instances, is my reason for presenting this note to the Society. In Yol. XVII., p. 35, of the Transactions of the Botanical Society, there is a lengthy note by Mr. W. B. Simson claiming the discovery of the Corrie station for Mr. Robert Douglas, "the walking postman between Brodick and Corrie," who was in the habit of collecting Ferns for sale, and who had shown him a specimen of the plant under the name of As2?lenium marinum. Mr. Simson confesses that he did not know the species, which he saw was certainly not A. marinum, but states that he subse- quently identified it as Trichomanes radicans, Sw., and proceeds to describe the spoliation which ensued, in which he himself was not ashamed to take the final part. He says — "I took off my coat, rolled up my shirt sleeves, and, with my hand, scraped the NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF TRICHOMANE3 RADICANS. 19 slimy mud out of the bottom of the crevice and from its sides, in the hope of finding a fragment of root, or stem rather, which might have been left behind. My 'happy thought' was re- warded by finding a fragment of a frond with an inch or two of rhizome, which I took away with me, wrapped in moss, and planted on my return to Edinburgh." He concludes his note as follows: — "What I have stated will prove that the Fern was actually found at the time and in the place I have described, though I am not at all surprised that it has never been found there since." The absence of surprise, after such a confession, is not remarkable. The Rev. David Landsborough has a note in the same volume of the Botanical Society's Transactions, p. 39, in which he records the finding of Trichomanes radicans on Lochfyneside, about the same time, by two Paisley botanists. He says — " Mr. James Cooke, proprietor of the Paisley and Renfrewshire Gazette, writes — 'It was found by Mr. Young and myself conjointly, in a cave on Lochfyneside, some two or three miles above Ardlamont Point, in 1863, so far as I remember. We did not know what it was, but on bringing it home Mr. Hendry identified it, and it was brought by him to the next meeting of the Philosophical Society — a very small society in those days — and he afterwards reared it to luxuriance in a pot at his home. I have visited the cave often since, and did so in August last [1886], but have not seen, either there or in the vicinity, any specimens of the plant.' " Mr. Cooke, whom I knew well as an enthusiastic and success- ful collector of marine algae, assured me of the genuineness of the discovery, and I remember the plant, in the early years of my residence in Paisley, growing healthily in the possession of Mr. Hendry. I have not succeeded in finding any record by Mr. Hendry, who, however, was very unmethodical, as his botanical collections prove. These I have traced to the possession of Mr. Alexander Stewart, Kilbarchan, who describes them as very large and in' much disorder, so that it has been impossible to examine them thoroughly at present. I have been unable to trace Mr. Young's Herbarium as yet. I The honour of the discovery of the second station in Arran belongs to Mr. Robert Kidston, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., who found this rare Fern on the west side in 1876. His statement, as recorded 20 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. by the Rev. Mr. Landsborough in his note in the Botanical Society's Transactions before mentioned, is as follows: — "Tricho- manes radicans was collected by me near Dougarie, Arran, in 1876. There were three small and depauperated roots, of which I took one; it is still alive [1887], and much increased in size since I collected it. The place of its occurrence was of such a nature as to entirely preclude the idea of its having been planted. For obvious reasons the exact locality need not be mentioned." By the kindness of Mr. Kidston and Mrs. George J. Combe, I am able to exhibit the original fronds of the Corrie and the Dougarie finds. In 1877 the late Mr. Morris Young, then Curator of the Museum in Paisley, sent for me to verify his identification of a basketful of fronds and rhizomes brought from Arran by Miss MacBean, a sister of Mr. A. F. MacBean, Rector of the Paisley Grammar School, These proved to be fronds and rhizomes of Trichomanes radicans, Sw. The basket contained about a dozen fronds, and portions of the rhizome amounting to upwards of a yard in length. The Fern was new to Miss MacBean, and was brought by her to Mr. Young for identification. Unfortunately it had lain in the basket exposed to the air for some days, and although Mr. Young planted and nursed it carefully he failed to save it. Miss MacBean's account of its discovery is as follows : — She and a friend were at Lochranza in August, and when walk- ing between the edge of the cliffs and the hills towards the North end of the island, she stumbled and fell through putting her foot into one of the drains crossing the ground. On drawing aside the ferns and long grass, and looking down, she saw a small plant of Hartstongue, and knelt to reach it, but failed on account of the depth of the cutting. She brought up, however, in her grasp some fronds which appeared uncommon, and she secured as many as she could reach, together with portions of the "root," placing them in her flower-basket, where they had lain till brought to Mr. Young. There does not seem room for doubt as to the genuineness of the discovery, and this position in which the plant was found, as well as its luxuriance of growth, quite excludes the idea of its introduction. I am sorry that none of the fronds from this station, or, as far as at present A CENSUS OF GLASGOW ROOKERIES. 21 known, from that on Lochfyneside have been preserved, but an examination of the fronds from Corrie in the Herbarium of the late Mr. Combe, or those from Dougarie in that of Mr. Kidston, leave no room for doubt as to their character as those of wild plants. As it has thus been found on the North-east side, on the West side, and at the North end of Arran, at different dates and by different discoverers, and some miles up Lochfyne- side, by yet other botanists, I think it is satisfactorily established that Trichomancs radicans, Sw., is a native of Scotland, and that we are justified in placing it on our list. A Census of Glasgow Rookeries. By Hugh Boyd Watt. [Read 29th May, 1900.] A census of British Birds is one of the tasks which lie before our Ornithologists, and one which can be readily overtaken by the exercise, in a systematic manner, of attention, care, and patience. The numbers of some breeding species, such as the Bearded Titmouse, the Golden and Sea Eagles and other Accipitrine birds, the Gannet, the Heron, the Great Skua, and the game birds, are already approximately known; and as regards other species, and amongst them some of our commonest birds, each nesting season brings round an opportunity of enumerating them with fair accuracy. Constant controversy prevails as to increase or decrease in the numbers of our birds and the utility of projecting certain species, aud a census made on one system over a series of years would furnish material for deter- mining some disputed points. The Rook (Corvus frugilegics, Linn.) — one of our most common birds, with no concealment or seclusion in its nesting habits, and not shunning observation — is a species of which an example might be made, and this brief paper gives the results of an enumeration made this season of the 22 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Rookeries in and around Glasgow. The limit-radius has been fixed at three miles, more or less, from the Royal Exchange, and it will be seen that eight of the nesting-places named are within the bounds of the municipality. Beginning, like the sun, in the east, the nearest Rookery to Alexandra Park is at Gartcraig House, where there are ap- parently about 24 nests. This is outwith Glasgow, but as it is in close proximity to Barlinnie Prison, it may fairly be claimed as our own. At the Asylum, Carntyne, there are 10 nests in tall beech trees, and at the neighbouring Tollcross Park (which, although the property of the City, is not within the City bounds) there are no fewer than 350, mostly in the beech and elm trees by the burn which runs through the grounds to the east of the Mansion-house. This is the largest Rookery on my Glasgow list, and it is a stirring and busy place on a sunny spring day. It is said to be more than a century old (Glasgow Herald, 21st June, 1897). Coming to the Clyde, Dalmarnock House (the Easter one) has 6 nests in beech trees; and Belvidere has 9 in one beech growing on the west side of the Smallpox Hospital. The two last-named places are in the City, but we cross the boundary again when we reach Westthorn House, where are 13 nests. Easterhill House has 60, scattered in the beech trees through the policy; and Fullarton House (near the Clyde Ironworks) has 19, six of which are in slender birch trees, which, as I watched them, swayed about in the breeze, rocking the cradles of this bird- nursery. The other nests here are in beech and ash trees. Crossing the river, we enter Rutherglen, but we cannot offer this ancient and royal burgh the indignity of annexing its Rookeries to Glasgow. It may be noted, however, that there is one at Gallowflat; a small (and decreasing) one of about 10 nests at Farme Castle ; one of 1 9 nests, in great maple and beech trees, at Muirbank, at the west end of the burgh ; and one in which there seems to be from 200 to 300 nests at Castlemilk — many of the nests here are in the smaller trees, although there are larger trees near them unoccupied. On the Cart, at Netherlee, are 20 nests in lime trees in an avenue near the works, and at Cathcart House and Cartbank are 62 nests. There were 171 hereabouts last season (1899). At Langside, in the immediate neighbour- hood of the Mansion-house (in the " Blue-bell " Wood), are 182 A CENSUS OF GLASGOW ROOKERIES. 23 nests, and in the garden of the house called Mariaville there are 8, almost all in beech trees. This is an increasing colony, as in 1896 there were 124 nests; in 1897, 95; in 1898, 133; and in 1899, 144. At Camphill (which is part of the Queen's Park) are 13 nests in ash and beech trees. Last year there were 20, and in 1898, 17. In 1894 there are said to have been 50, and in 1887, 5.1 Crosshill, up to this year, had a small Rookery at Devon Villa — probably the nearest nesting-place to the heart of the City. In 1896 there were 17 nests here; in 1897, 10; 1898, 4; in 1899, 1; and this year, none ; these rooks may have joined the colony at Langside or at the neighbouring Crosshill House, which this year has 9 nests in elm and ash trees. In 1896 there were 8 nests here ; in 1897, 1 ; in 1898, 1 ; and in 1899, 7. Ibroxhill has 44 nests, a solitary one being placed prominently in the top of the tallest beech there ; and Bellahouston Park has 1 9 in elms and beeches, 13 being in one beech.2 In Go van a Rookery is reported at Merryflats, and near Moore Park one nest was built this year, but it was destroyed — a fate which all the trees and old houses in the district seem destined to share. Crossing the Clyde in our circuit northwards, there are 21 nests in elms and beeches at Crosspark, Partick ; and in the fine tall beeches in Victoria Park are a few, probably about half-a-dozen. Next to the Langside Rookery, that on the Kelvin at and near the Botanic Gardens is the best within the City, and it has the further advantage of being easily seen. It shares with Crosshill in proximity to the heart of the City. In the Gardens are 13 nests; at Queen Margaret College, 70 ; and across the river at Lismore House, 1 1 — making 94 nests in all, in ash, beech, elm, and great maple trees (20 being in one beech). In 1893 there are said to have been 90 nests.3 In Kelvingrove Park, and extending into Kelvin- grove Street and Sauchiehall Street, there were about 150 nests in 1855, but these gradually disappeared, the last being seen in 1891. This Rookery had its origin from that which nourished in the trees at the residence of Mr. James Ewing at the head of Queen Street, the birds being driven away from Queen Street 1 Duncan M'Lellan's Glasgow Public Parks (1894), p. 83. 2 Mr. J. Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, informs me that 23 nests were occupied this year ; also 8 at Wearieston Farm in the Park. 3 Op. tit., p. 113, 24 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. when building operations in connection with the railway station began in 1842.1 At Jordanhill a Rookery is reported, but I have no particulars, and for the northern circuit of the City my schedule is also blank. I am aware that the City boundary stretches to the Kelvin at Garscube Mill, including the Acre Plantation and other woods where Rooks may nest, and I should like informa- tion on this point, but the nearest Rookery I know in this locality is at Kenmure House, Bishopbriggs, where is a fairly large one. The north-east district does not seem to provide sustenance for a single Rook family; it is the "stricken field " in an actual sense — " a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night." Thus I come back to Alexandra Park, from which I started, and my circuit is completed. The eight Rookeries inside the City (Dalmarnock, Belvidere, Langside, Camphill, Crosshill, Ibroxhill, Bellahouston, and Botanic Gardens) contain 384 nests; and the other Rookeries of which I have given details, (say) 911 nests = 1,295 in all. I add to this 10 per cent, for omissions and oversights (my experience is that I under-estimate the numbers of birds, generally speaking), making a total of 1,425 nests. This represents 2,850 parent birds, and assuming that each nest sends out into the world two young birds, you have a further 2,850, making the native Rook population of the outskirts of Glasgow this summer amount to 5,700 birds. There is nothing remarkable in any of the nesting-places I have named; they are all, as is usual, in close proximity to our houses, and sometimes on the public road ; the majority of nests are in beeeh trees, but other kinds are used, and I can form no opinion as to why Rooks choose one species or one group of trees in preference to another. It may be remarked, however, that most of these Rookeries are close to or within sight of water, but, at the same time, you have a place, like the Nether Pollok policies, with the Cart flowing through them and abounding in wood, and yet not a Rook's nest therein. 1 Op. eit.j p. 67-8. The Rookery is figured in a drawing by the late Wm. Simpson, R.I., now in the Corporation Galleries, and entitled "Bell's Quarry and George Square in the Thirties." CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. Carboniferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls. By Robert Kidston, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. [Read 28th November, 1899.] In accordance with the custom of this Society, on the termination of my office as President, it falls to me this evening to deliver a retiring address. Before treating of the subject on which I specially wish to address you, I take this opportunity of thanking the Society for the honour they conferred upon me three years ago when they elected me their President, and the kind indulgence they have shown to me in the discharge of my duties. I would, however, specially express my thanks to the Council and to your two Secretaries for the kindly spirit which has pervaded all our meetings, public and private. They have been a pleasure to me, though I am afraid that personally I have not done much for the furtherance of the objects of the Society. This, however, has been well seen to by my colleagues in office. Presidential addresses are of two kinds : the first is that which treats of science generally, the other that which deals with some special subject. Between these two there seems to be no middle course, and as I did not feel able for the first form of address, I have chosen the other alternative, and wish to speak to you to-night on the Carboniferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. When one begins the study of Carboniferous Fossil Plants, probably the first specimen acquired will be a piece of the stem or rhizome of a Lycopod. The group is widely distributed throughout the Carboniferous Formation, and of so frequent occurrence that perhaps we do not give them the consideration they deserve., The Sphenophylls are, however, more rare. All text-books of geology, even the most elementary, refer to the Lycopods, and generally give a few rough illustrations. Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Stigmaria are so often mentioned that one is led to believe that their whole life-history is clearly made out, and that nothing further regarding them is left for C 26 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. future investigation. It is true that much is known about the Carboniferous Lycopods, but many points still await careful elucidation. We could all probably recognise a Sigillaria or Lepidodendron in their typical forms were they placed before us, but how many of us could clearly point out wherein these two genera differ from each other? In my endeavours to work up the Carboniferous Flora of Britain I meet with many collectors and students of fossil botany, and have found that a great deal of confusion exists as to the distinctive generic characters of some of the Carboniferous Lycopods, and this has suggested to me that I might profitably address you on this subject to-night. The genera which will be brought before you this evening are of different values, for fossil plants usually occur in such a fragmentary condition that it is frequently — most frequently, I might say — impossible to refer the isolated leaves, fruits, and rhizomes — the parts which help to make up a whole — to their respective parent stems; hence it is necessary to place these separated parts provisionally in special genera until their relation to each other is ascertained. As we proceed these relationships will be pointed out as fully as possible. EXISTING LYCOPODS. Before considering the structure and affinities of the Car- boniferous Lycopods, it is necessary to consider briefly certain points connected with the structure and growth of existing Lycopods. These may be classified as follows : — LYCOPODIACEiE. A. Lycopodiece — with only one kind of spore ( Isosporous). Lycopodium. Tmesipteris. Phylloglossum. Psilotum. B Selaginellece — with two kinds of spores (Heterosporous). Selaginella. Isoetes, CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 27 As far as we are concerned at present it will be sufficient for our purpose to consider shortly the three following genera — of Section A, Lycopodium ; and of Section B, Selaginella and Isoetes — as it is amongst these that we will find the nearest allies to our Carboniferous Lycopods. A. Lycopodie^e. Lycopodium, Linn. The centre of the stem is occupied by a cauline central vascular cylinder. This usually consists of several parallel, transverse bands of xylern, composed of scalariform tracheides pointed at both ends. These bands anastomise at intervals. If such a band were dissected out it would appear as a somewhat irregular mesh- work. Though the bands of the fibro-vascular portion of the bundle thus form a united whole, each of the bands composing the united structure may be regarded as an individual bundle. The central portion of the fibro-vascular bands consists of large scalariform vessels; at the two extremities of the band are much smaller spiral vessels. Lying between and surrounding these fibro-vascular tracts is the phloem, in which the sieve-tubes lie in lines, and are distinguished by their large size. Lying outside the phloem are some layers of broader cells — the phloem-sheath of Hagelmaier, or pericycle, the whole being surrounded by the bundle-sheath, or endodermis. Outside the phloem-sheath lies the cortex, the innermost layer of which is parenchymatous or sclerenchymatous, but not coloured as in the ferns. Surrounding this is a less indurated layer of tissue, the whole being enclosed by the epidermis. Such is the general structure of the stem, but it varies in some minor details in the different species. In some Lycopods the branching is monopoclial, in others it is dichotomous. The leaves are small, single-nerved, and generally spirally placed on the stem. The sporangia are borne on the base of unaltered leaves, as in Lycopodium Selago, Linn., or on the base of bracts or sporophylls aggregated into distinct terminal cones, as in Lycopodium alpinum, Linn. The sporangia are reniform, and placed trans- versely on the leaf or bract, to which they are attached by a broad short stalk. They open by a cleft which runs across the apex in their longer direction. The wall of the mature sporangium Z0 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. is composed of two layers of cells. The spores are numerous, very small, and of one kind, roundish or tetrahedral in form, with various markings on the exosporium. For our present purpose it is not necessary to enter into further details of the structure or development of Lycopodium. B. SelaginelletE. Selaginella, Linn. The stem contains one or several cauline vascular bundles, which are ribbon-like in form. The xylem portion is chiefly com- posed of scalariform tracheicles, the smaller and primary elements being at the ends, which are annular or spiral. The xylem is entirely surrounded by the phloem, and the stem vascular bundles are very similar in structure to those of ferns. The phloem is enclosed by two or three layers of parenchyma, which may be regarded as the pericycle. Surrounding these is a large air-space, "which is only interrupted by transverse cellular filaments, like flying buttresses, to support the bundles." These probably represent the endodermis. The tissue surrounding the air-space and its contained bundle consists of thin-walled elongated cells, the whole stem being encased by an epidermis of long 1L J prosenchymatous tissue. The branch- 3-... A ) I n ing is lateral monopodial. V^ i^_J y On the typical Selaginella the leaves \ ){ i are generally of two kinds — "the two B rows of the lower plane are more ^^^-s^^. a spreading; the two rows of the upper ^" ;<___ ascending, adpressed to the stem and "V^ S~~ imbricate." 1 On the upper side and >s>^=— Tr-zr-y-f^ near the base each leaf bears a ligide. A (Fig. 1.) Fig. 1. Selaginella sp. A, The fruifc is borne in tne form °'1 Leaf showing position of ligule. terminal cones. The lower bracts, or B, Base of leaf with ligule a. sporophylls. usually bear macrospor- Both figures enlarged. ang{^ the upper microsporangia; but occasionally the macrosporangia and microsporangia may be side by side with each other. 1 Baker, Handbook to the Fern Allies, p. 31. 1887. London, CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHEXOPHYLLS. 29 The sporangia are globular, shortly stalked, and spring from the stem at the insertion of the sporophyll. The microsporangia contain numerous spores, the macrosporangia generally four macrospores. The spores, both micro and macro, have three ridges, which radiate from the centre. Their surface is variously ornamented. In Selaginella caulescens the macrospores have an equatorial, zone- like wing. Isoetes, Linn. The stem is very short, unbranched, and increases in thickness from a layer of meristem which surrounds its vascular body and produces new layers of parenchyma on the outside. This increase in the size of the stem usually takes place at two or three points, according to the species, so that in section the stem exhibits two or three projecting masses of tissue. The leaves are long and sub-triangular, convex behind and con- cave in front, and consist of two parts — a basal portion or sheath, and an upright part or lamina. They are developed in a close rosette, and each leaf contains four air-cavities divided by septa. The sporangia, which are attached by a narrow band, are placed in a hollow at the base of the leaf (the fovea). The hollow is covered more or less by the velum or indusium. Above the fovea is another small pit-like hollow, the foveola, from the base of which springs the ligule, a triangular scale-like outgrowth. The sporangia are imperfectly divided into compartments by bands of tissue which stretch across from the ventral to the dorsal side. The lower leaves bear the macrosporangia, the upper the microsporangia. The macrospores are large and globular, and bear three prominent ridges, which radiate from the apex to the middle ; their outer surface is generally more or less granulated. The microspores are very small and trigonous, with a ventral rib. Some members of the genus are aquatic or sub-aquatic, and a few are terrestrial. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. So many points still remain unknown, or are only insufficiently known, in connection with the structure and fructification of 30 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. some of the Carboniferous Lycopods, that at present a provisional classification only is possible. With the exception of Lepidoden- dron, the fructification of all the other genera is imperfectly known. Hence it is only possible to define the genera of the Carboniferous Lycopods and their relationship to each other in a tentative manner. It is necessary, therefore, in the absence of fuller information regarding their fructification, to depend largely for the classifica- tion of the Carboniferous Lycopods on characters derived from impressions of the outer surface of the plants, which, in addi- tion to showing the structure of the leaf -scar, also show in many cases the position held by the fructification on the stem. The structure of the fructification is, of course, the most important and only satisfactory basis on which to found a reliable classifica- tion, and when this is known it is used, but, as already stated, there are few cases where it is available. The following classification may, therefore, be adopted pro- visionally : — LYCOPODIALES. A. LYCOPODITEiE. Plants of moderate size, whose stems probably attained a diameter of several inches. In growth and habit resembling Selaginella and Lycopodium. Leaf-scars imperfectly defined and not possessing the prominent leaf-cushions of Lepidodendron. Vascular cicatricule of leaf single, unaccompanied by the lateral parichnos. Fructification in the form of terminal cones or sporangia placed in the axils of the leaves Leaves small. I. Lycoptodites, Goldenberg, 1855 (Brongt. emended). II. Archceosigillaria, Kidston, n.g. B. LepidodendrejE. Plants attaining to arborescent dimensions and ramifying by repeated dichotomy. Stems bearing fusiform or rhomboidal cushions, distant or approximate, arranged quincuncially, more or less prominent, and to some part of which are attached the single-nerved linear lanceolate or grass-like leaves. After the fall of the leaf, the cushion bears a well-defined leaf-scar, varying in shape, but generally more or less transversely rhomboidal, with upper and lower angles rounded and lateral angles acute. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 31 Within the leaf-scar are three punctiform cicatricules, the central being the vascular scar, the two lateral the parichnos. Fructifica- tion in the form of cones, frequently if not always heterosperous, terminal, or spirally or distichously arranged on the stem. Sporangia single, attached to the upper surface of the basal portion of the bract or sporophyll. Rhizomes, Stigmaria. III. Lepidodendron, Sternberg, 1820. IV. Lepidophloios, Sternberg, 1820. V. Lepidostrobus, Brongniart, 1828. VI. Lepidophyllum, Brongniart, 1828. VII. Stigmaria, Brongniart, 1822. (?) Stigmariopsis, Grand 'Eury, 1877. x C. BOTHRODENDRE^. Plants attaining to arborescent dimensions, ramifying by repeated dichotomy. Leaf- cushions very feebly developed on young twigs, absent on mature stem. Leaf-scars small, oval, without prominent angles, cicatrices three, punctiform. Inter- foliar portion of bark ornamented with fine longitudinal flexuous strise or delicate shagreen. Leaves small, linear deltoid or broadly lanceolate. Fructification in the form of cones of the Lepidostrobus type, terminal or arranged distichously on the stem. VIII. Bothrodendron, Lindley and Hutton, 1833. D. SlGILLARIE.E. Plants attaining to arborescent dimensions. Stem simple, cactus-like, or very rarely dichotomously branched, smooth or longitudinally ribbed. Interfoliar spaces of bark variously ornamented. True leaf-cushions absent, but represented occa- sionally by more or less prominent cortical projections. Leaf- scars transversely rhomboidal, with generally prominent lateral angles, frequently emarginate in the upper margin. Cicatricules three, central (vascular), punctiform or transversely elongate or sub-triangular, the lateral (parichnos) vertical, straight, or lunate. Leaves single-nerved, linear-lanceolate, or long, narrow, and grass like. Fructification strobiliform, stalked, forming irregular verticils on the trunks or sessile, and placed in two opposite 1 See p. 108. 32 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. vertical rows. Sporangia immersed within the tissue of the bract or sporophyll. Rhizomes. Stigmaria and Siigmariojjsis. IX. Sigillaria, Brongniart, 1822. X. SigillariostrobuSj Schimper, 1870. XL Stigmaria, Brongniart, 1822. XII. Stigmariopsis, Grand 'Eury, 1870. E. Of Uncertain Affinity. (Lycojjodiaceous.) XIII. Spencerites, Scott, 1899. SPHENOPHYLLALES. SPHENOPHYLLEiE. Plants of moderate size, with comparatively slender jointed and ribbed stems. Ribs not alternating at the somewhat tumid nodes. Branching irregular, not more than one given off from a node. Leaves verticillate, cuneate, toothed, cleft, or dichoto- mously divided into linear segments or thread-like divisions. Fructification in the form of long and narrow cones. Sphenophyllum, Brongniart, 1822. Genera of Uncertain Position. I. Cheirostrobus, Scott, 1897. II. Psilotites, Goldenberg, 1855. III. Traquairia, Carruthers, 1872. I. Lycopodites, Brongniart, 1828. 1828. Lycopodites. Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 83. 1849. Lycopodites. Brongniart (emend.), Tableau d. veget. foss., p. 40. 1855. Lycopodites. Goldenberg, Flora Sarcepontana foss., Heft. I., p. 9. Description. — Small herbaceous plants with whorled or spirally arranged leaves. Sporangia placed in the axils of the leaves or forming terminal cones. Remarks. — The genus Lycopodites was first founded by Brongniart in 1828, but subsequent investigations showed the distinguished botanist that few of the plants included in it by him had any affinity to the recent Lycopods, some of the included species having eventually been shown to belong to the Coniferaj. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 33 Subsequently1 Brongniart removed from the genus all the plants originally placed in it except the Lycopodites fcdcatus, L. and H., from the Oolite.2 In 1855 Goldenberg added to the genus six new species from the Carboniferous of Saarbruck.3 Of these several have a great similarity in appearance to recent Lycopods, especially in their foliage to some Selaginellce. His Lycopodites primcevus* and Lycopodites macrophyllus5 are described as having distichous leaves. In referring to these plants Solms- Laubach points out that "it is only in the case of a few of the heterophyllous Selaginella-like forms that the presence of the small ventral leaves can be ascertained ; if the impression is seen from above, they are of course concealed, but in the opposite position also, they are usually withdrawn from observation through their clinging close to the stem. For this reason all Lycopoditie with distichous leaves may be reckoned without hesitation among the heterophyllus forms."6 Schimper places Goldenberg's Lycopodites denticulatus, L. lepttostachys, and L. elongatus7 with leaves surrounding the stem on all sides in Lycopodium.8 The position here taken by Schimper in the present state of our knowledge seems scarcely tenable, as there are certain important points in their structure of which our knowledge is too incomplete to warrant our referring them to Lycopodium. It therefore seems much more satisfactory to include at present all in Lycopodites. Geinitz figures a very fine example of Lycopodites Gutbieri, Gopp., showing the heterophyllous branches and terminal cones, from Bockwa, Saxony.9 This and the majority of Goldenberg's figures have been reproduced by Schimper.10 1 Brongniart, Tableau d. veget. foss., p. 40. 1849. 2 Lindley and Hutton, Fossil Flora, i., PI. LXI. 3 Flqra Sarwpontanafoss., Heft, i., pp. 11-12. 4 Goldenberg, I.e., PI. I., fig. 3. 5 I.e., PI. I., figs. 5a and 5^. 6 Fossil Botany, 1891, p. 1S7. 7 Goldenberg, I.e., PI. I. 8 Schimper, Traite d. paleont. veget., Vol. II., p. 10. 9 Vers. d. Steinkf. in Sachsen, p. 32. Pi. I., fig. 1. 10 Schimper, Trade d. paleont. veget., Atlas, PI. LVII. 34 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. More recently several fossils have been placed in Lycopodites, but apparently without sufficient claim to be included in that genus. In illustration may be mentioned the Lycopodites carbonaceus, O. Feistmantel1 and Zeilleiy and Lycopodites selaginoides, Roehl (not Sternberg).3 The Lycopodites carbonaceus is founded on branches of Bothradendron — probably B. minuti- folium, and Lycopodites selaginoides, Roehl (not Sternb.), may possibly belong to the same genus. The study of the genus Lycopodites is inseparably connected with the genus Selaginites, Brongt.,4 which, as its name implies, was created for the reception of plants supposed to have a relationship to Selaginella. Brongniart, however, regarded his genus of doubtful value and only figured one species Selaginites patens? which is certainly a Lepidendron. I possess a specimen from Hailes Quarry, near Edinburgh (No. 31), agreeing in every respect with Brongniart's figure of Selaginites patens. My specimen was collected by the late Mr. John Gibson, of the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. Among other fossils which have been placed in Selaginites are the rachis of ferns and perhaps their rhizomes which, when covered with scales, have been mistaken for leafy stems. As such may be mentioned the Selaginites Erdmanni, Germar.6 This has been renamed Spiropteris Erdmanni by Schimper f while the plant given by Geinitz8 under the same name (Selaginites Erdmanni), and which is distinctly different from Germar's species, has been named Rhizomopteris lycopodioides.9 Several species originally described as Selaginites by Lesquereux10 feistmantel, Vers. d. Bbhmuchen Ablag. II. Abth. PI. I., figs. 1, 2 — Lycopodium earbonaceum — p. 9. 2 Zeiller, Flore foss. Ba*$in houil. d. Valenciennes, p. 495. PI. LXXIV., fig. 1. 3 Roehl, Foss. Flora d. Steink. Form. Westphalens, p. 144. PI. VII. , fig. 3. 4 Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 84. 182S. 6 Salaginites patens, Hist. d. veget. fos*., Vol. II. PI. XXVI. 6 Vers. v. Wettin u. Lbbejan, Heft. VI., p. 21. PI. XXVI. 1849. 7 Schimper, Traite d. paleont. veget., Vol. I., p. 689. PI. XLIX., fig. 3. 8 Vers. d. Sceinkf. in SacJisen, p. 33. PI. I., fig. 5. 1855. 0 Schimper, Traite d. paleont. veget., Vol. I., p. 699. PI. XLIX., fig. 3. 10 Geol. Survey of Illinois, Vol. II., p. 446. 1866. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 35 were subsequently placed by him in Lycopodites} In the "Coal Flora" some additional species of Lycopodites are described. His Lycopodites (Selaginites) uncinatus" is a circinately-coiled fern, and referable to Spiropteris. Schimper. His Lycopodites aster- ophyllitcefolius3 may possibly be a Lepidodendroid branchlet. Of those described in Vol. III. of the Coal Flora (1884) some seem to be very doubtful members of this genus. His Lycopodites arborescens* much resembles the branchlets of Bothrodendron, but I do not speak with any certainty on this point, as it is impossible to express any critical opinion without examining the original specimen. Of his Lycopodites simplex^ and Lycopodites Lacoei6 there seems no evidence, as far as one can judge from the data given, for including them in Lycopodites. Of all the species described by Lesquereux the one which appears to have most claim for inclusion in this genus is his Lycopodites Jlexifolius.7 Sir William Dawson has referred a few small fossils from the Devonian of Canada to Lycopodites, but the published descriptions and figures do not afford much evidence in support of the position assigned to them. Two small stems from Autun, France, showing their internal organisation, were originally described as Lycopodium punctatum, B. Renault, and Lycopodium Renaidtii, Ad. Brongt.,8 but Renault has lately removed these from Lycopodium and placed them in the genus Heterangium, where they find their true position. I have gone somewhat fully into the genus Lycopodites, Brongt., as it is an extremely interesting one and one which might be easily passed over. True members of it seem to be rare, but 1 Coal Flora, p. 357. 1880. 2 Geol. Survey of Illinois, Vol. II., p. 446. PL XXXI., fig. 3. 3 Ibid., Vol. II., p. 447. PL XXXVII., fig. 3. * Coal Flora, Vol. III., p. 778. PL CVL, tig. 1. 5 Coal Flora, Vol. III., p. 779. PL CVL, fig 2. 6 I.e., Vol. III., p. 780. PL CVIL, fig. 1. 7 I.e., Vol. Ill, p. 779. PL CVL, figs. 3, 4. 8 Renault, Etcher, sur la .struct, tt les affinites botan. des veget. silicijies recueillis aux environs d' Autun et du St. Etienne. Autun, 1878, pp. 146- 157. Pis. XXIII. -XXV. See also Solms-Laubach, Fossil Boiany, pp. 187, 188. 1891. 36 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. perhaps it is commoner than suspected through being sometimes overlooked. In Britain I have observed three species of Lycopodites, exclusive of Lycopodites Vanuxemi, Gopp. sp., which I now remove from Lycopodites and place in a new genus, Archceo- sig Maria. The following are the British members of Lycopodites : — ! Lycopodites Gutbieri, Goppert. Fig. 2.— B. 1837. Lycopodites Gutbieri, Gopp., in Germar's Lelwb. d. Mineral, p. 440 (fide Geinitz). 1853. ,, ,, Geinitz. Vers. d. Steinkf. in Sachsen, p. 32. PI. I., fig. 1. 1870. ,, ., Schimper. Traite d. paleont. veget.,Vol. II., p. 9. PL LVIL, fig. 4. 1894. Lycopodites elongatus, Kidston (not Goldenberg). Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., Vol. XIT., p. 254. Description. — Plant dividing by dichotomous ramification. R Leaves dimorphic. The larger lateral leaves lanceolate, slightly sickle- shaped, single-nerved, and spreading. The two rows on the ventral surface much smaller and closely adpressed to the stem. Fructification in the form of long narrow terminal cones. Remarks. — This species is only " known to me as British by two small Fig. 2.— A, Lycopodites ciliatus, specimens from the Radstock Series Kidston ; a, natural size ; (Upper Coal Measures), Camerton, 6, leaf enlarged (No. 1743). B, Somersetshire, which were collected Lycopodites Gutbieri, Gopp. ; a, r -.r ttt tt • r\ £ ,. ., , ' , . by Mr. W. Hemingway. One of portion of branch, natural size; J ° J b, leaf enlarged (No. 1501). these shows the fossil (Na 1501)> the other the impression (No. 1502). On the former the lateral leaves only are shown. The impression, 1 The Lycopoditex ? longibraeteatus, Morris, in Prestwick. Geology Coalbroohdale. Explanation to PL XXXVIII., figs. 8, 9, 10, is a Lepido* dendron. Trans. Oeol. Soc. London, 2nd Ser., Vol. V. 1840. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AXD SPHENOPHYLLS. 6( however, though not so clear, shows traces of the ventral leaves. It must be remembered that the small ventral leaves are only visible in one position. This species has a great resemblance in its general aspect to some forms of Selaginella. Lycopodites ciliatus, Kidston, n.sp. Fig. 2.— A. This species is only known by one small specimen, of which both fossil and counterpart have been preserved. The fossil shows one arm of a fork and part of another, the larger being about \\ inches long. These two arms of the dichotomy evidently represent the fructification of the species, for mixed with the leaves are macrospores of small size. The fossil is flattened, and it is difficult to ascertain the arrangement of the leaves or bracts, but they appear to have been in several rows and were probably spirally placed. The sporangia seem to have been borne at the base of the leaves on an ordinary branch which does not appear to have been much modified or to form a distinct cone. The leaves are very small, about J of an inch long, oval-lanceolate and distinctly ciliate. I am again indebted to Mr. W. Hemingway for this interesting specimen. Log. Monckton Main Colliery, near Barnsley, Yorkshire. Hot. Barnsley Thick Coal, Middle Coal Measures. Lycopodites Stockii, Kidston. 1884. Lycopodites Stockii, Kidston. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. XIV., p. 115. PL V. 1891. Lycopodites Stockii, Solms-Laubach. Fossil Botany, p. 186. This species has been fully described and figured in the Annals and ^lag. Nat. Hist, for 188-1. It is very distinct from the other members of the genus. The leaves appear to have been arranged in whorls, as shown by their scars, on a portion of the stem from which they have been removed. The laro-er leaves are oval cordate, acuminate, with a strong central midrib, and are rather more than a quarter of an inch long. 38 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The smaller leaves are transversely oval and have very much the appearance of sporangia, but the occurrence of sporangia mixed with the leaves of a stem that terminates in a well-defined cone is a condition quite unknown amongst recent Lycopods. I am therefore led to regard these oval structures as a dimorphic condition of leaf. Again, in the dimorphic-leaved Lycopods the leaves are placed in four rows, but in Lycopodites Stockii there appears to be at least six rows, though more probably there were eight rows, as shown b}^ small scars left by the fallen leaves. The state of preservation of the fossil does not admit of a satisfactory determination of this point. The specimen is about 4 inches long, of which the cone occupies about 1^ inches, but it is incomplete. Solms-Laubach refers to this fossil as "a remarkably fine form with the habit of Lycopodium Phlegmaria" l It was collected by Mr. Thomas Stock from the Calciferous Sandstone Series, Glencartholm, Eskdale, Dumfriesshire. II. Arch.eosigillaria. Kidston, n.g. Plants with stems attaining a diameter of over 2*5 cm. Leaf- scars contiguous, broadly fusiform on younger branches, hexagonal on older stems, having a single vascular cicatrice. Remarks. — This genus is formed for the reception of the plant which has usually been designated Sigillaria Vanuxemi, Gopp. As far as I am aware the only known specimens of the plant are the original example figured, but not named, by Vanuxemi,2 and to which Goppert applied the name of Sigillaria Vanuxemi,3 and those in the Kendal Museum, some of which I described and figured in 1SS5.4 From the examination of the Kendal Museum specimens it appeared to me that the plant could not be included in Sigillaria. and I therefore placed it in Lycopodites. Subsequent study has, however, shown that it must also be removed from Lycopodites, and that there is no existing genus in 1 Fossil Botany, p. 1S6. 2 Gtol. of New York, Part III., p. 184, tig. 51, 1S42 3 Goppert : Foss. Flora d. Ubergangs, p. 249, 1852. 4 Kidston: Linn. Soc. Jour. Bot., Vol. XXI., p. 560, PI. XVIII. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 39 which it can be suitably placed. I have therefore been under the necessity of creating the genus Archceosigillaria for its reception. Archceosigillaria is distinguished from Lycopodites by the con- tiguous and distinct leaf- scars, which become hexagonal on the older stems from mutual pressure, and the apparently much larger growth of the plant ; from Lepidodendron by the absence of a leaf-cushion and lateral cicatricules (parichnos) of the leaf-scar, and from Sigillaria by its single central vascular-scar, unaccom- panied by the two lateral lunate parichnos. The small deltoid lanceolate leaf agrees with that of some species of Lycopodites, but not with the leaves of Lepidodendron or Sigillaria. Archceosigillaria forms, therefore, a genus clearly separated from all the other genera of Palceozoic Lycopods. From our imperfect knowledge of Archceosigillaria Vanuxemi and complete ignorance of its fructification, its systematic position is uncertain, but its place is probably in the Lycopodiales, and I provisionally place it there beside Lycopodites. Archceosigillaria Vanuxemi, Goppert sp. 1842. Yanuxem. Geol. of New York, Part III., p. 184, fig. 51. 1852. Sigillaria Vanuxemi. Gopp. : Foss. Flora d. Ubergangs, "p. 249. 1862. Sigillaria Vanuxemi. Dawson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XVIIL, p. 307, PI. XII., fig. 7. 1863. Sigillaria Vanuxemi. Hall: 16th Annual Rept. of 'Condi- tion of State Cabinet of Nat. Hist., pp. 99 and 113, fig. 5. Albany. 1871. Sigillaria Vanuxemi. Dawson: Foss. Plants of Devon and U piper Silur. Form, of Canada, p. 21. 1880. Sigillaria Vanuxemi. Lesquereux: Coal Flora, Vol. II., p. 505. 1887. Sigillaria Vanuxemi. Weiss: Sigillarien d. Preuss. Stein- kohlengebiete, I. Gruppe der Favularien. Konig. Preuss. Geol. Landesanstalt, Berlin, p. 65 (291), PI. IX. (XV.), fie. 30. 40 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 1885. Lycopodites Yanuxemi. Kidston: Linn. Soc. Jour. JBot., Vol. XXI., p. 560, PL XVIII. Description. — Stem dividing dichotomously and attaining a diameter of over 2-5 cm. Leaf -scars arranged in spirals; on the younger branches fusiform, touching each other laterally, but separated vertically by a slight interval ; those on the older branches hexagonal and contiguous. Vascular cicatricule single and situated slightly above the centre, leaves deltoid acuminate. Fructification unknown. Horizon and Localities. — The type of the species was discovered in the Upper Devonian (Chemung Group) of New York. The British specimens were collected in the neighbourhood of Shap Toil-Bar, Westmoreland, from the lower beds of the Mountain Limestone as developed in that area. These rocks are probably of the same age as part of the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Scotland. III. Lepidodendron, Sternberg, 1820. 1820. Lepidodendron. Sternberg: Essai flore monde prim., I. fasc. I., pp. 20 and 25 ; fasc. IV., p. 10. 1828. Lepidodendron. Brongniart : Prodrome, p. 84. 1822. Sagenaria. Brongniart: Class, d. veget. foss., p. 9. 1824. Lepidolepis. Sternberg: Essai flore monde prim., I. fasc. III., p. 39. 1826. Knorria. Sternberg : Essai flore monde prim., I. fasc. IV., p. 37. 1838. Bergeria. Presl, in Sternberg: Essai flore monde prim., II. fasc, 7-8, p. 183 (in part). 1838. iLsj/idiaria. Presl, in Sternberg : Essai flore monde prim., II. fasc, 7-8, p. 180 (in part). Description. — Plants of arborescent growth, attaining to a height of a hundred feet. Stem dividing dichotomously and forming a much ramified head. Outer surface of bark bearing contiguous or more or less distinct rhomboidal or fusiform cushions on whose surface, generally slightly above the centre, is situated the leaf-scar. Within the leaf-scar are three puncti- form cicatricules, the central of which is the scar of the leaf- bundle — the two lateral are possibly glandular organs — the CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 41 parichnos. Leaves simple, entire, single-nerved, lanceolate, short, or long and grass-like. Fructification in the form of cones (Lepidostrobus), the lower bracts of which bear macrosporangia and the upper microsporangia. The cones are borne at the termination of the branches, or sessile and placed in two opposite vertical rows — (Ulodendron in part). In the sub-cortical con- dition the trunk is irregularly striated longitudinally and the leaf cicatrice is single (the vascular bundle cicatrice). Interned structure of stem. — As Lepidodendron vasculare, Binney, sp. ( = Lepidodendron selaginoides, Carruthers and Williamson)1 is the species most commonly met with showing its internal organisation, it may be conveniently taken in illustrating the anatomy of Lepidodendron. In a young stem the central axile bundle consists of irregularly disposed tracheides, of which the outer and much smaller are mostly spiral, and the inner and larger scalariform. The centre of the bundle is composed of isodiametric spiral tracheides mixed with parenchyma. The primary bundle is surrounded by a zone of delicate small- celled parenchyma — the inner cortex of Williamson. Succeeding the inner cortex is a zone of large-celled but very delicate parenchyma — the middle vortex of the same author. This is enclosed by a zone of large thick-walled parenchyma which forms the ground tissue of the leaf-cushions.2 1 1862, Sigillaria vasculare, Binney, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,Yo\. XVIII., p. 106, PI. IV.; 1869, Lepidodendron selaginoides, Carruthers, Monthly Mic. Journ., Octr., p. 177, PI. XXVII. It is quite possible that the stems here described may really belong to Lepidodendron selaginoides, Sternberg, [Essaiflore mondeprim,, fasc. II., p. 29, PI. XVI., fig. 3, PL XVIII., fig. 1.) which only represents the smaller branches of Lep. lycopodioides, Sternberg, ibid., fasc. II., p. 29, PI. XVI,, figs. 1, 2, and 4), as that species is common in the Lower Coal Measures, the horizon in which the stems showing struc- ture are found. ( This probability is further heightened by the fact that the imperfectly preserved leaf-cushions on specimens showing structure when removed from the matrix have very much the form of those of that species. As, however, its identification is by no means certain, it is much better to use Binney' s name of vascidare for these specimens. 2 See also Bower, "On the Structure of the Axis of Lepidostrobus Broimii, Schimper, Ann. of Bot., Vol. VII., No. 27, Sep., 1893, pp. 343, 344. D 42 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW, When the stem of Lepidodendron has attained to the condition described, certain important changes take place by the formation of exogenously developed tissues. At some point of the circumference of the primary bundle a development of secondary xylem commences which is formed from a cambium ring. At first the secondary xylem appears as a crescent-like growth on the outside of the primary bundle ; this gradually extends all round, and at length the original bundle is surrounded by an exogenously developed secondary zone of xylem, whose radial thickness is only limited by the death of the plant. The elongated scalariform tracheides forming the secondary xylem are radially arranged and separated by medullary rays. A second source of increase in the girth of the stem arises from the formation of a cork cambium or phellogen, which appears immediately outside of the so-called middle cortex. The tissue developed on the inner side of the phellogen consists of long thick-walled prosenchymatous fibres, which add rigidity to the stem. If any true cork is developed in the outer margin of the phellogen, it is only to a very small extent. The leaf-bundles spring from the small outer tracheides of the primary bundle, and, bending upwards and outwards, pass through the zone of secondary xylem into the leaves. In their course outwards they are accompanied by a parenchymatous sheath derived from the inner bark. The leaf -trace in passing through the inner cortex is further accompanied by a tract of parenchyma derived from the middle cortex. This tract immediately before passing into the leaf divides into two parts and forms the parich- nos, one lying on each side of the foliar bundle. Minor modifications of type occur in different species of Lepidodendra, some never possessing a pith cavity, but it is probable that in all a secondary zone of xylem was developed, though in some at a later period of their growth than in others. It is true that in the plants originally described as Lepidoden- dron fidiginosum, Will., and Lepidodendron Harcoi^tii, Witham (IWill.), no secondary zone of xylem has been observed,1 but the first is certainly a Lejndophloios, and there is strong evi- 1 See following note. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 43 dence to believe that the latter should also be transferred from Lepidodendron to Lepidophloios.1 There are many interesting points in the structure of Lepidodendron which cannot be dealt with in this paper, and some that are yet imperfectly understood. 2 1 In the large stem of Lepidophloios from Dalmeny, recently described by Seward and Hill in the Trans. Roy. Soc Edin., Vol. XXXIX., Part IV., p. 907, 1900, there is a thick zone of secondary xylem. It seems very probable that we have here a large specimen of Lepidodendron Harcourtii of Witham, which is really a Lepidophloios, and that the stem later described by Williamson, from the Yorkshire and Lanarkshire Coal Measures, as Lepidodendron Harcourtii, Witham, is perhaps not Witham's plant. - The literature of the subject is very large, but the following works may be specially mentioned in connection with the internal organization of Lepidodendron : — C. Eg. Bertrand, Remarques sur le Lepidodendron Harcourtii de Witham. Travaux tt Memoirs des Facultes de Lille, Vol. II. , Mem. No. 6, Lille, 1891. Binney, " Observations on the Structure of Fossil Plants found in the Carboniferous Strata," Palozont. Soc, Part II., (lLepidostrobus and some allied Cones," 1871. Binney, ibid., Part III., Lepidodendron, 1872. Binney, ibid., Part IV., Sigillaria and Stigmaria, 1875. Bower, "On the Structure of the Axis of Lepidostrobus Br oivnii, Schimper,'' Ann. ofBot., Vol. III., No. 27. Hick and Cash, "The Structure and Affinities of Lepidodendron,'''1 Proc. Yorkshire Geol. and Polytechnic Soc, Vol. XL, Part II., p. 316, 1889. Hoyelacque, " Recherches sur le Lepidodendron selaginoides, Sternb." Mem. Soc. Linn de Normandie, Vol. XVII. , fasc. L, 1S92, Caen. Renault, Cours d. botan. foss. Deux, annee (Vol. II.), 1882. Renault, Etudes d. gites Mineraux de la France, Bassin Houiller et Permien d'Autun et d'Epinac, fasc. IV., "Flore Fossile," Deux Part, Text. 1896. Atlas, 1893. Solms-Laubach, Fossil Botany, English Edition, Oxford, 1S91. Schenk, Die Fossilen Pflanzen, 1SS8, Breslau. Williamson, "On the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures," Phil. Trans., Memoir II., 1872; Mem. III., 1872; Mem. X., 1880; Mem. XL, 1881; Mem. XII., 1881; Mem. XIV., 1889; Mem. XIX., 1893; "General Morphological and Histological Index, &c. , Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc, Part II., Session 1892-1893. 1893. Witham, The Internal Structure of Fossil Vegetables found in the Carboni- ferous and Oolitic Deposits of Great Britain, 1883. Witham, "On the Lepidodendron Hai-courta,'' Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc Northumberland, Vol. II., 1838. 44 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Remarks.— The leaf-cushion consists of a clearly-defined and more or less elevated rhomboidal or fusiform area, generally longer than broad, whose lateral angles are usually prominent. On the greater number of specimens the leaf-cushions are flat or very little elevated (fig. 3). This condition is most probably due to pressure. From the deep impressions of Lepidodendra frequently found, the leaf -cushions, when uncompressed, must have possessed a considerable amount of elevation in many, if not in all species.1 Fig. 3. — Lepidodendron aculea- tum, Sternb., Lower Coal Measures, Stevenston (Xo. 2482). Fig. 4. — Leaf cushion of Lepidodendron acideatum, Sternb., slightly enlarged. For description see text. Within the cushion, usually, situated slightly above the centre is the rhomboidal or transversely elongate rhomboidal leaf-scar («) fig. 4, whose upper and lower angles are more or less rounded, the two lateral acute and generally produced as two downward keels (6). Within the leaf -scar («) and usually below the centre are three punctiform cicatricules, the central of which is the scar of the foliar bundle. The two lateral cicatricules are possibly glandular organs and have been termed the parichnos (f). 1 The following specimens in my collection show this very well : — Levi- dodtndron Veltheimianum, Sternb. (No. 2453) ; Lep. Veithtimianum, Stbg., (?) (No. 61) ; and Lepidodendron ophiurus, Bgt., (?) (No. 1474). CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 45 Extending both above and below the leaf-scar is a central keel, which often bears transverse notches on its lower part. Above the leaf-scar and in the line of the central keel is a small cicatricule (c), which has been named by Stur the ligule scar. This little cicatricule is immediately above the leaf-scar in Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sternb., fig. 4c. In Lepidodendron rimosum, Sternb., it is placed a short distance above the leaf -scar (fig. 5). Above the ligule-scar is a transverse triangular notch (fig. 4e), which has been regarded as the homologue of the 1q "sporangium attachment" by Stur.1 The area surrounding the leaf-scar is called the field (d). In most species of Lepidodendron immediately underneath the leaf -scar are two oval pits (/), one on each side of the keel. These also appear to be glandular or secreting organs.2 Some Lepidodendra, such as Lepidodendron dichotomum, Zeiller (not Sternb. 1), do not possess them. 3 On many specimens the so-called ligule-scar cannot be observed, but as it is very small, only well-preserved examples can be expected to show it. In a less degree the same remark applies to the " sporangium notch." I am inclined to think, however, that sometimes these are absent from some individuals — an absence which cannot be ascribed to an imperfect preservation of the fossil. Specimens in my collection support this view. If we regard the so-called "ligule-scar" of Lepidodendron as homologous with the ligule-scar occurring in Selaginella — and this interpretation finds support in the investigations of Mr. Maslen,4 who describes the occurrence of a ligule on the sporophyll of Lepidostrobus immediately in front of the sporan- Fig. 5. — Lepidodendron rimosum, Sternb. Leaf cushion, natural size (No. 2438). 1 Stur, Culm Flora, p. 228, and Explan. to PI. XIX., fig. 1. 2 Transpiration openings of Potonie, Lchrb. d. Pflanzenpalceontologie, p. 220. 1899. 3 Zeiller, Flore, foss. Bassin Houil. d. Valenciennes, PI. LXVIL, fig. 1. 4 Annals of Botany, Vol. XII., No. XLVL, 1898, p. 257. This> referred to more fully under Lepidostrobus. 46 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. gium — then we must regard the leaf-cushion as a persistent basal portion of the leaf remaining permanently attached to the bark. The so-called "ligule-scar"1 in Lepidodendron is really a small pit from whose base the ligule springs. This structure has been described by the late M. Hovelacque in his work on Lepidodendron selaginoides. 2 The leaf- cushions are arranged in steep spirals and are con- tiguous, as in Lepidodendron ophiurus, Brongt., or more or less distant, as in Lepidodendron rimosum, Sternb., or Lepidodendron seyyentigerum, Konig, where the cushions end in tail-like pro- longations, by which the various members of the same spiral series are connected to each other. In some species, however, the leaf-scars are contiguous or more or less distant, according to the conditions of growth or age of the individual. This is seen in Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sternb. In some species, as in Lepidodendron to. serpentigerum, Konig. the leaf -cushions Fig. 6. - Lepidodendron are alwa?s disfcant as far as at Present Wortheni Lx. Leaf known, and the interfoliar space is orna- cushion, natural size, mented with fine irregular wavy lines, showing ornamentation and a somewhat similar form of orna- ( -/cJ1)- mentation of the bark appears to be a constant character on all species where the leaf-cushions are distant. As a rule, the surface of the leaf-cushion is free from all orna- mentation except the transverse notches, which are frequently present on the lower portion of the keel. In some cases this may be due to shrinkage of the tissues through decay, but probably it is not always so caused. In Lepidodendron Wortheni, Lx., how- 1 The "ligule" of MM. Bertrand and Hovelacque has been named the " Adenoid Organ " by Prof. Williamson, who could not see in it the homo- logue of the ligule of Selaginella and Isoetes. — See Williamson, Mem. XIX., Phil. Trans., Vol. 184, pp. 9-10, 1893. 2 Hovelacque, " Recherches sur le Lepidodendron selaginoides, Stern- berg," Mem. de Soc. Linneenne de Normandie, Vol. XVII., fasc. I., 1S92. Caen. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 4? ever, an important character of this species is the presence of well-defined irregular transverse ridges which extend over the whole area of the leaf-cushion, which also does not appear to be keeled. (Fig. 6.) In the great majority of Lepidodendra the bark and leaf- cushions keep pace in growth with the increase in diameter of the stem, but in Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, Sternb., and a few other Carboniferous Lycopods,1 although the leaf-cushions and bark increase in size with age, as in other species, to a certain extent, the bark becomes longitudinally fissured from the increase in the girth of the stem. These fissures in casts of the specimens necessarily appear as elevated, more or less irregular, ridges. Pressure often flattens these ridges, which then extend over neighbouring portions of the bark and entirely obliterate the leaf-cushions, and such specimens of Lepidodendron Veltheimianum have frequently been mistaken for Sigillaria. This condition is only seen in aged specimens, 2 some of which are figured by Schimper.3 I believe the Lyginodendron Landsburgii of Gourlay is founded on an extreme, though similar, condition of an old Lepidodendron stem with which the Lyginodendron of Williamson has no affinity.4 The fructification is in the form of cones. In the great majority of the species these terminate the small branches as in Lepidodendron ophiurus, Brongt. (No. 912), and Lepidodendron lycopodioides, Sternb. (No. 2232). In a few species, as Lepido- dendron Veltheimianum, Sternb., and Lepidodendron Landsburgii, Kidston. the cones are sessile, and are borne on the large stems in two opposite rows, the cones in one row alternating with those of the other row. It is a most peculiar and marked character of the so-called Ulodendroid Lycopods that the fructification is only produced on stems of considerable size and age. A stem of Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, Sternb., in my pos- session, about, 4 inches wide, shows the point to which the cones 1 Sigillaria discophora, Konig sp., is another example. 2 I possess several specimens of Lep. Veltheimianum showing various states of this condition. — See Nos. 62, 62a, and 76. 3 Schimper — (Koechlin-Schlumber and Schimper), Lt terr d. Transition de Vosges, PI. XXIII., 1S62. 4 Gourlay, Description of Lyginodendron Landsburgii, Proc. PhiL Soc* of Glasgow, Vol. I., Part II., p. 108, 1841-44. 48 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. had been attached as mamilla>like elevations.1 This must indi- cate that the cone when removed was in a very early state of development, for the cup-like depressions are formed by the base of the sessile cone pressing against the bark which grows up round it. These cups participate in the increase of the stem, and long after the fall of the cone continue to increase in size, and thus is formed the characteristic cup-like depressions on the bark, which gave rise to the genus Ulodendron, L. and H.2 In the Ulodendroid scars of Lepidodendron the scar of the cone attachment — the umbilicus — is approximately central. But this mode of fructification is not restricted to Lepido- dendron, for it also occurs in Sigillaria and Boihvodendron. The cones are heterosporons, the lower tracts bearing the macrosporangia and the upper the microsporangia. There is, of course, the possibility of some Lepidodendra having had homo- sporous cones, but there is no clear evidence that this was the case. The detailed structure of the cones will be described under the genus Lepidostrobus, Brongt., for, unfortunately, in the majority of cases, the cones are found separated from their stems, and it is then frequently impossible to refer them to their parent species. This circumstance has necessitated the formation of the genus Lepidostrobus, Brongt., for their reception. When the epidermal layer of the bark is removed, the exposed surface is irregularly striated longitudinally and only shows the cicatrice of the foliar bundle. The genus Aspidiaria, Presl, is in part founded on such specimens of Lepidodendron.'3 The leaves of Lepidodendron are entire and single-nerved. On Lepidodendron lycopodioides, Sternb., Lepidodendron ophiurus, Brongt., and many other species, they are lanceolate. On Lepido- dendron longifolium, Brongt., and Lepidodendron obovatum, Sternb., they are very long and grass-like— on the larger stems of the latter species attaining a length of 30 inches.4 The leaves must have remained on the branches a long time, increasing in size with age. This is clearly seen on specimens on which the 1 See Kidston, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. XVI., PI. IV., Fig. 2, 1885. 2 Lindley and Hutton, Fossil Flora, Vol. I., p. 22, 1S3L 3 Presl, in Sternberg, Vers. II., p. 180, 1838. Zeiller, Flore fons. Bassin houil de Valenciennes, p. 442. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 49 foliage is still attached, where the leaves on the stems are always much larger than those on the twigs — the general rule being the larger the stem the larger the leaves, up to the period at which the leaves are shed. In some species the leaves remain attached to the stem for a greater length of time than in other species. In Lepidodendron lycopodioides, Sternb., the leaf -base seems to have remained on the cushion for some time after its upper portion had been separated or decayed, and in this species one can seldom observe the form of the leaf-scar which is placed towards the upper end of the cushion. A specimen from Oaks Colliery, Barnsley, collected by Mr. Hemingway, shows a leaf-cushion of this species with a leaf attached (JSTo. 2165). In this state no line of demarcation can be detected between the leaf and the cushion. The upper portions of the other leaves on this example are broken off (probably, in the case of the specimen under discussion, by mechanical means), but the lower part remains attached to the cushion and extends down each side some distance past the apex, giving the upper part of the cushion the appearance as if winged. The lower portion of the leaf is here much wider than the leaf- scar left after the removal of the leaf, as shown by specimens from which the leaf has been shed, from which one is led to presume that it was partially attached to the cushion. In other species the leaf seems to be cut off by some special provision, though in Lepidodendron lycopodioides it seems to wither away. In Lepidodendron Haidingeri, Ett. (No. 1022), where also the leaf-scar is situated toward the upper end of the cushion, there appears to be a somewhat similar mode of attachment of the The leaf-scar and cushion increase in size with the increase of the stem in growth, though in a few species, as in Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, Sternb. — to which reference has already been made in this connection — the stem increases in girth quicker than the bark, which becomes longitudinally cleft. The leaves are often found separated from their parent stems, and as in this condition they can seldom be identified with the species to which they belong, they are placed in a separate genus ■ — the genus Lepidophyllum, Brongt. 50 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The rhizome of Lepidodendron is Stigmaria, but as Stigmaria is also the rhizome of Sigillaria, if not also of other Arborescent Lycopods, it will be considered separately. The genus Knorria, Sternberg,1 is founded on a decorticated condition of Lepidodendron, and other Lycopod stems. It arises in this way. The inner tissues having decayed, the firm, outer portion of the bark is left as a hollow cylinder. When this has become filled with sediment and subjected to pressure, the contained infilling material is pressed into the openings in the outer bark, through which the vascular bundles pass to the leaves. On the subsequent decay of the bark, the casts of the bundle passages are left as so many spine-like points attached to the central inorganic core which filled up the hollow cylinder. It must be remembered that these passages not only represent the space occupied by the leaf-bundle, but also the cellular sheath which accompanied it, and which divided out two arms when in the leaf-cushion to form the parichnos. I possess an interesting specimen of which the core is Knorria acicularis, 2 but the impression on the rock which surrounded the Knorria is Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, Sternb. The space between the Knorria and the Lepidodendron was filled in with coaly matter when found (Nos. 50-51). There remains still to be considered the question of the affinity of Lepidodendron. That it is Lycopodiaceous is clearly shown from the develop- ment of the sporangium, but as to which of the existing genera of Lycopods Lepidodendron stands closest is a very difficult point to determine. In the structure of the vascular axis perhaps it stands closer to Lycopodinm than to Selaginella. Some Lepidodendra are certainly heterosporous, though some species may have had homosporous cones, but on this point there is at present no certainty.'3 The known heterospory of at least some Lepido- dendra point to closer affinities with Selaginella than with 1 Sternberg, Flore monde prim., Vol. I., fasc. IV., p. 37, 1826. 2 Knorria acicularis, Goppert, Die fos. Flora des Ubergangsgebirges, p, 200, PI. XXX., fig. 3, 1852. 3 See remarks under Lepidostrobus, p. 61. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 51 Lycopodium. 1 If we add to this the presence of a ligule on the leaves (?) of Lepidodendron and on the sporophylls of Lepidostrobus (and as far as I can judge from the investigations of Bertrand, Hovelacque, and Maslen, the cushions of Lepidodendron and sporophylls of Lepidostrobus possess a small scale), then the position of Lepidodendron points to a closer relationship with Selaginella than with any other existing genus. Though I have seen the so-called ligule in transverse sections of leaf-bases, or cushions as they have been usually termed, as figured by Hovelacque, 2 I have not seen it in profile as figured in Lepidostrobus by Maslen.3 As already mentioned, if we regard the small point above the leaf-scar as the cicatricule, or, more correctly, the opening of the ligule cavity, we must consider what has usually been termed the leaf-cushion as a persistent part of the leaf, and not a cortical outgrowth. In Lepidodendron the " leaf -cushion " is generally clearly circumscribed, and one can imagine it to be the very much shortened portion of a persistent leaf-base, though I do not know of any other plant that sheds part of the leaf while the remaining portion persists as a cushion on the bark.4 When, however, one applies the same explanation in regard to the " ligule-scar " of Sigillaria, and I presume there is no doubt that the small cicatrice so frequently seen a short distance above the leaf-scar is homologous to the so-called ligule-scar in Lepido- dendron, additional difficulties arise in explaining its position as representing the ligule of Selaginella. In Sigillaria there is no "field" surrounding the leaf -scar, or any other mark to define an area corresponding to the field in Lepidodendron, and still we must presume here also that the "ligule-scar" on Sigillaria is placed on the leaf-base if the homology is to hold good, for if it is not on the leaf-base, but on 1 Perhaps, however, too much importance is being placed on the hetero- sporous and homosporous condition in the classification of the recent Lycopods. 2 Becherches sur le Lepidodendron selaginoides, Sternb., PI. VII., fig. 2. 3 Maslen, Annals of Botany, Vol. XII., 1898, p. 258. 4 In many species of Lepidodendra the leaf when shed leaves behind so clearly defined a scar, that I think one must conclude that the leaf has been cut off by some structure specially adapted to perform this function. 52 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. the stem, it seems very doubtful to me if it is possible to regard this little cicatricule above the leaf-scar as indicating the position of an homologous structure to the scale on the leaf of Selaginella. If the figure given by Mr. Maslen, already referred to, is a correct representation of the specimen, there appears to be no room for doubt that the ligule there shown is homologous with the ligule of Selaginella, but though in Sig Maria mamillaris, Brongt., Sigillaria Brardii, Brongt., and other Sigillarice, the leaves are placed on more or less prominent elevations, and in Sigillaria MacMurtrei, Kidston, this elevation almost amounts to a pedicel, still all these swellings to which the leaves are attached have a different appearance and structure from the clearly- defined Lepidodendron leaf-scar, and it makes one reluctant to accept as proved beyond all further question the true homologue of the little cicatricule under discussion. A similar little cicatricule occurs above the leaf-scar of Bothro- dendron, and in Pinakodendron, Weiss, which is closely related to Bothrodendron, there are two, frequently three, small cicatricules, above the leaf-scar, 1 which it is difficult to regard as different in significance or function from the single cicatricule found in Bothrodendron and in many Sigillaria, and such a plurality of ligules is entirely unknown amongst recent Lycopods. It would appear then that though Lepidodendron has some points which accord more with Lycopodium than with Selaginella, especially in regard to the arrangement of its leaves, it has others which point to a closer relation with Selaginella. With Tmesipteris the bundle of those species of Lepidodendron, which have a solid axis devoid of a pith cavity, has a greater similarity than to that of either Lycopodium or Selaginella. Like so many palaeozoic types, Lepidodendron embraces within itself characters which we do not now find united in the individual, but which occur in the group, and to attempt to force a special relationship to any existing genus is a course which cannot be advocated. 1 Weiss and Sterzel, Bit Sigillarim d. Preuss. Sitink. u. Rothiugenden Gcbiete. II. Die Gruppe der Subsigillarien, Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Gtol. Landesamtalt Xeue Folge., Heft. 2, p. 61, 1S93. {Pinakodendron Ohmanni, Weiss, p. 62, PL III., figs. 17, IS.) CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 53 IV. Lepidophloios, Sternberg, 1826. 1826. Lepidophloios, Sternberg. Essaiflore monde prim., Vol. I., fasc. iv., p. 13. 1833. Halonia, Lindley and Hutton. Fossil Flora, Vol. II., pp. 11-14. 1836. Pachyphlceus, Goppert (in part)t Die foss. Farrnkrduter, p. 468. (Nova Acta Acad, C.L.C. Nat. Curios. Vol. XVII. Breslau.) 1838. Zamites, Presl, in Sternberg (in part). Vol. II., fasc. 7 and 8, p. 195. 1848. Lomatophloios, Corda, Beitr. z. Flora d. Vorwelt, p. 17. 1855. Cyclocladia, Goldenberg (not L. and H.). Flora Sarozpont. foss., Lief. I., p. 18. Plants of arborescent growth with dichotomous ramification. Stems and branches bearing well-developed scale-like leaf-cushions, at or near whose summit is placed the leaf -scar. Leaf-cushions imbricated, pedicel-like, upright or deflexed, exposed portion with slightly curved or straight sides or rhomboidal in outline, smooth or carinate, sometimes provided with a small tubercle immediately beneath the leaf-scar. Leaf-scar transversely oval, rhomboidal, or rhomboidal-elongate, lateral angles rounded or acute, upper and lower angles generally rounded, sometimes pointed. Within the leaf -scar are three punctiform cicatricules, of which the central (vascular) is sometimes the largest, and occasionally triangular in form. Fructification borne on specialized branches, and consisting of deciduous stalked cones arranged in several spirals (Halonia). In the corticated condi- tion the Halonial protuberances rise little above or are on a level with the bark, and are surrounded by a circle of deflected leaf- cushions; when decorticated the fruiting branches bear several spiral rows of tubercle - like prominences. Leaves linear, lanceolate, entire, single-nerved. Sub-cortical cicatricule single. Remarks. — The genus Lepidophloios is not so commonly met with as Lepidodendron and Sigillaria, and contains a very much smaller number of species; still it is fairly common in Britain. Lepidophloios Scoticus, Kidston, is frequent in the oil-shales and associated rocks of the Calciferous Sandstone Series ; Lepidophloios acerosus, L. and H. sp., is not very uncommon in the 54 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Middle and Lower Coal Measures; while Lepidophloios laricinus, Sternberg, is very rare. These are the only species of whose occurrence in Britain we have certain knowledge.1 Lepidophloios has given rise to the creation of many genera, formed on the various conditions under which it appears, as evidenced by the generic synonymy given above, but on this point I shall not enter further, as I have already dealt with this question in a paper published in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.2 Lepidophloios is easily distinguished from Lepidodendron by the form and structure of the leaf-cushion and the position of the leaf-scar. The leaf-scar is always placed at the top, or very near the top, of the cushion. When the cushion becomes denexed it appears as if placed at the base. The leaf-scar is shown at c, fig. 7, and immediately beneath it and on the line of the keel is a small tubercle. This small tubercle is not always present, and on Lepi- dophloios Scoticus it has never been observed, though I have Fig. 7.-«, Lepidophloios Scoticus, examined very many beautifully- Kidston, natural size ; b, cushion preserved specimens. 3 and leaf -scar, enlarged (No. 529) ; The form of the cushion varies c, Lepidophloios acerosus, L. and acc0rding to the species and age H. sp., cushion and leaf-scar, en- . ,, i r\ tj i £ , a , ,N „fi„. or the plant. On old stems, from the lateral strain caused by in- crease in girth, it is often transversely elongated. In the fragments of bark as usually found it is impossible to determine the direction of growth, but occasionally one meets 1 Mr. Hemingway has brought under my notice a Yorkshire specimen of a Lepidophloios, which may be the Lepidophloios auricidatus, Lesqx. Geol. Hep. lllin., Vol. IV., p. 439, PI. XXX., fig. 1, 1870; also Coal Flora, p. 421, PI. LXVIIL, fig. 3. 2 " On Lepidophloios, and on the British Species of the Genus," Vol. XXXVII., Part iii., pp. 529-563, Pis. I. -II. 3 It clearly occurs beneath the leaf-scar, but has the same appearance as the " ligule-scar " in Lepidodendron. Its true function and significance do not appear to me to be satisfactorily determined, CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 55 with a bifurcation or branch bearing foliage which permits of this being determined. I have only seen one such specimen of Lepidophloios acerosus, L. and H. sp., from Abersychan, near Pontypool, South Wales, which is preserved in the Bristol Museum. This I have already figured.1 It represents the termination of a branch with the foliage attached, and shows that the leaf-cushions are directed upwards. This is probably the normal position in all species, for on all the small branches of Lepidophloios Scoticus they are also directed upwards, whereas on all the larger and older stems of this plant they are directed downwards. On Lepidophloios laricinus, on the older stems the cushions are directed downwards, as is proved by figures given by Golden- berg. 2 It must, however, be borne in mind that even here the leaf-scar morphologically occupies the top of the cushion, and its present position evidently results from a subsequent deflection of the cushion. Lepidophloios Scoticus, Kidston, is the species which I have had the most opportunity of studying, as it is comparatively plentiful in the oil-shales and associated rocks of the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Midlothian. I have, therefore, had many opportunities of examining specimens of this species in various conditions of age and preservation. The cushions are generally rounded, and very rarely keeled; in fact, the only specimen I possess which shows a distinct keel is one from the oil-shales, Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, which I received from Mr. Dunlop (No. 2404). This specimen is very interesting in being the only one I have seen from the Carbon- iferous Limestone Series, and the prominent keel on the cushion made me at first hesitate in identifying it as Lepidophloios Scoticus, though I now believe it is referable to that species. The fossil is about 4 inches long and 2 1 inches wide, and shows within this small space the alteration in direction of the leaf- cushions. It is impossible to determine which is the upper end of the specimen, for at one end the leaf-cushions are directed 1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., Vol., XXXVII., Part iii. (No. 25), p. 558, PI. I., fig. 1. 1S93. 2 Goldenberg, Flora sarozp. Joss., Lief. I., p. 22, PI. III., fig. 14; and Lief. III., p. SO, PI. XVI., fig. 6, 56 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. upwards and at the other extremity downwards. This specimen shows, independent of other and satisfactory evidence, that the direction of the cushion is not even of specific value, much less of generic importance, though in the past the direction of the leaf- cushion was the distinguishing character between Lomatophloios and Lepidophloios. When preparing my Memoir on the British species of the genus Lepidophloios I unfortunately did not possess this specimen. The leaf-cushions are directed upwards on all the young branches of Lepidophloios Scoticus I have examined on which the direction of the branch could be determined, and these were either stalked cones or bifurcated branchlets. On the other hand, on all the larger specimens whose direction could be de- termined by the presence of branches or bifurcations, they are directed downwards, and above I have referred to a specimen showing the transition in the direction of the cushions taking place. It is therefore certain that in Lepidophloios Scoticus the originally upward-directed leaf-cushions become subsequently deflexed.1 The fossils known as Halonia, L. and H., are the fruiting branches of Lepidophloios. All the British species possessed such fruiting branches; hence, unless the Halonia condition shows the leaf -scales, it is impossible to determine the species to which it belongs. The name "Halonia" is, therefore, frequently employed to indicate a fruiting branch of a specifically undeter- mined Lepidophloios. That Halonia is the fruiting branch of Lepidophloios has been proved beyond all doubt, as several specimens have been described and figured showing the characteristic Lepidophloios leaf -scar and scale on stems bearing Halonial tubercles. These Halonial tubercles are arranged in spiral series of always a greater number than two.2 In decorticated specimens the 1 See Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin., I.e. PI. L, fig. 3; PI. II., fig. 6. 2 Mr. James Lomax, in a paper entitled " Kecent Investigations on Plants of the Coal Measures," published in the Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc, Part ix., Vol. XXVI. , 1899, gives on PI. V., fig. 22, and PI. VI., fig. 23, a specimen which he describes as "A new Halonia-like form of Lepidodendron fuliginosum of Williamson." This specimen I cannot accept as belonging to Lepidophloios 'uliginosus, Will, sp., and is clearly CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 57 Halonial tubercles appear as prominent mammillae-like pro- tuberances. On corticated specimens the depressions between the mammillae are filled up with the cortex when their apices only rise to the general level of the stem or slightly above it, and appear as surrounded by little rosettes formed by the bent- back leaf-cushions which surround the point of attachment of the caducous-stalked cone. ] Another important distinguishing point between the fruiting or Halonial condition of LepidopMoios and the Ulodendroid condition of Lepidodendron, Sigillaria and Bothrodendron is the circumstance that LepidopMoios bore its fruit on the young- branches, as shown by the frequent occurrence of very small twigs bearing several rows of Halonial tubercles, whereas the Ulodendroid stems only bore their sessile cones on stems of con siderable age and size. 2 I have been unable to ascertain the arrangement of the sporangia in the cones of LepidopMoios, which when separated from their parent stems cannot be distinguished from those com- monly included in the genus Lepidosirobus. referable to the Ulodendroid section of Lycopods. I believe the plant is a decorticated specimen of Sigillaria discophora, Konig sp., which is the Ulodenclron minus, L. and H. It was collected by Mr. George Wild, and is in the hands of Professor Weiss, Manchester, for description. 1 Of specimens showing Halonial tubercles associated with LepidopMoios leaf-cushions, the following may be cited: — Lepidop>Moios laricinus, Goldenberg, Flora saroepont. foss. , PI. XVI. , fig. 6 ; the specimen figured by Eichwald under the name of Halonia tuberculata in Letliaa Bossica, PI. XL, figs. 1-2, show a Halonial core, but the impression shows the LepidopMoios leaf-scar. Under the name of Lepidodendron laricinum, Feistmantel also gives some figures which show the leaf-scar of Lepidoph- loios on the Halonial stem ( Vers. d. bohm. Ablager. Abth. II., PI. VII., pp. 1-2, and another on PI. VIII., fig. 1. under the name of Halonia regularis). A fine specimen, exhibiting most clearly the union of Halonia and LepidopMoios [L. Scotica), is given by Dr. Macfarlane in the Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., Vol. XIV., PI. VII.; and a similar condition of the same species is given by me in the Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin., Vol. XXXVII., Part iii., No. 25, PI. II., figs. 5-6, where I also figure a specimen of LepidopMoios laricinus showing the same union of LepidopMoios and Halonia. 2 See KidstoD, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. XVI., p. 163, PI. IV., fig. 2. E 58 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The leaves when detached from the stem are known as Lepidophyllum, some of which are of considerable size, and are indistinguishable in general appearance from those of Lepido- dendron. Internal Organization. — The internal structure of Lepidophloios is similar in type to that of Lepidodendron. In fact, all the Lepidophloios, with the exception of the Lepidophloios described by the late Sir William Dawson,1 were first placed in the genus Lepidodendron. To Lepidophloios belong the Lepidodendron fuliginosum% Williamson,2 and t\\e Lepidodendron Wunschianum* of the same author. Not only are Ilalonial branches of Lepi- dophloios fidiginosus known, but Messrs. Cash and Lomax showed me a specimen having the structure of Lepidodendron Juliginosum on which the characteristic leaf-scars of Lepi- dophloios were exhibited.4 The Lepidodendron Wunschianiun, Will.,5 from Arran, is also seen to be a Lepidophloios from its possessing Halonial branches. G The first described specimens of Lepidophloios fidiginosus were identified as Lepidodendron Ilarconrtii, but this was corrected by Professor Williamson in his Memoir No. XIX., where the name of fidiginosus is given to the plant. Irrespective of other distinguishing points, Lepidodendron (Lepidophloios) fidiginosus is known at first sight from Lepi- dophloios Ilarconrtii by the constant occurrence of the beauti- fully-preserved inner bark, while the corresponding structure in Lepidodendron ? (Lepidophloios ) Ilarconrtii is invariably destroyed. Last year Messrs. Seward and Hill communicated a paper to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in which they describe what is probably the finest specimen of a Carboniferous Lycopod yet found. It was collected by Mr. J. Kerr, Edinburgh, at Dalmeny Railway Cutting, Linlithgowshire. The stem is 13 inches in 1 Lepidophloios Acadianus, Dawson. Quari. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1S65, p. 163, PI. X., fig. 50. This species is now recognised as the same as the Lepidophloios laricinus, Sternb. 2 First described under the name of Lepidodendr&n Harcouriii in error. Mem. II., Phil. Tram., 1S72; Mem. XL., Phil. Trans., 1SS1. Under name of Lepidodendron fuliginonun, Mem. XIX., Phil. Trans., 1S93. 3 Phil. Trans., Mem. X., 18S0. 4 Cash and Lomax, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Leeds, 1890, p. 810. 1891. 5 Memo. X., Phil. Trans., 1SS0; Memo. XII., ibid., 1SS1. 6 Memo. XII, Phil. Trans., 1SS1. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 59 diameter, the vascular axis being slightly over 1J inches in diameter, of which the secondary xylem measures ~ of an inch and the primary xylem -J^- of an inch in thickness. The structure of the vascular axis and outer bark is beautifully preserved. All these species of Lepidophloios, to which genus this fine specimen from Dalmeny evidently belongs, show certain characters which, though perhaps not restricted to Lepidophloios, appear to be more pronounced in that genus than in Lepidodendron. These are the little points of small tracheides which jut out from the periphery of the primary bundle, forming what has been called the " corona" and the late period at which the development of secondary xylem occurs. A secondary development of " tissue " 1 has been observed in Lepidophloios fuliginosus, termed by Williamson "a very rudi- mentary form of secondary xylem strand," 2 and a strongly- developed secondary xylem occurs in Lepidophloios Wunschianus and in the Dalmeny specimen, where it forms a thick zone. There is strong reason to believe that the Lepidodendron Harcourtii, Witham, is also a Lepidophloios. It has all the peculiarities of the genus, and I feel strongly inclined to place it provisionally in Lepidophloios. One of the characters which, according to Williamson, distinguishes Lepidophloios Harcourtii from his Lepidophloios fuliginosum is the presence of a diploxy- loid leaf-trace in the former. Mons. Bertrand,3 and more recently Seward, have examined the leaf-traces of Lepidophloios fuliginosum, and found that in structure they are identical with those of LepAdophloios Harcourtii, Will. sp. (With. ?). What were previously supposed to represent a strand of bast fibres is in reality a strand of laticiferous tubes. 4 Whether this laticiferous tissue may have performed the functions of the bast elements is uncertain. 1 Seward, Leptidophloios fuliginosus. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc, Vol. X., Partiii., p. 140, 1S99. 2 Williamson, "General, Morph., and Histol. Index," Part ii. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc, Session 1892-93. Ser. IV., Vol. VII., 1893, p. 13. 3 Remarques sur U Lepidodendron Harcourtii de, Witham, p. 119. 1891. 4 Seward, '-'Notes on the Binney Collection of Carboniferous Plants — I. Lepidophloios." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc, Vol. X., Part hi., pp. 140-141. 1899. 60 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. In the Dalineny specimen the leaf vascular bundle has a most pronounced development of secondary xylem. This plant is very probably the true Lepidophloios Harcourtii, Witham sp. It is unsafe to generalize on the differences in the structure of the vascular systems of Lepidodendron and Lepidophloios here pointed out, as our knowledge of them is still very imperfect, but evidence is tending to show that though they both possess the same type of stem structure, there are differences which may enable one to separate the two genera by their internal structure alone. In the case of Lepidophloios fuliginosus and Lepidophloios Wunschianus, their possessing Halonial branches is conclusive evidence of their belonging to Lepidophloios. It is interesting to note here that though the specimen of Lepidophloios Acadiaais, Dawson ( = Lepidophloios laricinus, Stern.), whose internal structure was described by Sir William Dawson, is 5 inches in diameter, it only shows the primary xylem with the characteristic peripheral corona.1 In his Memoir III.2 Professor Williamson describes some specimens from Petty cur, near Burntisland, Fife, under the name of Lepidophloios brevifolium, Will, (not Ett.).3 In a footnote he sayS — « In a letter from Dr. Dawson, dated November 28, 1872, that observer informs me that he regards the Burntisland plant as identical with Lepidodendron Veltheimianum." Professor Williamson further says — " Until the very characteristic macro- sphores of my plant are shown to exist in some of the localities in which the Lepidodendron Veltheimianum is common, I think it best to retain my proposed provisional name.''4 The external characters of the plant, which Professor William- son originally described as Lepidophloios brevifolinm, and subse- quently as Lepidodendron brevifolium, are well seen in weathered surfaces of the blocks containing the specimens, and there is no * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XXII. , p. 163, PL X., fig. 5. 1865. Acadian Geology, 2nd edition, 1868, p. 4S9, fig. 17U (p. 457). 2 Phil. Trans., 1872, p. 310. 0 Though, originally described as Lepidophloios, Professor Williamson places this plant in Lepidodendron in his "General, Morphological, and Histological Index," Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc, Session 1892-93, p. 10. 1893. * I.e., p. 310. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 61 doubt that it is the Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, as suggested by Sir William Dawson. Lepidodendron Veltheimianum is very common in the horizon in which the Pettycur material occurs. But, further, the very characteristic macrospores of Lepidoden- dron brevifolium, Will, (not Ett.), with the long hirsute appendages, are the Lagenicida I. described by Mr. J. Bennie and myself from several localities in the Calciferous Sandstone Series where Lepidodendron Veltheimianum is plentiful.1 V. Lepidostrobus, Brongniart, 1828. 1828. Lepidostrobus, Brongniart. Prodrome, p. 87. 1865. Flemingites, Carruthers. Geol. Mag., Vol. II., No. xvi. Cylindrical, ovoid, or oblong cones, composed of a ligneous axis, to which are attached the single-nerved bracts or sporophylls in steep spirals. The bracts consist of two parts, a basal portion or pedicel springing from the axis almost at a right angle, and on which is placed the single sporangium, and a limb which extends upwards from the extremity of the pedicel and forms with it at their point of union an acute angle. The lower bracts bear the macrosporangia, the upper the microsporangia. Macrospores larger, smooth or apiculate, and provided with a triradiate ridge. Microspores very small, tetrahedral. Internal Organization. — The axis consists of a central bundle surrounding a pith of delicate parenchyma. The vascular elements are composed of scalariform tracheides, the smaller members being placed on the outer edge, and are the first-formed tracheides of the bundle. The vascular ring of the cone axis corresponds to the primary xylem of the stem, and, like it, is developed centripetally.2 From the small outer tracheides spring the bundles which go to the bracts. * 1 Proc. Eoy. Phys. Soc. Edin., Vol. IX., PI. VI. , figs. 20a to 20s. 1886. "On the Occurrence of Spores in the Carboniferous Formation of Scotland." 2 For a detailed account of the structure of Lepidostrobus, see Maslen, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2nd Ser. Bot.. Vol. V., Part xi., p. 337 62 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The vascular axis is surrounded by a cortex composed of three zones. The inner and middle zones are formed of delicate cells and the outer of dense thick-walled cells. Each pedicel supports a single oblong sporangium attached to it by a longitudinal band of parenchyma. From the distal end of the pedicel the limb of the sporophyll rises abruptly upwards and is frequently '-heeled," giving a slightly peltate termination to the pedicel. In the angle formed by the outer (end) wall of the sporangium and the upright blade of the sporophyll is a small ligule. The sporangium wall consists of a single layer of palisadal cells, the structure of the macrosporangia and mierosporangia being similar.1 Remarks. — The structure of the bracts or sporophylls is illus- trated in fig. 8, which shows Lepidostrobus anthemis, Konig sp., in transverse section. The limb of the /\ bract is shown at a and the basal portion _^^ / V a or pedicel at b. At c is marked the (\AT~f/ position of the axis. In the uncom- V\A ,/••■••• 0 pressed condition the limb a would rise W5c"r C up at almost right angles to the spor- VV angial portion b. \J In Lepidostrobus Jimbriatus, Kidston," Fig. 8. Lepidostrobus the limb is strongly ciliated, but, as only anthemis, Konig sp. the bracts of this species are known, it is Transverse section of uncertain whether it belongs to Lepi- cone-a, limb of bract; dodmdron or one of the allied a> b, portion to which . . sporangium is attached; In a11 cases where Lepidostrobi can be c, axis. Natural size definitely ascribed to Lepidodendron, as (No. 1032). far as Ave know the bracts are free from such ciliate appendages. The form of the bract varies according to the species, being generally more or less lanceolate. They vary also in size from less than an inch to over four inches in length in Lepidostrobus 1 There is no development of secondary xylem, and its absence is characteristic of the vascular system of fugaceous organs. 2 From the Cement-stone Group of the Calciferous Sandstone Series, Lewis- burn, North Tyne, Northumberland, Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin., Vol. XXX.. p. 543, PI. XXXI. , figs. 2-4. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 63 (LepidophyllamT) major, Brongt. Fig. 9. In this latter species I believe are sometimes included leaves of Lepidophloios as well as bracts. In Lepidostrobus, as generally em- ployed, are almost certainly included, not only cones of Lepidodendron, but also of Lepidophloios and Bothrodendron, if not even of Sigillaria, and I strongly suspect that the cones with naked pedicels figured by me from the Ayrshire Coal- field under the name of Lepidostrobus (?) spinosus may belong to Sigillaria,1 but without some knowledge of the structure and arrangement of the sporangia it is impossible to determine their true sys- tematic position. When perfect specimens of Lepidos- trobi are examined the lower portion of the cone contains the macrosporangia and the upper the microsporangia,2 the macro- spores representing the female and the microspores the male elements. It is of course quite possible that some cones produced only microsporangia and others macrosporangia, and one whose structure was described by the late Prof. Williamson is supposed to have been of this nature, Fig. 9. — Lepidophyllwn but the supposition may rest on imperfect ( Lepidostrobu, knowledge.3 BronSt- When the bracts are removed from the axis it exhibits a number of close, spirally-placed, small, elongated 1 Trans. Hoy. Soc. Edit., Vol. XXXVII., p. 341, PL II., fig. 7 ; PL HI-, figs. 11-12. 2 See Williamson, "Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures," Part xix. Phil. Trans., J 893, Bot., PL VIII., figs. 51-52 = cone of Lepidodendron orevifoiium, Will, (not Ett. ) ; also Binney, Palgeont. Soc., Observations on the Structure of Fossil Plants, Part ii. PL IX., fig. \ = Lepidostrobus Russellianus, Binney. PL X., fig. \ = Lepidostrobus levidensis, Binney. PL XI., fig. 2= Lepidostrobus Wunschianus, Binney. " Maslen, "The Structure of Lepidostrobus,'' Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2nd Ser. Bot., Vol. V., Pairt xi., p. 358. 1899. {Lepidostrobus Oldhamius, Will.) (No. Natural size. 2527.) 64 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. points, which correspond to the vascular bundles that enter the bracts. Their appearance is very similar to the vascular scar on decorticated stems. When the limb of the bract only is removed the exposed end of the sporangia exhibits a roughly rhomboidal outline, somewhat similar to that of the leaf-scar on the cushion. Many specimens of Lepidostrobi with more or less perfectly preserved internal organisation have been described, and their internal structure is now fairly C / well known. Fig. 10. 4 II The earliest Memoirs dealing gjoa^BgUHiEzag^ It a with the internal structure of pSi<&^^S^// Lepidostrobus are by Sir Joseph J^^t^m^Mr^^J Hooker1 and Robert Brown.2 )f*~~m ; ^"-^ In 1871 Binney published Part ~ - -* b II. of his " Observations on Fig. 10.— Lepidostrobus—c, axis; b, the Structure of Fossil Plants bract or sporophyll, bearing sporan- found in the Carboniferous gium: d, containing macrospores : 0j . „ . , . , , 1 , ,. , -, , ° , ,5 Strata, m which he deals a, limb or bract. (Restored. ) m ' with " Lepidostrobus and some Allied Cones.'"' 3 Some of his figures show very clearly the microsporangia occupying the upper part of the cone and the macrosporangia the lower portion. Prof. Williamson also describes a number of Lepidostrobi in his Memoirs.4 A valu- able paper "On the Structure of the Axis of Lepidostrobus Brownii, Schimper," by Prof. Bower,5 contains a careful descrip- tion of the cone described by Robert Brown in 1847, but whose paper was only published in 1851. More recently Mr. Arthur J. Maslen published a description of some Lepidostrobi in the collection of the late Prof. Williamson, now in the British Museum.6 On some of these he has detected 1 " Remarks on the Structure and Affinities of some Lepidostrobi." Mem. Gtol. Survey, Vol. II., Part ii., p. 440. Plates. 1848. 2 "Some Account of an Undescribed Fossil Fruit," Trans. Linn, Soc. London, Vol. XX., p. 469, Pis. XXIII. -XXIV. 1851. y Palceont. Soc, 1871, pp. 33-62, Pis. VII. -XII. 4 Phil. Trans., Memoir III., 1872; ibid., Mem. XIX., 1S93. 5 Annals of Botany, Vol. VII., pp. 329-354, Pis. XVI. -XVII. 6 Annals of Botany, Vol. XII.. No. XLVL, 1S9S, p. 257. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 65 the presence of a ligule situated in a small pit formed by the free distal extremity of the sporangium and the limb of the bract. In a second communication he enters fully into the structure of Lepidostrobus Oldhamius, Williamson, of which he notes and describes several varieties.1 The various structures of the axis, vascular bundles of the sporophylls, and parichnos are here correlated to similar structures in the Lepidodendron stem. The paper is one which demands the careful study of Paheobotanists.2 The genus Fleminyites, Carr.,3 was founded on a misconception of the true structure of the specimen which formed the type of the genus — F/emingites gracilis. The macrospores were mistaken for sporangia. The specimen is a typical Lepidostrobus. Macrospores, associated with microspores, occur in great quantity in many coals, and form in some cases a considerable proportion of the whole mass.4 A small spore forms from 30 to 40 per cent, of Tasmanite, a bituminous shale from the River Mersey, Tasmania. VI. Lepidophyllum, Brongniart, 1828. 1828. Lepidophyllum, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 87. Under this name are placed the isolated leaves of Lepido- dendron, and of probably other Lycopods which, when separated from the stem, cannot be definitely referred to their parent species. They are linear, lanceolate, or subtriangular in form, with entire margins and a single nerve. Many specimens which have been placed under this name are the bracts of cones and really fall to be included in the genus Lepidostrobus. It is almost impossible to distinguish between Lycopod leaves and bracts, for a bract with the basal portion removed cannot be distinguished from a leaf. 1 Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2nd Ser. Bot., Vol. V., Part xi., pp. 357- 377, Pis. XXXYl.-VIIL 1899. 2 See also Schimper, Traiie d. paltont. veget., Vol. II., p. 59 seq., 1S70 ; Vol. III., pp. 544-516, 1S74. Solnis-Laubach, Fossil Botany, p. 232, 1891. Renault, Cours d. botan.foss., Vol. II., 1SS2, p. 31 seq. 3 Carruthers, Geol. Mag., Vol. II., No. XVI., Oct., 1865. 4 See Huxley "On the Formation of Coal,;; Contemporary lievietv. Vol. XV., p. 618. 1S70. QQ TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. The leaf appears to consist of two parts, the blade and the basal portion. The basal portion, which is separated from the blade by a slight constriction, is probably the part which was attached to the cushion, and whose removal from the stem exposes the leaf -scar. The long grass-like leaves of such species as Lepidodendron longifolium, Brongt., and Lepidodendron obovatum, Sternb., form, in part, the Cyperites of Lindley and Hutton. l VII. Stigmaria, Brongniart, 1822. 1822. Stigmaria, Brongt., Class, d. ve'get. foss., p. 9. 1820. Variolar ia, Sternberg (iion Person). Essai flore monde prim., Vol. I., fasc. I., pp. 23 and 26. - 1826. Stigmaria, Sternberg, Essai flore monde prim., Vol. I., fasc. IV, p. 38. Rhizome of the Arborescent Lycopods, diverging from the base of the trunk in four main branches. Shortly after separating from the trunk each of the four primary arms bifurcates, giving rise to eight rhizome branches ; at a distance of a few feet these again bifurcate, forming sixteen branches. They do not again divide, or only very rarely do so, but gradually terminate in a tapering or blunt point. The outer surface of the cortex bears quincuncially-arranged rootlet-scars, consisting of a slightly raised rim containing a hollow circular depression placed about midway between the central single vascular cicatrice and the outer rim. (Fig. 11.) Rootlets long and bifurcating towards their extremity, or simple (I). The internal organization consists of a medulla, or pith, sur- rounded by an exogenously developed zone of xylem enclosed in a thick cortex. Medulla. — The Medulla is composed entirely of parenchyma, extensions from which form the primary medullary rays. The cells forming the pith seem to have been very delicate, and it is extremely seldom that any of their remains are preserved. Xylem Cylinder. — In the earliest stage this consists of a ring of very small vascular-bundles surrounding the Medulla. These 1 Fossil Flora, Vol. L, p. 123, 1832. 2 Previously employed for a genus of Lichens. {Fide, Brongniart, Class, d. ve'get. foss. , p. 28. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 67 bundles, whose individual elements are parallel to each other, run in a sinuous course, the neighbouring bundles bending from and towards each other, and thus form a netted cylinder. The meshes so made form the openings of the primary medullary rays. By exogenous growth from a meristem ring, the bundles increase in size, and form the wedge-shaped bundles separated by the primary medullary rays, so characteristic of Stigmaria. The primary medullary rays were continued outwards like spokes of a wheel as additions were made to the outer surface of the bundle through which they passed. The num- ber of the primary rays was therefore fixed by the original number of meshes formed in the young xylem cylinder. In tangential section the primary medullar}7 rays are elongate lenti- cular in outline, and are formed of delicate paren- chyma. In addition to the pri- mary medullary rays, numerous secondary medullary rays are de- veloped as the xylem cylinder increases in diameter. These are very clearly seen in transverse and tangential sections, and consist generally of a single vertical plate of cells. The number of cells entering into the formation of these secondary medullary rays varies consider- ably. Sometimes they consist of only one cell, or of two, three, or several superimposed cells. The ring of bast surrounding the xylem cylinder seems to be very rarely preserved, though Solms-Laubach has " seen tolerably distinct remains of this portion of the rind in a specimen belong- ing to the collection at Strassburs:." x Fig. 11. — Stigmaria jicoides, Sternb. sp. A, portion of rhizome, natural size ; B, rootlet scar — a, vascular cicatrice ; b, circular depression. Fossil Botany, p. 274. 68 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Cortex. — In the fully-developed rhizome the cortex consists of three zones — an inner, outer, and middle zone. The inner layer, probably composed of delicate parenchyma, never seems to have resisted decay in any specimens yet discovered. The middle layer consists of radially-arranged dense prosenclrvmatous tissue with small lumen. The dividing line between the middle and outermost zones is very clearly seen in longitudinal sections — the long, narrow, prosenchymatous fibres standing in marked contrast to the outer layer of isodiometric, firm-walled paren- chyma. This so-called middle zone is the product of a meristem layer (phellogen) which appears at an early period, and lies between the inner and outer zone. On the inner side of the phellogen, the middle bark (phelloderm) is developed. Probably additions were also made to the outer bark or zone, but to a less extent. This outer zone differs in structure from the cork layer (phellem) of recent plants, being a thin, though firm-walled, parenchyma. To the exterior surface of the outer bark were attached the rootlets. Rootlets. — The rootlet bundles spring from the first-formed small vessels of the xylem cylinder, and pass out through the basal angle of the primary medullary rays. At first they consist of a single vessel, but as additions are made to the exogenous zone, special radial lamina of small vessels are added to the rootlet bundle, which not only increases vertically but also laterally. The rootlet bundle therefore holds a certain propor- tional size to that of the vascular cylinder. The increase in the volume of the rootlet bundles is well seen in transverse sections of the xylem cylinder and in serial longi- tudinal sections. Immediately after leaving the vascular cylinder, the rootlet bundle is generally more or less deltoid in section, with the angles rounded. Their size varies, but holds a certain rela- tion to the size of the axis with which they are connected. The earlier-formed vessels, or tracheides, are generally placed without any order, but those subsequently added are usually radially arranged. The rootlets of Stigmaria are long cylindrical bodies, varying in length according to the age of the parent rhizome. Messrs. Binney and Harkness state they traced them for over a distance CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 69 of three feet.1 This is a greater length than that usually ascribed to them, but it is extremely rarely that their full length can be seen. They bifurcate, but specimens showing this character are not very common. Such bifurcations are figured by Artis, 2 Corda, 3 and Goldenberg. 4 In the example given by Corda the rootlet, including the bifurcation, is about nine inches long. The extremity of a dichotomous rootlet is also figured by Williamson.5 At the point from which the arms of the dicho- tomy spring there is a slight contraction, but specimens of dichotomizing rootlets which retain their structure do not show any indication of this constriction. ,; It may be due to a contrac- tion of the tissues through shrinkage. The outer layer of the rootlet is formed of thick-walled parenchyma, which is an extension of the outer cortical layer of the rhizome. The space within this outer wall is almost invari- ably devoid of all structure, the delicate tissue which once surrounded the bundle-cylinder having disappeared, if such ever existed. Prof. Williamson thinks it is probable that the rootlets were fistular as in Isoetes lacustris, except at the extreme base of the rootlet where it was embedded in the outer parenchyma of the bark.7 I have, however, detected slight remains of a cellular tissue which may have filled this part of the rootlet, but not knowing the exact position of my section, it may be from the basal region of the rootlet, where we know a parenchymatous tissue existed. Within the outer envelope described above, is the bundle- cylinder, composed of a few roses of very delicate cells, and con- taining the vascular bundle. At first the rootlet bundle consists of a single small scalariform tracheid, but to this others are subsequently added. In form the bundle is oval or deltoid, with 1 London, Edin., and Dublin Phil. Mag., 3rd Ser., Oct., 1845, p. 243. " Artis, AjUedil. Phyt., PI. III. s Flora d. Vorwelt, p. 32, PL XII., fig. 1. 4 Goldenberg, Flora Sarcep. foss., Heft. III., p. 17, PI. XIII., fig. 1. Ibid., p. 19, PI. XIII. , fig. 5 (under name of Stigmaria anabathra). 5 "Monog. Stigmaria ficoides," p. 32, PI. XIII., fig. 27. (Palceont. Soc., 1887.) c Williamson, Monog. Stigmaria ficoides, p. 33. PI, XI., fig. 63. 7 Monog. Stigmaria, p. 25, 70 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. the angles somewhat rounded. The original vessels forming the bundle, and which form the apex of the triangle, generally rest on the bundle-sheath. The subsequent additions are usually of larger tracheides, though sometimes, from some cause, smaller vessels may be added external to the larger ones. We see the same phenomenon in the vascular wedges of the axis, where occasionally some very small vessels are interpolated among the larger and normal-sized vessels of the xylem, and there is like- wise found similar small vessels interpolated among larger ones in the rootlet bundles. The phloem elements, which are very delicate, are seldom preserved, but Prof. Williamson has figured one rootlet bundle shewing this tissue. 1 The rootlet bundles must have passed outwards through the vascular axis in an approximately horizontal direction, as their course follows the primary medullary rays. After leaving the axis they bent upwards towards the growing point, and so through the cortex. No specimen showing structure has yet been discovered which permits of the course of the rootlet bundles being traced from the point where they leave the xylem till they enter the rootlet, but they were probably surrounded by a bundle cylinder, for it is otherwise difficult to account for the vermicular tube-like structures which Williamson has figured and described in his Memoir on Stigmaria Jicoides, pp. 26-27, PL XII., fig. 39. The Caulopteris gracilis. L. and H., - is founded on the axis of a Stigmaria, and shows on its outer surface the collapsed rootlet bundles in a similar manner to those exhibited on the specimen figured by Williamson. This condition is brought about by the decay of the supporting tissue, which causes the rootlet bundles to fall against the vascular cylinder, and these in the fossil condition adhere to its outer surface. In the two figures cited the tube-like structures are too large to represent the vascular trace alone. I possess a similar example, and possibly a piece of the same specimen as that figured by Prof. Williamson, which I received from Mr. B. Holgate. It was collected at Mr. Bayles' Brickyard, Nippet Lane, Leeds. The vermicular tube-like structures on my specimen are scarcely half the diameter 1 Monog. Stigmaria, p. 32, PI. XL, fig. 62, - Fossil Flora, Vol. 1L, PI. CXLI. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPIIYLLS. 71 of those figured by Prof. Williamson, whose example seems to have been much encrusted (No. 815). We are therefore dependent on amorphous casts, some of which show more or less plainly the course of the rootlet bundles from the xylem cylinder to the rootlets. One such specimen is figured by Williamson.1 two are given by Goppert,2 and another by Zeiller.3 Solms-Laubach also describes a specimen which shows the course of the rootlet bundles. 4 A specimen in my collection (No. 981) also shows the course of the rootlet bundles. The fossil is preserved in fine-grained sand- stone and has been split through the axis. The position of the vascular cylinder is indicated by a depression up the centre of the fossil, from which narrow channels run outwards and upwards. Occasionally associated with these are small cord-like casts, smaller than the channels through which they pass, and which are the bundles or bundle with bundle-sheath. The outer surface of the specimen exhibits the characteristic scars. The rootlets are attached to a specialized structure in the outer bark, which Prof. Williamson has designated the rootlet-cushion.5 This consists of a cylindrical mass of very dense cells embedded in the parenchyma of the bark, and ending in a conical point within the base of the rootlet. The outer surface of this cushion bears a layer of elongated branching tubular cells, whose special function is not yet ascertained. In impressions of Stigmaria the small area enclosed within the circle which contains the small central vascular cicatrice is the peripheral limit of the rootlet- cushion. Prof. Williamson was of opinion that there was "no kind of ' articulation ' where the root was planted upon the bark," and that the separation of the rootlet was either the result of external force or decay '-'producing a variable contour in what remained of the torn tissue of the rootlet." ° 1 Williams6n, Monog. Stigmaria, p. 24, PI. XII., fig. 37. 2 Goppert, Gatt. der Foss. Pflanzen, Lief. I. -EL, PL X., fig. 17 ; PI. XL, fig. 18. s Zeiller, Flore foss. Bassin houil d. Valenciennes, p. 617, fig. 45, Text, 1888. 4 Solms-Laubach, Fossil Botany, p. 274. 5 Williamson, Monog. Stigmaria, p. 26. c Williamson, ibid.t p. 38. 72 TRANSACTION'S. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. From the clear manner in which well-preserved specimens show the rootlet-scar I am inclined to think the rootlet did possess some provision for effecting a separation from the rhizome when its period of usefulness ceased. Possibly their mode of removal was primarily by decay, but when that took place they appear to have been removed in a definite manner, leaving behind them a clearly-defined scar without any remains of a shrivelled rootlet. Stigmaria being the most common of all fossil plants was naturally one of the earliest to be observed and described by writers on Paleobotany. As early as 1720 Yolkmann gives a figure of Stigmaria. 1 Xeither was Stigmaria overlooked by Ure, who in his "History of Piutherglen and East Kilbride" 3 gives a rather interesting portion of a rhizome, showing the scar sur- rounded by rhomboidal meshes. On the same Plate, at fig. 7, he further gives a representation of the basal portion of a rootlet. Stigmaria is also illustrated by Parkinson 3 and Martin,4 who, under the name of Phytolithus plantites, publishes three plates of this fossil. The specimen given on PI. XII. represents a very interesting state of preservation. Here, owing to the manner in which the stone has been fractured, the fossil has been so split that it exhibits the cast of the pith-cavity on which is impressed the openings of the primary medullary rays.5 This specimen therefore shows one of the chief distinguishing points between Stigmaria and Stigmariopsis, Grand 'Eury. Among the earlier writers on Stigmaria, Steinhauer holds an honourable position. His paper " On Fossil Reliquia of Unknown Vegetables in the Coal Strata " G contains an admirable descrip- tion of Stigmaria as far as then known. Among the specimens figured by Steinhauer is a "termination" of a rhizome." 2 PI. XIII. , fig. 2. Glasgow, 1793. 3 Parkinson, Organic Remains of a former World, Vol. I., p. 43S, PI. III., fig. 1. London, 1804. 4 Martin, Petrificata Derbiensia ; or, Figures and Descriptions of Petri- factions collected in Derbyshire. Wigan, 1S09. Pis. XL, XII. , and XII*. 5 See also similar condition figured by Williamson, Monog. Stigmaria, PI. XIV., fig. 69. c Steinhauer, Amer, Phil. Soc, Vol. L, New Series, ISIS, pp. 265-297, Pis. IV. -VII. Philadelphia. ? I.e., PI. IV., fig. 3. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHEXOPHYLLS. 73 Let us now turn our attention to those examples which show the organic connection of Stigmaria with its parent stem. That Stigmaria is the subterranean portion of Lepidodendron and some Sigillaria is, I believe, now accepted by all Palseophy- tologists. In the generic diagnosis I have termed Stigmaria a rhizome, though physiologically it probably performs more of the functions of a root, but this part of our subject will be dealt with more fully on a later page. In addition to Stigmaria being the rhizome of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria, it is most probably also the rhizome of Bothrodendron and Lepidophloios, though its organic connection with the stems of these two genera has not yet been proved. As early as 1823 the Rev. Patrick Brewster described some upright stems found in Nitshill Quarry, about three miles S.E. of Paisley. He mentions that there were four principal roots, and at fig. 5 of his Plate he gives a sketch of " four con- verging branches," which are clearly Stigmaria.1 The next notice of the occurrence of upright stems with roots attached, of which I am aware, is that given by Sir John Hawk- shaw. The trees here described were discovered at Dixon Fold, while making the railway between Manchester and Bolton. Five of them are figured and described. The rhizomes did not, how- ever, exhibit any surface markings by which their nature could be determined. - That Stigmaria was the subterranean portion of Sigillaria. and not an independent plant as supposed by many, was conclusively proved by Messrs. Binney and Harkness in their description of the trees found in the White Grit Quarry at Scotchrow, near St. Helens, in 1843. 3 Their paper is a most valuable contribution and contains a clear description of Stigmaria and the trunks to which they were united. It is stated that four arms spring from the base of the stem, shortly after these bifurcate into eight, and 1 Brewster, 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., Vol. IX., p. 103, PI. IX. 1823. 2 Hawkshaw, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2nd Ser., Vol. VI., p. 173, PI. XVII. 1837. 3 London, Edin., and Dublin Phil. Mag., Ser. 3, Vol. XXV1L, p. 241, Pis. V.-VI. 1845. Previous notices of this discovery had been given at the Cork Meeting of the Brit. Assoc, 1843, and at the Manchester Geol. Soc, which were published in the Phil. Mag., March, 1844. F 74 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. then again into sixteen,1 which seems to be the characteristic number of arms in Stigmaria. The same number of dichotomies was observed in the fine example of Stigmaria which was found at Clayton, and figured by the late Prof. Williamson in his Memoir on Stigmaria.'1 Messrs. Binney and Harkness were able to trace some of the rootlets attached to their Stigmaria for a distance exceeding three feet in length.3 Mr. Binney records a second and somewhat similar discovery in the Colliery of Messrs. Swire, Lees, These " tap-roots " will be referred to later on. The fossil stems and their Stigmarian rhizomes discovered in 1888 in Lower Carboniferous Rocks at Victoria Park, Whiteinch, Glasgow. 7 will be remembered by many of those present. From the fact that the shale surrounding them contained many impres- sions of the branchlets and stems of Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, Sternb., and of that Lycopod alone, I have no doubt that these examples were the stems of that species. It seems to me almost hopeless to expect to find the leaf-scars preserved on the bark at the base of such large and old stems, for in the course of nature the leaf-scars would become effaced by the natural Assuring and exfoliation of the bark. It is not necessary to give further evidence in proof of Stigmaria being the rhizome of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria. This is well shown on their Plate. Palceont, Soc, 1887, PL XV. I. c, p. 243. Binney, Quart. Journ. Gtol. Soc, Vol. II., p. 390. 1S46. Brown, Quart. Journ. Gtol. Soc, Vol. IV., p. 46. 1848.. Brown, ibid., Vol. V, p. 354. 1849. Trans. Gtol. Soc Glasgow, Vol. VIII. , p. 227. 1888. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 75 Of specimens of Stigmarian stools which cannot be definitely referred to their parent genus, some very fine examples are given by Williamson in his ' ' Monograph of the Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria ficoides." x His figs. 3-4, PL II., exhibit- ing the under surface of stools, show the cross-formed furrow caused by the growth of the four arms pressing on each other. This is even better seen on his figs. 5-6, PL III., where the Stigmarian rootlet-scars are preserved. Possibly the finest specimen of Stigmaria yet discovered was that found at Clayton, near Bradford, and now in the Museum of Owens College, Manchester. This specimen has been described several times, but no more accurate description or admirable figure can be found than that given by Williamson.2 One of the chief interests of this specimen was the opportunities it afforded for a careful uncovering of all the main rhizomes, and in one case they were able to trace one of them to its termination, when the entire length was found to be 37 feet -i inches. All Stigmaria rhizomes which have been carefully traced, as far as I am aware, only show two bifurcations, and the portion of the rhizome referred to above, when measured from the last bifurca- tion, was 28 feet long. It was also found to terminate in a sharp point, a character which had been previously mentioned by Pdchai'd Brown, who, in the description of some Stigmaria rhizomes, says : "Two of the roots, it will be observed by fig. 3, have been followed to their terminations, where they gradually thinned out to a mere line in one direction, being about three- fourths of an inch in width."' 3 Now it is a very remarkable circumstance, when taken in con- nection with what has just been stated, that the termina- tions of some Stigmaria rhizomes which have been described and figured, have blunt apices "like thick cucumbers." Steinhauer gives one,4 and Goldenberg gives another^ though his example 5 1 Palceont. Soc for 18S6 (1887). 2 " Monog. Stigmaria,*' Palceont. Soc, 1887, PL XV. 3 Brown, Quart. Journ. Geo!. Soc, Vol. II., p. 396. 1846. 4 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, ISIS, PL IV., fig. 3. Note.— Itis impossible to decide from the figure whether the specimen is a Stigmaria or Stig- mariopsis. 5 Goldenberg. Flora Sarcepont. foss.. Heft. 3, p. 15, PL XII., fig. 3, 1862. 76 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. belongs probably to Stigmariopsis. I possess two cucumber-like terminations, both of which also belong to Stigmariopsis. x It is very possible, therefore, that at least some of these blunt-pointed Stigmarian extremities may be the so-called " tap-roots " described by Richard Brown, as suggested by Prof. Williamson. 2 It must be noted, however, that the extremities figured by Steinhauer and Goldenberg, and those in my possession, appear to be larger than the " tap-roots " on the Stigmaria from the Roof of the Sydney Main Coal, Cape Breton, and, further, that none of the other Stigmaria whose under surface could be examined, have shown any indication of a tap-root appendage. Still, some species of Stigmaria may have had such additional growths attached to their under surface, of which at present we have no knowledge. What data we possess, however, tends to show that the " tap-root " appendage is a character of Stigmariopsis .3' 5 Another large stool of Stigmaria from Osnabriick has been described by Dr. H. Potonie. 4 It is not so perfect as the Clayton example in so far as the Stigmaria portion is concerned, nor does it appear to be so large. The Clayton specimen had a diameter of four feet four inches at the base of the trunk, the Osnabriick trunk was rather less than a meter (39J inches) in the lower portion. Several well-marked forms of Stigmaria occur, which are distinguished by markings on the bark or the size and arrange- 1 One (No. 2547) from Woodyett Pit, Denny, Stirlingshire — Hor. Main Coal — Carboniferous Limestone Series. The other from the Middle Coal Measures of Yorkshire — Communicated by Mr. Wm, Henningway. - Williamson, Palceont. Soc. for 1886, p. 16. 1887. 3 Grand 'Eury, Geol. et paieont. du Bassin Houil. du Gard., 1890, PI. XIII., fig. 12; Solms-Laubach, " Uber Stigmariopsis, Grand 'Eury, Dames and Kayser," Palceont. Abhandl., Neue folge, Band II.. Heft. 5, PI. III., fig. 3. 4 Potonie, Naturwissenschaftlichen Wochenschrift, Vol. VII., No. 34, p. 337, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6. Aug., 1892. 6 Since this was written I have seen in the Museum, Owens College, Manchester, some specimens of true Stigmaria ending in blunt points, and a very interesting example has been shown me by Mr. J. W. Bond, Burmantofts, Leeds, which shows the early stage of a bifurcation of a blunt-pointed Stigmaria. I do not think that these specimens can be explained as Brown's "Tap-roots." CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. i / ment of the rootlet-scars. Among these may be mentioned Stigmaria stellate, Gopp.,1 where the rootlet-scar is surrounded by a radiating circle of oblong elevations. In Stigmaria reticulate, Gopp.,2 fine irregular lines radiate from the scars. In Stigmaria Eveni, Lx., the scars are very small and close.3 Many other varieties occur. We must now consider the question as to whether Stigmaria should be regarded as a root or a rhizome. It must at once be conceded that Stigmaria differs in several important points from any root or rhizome with which we are acquainted in recent botany, and it is not my intention to enter with any detail into the points at issue. These have been fully treated of by Prof. Williamson* and Solms-Laubach. 5 Prof. Williamson regards Stigmaria as a root, while Solms-Laubach treats it as a rhizome. I incline to the latter view. The idea that Stigmaria was a rhizome first originated with Goppert, 6 who found near Bochum some rounded and elongated nodules which sometimes divided at the extremities and which showed Stigmarian scars. These Goppert thought were young Stigmaria, which, by subsequent growth, would branch and divide into true Stigmaria, from some point of which might be put up a Sigillarian stem, or they might indefinitely continue their under- ground growth and retain their Stigmarian form. These tuber-like bodies, ~ some of the original of which were examined by Solms-Laubach, are, according to that botanist, "shapeless objects, in part slickensided, and can prove nothing."8 Goppert adduces what he believed to give further support to this 1 Stigmaria ficoides var. steliata, Gopp. Gatt. d. foss. Pflanzen, Lief. 1-2, p. 13, PL X., fig. 12. 1841. 2 Stigmaria jicoides var. reticulata, Gopp.. ibid., p. 30, PL IX., fig. 11. s Lesquereux, Gaol. Survey of Iliin., Vol. II., p. 448, PL XXXIX., fig. 9. 1866. 4 Williamson, Monog. Stigmaria, I.e. 5 Solms-Laubach, Fossil Botany, p. 261 et seq. 1891, English Edition. 6 Goppert, "Uber die Stigmaria ficoides," Zeitsch. d. deut. geol. Gesell., Vol. III., p. 278 et seq. 1851. Also "Die fossile Flora der permischen Formation," Palceontogravhica, Vol. XII., p. 187. 1864. 7 See Goppert, Foss. Flora d. verm. Form., p. 190, PL XXXIV., figs. 2-8; PL XXXV., figs. 1-2. 8 Solms-Laubach, Fossil Botany, p. 292. lb TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. theory, and figures the specimen on which it is based, but it does not really support his contention.1 The real proof that Stigmaria is a rhizome rests on altogether different grounds. In 1877 Grand 'Eury distinguished two forms of Stigmaria — true Stigmaria and what he named Stigmariopsis.2 The dis- tinctive characters given by this botanist were quite insufficient for their separation, though subsequent investigations have shown that Stigmai*iopsis is essentially distinct from Stigmaria, and, though little is yet known of the genus, it cannot be united with Stigmaria. S.tigmariopsis will be considered presently. Renault, :J influenced perhaps by the investigations of Grand 'Eury, advocated strongly a dual nature in Stigmaria. Some Stigmaria he regards as roots, others as rhizomes, and some Stigmaria he believes have root leaves and rootlets on the same organ. The evidence on which Renault formed this opinion is the structure of the vascular bundles which go to the appendicular organs, by wdiatever name these may be called. The evidence he relies on in support of this view appears to rest on a misinter- pretation of the structure of the bundle which enters the appendicular organs. The question resolves itself into whether the bundles are monarch (Collateral) or triarch, or whether some are monarch and others triarch on the same rhizome. Williamson and Solms-Laubach believe they are monarch (Collateral) — and Renault some monarch and some triarch. Among the rootlet bundles — for such I believe the appendicular organs to be — several slight modifications of form and arrange- ment of the vessels can be observed, and Solms-Laubach distin- guishes three types.4 In extreme cases these three forms are tolerably distinct, but they run into each other. That variations in minor details will occur in the form of the bundle is to be expected, when we remember that Stigmaria is not only the rhizome of several species, but even of different genera. In certain bundles, like fig. 12, we see at (a), according to one view, the primary strand of the bundle to which additions have 1 Goppert, I.e., Pi. XXXV., fig. 3. - Grand 'Eury, Flore carbon, du Depart, de la Loire et du Centre at la France, pp. 166 and 171. s Renault, Court d. butan. fos8., Vol. I., p. 159. 1881. * Solms-Laubach. Fossil Botany, p. 276, fig. 34. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 79 been made, and that the smaller vessels at (b) and (c) belong to the same series, but are only of weaker development, and Prof. Williamson has pointed out that the smaller vessels are occasionally developed in the central axis1 and from the mode of increase in the rootlet bundles, when smaller vessels are developed in the axis, they may be added to the rootlet bundle. In the axis of a specimen in my collection from Pettycar, Fife, some patches of small vessels occur, followed by the development of others of normal size, 2 and in one of the rootlet bundles of this example, seen in transverse section, immediately after leaving the central axis, similar small vessels occur within the rootlet bundle. In •"•• other rootlet bundles in the same fossil, admixtures of small and large vessels are seen, having a different arrangement from that just referred to. In another Stig- marian axis from Oldham, these small vessels form rings very similar in appear- ance to the rings of annual growth in Dicotyledons. These groups or bands of Fig. 12.— Rootlet bundle smaller vessels seem therefore to be of Stigmaria (after , , -iii ii • Williamson). For de- dependent on vital changes in the axis, . .. 1 ° . scription see text. in which the rootlet strands participate, and do not represent in the rootlet bundle initial strands or primary points of growth. This I believe to be the true explana- tion of the formation of the small vessels shown in fig. 12 at (6) and (c), to which so much importance has been given by Renault, who regards such bundles as triarch, in distinction from the more normal monarch form. The bundles of the " appendicular organs " appear, therefore, to be of only of one form or type, that in which only one initial strand exists. It may, therefore, be justly concluded that whether the "appendicular organs" are looked upon as rootlets or leaves, orily one of these is present, and that no admixture of roots and leaves occurs in Stigmaria. The views advocated here in regard to the structure of the rootlet bundles are very similar to those expressed by Solms-Laubach in his Fossil Botany, who, 1 Williamson, Monog. Stigmaria, p. 17, PI. IV., fig. 20. 2 Slide No. 545a. 80 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW, after a critical examination of the subject, rejects the triach theory of their formation. It may be noted that it is not by any means clear that all the specimens described by Renault under the name of Stigmaria really belong to that plant. In a few cases his identification is open to great doubt. Notwithstanding the adverse criticism to the view promulgated by MM. Renault and Grand 'Eury, these authors still believe in some Stigmaria being rhizomes and others true roots. Grand 'Eury in his Geologie et Paleont- ologiedu BassinHouiller du Gard,1 makes the following remarks on Stigmaria, which I give in full. I do not see, Transverse section of however, that any further data is given in support of the statement Fig. 13.— Stigmaria portion of vascular cylinder, showing irregu- lar development of tracheides at a and a. Specimen from Oldham (Slide No. 565a). again brought forward. The figures given in illustration appear to be rather in the form of diagrams than of carefully executed illustrations of individual specimens, and there is an absence of any definite proof of a single case of Sigillarian stem having been developed from Stigmaria as the product of a bulb: — 2 " Those constant in diameter, with cicatrices disposed in regular quincunc are the rhizomes; the other, short, very variable in diameter, the roots of Sigillaria, to the base of which one often 1 P. 236. St. £tienne, 1890. - In Britain all the stems which have shown the rhizome attached to their base have been true Stigmaria, even according to the description given by these authors. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 81 finds them still attached. It is to those latter, very different from the first, that I have applied the name of Stigmariopsis. 1 "The true Stigmaria are the rhizomes, which, having been incapable of supporting themselves, have floated on the water or crept in the mud, which they have also penetrated. These aquatic and creeping plants are generally unconnected with any stem. They are bifurcated, and provided with simple, rarely bifurcated appendicular organs radiating all round the stem, which circumstance proves that they lie in the place of their birth. Only once have I found them diverging from a centre without a stem. I have seen them also, but with great rarity, associated with bulbs, or giving rise (ebauches) to stems of Siyillaria, only at La Trouche and in the Gagnieres bed, and still, although these /Stigmaria are connected by various inter- mediaries to the Sigillaria, one may hold for certain that in the interior of the 'geogenique' basin the rhizomes develop them- selves without stem at the bottom of the water or in the mud. These are the true Stigmaria, which I proceed first to consider and describe, having examined the relationship which they present with the Sigillaria at the edge of the basin of deposit of the fossil forests. " Very similar opinions are expressed by Renault in one of his later works.2 Under the name of Stigmaria one designates the much-developed appendages which go from the base of the stems of Sigillaria, sometimes in a downward direction, when they rapidly decrease in diameter, at other times extending horizontally in all directions, and preserving in this case an observably regular size. " The first would be the true roots of Sigillaria, the second a kind of rhizome or stolon, radiating in great numbers around its stem, floating in the shallow water or on the surface of the mud until the bud-bearing terminal extremity may develop a root and supply a stem to a new plant." 1 Though I retain Stigmariopsis as a distinct genus, I do so only on account of structural differences first pointed out by Solms-Laubach. not on supposed developmental differences. 2 Etudes sur le terrain houilltr de Oomentry. Livre Deux. Flore fossile. Deuxieme partie. Saint fitienne, 1890, p. 549. 82 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Referring to this mode of development and the possession by Sigillaria of both rhizomes and roots, Renault says : — " It explains also the difference of organization found in certain parts of these organs.'11 In describing a specimen he figures on PI. LXIL, fig. 1, he further says, " To the right of the figure one sees a young branch bent at its extremity and on the way of elongation." 2 The figure to which he refers represents what I presume he regards as a rhizome arrived at the stage of producing an aerial stem. If I am correct in this interpretation of his meaning, I fail to see where the figure supports the contention. But we must remember that Renault believes that the rhizomes also developed roots/3 and that these roots, which appeared sub- sequently to the leaves, also added additional cicatrices to the outer surface of the rhizome, and that this was a common, if not constant, occurrence. Why, then, do specimens not show this? They should be common. It is true Zeiller figures a specimen of Stigmaria which shows on one side a greater number of cicatrices than on the other side, 4 and these additional scars on one side of the specimen he regards as those left by the roots. The mere fact that at one part of the specimen a greater number of scars occur than at another is no evidence that these additional scars are those of roots. An absolute regularity in the arrangement or number of the scars on the rhizomes cannot be expected in all cases. Surely the root and leaf scars should show some difference in structure, but it is stated, " These two sorts of organs had, however, the same exterior aspect, and they cannot be distin- guished the one from the other on the imprint."5 If these two organs, leaves and roots, have a similar exterior aspect, and when removed from the rhizome leave behind scars indistinguishable from each other, then we have in Stigmaria a condition which exists in no other plant, recent or fossil, with which I am acquainted. Functionally Stigmaria performs the duties of a root. I believe of a root alone ; but from a true root it differs in the 1 Renault, I.e., p. 549. 2 I.e., p. 551. 3 Renault, ;' Etude sur les Stigmaria rhizomes et racines de Sigillaires/-' Ann. des Sc. GeoL, Vol. XII. , pp. 23-24, 1SS1. 4 Flore f oss. Bassin Houiller d. Valenciennes, PI. XCL, figs. 3-4. 5 Zeiller, I.e. , p. 615. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 83 quincuncial arrangement of the rootlets, which in their arrange- ment are a counterpart of the leaves on the stem. It also differs from typical roots in the structure of the vascular axis and rootlets, which are collateral and not centipetally developed. From a typical rhizome it also differs according to the general acceptation of that term, for it has never been shown to give birth to a stem or leaves. It agrees more with a rhizome than a root, in the arrangement of the rootlets and the structure of the vascular axis and the rootlet bundles. Taking, then, the whole circumstances of the case into consideration, Schimper's suggestion is probably the best and only one we are at present warranted in adopting when he asks "if these curious fossils do not represent rather a rhizome than a root."1 The specimen of Stigmaria discovered by Solms-Laubach at Dudweiler, near Saarbruck, which he describes in his Fossil Botany,2 certainly seems to favour this view. After giving a general description of the fossil, he says, "This specimen is particularly important and interesting, because the appendages appear in tolerably good preservation on both sides of the terminations of the axes. They grow successively smaller and shorter as they approach the terminations, and the distances between them diminish. They also become curved in the forward direction, and close together bud-like round the apex. Hence it is only as they develop that they acquire their definite position at right angles to the axis, resembling in this respect foliage leaves." Although, then, in the description of Stigmaria, I have used the terms rhizome and rootlets, it arises from the necessity of having definite terms to apply to these two organs, and as these two organs have more the character of rhizomes and rootlets than roots and rootlets, in the absence of any other available descrip- tive word, the former has been adopted. Stigmaria is a palaeozoic type of structure which has no counterpart in recent times. Note. — In addition to the papers to which reference has already been made, the following may be mentioned : — Hooker, Sir Joseph 1)., "On Some Peculiarities in the Structure of Stigmaria" Mem. Geol. Survey of Great Britain, Vol. II., Part 2, p. 431. Plates. 1S48. 1 Schimper, Trailed, paleont. veget., Vol. II., p. 111. 1870. 2 Solms-Laubach, I.e., pp. 268-269. 84 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Morris, J., in J. Prestwich, "Geology of Coalbrookdale," Trans. Geol. Soc London, Vol. V., Explanation to PI. XXXVIII., figs. 3, 3a, 36. 1840. Goppert, H. R., Die Guttungen der fossilen Pflanzen, Lief. 1-2, p. 13. Plates. 1S41. Binney, E. W., "Some Observations on Stigmaria Ficoides," Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc., Vol. XV., p. 76, PL IV., 1858. Binney, E. W., "Observations on the Structure of Fossil Plants found in the Carboniferous Strata, Part IV., Sigillaria and Stigmaria," Palceontographical Soc, Vol. for 1875. Plates. Williamson, W. C, "On the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures," Part II., Phil. Trans., 1872, p. 197. Plates. Williamson, W. C, Part XL, Phil. Trans., Part ii., p. 2S5, 1SS1. Plates. Williamson, W. C, "A Reply to Mr. Hick,*' Nat. Science, July, 1892, p. 365. Williamson, W. C, and Hartog, "Les Segillaires et les Lepidodendrons,"' Ann. d. Sc Nat., Ser. 6, Vol. XIII. , 1SS2, p. 339. Dawson, Sir Wm., and Prof. W. C. Williamson, Nat. Science, May, 1892, p. 211. Hick, T., "Is Stigmaria a Root or a Rhizome?" Nat. Science, July, 1892, p. 360. Hick, T., "A Rejoinder," ibid., p. 370. Lesquereux, L., Coal Flora, Vol. II., p. 509, 1880. Schimper, Wm. Ph., in J. Kozchlin-Schlumberger, Le Terrain de Transition des Vosges, p. 323 et seq. 1862. Plates. Platt. S. S., " Notes on a large Fossil Tree recently found in Shale of the Coal Measures at Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale," Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc, Vol. XXIII. , Part iii., Session 1894-95, p. 65. Plates. VIII. Bothrodendron, Lindley and Hutton, 1833. 1833. BotJirodendron, L. ik H., Fossil Botany, Vol. II., p. 1. 1860. Cyclostigma, Haughton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser., Vol. V., p. 443. 1876. Rhytidodendron, Boulay, Terr, houil. du Nord de la France, p. 39. Arborescent Lycopods ramifying by dichotomous division. Bark ornamented with a series of fine wrinkles and corrugations {Both, punctatum, L. & H., and Both, minutifolium, Boulay), or striated longitudinally with fine smooth slightly flexuous striae {Both. Wiikianum, Kidston), or striate with cross-hatching {Both. Kiltorkense, Haughton sp.), or smooth {Both. Kidstoni, Weiss). Leaf scars distant, very small, transversely oval or oval with CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 85 » ^-^-- o -' lateral angles more or less prominent, containing three puncti- form cicatrices. Resting on or a short distance above the leaf- scar is a small circular cicatricule. Leaves small, lanceolate, single-nerved. Fructification in the form of cones, terminating delicate branches [Both, minuti folium, Boulay). or sessile and placed in two opposite vertical rows « {Both, punctatum, L. & H.), which form cup-like depressions on the older stems, and whose umbilicus is below the centre and near the lower margin. Subepidermal leaf-scar double (Both, minuti folium), in other species single (?) The internal structure of the stem is unknown. Remarks. — Bothrodendron comprises a small but most interesting class of Lycopods, about which, however, there is still much to learn. From the some- what imperfect description of the genus by Lindley and Hutton, and the absence ™ of enlarged drawings of the leaf-scars, it was presumed by several writers that the genus Bothrodendron had been founded on a decorticated speci- men of Sigillaria discophora, Konig sp. (= Ulodendron minus, L. & H.), and this erroneous view I also originally held. M. Zeiller has, however, shown most conclusively that Bothrodendron forms a most distinct and clearly-defined genus and at my request most kindly figured and described a specimen of Bothrodendron punctatum, L. & H., from Newcastle, presented by Hutton in 1836 to the Museum of Natural History, Paris, on which the leaf -scars are very well preserved.1 The leaf-scars are very minute, and the leaves, which are broadly lanceolate, resemble very much those of some Lycopodium. g. 14. — Bothrodendron min- utifolium, Boulay sp. a, Portion of stem, natural size ; b, leaf -scar and orna- mentation of bark, en- larged. 1 Bull. Geol. Soc. de France, 3rd Ser., Vol. XIV., p. 168, PI. VIII., figs. 1 and la. 1885. 86 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Bothrodendron punctatum, L. & TL, ramified by repeated dichotomy.1 This species is rare in Britain, and I have never had the good fortune to meet with any specimens on which the leaf- scars are well preserved. The fructification of Bothrodendron 'punctatum consisted of sessile cones borne in two opposite vertical rows, which gave rise to the cup-like depressions on the stem. I have seen a number of specimens of the plant in this condition, and they can easily be distinguished from the so-called Ulodendra by the umbilicus of the scar being always placed near the lower margin. The stems attained to great size, as indicated by the size of the cone-scars, which reached a longitudinal diameter of four inches (No. 1671). It has also been shown by Zeiller that the genus Bhytidoden- dron, Boulay, is not generically distinct from Bothrodendron, L. &H. Bothrodendron minuti folium, Boulay sp. (fig. 14), is by far the most common member of the genus, and is frequent in the Middle and Lower Coal Measures of Britain. Like Bothrodendron punctatum it possesses a wrinkled and corrugated bark with small oval leaf -scars whose lateral angles are not prominent, but diners from B. punctatum in having its fructification in the form of narrow lanceolate cones which terminate the small branchlets. On the smaller and young branches of Fig. 15. — Bothrodendron Bothodendron minutifolium, Boulay (and minutifolium, Boulay probably on other species also), the leaf- sp. Leaf-scars from scars are situated on approximated, slightly young ' " elevated, elongate rhomboidal cushions, larged (No. lo68). . ' n .,.,,« which are ornamented with line corruga- tions. The young branches exhibiting these rhomboidal cushions might easily be mistaken for Lepidodendron twigs. At an early period, probably from the increase of the stem in girth, the cushions are entirely effaced and the leaf-scars become distant. As the leaf-scars become more distant, the corrugations 1 See Zeiller, I.e., PI. VIII., figs. 2, 2a, 2c, 3, and 3a; also Flore joss. Bassin houil de Valenciennes, PI. LXXYI tkr. 1. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. S7 on the bark become more prominent, and are a very characteristic feature of Bothrodendron punctatum, L. & TL, and Bothrodendron minutifolium, Boulay sp. Exquisite figures illustrating this structure have been given by Weiss and Sterzel.1 In Bothrodendron minutifolium, Boulay sp., the subepidermal scar is double, like that of Sigillaria, though on other species it only appears as a longitudinal ridge, but this may arise from the two scars becoming confluent. In some cases the two subepidermal scars are united in their basal extremities, and are continued downwards in a longitudinal ridge, having the appearance of a stalked fork.- The cones of Bothrodendron minutifolium are comparatively rare, but, from examples attached to the branches, I was able to identify them as belonging to this species. I have met with very few such specimens.3 In a specimen I have figured4 the cone-bearing branch is very slender and leafy, and the cone is narrow, and, though incomplete, measures 3 h inches long by rather over J inch wide. From its state of preservation it is difficult to determine whether the bracts are arranged in whorls or in spirals. The whorls or spirals, as the case may be, are placed very close to each other, being about o^ of an inch apart. The basal or sporangium-bearing portion of the bract springs from the axis at almost a right angle, and the blade rises up from it almost parallel with the axis. The structure of the sporangia cannot be ascertained. If the bracts are in whorls, the structure of the cone differs much from those of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria, where the bracts are spirally placed on the axis. The cone is also longer and narrower than 1 " Die Sigillarien der preussischen Steinkohlen-und Rothliegenden- Gebiete II. Die Gruppe der Subsigillarien." — Ahhandl. der Kbnig. Preuss. gtol. Landesanstait. Neue Folge. Heft. 2, p. 49., PI. L, figs. 3-4; PI. II., figs. 8-9, var. ; PI. I, fig. 6; Pi. II., tigs. 7 and 10. 1893. 2 See Annals and Mag. Xat. Hist., 6 Ser., Vol. IV., p. 64, PL IV., fig. 5b- 1889. Also, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. X., p. 93, PL IV, fig. 5f>. 1889. 3 These specimens have been communicated to me by Mr. Hemingway, from Yorkshire. Their horizon is shale over the Barnsley Thick Coal, Middle Coal Measures. 4 Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Ed., Vol. X., PL IV., fig. 6; Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist., 1889, PL IV., fig. 6. 88 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. those of most Lepidodendra, and much more slender than any- known Sig Marian cone. The plant figured by Lindley and Hutton in their Fossil Flora, Vol. I., PL XII., as Lepidodendron selaginoides, is a fine specimen of Bothrodendron minutifolium, Boulay sp., and shows well the characteristic leaf-scars. Their figure is most misleading, but the type is fortunately preserved in the Hutton Collection, Newcastle- on-T}me. Had it not been for the preservation of the type it would not have been suspected that their plant was Bothrodendron. The other British species are Bothrodendron Wiikianum, Kidston,1 and Bothrodendron Kidstoni, Weiss.2 They both occur in the Calciferous Sandstone Series, and are extremely rare. Only portions of the stems are known. Cyclostigma, Haughton, from the Upper Old Red of Kiltorkan, must be placed in Bothrodendron. When Dr. Haughton described Cyclostigma, the real characters of Bothrodendron were not understood. On well-preserved specimens of Cyclostigma the leaf-scars are seen to be oval or almost circular, and show slightly above their centre three little cicatricules. The outer surface of the bark between the leaf-scars is ornamented with cross-hatched delicate longitudinal lines. The Geological Department of the British Museum possesses specimens which show these characters very clearly. The leaves are long, linear, single-nerved, and end in a setaceous point.3 Weiss4 includes Bothrodendron among the Sigillaria as a sub-genus, and though some of its characters point to Sigillaria, others militate against this position being given it. The leaf- scars on the older stems agree in some respects with those of Sigillaria in their form and arrangement, especially with the Leiodermaria section, but the three punctiform cicatricules are very exceptional in Sigillaria, while they are constant in Bothro- dendron, and the leaf-scar on the young branches of Bothrodendron minutifolium is surrounded by a "field" scarcely distinguishable from Lepidodendron, though it is effaced at an early period. The 1 See Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, and Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. already mentioned. 2 Die. Sigillarien d. Preuss. Steinhohltn, etc., p. 56, PI. XXVIII., fig. 110. 3 Kidston, Catalogue of Palaeozoic Plants, p. 236. 1886. i I.e., pp. 39 and 43. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 89 cone of Bothrodendron is also apparently of the Lepidostrobus type, and it is certainly very different in general appearance from any known Sigillarian cone. I therefore prefer to assign to Bothrodendron a position intermediate between Lepidodendron and Sigillaria, with which two genera it seems to form a connecting link, though it possesses distinctive characters by which it can be separated at first sight from either. IX. Sigillaria, Brongniart, 1822. 1820. Lepidodendron, Sternberg (in part). Essai flore monde prim., I., fasc. 1, pp. 20 and 25. 1822. Sigillaria, Brongniart. Class, d. veget. foss. (Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., Yol. VIII., p. 9). 1822. Clathraria, Brongniart. Class, d. veget. foss., p. 9. 1823. Rhytidolepis, Sternberg Essai flore monde prim., I., fasc. 2, p. 36; fasc. iv., p. xxiii. 1826. Favularia, Sternberg. Essai flore monde prim., I., fasc. iv., p. xiii. 1860. Asolanus, Wood. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, p. 237. 1877. Pseudosigillaria, Grand 'Eury. Flore carbon, du Depart. de la Loire et du centre de la France, p. 142. 1841. C 1 alamosyrinx, Petzholdt. De Balano et Calamosyringe, p. 28 (Dresden and Leipzig). Decorticated Conditions. 1820. Syringodendron, Sternberg. Essai flore monde prim., I., fasc. 1, pp. 23 and 26; fasc. iv., p. xxiv. 1826. Catenaria, Sternberg. Essai flore monde prim., I., fasc. iv., p. xxv. Arborescent Lycopods, with cactus-like or columnar trunks, or very sparingly dichotomously-branched stems. Outer surface longitudinally ribbed or smooth. Leaf-scars contiguous or distant, hexagonal, with more or less rounded angles, the two lateral angles being most prominently developed; cicatricules three, small, the central punctiform, elongate, or sub-triangular, the two lateral, lunate or straight, larger than the central vascular bundle-scar. Leaf -scar frequently placed on a more or less prominent elevation, in which case it holds a backward 90 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. sloping position in relation to the surface of the cortex. A small cicatricule frequently occurs immediately above the leaf-scar. Subepidermal cicatrices three, the two lateral large, lunate or straight, united in the centre by a circular or oblong scar; or two, through obliteration of central scar, straight or lunate, frequently attaining a considerable size on old stems, or single, through confluence of the two lateral scars. Subepidermal surface striated longitudinally. Leaves linear-lanceolate or long and grass-like, single-nerved. Fructification ( Sigillariostrobus) strobiliform, caducous, stalked, leaving scars on the bark, which are placed in the hollows between the ribs, or on the ribs, or between the leaves on the non- ribbed species, irregu- larly disposed or forming verticils of greater or less width, or sessile and placed in two opposite vertical rows, when, from the pressure of the cone on the bark, cup- like depressions are formed on the stem, whose umbilicus is ap- proximately central (Ulodendron in part). Rhizome, in some species Stigmaria, in others Stigmariopsis. •°i ^f|PT . iiipr A p; 0, Pi , iM ( 1 Fig. 16. — Sigillaria principis, Weiss. Old Mills Pit, Farrington-Gurney, Somerset. Hor. Lower Series of the Upper Coal Measures. A, natural size ; B, leaf-scar enlarged ; a, area of scar ; b, cicatrice of vascular bundle ; c c, parichnos ; d, "ligule" scar. (No. 421.) Rhytido- Sternberg, Section 1. 1 LEPIS, 1823. Stem ribbed, ribs separated by distinct furrows, straight or slightly flexuous, surface smooth or variously ornamented ; leaf -scars alternate, occupying the whole width or 1 These sections are only used as a means of dividing a large and difficult genus into convenient groups, and must not be regarded as of sub-generic value. CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHEN'OPHYLLS. 91 only part of the width of the ribs, distant or approximate, fre- quently having a transverse lunate depression above the scar. Cone-scars situated in the furrows. Type, Sigillaria (Rhytido- lepis) ocellata, Sternb. Typical form, Sigillaria scutellata, Brongt. Section II. — Favularia, Sternberg, 1826. Stem ribbed, ribs flexuous, divided into sub-hexagonal compart- ments by transverse depressions; leaf -scars alternate, approxi- mate, or only separated by a very short distance, usually occupying the width of the rib. The lateral angles of the leaf -scars project slightly, and alternate with those of the neighbouring ribs, impart- ing to the longitudinal furrows a more or less zigzag course. Its chief distinguishing char- acter is the approximate leaf -scars and zigzag furrows. Type, Sigil- laria (Favularia) alveolaris, Sternb. Typical form, Sigillaria elegans, Sternb. sp. Fig. 17. — Sigillaria Brardii, Brongt. Cope's Marl Pit, Longton, Staffordshire. Shale above Peacock coal, Middle Coal Measures. A, Leaf cushion (a). Leaf-scar {b) ; c, cicatricule of vascular bundle ; d cL parichnos ; enlarged. (No, 817.) Section III — Clathraria, Brongt., 1822. Cancellata, Weiss. Foss. Flora der jilngst. Steinkohlf. u. d. Rothliegenden, p. 161. 1869. Stems without ribs, leaf-scars placed on contiguous rhomboidal slightly elevated cushions, which are separated by deep oblique furrows. Cone-scars placed in the furrows between the leaf- cushions. Type, Sigillaria Brardii, Brongt. Section IV. — Leiodermaria, Goldenberg, 1857. Leiodermaria, Goldenberg. Flora sar&p.foss., Heft. 2, p. 7. 1857. Stem without ribs, leaf-scars distant and leaf-cushions absent. Surface of bark between the leaf -scars variously ornamented with 92 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. fine longitudinal flexuous striae, frequently cross-hatched with delicate lines. Type, Sigillaria leioderma, Brongt. Typical form Sigillaria Brcwdii, forma spimdosa, Germar sp. Remarks. — The two sections, Rhytidolepis and Favularia, pass into each other, and only in a few species are distinctly separable. In practice, Favularia is seldom mentioned now even as a section of Sigillaria, as all the species originally placed in it fall naturally into the Rhytidolepis Section. It is only the zigzag appearance of the furrows, brought about by the projecting lateral angles of the alternate leaf-scars, which has given rise to the separation of these forms into different sections. In the Rhytidolepis Section the leaf-scars are almost always more or less distant, and the ribs frequently enlarge slightly at the part where the leaf-scar is placed, which imparts to the furrow a slightly wavy course. The surface of the ribs is seldom, if ever, entirely free from surface ornamentation, for even in Sigillaria ovata, Sauveur, which is generally supposed to have a smooth bark, when well-preserved specimens are examined with a lens its outer surface is seen to be covered with very short, fine transverse lines. These impart a granular appearance to the surface. A similar condition occurs in other species with "smooth ribs." Such delicate lines are, however, frequently effaced through imperfect preservation. The most common form of ornamentation is two rows of short transverse lines or notches, which extend from the base of the leaf-scar, separating as they proceed, till they reach, or nearly reach, the scar below them. A short distance above the leaf-scar is frequently a transverse lunate or straight furrow, accompanied by a few faint irregular transverse lines, and immediately above the scar is generally seen a small punctiform cicatricule. The leaf- scar in many species rises up towards its lower margin; this is well seen in Sigillaria mamillaris, Brongt. This character was probably more constant than generally supposed, but has been effaced in the majority of cases through pressure. The ornamentation of the interfoliar space of the rib varies much in the different species. In Sigillaria scutellata it consists of one irregular band down the centre of the rib, which extends almost to the succeeding leaf-scar, and above CARBONIFEROUS LYCOPODS AND SPHENOPHYLLS. 93 the leaf-scar are fine lines which cluster round the small puncti- form cicatricule. In some species, such as Sigillaria rugosa, Brongt., Sigillaria elongata, Brongt., and Sigillaria Deutschi, Brongt., the ornamen- tation forms a very distinct band extending from one leaf-scar to the other, and thus divides the rib into three longitudinal tracts, the two lateral being smooth and the central ornamented, and bounded by the two lateral lines which descend from the lateral angles of the leaf -scar. The ornamentation of the central band consists of short transverse ridges or dots, or a mixture of both. The markings are generally stronger immediately beneath the leaf-scars, and become more faint as they reach the next lower scar, shortly above which they generally assume a slightly different arrangement. Modifications of this form of ornamenta- tion occur. The cone -scars form verticils, sometimes of a single series of sub-circular or oval cicatrices, as in Sigillaria elegans. In Sigillaria tessellata and other species the cone-scars form broad verticils, the number of contiguous cone-scars placed in vertical rows varying from three to twenty.1 The cone-scars are frequently deformed from the pressure of the ribs, and at the same time they, generally cause a deformation of the leaf-scars in their immediate neighbourhood. The remaining two sections — Clathraria and Leiodermaria — are also most intimately connected. The conditions which gave rise to these two groups have not only been found in the same species, but on the same specimen, though some species seem only to possess a Leiodermarian condition. Weiss was the first to point out that Sigillaria Brardii, Brongt. (belonging to the Clathraria), passed by gradual transi- tions into Sigillaria spinulosa, Germar {Leiodermaria Section), and that this latter species was consequently only a condition of the former.2 Shortly afterwards M. Zeiller figured a specimen showing the organic union of Sigillaria Brardii, Brongt., and Sigillaria 1 Zeiller, Flore foss. Bassin houil. de Valenciennes, PI. LXXXV., figs. 1 and 5. 2 Weiss, Zeitsch. a. deut. geol. Gessell, 1888, p. 566. 94 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. spinulosa, Germar.1 It was also shown that Sigillaria rhom- boidea, Brongt.,2 only represented an intermediate state. In 1893 appeared a most elaborate memoir, by the late Dr. Weiss and Dr. T. Sterzel,3 on the Clathrate and Leiodermarian Sigillaria?. Here are most admirably figured and described many forms of Sigillaria Brardii, including conditions which were at one time supposed to represent distinct species. A very interesting specimen (No. 818), showing the organic union of Sigillaria Brardii, Brongt., Sigillaria denudata, Gopp.,4 and Sigillaria rhomboidea, Brongt., from a railway cutting, Florence Colliery, Longton, North Staffordshire, which was collected by Mr. F. Barke, was figured by myself in 1896.5 In the Sigillaria Brardii form the leaf -scars are placed on slightly- elevated cushions, but in the Sigillaria denudata state the leaf- cushions are entirely effaced. Weiss has suggested that the Leiodermarian forms of Sigillaria Brardii (Sigillaria spimdosa, Sigillaria denudata, ik. Die Fossilen Pflanzen., p. 52, 1888. Potonie Lehrbiteh d. Pflanzen- palceontologie, p. 174, 1899. 3 " Omphalophloios, a New Lepidodendroid Type/' Bull. Geol. Soc. of America, Vol. IX., pp. 329-342, Pis. XX. -XXIII. Rochester, May 24, 1898. APPENDIX. 135 The type of his genus is the Lepidodendron cyclostigma, Lesqx.,1 of which additional specimens have come into the possession of the United States Natural History Museum. These later examples, along with the specimens originally described by Lesquereux, form the subject of Mr. White's memoir. Although several of his specimens show the epidermis, none of them seem to have clearly shown the structure of the scar left by the fallen organ. I believe that the plant described by Mr. White under the name of Omphalophloios cyclostigma. Lesqx. sp., is the Lepidoden- dron anglicum, Sternb..2 from Paulton, Somerset.3 I have several good examples of the Somerset plant from the same beds as those from which the type specimen was derived, and have figured portions of some of these in my paper on " The Fossil Flora of the Radstock Series of the Somerset and Bristol Coal Field."4 Brongniart, in his Prodrome,5 places Lepidodendron anglicum in Stigmaria under the name of Stigmaria reticulata, and in my paper, to which reference has already been made, it is also placed in Stigmaria, but under the name of Stigmaria anglica, Sternb. sp. A comparison of the figures given in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., Vol. XXXIIL, Plate XXVIIL, with those published by Mr. David White, will, I think, show the identity of the American examples with Sternberg's plant, especially if my fig. 9 be compared with Mr. White's fig. 3, PI. XXI. Omphalophloios anglicus, Sternb. sp., I believe to be a rhizome comparable to Stigmaria, with which it appears to be closely related. The imperfect preservation of the American specimens has, I am afraid, obscured the structure of the scars. Different portions of a specimen from Somerset (No. 426), measuring about 9 J inches long, are shown at fig. 26, a, b, c, d, and e. Between the smaller scars at the upper end and those at the basal end of the fossil are certain differences which merit 1 Coal Flora, II., p. 394, PL LXIL, fig. 5. 18S0. 2 Vers. I., fasc. i\\, p. xi., PI. XXIX., fig. 4. 1826. 3 From the Radstock Series of the Upper Coal Measures. * Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin., Vol. XXXIIL, Part II., p. 401, PI. XXVIIL, figs. 9. 9a, 10, 10a, \0h. 5 page 87. 1828. 136 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. consideration. At fig. 26, a, a few of the rhomboidal "fields" are shown natural size, with their subcordate prominent cushion, considerably upraised, and containing faint traces of an almost central scar, within which is a slightly elongate vascular cicatrice placed near its lower margin. Immediately below this upraised cushion, and attached as it were to its outer side, is a triangular ridge-like elevation containing a small pit. That this small pit is situated on the lower margin of the raised cushion is proved by the fact that the rhomboidal areas and scars increase in size as we recede from this end of the specimen. At b is given an enlarged drawing of one of these areas to show the parts more clearly. The " field " is indicated by the a, the prominent cushion with slightly raised-up border at b, and its contained scar at c, whose vascular cicatrice is placed slightly below the centre. At d is the small pit-like cicatricule. Fig. c gives a few of the Fig. 26. — Omphalophloios anglicns, Sternb. sp. a to e, from different portions of the same specimen (No. 426) ; f and g, portions of another example (No. 433) ; a, c, and f, natural size ; b, d, e, g, enlarged — all from Camerton, Somerset. For explanation of lettering see text. APPENDIX. 137 rhomboidal areas, natural size, from about the middle of the same specimen, and d gives a single cushion, enlarged. The scar left by the shed organ is seen at c, where it is more clearly denned than at c, fig. b. Figs, a and b are from a portion of the speci- men showing the outer surface of the fossil; c, d, and e are taken from the impression of portion of the same specimen left in the matrix from which the stem has fallen out. The rhom- boidal area e is from the basal end of the specimen, and here the scar c is becoming effaced, though the vascular cicatrice is clearly seen. On d and e the small cicatricule or pit, shown at d on b, is not visible, probably through imperfect preservation. Fig. 26, f, shows a portion of another and older specimen, drawn natural size, and g gives one of the rhomboidal areas en- larged. A great difference is seen in the form of the central cushion b. Here the elevation of the cushion, so prominent in a and c, has entirely disappeared, and with it all trace of the scar c and its vascular cicatrice, and the space is now occupied by a hollow, surrounded by a raised ring bearing on its outer and lower face the little cicatricule d. Mr. White suggests that perhaps his fig. 1, PI. XXII., represents a dichotomy of the fossil. This is most probable, as Mr. George West, Camerton, showed me an example which divided into two equal forks. Awaiting the discovery of better preserved specimens which would show clearly the various parts of the scar, Mr. White deferred giving a definite diagnosis of his genus Omphalophloios, but believing that the Somerset examples afford all the necessary characters, I venture to give the following generic description : — Omphalophloios, White. 1898. 1898. Omphalophloios, White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. IX., p. 340. Cortex divided into clearly defined rhomboidal areas, within which, and a short distance above its centre, is an elevated sub- cordate or oval cushion with a slightly raised ring-like margin, containing, a little above its centre, an oval scar with a single vascular cicatrice. Remarks. — The genus Omphalophloios differs from Stigmaria in the cortex exhibiting clearly defined and slightly raised rhom- 138 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. boidal areas placed in spiral series, and in the elevated cushion on which is situated the scar of the organ it has borne. It is true that in Stigmaria there is a slight circular cushion which bears an inner circular ring containing the central single vascular cicatricule, but the raised cushion in Omphalophloios is much more pronounced, and the oval scar of the fallen organ, with its transversely elongated vascular cicatricule is placed above the centre of the cushion on which it sits. In the older condition of Omphalophloios, as that shown at fig. 26, f and G, these characters are in part effaced with age, but it is to the more active growing parts that we must look for the true structure of the cushion and scar. It also differs from Stigmaria in the presence of the small cicatricule on the lower margin of the raised central cushion. This structure is seen both in the young and old conditions of the fossil (Fig, 26, b d, g d), though it is not always discernible, possibly through imperfect preservation. In position it agrees with a similar structure seen on the cushions of some species of Lepidophloios, and which from its position can scarcely be com- pared with the so-called ligule scar of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria. I believe Omphalophloios is a rhizome whose general structure approaches closely to that of Stigmaria, but the differences, to which reference has already been made, are such as to demand its removal from Stigmaria, in which genus I have always felt it did not find a suitable place. It should be mentioned, however, that in some forms of Stigmaria the scar is surrounded by a more or less distinctly- defined rhomboidal area, as in Stigmaria areolata, Dawson,1 of which I have a similar form from the Lower Carboniferous of Northumberland (No. 2558), but in these cases the rootlet scar is of the normal Stigmaria type, and such specimens are probably from that portion of the stem of Lepidodendron when the transition between stem and rhizome takes place. If my views on the identity of the English and American plants are correct, then the genus is restricted to a single species. 1 Foss. Plants, Devon, and Upper. Silur. Form, p. 23, t*l. III., fig. 33. 1871. APPENDIX. 139 Omphalophloios anglicus, Sternb. sp. (Fig. 26.) 1826. Lepidodendron anglicum, Sternb. Vers. I., fasc. iv., p. xi., PL XXIX., fig. 3. 1828. Stigmaria reticidata, Brongt. Prodrome, p. 87. 1838. Aspidiaria anglica, Presl in Sternb. Vers. II., p. 181 (?PL LXVHI., fig. 11). 1880. Lepidodendron cyclostigma, Lesqx. Coal Flora, Vol. II., p. 394, PI. LXII, fig. 5. 1888. Stigmaria anglica, Kidston. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., Vol. XXX., Part II., p. 401, PL XXVIII., figs. 9, 9a, 10, 10a, 106. 1897. Omphalophloios cyclostigma, White. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. IX., p. 340, Pis. XX.-XXIII. Description. — Cortex divided into smooth rhomboidal areas, whose lateral angles are somewhat rounded. Within this rhom- boidal area or "field," and slightly above the centre, is an elevated subcordate or subcircular cushion, with slightly raised margin, containing, generally towards its upper half, an oval scar with an oblong vascular cicatrice placed near its lower margin. Immediately below this cushion, and attached to the side of the elevated rim, is a small triangular ridge with a pit- like cicatricule. In the older condition the scar is effaced, and the central area of the cushion becomes depressed, and is sur- rounded by an elevated ring, which frequently shows the small pit-like cicatricule on its lower margin. British specimens — Hot. Radstock Series of the Upper Coal Measures. Locs. Paulton ; Radstock ; and Camerton ; Somerset. American, specimens — Hor. Lower Coal Measures, or Des Moines Series. Locs. Clinton Coal, Missouri (Lesquereux). Pitcher's Coal Mine, Henry County (White). [The figures contained in brackets shoiv the Registration number of the specimens referred to in the Author's Collection.] 140 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. INDEX. (Synonyms are p rinted in italics.) Page Page Archoeosigillaria, - 38 Omplialophloios anglicus Archreosigillaria Vanuxemi, 39 (Fig. 26), --. - 139 Asolanus, - - - - 89 Pachyphlceus, 53 Aspidiaria, - 40 Pseudosig ill aria, - 89 Bergeria, . . . 40 Psilolites, .... 133 Bothrodendrea*, - 31 Rhytidodcndron, - 84 Bothrodendron (Figs. 14 and Jihytidolepis, - - - . 39, 90 15), - - - - - 84 Rotatoria, .... 116 Calamosyrinx, 89 Sagenaria, - 40 Catenaria, - 89 Selaginella (Fig. i), 28 Cheirostrobus, 132 Sigillaria (Figs. 16 and 17), - 89 Clathraria, - - - - 89, 91 Sigillarieae, ... - 31 Cyclocladia, - 53 Sigillariostrobns (Fig. 18), - 104 Cydostigma, 84 Spencerites, 115 Favularia, - - - - 89, 91 Sphenophyllese, - 32 Flemingites, - 61 Sphenophyllites, - 116 Halonia, .... 53 Sphenophyllum (Fig. 21), - 116 Isoetes, .... 29 Sphenophyllum cuneifolium Knorria, - 40 (Fig. 23), - - - - 124 Leiodermaria, 91 Sphenophyllum emarginatum, 127 Lepidodendrea?, - 30 Sphenoohvllum ma jus (Fig. Lepidodendron (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 25), - - - - - 128 and 6), - 40 Sphenophyllum Pvomeri (Fig. Ltpidolepis, 40 24), : . . . . 127 Lepidophloios (Fig. 7), 53 Sphenophyllum trichomato- Lepidophyllum, - 65 sum (Fig. 22), - 123 Lepidostrobus (Figs. S, 9, Stigmaria (Figs. 11, 12, and and 10), -.-. 61 13), 66 Lomatophloios, 53 Stigmariopsis (Figs. 19 and Lyeopoditere, 30 20), 10S Lycopodites (Fig. 2), - 32 Stigmariopsis anglica (Fig. Lycopodites ciliatus (Fig. 2a), 37 19), 109 Lycopodites Gutbieri ( Fig. Syringodendron, - 89 2b), 36 Traquairia, - 133 Lycopodites Stockii, - 37 Ulodtndron, - - - <■ H, 90 Lycopodium, 27 Yariolaria, ... - 66 Omplialophloios (Fig. 26). - 134 Zamites, .... 53 I METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1899. 141 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during* the Year 1899, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whittox, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow. [Read 24th April, 1900.] Ix prefacing these notes it is but needful to state that the figures quoted are from the records kept at Queen's Park, Glasgow. January. — The year was ushered in by moist and mild weather, suggesting anything but mid-winter. The opening days were dull and wet, with gales from the south-west about the 13th, when the barometer fell to 28*30 inches. On the 12th a change took place in the temperature, and the rain, which had been falling incessantly for the previous day or two, gave place to snow and sleet. Frost set in on the 16th, and culminated in a heavy snowfall on the 18th, when it lay to a depth of between three and four inches. Cold frosty weather continued till the 29th, when a gradual thaw begun. On the mornings of the 25th and 27th the thermometer fell to 19°— being 13° of frost. The 27th was a day of dense fog in the city, necessitating the lighting of the street lamps. The atmospheric pressure for the month was wide and erratic, ranging from 28*30 inches on the 13th to 30*38 on the 26th. Frost was registered on 12 days, and amounted to 94° in all. The lowest reading was taken on the 25th and 27th, when 13* of frost were recorded. On three occasions, viz., the 25th, 28th, and 29th, the temperature never rose above freezing point (32°) The average maximum temperature for the month was 40°, and the average minimum 32°, as compared with 47° and 39° respec- tively in the preceding January. 142 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The month's rainfall was exceptionally heavy, 5-61 inches being measured, which, however, included a quantity of melted snow. The greatest daily rainfall was 1*20 inches on the 19th. The mildness of the beginning of the month caused the sap to rise in trees, and buds began to swell, but their prematurity was checked by the frost towards the close of the month. February. — The threatened thaw at the close of the previous month was succeeded at the opening of February by a renewal of hard frosty weather, which, however, was bright and bracing. Skating and curling were general in ail the ponds around the city, including those in the public parks. Snow began to fall in the early hours of the 6th, and continued till mid-day, when it measured 3 inches in depth. On the 7th a thaw set in, and by the 8th the frost and snow had entirely disappeared, and in their place a return to mild weather, accompanied by rain. These conditions prevailed till the 20th, when keen frost again made its appearance, and lasted till the close of the month. A dense fog was experienced on the 27th. Frost totalling 83° was registered on 14 days during the month, while the average maximum temperature was 43*, and the average minimum 32°. During the month there were 20 dry days, and the total rainfall for the month was 1*84. The barometer was low for the first half of the month, but from 28-70 inches on the 14th it rose steadily till, on the 20th, it touched 30-25 inches, and thereafter continued steady. Snowdrops were in full bloom by the middle of the month, and in sheltered places crocuses were also in flower. March. — After the severe frosty weather which characterised the latter part of February, the bright and open weather which obtained during the first part of this month was pleasant and enjoyable, though showery. Until the 16th the weather con- tinued mild and clear, but on this date fog was again experienced, and increased until the afternoon of the following day, when it cleared, and was followed by intensely cold and frosty weather. This somewhat unseasonable cold snap continued till the 25th, METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1899. 143 when snow fell to a depth of 4 inches, and was almost immedi- ately followed by thaw and rain. The weather until the close of the month was milder, with a heavy rainfall (1*20 inches) on the 28th. The atmospheric pressure was irregular and low, falling to 28*70 inches on the 9th, then rising rapidly to over 30*00 inches on the 11th, and remaining higher for a week. The rainfall for the month was 3*18 inches. The amount of frost recorded was 72° for nine days, and the lowest reading of the thermometer was 17* on the 24th, thus showing 15° of frost. The total frost for the same month of 1898 was 45° for ten days. The average maximum and minimum temperatures were 46° and 35° respectively, against 46° and 34° in the previous year. The anticipations of an early season, fostered by the compara- tively mild weather of the beginning of the year, began to lessen with the severe weather of the latter part of March, and fears were entertained that the Spring would be late. Notwithstanding the unpropitious weather several species of plants came into bloom during the month, notably daphne, heath, and Rhododendron nobleanum. April. — With a prevalence of northerly and easterly winds, this month continued cold and unseasonable. Though there was abundance of rain the weather was cold, and there was scarcely a warm day during the month. The opening days were cold and showery, with dull and cloudy skies, and on the 12th a sharp attack of frost occurred, and lasted intermittently till the 19th. Towards the close of the month the weather became milder, till on the last day of the month, when several degrees of frost were again registered. The barometer throughout the month was low and irregular, never reaching higher than 30*00 inches, and lowest on the 13th at 28*85 inches. The rainfall for the month was 3*18 inches, and there were 21 dry days. The amount of frost registered during the month was 24° on The average maximum temperature was 52°, 144 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and average minimum 37°, compared with 6° of frost for one day and average maximum and minimum temperatures 55° and 41° for the preceding April. Consequent on the cold, ungenial weather, the hyacinths and tulips which bloomed this month only lasted a short time, and vegetation generally made little progress, being at least three weeks later than the previous year. The trees noted in leaf in the parks were hawthorn, on the 15tb, and birch, on the 20th. May. — The milder weather experienced in the closing days of April did not last long, as the 1st of May came in cold, and, instead of the dews expected in the morning, there was a fall of snow and sleet, followed by a cold rain. On the 3rd, however, with a rising barometer, the weather became dry and brighter, though still cold, with the wind from the east and north-east. Frost to the extent of 4° and 3° was registered on the 4th and 5th respectively. On the wind changing to the south-west, a thunder storm was experienced on the 15th, accompanied with a strong wind and heavy rain. Dull and showery weather con- tinued till the last week of the month, when it became much warmer and brighter. The Children's Day in the City Parks, held on the last Saturday, was a day of bright sunshine, which added greatly to the success of the undertaking. The rainfall for the month was heavy (4*45 inches), though there were 18 dry days, two days having over one inch each, viz., 1-50 inches on the 19tb, and 1*05 inches on the 20th. Frost occurred on two days to the amount of 7°, and the highest temperatures recorded were on the last two days of the month, when 67° were registered. The progress of vegetation was much impeded by the cold, searching east winds, the first grass being cut in the parks on the 24th, as compared with the first cut on 25th April, 1898. June. — The first three weeks of June were like the last week of May — warm and sunny days and cold nights, with scarcely any rain, The only rain registered during this period was 0-05 inches and 0-09 inches on the 4th and 19th. With the last ten days of the month came refreshing showers of rain, and the atmosphere was more temperate. On thirteen occasions during the month the METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1899. 145 thermometer rose above 70°, the highest being 77° on the 11th, and the average maximum temperature was 69°, while that of the preceding June was 65°. The rainfall was only 1*55 inches, and there were 22 dry days. As a result of the high temperature and soft south-west winds, vegetation made up some of the leeway of the last two months — the flowering trees and shrubs in the parks getting into full bloom. Especially may be noted the fine show made by the weigela, red flowering chestnuts, thorn, laburnum, &c. July. — The opening day of the month was cold and wet. with light south-east wind. From the 4th to the 10th the weather was finer, but on the 11th rain fell all day, and for the twenty- four hours measured 1*22 inches. For the succeeding fortnight the weather was dull and sultry, with frequent showers. Towards the close of the month it became warmer and brighter. o The barometer on the 1st indicated the pressure at 29*20 inches, rising sharply to 30*00 inches on the 5th, and thereafter remained high without much variation during the month. Rain fell during the month to the extent of 3*69 inches, and there were 16 dry days. The average maximum temperature was 68°, one degree higher than in 1898, while the average minimum was 53°, and in 1898 49°. During the month the thermometer was at or above 70° on nine occasions. The refreshing rain of the month gave an added impulse to vegetation, while the plants bedded out in the parks made excellent growth, and presented a bright and pleasing display. The various crops, which were almost stationary owing to the drought, made rapid headway. August. — August was a month of great heat and little rain, being the hottest and driest month of the year. It opened with very warm weather, but from the 7th to 13th there was a spell of cooler days and somewhat cold nights. Towards the end of the month the heat was semi-tropical, with a regular succession of fine days. The highest reading of the year was taken on the 24th, when the thermometer touched 80°, which is the highest temperature since 1893, when it reached the same figure. On 13 other 146 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. occasions the thermometer was at or above 70°, and the average maximum temperature was 69° and the minimum 53°, being higher than the previous August by 4° and 2° respectively. The rainfall was only 1*38 inches, which is the lowest recorded for this month for a number of years, August of 1898 having a total of 4*77 inches. There were 23 dry days in the month. The great heat and drought experienced during the month ripened the leaves of most deciduous trees, and some defoliated rapidly, notably limes, sycamore, elms, and beech. The great heat experienced during the month materially helped the develop- ment and maturation of the cereals, which were in a somewhat backward condition on cold heavy soils, and harvesting was begun earlier than was generally anticipated. September. — This month was showery and unsettled, with some thunderstorms about the 26th, when the barometer fell to 28*86 inches. There were only 5 dry days in the month, and the total rainfall was 3*71 inches. Although no frost was registered, the nights towards the close of the month were cold, the thermometer on the grass falling below freezing point on several occasions. The average temperatures for the month were — maximum 59° and minimum 46°. The barometer was steady between 29-00 inches and 30*00 inches till the thunderstorm and heavy rain of the 26th, when it fell half-an-inch in twenty-four hours. The unsettled atmospheric conditions which obtained during the month militated very considerably against harvesting operations, and many farmers had considerable difficulty in getting these operations satisfactorily performed. October. — For the first half of this month there was a con- tinuation of the mild showery weather which prevailed during September. On the 13th, with a rising barometer, the weather became bright and cold, and on the 14th the first frost of the season was experienced, when 3° were registered at Queen's Park. This bright clear weather continued till the 24th, and the remaining days of the month were dull and showery. The rainfall was rather above the average, the amount registered being 3*57 inches. There were 15 dry days. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1899. 147 The readings of the barometer show some striking changes — from 30*10 on the 8th, the pressure decreased to 29 '16 on the 12th, rising again to 30*17 on the 21st, and ending at 29*47 on the 31st. The average maximum temperature was 54° and the average minimum 40°, the maximum being the same and the minimum 6° less than in the corresponding month of last year. Frost was registered on two mornings to the extent of 6°. The frost of the middle of the month brought the show of outdoor flowers to a close, and trees became rapidly divested of their leaves, assuming their wintry appearance. The showery weather delayed the later harvesting operations. November. — November was remarkable for its mildness, indeed it is one of the warmest Novembers on record. With a prevalence of south-west winds the weather for the first two weeks was wet and unsettled. On the 3rd heavy rain fell, accompanied by a strong south-west wind, and for the twenty-four hours ending 9 a.m. on the morning of the 4th it measured 1-45 inches, which is the heavest rainfall for one day for the year. Again on the 8th the rainfall measured 1-01 inches. This indicated the general character of the weather for the month — dull and wet, with occasional heavy fogs. The rainfall is the greatest monthly total of the year, 5*64 inches. There were only 10 dry days. The barometer was low and very irregular during the first fortnight ranging as low as 28*70 on the 8th, but from the 14th it gradually rose till, on the 17th, it touched 30*42, the highest reading of the year. The almost entire absence of frost during the month was remarkable, 1° only occurring on the 18th, a most unusual experience for this season of the year. The average temperatures were — maximum 51° and minimum 42°, while in 1898 these were 46° and 37°. December. — The severe weather of this month amply made up for the previous mildness of the season. After the first week, which was mild like November, severe frosty weather set in on the 8th, and on the 12th a heavy snowstorm was experienced in the city, snow lying to a depth of 3 inches. Cold bracing weather 148 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. continued till about the 19th. when, for a few days, the atmospheric conditions were less severe, but dull and unpleasant. Frost again occurred on the 22nd, and held more or less keen till the end of the year. The frost recorded this month — 128° for 17 days — is the highest monthly record for the year, and the lowest reading of the thermometer was taken on the 15th, when it fell to 15°, showing 17° of frost. The average maximum and minimum thermometers were 39° and 30° respectively, as compared with 48° and 40° for December, 1898. The rainfall for the month was moderate, at 2*94 inches, and there were 16 dry days. The barometer readings show that the atmospheric pressure during the month was of a very variable nature. Until the 21st it varied from 29 -30 to 30-10, thereafter falling steadily to 29*30 on the 28th, and very sharply to 28 "26 on the 30th. This was the lowest reading of the year. Comparing the records with those of previous years, we find that the rainfall — 41*67 inches — is the heaviest recorded within the last ten years, the next being 41*48 inches in 1894. The month in which the highest rainfall was recorded was December, with 5*64 inches, January coming very close with 5*61 inches. The wettest day of the year was the 18th May, when 1*50 inches was recorded. Other notable days of rain were January 19th, 1*20 inches; March 29th, 1*20 inches; and November 4th and 8th, which had 1*45 and 1*01 inches respectively. The driest month of the year was August, and in 1898 the driest month was July. The number of dry days was 193, compared with 212 in 1898. The following table shows the amount of rain registered in the various parks, 5 . eS = = = ei 03 S H £ pa Oo2 -3 +3 CO 0 CO CO CO _, c^~ 02 ■s. eg O o = = = t^t^oj co co : : : : !? O CO O > - - - g = = = = ^*» _ _ _ « - - - 1 O kJJ ^ a as 00 PS ^ c3 T3 C5 >. M'iOCiN CO O CO CO OS O PS e8 CO h3 < o i—i OS o = - - - 0 = r = ^ H CO 0 " '•- -^ CO (M CO Tf Tt< Tfl CO CO CO 'H O O t^ "* T-C (MHN o o /. 02 02 bb d 0) 03* = = = = ££ - - ei -aj O .J H 5^ -3 a eS 05 O lO Ol C5 lO rH COC0C5 C-l ^j* "+3 CO £ HHn • : : ^ CO o o -* CO So" CO 0 O 88 CO 3 = = = = COO CN CO CO o - - = HC5MH CO CO CO t- CO JO "* > §«4 d o a CO 05 eS - - = = oS 02 c s oS cooo^hn CO CO CO CO co o 1— ( GO h ■£ 2 ^3 "^3 t>3 i— i t— 1 i— 1 : : oi < PS H ^ OS lO (M ti - - - g _ o° CO ^ C5 c^ co coo o CO ""3 "73 fc S _i rt ^O'OHO co co-* o ^*) 33 ■43 ~ 'TJ MNnH ; : : co _J f CO (M Ol sPh * ^ >i >> o> 03 - = = ce ei a eg' s • fx £5 as >> 05 "^ rWrG "^ PJ W J _, >> ^CO CO CO Ol iH CO t- a p3 "+3 CO h3 CO eg "Z!r~l ■ • : : : r"1 O S w CO CO iC o = - - o - = 3 CZ2 o " o o b(MO^ t-Th »o i—i co CO t- -*Ji Ol CO CO O PS tJ /. X X 02 bb d >J t^ >>^^ ^ ei = - = ^ r^ ^r^S cS ^ a as 02 w £ >> eg t«CSNH Ol rHJO CO fc 5 ^+3 !£3 i—i i— 1 : : : r^ o •*r "* J ■"• CO CO o = = - - 3 = = 3 M °0~ o " OS CO CO lO** i-l 2oco CO o OS co CO -V lOCN OS OS CO rjj a> 60 o ^a 02 05 o5 j c fl eg = = = = ei = = = 03 H3 . ~ \4 83 3 o 1 05 «ON-IOO H -3 CO CO 1-1 3 > >>>»>» t-> 03 ei ei ei 03 o W -£ X. be P-1 +a 13 *- 3 r2 fc£ a> "o O _g > 'cP to 03 o to : ti o -+3 2 02 6 09 CO S d§ 'o O S.S ' CD (U 5-| o a m ^ H Ph O o •paja^siSaj ?soij jo saajgaa •pa.i9?gtSai sbav aso.ij jo 8JOUI jo 0x ipiq.u. no siBd jo jaquinx •sXbq Xiq NOcO-HQOcOtocOHSOiQ CO)ONSO)00(MM^05rH W IM (M CO N W M 00 CO W H ^ ^OJ^lOrHOlOOiCOr-KM^ OOiOt^CQOOOOCOO^HCD 0-^O^^OCiCl05lO(MCO OONCOQOOOOOOhO H H H H rH H r-l (M (M CI CI M ajniBJaa •max QB3K ^^^S^^^^OCM^t^ Cpr-HppOOO^lOCSCI^cO Ol O GO 6 CO CO H N CO 6 (» H coC5CiO5 GOCOGOGOGOGOCOGOOOCOODOO no-H^Gocicocooiooc i— i CM -*-*^iQlOCOOOiOOlQCO r-l-tlCOr-HlOOC^OOr- It^^^H CpCOr-Hr-l^ipcpcpb-lOpas Oi^0^^^rH(^rliCCOCOlOCM OOr— Iffir- ICIOO^IOIQOOOH -— ' «— ' -— iCMCMr- 1 CI -H h W rt H OCl-f*HOOOOJHCOOSO COCOCO^-^^xJHlO^^HCO^-H •t^^coiooo^r-ioco^cUcDoo CI CUO) lO MH 00 CO N CJ N N CM tll?9999T)fNcjo)coco (NCOHHCli-iHrHeOcb-fO O CD > bo CO ClHHHNHClHHClHH oooiooaiocwosoco ClCOCOCO^^ioo^cO^CO CO^NONtNNNCOCOlCJeO CO^TjiiQiocOOtOiOiO^-* d lO 1C H CO N d H O M C- CD ^GpppcpcpCTtpcp£--COlO HCl^dNlOCllbcOHCOLO Lj -J s" 2 S CD ~ - >,§)" o I § c8 p3 fl pO OS ~ ,«8 A,^ S p^1 p-> \j cd *-> ,_r jt r-5 <1cy2 O^iQ 154 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Notes on a Cruise in Clyde Waters in June, 1900. By John Paterson. [Read 28th August, 1900.] To Mr. Andrew Bain, a small party, consisting of Dr. Gilmour, Messrs. John Fleming, John Robertson, John Renwick, Hugh Boyd Watt, and the writer, has again been greatly indebted for a pleasant cruise in Clyde waters in the present summer. We joined the " Romany " on the 7th of June, at Gourock, and proceeded down the Firth. Terns were very numerous until the Lady Isle was reached, and we noticed that the common Guillemot greatly exceeded the Razorbill in numbers. The Lady Isle, off Troon, is well known as a resort of the Common Seal (Phoca vitulina), but we were scarcely prepared to see there a herd of over thirty individuals, which, as they took the water, presented a remarkable appearance. The Lady Isle is a low island, and from this fact and its exposed situation its surface is surf- swept, and vegetation is confined to a patch in its centre. Its general aspect is smooth, probably owing to glaciation in the first instance, the rocks everywhere being well rounded. Rabbits have long been in possession, and we saw several. The Rock- pipit abounded, two or three pairs of Oyster-catchers were observed, and Mr. Watt was fortunate in seeing three Turnstones (Strepsilas interpres, Linn.). Helix asjiersa, Mull, (approaching var. minor, Moq.), was collected, also H. nemoralis, L. (one approaching var. castanea, Moq., the other approaching var. rubella, Moq.). Plants, including Ligusticum scoticum, L., grow luxuriantly in the small verdant patch mentioned before. After a leisurely survey we rejoined the "Romany," and proceeded southwards, as we wished to trace the nesting of the Cormorant and Shag on the cliffs at the southern extremity of Ayrshire. They had long since been reported to nestle in this region by the late Mr. Robert Gray, and statements in confirmation have NOTES ON A CRUISE IN CLYDE WATERS. 155 reached me in recent years from the Rev. Mr. J. D. W. Gibson and Mr. Trevor Eyton. We localised what we thought would be the site of one of their colonies, and we visited it from Glenapp the same evening. The Shag (Phalacrocorax graculus, Linn.) was found to be the characteristic species at the place visited, and several nests with eggs and young could be seen. The nests, however, could not be reached safely from above, as, although the cliffs were formed of a gritty sandstone, each step in the cliff shelved towards the sea. It was rather curious that we got no evidence of the nesting of the Common Cormorant here. We lay at the " Wig." in Loch Ryan, that night, and on the follow- ing morning returned to the Shag's nesting colony, on this occasion from the sea. Mr. Robertson was landed to visit the nesting colony, and Messrs. Fleming and Watt to photograph the cliffs. Mr. Robertson reported that the eggs in the nests seemed well incubated, while young in down and squabs were also to be seen. The previous evening we had seen several Black Guillemots ( Uria grylle, Linn. ) — perhaps three pairs — and this species was seen to leave the rocks in the neighbourhood of the Shag's nesting-place. The}T were again seen passing out and in at the same place on our last visit to the place. Mr. Gray says (Birds of Ayrshire, dx.) that he has seen it, "in summer, near the entrance to Loch Ryan," and that it is "probably a native," an opinion with which one must agree after our experience this summer. It is a very hard matter to get irrefragable proof of the nesting of a bird of such habits on such a coast as that at the entrance to Loch Ryan. Large and beautiful clumps of Rose-root (Sedum rhodiola, DC), and Orpine (Sedum telephium, Linn.) relieved the cliffs here. Crossing the entrance to the Firth, from Loch Ryan to Sanda, we saw many Ailsa birds, and on two occasions what were taken to be Manx Shearwaters (Puffinus anglormu, Temm.). We anchored in the roads at Sanda, after a delightful sail in clear and beautiful weather, and after lunch proceeded to investigate Sheep Island, which is of considerable size, though less than Sanda. It is covered with grass, brake-fern, and wood-hyacinth chiefly, and has a somewhat bold appearance on a near approach, owing to the cliffs on its eastern face. On its north side is a fine natural arch, which was photographed by Mr. Fleming. The 156 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. most interesting feature on the island to the ornithologist is the colony of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus, Gniel.), of which species there will be about twenty pairs or so — a modest estimate, I believe. Other birds seen, which were probably natives, were the Wheatear, Blackbird, Wren, Jackdaw, Carrion Crow, Rock-pipit, Oyster-catcher, Herring Gull, Ringed Plover, and Starling. Rabbits were seen, and Mr. Thomson, of the Lighthouse on Sanda, informs Mr. Watt that the Brown Rat is common here. The following land molluscs were gathered : — Hyalinia alliaria (Miller), H. nitidula (Drap.), Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa). Two common wood-lice (Oniscus asellus, Linne., and Porcellio scaber, Latreille) were obtained on this island, and sent to Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., who named them as above. The following plants were obtained on Sheep Island : — Ranun- culus Jicaria, Linn. ; Cochlearia officinalis, Linn. ; Polygala vulgaris, Linn. ; Silene maritima, With. ; Lychnis dioica, Linn. ; Cerastium triviale, Link. ; Sagina procumbens, Linn. ; Jlontia fontana, Linn. ; Er odium cicutarium, L'Herit. ; Trifolium pro- cumbens, Linn. ; Lotus corniculatus, Linn. ; Potentilla sylvestris, Neck. ; P. anserina, Linn ; Cotyledon umbilicus, Linn. ; Sedum anglicum, Huds. ; Rtracieum sphondylium, Linn. ; Hedera helix, Linn. ; Galium saxatile, Linn. ; Bellis peren?iis, Linn. ; Matri- caria inodora, Linn. ; Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. ; Vaccinium myrtillus, Linn. ; Erica cinerea, Linn. ; Armeria maritima, Willd. ; Primula acaidis, Linn ; Veronica serpyllifolia, Linn. ; V. chamcedrys, Linn. ; Euphrasia officinalis, Linn. ; Scutellaria galtriculata, Linn. ; Teucrium scorodonia, Linn. ; Plantago lanceo- lata, Linn.; P. coronopus, Linn.; Atriplex babingtonii, Woods; Rumex crispus, Linn, ; R. acetosa, Linn. ; Urtica dioica, Linn. ; Salix aurita, Linn. ; Empetrum nigrum, Linn. ; S cilia festalis, Salisb. ; Juncus squarrosus, Linn. ; Luzula vernalis, DC. ; L. maxima, DC; L. campestris, DC; L. erecta, Desv. ; Eriophorum angustifolium, Roth. ; Schcenus nigricans, Linn. ; Carex good- enowii, J. Gay ; C. pilulifera, Linn. ; C. binervis, Sm. ; Anthox- anthum odoratum, Linn. ; Deschampsia Jlexuosa, Trin. ; Nardus stricta, Linn. ; Pteris aquilina, Linn. ; Lomaria spicant, Desv. ; Asplenium adiantum - nigrum, Linn.; A. marinum, Linn.; Lastrcea dilatata, Presl.; Polypodium vulgar e, Linn.; L eta mari- tima, Linn, NOTES ON A CRUISE IN CLYDE WATERS. 157 From Sheep Island we proceeded by the Scart Rocks, which appear to be perches only, not breeding places, of the Cormorant and Shag, to Glunimore. A Shag left as we approached, and the first incident in our visit, after clambering over the huge rocks here, was the finding of a nest of this species by Dr. Gilmour. It contained three eggs. A Great Black-backed Gull's (Larus marinus, Linn.) nest with three eggs was also found. Herring Gulls' nests were common. Two pairs of Black Guille- mots were seen, and Mr. Robertson succeeded in finding two nests. The nest I saw was about three feet in a crevice, the eggs being laid on a cluster of little pebbles. A Brown Rat (Mus decumanus, Pall.) was found dead on this islet. This species is common here, according to Mr. Thomson, the Sanda Light-keeper. We next proceeded to Sanda, but had only time for a brief visit. Since our last visit Mr. Watt has received from Mr. Robert Thomson, of the Lighthouse, some further information regarding the mammals occurring there. Otters (Lutra vulgaris, Erxl.) are often seen, and in January, 1899, one frequented the little port near the Lighthouse gardens. In the same month two half-grown seals (Phoca vitulina) were killed on the north side of the island. Mr. Alexander Gray, Curator of the Millport Marine Biological Station, informed Mr. Watt that up to twenty-five years ago two Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus (Fabr.)) were regular frequenters of the port near the tenant-farmer's house, and that they disappeared without any known reason, say about 1874. The Common Rat {Mus decumanus, Pall.) is very plentiful on Sanda, according to Mr. Thomson. Land shells as follows were collected on Sanda : — Hyalinia cellaria (Mull.) ; Helix rotundata, Mull. ; H. aspersa, Mull, (fairly typical examples) ; H. nemoralis, L., 00045 ; H. hispida, L. (the darkest (most red) may be var. sub-rufa, Moq.) ; Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa); Clansilia perversa (Pult.) ; Cochlicopa (Zua) lubrica (Miill.). The following plants observed on this visit are not in the list published in the account of our first visit to Sanda (Trans. N. H. Socy. Glas.. V. (n.s.), pp. 203, 4) : — Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. ; Brassicn sinapistrum ; Vicia angustifolia, Linn. ; Spirea ulmaria, Linn. ; Sedum acre, Linn. ; Conium maculatum. Linn. ; Anthriscus sylvest?*is, Hoffm. ; Achillea millefolium, Linn. ; Ver- 158 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. zonica eccabunga, Linn. ; Lamium purpureum, Linn. ; Euphorbia helioscopia, Linn. ; Dactylis glomerata, Linn. There are now neither trees nor shrubs lending variety to the surface of the island, but Mr. Watt has drawn my attention to a statement by Dr. John Walker, in his Economical History of the Hebrides and Highlands (1812). II., p. 278, that Sanda "is still [1760-86] covered with dispersed coppice, as also with tutsan (Hypericum androsmmum, Linn.), and the great hairy woodrush (Juncus umbratilis, J. sylvaticus, Huds.), which are plants whose natural situation is under the shade of trees." We proceeded to Campbeltown in the evening, and intended to visit Ailsa next day, but the weather was unfavourable, and we returned by the Sound of Kilbrannan and the Kyles of Bute and Loch Striven to Gourock. Off Arran several Dolphins (sp. 1) appeared, cutting our bows in characteristic fashion, but they did not come out of the water. To Dr. Gilmour and Mr. John Renwick I am chiefly indebted for the lists of plants, especially the long list from Sheep Island. The mollusca were chiefly collected by Mr. Watt, who acknow- ledges valuable assistance received from the Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M.A., in naming them, and states that the names have been confirmed by Mr. Robert Standen, of Owens' College Museum, Manchester. Reports on Excursions. Keppel Pier, Cumbrae. 9th September, 1899. — This excursion was organised in two detachments. A first contingent pro- ceeded to Keppel by an early steamer, and had a couple of hours' dredging by the use of the boat belonging to the Biological Station. The da}r, though fine, was furiously windy, and the successive hauls in 20, 25, and then 10 fathoms were taken with difficulty, and in the end were very unproductive. The following molluscs were procured: — Mya truncata, L. ; Tectura virginea (Mull.); Rissoa punctiora (Mont.); R. inconspicua, Aid.; R. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 159 striata (Ad.); Odostomia turrita, Han.; 0. scalaris var. rufescens (Forb.); Pleurotoma costata (Don.). The second party, which arrived about four o'clock, inspected the Museum of the Station, the large collection of marine objects being exhibited and de- scribed by Mr. Alexander Gray, Curator of the Robertson Museum. Thereafter Mrs. Robertson very kindly conveyed the whole party in omnibuses to her residence, Fernbank, and enter- tained the members to a very hearty tea. On the motion of the Rev. G. A. F. Knight, who acted as conductor of the excursion, a very hearty vote of thanks was awarded to Mrs. Robertson for her most kind hospitality. Glamis, Forfarshire, 25th September, 1899 (Glasgow Autumn Holiday). — Upwards of twenty members visited Glamis Castle, expecting to spend a day in the extensive grounds in tree- measuring and photographing; the pitiless rainfall, however, effectually spoiled such a programme. Everything was done, nevertheless, to render the visit an enjo3Table one. The party was met by Mr. AVilson, Chief of the Castle Gardens, who hospitably entertained the members to breakfast in his house. Thereafter the party proceeded direct to the Castle, where the Earl of Strathmore. in a few kindly words, welcomed his guests, and directed them to be shown over the buildings. Glamis Castle is one of the most famous and historic seats in Scotland, and at every turn the visitors were reminded that they were in a man- sion which has played a conspicuous part in the annals of this country. Many were the interesting relics of the ages of chivalry and romance, and the members were charmed equally with the older and with the more modern portions of the Castle. After partaking of an elegaut luncheon, provided by the kindness of the Earl in the great dining-room, the party examined the celebrated ancient sun-dial on one of the lawns. The sun-dial is fully 20 feet high, and shows the gnomon on 84 face dials. The glass-houses were next inspected, and were found to be full of plants of great interest. A yellow-flowered form of Clerodendron fall ax, Lindl., attracted attention, as it had originated in a neigh- bouring garden from amongst seed saved from the normal plant, which has scarlet flowers. After a visit to the fruit-houses and flower- garden, the party crossed the river by an elegant modern bridge, 160 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and entered the Pinetum. Splendid representatives of the genera Abies and Pinus were here seen, and regret was felt that so many of the finest trees on the estate have been attacked and ruined by the silver-fir bug. The collection of coniferous trees is indeed very wonderful, species having been introduced from many parts of the world, until the Glamis Castle Pinetum has become famous. The different species of Pines, Firs, Cypresses, Cedars. Larches, • O t^ r- i— I ifj XQ i— 1 — "71 i — " ~ i CO © «8 '->• CO CC 5 • GO £* ^ o O o ' ~^lr o 3 o — £ £"1 S X -3 OB « 'JO £ ^ ^ CO ' ~ -; x •■-, "-S <-> m - "^ w — — aTcB c r o o ~ DO '.~ ' 5 e ~ ca o Q„ ' Attend;] tationei irculars g 77ra?is O O — 111 r; „ i; o » 3 3 1^'' = 3T .-*->.= ° S o * -? -3 ~ *z t an age, ting trat &2b si | 5 5fii;«a ~ -r - J 3 _£? .5 X i.pafifiS O li zz pq £3 o §>» - - - ., a i-5 5CDOOC cc -^ co © co Ol S c J • « £ i— i i— i i— i r-H f-i '£ u t~ L1«-"l' >o © t- -^ •<* © e 2 Oi t^ CO £3J '-ri CI r <^ o o on 73 o co o cc g® 1 @ ' " ' o -3 . t>. ■+* ;1 M . - ■r. - — 05 Life Mei Ordinary on loai !><>.. in Bi 8"^ 3 1 J St m I'- o « 8? . o rO ~j d C oo . 1 ■ o . FH c rt O M 1.2.2 p. g 03 ^ - c tc j i_i e w o >: ^ — ' .v - 1: c o C3i^ -t< fi H rt -^ HH g c3 ci - - > O C 53 c IS 2 ^ ^ ^ , TRANSACTIONS OF THE llatural ptstnrg Sorbin of (felasgpofo- Extracts from an unpublished Ornithology of Glasgow. By the late Dr. John Grieve, with Notes by John Paterson. [Read, in part, on 26th March, 1901, Through the courtesy of Dr. G. Burnside Buchanan, there came into the possession of the Societ}' recently a very interesting little work on the Birds of Glasgow, in manuscript, by the late Dr. John Grieve (regarding whom see an obituary notice in our Transactions, Vol. IV. (N.S.), p. 357). This little work, which has remained unpublished, bears a title page as follows : — ornithologia millburnensis : the ornithology of glasgow; compiled from observations made at millburn during a series of years, by john grieve. GLASGOW : 1S47. With this there also came to the Society some loose sheets, evidently notes of an address on the same subject, but, unfortun- ately, incomplete in respect of a few pages at the beginning. I believe the part lost to have dealt with the Peregrine Falcon, Sparrow-Hawk, Kite, Hen-Harrier, Rook, and in part Jackdaw, being the first half-dozen species in the complete list. The Birds of Glasgow is a work yet to be undertaken. In the meantime it may be said that local ornithologists owe some gratitude to Dr. Grieve's memory for the admirable example he has set to them in the work under notice. 182 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The area of observation is thus described : — " The north-east boundary of Glasgow is formed by the Germiston Burn, from where it passes under the Garnkirk Railway, or what is now called Caledonian, it winds round under the Monkland Canal away east a small bit, and then due west to the High Church, where it turns southward as the Molendinar, and here ceases to be a boundary line. Before passing under the Monkland Canal it runs through the grounds of Millburn where the principal observations were made. It is surrounded by the gardens of the neighbouring gentlemen, and is within ten minutes walk of one of the principal thoroughfares of the city. The data from whence the following observations were made were duly registered there for a series of years, and though repeated excursions were made round the city to a distance of three miles or so outside the boundary, no other birds were discovered but what have been seen at some time or another at Millburn." Though dated 1847, the work is based on a journal kept during the years 1843, 1844, and 1845. The birds enumerated number about 56 species, and are as follows : — Peregrine Falcon, Sparrow- Hawk, Kite, Hen-Harrier. Rook, Jackdaw, Magpie, Jay, Starling, Fieldfare, Song-Thrush, Redwing, Blackbird, Pied Flycatcher (marked?), Sedge- Warbler, Garden- Warbler (marked?), White- throat, Redbreast, Reed- Warbler (marked1?), Lesser Petty chaps, Yellow Wren, Gold-crested Wren, Wren, Whinchat, Hedge-Sparrow, Pied Wagtail, Grey Wagtail, Yellow Wagtail, Tit-Lark, Sky-Lark, Wood-Lark (marked 1), Greater Titmouse, Blue Titmouse, Yellow Bunting, Bullfinch, Green Linnet, Sparrow, Chaffinch, Brown Linnet, Canary, Red-headed Linnet, Goldfinch, Cuckoo, Chimney- Swallow, Sand-Martin, Martin, Swift, Ring-Dove, Partridge, Lapwing, Snipe, Corn-crake, Larus (various species), Anas. Of the Peregrine Falcon, he says : " A bird called the Blue Hawk by gardeners is said to be seen here occasionally," but he was unable to satisfy himself about it. The Sparrow-Hawk " is the only bird of prey we can boast of as a residenter. It is frequently seen gliding leisurely over our fields. ... I have never been able to find out their nests here, though I think it very probable that they build on some of the old trees at the top of the quarry at Craigpark." Of the Kite, a species quite unknown in the Glasgow district at the present time, one is almost surprised to read that "it is AX UNPUBLISHED ORNITHOLOGY OP GLASGOW. 183 not so common here as the preceding, still it is often enough seen flying over our fields. ... I have never heard of any of their nests having been found near the city, though, as they build chiefly in trees, they may only have escaped observation." Within a decade or two of the years covered by Dr. Grieve's diary, this splendid bird must have vanished pretty completely from the Glasgow district. The Hen-Harrier he had seen only once. " It was in the August of '43, when walking along the Germiston Road, near Provan Mill, I observed one of these birds, within twenty yards of me, flying leisurely over a corn field, just about a foot above it, beating every corner of it with great assiduity. . . . ." Surprise is expressed at no owl coming under his observation, though he had looked and listened carefully at night for one. " The Cathedral might be a very fit place for a pair to take up their abode." Of the Rook it is said that " they are not generally considered here to cause much destruction by turning up the grain. This view being more generally held now, they are considered more welcome, and are allowed to breed, while formerly every attempt was made to cause their destruction. . . . This town, in former days, could boast of large rookeries. The only one that now exists is that in the College Green, reduced to a few dozen nests, though once the largest, and certainly a more favourable spot could not be had — besides the number of trees and full scope for their quarrels, being protected by the Laws of the University, by which any one was punishable for meddling with or annoying them. Notwithstanding, they were gradually becoming less numerous. One used to exist at the head of Queen Street, around the house of one of the M.P.'s for the city, who got nicknamed in consequence [;Craw Ewing'].* When his house was taken down to make room for the present terminus, the trees were felled likewise, but whether they formed an alliance with their University friends or took up a new abode cannot now 'be so easily determined. One pair built regularly on a tree in a back green of one of the houses on the south side of West George Street, but that being felled two years ago. they, too, have left the city. A few still build at Possil, and here and there several nests may be seen, probably exiled for some misdemeanour." * See "Trans. Nat. Hist. Socy., Glasgow," Vol. IV., N.S., p. 276.. 184 The Jackdaw " is by no means a common bird in this neighbour- hood — numbers build out at Pollokshaws, and give us an occasional visit." The Magpie in spring is generally seen in pairs, but ': towards the end of September flocks of 6 or 8. . . ." "I have never seen their nests here, but am told that they build about Craig- park and some of the adjacent woods." The egging propensity of this species is much commented upon. The Jay had only come under observation once, viz. : — " on the 14th December, 1844 — during a time of hard frost — at the Burn." The narrative given by Dr. Grieve, relating to the great encouragement given to the Starling at the time he is writing of, deserves to be quoted pretty fully, as an interesting contribution to the history of the increase of this now very common bird. " Few birds receive more encouragement to build than does this one. On the roofs of almost all the houses hereabouts boxes are placed for them to build in, and though the young brood are not infrequently taken away they continue to frequent them year after year. These boxes are made about 18 inches long and 10 broad at the back, while at the front it is reduced to 6. The door or hole for entrance is made very small, and no larger than will admit the bird. They are nailed up by the side of the chimneys, or in the fork of a tree, the former being considered the more agreeable by the birds, and probably so from the warmth of the chimney. . . . During winter they are to be seen in flocks, and do not generally resort to the boxes for sleeping quarters. The number of boxes appear to regulate the number of birds, as when they are taken down in winter and not put up till the birds have been seen looking for suitable nest places, they are seldom so numerous as when the boxes are left up. . . There appears to be a slight mania in the starling box line among our neighbours, which will probably subside in a few years, and then the bird may become more rare. A few build about the Cathedral." The extent to which this guarded fore- cast of the "subsidence" of this species has been falsified, is a matter of common knowledge. Under the heading Fieldfare, a narrative is given of its nesting at Millburn, but subsequently the confusion into which the author had fallen between this species and the Mistle-Thrush AN UNPUBLISHED ORNITHOLOGY OF GLASGOW. 185 had been discovered, and the manuscript bears a pencil jotting in the margin to this effect. The Song-Thrush is " very numerous here. . . ." " It generally begins to sing about the end of January (January 27), and continues on to the end of July (July 27), sometimes even to the 10th or 12th of August." The Redwing '-arrives here with the Fieldfares, about the middle of October, and remains to the middle of March." The Blackbird "commences to sing about the beginning or middle of February, and continues on to the end of July or beginning of August — (February 17 — July 27, August 10). . ." The nicety of Dr. Grieve's observation is well illustrated in his description of the economy of the Spotted Flycatcher, regarding the identity of which he had had for some time a little difficulty, but, as he says, " the spotted appearance of the young bird can hardly be mistaken," which is a good point. A pair built for two successive years at Millburn " in one of our walled pear trees," and our author states further 'I have found it among some of the pine woods in Bute. ... It has a low, sweet song, which it generally utters on the extremity of a small spray, where it sits perched looking for flies, and then pouncing on them as they fly past. ... I have generally heard it first about the beginning or middle of May, and seldom seen it after the middle of September. . . . They were seen first this year (1844) on May 24th, and not after September 19th. One of the young ones had three toes of the left foot wanting. . . . On 29th June. 1843, there were 4 eggs laid in the nest, one daily on the three preceeding days, and the nest occupied two days in building. July 12, has sat 12 days. July 21, young 10 days old — so that incubation lasted only about 1 2 days. . . . On the 24th they flew." The Sedge- Warbler "is sometimes met with at the Mill dam on the Town Mills' Road. . . ." The Garden- Warbler "arrives here about the end of April, though is seldom heard here before the middle of Ma}% and leaves in August. I have heard it here on the first week of September. . . . I saw the bird here first on 5th of July, 1843, but, after a careful search, could not fall in with its nest. Next year, however, I found the nest in a currant bush about four 186 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. feet from the ground, on the 14th June. On the 17th it con- tained four long-shaped eggs. ... On the 28th the young were hatched, that is allowing 11 days for incubation. . On July 8th the birds flew after 10 days' nutrition." Of the Common Whitethroat it is said that " they are pretty frequently seen here, and breed down at the burn. . . . They breed pretty early here, as I found three of them newly flown on 26th June, 1843." The Redbreast " is quite common here all the year round. . . . It may be seen singing on the top of a stob or any exposed place during a heavy fall of snow, or hopping about and twittering with its wings flapping its sides. ... I have heard the robin sinking as it flew from bush to bush." The Reed- Warbler is entered in the complete list with a mark of interrogation. It does not appear to rest upon his own observation, and its insertion is a mistake in any case. The Lesser Pettychaps or Chiff-Chaff is " heard first about the middle of April, and rarely after the beginning of September. . . . It is one of our rarest summer visitants." One would have liked something fuller regarding the occurrence of the Chiff-Chaff, and it is a little disappointing that Dr. Grieve's acquaintance with the Willow-wren was limited to his having seen it " several successive years here, generally about the beginning of August." Has the Willow-wren become so abundant since 1845 ? Of the Gold-crest, our author writes — " While out walking among the shrubbery at Millburn, before breakfast, on the 29 th September, 1844, I fell in with this beautiful little songster. I had never seen it here previously, and willingly followed it from bush to bush till I had obtained several near sights of it, and was convinced that it was a veritable Gold-crested Wren. The song was very low, but broke out loud at the end, terminating very like that of the Chaffinch. . . ." A good description ! The Wren "is to be seen almost everywhere. . . ." Of the Whinchat — " I have occasionally met with this bird among the whin bushes around the sand quarry." ["M'llquhani's," according to the notes of an address, ante, p. 182], "on the other side of the Burn. . . . It is very common about Dunoon and Rothesay. ... It arrives here about the end of April, and is seldom seen after September." AN UNPUBLISHED ORNITHOLOGY OF GLASGOW. 187 Of the Hedge-Chanter [Sparrow], "They are very numerous here, and are easily caught in the common brick trap. . . I remember catching one which had a cataract in the left eye." The Pied Wagtail "is common here all the year round. They keep up a most agreeable inward chatter when looking for food — and are generally more plentiful in the neighbourhood of those streams to which washerwomen resort, the insects being attracted by the soap suds — whence one of its common names [Washerwoman] ." The Grey Wagtail is " not near so common here as the preceding, in company with which it is sometimes seen. Its song is not so loud. . . ." The Yellow Wagtail, "certainly the most elegant of the Wagtails — having the longest tail [a mistaken idea, this being the distinction of the Grey Wagtail]. ... It is, however, the rarest, being only occasionally seen here. It is, however, very common in other parts of the country, from which it pays us a passing visit generally for a few days in August. . . ." The Meadow-Pipit alone among its congeners is mentioned, but a perusal of Dr. Grieve's description of its habits proves that the Tree Pipit was also under his observation, although he failed to distinguish the one from the other. This is a common mistake in old writers, as Pennant, Gilbert White, &c. In his account of the Sky-Lark, he gives a curious narrative of a wild brood he put in a cage on the outside of his window, where they were attended for several days by their parents. As so often happens in old lists, the Wood-Lark appears, in this case upon the authority of "a lady," but, as the author properly says, "probably wrong." The Great Titmouse and Blue Titmouse were very common. Of the former, it is said " it has a nice song which it commences early in February, sings through March and April, and resumes again for a short time in September." The Yellow* Hammer " generally commences to sing about the 20th or 23rd of February, and sings on to August 18th, or even 26th, and again from about September 20th to the end of the month. It is not uncommon on the fine clear sunny mornings of September to hear many of the young birds going through part of their song, as I said already of the young larks." 188 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Of the Bullfinch little is said, it having been observed only once. The Green Linnet was " common everywhere." A long account is given of the House-Sparrow, and of the behaviour of a pair which he reared in confinement. " By degrees the one which appeared to be the hen grew black, and after her first moulting became jet black, like any crow, with two white spots on the wing." An interesting account of the Chaffinch follows that of the Sparrow, but our space will not allow of the quotations one is disposed to make. The "Grey Linnet is seen here in large flocks during the winter months — numbers of them are caught then for the market, where they are sold at 4d. each or so." The Canary, hens of which are "let away by unprincipled people or escape," calls for no notice here. Of the Lesser Redpole, a few " are occasionally, though rarely, seen with the flocks of Grey Linnets during winter." The Goldfinch, which is described as being " so common in many parts of the country, is rare here, as he only pays us an occasional visit after a winter storm, or the end of autumn when the thistle seeds are flying about in numbers." Regarding the Cuckoo, nothing of importance is narrated. The Swallow "arrives here from about April 17th to 25th, and remains with us to about September 26. . . . They have generally two broods in the year." The House- Martin "arrives about the same time as the former, April 23rd, and remains to September 26th. . . . This bird is generally to be found with its nest in the window corners and eaves of houses, and generally to a northern exposure. The nests being thus protected from cracking by the sun's rays, and less exposed to destruction from heavy rains, which very easily under- mine the fragile materials of which they are composed. Their nests are to be found on almost every window fronting the Clyde." This species is described in the notes of an address before referred to (ante, p. 181), as "much more common" than the former. The statement is interesting in view of the opinions frequently expressed about the recent decrease of this species in numbers in various Scottish districts. A pair or two may be found nesting at the present time from a mile and a-half to two miles AN UNPUBLISHED ORNITHOLOGY OF GLASGOW. 189 south of the river (for the north side I cannot speak), but this is a very different story from that told by Dr. Grieve. The Sand-Martin, our author says, he has repeatedly watched " at the sand quarry on the other side of the Germiston Burn. . About half-a-dozen pairs build here annually. They generally arrive here about the 17 th of April, and are seldom seen after the 26th September." The Swift is described as " seldom arriving before the beginning of June, and leaves about the 26th of August. . . ." but it is well known to recent observers in the neighbourhood to appear regularly a month earlier. The Ring-Do ve was an occasional visitor, and, " . . one year a pair built on a tree at the Germiston Burn, just where it passes under the Garnkirk Railway." The Partridge was occasionally " seen in flocks of from 6 to 12 during the month of September and the early months of spring, especially in pairing time — for this bird is one of those that pair early." Of the Lapwing, "stragglers from Hogganfield and the neighbouring mosses not unfrequently pay us a visit, especially in wet and stormy weather, and during spring. . . ." A Common Snipe, which was first seen " in one of our ditches " on the 14th December, 1844, was the only one that came under Dr. Grieve's notice. The Corn-crake was seldom heard at Millburn before the beginning of June, but this would be a month at least after its arrival in the district generally. The Gulls seen were not distinguished specifically. '' Several species are seen here during spring and autumn on their migratory voyages. . . ." "A few come up to our harbour in stormy weather, but only for a day or two. . . ." The harbour of Glasgow, at the time of which Dr. Grieve writes, may not have presented the attraction of " fine confused feeding " that it does at present. The Black-headed Gull is abundant at all seasons now-a-days, while the Lesser Black-backed and Herring Gulls are summer and winter visitors respectively, and the Common Gull may be seen on a rare occasion. Large flocks of Ducks were to be seen at Millburn towards the end of November, flying southwards, and returning north again 190 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. about the beginning of February, but the species were not distinguished. One puts aside this interesting work with feelings of regret. Written out at the age of twenty, and based on a journal kept between the author's sixteenth and eighteenth years, it is remark- able for the breadth of view attained. It is not usual to find naturalists at the age named already noting carefully all matters relating to seasonal movements, song-periods, autumn-songs, dates of nesting, and time occupied by different birds in incubation and nutrition, experiences gained in rearing wild birds in confinement, ifcc. And further, the work is quite individual in its character, as it does not appear that he had any associate on whom he could rely for assistance. The district to which it refers has been rudely shorn of its natural attractions in recent years, verily, "man marks the earth with ruin." The name persists certainly in Millburn Street, Millburn Public School, and Millburn Chemical Works, but that to the naturalist is a poor return for the furze and the sand quarry, the burn (now covered up), the currant bushes, and the walled pear tree where the Spotted Flycatcher nested. The house was demolished a year ago. It stood within the square now represented by Millburn, Holybank, Kilberry and Scarba Streets, with houses for the humblest class of worker. Elevation is indeed the only natural attraction left, and from the neighbourhood ample views are still obtainable. SEALS, WHALES, AND DOLPHINS OF THE CLYDE SEA AREA. 191 The Seals, Whales, and Dolphins of the Clyde Sea Area. By Hugh Boyd Watt. [Read 2Sth May, 1901. N.B. — The numbers within brackets refer to the list at the end of the paper The Clyde Sea Area includes all the tidal waters contained within a straight line drawn from the Mull of Kintyre to Loch Ryan, In respect of its marine mammals, it may be regarded as an almost land-locked and small portion of the region which Dr. P. L. Sclater calls Arctatlantis, and of which the charac- teristic genera are Halichcerus, Cystophora, and Hyperoodon (11). In "Clyde" and adjacent waters Cystophora is un- recorded, but the other two are represented. A considerable advance can be claimed in our knowledge since 1876, when the late Mr. E. R. Alston could only name three species of marine mammals from Clyde waters (1), a number which was not added to in his subsequent paper published by this Society (2). The following annotated list shows that we now have definite records of eight species, and, in addition to these, there are four further species named within square brackets, as con- firmation of their occurrence is awanting. This will be forth- coming in the course of time, I feel convinced. Other records, which I believe to be erroneous, I have excluded. One such is the Greenland Whale (Balozna mysticetus, Linn.) (12), whose occurrence in British waters at any time is not admitted. Here it may also be said that no fewer than eight species of Cetaceans are named from " Clyde " in the two " Statistical Accounts of Scotland" (1791-7 and 18-15), but only those otherwise confirmed are given below. Not infrequently newspaper reports of " Whales " appear, and while no scientific reliability can attach to these statements, yet they are evidence that Cetaceans are not so uncommon in our Firth as is generally supposed. Unlike land mammals, marine mammals have uninterrupted means of passing from one region 192 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. of the globe to another, the sea serving to them as a great high- way forming a continuous zone of communication, and not as a dividing barrier. Consequently our number of species of Cetaceans, in proportion to the whole number of species known, is probably larger than that of any other group of mammals in our fauna. Order : Camivora. Family : Phocidae. 1. Halichccrus yrypus (Fabr.). Grey Seal.- — I am indebted for what I know as to this species to Mr. Alexander Gray, Curator of the Millport Marine Biological Station. Its early occurrence is vouched for by a tooth which Mr. Gray found in a kitchen midden near Campbeltown, and which Dr. Joseph Anderson identified. Mr. Gray also has information that, up to about 1860, two grey seals were known to live, summer and winter, on Paterson's Rock, in the Sound of Sanda (6). They dis- appeared without any known reason. When Mr. Gray was dredging off the Little C umbrae, on 8th September, 1900, a grey seal rose leisurely to the surface within 30 yards from his boat. A good view was obtained of it, as it was seen three times altogether. Mr. Gray thinks it was three times the size of an ordinary seal, one of which he saw on the same day near the same place (5). 2. Phoca vitulina, Linn. Common Seal. — I have notes of the recent occurrence of this species all over our area from Sanda upwards. One was shot so far up as two miles above Port- Glasgow in 1890. Loch Fyne is apparently a breeding resort, and an old seal with two pups were seen near Largs in 1899. According to the new " Statistical Account " (V., 1845), a favourite haunt is a rock in the sea not far from Troon. This probably refers to the Lady Isle, which is still frequented. I was so fortunate as to see a herd of from 30 to 40 there in June, 1900. The probability is that this species is much more common than is generally supposed, although there is now no seal-fishing. This seems to have been pursued in " Clyde " about 1791 (13). 3. [P. groelandica, Fabr. Greenland or Harp Seal. — Mr. F. Gordon Pearcey informs me (in lit., 30th October, 1899) that he SEALS, WHALES, AND DOLPHINS OF THE CLYDE SEA AREA. 193 saw in June, 1899, two seals, probably this species, close to his ship, when trawling between Pladda and the Ayrshire coast. He hit one with a revolver shot, but it sank shortly after.] Observation. — P. hispida, Schreber. Ringed or Marbled Seal. — Professor Sir William Turner gives particulars of frequent finds of remains of this species in Scottish glacial clays, and although none are from the Clyde, they have probably been over- looked (17). Order : Cetacea. Family : Balcenopteridae. 4. [Balcenoptera musculus (Linn.). Common Rorqual or Razorback. — Dr. John Walker, in his "Essays" (1808), states that this species yearly frequents Loch Fyne during the herring season, and this statement is repeated by other writers. No captures are however known. Mr. Gray tells me that about the year 1889 the Sound of Kilbrannan was frequented by a whale, 50 to 60 feet long, followed by two calves; the three were well known to the fishermen, and often seen by him. Mr. F. Gordon Pearcey also saw a whale, probably this species, 3J miles south of Davaar Island, on 10th October, 1899.] Observation. — A post- tertiary deposit near the mouth of the River Irvine bears the name of the Irvine Whale Beds (16). Cetacean remains have been found there from 1790 onwards. A skull, obtained in 1863, and another one and some ribs and vertebrae, obtained in 1889, are in the Hunterian Museum. A broken cranium, fomid in 1892, was at one time in the Anatomical Museum, Edinburgh University, but is now in the Museum at Kilmarnock. Sir William Turner thinks this belongs to a Balcenoptera, but he cannot definitely state the species (in lit., 17th July, 1900). 5. B. rostrata, Fabr. Lesser Rorqual or Pike Whale. — On 7th August, 1897, the small steam whaler " Thrasher," when on her trial trip, had the unusual experience, in such circumstances, of putting her whaling gear into actual use. She harpooned and killed a whale off Largs, and towed the carcase, which was about 30 feet long, up to Greenock. It was offered for sale at £5, and the lips found their way to Paisley Museum, where I saw them. Their resemblance to an illustration in Sir William B 194 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Turner's article on the Lesser Rorqual (18) struck me, and on sending a photo, of them to Mr. Oldfield Thomas, of the British Museum, lie stated that they seemed to belong to this species. This is the first and only record of it in Clyde waters (21), but it has occurred in Islay (3). Family : Physeteridce. 6. Hyperoodon rostratus, Midler. Bottlenose. — This species is frequently reported, and is apparently not uncommon. Mr. Gray sees it every season off the Cumbrae shores. The old "Statistical Account" (1792), under Row, says: — "A species of whale, called Bottlenoses, have sometimes run aground during the ebb of tide, been taken, and oil extracted from them." In recent years I have the following definite records of its capture : — In 1863 one was taken in the Gareloch, and its cranium shown to this Society by Dr. Scouler (15) ; in October, 1883, a young male was stranded at Loch Ranza — the skull and some other bones are in the Anatomical Museum, Edinburgh University (19) ; in July, 1896, a small male was captured at Kingston Yard, Port-Glas- gow (9); in January, 1898, one came ashore at Peaton, Loch Long — I found the carcase entombed in a lime-heap when I went to see it; and in September, 1899, I was more fortunate in seeing one which had stranded on the beach at the North Shore, Ayr (21). Without placing any weight on reports of this species having been merely seen, the foregoing is evidence that such reports may not be inaccurate. Family : Delphinidce. 7. Phoccena communis, Less. Common Porpoise. — This is our commonest Cetacean, and may be seen at all seasons of the year. One hundred years ago it came as far up the Clyde as the Broomielaw (14), and it still may be seen off Greenock. The mouths of Loch Long and the Holy Loch are favourite haunts, and I have notes of it from many places in our waters. Last month a small school of about half-a-dozen was playing at the head of Loch Long, and several times I saw leaps taken clean out of the water in the manner of the " Bucker " (Dolphin). When a school is playing, the individuals seem often actually to rub along, side touching side; thus, from some points of view, two dorsal SEALS, WHALES, AND DOLPHINS OF THE CLYDE SEA AREA. 195 fins may have the appearance of belonging to one animal, and may cause bewilderment. Porpoises sometimes approach very close to the shore, apparently in the most confident manner. Last month I saw one moving slowly along shore at Kirn, only two or three yards from the beach. In August, 1825, a pure white porpoise was shot off Millport and brought ashore (8). I do not remember hearing of a white porpoise elsewhere. 8. [Orca gladiator, Gray. Killer or Grampus. — There seems little doubt but that this species has occurred in our waters, but as no capture is on record, it is here given within square brackets. Both the " Statistical Accounts " include it — the new one speaking of "the depredations of the porpus, grampus, and other destructive sea-fishes, particularly the grampus, which comes up nearly as far as the salt water reaches almost every tide at flood during certain seasons in pursuit of salmon, of which it devours great numbers." Mr. Gray says that he knows it, e.g., as occurring on the Ballan- trae Banks in spring ; and Mr. John Paterson saw two off Bute in June, 1898 (10). The old "Statistical Account" calls it the " Bucker," and as the name Grampus is given to the Pilot Whale by fishermen, there cannot but be uncertainty as to the correct species when a " Grampus " is heard of. It seems not unlikely that the Kilbrannan Sound " sea-serpent " story of the summer of 1899 may be founded on the appearance of an individual or individuals of this savage species.] 9. Lagenorliynchus albirostris, Gray. White-beaked Dolphin. — Next to the porpoise, this seems to be our commonest Cetacean, although it is only in recent years that it has been con- clusively added to our Scottish fauna. The first authentic record in Scottish waters is that of an individual shot in Kilbrannan Sound in September, 1879, by Mr. J. Y. Buchanan. The skull is in the Anatomical Museum, Edinburgh Museum. Sir William Turner saw in these waters in August, 1887, what he believed to be a school of the White-beaked Dolphin (20). The late Dr. James Dunlop said that they are to be seen daily in Kilbrannan Sound, and the four specimens (a stuffed example and three skeletons, one a foetus) which were in the Kelvingrove Museum, were all captured in the Sound in 1894 and 1895 (4), and presented by Dr. Dunlop to the Museum. In November, 196 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 1899, Mr. John Robertson found cast up on the beach near St. Ninian's Bay, Bute, the carcase of a small Cetacean, the skull and sternum of which were subsequently recovered and sent to me. I made the species to be the one under discussion, an identification which was very kindly confirmed by Sir William Turner, with whom the skull was left to be placed in the Anatomical Museum, Edinburgh University (22). These occurrences seem to indicate that the animal so well known in the Firth of Clyde as the " Bucker," and in Loch Fyne as the "Stinker," is identical with this species. Fishermen and yachtsmen clearly distinguish it from the porpoise by its larger size, and by its conspicuous habit of leaping out of the water. By the Loch Fyne men this is said to be the " stinkers threshing." They make themselves a nuisance to the herring fishermen by following the boats, so much so that the men throw ballast stones at them to drive them away, not because of any danger, but because in coming to the surface the Dolphin causes such a glare of phosphorescence as to dazzle the eyesight. If one becomes entangled in the nets, it can leap out of, or over them, and escape. The leaping is frequently done in broad day- light, and I have seen a school of about a dozen in the shallow waters of Whiting Bay, playing and gambolling round the ferry- boat, throwing themselves well clear of the water and falling back with a resounding splash — a fine sight in the bright sun- shine of a summer day (August, 1897). Seen at a distance, their bodies are in a beautiful curve when clear of the water, not unlike salmon leaping. They seem to possess a power of suspended motion, and sometimes bring their rapid actions suddenly under control, leaving their caudal extremities projecting above the surface for a short time before drawing them under. The im- pression given is that the animal stands on its head, as it were. Other species of Dolphin have occurred in our waters, and the name " bucker " may apply to them all, but, so far as I know, the only statements with any specific value regarding our other Clyde Dolphins are the following: — 10. L. acutus, Gray. White-sided Dolphin. — An example of this rare British species is stated to have been seen lying on the pier, at Ardrishaig, by the Rev. N. Macpherson, of Newton, Inveraray (7). It would confirm the identification were it known that the skull had been examined by a competent authority. SEALS, WHALES, AND DOLPHINS OF THE CLYDE SEA AREA. 197 11. \Belphinus delphis, Linn. Common Dolphin. — Mr. Pearcey informs me that in September, 1898, he saw a large school of what he took to be this species, between Ardlamont and Skipness Points. There is in Rothesay Museum a skull labelled " Porpoise, from Mr. A. M'Kirdy," which I believe to be this species, as the skull is about 24 inches in length and has about 190 teeth. It is certainly not the Common Porpoise.] 12. Tursiops tursio, Fabr. Common Tursio. — According to the new " Statistical Account " (1845), the Great Dolphin {D. tursio), from 12 to 15 feet in length and with a pointed muzzle or beak, frequents the coast of Saddell and Skipness during the herring-fishing season. There is more satisfactory evidence than this of the occurrence of this species in our waters, as Dr. D. Noel Paton shot one in August, 1879, in Loch Long, the skull and ear-bones of which are in the Anatomical Museum, Edinburgh University (22). REFERENCES. 1. Alston, E. R., "Notes on the Fauna and Flora of the West of Scotland." Glasgow, 1876, pp. 6-7. 2. Alstox, E. R. , ' ' The Fauna of Scotland. " Mammalia. Glasgow, 1880, pp. 13-23. 3. Bell, Thomas, " British Quadrupeds." 2nd edition, 1876, p. 409. 4. Campbell, J. M., "Zoologist," 1894, pp. 424-6. 5. Gray, Alexr., "Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.," 1900, p. 243. 6. Do., "Scotland, Proc. of Socy. of Antiq.," IV., 3rd Series, 1894, pp. 271-2. 7. Harvie-Browx, J. A., and Buckley, T. E., "Vertebrate Fauna of Argyll and the Inner Hebrides," 1892, p. 29. 8. Loudon's, "Magazine of Natural History," 1834, p. 590. 9. Patersox, Johx, "Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.," 1896, p. 250. 10. Do.«, Do., 1898, p. 237. 11. Sclater, P. L., On the Distribution of Marine Mammals, "Proc. Zool. Socy., London," 1897, p. 349-358. 12. "Scotland, Statistical Account of" (new) VII., 1845, p. 439. 13. Do., Do., (old) II., 1791, p. 273. Do., Do., (new) VI., 1841, p. 673. 198 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 15. Scouler, John, "Trans. Nat. Hist. Socy., Glasgow," I., 1SG9, p. 82. 16. Smith, John, Geological position of the Irvine Whale Bed, '"Trans. Geological Socy., Glasgow," X., 1896, pp. 29-50. 17. Turner, Sir Wm., "Journal of Anat. and Physiology," 1870, p. 260. 18. Do. , Lesser Rorqual in the Scottish Seas, " Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.,"XIX., 1893, pp. 36-75. 19. Turner, Sir Wm., Bottlenose or Beaked Whale in the Scottish Seas, "Proc. Roy. Phy. Soc, Edin.," IX., 1896, p. 24. 20. Turner, Sir Wm., "Proc. Roy. Phy. Soc, Edin.," X., 1891, p. 14. 21. Watt, Hugh Boyd, "Ann. Scot, Nat. Hist.," 1899, p. 236-7. 22. Do., Do., 1900, pp. 244-5. Meteorological Notes, and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1900, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow. [Read 28th May, 1901.] These notes are compiled, as in former years, from observations taken at Queen's Park, Glasgow, so that the continuity of the series is preserved. January.— rThe cold frosty weather experienced towards the close of 1899 gave place at the opening of the year to mild and moist weather, and this was the general nature of the atmospheric conditions throughout the entire month. During the first week the weather was bright and pleasant, though with occasional showers of rain. On the 9th showers of sleet fell, followed by a period of showery and dull days. On the 19th the weather became boisterous, and throughout the day fitful gusts of wind and rain swept the streets. On the following day the wind increased, with rain, hail, and sleet at intervals, and continued until the 26th, when there was a slight thunderstorm. On the METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1900. 199 27th. and 28th slight showers of snow fell in the early morning, and the atmosphere became somewhat colder. The barometer readings show a very irregular pressure through- out the month, with some sharp changes. From the 3rd the tendency was upwards, till on the 11th it read 30*10 inches, the highest reading of the month. During the succeeding three days it fell rapidly to 28-96 inches on the 15th; the pressure thereafter till the close of the month was steady. Frost was registered on five mornings to the amount of 12°, while the total for the same month of the previous year was 94° for twelve days. The average maximum temperature for the month was 43° and the average minimum 35°, as against 40° and 32° respectively for January, 1899. The amount of rain registered during the month was somewhat heavy, being 5*08 inches, part of which, however, was melted snow. Owing to the comparative immunity from frost during the month, the grass was still green at the close. Jasminium nudiflorum was in full bloom, and narcissi were to be seen above the surfaee in open borders. February. — With the advent of this month the weather con- ditions abruptly changed, and keen frosty weather set in. From the opening of the month till the 11th the frost increased in strength, and on the morning of that day the thermometer at Queen's Park registered 9°, or 23° of frost. Skating and curling were freely indulged in on all the ponds around the city, and the air was keen and bracing. On the 9th and 10th there were heavy falls of snow to a depth of six inches, and, unlike the usual experi- ence in the city, it continued to lie on the ground till the 15th, when, after a further fall of snow, followed by rain, it rapidly disappeared. On the 22nd, after a succession of milder days, a heavy snowfall was again experienced. Thaw set in immediately after, and the closing days of the month were cold and wet. The range of the barometer during the month was low, the highest reading being 29 -75 inches, and twice it fell to 28 '40 inches, viz., on 16th and 19th. The total amount of frost registered was 189° for nineteen days, and on five days the thermometer did not rise above freezing 200 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. point (32°). The average maximum and minimum temperatures were 38° and 26° respectively. In 1899 these figures were 43° and 32° respectively. The rainfall of the month was 2*68 inches, and included a quantity of melted snow. There were 20 dry days. The sharp frosts experienced during the month checked precocious vegetation, and had a most damaging effect upon those shrubs whieh made late growth, or whose tissues were surcharged with sap, consequent on the mild wet weather which prevailed during the greater part of the four preceding months. Such plants as Aucuba japonica, certain forms of Rhododendron ponticum, and the common laurel suffered severe injury in the young shoots. The foliage of the laurel especially, was browned to a greater degree than usual in the western and northern parks. In the case of Olearia Haasti, whieh, by the way, we find to be an excellent town plant, in several parks it was hardly injured, whilst in others it was killed to the ground. March. — As in the previous month, the weather in March continued cold and frosty, with a period of fine clear days. The opening days were bright and springlike, but on the 19 th the atmosphere became colder, and snow fell to a depth of 2 inches. Thereafter the weather remained cold and dull, with a recurrence of snow on the 27th and 28th. The atmospheric pressure was regular for the first fortnight, but on the 14th the barometer fell sharply from 30'38 inches to 29*10 inches on the 19th, the day on which the snowfall occurred. From this point it gradually rose until it reached 30*05 inches on the 31st. The raiufall recorded this month was very moderate — the amount measured (0*28 inch) being little more than a quarter of an inch. There were 27 dry days during the month. Frost to the extent of 83° was recorded for twenty days, and the lowest thermometer was 22° (10° of frost) on the 18th. For the same month of 1899 there were 72° of frost for nine days. The average maximum temperature for the month was 44° and the average minimum 31°, against 46° and 35° respectively for the corresponding month of last year. Vegetation was held in check by the cold and frosty winds METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1900. 201 prevailing during the month, but towards the close, with a warmer sun, buds began to swell and the grass to make some growth. Snowdrops were in full bloom about the middle of the month, and towards the end crocuses came into flower. April. — This month was bright and sunny, though there was a prevalence of cold winds and considerable rain. From the 18th to the 25th the days were bright and sunny. There was a comparative absence of frost throughout the month, only 14° being recorded for six mornings, and the average maximum temperature was 55° and the average minimum 38°, as compared with 52' and 37° respectively for the preceding April. The barometric record for the month was wide and erratic, ranging from 28*90 inches to 30*25 inches. The rainfall was 2*14 inches, and there were 16 dry days. Owing to the cold winds of the month vegetation did not make great progress, and trees and shrubs put forth their leaves but slowly. Grass, however, made some growth, stimulated by the frequent showers and spells of sunshine. Hyacinths and narcissi were in full bloom by the 26th, making a very good appearance, though the latter were not quite so floriferous as in the preceding year. The lateness in blooming of that early variety of hybrid rhododendron "Eugenie" indicated the tardiness of growth. Frequently it is in full bloom by the end of April, whereas this year it was past the middle of the month ere it began to open its flowers. May. — The month opened well with two fine days, when the atmosphere was dry and warm, but on the 3rd and 4th the wind increased to a gale, and the weather became damp and raw. Till the 9th the atmospheric conditions continued dull and showery, but on this day the wind, which had been mainly from the south-west, changed to the east, and a period of dry and cold days were experienced. On the 18 th the wind again turned to the south-west, and was followed by warmer and more seasonable weather, which lasted till the close of the month. The barometric readings ranged, with no particularly rapid change, from 30*00 inches on the 13th to 29*10 inches on the 22nd, and the rainfall of the month was 2*19, with 17 dry days. Frost was registered this month on one morning, 2° being 202 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. recorded on the 13th. The thermometer readings show that the temperature was on no occasion very high, the highest reading being 66° on the 27th. On nine occasions the thermometer fell below 40°, and the average maximum was 58° and the average minimum 42°. Notwithstanding the cold winds of the middle of the month, vegetation made satisfactory progress, and trees and shrubs were in better foliage than has been the case for several years. With the comparative freedom from frost, flowering trees and shrubs, such as laburnum, lilac, and cherry, bloomed exceedingly well, and made a brilliant display — the notable exception being rhododendrons, which generally bore a light load of flower. The ash leafed on the 18th, and the oak on the 24th, both some days later than usual, and in reversed order to what usually occurs, and, as the sequel proved in our district, not in accordance with the old " saw," which gives a dry season when the ash leafs first. The notes of the cuckoo were first heard on the 7th. June. — The bright warm days of the close of May continued through the first week of June, though on the 7th the weather became dull and unsettled. Saturday, the 9th — the "Children's Day " in the Parks of Glasgow — was dull and wet in the morning, but, fortunately, broke up fine, enabling the youngsters to enjoy their fete under fairly comfortable conditions. On the evening of the 12th, after two or three sultry days, a sharp thunderstorm was experienced. From the 14th there was a spell of fine warm days, and on the 22nd there was a recurrence of the thunder, and the weather was changeable and showery. On the 25th the total rainfall recorded for the preceding twenty-four hours was 1*42 inches, and the total rain for the month was 4*04 inches, there being 13 dry days. The atmospheric pressure during the month was very steady, varying little between 30-20 inches on the 1st to 29*30 inches on the 30th. The highest reading of the thermometer in the shade was 74°, which was recorded on the 11th and 12th. and on other five occasions the thermometer was at or above 70°. The averages for the month were — maximum 65° and minimum 49*, while in 1899 these were 69° and 50° respectively. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1900. 203 The genial warmth and frequent showers of the month gave an impetus to vegetation, and there was a strong growth on trees and shrubs, as well as a superabundance on grass lawns. Newly- planted stuff made an excellent stare and rapid progress, whilst there was a development and freshness of foliage on the trees in our City Parks above the usual average. The hawthorns came into bloom during the first week, but they, like the rhododendrons, were much below the average in floriferousness. July. — The first days of the month were somewhat dull and changeable, and on the 3rd rain, accompanied by thunder, was experienced. For the succeeding fortnight the weather was more settled, but with occasional showers. On the 12th the weather was again broken, and the outlook for the holiday-makers was not particularly bright. With a heavy rainfall on the night of the 16th the atmospheric conditions improved, and continued generally fine till the close. The rainfall of the month (3-03 inches) was moderate, and there were 11 dry days. The thermometer in the shade was at or above 70° on nine occasions, and the average maximum and minimum temperatures were 67° and 54° respectively, while in 1899 these figures were 68° and 53°. On the 1st the barometer indicated the atmospheric pressure at 2 9 '20 inches, being the lowest of the month ; for the succeeding few days it rose sharply, and on the 7th and 8th the reading was 30*00 inches, and continued steady at about 29-80 inches through the rest of the month. With a fair amount of moisture during the month vegetation made good progress, though bedding plants, owing to the want of bright sunshine, did not make so good a show of bloom as formerly, but the foliage on plants and trees bore a fine dark, green appearance. August. — August opened with a day of rain and strong wind, and the first week of the month was showery. On the 6th rain fell in torrents, and a thunderstorm passed over the city. The amount of rain registered for these twenty-four hours was 1*17 inches. On the 13th the thermometer began to rise considerably, 204 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and there followed a number of days of bright and warm weather. On the 19th the weather again became showery, and on the 23rd some hail showers fell. The closing days of the month were dry but cold, with a prevailing east wind. The atmospheric pressure during the month was rather lower than the average. Only on two occasions did it rise above 30-00 inches — once about the middle and once at the end of the month — the lowest readings being 29 "20 inches, happening on the 7th and on the 22nd. The direction of the wind varied a good deal, but on 10 days it blew from the east. With the exception of one or two days during the month, when the thermometer rose above 70°, the temperature was moderate. The maximum thermometer in shade was at or above 70° on 5 occasions, and at or below 60° on 12 occasions. The average temperatures were lower than the preceding August by 7° and 3° respectively, the figures for 1900 being — maximum 62° and minimum 50*. The rainfall of the month was 4*36 inches, and there were 16 dry days. The moist weather of the month tended to keep vegetation fresh and bright, though for want of sunshine flowering plants did not come up to the usual standard. September. — Throughout this month the weather was of a pleasanter character than that of the previous month. The wind, except on one day, was from the south-west, and, though strong at times, was mild and refreshing, and there were longer periods of dry weather. The rainfall registered at Queen's Park was 3 70 inches, and there were 18 dry days. On two days of the month over half an inch of rain fell, namely, 0-84 inch on the 27th, and 0*70 inch on the 30th. The barometer readings show a higher range than usual. During the first half of the month the pressure varied between 29*75 inches and 30*30 inches; for the second half the range was lower, from 30*00 inches on the 21st to 29*00 inches on the 27th. The average temperatures for the month were — maximum 61° and minimum 47°, and higher than in 1899, which for the same month were 59° and 46° respectively. The fine weather of the first part of the month improved the METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1900. 205 flower beds in the parks, and the effect was bright and pleasing. Dahlias and chrysanthemums were in full bloom by the middle of the month, and many deciduous trees rapidly became divested of their leaves, especially elms, limes, and sycamores. October. — For the first fortnight the weather was very rainy and unsettled, with, as a rule, fine dry forenoons, which usually gave way in the afternoons to rain or hail. The temperature during this period was high considering the season, but on the 15th the atmosphere became much coMer, and for two days the weather was bright and frosty, with a keen snell wind, which suggested the approach of winter. On the 17th a sudden change again took place in the atmospheric conditions, when the bar- ometer fell sharply, and heavy rain came down. During the forenoon of this day a dense blackness overspread the city. Throughout the later part of the month the weather was brighter, though there were few dry days. The pressure of the atmosphere as shown by the barometer was moderate and comparatively steady till the 17th, when it rose from 29*40 inches to 30-00 inches on the 19th, and for five days the readings were above 30-00 inches. On the 24th the pressure decreased, and on the 26th the reading was 29*00 inches. For the month the rainfall amounted to 5*05 inches, and there were only ten days on which rain was not recorded. Frost to the extent of 5° was registered on one morning, and on one other occasion only did the thermometer fall to freezing point (32°). The average maximum temperature was 51° and the average minimum 40°, the maximum being 3° lower and the minimum the same as in the corresponding month of last year. The sharp touch of frost experienced on the 16 th was sufficient to bring to a elose for the season most of the outside flowers, Chrysanthemums alone withstanding the cold, and at the end of the month were still giving a little brightness to the flower beds. The grass was also green and fresh, though most of the deciduous trees had divested themselves of foliage. November. — This was a month of mild and wet weather. For the first 17 days only two days were dry, and the amount of rain which had fallen during that time measured over 5 inches 206 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. On the 18th the thermometer fell considerably, and 4° of frost was registered at Queen's Park on that morning. On the next day the frost increased, and was accompanied by a black dismal fog, which hung over the city for two days. The spell of frost broke up on the 23rd, and the atmospheric conditions again became mild and wet. Throughout the month there were only 9 dry days, and the amount of the rain which had fallen measured 6*20 inches. The range of the barometer was wide, and had some sharp changes. On the 2nd it was at 29*90 inches, from which it fell steadily to 29-10 inches on the 7th. From 28*90 inches on the 15th it rose sharply to 30*20 inches on the 18th and 19th, and falling again to 29*10 inches on the 25th. Frost to the amount of 21° was registered on five mornings. The average maximum temperature was 46° and the average minimum 38°, as against 49° and 409 respectively for the corre- sponding month of last year. December. — The protracted spell of wet weather prevailing last month continued throughout December, and on only three days out of the 31 was no rain recorded. Until the 7th the weather conditions were dull and depressing, but on this date the weather improved a little, being dry and mild. On the 8th rain again prevailed, and was accompanied by a strong wind from the south-west. These atmospheric conditions obtained till the 20th, when the wind greatly increased in force, and a severe gale raged for several hours between the 20th and the 21st, the worst experienced in this part of the country for a number of years, causing much damage to property, and consider- able loss of life in the city and throughout the country. Christmas day was dull and damp, and the closing days of the year were likewise dull and unseasonably mild. The rainfall for the month amounted to 7*71 inches, and is the greatest monthly total since February of 1894, when the total for that month was 8*96 inches. As showing the unseasonable mildness of the month, no frost was recorded at Queen's Park, and the thermometer fell to freez ing point (32°) on only one occasion. The average maximum and minimum temperatures of the month were 47° and 40° respec- tively, while these for December 1899 were 39° and 30°. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1900. 207 For the first three weeks of the month the barometer readings show no especially sharp changes, but on the 21st, the day of the great gale, the atmospheric pressure was indicated at 28-90 inches. On the 28th it dropped from 29*20 inches to 28*50 inches on the 29th, this being the lowest reading of the year. The effect of the abnormal mildness was seen by the condition of the grass, which was bright and green. The buds on some forms of hawthorns swelled nearly to bursting, and roses made fresh growth ; the Japanese species, Rosa rugosa, being as pre- cocious as any of its congeners. Jasminum nudiflorum, which began to open its blooms during November, was in many cases in fine flower during the month. With regard to the rainfall of 1900, it may be noted that the total amount registered for the year, 46*46 inches, is greatly in excess of the yearly records for the last twelve years. The next highest yearly record is that of 1899, when 41*67 inches were registered. The number of dry days during the year was 164, while in 1899 there were 193 dry days, and the lowest for the twelve preceding years was in 1890, which had 170 dry days. A striking contrast, and as showing the period during which the rain- fall of 1900 exceeded that of the preceding year, is the total for the last three months of the year. The amount registered in 1899 for this period was 12*15 inches, and for the same period of 1900, 18*96 inches. The heaviest rainfall for one day in 1900 was 1*42 inches on the 25th of June, while in 1899 the heaviest daily rain- fall was 1*50 inches on the 18th of May. The wettest; month of the year was December, with a total of 7*71 inches. In the preceding year the wettest month was also December, which had 5*64 inches. The driest month of 1900 was March, with the month of 1899 with total of 0*28 inch, August being the driest exceptionally small 1*38 inches. As already stated, these notes are based on records taken at Queen's Park, but the following table of the rainfall recorded in the other Parks, <&c, where gauges have been placed, show interesting points of comparison ; due allowance being made for the altitude, exposure, and other local conditions, as in no case are they alike : — 208 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. RAINFALL DURING 1900 IN THE PUBLIC PARKS. Max- Kelvin- Spring- Alex- Glasgow Bella- Toll- George Queen's. well. grove. burn. andra. Green. HOUSTON. cross. Square. Height of Gauge above Sea-level. 145 ft. 69-1 ft. 48-3 ft. 361 ft. 141 -4ft. 34-7 ft. 160 ft. 85 ft. 40 ft. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. January, 5'08 5-34 4-52 4 47 4-56 4-94 4-25 5-54 4-63 February, 2-68 172 2-95 2-28 2-90 2-86 2-60 2-48 2 63 March, - - 028 0-28 0-51 0-42 065 0-63 0 30 0-57 0-49 April, - - 214 2 '27 2-08 2-27 1-68 1-88 1-95 2 02 1-78 May, - - - 2-19 2-20 2-11 2-02 1-97 2-25 2-07 2-34 2-05 June, - - - 4-04 3-88 2-75 3-32 3-67 3-76 3-48 4-30 3-26 July, - - - 3 03 3-05 2-87 2-69 316 3-30 3-01 3-54 3-32 August. - - 4-36 4-37 4-75 3-99 4 02 5-33 4-21 459 4-85 September, - 3-70 3-70 3 50 3-69 3-05 3-37 3-61 3 26 3-59 October, - - 5-05 4-80 4-92 4-86 4-42 4-57 4-74 4-92 4-75 Kovember, - 6-20 6-23 5-70 5-56 5-67 6-35 6-02 6 46 6-53 December, - 7-71 8-03 7-18 6-50 5-97 7-05 6-43 7-26 7-42 Totals, 46-46 45-87 43-84 42-07 41-72 46-29 42-67 47-28 45-30 In reference to the temperature, the mean (47°) is the same as that of the preceding year. Although the amount of frost for the year is considerably less than that of 1899, the absence of any prolonged period of heat during the summer goes to make up the balance. The highest reading of the thermometer in the shade was 75° on the loth of August, which is 5° lower than the highest reading of 1899. The thermometer was at or above 70° 7 days in June, 9 in July, 5 in August, or 21 times in all, as compared with 35 times in 1899. The lowest reading of the thermometer was on the 11th February, when the minimum thermometer fell to 9°, or 23° of frost. The amount of frost registered throughout the year was 326°, occurring on 57 days, and the coldest month was February, with 189° of frost registered on 19 mornings. In 1899 December was the coldest month, and the total amount of frost for the year was 415 on 64 mornings. The coldest day was 15th December, when the thermometer touched 15°-17° of frost. The following comparative table of records taken at different Parks, tfcc, is of interest. As in the case of the preceding table allowance must be made for local conditions : — METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1900. 209 £ ps H £ Oc02 Gth Aug. 2th Feb. CD T3 D9 CO IT5CO 13 00 r>» eg 13 OS CM a : r^ r-i : '.'.'.'.'. 1~i '. ' fl _ * " '"I « CO •f o - o o o © CO CO rH CM-* C5CO CM co CM rH fcb • >> t^^ CO >> 02 ss ^ c3 e3 = = eg 03 ^ Ah ^ rH o " o " C5 03 r3 *& CO > >* ►> CO c3 = = = e3 = c? eg . £ Ol 13 rrj 13 Bella HOUSTO Park. t-hhs^cm •"trd^*-1 >1 ^. HffiffiO ,NtOH CO »T5 rH tH i— ( : rt _ - o - - - ^rH-* CO : • : c _ - o OlOrH CO PI o So CO O OS t^CM CM CO CO rH rHCM CO CO CO CO 3g eS = = = = c?c?= = £ so c3 f*> T3 i— iTf -* Ci CM 1313 HO ©«D T3 CO s ^ *C5 CO ^> COOlO-* CMlO t~ CM i— 1 CO CO co CO 1 CO < PS hCh hi 02 00 >5 |= = = = eS = eS 13 13 t^CSrH 13 03 rHCMCM Oi sg g so ■^ a : ' ' a - a t^ o - - - - o - - o <4 o *~t^ 1-1 hi t^eo t^o CM t^CO 0 CO rH CO t-_ •* t^IO TJH "H< rH CM-* CM i-l 02 CO 55 fcb ,e t>> ^= = c? Im co cm CO CO 5>> OOOO© iCCOCM T3 O PS 5^ eg rH rH CO o 1=1 _ ' o — - * ' " a o - - CM XJ1 2/T o " co ^ OHCOO t^CM-* Ik HC5HCN rH-* o i— I i—l ■<* w o « M o a- S3 fcb ,o tH rH ►a CO co 00 r©r© CO e? 13 03 rHiH : : o = = = : : : a _ : o - -* PI O w r-T b co i-i b t^Tt r-1 CM CO >>£> 02 >> j eg = = = = > a r-t rH HNlflOCO rHCOrH t~ CO r> j3 CM o 1-t CNCMCNrH ; a - o - - - - C50H(M© ! : rHrH * * PI o - - - ^hCOlOCO rH PI O 0 en oo coS QNOOCOH CO rH lO t-CM CM CO — ' i-t 0Q r»> >» eg = r = e3 eg eg 02 r02 50 02 Ti 13 -3^3 13 13 lOOOCOH rHCM : q = = = = o #r-HO : : : fl _ : o - 0 lO PI O fe" °o" l^, : goo ^ ° ^S " d fi OS o CO a> o a n o -.2 o « > ^ to d o O o to S.2 rd O eg o -u m 53 40 fco ° Mm 'So 02 O ^ _c fcj) o j co w ^ 3 1 rd O . *-< O r. M 3 ^ " H k O :^r3 SS cji3 513^ J^^ s d b-^3 n o a) in 210 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. In comparing the barometer records with those of the previous year we find that the atmospheric pressure generally has been lower than that of previous years. In 1899 the pressure was over 30-00 inches on 82 days, and under 29 00 inches on 24 days, whilst during 1900 it was only 50 days above 30*00 inches and 8 days below 29-00 inches. The highest reading taken during 1900 was 30-38 inches on the 14th March, and the lowest (28-40 inches) was taken on the 19th February. In 1899 the highest was 30-42 inches on 17th November, and the lowest (28-26) on 30th December. The points from which the wind blew throughout the year were as follows: — From the south-west, 258 ; from the north-east, 30; from the west, 17 ; from the east, 6 ; from the south, 3 ; from the north-west, 15 ; and from the south-east, 36 days. Excluding the direct north and south, the western group shows 290 and the eastern 72 days. In 1899 the western had 255, and the eastern 102 days. In reviewing the weather of 1900 many interesting features are witnessed. It began as it ended — unseasonably mild and moist. January was very changeable and unsettled, with a preponderance of high temperatures. February and March, on the other hand, were distinctly cold months. Since the break up of this cold spell, and with the exception of some cold days in May, there was no unpleasant reduction of temperature. As early as April there were some very warm days, but perhaps the most notable feature of the weather of 1900 was the abnormal rainfall, especially during the last three months of the year. In regard to the general effect on vegetation, speaking broadly, the atmospheric conditions which obtained during 1900 were, on the whole, favourable. After the sharp frosts in February, which rudely checked the unseasonable advance made by certain deciduous plants and seriously damaged many classes of evergreens, there was an absence of severe late spring frosts, consequently the growth, though somewhat slow and late, was satisfactory. In many cases the development of shoot and leaf was better than it has been for a series of years. The paucity of bloom displayed by evergreens can be accounted for by the abnormal mildness and excessive wet- ness of the late autumn months, which induced a tendency to METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1900. 211 secondary growth, which is fatal to the satisfactory setting of flower buds. In the case of rhododendrons the amount of arrested or imperfect development of flower buds was very marked. In regard to deciduous plants there was more diversity and irregularity than usual. Why there should be a prodigality of bloom on most of the prunus, laburnums, cherries, and wiegelas, and such a meagre display on most forms of pyrus, chestnut, lilacs, and hawthorns, is one of those features which are decidedly puzzling to those who attempt to correlate the cause and effect of weather on vegetation. That the conditions generally were of an unsatisfactory nature was evidenced by the irregular and meagre crops which were borne by most forms of deciduous trees, as even those which bore a fine display of bloom did not by any means set and carry heavy crops of fruit. In regard to annual vegeta- tion, while cereals were an average in straw and grain, great difficulty was experienced in harvesting these in a satisfactory state, owing to the continuance of inclement weather. Turnips improved towards the end of the season, and the crops were better than was at first anticipated. The dearth of sunshine, combined with the excessive rainfall, seriously affected the potato crop, which was below average in quantity and quality, while in some cases, when planted late on heavy soils, the crop was not worth lifting. There was a superabundance of grass throughout the season, and pasturage at the end of the year was unusually fresh and green. Regarding the prospects for the coming year, deciduous trees generally are in good condition, and, given congenial weather, there is every prospect of an excellent display of bloom. It is different, however, with most evergreens, which, owing to the super- abundance of moisture and abnormally mild weather, are sur- charged with sap, and ill-fitted to withstand a serious lowering of temperature, or a long spell of dry, cutting winds. It is to be hoped they will escape the ordeal they passed through in the spring of 1900, which, though of short duration, left them sadly crippled. The difficulty in getting evergreen shrubs to thrive in our city yearly increases ; therefore, when the vitality of the plants is lowered by such natural accidents as severe frosts, there is small chance of them regaining vigour where the conditions, such as obtain in a busy, manufacturing centre, are decidedly unnatural, 212 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and when coupled with a heavy clay soil, through which water percolates slowly, certainly unfavourable for quick, healthy development, and ability to withstand severe and abnormal atmospheric changes. Subjoined is the meteorological record for the past three years as kept at Queen's Park, and the averages for the last twelve years. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1900. 213 K 5 J H w Ei M o h CD H O 5 W"Hr-lr-lr-lr-lT-l(M{MC> 05 ^§SS^^^;s^OCico CD 5 w e5^ JOOr-.GO(MO^Ob-OGOr-t woo^ioooios(MrtH{fl. 2 '3 a OOWhhOOCONOWN CD "<* CD 00 H 2§£22S28«>£22 CO EtOLOGICAL R£ Rain Gauge o „■ Ifl a to « C3 SSSkSggs-ogo ^ ^ ^ O lO © © o lO lO 1C5 CO g o C CD l-H O 00 Oi 00 H »HO)H(MooTtnoiooa)H W a 6 • a P E -2 - c 3 S o Ph O O '3 o NeoHHNrtH^cbcbi'o w O kT **"» • • • • '. 1 & CD S-i 23~_r „ « a « g p ■ . 214 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Additions to the List of Scottish Coleoptera. By Anderson Fergusson. [Read 25th June, 1901.] In compiling the list of Coleoptera of Clyde for the Handbook to be issued on the occasion of the meeting of the British Associa- tion at Glasgow in September, I found in the material which passed through my hands a number of species which appeared to be new to Scotland. These species are included in the list of Clyde Coleoptera, but I have thought it advisable to put them on record separately, and accordingly I append a list of them hereto. Strictly speaking all the species in the appended list are not new to Scotland, as some of them were recorded previous to the publication of Dr. Sharp's "Coleoptera of Scotland" [Scottish Naturalist, 1871-81); but Dr. Sharp evidently was doubtful of the authenticity of these previous records, and the species to which they referred were either excluded from his list altogether, or only included within square brackets as requiring confirma^ tion. Their occurrence in the Clyde area now confirms these doubtful records and gives the species a secure place on the Scottish list. So far as I can ascertain none of the beetles in the following list have been recorded from Scotland since the com- pletion of Dr. Sharp's list. I am indebted to the gentlemen whose names are mentioned below for permission to record their captures. I have to thank the Rev. Alfred Thornley, F.L.S., the Rev. H. S. Gorham, F.Z.S., and Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., for their kindness in confirming my identification of some of the followiug species and identifying others for me. The nomenclature followed is that of Sharp and Fowler's " Catalogue of British Coleoptera," 1893. Leistus spinibcwbis, F. — I have received a specimen of this fine species from Mr. John Dunsmore, of Paisley, and there is another in the collection of Mr. Robert Eden, of the same city. Mr. Dunsmore and Mr. Eden inform me that they take it sparingly in a wood near Paisley. ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF SCOTTISH COLEOPTERA. 215 Badister sodalis, Duft. — In Wilson and Duncan's " Entomologia Edinensis" (1834) this species is stated to have been taken by Dr. Leach at Loch Awe. This record is repeated in Murray's " Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Scotland " (1853). Dr. Sharp, however, in his list placed the species within square brackets, and remarked, " Doubtful as Scottish. ' Loch Awe, Dr. Leach' (Ent. Edin.). I am nearly certain this is an error." A single specimen (which has been shown to the Rev. Mr. Thornley) was taken by Mr. Andrew Adie Dalglish, F.E.S., by shaking moss near Barr, South Ayrshire, in April, 1900. Although Mr. Dalglish and I searched the locality thoroughly we could not find any further specimens. Bembidium affine, Steph. — Although this pretty species was recorded as occurring near Glasgow in 1860, by A. and M. Soloman [Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer, ix., 52), it was not included in Dr. Sharp's list. It had even earlier than this, in 1858 and 1859, been taken in the Glasgow district by the Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.D., F. S.A.Scot. More recently Mr. Dalglish has taken it sparingly at Giffnock and Mr. Dunsmore near Paisley. Cercyon depressus, Steph. — A single specimen of this species was taken by Mr. Dalglish under decaying seaweed on the shore at Barassie, in June, 1899. The specimen has been submitted to the Rev. Mr. Thornley and Mr. Champion. Gyrophcena pidchella, Heer. — At an excursion of the Society to Drymen, in September, 1900, I took several examples of this rare Gyrophcena in a decaying fungus in the policies of Buchanan Castle. Canon Fowler (" Coleoptera of the British Islands," ii., 155) states that " the species was first introduced as British by Dr. Power, and has only occurred in the London district." The Rev. Mr. Thornley and Mr. Champion have examined specimens. Tachyporus formosus, Matth. I found an immature Tachy- porus, which the Rev. H. S. Gorham assigns to this species, in tidal refuse at Ayr in 1894. The records for this species in Fowler (I.e., ii., 195) are confined to the South of England. . 216 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Cryptophagus distinguendus, Sturm. — I took one example amongst refuse on the margin of a pond at Bishopton in March, 1900. Phyllotreta sinuata, Steph. — Mr. Dalglish obtained this species by sweeping at Luss in June, 1900. Crepidodera aurata, Marsh. — One example was swept by Mr. Dalglish at Bonhill, in July, 1900. Rhynchites nanus, Payk. — Murray, in his " Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Scotland," gave Penmansliiel Wood, Berwick- shire, and Raehills as localities for this species, and the late Mr. Robert Hislop also recorded it from the outskirts of Forres (Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, vii. (1870-71), 11); but Dr. Sharp placed it within square brackets in his list, and stated that he had never seen a Scottish individual of the species, and that he thought it very pro- bable that the specimens should rather be referred to R. uncinatus, Thorns. Examples of R. nanus, which have been examined by the Rev. Alfred Thornley, were taken last summer by Mr. Eden near Paisley, and by Mr. Dalglish at Bishopton. Balaninus villosus, F. — One specimen of this fine weevil was taken by the Rev. Mr. Somerville on the north side of the Holy Loch in 1860. NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 217 Notes on the Marine Deposits of the Firth of Forth, and their Relation to its Animal Life. By F. G. Pearcey, Naturalist to the Fishery Board for Scotland. [Read 27th August, 1901.] In 1898 I was enabled to examine the deposits at present forming the floor of the Firth of Forth, and especially those found in the areas of the stations laid down for special observa- tions by the Fishery Board for Scotland. The Firth of Forth may be taken as extending from Alloa to the Isle of May. From Grangemouth to near Queensferry it measures 1J miles in breadth, with a depth of less than 10 fathoms. At Queensferry it contracts to 1 mile, and the depth increases over a small area near by to 40 fathoms, but diminishes afterwards. From Queensferry the breadth increases again to 5 miles at Leith, and to 16 at Musselburgh. The firth again contracts to 8 miles between Fidra and Chapel Ness, after which it again widens to 18 miles across, where it merges with the North Sea at the May Island. A short tract of 10 fathoms, known as the narrow deep, lies to the south of Inchkeith, and a few miles to the north-east of that island the 20-fathom area begins, tending north-eastwards, and spreading out off Largo towards both shores till quite close up to the May Island. The Isle of May is connected to the mainland of Fife by a submarine plateau, rising to within 20 fathoms from the surface, and a few miles to the eastward of it depths of over 30 fathoms commence. The mean depth of the whole firth is 14 fathoms, the deepest water found where deposits were obtained and examined, at Station IX., is 35 fathoms. The greatest extent of shallow water ranges from Leith to North Berwick along the south shore, across Aberlady Bay, on the south side, and from Kirkcaldy close along Largo Bay, off the coast, to Fife Ness, on the north side. From Queensferry to Alloa the deposits cannot, in the true sense of the term, be classed among the marine deposits, as this 218 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. area is for the most part formed of or covered by mud flats derived almost wholly from material deposited and brought there by the influence of the River Forth itself, and are therefore not taken into account in describing the deposits. From Queensferry to Inchkeith the deposits consist for the most part of dark sandy muds in the North Channel. Drum Sands and Flats, as the name indicates, are made up of sandy and shelly muds, merging into pure sands, between Hound Point and Cramond Island ; those on the middle bank comprise muddy sands to pure sands, and sand, gravel, and shells. In Leith Roads the deposits are made up of sandy mud to brown unctuous mud, which again gradually merges off into sandy muds and sand, as the water shallows, south of the south channel. Nine stations have been laid down on the chart by the Fishery Board for special observations, over which zoological, physical, and other work has been carried on from time to time. As these stations are fairly well distributed, the deposits found at each station may be taken as typical examples of the district in question. I consider it as important, therefore, not only to give a detailed description of the deposits from each of these stations, but also lists of the animals obtained, so as more fully to ascertain what bearing, if any, the deposits, and their condition as we now find them, have upon the " Benthos " (animals that live on the bottom), the movements of the fish and their food supply, the results of which will be found in the following pages. These stations, with the exception of VIII. and IX., which lie a little to the south-east of the Isle of May, are all situated between Inchkeith and the May Island, their positions are given in the following table, but may be better understood by reference to the accompanying chart on which they are represented : — NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 219 OS dead blue- l with nker. o3 to © ci hells, i, and O CD ft O .ft ft £>* ft o o o w 3* 1 © j> o-° ^ © 02 . • r © ^ .Ha ^ W . PJ «2r2CC fl fe-lrt» d ft © O Pi .2 'w O g«2 ^ g ft.£f> "S - so „ >> Sft Jr 7- 7 « is 4 j -JShciS §ft ^ h r § ~.2h> ft^ 8S 5? ^ft ^ O o i— i © rj i^ o 2 filftT: |0 1 .2 •2 Ha ~^ ^ © © . 02 CC o © ©Ti £ftO^ 1 ^ '•§ '. o • o 1 &!* ^^ »« ill?. ^ « ^ « © *** rl "88 § -s ^ m q3 © to^ Hco H« ccH* g£ <* CO i> CO tH h1 a . 02 . © 0) .13 +3 02 '© £ " m 220 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 'w O CD P CD t-i d 1 lue-grey Sandy Mud and Sand, with coal ash and clinker. ark brown Sandy Mud at north-east end ; Brown Sand at south-west end. d CD to . s§ o o o § RJ P oq 03 o t^ o co o ~ O r— 1 CO ^5 .2 o -1-3 O -(-3 o ■+3 o co i— i si C5 d" H3 >> r d r2> i> -^ CD "+ m - m d ce o d ^ m ^ ^3 i— t u-i e3 44 rf ,*£ CD O O ^ O O O • en w m ^9 ^.^ O rl CD & .2 m o -el *£ O ^ 'd H ^ «0 CJrTi jS W •d „ fi c_i '..3 I B ^ 2 - * g 1^ ^ J ■ . r -L^ °° grWrH ^J25 02 r* CO ^3 co MW HN d © S t— i TJH WW O Hi d "* -4-3 g s d ^3T ° £ o d^ o o a> o ■SgJ 43 >» 03 03 ^ rd • 03 O rd -^ 111 ^ U) ffi o o Hi a d d '^ *w 5^ dfcn -d d r> 02 *=! JH tfS- fctj +> oS o OM O O Ph Ph e*-1 d o § > H- 1 > 1— 1 1— 1 t— 1 NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 221 At several points over the area of each of these stations, besides numerous points outside these areas, samples of the deposits were obtained by sounding tube or dredge. In many cases fully one hundredweight of the deposit came up, which was submitted to careful washing on the spot through sieves of various material and size of mesh ; all the animals noted and preserved, as also those taken by the beam trawl and tow-nets ; the microscopical organisms collected and preserved for further examination, while good typical examples of the deposits, were carefully preserved and brought on shore for detailed examination and microscopical analysis. This work, which required a considerable amount of time and careful manipulation, has been accomplished by myself from time to time, as circumstances would permit. The methods employed in the examination of these deposits are the same as those applied by Messrs. Murray and Ronard in describing the marine deposits obtained during the " Challenger " Expedition. The carbonate of calcium was determined by estimating the carbonic acid, weak and cold hydrochloric acid being used for the purpose. The part insoluble in the acid is designated residue, which, by washing, decantation, and micro- scopical inspection, is separated into three parts — (a) Minerals, the contraction m. di., indicating the mean diameter in millimetres ; (b) Siliceous organisms, including the casts of Foraminifera and other calcareous organisms ; (c) Fine washings, including those particles which, resting in suspension, pass off with the first decantations. The numbers in brackets (20*00 per cent.) indicate the per- centage of CaCo3 of the whole sample. Classification and General Character of the Deposits of the Firth of Forth. The deposits found in the area under consideration come under the classification of shallow-water terrigenous deposits*, and are, as would be expected, of a true terrigenous character. They are mainly made up of the debris derived from the general disintegration of the land along the shores of the estuary and coast of the firth, from land drainage, and by solid matter borne * After Messrs. Murray and Ronard. 222 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. down by currents from the River Forth, in suspension, the former, however, being the chief factor from which these deposits owe their origin. They consist for the most part of blue-grey or brown plastic sandy muds, of fine grain ; along the north channel to the May Island these merge into brown sandy mud, with dead shells or shell sand, to siliceous sands, and from these to sand and stones, shingle or rock fragments, the latter forms being found in depths less than 10 fathoms, in and off bays, close inshore along the coast to the low- water mark. A well-marked reach of dark grey and brown unctuous mud extends from within four miles east of Inchkeith, spreading out north and south, funnel shaped, to within a short distance of the May Island, varying in depths from 20 to 30 fathoms. About a mile further east it merges into the grey muds or oozes of the North Sea, coloured grey on the reference chart. On the north and south side of this area we find sandy muds, with dead shells, predominating, especially over the area of Stations I. and III. ; from 18 to 10 fathoms they become more mixed and sandy, while between 10 and 5 fathoms and less they emerge into siliceous sands, with stones and rock fragments. At one or two localities, especially off St. Monance, Station VI., in 10 to 18 fathoms, we find a more or less pure shell sand, containing from 30 to 70 per cent, of carbonate of lime (see reference chart). It should be noted that coal, coal ash, and clinkers have been taken, in more or less quantities, in all the deposits examined from the Firth of Forth. Summary op the Deposits. The deposits obtained at Stations I. and III. are similar in composition, and to them the name " Turritella Mud" might appropriately be applied, on account of the great number of the dead shells of the genus bearing that name it contains, and and from which the high percentage of CaCo3 is chiefly due. A thin surface layer of brown fine argillaceous matter, in which the Turritella lay imbedded, is of a recent formation, and a striking feature over the whole floor of the firth, like in composi- tion to a river mud, derived partly from material carried down from the River Forth and partly from matter thrown over from NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FTRTH OF FORTH. 223 harbour dredgers, which are constantly at this work. The deposit beneath this again has more the character of an ordinary shallow- water marine deposit. At Station II. the deposit was found to be similar in composi- tion to that at Stations I. and III., with the exception that the dead Turritella shells and other organisms are rare in comparison. The deposit taken at Station IV. is more of a transitional character than those found at Stations I. to III. Over the area of Station IV. we pass through patches of a siliceous sand, which again merges into grey sandy mud and shells or dark-blue mud, similar to those obtained in and along the South Bay, till within the 5-fathom line. Mixed with these deposits was obtained at times masses of a blue plastic clay corresponding to material taken from the new dock workings in course of construction at Leith and deposited here by the harbour dredgers, all of which tend in no small measure to obliterate the animal life at the bottom. At Station V. a dark-brown or grey homogenous mud of fine grain is found, which stretches over a considerable area inside the 20-fathom line to within a short distance of the May Island. Many soundings were taken in this locality, all showing the brown surface layer of river mud. At Station VI. a typical shell sand was found, and the Mollusca, Foraminifera, and other animal remains which make up the bulk of this deposit are of interest. The majority of these are seen to be more or less infiltrated with a ferruginous-like substance, and are for the most part of a deep ferric brown — some are brown, pinkish, or white, and many of a greenish-grey colour; in some crystallization has taken place, and the majority of the material which forms this deposit, when treated with cold dilute hydrochloric acid, leaves beautiful and perfect casts of the Foraminifera and many of the other organisms, which, however, are very friable. This appears to be due to some chemical combination, which has most probably taken place inside the organisms themselves, and which I have not yet been able to determine, a feature not uncommon in many marine deposits, more especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions, where in some localities it plays an important part in forming phosphatic and other conglomerations on the sea floor ; it is therefore of considerable interest to have found a similar 224 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. action going on in the Firth of Forth. This form of deposit, which often makes up extensive banks or reefs, can be traced for a considerable distance along the coast, till it passes off into siliceous sands, sandy muds, sand, mud, and shells, or ooze of the open sea, where life on the bottom is more prolific. The deposits found over the areas of Stations VII. and VIII. may be taken as typical offshore transitional forms on account of their variation, for instance, at the west end of Station VII. and south-west end of Station VIII. a fine-grained, reddish-coloured siliceous sand is found, which gradually emerges into a homogenous plastic mud at points farthest from the coast line. The deposits found at Station IX. consist of a typical marine shallow- water mud, although on its surface distinct traces of the brown, fine argillaceous materia] wj;^ observed, clearly demon- strating, which all my observati* t» go to prove, how this deposit of fine mud is being laid dow i over the floor of the firth, diminishing gradually as the open sea is reached. A marked feature in all the deposits examined by me between Inchkeith and the May Island is their impurity, the amount of detrital, decaying organic matter and dead remains of animals they contain. Marine lnd on the whole is found more abundant at Station VII., the deposit itself much cleaner and healthy looking than those found at Stations I. to VI. At Station VIII. the purity of the deposit ar 1 amount of life was found more striking (see lists of anim Is obtained at this station, and compare with others), and even more so at Station IX. where comparatively little f jreign material was observed. It will also be observed that marine life was found to be more prolific at this station than at either of the others. «- JOH Milcs —• Section across mouth of the firth of Forth through thefs/ecfMay. Off St. and Pit (Fluke Hole), Designation and Pliyiicul Cliaiacters. Mottled Blue i:rey and Brown Sandy Mud, with dead sheila, gritty, earthy, dries into hard, dark, grey ish-biown lumps, which readily break up" when placed into water. Residue— Dark brown. if Sand, greyish brown, sli^htly t, dues into dark-brown friable RtaidM— Reddish brown. Mud and shells, grey-brown hard lily ' ' ;-Grey Sandy Mud, with dead coherent, earthy, gritty, dries into irown more or less in..l>)" lumps, do not readily break down in Residue— Dark slate-brown. Dakk-hkowniM i-D, homog earthy, gritty, dries into I lumps, whiuh break up v lifficulty - Dark reddish-brown. Shell Sand, with traces sufficient to allow of the particle together, forming small" balls instances. Residue— Yel .wish i Blue-grey San th.-rV. phytic ■er. /fesioSwe— DarJd brown. . kiU'LnsH-miowN ^,and, with slight fii.u shell ■s th larkL reak down .plasti down in 1 ' Mtj-D, greyish when art iy,homogeneous, it-birown lumps, tine jus, plastic, litird grey -brown earthy, pulveru- i y break down id -Dark brown. :.. ). MilioliiKi, Bilooulina, Textulai lymorphina, TruncatuliiKi, Discorb Gypsina, llotali.t, N uniunioa, Polystor {2-00 per cent.) Miliolina, Keoplurc Haplophragmium, Textnl.ria, Bolivina. Lagena, Polymorphina, Trimcatulina, Globigerina, Di (3 00 per cent.). Miliolina, Biluculina, lieophas. HaplupliTagmmm, Textularia, Lagena, Polymorphina, Truncatulina, Discorbina, Gypsina, Kotalia, Polystom- (2-00 percent.)- Bilocul Sniroloeulina, Cormispiru,Truehaniniina, Textularida?, Lagenidte, Discorbina, Truncatulina, Rotalidffi, &c. {1-00 per cent ). The chief families of furaminifera are represented, but are on the whole very rare, and chiefly dead shells. (2-00 per cent.). Nubecularia, Bilo- rulina, Miliolina. Gh. r.iT 00 pel com.) in. di. 02 m.m. to 1 m.m I'hielK i mi iidc, 1 quartz grains, many coated with ferric oxide. ■.: (. 2 ui. us. Rounded and angular quail/., mica, augite. hornblende, fel -spar, magnetite ; glassy iragments ; traces ol (2400 per cent). Consisting of fine argillaceous lu.iU.r, line mnieial parti- eles, with fragments of diatoms and sponge spicules, decayed organic (-29 -no per cent.). Argillaceous matter, fine mineral particles, and fragments of siliceous organisms, with some organic material. (29'00 per cent). Argillaceous matter, tine mineral particles, frag- ments of si li.-eou.s organisms, Uocciilciit, amorphous matter, and traces oi (33*00 per cent.). Argillaceous matter, line mineral particles, traces of organic material, fragments of sponge .-picnics ami diatoms. (1000 per cent). Ferruginous, fiocculent, amorphous matter, traces of argillaceous matter, fragments of casts, sponge spicules, diatoms, organic matter, and semi-chitonous 129-00 per cent.). Argillaceous matter, tine mineral particles, frag- ments of sponge spicules and diatoms, amorphous matter. Argill il tides, (34 00 per cent.). Argillaceous matter, fine mineral particles, glassy fragments, fragments of sponge spicules and diatoms. ■UUHTIONAL UHSEilVAlInxs. The dredge brought up fully one hundredweight of the dej osit, which showed three distinc The surface layer, some two inches in thickness, composed of a soft, thin, dark brown rm<] which weie great numbers of Turrndta Urchra. Quite 9s per cent, of these were dead Bhella bad alia.. 'he, 1 to them a small I, right pink-coloured actinia \ttuit,uld shells of Turrit'lla ttrebra. The othei or-aniiins ilso, with one or two exceptions, similar to those obtained at Station I. brought up a considerable quantity of the deposit both at the east and west end of the t obtained at the east end was a bl.ie-giv. eu dy mud containing manv dead shells of /' d colonies, or bosses, of the worm tubes .s " v,,, .,/r>:vluta. At the west end the dredge ue muddy sand and shdU with pMches of o. . iv . uhcrciit. plastic clav • in other parts a pure brown sand with fragments of rounded a lew a,vtuar- tine-gramed compact red Sandstone. Quartzite. Shale, and Schistose rn.de, 4l to 3 in dies, all more r, '.wsuvei-.Tunn with b.ilauus, serpula, and gypsma, nmsth dead. Traces of the line argill.;... ai-, materia: was observable. Both the sounding tube and dredge gave ; that obtained at Stations I. to IV. by the t size of the mineral particles, which are hen thin surface layer of brown argillaceous mat I,,.- nation a imnv t\ i icrd Inunog, neons m mi, differing from . nee ol perfect dca. i lull.- of u,e large moliusea. and the lore unii.irin, and the absence of rod. iragments, with a The sounding tube gave only a few grains of shell fragments. The dredge brought up fully one hundredweight of the deposit at the middle of this station, 'made up . hn-lly of I > i - broken-down parts of gastiop.ul and iatiicllibrancn ,-lu.lls. from which the bulk of carbonate of ljnie is d.-riv.-.l. the majority of these, with the other organic remains, are seen to be more or le.-- u nitrated throughout unit ferruginous* material, while some are dark greenish-grey in colour. In somM crystallisation has taken place" All these fragments, when treated w,th dilute hydrochloric acid, b.-ai Hid and perfect easts remain, brown, reddish, yellowish-green, and grey-black. The whole of the deposit taken by dredge was carefully pu-sci through sieves on board. In this way a number of smoothly -rou id..d and' angular rock fragments and pebbles were obtained, viz. :— Coarse and (m-.-graincd sandstone, mici-sehisi , augite, dio,ue, gneissic rock, quartz, clinker, and coal, measuring £ to g inch. Many of these were much altered. Some arc perfectlj round, with smooth surfaces, while others are angular. A considerable quantity of the deposit came up in the dredge showing in parts layers of shelly sand, in others a coherent plastic mud. Another haul with .hedge in the muhu, of this station gave soiucwhal * 'le at the tctit <-ud the dredge gave a finc-graintit ixddith-broivn mn<:, ght traces of brown mud on the surface. The dredge came up fill- d with this homogeneous mud, from which, after being washed through sieves, a number of Ga*(t roj'O^.i, Lameiiih'urfh.-., Crn?:acn, '.'.irdniiii, and A&terid-'i. Tin.' sounding tube brought up a small quantity of bluish -grey mud, with a thin surface h.ycr < of a reddish-brown colour. The dredge brought up a ipiantity oi similar material, showing tract layer of the same fine red-hrown mud, which appeals to owe its origin to a more recent time, ■; the settling down of the hue argillaceous matter in suspension .an n d o'll from th<- \Umt I'oit.n this deposit, was pushed through the sieves and the organisms preserved, which are here more abundant than at any of the other stations examined. hably 1 MOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 227 LIST OF ANIMALS OBTAINED BY TRAWL, DREDGE, AND TOW-NET OVER THE AREAS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH STATIONS. Station I. — 10-18 fathoms. Abbreviations.— v.i\, very rare; r., rare; f., few; fr., frequent; c, common; abdt. , abundant ; m., many ; d. , dead ; 1., living. Lophius piscatorius, L. Anarrhichus lupus, L. Cyclopterus lumpus, L. Gadus morhua, L. , r. ,, ceglefinus, L., r. ,, virens, L., r. Pisces. v.r. Pleuronectes platessa, L., v.r. v.r. ,, microcephalus, Don., r. v.r. ,, limanda, L., r. Hippoglossoides limandoides, Bloch. , r. Glupeaharengus, L., v.r. ,, sprattus, L., m. c. Raia clavata, L., v.r. Anomia ephippium, L., f. d. ,, patelliformis, L., r. d. Ostrea edulis, L., valves, f. Ptcten opereularis, L., v.r. d. ,, pusio, L., valves, v.r. Mytilus edulis, L. , valves, r. ,, modiolus, L., r. d. Modiolaria marmorata, Forbs., [valves, v.r. Nucida nitida, G.B.S., r. d. Leda minuta, Mull., v.r. d. Gardium echinatum, L., valves, r. ,, edide, L., v.r. d. Diplodonta rotundata, Mont., [valves, r. TUNICATA. Styelopsis grossularia, V. Ben. , f . 1. MOLLUSCA. Gyprina islandica, L. , r. d. Scrobicularia alba (Wood), f. d. ,, prismatica, Mont., f. 1. Solen siliqua, L., r. d. Thracia papyracea, Poli., v.r. d. Gorbula gibba, Olivi. , f . d. Saxicava rugosa, L. , f . d. Turritella terebra, L. , abdt. d. ,, terebra, var. nivea, Jeff., [r. d. Buccinum undatum, L., v.r. d. ,, undatum, eggs of, 1. [colonies. Fusus antiquus, L., v.r. d. Hyas coarctatus, Leach, r. Zocea of Brachyura, f. Eupagurus btrnhardus (L.), r. ,, pubescens (Kroyer), r. Porcellana longicornis, Penn., v.r Crangon vulgaris, Fabr., f. Hyperia galba (Mont.), v.r. Calanus Jinmarchicus (Gunn.), f. Caligus rapax. , M. Edw. , f . Crustacea. Candaciapectinata, Brady, f. Hyperoche turrifarmis, r. Parathemisto oblivia, abdt. Peroculodes longimanus, f. Alteutha, sp? f. Metopa, sp ? r. Balanus hameri, Ascan., v.r. ,, balanoides (L.), c. ,, crcnatus (Brug.), v.r. D 228 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW, Vermes. Tomopteris onisciformis, Esch. , r. Serpula vermicular is, Ellis, r. d. ,, triquetra (Linn6), v.r. Polynoe squamata ( Johnst. ), r. Pectinaria belgica (Pallas), r. d. Glyeera dubia, Blainv. , v. r. ,, alba (Mlill. ), r. Phascohsoma strombi (Mont.), v.r. Pontobdella muricata (L.), r. Sagitia bipunctata, Q. and G., f. Alcyonidium parasiticum, Flem., f. Membranipora pilosa, Linne, v.r. d. Flustra papyracea, Ell. and Sol., v.r. Gemellaria loricata (Linn. ), f. ECHINODERMATA. Echinus escidentus, L. , v. r. d. ,, miliaris, L., v.r. Echinocardium flavescens, O.F.M., [v.r. Asterias rubens, L., r. Solaster papposus, Fabr., v.r. Ophiothrix fragilis, Abild, f. Ophiura ciliaris, L., f. Ophiura albida, Forb., v.r. ACTINOZOA AND HyDROZOA. Uticina crassicornis ? O.F.M., abdt. [on dead Turritella shells. Alcyonium digitatum, L., r. Hydrallmania falcata, L., v.r. Beroe ovata, Lam., r. Clytea johnsloni, Aid., v.r. Companularia flexuosa, Hincks, r. Cydippe pomiformis 1 f. FORAMINIFERA. Bilocidina depressa, d'Orby, v.r. d. Miiiolina seminulum, L., r. ,, oblonga, Montag., v.r. Reophax fusiformis, Will., r. d. ,, scorpmrus, Montf., v.r. d. Haplophragmium psendo-spirale, [Will.,1. ,, canariense, [d'Orby, r.d. Textularia por recta, Brady, v.r. d. Spiroplecta sagithda, Defr., v.r. 1. Gaudryinafiiiformis, Ber., f. d. Virgulina subsquamosa, d'Orby, r. Bolivina plicata, d'Orby, v.r. d. ,, pygmcea, d'Orby, v.r. d. Bulimina elegans, d'Orby, v.r. d. ,, marginata, d'Orby, f. 1. ,, exilis, Goes., v.r. Bulimina elegantissima, d'Orby, v.r. Lagena striata, d'Orby, r. 1. ,, sidcata, W. and J., 1. ,, Williamsoni, Alcock, f. ,, vulgaris, Will., r. 1. ,, loevis, Montagu, r. Nodosaria communis, d'Orby, v.r. d. Cristellaria gibba, d'Orby, v.r. d. Discorbina orbicidaris, Terg., f. ,, globularis, d'Orby, r. 1. ,, rosacea, d'Orby, r. Planorbulina mediierranimsis, [d'Orby, r. Truncatulina lobatida, W. and J. , [v.r. d. Botalia beccarii, L., c. chiefly d. Polystomclla striato -punctata, L. and [M., f. Polystomella arctica, P. and J., r. NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 229 Station II, North Bay of West Wemyss. — 10-15% fathoms. Pisces. Lophius piscatorius, L. , f . Pleuronectes platessa, L. , r. Anarrhichus lupus, L., v.r. ,, limanda, L., r. Gadus morhua, L., r. Hippoglossoides limandoides, Bloch. ,, atgleinis, L., f. Raia radiata, Don., v.r. ,, merlangus, L., f. TUNICATA. Ascidia mentula, O.F.M., v.r. Ascidie.Ua virginta, O.F.M., f. Botrylloidcs rubrum, M.Edw., v.r. MOLLUSCA. Pectin opercularis, L., r. d. Dtntalium entalis, L., three, d. Nucida nitida, G.B.S., v.r. d. Eulima intermedia, L., one, dead. Scrobicularia alba, Wood, r. d. Rissoa, sp ? r. d. ,, prismatica, Mont., Aporrhais pes pelecani, L., two, d. [r. d. Buccinum undatum, L., r. d. Solen siiiqua, L., v.r. d. Fusus antiquus, L., one, d. ,, pellucidus, Penn, one, 1. Nassa reticulata, L., r. d. Saxicava rugosa, L., valves, f. Polyctra, sp? v.r. Pholas Candida, L., v.r. d. Loligo vulgaris, Lnk., one, 1. Crustacea. Carcinus mcenas (L.), v.r. 1. Calanus finmarcliicus (Gunner), f. Caneer pagurus, L., v.r. 1. Parathemisto oblivia, f. NtpTirops norvegicus (L.), f. Caligus rapax, M.E., v.r. Eupagurws bernhardus (L.), r. Hyperoche tauriformis, r. Thysanoessa, sp? f. Vermes. Tomopteris onisciformis, Esch., f. Membranipora pilosa (L.), r. Sabella pavonia (Savegny), f. Aphrodite aculeata (L.), r. Nereis pelagica (L.), v.r. Polynoe squamafa (Johnston), f. Pectenaria belgica (Pallas), v.r. Sagitta bipunctata, Q. and G., f. Gemellaria loricata (L.), f. Flustra foliacea, L., r. d. * Alcyonidium parasiticum, Flem., f. ECHINODERMATA. Echinus tscultntus, L., one, d. Ophiura ciliaris, L., f. 1. Spatangu* purpureus, Mull., r. Asterias rubens, L., f. Echinocardium jtavescens, 0. Ed. Ophiothrix frag His, Abild., r. [Mull., three, d. 230 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Hydrozoa. Alcyonium digitatum, L., r. Sertularia arbietina, L., v.r. Hydrallmania falcata, L., r. Foraminifera. Miliolina seminulum, L., r. 1. ,, ciradaris, Bom., v.r. d. ,, oblonga, Montague, v.r. 1. Hippocrepina, sp ? no v. v.r. Reophax scorpiurus, Montr., v.r. [chiefly d. » 5 fusiformis, Will., f. 1. ,, Scotti, Chaster, v.r. 1. Haplophragmium pseudo-spirale, [Will., f. 1. ,, canariensis, [d'Orby, f. d. Textularia porrecia, Brady, v.r. d. Spiroplecta sagittula, Defr.,pv.r. 1. Gaudryina filiformis, Ber., f. d. Virgulina subsquamosa, d'Orby, f. d. Clavulina obscura, d'Orby, v.r. d. Bolivina decussata, r. d. ,, punctata, d'Orby, f. d. ,, pygmcea, d'Orby, r. d. Bulimina tltgans, Brady, v.r. 1. ,, marginata, d'Orby, c. 1. ,, exilis, Brady, v.r. d. ,, elegantissima, d'Orby, [v.r. d. ,, contraria, Will., v.r. d. Cassidulina crassa, d'Orby, v.r. d. Nodosaria filiformis, Brady, v.r. d. Cristellaria cultrata, Mont. ? young, [one d. Polymorphism communis, Will., v.r. Uvigerina angulosa, Will., v.r. d. Lagena sulcata, W. and J., f. i. ,, Williamsoni, Alcock, r. d. ,, vulgaris, Will., r. 1. ,, laivis, Mont., f. d. ,, squamosa, Mont., r. d. ,, quadricostulata, Rss., v.r. d. ,, globosa, Mont., r. d. ,, quadrata, Will., r. d. ,, semistriata, Will., r. d. ,, marginata, W. and B., r. d. Globigerina bulloides, d'Orby, r. d. Discorbina orbicularis, Terg., f. [chiefly d, ,, globidaris, d'Orby, r. d. ,, rosacea, d'Orby, f. [chiefly d, Planorbulina mediterraniensis, [d'Orby, f. d. Truncatxdina lobatula, W. and J., r. d Rotalia beccarii, L., c. 1. and d. Nonionina turgida, Will., v.r. d. Polystomella striato -punctata, F. and [M., c. d, ,, arctica, P. and J., r.d. Station III., East of Inchkeith. — 7 \-10 fathoms. Pisces. Pleurone.ctts microcephalia, Don. ,, cynoglossus, L., r. ,, limanda, L., f. r. Hippoglossoides limandoides, r. Clupta harengus, L., r. ,, sprattus, L., f. r. Raia clavata, L., v.r. Lophius piscatorius, L., r. Anarrhichus lupus, L., v.r. Gadus morhua, L., v.r. ,, cegletinus, L., r. ,, merlangus, L., v.r. Mtrluccius vulgaris, Cuv., v.r. Pleuronectes plattssa, L., v.r. Raia batis, L., v.r. NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OP THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 231 TUNICATA. Siyelopsis glossularia, V. Ben., f. r. 1. MOLLUSCA. Ostrea edulis, L., v.r. d. Scrobicularia prismalica (Mont.), f. 1. Pecten opercularis (L.), r. m. d. „ alba (Wood), r. d. Mytilus edulis, L., v.r. d. Solen siliqua, L., v.r. d. Cardium edule, L., v.r. d. Thracia papyracea (Poli.), v.r. d. Cyprina islandica (L.), f. d. Buccinum undatum, L., r. d. Fusus antiquus (L.), v.r. d. Crustacea. Hyas araneus, L., one. Alacromysis Jlexuosus (Mull.), f. ,, coarctatus. Leach, v.r. Schistomysis spiritus (Norm.), f. Eupagurus Bernhardus (L.), f. ,, ornatus (Sars.), f. ,, cuanensis (Thomp.), one. Diastylus, sp ? f. Balanus balanoidts, (L.), f. d. Parathylus swammtrdami (M. ,, hameri, Ascanius, v.r. d. [Edw.), f. ,, crenatus, (Brug.), v.r. d. Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner), f. r. Nephrops norvegicus (L.), r. Hyperoche tauriformis (Bate), f. Pandalus montagui, Leach, r. Erythrovs Goessi, f. r. Thysanoessa, sp. f. Lyanasidid, sp. f. Parathemisto oblivia (Kr.), r. Iphimidea obtsa, Pathke, f. Mysidopsis gibbosa, G.O.S., f. Caligus rapax, M. Edw., f. Perioeculodes longimanus (Bate), f. Vermes. Tomopteris onisciformis, Esch., fr. Flustra securifrons, Pall., v.r. d. Sagitta bipundata, Q. and G., fr. Flustra foliacta, L., v.r. 1. Membranipora pilosa, L., r. Membranipora membranacea, L., [v.r. d. Echinodermata. Echinus escidentus, L., v.r. young, 1. Ophiura albida, Forbs., one 1. Solaster papposus, Fabr., one, 1. Asterias rubens, L., f. 1. » Ophiothrix fragilis, Abild., fr. ACTINOZOA AND HYDROZOA. Actinoioba dianthus (Ellis), one. Bunodes coronata, Perm., m. 1. on Cydippe pomiformis ? f. [dead Cyprina valves. Strtularia argentea, E. and Sol., v.r. 232 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW FORAMINIFERA. Biloculina depressa, d'Orby, v.r. d. ,, oblonga, d'Orby, v.r. d. Miliolina stminulum, L. , f . , chiefly [d. Beophax scorpiurus, Montf., f. [chiefly d. ,, fusiformis, Will., r. 1. ,, Scotti, Chaster, v.r. Haplophragmium pseudo-spirale, [Will.,r.d. ,, canariensis, [d'Orby, v.r. d. Spiroplectra sagittula, Defr., r. d. Gaudryinafl/formis, Ber., r. Virgullna squamosa, d'Orby, v.r. d. Bolivina plicata, d'Orby, v.r. d. Bulimina marginata, d'Orby, r. 1. ,, elegans, d'Orby, r. d. ,, exilis, Brady, v.r. d. Lagena sulcata, W. and J. , r. d. ,, vidgaris, Will., r. d. ,, Icevis, Montague, r. 1. ,, Williamsoni, Alcock, v.r. d. Discorbina rosacea, d'Orby, r. d. ,, globularis, d'Orby, v.r. d. Rotalia beccarii, L., f., chiefly d. Polystomella striato-punctata, F. and [M., r. d. Station IV., South Bay. — 5-9 fathoms. Pisces. Gottus scorpius, L. , v. r. Lophius piscatorius, L., r. Gadus morhua, L., r. ,, merlangus, L., r. Pleuronectes platessa, L., r. ,, Jlesus, L.j v.r. Pleuronectes microcephalus, Don., r. Hippo glossoides limandoides, [Bloch., r. Pleuronectes limanda, L., f. Nerophis aquareus, L., one. Baia radiata, Don., v.r. TUNICATA. Ascidiella virginea, O.F.M., v.r. 1. MOLLUSCA. Anomia ephippiwn, L., f. d. Pecten operadaris, L., one 1., m. d. Mytilus edulis, L., r.d. ,, barbatus, L., v.r. d. ,, modiolus, L., r. d. Modiolaria marmorata, Forb., [v.r. d. Cardium echinatum, L., r. d. ,, edule, L., r. d. Tapes pullastra, L., r. d. Donax vittatus, Dal., v.r. d. Scrobicidaria alba (Wood), v.r. d. Scrobiadaria prismatica, Mont., f. 1. Diplodonta rotundata, Mont. , one d. Mya arenaria, L., r. d. ,, truncata, L., v.r. d. Saxicava rugosa, L., f. d. Turritella terebra, L., c. d. ,, var. alba, f. d. Buccinum undatum, L., f. d. Fusus antiquus, L. , r. d. Eolis viridis (Forb.), r. Eolis Landsburgi, v.r. Polycera ocellata, Aid. and Han., r. NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 233 Crustacea. Bottom forms — Eupagurus Bemhardus (L.), one. Pandalus brevirostris, Rathke, v.r. ,, montagai, Leach, v.r. Balanus balanoides, L.. r.d. Pelagic forms — Schistomysis spiritus, Norm., v.r. Euphasidke, r. Hyperia galba (Montagu), v.r. Hyperoche tauriformis (Bate), r. Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner), f. Temora longicomis, Mull. , f . Portunus holsatus, Fabr. , one 1. Porcellana longicomis, one 1. Hyas araneus (L.), one 1. Cuma scorpioides (Mont.), r. 1. Parathemisto oblivia (Kr. ), r. Eurydice pidchra, Leach, v.r. Caligus rapax, M.E., r. Acartia, sp? r. Pseudo calanus elongatus, Baird, f. Longipedia cornuata, Clause. , f . Vermes. Tomopteris onisciformis, Esch., r. Serpula vermicularis, Ellis, f. d. Nereis pelagica, L. , r. 1. Polynoe reticulata, Clop. , r. Sagitta. bipunctata, Q. and G. , f . Pontobdella muricata, (L.), one 1. Sabellaria alveolata, m. c. on [stones and shells, d. and 1. Gemellaria loricata (L.), r. d. [colonies. Membranipora membranacea, L., [v.r. d. Flustra securifrons, Pall., v.r. Alcyonidium parasiticum, Flem., r. ECHINODERMATA. Echinus esculentus, L., v.r. young, 1. Ophiothrix fragilis, Abild., v.r. 1. Asterias rubetvs, L., v.r. young, 1. Solaster papposus, Fabr., v.r. young. Ophiura ciliaris, L., one. Hydrozoa and Actinozoa. Bunodes coronata,Vexm. , moderately Alcyonidium digitatum, L., two [c. on d. Turritella. [colonies. Nubecularia lueifuga, Defr., v.r Biioculina elongata, d'Orby, f. Miliolina, semimdum, L., m. c. f. 1. ,, oblonga, Mont., r. ,, venusta, Kar., v.r. d. ,, circularis, Bom., v.r. d. Spiroloculina li?nbata,d,Ovby, one d. Cornuspira involvens, Rss., v.r. Lfragt, FORAMINIFERA. d Reophax scorpiurus, Montf . , f . ?5 fusiformis, Will., r. ,, Scotti, Chaster, two [specimens. Haplophragmium canariensis, [d'Orby, one. , , pseudo-spirale, [Will, r. d. Textularia gramen, d'Orby, r. d. 234 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Spiroplecta sagittula, Def r. , r. Verneulina poly sir ophia, Rss., v.r. Gaudryina filiformis, Ber., f. d. Bidimina elegans, d'Orby, v.r. d. „ marginata, d'Orby, v.r. ,, elegantissima, d'Orby, r. d. Bolivina decussata, d'Orby, v.r. ,, punctata, d'Orby, r. ,, difformis, Will., v.r. d. Lagena globosa, Montagu, r. d. , , marginata, W. and B. , r. ,, semistriata, Will., f. ,, striata, d'Orby, f. ,, squamosa, Mont., f. „ laivis, Mont., m. c. ,, Williamsoni, Alcock, r. d. ,, vulgaris, Will., f. ,, gracillima, Segu., f. ,, distoma, D. and J., v.r. ,, costata, Will., v.r. ,, quadricostulata, Rss., v.r. ,, lagenoides, Will., r. Nodosaria filiformis, L., r. ,, radicula, L., v.r. d. Nodosaria pyrida, d'Orby, v.r. ,, scalaris, Batsch, f. Cristellaria crepidula, F. and M., [v.r. d. ,, gibba, d'Orby, v.r. d. Polymorphina lactea, W. and J. , r. ,, elegantissima, Will.. [r. d. Discorbina orbicidaris, Terg. , f . [chiefly d. ,, globularis, d'Orby, f. [chiefly d. ,, rosacea, d'Orby, m. c. [chiefly d. Planormdina mediterraniensis, [d'Orby, f. d. Oypsina inhaerens, Schul. , m. c. [chiefly d. Rotalia beccarii, L. , c. m. d. Polystomella striato-punctata, F. and [M., m. c. chiefly d. ,, subnodosa, d'Orby, f. d. ,, arctica, P. and J., v.r. d. Nonionina turgida, Will., v.r. Zeus faber, L. , one. Anarrhichus lupus, L., one Gadus morhua, L., r. ,, aglefinus, L., r. v.r. L.,f. , r. Turritella terebra, L., r. d. Natica alderi, Forb., v.r. d. Fusus antiquus, L., v.r. ,, gracilis, Da.C, one d Station V.— 20-80 fathoms. Pisces. Gadus merlangus, L., r. Pleuronectes platessa, L. , , , cynoglossus, ,, limanda, L. Hippogloissoidts limandoides, Bloch., v.r. MOLLUSCA. Pecten opercularls, L., valves, r. ,, pusio, L., v.r. d. Leda minuta, Mull. , r. d. Scrobicularia prismatica, Mont. , f. 1. Scrobicularia alba (Wood), f. d. three 1. Crustacea. Eupagurus bernhardus (L.), one. Nephrops norvegicus (L.), v.r. Pandalus montagui, Leach, v.r. Schist07Jiysis spiritus? Norm., r. Pseudocuma cervaria, Van. Ben., r. Parathylus sivammerdami [(M. Edw.), f. Parathemisto oblivia (Rr.), f. Calisoma crenata (Bate), fr. Thysanoessa, spl fr. Caligus rapax, M. Edw., f. Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner), fr. NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 235 ECHINODERMATA. Spatangus purpureas (0. F. Mull), Asterias rubens, L., young, f. [young, r. Ophiura albida, L., v.r. Amphiura filiformis, (0. F. Mull), r. Phascolasoma vulgare (Mont.), [one 1 Serpula vermicidaris, Ellis, v.r. 1. Trophonia glauca, Malm., v.r. 1. Pectenaria belgica (Pallas), r. 1. Sabellaria alveolata, L., f. 1. Aphrodite aculeata, (L. ), one. Nephthys cceca, Fab. , one. Vermes. Glycera alba, Blain, one. Ammotrypane aulogaster, Rath., [one. Tomopteris onisciformis, Esch., f. Pigalion idunoz, v.r. Membranipora membranacea, L. , r. ,, pilosa, L., r. Sagitta, bipunctata, Q. and G., f. r. ACTINOZOA AND HYDROZOA Actinoloba dianthus, Ed., one 1. Virgularia mirabilis, Lamk., one 1. Akyonium digitatum, L., v.r. 1. Sertidaria argentea, L., v.r. 1. Aurila aurita, Lamk., one. Ctenophora, fr. FORAMINIFERA. Biloculina depressa, d'Orby, one 1. ,, oblonga, d'Orby, v.r. 1. Miliolina seminulum, L. , r. 1. ,, oblonga, Mont., one d. Cormispira involvens, Ess., one d. Reophax scorpiurus, Will. , f . 1. ,, Scott i, Chaster, one 1. ,, fusiformis, Will., r. 1. Haplophragmium pseudo-spirale, [Will., f. 1. andd. ,, canarieiisis, [d'Orby, v.r. 1. Spiroplecta sagitttda, Defr., v.r. 1. Gaudryina filiformis, Ber., f. 1. Virgulina subsquamosa, d'Orby, [v.r. d. Bolivina plicata, d'Orby, v.r. d. ,, nobilis, d'Orby, v.r. 1. Bulimina marginata, d'Orby, r. 1. ,, exilis, Brady, v.r. 1. ,, aculeata, d'Orby, v.r. d. Cassidulina crassa, d'Orby, v.r. d. Lagena striata, d'Orby, r. 1. ,, Williamsoni, Alcock, r. 1. Lagena sidcata, W. and J. , r. 1. ,, vulgaris, Will., r. 1. ,, Iwvis, Mont., v.r. d. ,, squamosa, Mont., v.r. 1. ,, globosa, Mont., v.r. d. ,, semistriata, Will., v.r. 1. ,, marginata, W. andB., [v.r. 1. ,, gracillima, Segu., v.r. 1. „ quadricostulata, Rss., [v.r. d. ,, gracilis, Will., v.r. d. ,, costata, Will., one d. Nodosaria communis, d'Orby, v.r. d. ,, pyrula, d'Orby, v.r. 1. Cristellaria gibba, eZ'Orby, one 1. Polymorphina lactea,W. and J., v.r. 1. , , communis, d'Orby, one. Discorbina orbicularis, Terg., v.r. ,, globidaris, d'Orby, v.r. d. ,, rosacea, d'Orby, v.r. d. Rotalia beccarii, L., f. 1. Polystomella striato -punctata, v.r. d. ,, arctica, P. and J., oned. 236 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Station VI., off St. Monans.- Pisces. -13-16 fathoms. Gadus morhua, L. , r. ,, ceglefinus, L., r. ,, merlangus, L., r. Rhombus l pygmcea, d'Orby, one d. Globigerina bidloides, d'Orby, f. d. ,, triloba, Rss., f. d. , , cretacea-like form , d' Orby , [f. d. Spirillina limbata, Brady, r. 1. Patellina corrugata, Will., r. 1. Discorbina rosacea, d'Orby, f. 1. ,, ochracea, Will., r. 1. ,, globularis, d'Orby, f. 1. ,, orbicularis, d'Orby, f. 1. 246 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. Planorbulina mediterraniensis, Nonionina turgida, Will., f. 1. [d'Orby, f. 1. ,, scapha, F. and M., f. 1. Truncatulina lobatula, W. and J., r. 1. ,, depressida, W. and J., ,, lobatula var., W. and [v.r. 1. [J., f. 1. ,, stelligera, d'Orby, v.r. 1. Pulvinulina Karsteni, Ess., r. 1. Opercidina ammonoides, Gron., f. 1. Itotalia beccarii, L., abdt. 1. Polystomella striato-punctata, F. „ nitida, Will., f. 1. [and M., f. 1. Gypsina inhcerens, Schul., v.r. 1. ,, subnodosa, r. 1. MARINE DEPOSITS AND THEIR BEARING ON MARINE LIFE. It is possible by careful examination of most marine deposits to determine very closely what kind and amount of marine life is likely to be found in any given area over the sea floor. It has, therefore, often occurred to me that an examination of the marine deposits round our coasts, and over the areas of our great fishing grounds and banks, would greatly assist in throwing light upon the question as to the cause of the destruction of marine life, the movements and depopulation of fish from our inshore fishing grounds, banks, and estuarian waters, which, it is well known, were at one time thickly populated with abundance of marketable fish, but are at the present time, in some localities, scarcely worth the fishing. Under ordinary natural conditions, animal life is usually found plentifully distributed all over these areas, but I have to record here that, so far as the Firth of Forth is concerned, a change of conditions has taken place which is undoubtedly detri- mental to the marine life generally. By examination of the deposits and general condition of the ground in these localities, a key to this question is, in my opinion, possible to be found. To carry this out, it is necessary to keep in mind the following chief points : — 1. The geographical features and position of the area to be considered. 2. The physical conditions; the amount, condition, and number of species of animals found living on the sea floor ; and in the deposits themselves. 3. The age of the deposits, rate of accumulation, their permanency, and in what measure they are affected by wave action and currents. NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 247 4. The amount of detrital and other matter brought to and deposited over these areas from rivers, general land drainage, and disintegration of the coast line. 5. The amount of material deposited from steam-ships, dredgers, and sewage, or solid matter in suspension. Or one might put the question in two words — are the deposits clean or 'polluted ? Upon the greater or less degree the grounds are affected by these agencies, will the destruction of the bottom-living and pelagic animals and movements of the fish be regulated. The Firth of Forth may, perhaps, be taken as a more or less typical example. Not many years past in this area marketable fish were to be taken in plenty, while we know at the present time comparatively few can be captured either by trawl, line, or other appliances. Continuous trawling would, doubtless, in such a restricted area, soon clear it of fish for a time, but if left undisturbed for a reasonable time, there can be little doubt that it would become repopulated were the surrounding conditions favourable, which is the case where ordinary natural conditions of the sea are not disturbed or polluted. It will not be disputed that where the water is pure and the deposits not continually disturbed or polluted, everywhere at a reasonable depth, from the tidal line downwards over the sea floor, marine life is abundant, and that the lower animals furnish the chief food of the higher forms. The examination of the deposits found in the area under consideration, and described in these notes, indicate fully that the conditions are not favourable to the attraction and necessary support of marine life, especially of any large quantity of fish whose chief food consists of invertebrate animals which live in and on the deposits over its floor. Not many years past there was to be found living, generally distributed over the floor of the Firth of ForthJ patches or banks of considerable extent, covered thickly with living Pecten opercularis, L. ("clam" of the fishermen); Turritella terebra, L. (a long, conical, univalve Mollusc) ; Ostrea edulis, L. (oyster) ; Mytilus edulis, L. (the common mussel) ; JBuccinum undatum, L. (buckie) ; and other Mollusca, with abundance of many species of invertebrate animals, as Crustacea, Annelids, Echinoderms, Hydrozoa, &c, &c, "fish food." At 248 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. present, however, comparatively few of the latter, and nothing like the quantity of the former species are to be found living. The deposits, on the other hand, are full of their dead remains, the dredge often bringing up huge quantities at each haul. The "Clam," "Oyster," "Mussel," and Turritella beds have greatly diminished in size. They are, in some places, entirely destroyed, and are only now to be had in comparatively small quantities in a few more or less favourable localities, namely : — About the North Craig Buoy, off Cockenzie, Prestonpans, and a few here and there on and near the edges of the Middle Bank. That the marine life generally on the floor of the Firth of Forth has been gradually killed off appears evident. The greater portion of the area within 3 or 4 miles west from the May Island, as seen by the examination of the deposits, reminds one more of a huge burial-ground, so numerous are the quantity of the bones, "so to speak," of the marine organisms one finds in them. In working over the district, the struggle for existence is strikingly illustrated by the difference in the number of living animals captured. The nearer one approaches the mouth of the Firth from Inchkeith, gradually the various forms of marine life (especially the lower forms) increase in number and species, as will be seen by reference to the lists accompanying these notes of the animals obtained at each of the special observing stations (see Chart). Taking Stations I. and IX., for example, we find at Station I., at a depth of 10 to 18 fathoms, 1 to 5 miles east of Inchkeith, the following result : — Name of Grodp. No. of Species obtained. No. of Species obtained living. No. of Species obtained dead. No. of bottom- living Species. No. of Species which lead a pelagic life. No. of Species found living on the bottom at the time of obser- vation. Fish, Tunicates, Mollusca, . Crustacea, Vermes, . Actinozoa and^ Hydrozoa, J Foraminifera, . 14 1 23 18 19 8 32 14 1 1 18 12 S 6 22 7 26 8 1 23 8 17 6 32 6 10 2 o 6 1 1 5 10 6 6 Total, 115 60 55 95 20 35 NOTES ON MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 249 At Station IX., at a depth of 29 to 35 fathoms, 5 to 10 miles south-east of the May Island : — Name of Group. No. of Species obtained. No, of Species obtained living. No. of Species obtained dead. No. of bottom- living Species. No. of Species which lead a pelagic life. No. of Species found living on the bottom at the time of obser- vation. Fish, Tunicates, Mollusca, . Crustacea, Vermes, . Actinozoa and\ Hydrozoa, J Porifera, . Foraminifera, . 20 4 69 35 28 12 o 115 20 4 64 34 27 12 2 112 5 1 1 "3 13 4 69 19 26 10 2 112 7 16 2 2 3 7 4 64 18 27 10 2 112 Total, 285 275 10 255 30 244 From the above Tables it will be seen that the number of different species of animals obtained at Station I. is altogether 115. Twenty of these lead a truly pelagic life; 95 live on the bottom or in the deposit itself. Of these 55 were dead, leaving only 35 species living. At Station IX., near the mouth of the Firth, we find quite a different state of matters. Here we have in all 285 species, 30 pelagic and 255 bottom-living forms. Of these, only 10 were found dead, less than 5 per cent. ; while 244 species were found living on the bottom at the time these observations were made, against 55 species obtained at Station I.* So far as my investi- gations have extended, I have not been able to find any quantity of pelagic life that might be termed permanent local "Plank- ton," as is to be found in other similar localities, i.e., Clyde estuary and Loch Fyne, &c. These organisms would appear to be chiefly regulated in this case by tidal influences, shallowness of * It should be mentioned here that the Ostracoda have been omitted, as I have not yet been able to identify them all. They would, however, not alter the total results materially. The fish stated to be living on the bottom in Column 5 have been placed in this Column, as they are true bottom feeders, and do not lead a truly pelagic life. 250 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. the Firth, and purity of its waters, at different seasons of the year, by the greater or less amount of detrital and solid matter in suspension. These pelagic organisms are usually, under ordinary circum- stances, in such quantities that vast numbers of them are constantly dying off with the ever-changing physical and developmental conditions in the surface and sub-surface waters ; their remains, sinking to the bottom, carry down with them quantities of organic material, forming one of the chief factors from which many of the bottom-living animals derive their food supply. The want of this constant supply in the Firth of Forth would be disastrous to their existence. That a great destruction of many of the more important forms of marine life on the floor of the Firth of Forth has taken place there can be no doubt. In the case of the Oyster, Clam, and Mussel it has been well known for some time. To account for this serious destruction many causes have been put forward from time to time. The most likely may be mentioned here: — (1) reckless fishing; (2) deposition of peat, &c, brought down the Forth from its upper reaches by currents ; (3) deposition of mud, &c, from harbour dredgers; (4) pollution from oil and other factories situated along its shores ; (5) changes in the seasons ; (6) the throwing over of ashes and "clinker" from steamers. With the exception of the first, perhaps, all the causes above mentioned are strikingly illustrated by the examination of the deposits found all over the area between Inchkeith and May Island. Not one of the samples examined by me can be said to be free from one or other of these polluting substances. It is also true that during the winter months and early spring the waters of the Forth often become heavily laden with fine argillaceous matter in suspension. A large amount of dredged material from harbours have been and are still deposited in this area. The number of steam-ships entering and leaving the Firth have greatly increased, and are answerable for many thousands of tons of material in the form of ashes, "clinker," ponicus, Gyll., a large water beetle, taken in hill tarns in the Island of Mull, and in County Donegal. The former is a local species, distributed over the British Isles. D. lapponicus was discovered in Scotland in 1854 by Rev. H. Clark, who obtained specimens in Mull, where Mr. Somerville met with it between Loch Spelve and Loch Buy. It is a truly hyperborean species, and occurs in lakes in Norway and Sweden, and also in Northern Germany. PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY. 273 The President exhibited dried specimens of Glaucium Jlavum, Crantz. (G. luteum, Scop.), the Horned Poppy, from English, Irish, and Scottish coast localities, the Irish specimen having been lent for the occasion by Mr. Nathaniel Colgan, M.R.I. A., joint- editor with Dr. R. W. Scully, F.L.S., of the " Cybele Hibernica." This large and handsome yellow poppy was referred to as "a vanishing quantity " in Scotland, partly owing to the action of the thoughtless in rooting it up. When Hewett C. Watson issued the "New Botanist's Guide," in 1837, the plant was still " plentiful on the shore at Helensburgh," and " abundant in Arran. " From both of these quarters it has long since disappeared, and now only occurs, very sparingly, at two spots on islands in our estuary. The six species of Glaucium known to science, including the British one, belong to the Mediterranean region. All occur in Syria and Palestine — one (G. aleppicum, Boiss.) being of a rich crimson, and all, excepting G. Jlavum, being inland plants. On behalf of Mr. Thos. G. Bishop and of Mr. John Henderson there were shown a number of specimens of the fruit of the Almond Tree (Amygdalus communis, L.) grown in the open air at Helensburgh. Mr. Bishop's trees, at Dalmore, 25 feet above the sea-level, have fruited for the first time this year. Mr. Henderson's trees, at Towerville, about 75 feet above the sea, are older, and have fruited several times previously. On behalf of Dr. T. F. Gilmour there were exhibited fresh specimens of Potentilla fragariastrum, Ehrh., the Barren Straw- berry, found blossoming in abundance at Ardbeg, Islay, on 10th instant, quite two months before the usual time of flowering, and indicating the mildness of the season. The President made a statement with regard to the three prospective European Expeditions to the Antarctic Regions — viz., the British, German, and Scottish — and referred specially to the last named, which is to be under the leadership of Mr. William S. Bruce, F.R.S.G.S. The results of the intended Scottish Expedition are likely to be of special interest to biologists, as deep-sea work, dredging at great depths, and tow netting are to be extensively engaged in. The meeting adopted a motion of sympathy with Mr. Bruce in his arduous work of obtaining the £35,000 required for a three years' absence, and of which about £11,000 have now been subscribed. 274 transactions, natural history society of glasgow. 29th January, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. The President referred to the great loss sustained by the British Empire, and by the world, through the lamented death of our revered Sovereign, Queen Victoria. In fitting terms, he passed a eulogy on the late Queen's deep interest in everything calculated to promote her people's welfare, on her marvellous attention to the exacting duties of her exalted station, on the largeness of her heart for the distressed and the suffering, on the pathetic manner in which she bore her own great sorrows, and on her obedience to the dictates of highest Christian principle. He pointed out, as a reminder of the great length of Her late Majesty's reign, that although the Society this year attained its Jubilee, Queen Victoria had already been fourteen years on the throne before the Society was instituted. He concluded by the expression of the hope that her son, King Edward, would have a reign equally glorious in every respect. Mr. J. R. Thomson, 6 Vinicombe Street, Hillhead, was elected an Ordinary Member. A mounted specimen of the Slavonian Grebe, Podicipes auritus, L., shot on Black Loch, Slamannan, was exhibited by Mr. James Jack, by favour of Mr. Reston. Mr. John Smith, Monkredding, Kilwinning, exhibited a specimen of a minute, white, worm-like animal, supposed by Mr. Thos. Scott, F.L.S., to be Mermis albicans. Mr. Smith procured it in the earth about 600 feet above sea-level. When taken out of the earth, it was pure white. Mr. Smith also showed some eggs of the Earth-worm. Mr. Smith made the following correction on a paper he had contributed to the Transactions, on the " Conodonts from the Carboniferous Limestone of the West of Scotland." He had therein stated that the dental apparatus of existing mollusca are silicious. This he believed to be the common opinion of PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 275 naturalists, founded on the fact that the radula of recent gastropods is not affected by acid, but Dr. G. J. Hinde (who described the specimens) had since informed him that it consists almost entirely of chitinous material, as ascertained by chemical investigation. On behalf of Mr. James Groves, F.L.S., Corresponding Member, the President exhibited Statice lychnidifolia, de Girard, a Sea Lavender, new to the Channel Islands, and not previously recorded from within the limits of the British flora. It was discovered in Alderney, in August last, by Mr. Cecil R. P. Andrew, M.A., First Principal of the new Government Training College, Perth, Western Australia. Mr. Somerville also exhibited examples of the four already known British species of the genus Statice, viz., S. limonium, L., and its var. pyramidalis, Syme ; S. rariflora, Drejer ; S. auriculaefolia, Vahl., and its three sub- species (a) occidentalis (Lloyd) ; (b) intermedia, Syme ; and (c) dodartii (de Girard); and S. reticulata, L. ( = S. bellidifolia, Gonan). Mr. James C. Christie read a paper on " Bird Life in Northern Norway." It was illustrated with lantern views from specimens and from drawings by Thorolf Holmboe, artist-naturalist. 26th February, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. John George Wight, British Linen Company's Bank, 110 Queen Street, was elected an Ordinary Member, and Miss M. M. Buchanan, 63 West Cumberland Street, was admitted as an Associate. Mr. R S. Wishart, M.A., exhibited the following specimens — Linaria minor, Desf., from Stepps ; Leontodon autumnalis, L., var. pratensis, Koch., from Robroyston ; Bupleurum rotundi- folium, L., a 'casual, from Chryston. On behalf of Mr. D. Dewar, Mr. Christopher Sherry exhibited and read short notes descriptive of — (1) Asplenium ceterach, L., var. aureum, Link., a plant found plentifully on the moist rocks of the lower regions of the islands of Teneriffe. 276 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. (2) Asplenium obtusatum, Forst., var. difforme, a fern resembling the A. marinum of Britain, and found on the rocks of the south coast of Norfolk Island. (3) Aspidium (Polystichum) triangulum, Swartz, var, ilicifolium, a form with elongated fronds rooting at the points. (4) The fruit and leaves of the Shaddock, Citrus decumana, L. Mr. Wm. Stewart read a part of a paper entitled " Some Notes on the Ferns and Macrofungi of the Clyde Area," in which he described the methods adopted in denning certain districts of the Clyde Area, with their distinctive species and varieties. He showed also a map in which the districts were denned by boundary lines. The President laid on the table a copy of the Revised List of the British Marine Mollusca and Brachiopoda, and read a paper prepared by Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M.A., one of the Vice- Presidents of the Society. Mr. Knight explained how this new list came to be published. Fifteen years ago, there had been issued by Mr. Somerville, the President, a Handlist of the British Marine Mollusca and Brachiopoda, which embraced all the species and varieties mentioned in Jeffrey's " British Conchology," as well as all others up to the date of publication (1886). But in the interval much more had been learned. To Mr. Knight had been entrusted the task of drawing up the list of the Marine Mollusca of the Clyde for the Handbook of the Fauna and Flora of Clydeside, in view of the coming of the British Association to Glasgow in 1901, and he naturally desired to use the best classification and nomenclature. After considerable negotiation, a Committee of the Conchological Society of Great Britain was appointed to draw up a new list. The committee consisted of Dr. George W. Chaster, M.R.C.S., Southport; Mr. James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., Manchester; Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., M.Sc, M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Director of the Manchester Museum, Owens' College ; and Mr. Knight. They were assisted in their deliberations by suggestions from the following : — Mr. W. H. Dall, Smithsonian Institution, Washington ; Mr. J. T. Marshall, Torquay; Mr. Richard B. Newton, F.G.S., London; Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., Keeper of the Conchological Department, Natural History Museum, South Kensington; Mr. Robert PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 277 Standen, Manchester; Mr. Ernest R. Sykes, B.A., Gray's Inn, London; Mr. Bernard B. Woodward, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., British Museum, London;, and the Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S. Many knotty problems presented themselves for solution. I. Area. — This question was thoroughly discussed, and the final decision was to accept Canon Norman's definition of the British Area, as laid down in his paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6), V^ol. V., pp. 345, 454. (1890), but with the addition of the Channel Isles. The area embraces the Dogger Bank, but excludes the "Cold Area" between the Shetlands and the Faroes. The area being defined, the com- mittee were at liberty to include in their list all the mollusca obtained by different expeditions within the British limit, and of these the following are the more important : — (1) The "Lightning,"' in 1868, under Drs. Carpenter and Wy ville Thomson ; (2) The "Porcupine," in 1869, under the same scientists, with the addition of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys. Only the mollusca obtained by these expeditions within the defined British area could be used in the compilation of the list (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878-85); (3) The "Knight-Errant," in 1880, under Sir John Murray (Proc. Royal Soc. Edin., Yol. xi.) ; (4) The "Triton," in 1882, under Sir John Murray (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1883); (5) The Royal Irish Academy's Expedition in the " Lord Bandon," in 1885-86 ; and in (6) The "Flying Falcon," in 1888 (Proc. R.I.A., 1886, 1898), (7) The "Flying Fox," in 1889, under the Rev. W. Spots- wood Green (Ann. and Mag. JVat. Hist., Ser. 6, Yol. IV., 1889, p. 409). (S) H.M.S. "Research," in 1889, by Mr. G. C. Bourne (Journal of the Marine Biological Assoc, of the United Kingdom, N.S., Vol. I., 1889-90, p. 306). II. Classification. — The Committee found that while Jeffreys' classification was admittedly very defective, there was no other scheme in the field at present which it would be advisable to 278 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. adopt in toto. They resolved, therefore, to make the anatomical system of Pelseneer their general basis, but in all groups to adopt the classification of individual workers who had specialized in their particular departments. The new classification thus established led to many transpositions of genera and species from the old standard of Jeffreys. III. Nomenclature. — All previous workers in the compilation of lists, and all writers on the Mollusca of Britain, had taken the 12th Edition of the Sy sterna Natures of Linne (issued in 1767) as the terminus a quo of the binomial nomenclature. The Com- mittee felt bound to follow the recent trend of science, and to go back to the 10th Edition, which was published in 1758. Following the law of priority of nomenclature, they had to relinquish many time-honoured names, and to substitute titles which had claims to precedence. But wherever a change of this sort was necessary, the former familiar name had been enclosed within square brackets. IV. Insufficiently attested species. — The Committee felt bound to be somewhat severe towards many doubtful claimants for recognition, and in many cases a number of varietal names, apparently based on monstrous, stunted, aborted, or young specimens, had been omitted. Exotic migrants, and recent- looking post-tertiary shells had also to be carefully distinguished from the legitimate ones. The following is a comparison between Mr. Somerville's List of 1886 and the new Revised List of the Conchological Society in 1901, showing the progress made during the intervening years : — The total number of species of mollusca in 1886 \ was 551, ... ... ... ... ... (increase, The total number of species of mollusca in 1901 [ 169. is 720, ; The total number of species and varieties in 1886 \ was 957, ... ... ... ... ... (^ Increase, The total number of species and varieties in 1901 ( -01- is 1,158, / The total number of species of Brachiopoda in'i 1886 was 7, ... ... ... ... ... (increase, The total number of species of Brachiopoda in f 2. 1901 is 9 J PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 279 The total number of species and varieties of \ Brachiopoda in 1886 was 9, ... ... \ Increase, The total number of species and varieties of ( 3. Brachiopoda in 1901 was 12, ... ... J Grand total of Mollusca and Brachiopoda (spec. and var.) in 188G, 966 Grand total of Mollusca and Brachiopoda (spec. and var.) in 1901, 1,170 An increase of 210 over all. 26th March, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. The Secretary reported that the President had been appointed to represent the Society at the Ninth Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Glasgow, to be held in June of the present year. Mr. Thos. Beath Henderson, M.D., exhibited a fresh specimen of Ophisaums apus (Boul.), the Glass Snake, so called, but which is in reality a lizard closely resembling a snake, the fore limbs being entirely absent, while the hind limbs are extremely rudimentary. He also showed the head and rattle of Crotalus terriftcits (Cope), the Rattlesnake, from Brazil, and vividly described the structure of the poison glands and fangs. Mr. Frank M'Culloch brought forward for exhibition the following specimens : — (1) Acanthis linaria (L.), the Mealy Redpoll, from Barra. (2) Sylvia nisoria (Bech.), the Barred Warbler, from Barra. (3) Spatula clypeata (L.), the Shoveler, from Loch Lomond. (4) Laurus glaucus, O. Fabr., the Glaucous Gull, from Barra. Mr. John Paterson gave a careful description of these birds, with information on their habitats, and their frequency in different districts of this country. Mr. Paterson also read extracts from a Manuscript, written by the late Dr. John Grieve, dated 1847, and descriptive of the birds seen by him about that period in the North-eastern district of Glasgow. (See page 181.) 280 transactions, natural history society of glasgow. 30th April, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. The meeting was devoted to a lecture on "Ants," given by Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., F.Z.S., of H.M. Geological Survey. The lecturer began with a general description of the anatomy of ants, and then in considerable detail gave a series of facts, verified by observation, illustrative of their social life and domestic habits. With the aid of a number of beautiful lantern slides, Mr. Good- child showed the origin and development of new ant communities under a queen, and described the many ways in which the activities of an ant colony are exercised, the various duties of the males, females, and neutrals or workers being all explained at length. He then touched on the subject of ant parasites and commensals ; on the attack made by Aphides on honey-secreting plants; and on how these attacked plants protect themselves against injury. The lecture was highly appreciated by a large audience, and the lecturer awarded a hearty vote of thanks. 28th May, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. J. J. Robertson reported on the excursion to Cadzow, on 27th April (see page 258), and Mr. Thos. Boyle contributed a similar statement on that to Castlemilk, on 16th May (see page 259). It was intimated that the Council of the Society had voted a contribution of a guinea towards the maintenance of the Millport Marine Biological Station. On behalf of Mr. Andrew Gilchrist, there was exhibited a specimen of the alien leguminous plant. Trigonella fcenum- gr cecum, L., the Fenugreek, found growing in 1898, as a casual, at Doonfoot, Ayr, and identified by Mr. S. T. Dunn, B.A., F.L.S., of the Royal Gardens, Kew. The plant is interesting as having been known to, and cultivated by, the ancient Greeks, who grew it for spring forage, and for the properties of its seeds, which, according to Loudon, were " useful PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 281 in fomentations, and in dispersing tumours, &c." It is native in Northern Italy, Persia, and Mesopotamia ; doubtfully so further west. On behalf of Mr. W. J. Gibson, M.A., there was shown, from the neighbourhood of Stornoway, a luxuriant fresh specimen of Ajuga pyramidalis, L., the Pyramidal Bugle, a plant of the Labiate order, rare, though native in Britain, It occurs in Westmoreland, and very sparingly northwards through Argyle- shire, West Inverness, and the outer Hebrides, to Orkney ; also in County Clare and the Arran Isles. With this plant were shown by the President, for comparison, dried examples of the other two British species of Ajuga, viz., A. chamaepitys, Schreb., confined to the south coast of England, and A. reptans, L., the Bugle, common throughout our islands. Mr. Hugh Boyd Watt read a paper on " The Seals, Whales, and Dolphins of the Clyde Sea-area." (See page 191.) Mr. Andrew Gilchrist contributed a paper "Note on the occurrence in Ayrshire of Trigonella foenum-grcecum, L." A paper by Mr. James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, entitled " Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the year 1900, with its general effects upon Vegetation," was, after remarks from Mr. J. J. Robertson on its leading features, held as read. (See page 198.) 25th June, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. H. B. Watt gave in a report of the excursion, on May 23rd, to Culzean Castle. (See page 259.) Mr. J. J. Robertson reported on the excursion to Aikenhead on May 30th. (See page 262.) The Society's excursion to Garscube, on June 13th, was com- mented on (see page 262) ; and lastly, Mr. John Paterson referred to the excursion, on June 15 th, to the Falls of Clyde and Corehouse (see page 262). Mr. Robert M. Hogg, B.A., Georgefield, Irvine, was elected an Ordinary Member. On the motion of the President, a vote of thanks was accorded to ex-Lord Provost Sir James Bell, Bart., a Life Member, for a 282 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. donation of £o received from him to cover the cost of engraving and printing a book-plate for the Society's library which had been designed by Mr. John Fleming. On behalf of Mr. Andrew Gilchrist, there was exhibited a fresh specimen of the "Coral-root" orchis, Corallorhiza innata, R. Br., from the Kilmarnock district, a leafless saprophyte, or feeder on dead organic matter, whose discovery in this locality re-establishes it as an Ayrshire plant, a circumstance which since 1874 had been doubted. The President read letters received from Professor Traill, F.R.S., and from Mr. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., correspond- ing members of the Society, expressing much interest in the rediscovery of this plant in the south-west of Scotland. Mr. Anderson Fergusson read a paper entitled "Additions to the list of Scottish Coleoptera" (see page 214), and exhibited at the same time some beautifully preserved specimens of some of those named, including Leistus spinibarbis, F. ; Badister sodalis, Duft. ; Bembidium affine, Steph. ; Gyropliaina pulchella, Heer. ; and Tachyporus formosus, Matth. The President referred to his experiences as the representative of the Society at the Ninth Jubilee Celebrations at the University, and spoke in high terms of the completeness of the equipment of the new Botanical Laboratory, which was opened during that time with a striking and memorable oration from the veteran botanist, Sir Joseph Hooker, followed by an address from Lord Lister. 27th August, 1901. Mr. James F. Gemmill, M. A., M.D., Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. Peter Macnair contributed a report of the Society's excursion to Killin on 22nd June (see page 263), and also exhibited the following Alpine plants, Salix lanata, L. ; Phleum alpinum, L. ; Saxifraga nivalis, L. ; S. cernua, L. ; Gentiana nivalis, L. ; Trientalis europea, L. ; Saussurea alpina, D.C., mostly from Ben Lawers. A report on the excursion to Cathcart Nurseries by Mr. John Cairns was read by Mr. Renwick. (See page 264.) A specimen of the Long-Eared Bat, Plecotus auritus (L.), from Islay, was exhibited on behalf of Dr. T. F. Gilmour, who PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 283 remarked that Mr. Harvie-Brown seenis not to have been able to obtain specimens of any bat from that island, though he states that they are "said to occur." Dr. Gilmour had previously recorded the presence both of the Pipistrelle and Long-Eared Bat in the Annals of Scott. Nat. Hist, July, 1897, p. 191. The Pipistrelle is not uncommon in Islay, and has been secured in various parts of the island. The long-eared species is rarer, and Dr. Gilmour had only seen it twice, once in June, 1897, and now on this occasion, when a specimen had been brought to him by the gardener at Kildalton, who remarked that they were to be seen frequently. As the Gaelic names for the two species are not alike, the latter being called by a name signifying " horned," there is in this a proof that both have been known long enough to have acquired distinctive names. Colonel Harington-Stuart, of Torrance, East Kilbride, exhibited eleven different species of Parasitic Eungi from Natal. Among these were Aecidium ocimi, P. Henn. ; A. royenae, Cke. A. ornamentale, Kalch. ; Puccinia ipomcea, Cke. ; P. phyllocladia, Cke., on Asparagus falcatus, L. ; Physalospora chienostoma Cephaleuros virescens, Kunz., on leaves of Ficus indica, L Asternia mac-oivaniana, Kalch., on Celastrus buxifolia, L. Uredo celastrince, Cke., on Salacia Kraussii, Harv. The Colonel also presented to the Society several books, forming part of a series, on " The Plants of South Africa," and received the thanks of the meeting. A communication was read from the President, Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., on the cases of poisoning which had recently taken place on the Island of Cumbrae, several lads having received poison from eating the berries of an unknown plant by the wayside. The plant, the President had discovered, was Oenanthe crocata, L., the Hemlock Water Drop wort. The Chairman read extracts from a paper contributed by Mr. F. G. Pearcey, Naturalist on the s.s. "Garland," of the Fishery Board for 'Scotland, on the "Firth of Forth Deposits." (See page 217.) 284 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. CO O OOiOO Ci CO 01 r^ T^ CO OS lO OOO CO CI 01 o zo fl «^2 <" 2 £ wi S-g 2 . S3 fl © g^ tD+3 [j-PO .2 « "S 22 I.P5P4P4 - . . M Ci o Oi ~ O •2 a & 2 2 « o5 ^ d . c3 -3.2 fl rt U c3 0> E3 cy oo e3 - T dM I oi co fl ■£ nfl CO Ol HnPMfq CO fl r-i O '5b fl o fl <+*<+* ^,© o ". . fl o II O CO Tt< CO 1 d° dec g^ § o^ o^; >h o -^ «3 O c« £ * a fiW^ pi( •« *i c3 - ■« H Z tn ,fl o «OOOOC0 1>OCOO O OlOHOiOiCOOp-HCMt- t>OMOCOHt>(Mt> C"»rH «rt t» "tf «rt Heq nfl o -H fl o O ^ o i — i %n ^ -fl CO t fl<+* fl DO t a) 3 -9N 0 >, a pq fl S | ^c _^ fl 0 fl 3? fl o 6 o3 rfl 1° P rl OJ . O IS f3 l« © <=> o SH 03 - ^2 ^ fl Sh CO<1 M ^ U 0^2 fl of O O co fl a . 0) fl I oo '-W CN o o « SH " ^^ •5J g ■°1 S-2 285 itataal %i%taxv ^atittv of (Slasgnta* SESSION LL— 1901-1902. OFFICE-BEARERS. President. ALEX. SOMERVILLE, B.Sc, F.L.S., 4 Bute Mansions, Hillhead. Vice-Presidents. ROBERT BROWN, M.D., 1 Leslie Road, Pollokshields. JAMES F. GEMMILL, M.A., M.D., 3 Albion Terrace, Hillhead. JOHN PATERSON, 82 Cumming Drive, Mount Florida. Hon. Secretaries. JOHN JAS. ROBERTSON, 9 Queen Mary Avenue. ROBERT BROWN, M.D., 1 Leslie Road, Pollokshields. Hon. Treasurer. JOHN RENWICK, 49 Jamaica Street. Hon. Librarian. JAMES MITCHELL, 222 Darnley Street, Pollokshields. Hon. Editor of Transactions. Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Andrew's Manse, Auchterarder. Members of Council. John Cairns, Jr. Robert Henderson. Robt.Kidston,F.R.S.L.&E.,FG.S. John R. Lee. Johnstone Macfie, M.D. Peter Ewing, F.L.S. William Stewart. William Leighton. A. A. Dalglish, F.E.S. John Robertson. John Fleming. James Whitton. Auditors. JAMES JACK and JOSEPH SOMMERVILLE. 286 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE LIST OF MEMBERS. HONORARY. 1851. William Ferguson of Kinmuncly, LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.S.A.Scot., Kinmundy, near Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire. 1880. Professor Gustav Mayr, Haupt Strasse 75, Vienna. 18S0. Rev. John Stevenson, LL.D., F.R.S.E., The Manse, Glamis, Forfarshire. 1881, James Murie, M.D., LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., Canvey Cottage, Leigh, Essex. 1884. David Sharp, M.B., CM., Hon. M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Hawthorndene, Hills Road, Cambridge. 1884. Robert M'Lachlan, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.H.S., F.E.S., West View, Clarendon Road, Lewisham, London, S.E. 1885. Sir John Murray, K.C.B., LL.D., D.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot., Chal- lenger Lodge, Wardie, Edinburgh. 1887. William Carruthers, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., 14 Vermont Road, Norwood, London, S.E. 1887. Sir Joseph Daiton Hooker, M.D., R.N., G.C.S.I., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., etc., The Camp, Sunningdale, Berks. 1888. Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, M.A.,\D.C.L, F.R.S., F.L.S., The Red House, Berkhamstead, Herts. 1890. M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D., A.L.S. 1895. Professor John G. M'Kendrick, M.D., F.R.C.P.E., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., The University, Glasgow. 1901. Samuel Chisholm, LL.D., The Hon the Lord Provost of Glasgow, 20 Belhaven Terrace. 1901. Professor John Cleland, M.D., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., The University, Glasgow. 1901. Professor J. W. H. Trail, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., The University of Aberdeen. 1901. J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Duni- pace House, Larbert. 1901. Mrs. David Robertson, Fernbank, Millport. 1901. Mrs. Robert Gray, 59 George Street, Edinburgh. 1901. Andrew Carnegie, LL.D., Skibo Castle, Sutherlandshire. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. 287 CORRESPONDING. 1866. The Earl of Haddington, F.S.A.Scot., Tyninghame, Prestonkirk. 1868. Rev. Paton J. Gloag, D.D., 28 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. 1869. George Stewardson Brady, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., Mowbray Villa, Sunderland. 1869. Rev. James Keith, LL.D., The Manse, Forres. 1869. Col. H. W. Feilden, R.A., C.M.Z.S., West House, Wells, Norfolk. 1869. Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D., The Manse, Fern, Brechin. 1871. Peter Cameron, F.E.S., Union Road, New Mills, Derby- shire. 1873. Sir George Hector Leith-Buchanan, Bart., Ross Priory, Dumbartonshire. 1877. Robert Etheridge, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Geological Department, British Museum (Natural History), Crom- well Road, London, S.W. 1879. John Smith, Monkredding, Kilwinning. 1879. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., F.R.Ph.S.E., Naturalist to the Fishery Board for Scotland, 3 Menzies Road, Torry, Aberdeen. 1884. W. Anderson Smith. 1885. J. T. Cunningham, B.A., Lecturer on Fishery Subjects, Penzance. 1885. John Rattray, M.A., B.Sc, F.R.S.E., Dunkeld. 1885. John R. Henderson, M.B., CM., F.L.S., Professor of Biology, The Christian College, Madras. 1885. Frederick G. Pearcey, 43 Balcarres Street, Morningside, Edinburgh. 1885. James M 'Andrew, 21 Gillespie Crescent, Edinburgh. 1887. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., 143 High Street, Croydon, Surrey. 1887. D'Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Pro- fessor of Natural History in University College, Dundee. 1887. Rev. David Landsborough, LL.D., Kilmarnock. 1888. William Abbott Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Natural History in University College, Liverpool. 1888. Rev. Hugh Macmillan, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.S.A.Scot., 70 Union Street, Greenock. 288 LIST OF MEMBERS OP THE 1888. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 1888. James W. H. Trail, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.RS.E., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Aberdeen. 1888. William Carmichael M'Intosh, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.RS.E., F.L.S., L.R.C.S.E., C.M.Z.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of St. Andrews. 1888. George R. M. Murray, F.R.S., F.RS.E., F.L.S., Keeper of the Botanical Collection, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 1888. Edward Morell Holmes, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Ruthven, Sevenoaks, Kent. 1888. William Phillips, F.L.S., Canonbury, Shrewsbury. 1888. Sir Thomas D. Gibson-Carmichael, Bart,, M.A., M.P., F.L.S., Castlecraig, Dolphinton. 1889. James Edmund Harting, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U, Librarian and Assistant Secretary of the Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1891. R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A., F.RS.E., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in University College, Liverpool. 1895. Robert Broom, M.D., B.Sc, South Africa. 1895. John T. Marshall, M.C.S., Sevenoaks, Torquay. 1895. Frederick J. Hanbury, F.L.S., F.E.S., 37 Lombard Street, London, E C. 1895. Edward E. Prince, B.A., F.L.S., 206 O'Connor Street, Ottawa, Canada. 1896. Robert H. Read, 7 South Parade, Bedford Park, London, W. 1900. James Groves, F.L.S., 58 Jeffrey's Road, Clapham Rise, London, S.W. 1900. William P. Hiern, M.A., F.L.S., Castle House, Barn- staple, Devonshire. 1900. Rev. Edward F. Linton, M.A., Crymlyn, Bournemouth. 1900. Rev. Edward S. Marshall, M.A., F.L.S., Lavington Rectory, Petworth, Sussex. 1900. Robert Lloyd Praeger, B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A., National Library of Ireland, Dublin. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 289 ORDINARY. * Life Members. 1900. * Allan, Claud A., 121 St. Vincent Street. 1883. Arbuckle, Andrew, 4 Farme Loan Road, R-utherglen. 1896. Arthur, E., 11 Battlefield Gardens, Langside. 1880. Bain, Andrew, 17 Athole Gardens. 1888. Baird, J. G. A., M.P., 168 West George Street. 1887. Balfour, D. D., Sheriff-Substitute of Lanarkshire, 6 High Windsor Terrace, Kelvinside. 1884. Ballantine, Matthew, 101 Buchanan Street. 1895. Ballantyne, J., Corporation Gasworks, Hamilton. 1863. Balloch, Robert, 17 Robertson Street. 1882. Baxter, William R., 64 Great George Street, Hillhead. 1893. Beard, Miss M. S. M., 14 Ruthven Street, Hillhead. 1888. Beith, Gilbert, 15 Belhaven Terrace, Kelvinside. 1893. *Bell, Sir James, of Montgreenan, Bart.. 7 Marlborough Terrace. 1869. Bennett, Robert J., 50 Gordon Street. 1896. Bennett, William, Struan Cottage, Airdrie. 1883. Bishop, Thomas G., Dalmore, Helensburgh. 1879. Black, Malcolm, M.B., CM., 5 Canning Place. 1900. Blackie, Walter W., B.Sc, 17 Stanhope Street. 1888. Borland, John, Navara, London Road, Kilmarnock. 1885. Bower, Frederick O., M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, 1 St. John's Terrace, Hillhead. 1896. Bowie, William, 188 Comelypark Street. 1882. Boyd, D. A., Seamill, West Kilbride. 1879. Boyle, Thomas, care of D. Bell, 339 London Road. 1895. Briggs, Arthur, Royal Bank, Springburn. 1895. Brown, Hugh, 9 Clairmont Gardens. 1894. Brown, Robert, M.D., 1 Leslie Road, Pollokshields. 1900. Bruce, David, 18 Carrington Street. 1899. Bryce, Thos. H., M.B., CM., F.R.S.E., Queen Margaret College, University of Glasgow. 1901. Buchanan, Keith, Fairholm, Giffnock. 1901. Buchanan, Robt. M., Fairholm, Giffnock. 290 LIST OF MEMBERS OP THE 1881. *Buckley, T. E., B.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Castlehill, Castleton, by Thurso. 1895. Burnett, George, 65 Camperdown Road, Scotstouu. 1886. Butler, George, 189 Pitt Street. 1897. Cadell, George Allan, C.A., 116 St. Vincent Street. 1887. Cairns, John, jun., 151 Renfrew Street. 1886. Campbell, James, 85 Gibson Street, Hillhead. 1870. Campbell, J. M., F.Z.S., F.R.S.G.S., 5 Franklin Terrace. 1896. Campbell, Thos. S., 85 Gibson Street, Hillhead. 1893. Campbell, William, 1 Seafield Cottages, Jordanhill. 1889. Clavering, John M., 32 Lynedoch Street. 1902. *Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth. 1887. Colquhoun, Sir James, of Luss and Colquhoun, Bart., Dunclutha, Ore, Hastings. 1900. Cooke, T. Alexandre, 10 Grafton Square. 1883. Coulson, Frank, Finnartmore, Kilmun. 1888. *Craig, William, M.D., F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S.E., 71 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. 1888. Crichton, Mrs. George, 8 Montgomerie Crescent, Kelvin- side. 1887. *Cuthbertson, Sir John Neilson, LL.D., 25 Blythswood Square. 1897. Cuthbertson, Michael, F.R.H.S., Sunnypark Nurseries, Rothesay. 1877. *Dalgleish, John J., F.S.A.Scot, M.B.O.U., Brankston Grange, Bogside Station, Stirling. 1898. Dalglish, Andrew Adie, F.E.S., 21 Prince's Street, Pollok- shields. 1896. Dalziel, Prof. T. Kennedy, M.B., CM., F.F.P.S.G., 196 Bath Street. 1895. Dixon, Walter, 59 Bath Street. 1889. Dobie, W. A., Clarendon Place, Stirling. 1896. Donnelly, W. A., Milton of Colquhoun, Bowling. 1891. Dove, Hector, B.Sc, 33 Afton Street, Langside. 1869. Drew, Alexander, Holm Lodge, near Burnley, Lancashire. 1900. Duncan, Robert, Whitefield, Govan. 1896. Duncanson, David B., 149 North Street. 1890. Dunlop, Robert, Orepuki, Southland, New Zealand. 1888. Eadie, Charles, Municipal Buildings, George Square. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 291 1891. Edgar, Samuel C. B., 7 Ibrox Place, Ibrox. 1896. Elliot, Professor G. F. Scott, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Ainslee, Scotstounhill. 188S. Ewart, J. Cossar, M.D., F.R.G.S.E., F.Pv.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. 1879. Ewing, Peter, F.L.S., The Frond, Uddingston. 1895. Ewing, Mrs. E. R., The Frond, Uddingston. 1878. Fergus, Freeland, M.D., F.F.P.S.G., 22 Blythswood Square. 1883. Fergus, Oswald, D.D.S., L.D.S., 12 Clairmont Gardens. 1896. Fergusson, Anderson, c/o Neilson, 155 North Street. 1872. Fleming, John, 15 York Street. 1897. Forsyth, James, 21 Castle Street. 1887. *Fowler, John, 5 Derby Street, Sandyford. 1897. Frew, Alexander, M.B., CM., 12 St. James' Terrace, Hillhead. 1900. Fullarton, Wm. W., M.D., Ballantrae. 1895. Gardner, Daniel R., 4 Montague Terrace, Kelvinside. 1899. Garry, Robert, 9 Overdale Avenue, Battlefield Road, Langside. 1895. Gemmell, Mathew. 160 Bath Street. 1898. Gemmill, James F., M.A., M.D., 3 Albion Terrace, Byres Road, Hillhead. 1900. Gemmill, J. Leiper, Parklea, Dumbreck. 1888. Gentles, Thomas, 338 Sauchiehall Street. 1900. Gibson, W. J., M.A., Nicolson Schoolhouse, Stornoway. 1896. Gilchrist, Andrew, Darvel. 1885. Gill, Robert, 63 West Regent Street. 1885. *Gilmour, Thomas F., L.R. C.P.Ed., Port Ellen, Islay. 1895. Goldie, James, 52 St. Enoch Square. 1881. Goodwin, William, 3 Lynedoch Street. 1898. Graham, Mark Thomas, 14 Lome Terrace, Mary hill. 1892, Grant, Frank L., M.A., 58 Kelvingrove Street. 1900. Grant, James, Molendinar Cottage, Cathedral Square. 1899. Gray. Alexander, Marine Biological Station, Millport. 1889. Grierson, Robert, 102 Bath Street. 1899. Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T., M.A., 16 Lawrence Street, Hillhead. H 292 LIST OF MEMBERS OP THE 1889. Harington-Stuart, Col. R. E. S., Torrance, East Kilbride. 1888. Henderson, Miss C, 17 Belhaven Terrace, Kelvinside. 1888. Henderson, John, Towerville, Helensburgh. 1887. Henderson, Miss M., 17 Belhaven Terrace, Kelvinside. 1899. Henderson, Robert, 12 Armadale Street, Dennistoun. 1900. Henderson, Thomas Beath, M.D., 55 Bath Street. 1896. Herriot, George, 1 Prince's Street, Pollokshields. 1879. Higgins, William, Douglas Place, Bearsden. 1888. Hill, Alexander, 302b St. Vincent Street. 1895. Hindle, Stephen, 12 Sutherland Avenue, Maxwell Park. 1896. Hogg, Charles, 44 West George Street. 1900. Hogg, R. M., Georgefield, Irvine. 1885. Houston, Robert S., Eversdale, Hawkhead Road, Paisley. 1881. Hunt, John, Fingarry, Milton of Campsie. 1899. Hunter, James, Braehead House, Cathcart. 1888. Hunter, J. Bruce, 103 St. Vincent Street. 1878. Inverclyde, The Right Hon. Lord, Castle Wemyss, Wemyss Bay. 1900. Jack, James, 24 Chapelside Place, Airdrie. 1889. Jack, James, National Bank, 47 St. Vincent Street. 1895. Jamieson, Andrew, Hopetoun, Bearsden. 1888. Johnston, James G, Crag Lodge, Carmunnock. 1888. Kelvin, The Right Hon. Lord, G.C.V.O.. LL.D., D.C.L., D.Sc, F.R.S., P.R.S.E., Netherhall, Largs. 1895. Kidston, Adrian M. M. G., Clydesdale Bank House, Helensburgh. 1899. Kidston, Miss A. C. A. M., 24 Victoria Place, Stirling. 1886. Kidston, Robert, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., 12 Clarendon Place, Stirling. 1887. King, Sir James, of Campsie and Carstairs, Bart., LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.S.A.Scot., 115 Wellington Street. 1896. Kirk, Charles, 156 Sauchiehall Street. 1894. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A , F.R.S.E., St. Andrew's Manse, Auchterarder. Hon. Editor of Transactions. 1893. Lang, Robert, Quarry Park, Johnstone. 1888. Lang, William, F.C.S., 73 Queen Street. 1897. Lang, Wm. H., M.B., CM., B.Sc, 10 Jedburgh Gardens, Kelvinside, N. 1895. Laurie, Malcolm, B.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Zoology, St. Mungo's College, Castle Street. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 293 1896. Lee, John R.} 111 John Knox Street. 1896. Leighton, William, 120 Hope Street. 1879. Ligat, David, Hillside, Barrhead. 1901. Lindsay, James H., M.A., 37 Westbourne Gardens, Kelvinside. 1899. Lindsay, John, M.A., M.B., CM., 44 Grant Street. 1898. Lockie, James, 25 Iona Place, Mount Florida. 1888. MacBrayne, David, Cardross Park, Dumbartonshire. 1888. M'Crae, John, 7 Kirklee Gardens, Kelvinside. 1887. M'Culloch, Henry, 166 Sauchiehall Street. 1897. M'Donald, M. H., 58 Durward Avenue, Shawlands. 1895. Macfie, Johnstone, M.D., Langhouse, Inverkip. 1888. M 'II wrick, William J., 98 High Street, Paisley. 1879. M'Kay, Richard, 41 M\Aslin Street. 1884. MacKenzie, Duncan, 12 James Watt Street. 1897. Mackie, John. Crofthead, Neilston. 1887. *Mackinnon, Duncan, 23 Great Winchester Street, London, E.C. 1889. *Mackinnon, Peter, Ronachan, Clachan, Argyllshire. 1901. Maclachlan, Mrs. D., 5 Grosvenor Place, Kelvinside. 1885. M'Laren, Duncan, 27 Jamaica Street. 1895. M'Laren, J. D... M.D., 1 Newton Place. 1897. Maclaren, Norman H. W., 5 Belhaven Terrace. 1879. Maclay, William, Thorn wood. Langside. 1898. MacLean, Alex. Scott, M.I.M.E., Bank Street, Greenock. 1900. M'Lean, Robert, M.A., 289 New City Road. 1886. Maconechy, Robert, Regent Park, Prestwick. 1895. Macvicar, Symers M., Invermoidart, Acharacle, Argyll- shire. 1901. Marshall, John A. F., 5 W^est Regent Street. 1893. Martin, Francis, F.S.A.Scot., 207 Bath Street. 1888. Marwick, Sir James David, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.S.A.Scot., 19 Woodside Terrace. 1895. Mirrlees, J. B., Redlands, Kelvinside. 1889. Mitchell, James, 222 Darnley Street, Pollokshields. Hon. Librarian. 1884. Moore, James Thomas, M.D., 144 Bath Street. 1889. Morton, Robert M., Braid wood, Carluke. 1900. Motherwell. A. B.. Rosemount, Airdrie. 294 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE 1888. Muir, Sir John, of Deanston, Bart., 6 Park Gardens. 1897. Murdoch, George, B.A., B.Sc, 6 Ruthven Street, Kelvin- side. 1897. Napier, Alex., M.D., F.F.P.S.G.. 15 Queen Mary Avenue, Crosshill. 1881. *Neilson, John A. 1900. Nimmo, David, jun., 17 Duke Street. Hamilton. 1884. Orr, John, 12 Newhall Terrace. 1887. *Overtoun, The Right Ron. Lord, M.A., F.R.G.S., 7 West George Street. 1897. Pairman, Thomas, 54 Gordon Street. 1895. Paterson, John, 82 Cumming Drive, Mount Florida. Vice-President. 1895. Paterson, John, L.R.C.P. &S.,Ed., 27 Berkeley Terrace. 1899. Patience, A., c/o Metcalfe & Sons, 140 London Street. 1876. Paton, James, F.L.S., Corporation Galleries, 270 Sauchie- hall Street. 1895. Paxton, George, Richardland House, Kilmarnock. 1879. Pearson, David, 9 Roxburgh Street, Kelvinside 1888. *Pollock, Charles Frederick, M.D., F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S.E., 1 Buckingham Terrace, Hillhead. 1888. Pollok, Robert, M.B., CM., F.F.P.S.G., Laurieston House, Pollokshields. 1898. Pulsford, Chas. A., 41 Ashton Terrace, Hillhead. 1898. Purves, Captain Wm , 66 St. Vincent Crescent. 1894. Rankin, James, M.B., CM., B.Sc, Zoological Laboratory, The University. 1899. Reoch, James Watson, 22 Montgomerie Street. Kelvin- side, N. 1898. Reid, Nicholas G., Holly Bank, Partick. 1879. Renwick, John, 49 Jamaica Street. Hon. Treasurer. 1897. Riddell, Andrew, 172 Saracen Street. 1896. Robbie, Sophia B., c/o Mrs. Towers. 52 Albert Drive, Crosshill. 1898. Robertson, C. G., Ravenscroft. Bearsden. 1884. Robertson, James, 108 West Nile Street. 1896. Robertson, John, Eastwood, Thornliebank. 1876. Robertson, John, Endcliffe, Langside. 1895. Robertson, J. J., 9 Queen Mary Avenue NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 295 1898. Robertson, Thos. W., 5 Whitebill Gardens, Dennistoun. 1894. Ross, Alex., 2 Kenny hill Gardens, Olaremont Drive, Dennistoun. 1895. Ross, Richard G., Ravensleigh, Dowanhill Gardens. 1897. *Rottenburg, Paul, LL.D., Holmhurst, Dowanhill Gardens. 1896. Rough, John, 105 Buccleueh Street. 1895. Roxburgh, John A., 15 Lynedoch Crescent. 1901. Russell, D. M., 73 Abbotsford Place. 1888. Russell, George, The Gardens, Redlands, Kelvinside. 1880. Scott, John. 247 Sauchiehall Street. 1888. Service, Thomas, 79 Morrison Street. 1897. Sharp, Andrew, jun., 9 Clarence Drive, Kelvinside. 1886. Shearer, Johnston, 6 Camphill Drive, Crosshill. 1899. Shepherd, Arthur, U.F.C. Manse, Cambuslang. 1897. Sheriff, Robert, 75 Buchanan Street. 1879. Sherry, Christopher, Botanic Gardens. 1900. Short, James, M.A., 7 Craigmore Terrace. Partick. 1884. Skirving, Alexander, I. A., 121 West Regent Street. 1895. Smith, J. Parker, M.P., Jordanhill, Partick. 1895. *Smith, W. Macadam, Abbotsfield, Wiveliscombe, Somerset. 1881. *Somerville, Alex.. B.Sc, F.L.S.,4 Bute Mansions, Hillhead. President. 1895. Somerville, David R., 13 Windsor Terrace. 1866. *Somerville, Rev. James E., B.D., F.S.A.Scot., Mentone, France, and Castellar, Crieff. 1876. Sommerville, Joseph, 40 Montgomerie Street, Kelvin- side, N. 1889. Steel, John, 239 St. Vincent Street. 1895. ^Stephen, John, Domira, Partickhill. 1899. Steven, Alfred J., 54 Albert Drive, Pollokshields. 1879. Stewart, William, Yioletgrove House, St. George's Road. 1888. Sturrock, David, 95 Bath Street. 1895. Sweet, Alexander, Braehead, Cathcart. 1896. Taylor. R, 50 Lime Street, Oatlands. 1900. Teacher, John H., M.A., M.B., CM., 32 Huntly Gardens. 1888. *Tennant, Sir Charles, Bart., F.S.A.Scot., The Glen, Inner- leithen, Peeblesshire. 1889. *Tennant, Edward, M.A., F.Z.S., The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire, 296 LIST OF MEMBERS OP THE 1889 *Tennant, H. J., M.P., Nine wells, Chirnside, Berwickshire. 1879. Thorn, R. Wilson, 9 Woodside Terrace. 1897. Thomson, Geo. H., 27 Union Street. 1901. Thomson, J. R., 6 Vinicombe Street, Hillhead. 1877. ^Thomson, James, LA., 88 Bath Street. 1893. Todd, G. Bell, M.B., CM., Professor of Zoology in Anderson's College, 39 Burnbank Gardens. 1895. Torrance. John, c/o Baird, 97 Carmichael Place, Langside. 1885. Trotter, John, 28 Gordon Street. 1900. Trotter, Rev. William, U.F.C. Manse, Bannockburn. 1891. Turnbull, John A., M.A., LL.B., 11 India Street. 1888. Walker, Miss R., 17 Wilton Mansions, Kelvinside, N. 1898. Wallace, R. Hedger, Glencara, Tennyson Road, Harpen- den, Herts. 1887. Walters, Rev. Edward, 31 St. Vincent Crescent. 1879. * Watson, William, Newfield House, Johnstone. 1882. Watson, William, 245 Main Street, Rutherglen. 1896. Watt, Hugh Boyd, 3 Victoria Drive, Mount Florida. 1896. Watt, L., 27 Kilbowie Gardens, Clydebank. 1887. Wellwood, S. M., c/o Mrs. Sinclair, 37 Prince Edward Street, Queen's Park. 1893. Whitton, James, Superintendent of Parks, Bellahouston Park, Ibrox. 1885. Whyte, Andrew C, L.D.S., 42 Dundas Street. 1901. Wight, John George, 110 Queen Street. 1893. Wilkie, Robert D., 302 Langside Road. 1879. Wilson, Rev. Alex. S., M.A., B.Sc, U.F.C. Manse, North Queensferry. 1898. Wilson, Thomas, 77 New Road, Ayr. 1900. Williamson, James, e/o Kinnaird, 56 Dundas Street. 1885, Wishart, R. S., M.A., Meigle Cottage, Stepps. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 297 LIST OF ASSOCIATES. 1894. Arthur, Miss Annie. 11 Bowmont Gardens, Kelvinside. 1901. Buchanan, Miss M. M., 63 West Cumberland Street. 1897. Goodfellow, Peter, 2 Alexandra Park Gardens. 1895. Gray, Allan, 95 Morrison Street. 1895. Henderson, Miss Annie, 38 Berkeley Street. 1895. M'Culloch, Frank, 166 Sauchiehall Street. 1897. Rogerson, John Stewart, 48 Windsor Terrace. 1888. Scott, Andrew, Marine Laboratory, Piel, Barrow. 1888. Smith, Robert C, 2 Golfhill Terrace. 1895. Todd, Alex. C, 206 Darnley Street, Pollokshields. 1894. Zamorska, Miss Alberta, 32 Rupert Street. 1894. Zamorska, Miss Elma, 32 Rupert Street. 1894. Zamorska, Miss Wanda, 32 Rupert Street. TRANSACTIONS OF THE statural Jistorg Swrijetg of (Slaspfo- Ichthyonema grayi* (Gemmill and V. Linstow). By James F. Gemmill, M.A., M.D, [Read 24th September, 1901.] Large nematode worms from specimens of the common sea- urchin taken from different localities in the Firth of Clyde. The worms were unattached, and lay coiled up within the perivisceral cavity of their hosts, exhibiting during life con- tinual gentle sinuous movements. Females. The females, when mature, measure from 600 to 1,500 mm. in length, and from 2 to 4 mm. in breadth. Not more than four occurred in any one sea-urchin, and in one case only a single large specimen was present, which measured quite five feet in length. (This specimen I succeeded in preserving and mounting entire.) The body is covered by a delicate cuticle, and tapers at both extremities, each of which carries a very small hook-like cuticular process. The tail is slightly blunter than the head, and is usually curved ventrally in a half circle. The body is semi- transparent, with an opaque white strand — the ovary — running along the ventral wall. The body is sharply constricted for about half-an-inch near its middle part. Running along the *A fuller account of this species is given in Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1902. 300 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. body wall on either side, but nearer to the ventral than the dorsal aspect, is a close-set series of transversely placed shallow depressions, which give the body wall a crenated appearance along two lateral lines. The depth and distinctness of these depressions vary considerably in different conditions of contrac- tion of the body wall. Mouth and anus are absent. Under the cuticle is a thin hypodermis, with nuclei at regular intervals. The muscular system is poorly developed, but exists as a single layer of cells in close connection with the hypodermis. These cells show a loose arrangement into longitudinal rows along the ventral side, and less markedly into transverse rows on the dorsal side of the body wall. There are two well-marked lateral absorptive lines. The greater part of the space internal to the muscular layer is occupied by a coarsely vacuolated or reticular tissue, which has large nuclei, surrounded by protoplasm here and there in its substance. This tissue is continuous from near the anterior to near the posterior extremity, is moderately tough, and can be shelled out from the other structures. It contains an irregular central cavity, which ends blindly at either extremity. The ovary is single, ventrally placed, and forms a strand of opaque white tissue almost as long as the worm itself. The ova all ripen at the same time, and, increasing in size, com- press the other structures, particularly the muscular layer and the reticular tissue. The early development of the ova takes place inside the body of the female. The segmentation is total and unequal, and is followed by a modified gastrulation. Meantime the ova or young embryos separate from one another, thus taking up more space, and still further compressing the other structures, so that the body of the parent becomes ex- tremely fragile — being, indeed, little more than an elongated sac filled with eggs or embryos. I estimated that my largest specimen contained upwards of 20,000,000 embryos. Excretory canals are entirely absent. The nervous system seems to be represented by a thickening of the hypodermis at the head end, which is not continued backwards into definite longitudinal cords, except, perhaps, for a short distance on the ventral aspect. MISTLETOE. 301 Males. Besides the large specimens just described, some smaller ones were always present in the sea-urchin hosts. They measured 50-200 mm. in length, and they resemble the large ones so closely in essential points of structure that they must be re- garded as belonging to the same species — of which, indeed, they seem to me to be the males. The tail end is almost always curved in a spiral with two or three turns, and it carries near its tip two equal spicula. Transverse sections of the body show, in place of the ovary, two tubes of tissue, with many nuclei. These tubes are no doubt testes, but I have not yet examined any that happened to be mature. Mistletoe. By George Paxton. [Read 19th December, 1901.] " On Christmas eve the bells were rung, On Christmas eve the mass was sung, That only night in all the year, Saw the stoled priest the chalice rear ; The damsel donned her kirtle sheen, The hall was dressed with holly green, Forth to the wood did merry men go To gather in the Mistletoe. "—Scott. What is the connection between Christmas and mistletoe? We must look back as far as the days of the Druids to find out the beginning of this. When the winter solstice, or shortest day, arrived, the Druidical priests led the people to the woodlands, and with great pomp and ceremony cut down the sacred mistletoe. Two white bulls were tied to the tree, the chief Druid, in robes of white, ascended its trunk, and with a golden sickle cut the sacred parasite. The bulls were then sacrificed, and festivities 302 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. engaged in. The mistletoe was broken up and distributed among the people to be taken home and hung up above the entrance to their dwellings as a protection against all evil. Only the mistletoe that grew on an oak tree was considered sacred, probably this was because it so seldom grew on the oak. A plant on England's national tree ought to be noted, as it is yet a very rare occurrence. When our Christian fathers found these customs too strongly incorporated to eradicate, they did a wise thing. They depleted them of their pagan meaning, and gave them a Christian con- nection and significance, and thus the idol worship of the Druids became connected with our Christmas time. The mistletoe is a tree parasite, deriving most of its nourish- ment from its host. It is an evergreen, but will grow on almost any soft-wooded tree, whether evergreen or not. A small shrub with lanceolate leaves, small yellowish flowers without stalks, and often covered with beautiful pearl-like berries in winter and spring. It is not difficult to propagate from seed. All one requires is berries fully ripened, the proper trees, a little knowledge how to proceed, and a great deal of patience. Take the ripe berries in April or May, and on a smooth- barked branch squeeze the seed gently out of its skin, which discard; the glutenous substance surrounding the germ causes it to stick to the branch, and when it gets a little dry it adheres firmly. The bark must not be cut or " grafted " in any way. Choose a tree in good health, and a branch from one to three inches in diameter, preferably on the south side of the tree, with few or no overhanging branches to cause drip or shade. It is a good plan to put several berries together, as they do not all come to maturity. In a short time the germ of the berry begins to grow, and puts out a small green shoot or radicle, which turns towards the branch and attaches itself to the bark by means of a regular attachment disc. From the centre of this disc a small growth penetrates the bark and gets as far as the wood, but no further. This is called the " sinker," and is a specially modified root. Trans. Nat- Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. VI. (N.S.) Plate I. From Photograph by George Paxton. Mistletoe {Viscum album, L.), Showing where old plants have died off leaving sinker hules, and young plants growing from cortical roots. Growing on a Siberian Gab-apple Tree in front of Richardland House, Kilmarnock. (See page 301. ) MISTLETOE. 303 Some berries produce two, and a few three, of these shoots, which is rather singular, as nature provides very few seeds with more than one growing germ. Little more progress is visible till the winter is past and spring sends the sap along the branches to form its yearly layer of new wood or annual ring. The sinker now produces rootlets, which grow at right angles to itself, running up and down the branch in the inner (or bast) layer of the bark. These cortical rootlets in their turn produce sinkers similar to the parent one. The sinkers do not pierce the wood, but the young wood, when forming, surrounds the fixed point of the sinker, and gradually year by year grows round it and banks it up with wood, thus making it appear in a year or two as if the sinker had penetrated the hard wood. While the roots are developing the plant has been growing very slowly, and about the second year will have only pro- duced two small leaves. After that it gets on much quicker, and when the branch of the tree begins to swell it may be con- sidered established. When an old mistletoe dies, the sinkers survive for a time, but ultimately moulder and fall to pieces, leaving the wood in which they were embedded exposed and full of holes, looking like holes in a wooden target. The cortical roots, however, generally survive, and grow through the bark into new plants. Thus a tree, once infected with this parasite can seldom get rid of it, as, in a few years after the old plant has gone, probably two or three young ones will be found to have taken its place. The male and female flowers grow on separate plants, so unless there 4s a male and female plant flowering within pollen- carrying distance of each other there will be no berries produced. There are a good many different kinds of trees on which the mistletoe can be grown, and it is strange that, although it likes the apple, a sour one best, it will rarely grow upon the pear. The thorn, rowan, willow, poplar, lime, fir, and Siberian crab 304 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. are all trees on which it does well. The last is perhaps the best to try, as it is very ornamental both in spring and autumn. The way the mistletoe is disseminated by its seed has been frequently mis-stated. It is quite right to suppose that the missel-thrush feeds on and is very fond of the berries, but when it is said that the undigested seed from their excrement is deposited on a branch and grows, that, surely, must be taken with a grain of salt. The germinating power left in a small, soft seed after coming through the gizzard of a bird must be very poor indeed. When the thrush feeds ravenously on the berries, a few some- times stick to the outside of its bill. It flies to a neighbouring tree, wipes its bill on a branch, and there you have natural, simple, and true innoculation and dissemination. The mistletoe has been blamed for damaging apple trees, and this may be the case to a small extent in the South of England and France, but that need not frighten anyone who wishes to grow this curious and interesting plant, the growing and study of which will afford more pleasure and instruction, and at less expense, than any other plant we know. Long ago the mistletoe was held in high esteem for its supposed medicinal virtues — a kind of cure-all — but now no one believes in its power, excepting perhaps for one malady, that of a broken heart! This, under certain circumstances, it com- pletely cures, for which statement we have classical authority, for was not the mistletoe plant originally dedicated to the goddess " Frigga," the Venus of the Saxons ! SIREX GIGAS AND SIREX JUVENCUS IN BUTE AND ARRAN. 305 Occurrence of Si rex gigas, Linn., and Si rex juvencus, Linn., in Bute and Arran. By John Ballantyne, Hamilton. [Read 28th January, 1902.] Some four years ago I brought under your notice the occurrence of Sirex gigas in Bute and Arran, a number of the females of which had been obtained. At that time the specimens had all been secured from Scotch fir, but since then I have collected a large number from silver fir, and also males of a very small size from larch. Specimens of the latter were submitted to Mr. H. P. Grimshaw, Edinburgh, who states they are the smallest form of the insect he has seen, some of them measur- ing about half-an-inch in length, and others a little more. One female and one pupa of average size were also obtained from the larch, but all the larvae were considerably smaller than those from Scotch and silver fir. I am not able to give any explanation as to the smaller size of the insects — especially the males — from larch, unless there is something in the nature of the wood to account for it. Specimens of larvae, pupae, and perfect insects are here for inspection, and also pupa sheaths. With regard to the latter, they must be looked for amongst the borings left in the passage through the wood where the larvae underwent the pupal state. When the larva is ready to enter this state, through some natural instinct it makes for the outside of the wood, and generally ceases boring about three-eighths of an inch from the surface, or immediately under- neath the bark, where it enters into the pupal stage of its existence. When ready to emerge, the sheath is thrown off, and the perfect insect cuts through the remaining part of the wood, and emerges through a slightly smaller hole than that occupied by the larva, as will be observed from the pieces of wood exhibited 306 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Sirex juvencus has been obtained in large numbers from the same localities as those I mentioned for S. gigas. It has been found in both Scotch and silver fir. The female is of a violet bluish colour, as described and figured in Mr. Cameron's mono- graph on the "British Phytophagous Hymenoptera." The males of S. gigas and S. juvencus are somewhat different in colour from the descriptions and figures given in Mr. Cameron's work. The head of the male of S. gigas has two yellow spots — one behind each eye — as in the female. The antennae are reddish yellow, the thorax black, and also the first two seg- ments of the abdomen, except the sides of the second, which are reddish yellow. The next five segments are reddish yellow on the back, and more or less black underneath, although in some these segments are all reddish yellow. The last segment is black, and provided with a small, sharp, triangular projection. The legs are usually black, with the joints and tarsus yellow. In some, however, the femora only is black, and all the rest of the legs reddish yellow. In the male of S. juvencus the antennae are black; the head and thorax, very dark blue; the first two segments of abdomen, violet blue; and the third one, violet blue on the upper side, but reddish yellow underneath. The other five segments are reddish yellow all over. The triangular projection on last seg- ment is black and sharp at the point, The femora and tarsus are reddish yellow, and all the rest of the legs black. One very small male insect of half-an-inch in length has the last five segments of abdomen yellow. It is evident that the males of both species are variable in colour. I indicated in 1897 that the fly would probably be found in many more of our woods, and I now find that this is the case, as, so far as I have been able to ascertain, it has been recorded from eight different counties in Scotland in addition to Bute, although, so far, in very small numbers. In most cases it has been obtained in twos and threes only, or, as in the case of Inverkip, eight specimens. But from Bute and Arran of both species more than one hundred specimens were obtained during three seasons. ARCTIC PLANTS FROM THE DOVREFJELD, NORWAY. 307 The following are the counties from which specimens have been reported : — Bute. Renfrewshire. Midlothian. Perthshire. Fifeshire. Peebleshire. Aberdeenshire. Ayrshire. Kirkcudbrightshire. Arctic Plants from the Dovrefjeld, Norway. By Mrs. Peter Ewing. [Read 29th April, 1902.] The specimens before the meeting to-night are only a few out of the many interesting plants gathered in different parts of the Dovrefjeld last summer. Most of them are to be met with, and indeed I may say that by far the greater number were actually collected, at the Kongsvold, where the greater part of our time during our sojourn in Norway was spent. The district, which takes its name from the farm or posting station of the Kongsvold — now a large hotel to all intents and purposes — lies in the valley of the Driva, almost in the centre of the Dovrefjeld, and is considered by experts one of the richest in Norway in respect of the number of rare plants found within its limits. Indeed Professor Axel Blytt, author of the most important Norwegian flora, who has classified the various parts of the country cele- brated for botanical interest, gives this region second place as a botanical centre — the Lapmark of Lulea coming first. But as there is only a difference of four plants in the number of approximately rare forms, it will be allowed that the Kongsvold 308 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. makes a very satisfactory second indeed, especially in the eyes of the stranger, to whom most of these plants have hitherto been known only by name. The valley, as I have already said, occupies a central position in the great mountainous tract known as the Dovrefjeld; it is furthermore extremely favourably situated for all forms of arctic and alpine vegetation, as it lies about 3,600 feet above sea level, and is protected, especially on its western or seaward side, by high, and in many cases glacier- clad mountains, the highest in the immediate vicinity being Snaehattan, 7,400 feet above sea level. On its eastern side it is also flanked by great mountains, the mighty three-ridged barrier of Knudsho, on the slopes of which the Kongsvold stands, rising to a height of 5,540 feet. This mountain, with its bare rocky summits, its long grassy slopes, its patches of perpetual snow, steep fosses or waterfalls, and deeply sunk rocky de- clivities, may be said to represent all the chief botanical features of the district. On the slopes of this mountain, and on the Vaarstein or Spring Path, which, indeed, may be considered a continuation of it, we found, with the exception of one or two forms of apparently local occurrence, everything of floral interest which the district boasted and the season of our visit permitted. Even in this latter respect we were unusually fortunate, for, on account of the early melting of the snows, many of the later flowering plants were already blooming in as luxuriant pro- fusion as those we had a right to expect. Pulsatilla vernalis, Mill., is one of the plants which occur in the Alps, but at a much higher elevation, naturally, than in boreal regions. This plant we found first at Krokhaugan, about thirty miles further south, in the Foldalen district. It was just over there, and we were afraid we should not find it again in flower. However, we were fortunate enough to discover an entire hill face covered with it at the Kongsvold, on the western side of the Driva, about ten minutes' walk from the hotel. The plants were in every condition from bud to ripe fruit, and the flowers most delicately tinted, the outer sepals being variously pale pink or veined with violet or reddish-purple stripes. The whole plant is covered with gleaming yellowish-brown hairs of silky texture. This is one of the plants which develops true ARCTIC PLANTS FROM THE DOVREFJELD, NORWAY. 309 hermaphrodite flowers on some individuals and pseudo-herma- phrodite flowers on others. Ranunculus glacialis, L., also occurs in the Alps as well as the arctic regions, but that it is a true arctic plant there can be no doubt. It was a most wonderful sight to see great carpets of this covering the ground wherever the snow had melted or was melting, for often it would be seen actually pushing itself through the rough broken edges of icy shelves. It also varied from pure white to a sort of dusky brown, passing through all the stages of pink and crimson. Ranunculus nivalis, L., occurred in similar situations in many instances, but it might also be found on drier ground some- what further away from the melting snow. It is of intensely Arctic habit, its southern limit being the Hardanger tract. Ranunculus pygmaius, L., has much the same habit as the foregoing, but, as its name indicates, it is very much smaller in size. There is a hybrid, however, found growing along with them, which links the two. Ranunculus hyperboreus, L., is another truly arctic species, found creeping about in muddy places where the glacial water has not found an outlet. Papaver nudicaule, L. — When in Kristiania a very terrible tale was told to us by a lady there, who said that this plant was almost extirpated from the countiy by the rapacity of collectors. It was only to be found in the Dovrefjeld, she said, and even there it would soon be a thing of the past. She told how she had been at the Kongsvold when a Swedish botanist (the Swedes stand in about the same relation to the Norwegians as the English do to the Irish) came and ravished the place of all its rarest treasures. In some out-of-the-way corner he managed to discover a single plant of this yellow poppy, and, as my friend remarked, he was very happy, and carried it off as the last of its race and another evidence of the submergence of Norway. We naturally felt a righteous indignation against this vandal, especially as this was one of the plants we very much wanted to see. We found, however, when we got to the Kongsvold that our wrath was just a little premature, as the last plant had not been removed by many a hundred, though, like others which we found there in tremendous profusion, it is no doubt a plant of comparatively rare and local occurrence. 310 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Cardamine bellidifolia, L. — This curious-looking little mem- ber of the Cruciferae is also a rare plant which grows on gravelly water-margins or broken clefts of weathered rocks. In its flowering state it was rather a puzzle, but in fruit it is very characteristic. Draba alpina, L., is another interesting and very handsome member of the same family. It has its southern limits in the Dovrefjeld. Polygala amara, L. — This we only found in one station on our way to Kongsvold, and not in the Drivsdalen at all. Its hue when growing was, indeed, " deeply, darkly, beautifully blue," its flowers set in denser clusters, and its habit altogether more compact than our Polygala vulgaris. As you see, however, it does not make at all a satisfactory specimen, though that may be owing to its not being properly dried, in which respect, I am sorry to say, most of the plants we collected suffered. Silene rupestris, L., we found everywhere from south to north, and from the sea level to the height of about 5,000 feet. Alsine stricta, Wahlen., and Alsine hirta, Hartm., are not found further south than 60°. Myricaria germanica, Desv., is a member of the Tamaricacese — a group consisting of only two genera. These really give no adequate idea of this handsome shrub, being only small bits broken from the tops of branches. We were told that it was rather rare in the country, but we did not find it so. It flanked the margins of rivers in some places, and covered the surfaces of small river islands with its closely set, fastigiate branches and dense spikes of reddish-purple flowers. Lychnis alpina, L., I have included, though it is one of our own Clova plants. Its interest lies in the fact that, while with us it only grows in one district, and then in very small and very few patches, in the Dovrefjeld it was on every road- way, reddening the ground for many a mile, while Astragalus alpinus, L., was quite as common. Astragalus oroboides, Hornem., was scarcely so prolific, but Oxytropis lapponica ran it very closely. It was rather difficult to tell the difference between these two when growing even side by side, and both in good condition; but as soon as Oxytropis lapponica was off its first bloom, the livid hue it assumed proclaimed it without further examination. ARCTIC PLANTS PROM THE DOVREFJELD, NORWAY. 311 Phaca frigida, L., another member of the Leguminosae, made a very striking appearance all along the roadways as soon as the higher levels were reached, with its handsome yellow flowers in axillary racemes. All these three leguminous plants occur in the Alps as well as the arctic regions, but they are true arctic species nevertheless. The saxifrages were, of course, in luxuriant profusion every- where, Saxifraga cotyledon, L., being the handsomest, and a very decorative object as it stood out from the grey rock clefts, above its rosette of shining dark-green leaves. The next most conspicuous member of this order was, curiously enough, Saxifraga cernua, L. These specimens, fully twelve inches in height, speak for themselves as far as size is concerned, and as far as quantity was concerned they were everywhere, starring the grey rock faces, the river banks, and the grassy road margins indifferently. To those who know this plant as it grows in its one British station near the summit of Ben Lawers, this may well seem incredible, since even in Kerner it is figured about six inches in height as normal size. Artemisia norvegica, Vahl. — This plant is not found elsewhere in the Old World than in the tract of the Dovrefjeld. Petasites frigida, Fr. — A very handsome species of one of our own well-known genera. Vahlbergella apetala, Fr. — This strange-looking member of the Caryophyllaceae we met with first at Krokhaugan, in the Foldalen, and found it pretty widely distributed all over the Dovrefjeld. Campanula uniflora, L., we found only on one mountain, Hogsnyta, on the western side of the Driva, but it is said to occur on Knudsho also. This was one of the few plants we did not find in great quantities, but we really were fortunate in getting it at all, as its flowering months are July and August, and these specimens are probably the firstlings of the season as far as it is concerned. Andromeda polifolia, L., I have only brought to give an idea of the size and strength it attains in the far north. Andromeda hypnoides, L. — This is another plant which has its southern limit just south of the Kongsvold. It is generally to be found on dry, much-weathered rock in the region of the 8 312 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. grey willows, above what is known as the Birch-belt. It is quite impossible to convey from the dried specimens any idea of the elegance of this little plant as it hung in richly flowered masses over the glistening grey rocks, its tiny, pale pink, waxen bells resting against trailing foliage of the most delicate green. What I have here shows the luxuriance of its floral character, but the dense tufts of both verdure and blossom which were its chief charm in life rather militate against its success as a dried specimen. These examples also show it to be of rather robust habit — which, in truth, it was, as far as our observation went — but occasionally we found it very much liker its specific name, with the most exquisitely delicate, moss-like foliage and much smaller flowers. Diapensia lapponica, L. — The same difficulty besets one in the case of the next plant — as, indeed, it does with most of the Ericas. This little plant seemed to be rather local in its distribution. Its flowers are large in comparison with its size, and of a rich, creamy white, while its foliage is pure shining green. Its preference also is for dry shaly rocks, and it is only to be found in lofty situations. Primula scotica, Hook., is, of course, interesting to us. It occurred in immense quantities in every part of the district, a very different>looking plant from its Caithness-shire relative — larger in size and darker in colour. Primula stricta, Hornem., which was almost as luxuriant, has its southern limit in the Dovrefjeld, as has also my next and last specimen — Koenigia islandica, L., an extremely tiny inhabitant of marshy places, as will be at once apparent from its appearance. It is a hardy and intensely arctic little plant, occupying bare and quite unsheltered situations on the slopes of the loftiest mountains. As you will have observed, I have included several species which occur in alpine as well as arctic regions, also some which occur in our own country. This was intended, of course, prin- cipally for purposes of comparison, to afford those who might be interested in the subject, and who had as yet been unable to do so, the opportunity of comparing these denizens of the far north with their knowledge or remembrance of the charac- METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1901. 313 teristics of the same species under other circumstances. For instance, the specimens of Saxifraga cernua, L., over twelve inches in length, with its large, well-opened white flowers, with the tiny, almost non-flowering cernua of Ben Lawers; and the large, showy spikes of Lychnis alpina, L., with the small, insignificant Clova form. In size these plants speak for themselves, and the dried specimens give some idea, however inadequate, of the appearance they presented as individuals; but they are quite powerless — and any effort of mine would be as fruitless — to bring before you the glorious profusion in which we found almost all the species we collected — and, indeed, I may say all we saw, which numbered nearly seven hundred species of flowering plants alone. Nothing short of a visit to the Dovrefjeld itself would make our experience in this respect credible. Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during* the Year 1901, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow. [Read 29th April, 1902.] In order to preserve the continuity of this series, these notes have been compiled, as in former years, from the records kept at Queen's Park, Glasgow. January. — The weather conditions during the opening days of 1901 were similar to those of the past two or three New- Year days — mild and moist — but with occasional gleams of sunshine. Up till this time we had, during the winter, experienced no seasonable weather, but, instead, had incessant rains and high temperatures. A change, however, took place about the 9th, when a sharp attack of cold, frosty weather set in, and con- tinued, with the thermometer registering a few degrees of frost every other morning, throughout the rest of the month. Snow 314 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. fell in the City on the 25th, and again on the 26th, and the atmosphere became keener and more seasonable. The atmospheric pressure for the first part of the month was moderate, but during the second part there were some sharp changes. The highest reading of the month occurred during the latter part — 30*20 inches on the 23rd — and the lowest, 28*80 inches, on the 27th. Frost was registered on nine days, and amounted to 25° in all. The lowest reading was taken on the 29th, when 7° of frost were recorded. The average maximum temperature for the month was 42°, and the average minimum 34°, as compared with 43° and 35° respectively for the same month of 1900, when 12° of frost for five mornings were recorded. The month's rainfall was moderate, and amounted to 2*68 inches, which included a good proportion of melted snow. The greatest daily rainfall was 0*46 inches, on the 19th. The comparatively dry nature of the weather was much in favour of vegetation generally, which had already become sur- charged with moisture with the heavy rains of the preceding months, and the colder weather checked the flow of sap in trees and shrubs. Snowdrops and narcissi in the open borders were well above the ground at the close of the month. February. — The cold and seasonable weather of the latter part of January continued into this month, the atmospheric conditions being keen and bracing. On the 4th, snow fell to the depth of two inches. As is usual in the City during frost, fog was more or less prevalent, and on the 14th was particularly dense and disagreeable. The keenest frost of the month was recorded on the 15th, when the thermometer fell to 21°, showing 11° of frost. The severe weather somewhat relaxed towards the end of the month, and on the 23rd the minimum thermometer stood at 34°. The pressure of the atmosphere at the beginning of the month was low and irregular, but from the 8th to the 22nd the readings were all above 30*00 inches. During the closing days of the month the barometer fell rapidly, and on the 28th was at 29*20 inches. Frost totalling 97° was registered on twenty days, while the METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1901. 315 average maximum temperature was 42° and the average mini- mum 30°, which is 4° higher in each case than in the previous February. The rainfall of the month was somewhat under the average, and measured 1*40 inches. There were 21 dry days. The cold weather of the month kept the growth of vegetation well in check. Narcissi, &c, were all showing well above the ground, and winter aconite were profusely in flower, and dis- played a fine contrast on lawns with the snowdrop. March. — This month opened with milder weather, but for the first week was stormy, which culminated, on the 6th, in a gale of wind and rain. During the following two weeks the atmospheric conditions were bright and pleasant, but with a slight rainfall. On the 23rd a change set in, and the weather became much colder. Snow fell slightly during the night of the 25th, covering the ground with a coating of white. The cold increased till the 29th, when the thermometer showed 12° of frost at Queen's Park, being the lowest reading since the year commenced. A heavy fall of snow occurred on the 29th and 30th, and lay to a depth of three inches. The barometric readings show a wide range of pressure. On the 1st the barometer was at 28*60 inches, rising to 30*00 inches on the 9th. From then till the 26th the pressure was more steady, but from that date the tendency was downwards, falling sharply from 29*46 on the 29th to 28*40 inches — one of the lowest readings of the year — on the 30th, during the prevalence of the snowstorm mentioned above. For the month the rainfall amounted to 2*06 inches, and there were 21 dry days. The amount of frost recorded was 60° for 10 days, the lowest reading being 20°, on the 29th— 12° of frost. The natural seasonable activity of vegetation was kept in check by the cold and comparatively dry weather which pre- vailed. Early spring flowers, however, made rapid progress, and Crocuses bloomed profusely. April. — During the first two weeks of April the weather con- tinued cold and of a rather wintry nature. A few degrees of 316 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. frost were registered on several mornings up to the 17th. The 8th — the Spring Holiday — was a day of heavy rain and cold wind. On the 17th, however, a change took place in the weather, and it became much warmer, with much bright sunshine. These conditions prevailed till the close of the month, except that on one or two days the wind was cold and from the east. The barometer during the first fortnight was unsteady, and there were some sudden changes. For the latter part of the month the pressure was much more regular and the readings fairly high. The lowest reading (28*70 inches) was taken on the 8th, and the highest (29" 96 inches) occurred on the 26th. Eain to the depth of 3' 30 inches fell during the month, the greatest daily total being 1'25 inches on the 3rd. There were 13 dry days. The total frost was 11°, and was registered on 6 days, and the coldest day was the 11th, when the thermometer showed 4° of frost. The average maximum and minimum temperatures were 54° and 37° respectively. For April of 1900 there were 14° of frost for 6 days, and the average maximum and minimum temperatures were 55° and 38° respectively. The warm and genial nature of the weather during the latter part of the month gave a strong impetus to the growth of vegetation. Trees generally showed well in leaf, whilst the earlier varieties of rhododendrons, ribes, geans, and bird cherry were in full bloom. Narcissi were also in full flower, and tulips were rapidly opening. May. — This proved to be one of the finest months of the year, there being ample sunshine, with just sufficient coolness in the wind to make the atmospheric conditions the best for outdoor recreation. On the second of the month the Glasgow Exhibition was opened with the proverbial " Queen's weather," and the pleasant nature of the weather during the opening weeks went far to ensure the success of the undertaking. The 7th — the date which was originally fixed for the opening of the Exhibition — was one of the few disagreeable days of the month, being wet and cold. The rainfall was 1*91 inches, and there were 21 dry days. No frost was registered at Queen's Park during the month, METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1901. 317 though at some of the City Parks a few degrees were recorded. The average maximum temperature was 62°, and the average minimum 42°, while for the preceding May these figures were 58° and 42° respectively. Notwithstanding the dry weather, vegetation made satisfactory progress during the month, and there was an excellent display of bloom on most trees and shrubs. In some cases — notably apples, hawthorns, chestnuts, azaleas, and rhododendrons — the bloom was not only finer, but, owing to the absence of frost, lasted longer than usual. The show of hyacinths, tulips, and other bulbous plants in the City Parks and Squares was also particu- larly brilliant. The oak and ash began to leaf earlier than usual — the former on the 4th and the latter on the 6th — in both cases nearly three weeks earlier than in 1900, when, however, they were somewhat behind the usual period. June. — The fine weather which prevailed throughout the pre- vious month still held good during the opening weeks of June. Towards the 12th, with a falling barometer and a change of wind to the north, the weather became colder and showers of hail fell. For several days thereafter, though the days were bright and warm, the wind in the evenings was sharp. The closing days of the month were warmer, and there were occa- sional showers of much-needed rain, Throughout the month the barometer was fairly steady; on no occasion did it fall below 29*00 inches, and on 8 days the readings were over 30"00 inches. The amount of rain for the month was moderate, and measured 2*81 inches, rain being recorded on 11 days. Only on two occasions did the thermometer rise to 70°, the highest reading being that of the 9th, when it rose to 74°, and the average maximum temperature was 63° and the average minimum 47°. For June of 1900 the maximum and minimum temperatures were 65° and 49°. The prevailing bright sunshine and occasional refreshing showers of rain greatly favoured vegetation, and, having escaped the blighting effects of spring frosts, the development of the growth of trees and shrubs was unchecked, while the vigour and density of foliage was better than we have had for many years past. 318 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. July. — With the advent of this month the weather, which had up till now been temperate, became much warmer, and quite a heat wave was experienced, which lasted more or less throughout the entire month. For once the period covered by the Glasgow Fair Holidays was a time of brilliant sunshine, being, in fact, one of the finest weeks of the season. On the 20th and 21st there was a slight thunderstorm in the evening, and on the latter day the rainfall for the 24 hours was 1*03 inches. The atmospheric pressure was regular and high, the lowest reading being 29*45 inches, on the 24th, and the highest 30' 10 inches, on the 8th. The thermometer was at or above 70° on sixteen occasions during the month, and the highest reading was 77° on the 5th, and again on the 19th, which is also the highest reading of the year. The average maximum temperature was 69°, and the average minimum 55°. This average maximum has only been once reached during the last eight years — namely, in June of 1899 — when the average maximum was also 69°. The month's rainfall was 2*39 inches, and there were 22 dry days. The dry weather in the early part of the month was somewhat trying on vegetation, especially on subjects recently transplanted, . or those which had suffered exhaustion through a prodigality of bloom. After the rainfall on the 20th and 21st these rapidly recovered, whilst the general growth of plants was extremely satisfactory. August. — There was a continuation of the bright weather throughout this month which had characterised the opening months of the summer. During the former part of the month, however, there were frequent showers, and on the afternoon of the 13th a slight thunderstorm occurred, accompanied by heavy rain. Thereafter the weather was of a more settled nature, the days being warm and sunny and the evenings cool. The pressure of the atmosphere for the first week was moderate and steady. On the 19th there was a sudden rise to 30*20 inches, and for the succeeding five days the readings were all above 30*00 inches. During the 25th and 26th the barometer fell rapidly, and on the latter date the pressure was indicated at 29*20 inches. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1901. 319 With the frequent showers and cool breezes during the. month the temperature was more equable than in the preceding month, and only on four occasions was the thermometer in the shade at or above 70°, and on one occasion was the maximum ther- mometer below 60°. The average maximum temperature was 65°, and the average minimum 51°, while these figures for August of 1900 were 62° and 50° respectively. The rainfall for the month amounted to 3*59 inches, and there were 14 dry days. The moist, warm weather helped to freshen the foliage of trees and shrubs, which had been somewhat scorched by the heat of the previous month. The season was specially favourable for flowering plants. The flower-beds in the various Parks were, in consequence, better filled and brighter bloomed than usually obtains in our City. The defoliation of the lime and elm began about the middle of the month, but in a much less marked degree than usual. September. — Throughout this month the weather was of a pleasant and enjoyable character. Though there was a con- siderable rainfall, the showers were light and usually fell during the night, the days being generally bright and sunny. The prevailing wind of the month was from the east, and this tended to keep the temperature somewhat low, the thermometer never reaching 70°, and the highest reading in the shade was 66°, occurring on the 9th and 10th. The average maximum temperature was 61° and the average minimum 49°, the former being the same and the latter 2° higher than in September, 1900. The chart of the barometer shows some sudden changes. Until the 16th the atmospheric pressure was comparatively regular, but on that date the barometer dropped sharply from 29 "65 inches to 29'20 inches on the 17th, rising again to 29'65 inches on the 18th, from which it fell to 29 "00 inches on the 20th. Thereafter there was a gradual rise to 30'00 inches on the 30th. The rainfall amounted to 2*85 inches, while there were li dry days. Owing to the fine weather and absence of early autumn frosts, vegetation had no check, consequently there was a vigour and 320 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. brightness in the autumn flowering plants which made an excellent display. The autumnal coloration in the foliage of many deciduous trees was also more pronounced than usual, whilst the defoliation was not very apparent until towards the end of month. October. — The weather of October was on the whole dull, changeable, and showery. During the former part of the month, though the days opened fine and bright, the afternoons were often dull and wet. Towards the 10th the first touch of winter was experienced, and though no frost was registered during the month the thermometer was frequently hovering about freezing- point. The morning of the 23rd was foggy and damp, but as the day advanced the fog cleared off and the sun broke through. The closing days of the month were dull and wet, and there was a chill easterly wind. The pressure of the atmosphere, as shown by the barometer, was very irregular, and shows some marked contrasts. Begin- ning at 29*80 inches, it commenced to fall on the 4th, and on the 6th touched 29*00 inches. On the 11th the pressure had risen to 30*00 inches. Thereafter the tendency was downwards, and on the 17th and 18th the readings were 28*95 inches and 28*90 respectively. During the rest of the month the pressure was steadier, and towards the close rose to 30*30 inches. Rain fell to the amount of 3*96 inches, and there were 10 dry days. No frost was registered this month at Queen's Park, and the average maximum temperature was 53° and the average mini- mum 41°, as compared with 51° and 40° respectively for the same month of 1900. The open weather of the month and the immunity from frost gave a longer lease of existence to outdoor flowering plants, and dahlias, chrysanthemums, &c, were still in bloom at the end of the month, while grass was fresh and green. Deciduous trees defoliated naturally ,^ and the bulk were leafless before the month closed. November. — This was a month during which the weather con- ditions were very changeable, embracing by turn some bright METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1901. 321 days, fogs, frosts, and storms of wind. The opening days were bright and pleasant, but on the 4th a thick fog hung as a pall over the City all day. Succeeding this were a few days of brighter weather. The 9th, the closing day of the Glasgow Exhibition, was dull and wet, and on the 12th there was ex- perienced what was, perhaps, the most severe gale of the season, from the N.E., causing much damage throughout the country, and completely dislocating the telegraph system. Fog was again experienced on the 16th, accompanied by a keen attack of frost, and on the 17th the thermometer recorded the lowest reading of the year, 15° of frost being registered at Queen's Park. For the following few days the weather conditions were less severe, but on the 22nd there was a return of the frost, which held till the 25th. The closing days were milder and pleasant. The barometric readings show a much higher range than usual. On sixteen occasions these were above 30" 00 inches, and on no occasion did the barometer fall below 29 '20 inches. The rainfall for the month was 3*20 inches, and there were 17 dry days. Frost to the extent of 58° was registered on 9 days, while for the corresponding month of 1900 there were 21° for 5 days. The average maximum temperature was 46° and the average mini- mum 36°, as compared with 46° and 38° respectively for the preceding November. The sharp frost on the 2nd quickly ended the prolonged blooming of outdoor plants, and vegetation rapidly thereafter assumed its usual winter aspect. December. — The frosty and foggy weather experienced during November gave place at the opening of this month to milder weather. On the 9th, however, these conditions changed, and boisterous and cold weather set in. Snow and sleet fell heavily till the morning of the 10th, and the frost increased till, on the 11th, the minimum thermometer showed 11° of frost. The following two days were milder, but on the 17th the frost again returned, and continued more or less severe until the 28th. On several days there was a slight thawing on the surface of the snow, which, freezing again, caused the roads in many places to be almost impassable. On the closing days of the year the weather was milder and pleasant. 322 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The range of the barometer during the month was wide and erratic. From 29*90 inches on the 1st it fell to 29*30 inches on the 2nd, rising to 30*10 inches on the 4th; from that date until the 23rd the pressure was steadier, but low. On the 24th the barometer fell sharply to 28*25 inches, which is the lowest reading of the year. The month's rainfall is the largest monthly total of the year, and measured 4*50 inches, which includes a considerable quantity of melted snow. There were 14 dry days. Frost was registered on 16 mornings, and amounted to 76°, the greatest amount of frost being recorded on the 12th and the 22nd, which had each 11°. For December of 1900 no frost was recorded at Queen's Park. The average maximum temperature was 40° and the average minimum 33° ; these figures for the previous December were 47° and 40° respectively. In comparing the total rainfall of 1901, which amounted to 34*65 inches, with that of previous years, it will be seen that it is the lowest record since 1896, when the year's total was 33*90 inches, and that it is below the average for the last twelve years, which average is 37*12 inches. In marked contrast, too, is the rainfall of this year as compared with that of the previous year, which was the highest for a number of years, and measured 46*46 inches. The number of dry days during 1901 is 201, while for 1900 this total is 164, and the highest for the last twelve years is 212, in 1898. Another point of note is that for the last three months of 1901 the rainfall measured 11*66 inches, while for the same period of 1900 the rainfall totalled 18*96 inches. The heaviest rainfall for one day in 1901 was 1*15 inches, on the 3rd of April, and in 1900 the wettest day was 1*42 inches, on the 25th June. The greatest total for one month was that of December, with 4*50 inches, and in 1900 the greatest monthly total was also in December, with 7*71 inches. The driest month of 1901 was February, with a rainfall of 1*40 inches. For 1900 the driest month was March, when the rain measured only 0*28 of an inch. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1901. 323 The following table of rainfalls recorded in the various Public Parks of the City is interesting as showing the variation in different districts of the City. Due allowance must, of course, be made for exposure, altitude, and other local conditions, these being different in each case : — i * PS 4 w a? Ok -t-» O e o^ ^ o^ o^ -^ co Ol co oi co Ol -^ o CO co CO H 3 •+3 GO Scocoocs^oiococoocor^ ^s uo ^* co cp OS CO t^ p >o lo p cp ccVl'-iC^fOf^HCO^H^CJTttCOrh CO co pel o 4,1 ►a H +3 O CO Scsi>.©Tt1-HIO^QO^IOCOQC^< ii»nor»Hf^'99991^ Ol CO CO W H i— i i— i o OS 5 3 +3 S^CiOlCOOICO.— i O CO 13 CO o ^ i^ ep oi cp qp co i^» i-- co p co th C Ol rH Ol (01 rt CO ^H CO 6-1 CO Ol -* r— I CO CO S PS TO W CO CO Scoo^ — ooi-#>o>cooiooo Bipo5Hipip?iTt > as as CO CO cEt-io-HOTtit-aoO]cO'-;»oo ^co^^ipp^^^cocpcop c 01 ^h Ol Ol --i CO Ol CO Ol CO Ol CO Ol CO CO P ft M ►4 < 4^ l— 1 C5 CO S0501COC000500COOOCOCOC5 ^io^l>>ppcpcocpc^'7'pp XA-)^H4^C0OlO101C0C0-<*CO'* OS CO t- CO 1— 1 ea PS S3 ©* 4^ JHo^ocppcocpipcopoiip coi^o^co^ci 48° on 9 days' 70 ,.11 December, 76 ,i 16 ,. 200 .. 25 „ 55 .. 12 .1 126 m 21 m Total frost registered, 327° on 70 days 920°on 135 days 257° on 58 days 405° on 82 days METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1901. 325 Alexandra Pake. Glasgow Green. Bellahocston Park. Tollcross Park. George Square. 79°, 18th and 21st July 87°, 8th July 83°, 21st July 84°, 5th July 80°, 9th June and 5th July 13°, 16th Nov. 14°, 16th Nov. 17°, 16th Nov. 16°, 16th Nov. 25°, 12th Dec. 131 days 134 days 94 days 113 days 30 days 8 days 21 days 1 day 3 days 79° on 20 days 88° on 21 days 40° on 10 days 46" on 13 days 157 ii 22 .. 170 ii 22 n 106 ii 19 .. 144 „ 21 „ 13° on 5 days 106 .. 16 .. 119 n 18 .. 75 ii 11 ii 76 ii 13 I. 14° ,. 6 .. 45 ii 11 .i 55 .. 12 „ 23 .. 8 .. 27 .. 8 m 6 ,, 2 .. 5 „ 2 ,, 3 „ 1 .. 26° on 8 days 11° on 6 days 16° on 8 days 107 .. 13 ,, 123 „ 16 „ 80° on 13 days 90 n 15 ,. 10° on 3 da3rs 147 .. 21 „ 172 .. 21 „ 104 N 20 n 109 „ 20 ., 15 ti 5 ii 673° on 113 days 743° on 118 days 428° on 81 days 511° on 99 days 52* on 19 days 326 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. With regard to the temperature, there are some interesting points of comparison with that of the preceding year. Six months of the year — viz., February, March, May, July, August, and October — had a higher average temperature than in 1900, while the average maximum temperature for July, 1901 (69°) is greater by 2° than the average maximum of any month of 1900, and has only been equalled once during the last eight years — namely, in June of 1899. Frost was registered on 70 occasions to the extent of 327°, although the thermometer was at or below freezing-point (32° Fahr.) 78 times. In 1900 the amount of frost recorded was 326° for 57 days, and the freezing- point was touched in all 64 times. The lowest reading of the thermometer in 1901 was 17° (15° of frost), on 16th November, while the lowest reading of 1900 was 9° (23° of frost), on 11th February. There were only two occasions on which the ther- mometer did not rise above freezing-point during 24 hours. In the previous year this happened on five occasions. The coldest month of the year was February, when the frost totalled 97° for 20 days. July was the warmest month, with a mean temperature of 62°; in 1900 July was likewise the warmest month, but the mean temperature was 60°. The highest reading of the thermometer in the shade was 77°, occur- ring on two occasions, both in July — the 5th and 19th. In 1900 the warmest day was on the 15th August, when the ther- mometer rose to 75°. The maximum thermometer was at or above 70° on 2 days in May, 2 days in June, 16 days in July, and 4 days in August — 24 times in all — whereas in 1900 this point was touched 21 times, and occurred in June, July, and August. During the year there was an unusual prevalence of easterly winds, as shown by the following records : — From the south-west, 218; west, 43; north-east, 4; east, 65; north-west, 6; south, 1; and south-east, 28 days, respectively. Thus, excluding the direct north and south, the western group shows 267 and the eastern group 97 times, against 290 for the western and 72 for the eastern in 1900. From the barometric records it is seen that the range is higher than in the previous year. The highest reading of the year, 30'40 inches, was taken on the 25th, and again on the 26th, METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1901. 327 both in November, and the lowest reading, 28*25 inches, was taken on the 24th of December. In 1900 the highest reading was 30*38 inches, on the 14th of March, and the lowest, 28*40 inches, on the 19th of February. During 1901 the atmospheric pressure was 93 times above 30*00 inches and 16 times below 29*00 inches, whereas in 1900 it was only 50 times above 30*00 inches and 8 times below 29*00 inches. In summing up these records, it may be noted that in many points the weather of 1901 showed marked contrasts to the weather of 1900. January was a dry and cold month, with a rainfall of only half that of the preceding January. February and March were both comparatively dry months, with a pre- ponderance of low temperatures, and during the latter month there was a prevalence of easterly winds. Though April was somewhat cold and raw, May heralded the advent of bright and sunny weather, which was well sustained throughout the entire summer, and will long be associated with the success of the Glasgow Exhibition of this year. November and December were seasonable, cold, wintiy months, the latter being showery and having the heaviest rainfall of the year. Regarding the general effect on vegetation, the atmospheric conditions of 1901 were distinctly favourable, so far as the neighbourhood of Glasgow is concerned. Rarely, indeed, do we experience throughout such a genial, kindly season. Our cold, clay soil retains, in all conscience, sufficient moisture for most plants to withstand all the sunshine and heat we can get in these latitudes. Accordingly, while many districts suffered with the dry, sunny summer of this year, Glasgow did not. It rarely happens that we get such a satisfactory growth on tree and shrub as that which was obtained during the past season. In the preceding year the average growth on trees was better than in most seasons, but the results of 1901 have far surpassed that. The vigour of growth was not only noticeable on the shoots, but the luxuriance and density of foliage was remarkable — for Glasgow. The display of bloom on deciduous trees and shrubs was in most cases above the average, and, having escaped spring frosts, were fuller and richer in colour. The bulk of evergreen plants escaped injury during the winter better than their condition warranted. Rhodo- C 328 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. dendrons, though somewhat irregular, as many varieties did not set flower buds, made an excellent display, whilst the annual flower-bedding stuffs and hardy herbaceous plants were not only better but more prolonged in their blooming than usual. Regarding annual vegetation, the same good results were general. The cereals, never having been checked, developed well, and were harvested under satisfactory conditions. Root crops, especially potatoes, were likewise fine and abundant. The dry weather tended to keep the grass back for a week or two, but on the whole there was an abundance of pasture throughout the season, and the hay crop was also good. After such a sunny and pleasant year, the condition of trees and shrubs is such as to warrant us to look forward with lively anticipations, and, given genial conditions, there should be another fine floral display in park and woodland. The hope expressed last year that the cycle of wet seasons had ended, and that we should be blessed with a series in which the sunshine would exceed the rain, having been amply fulfilled, we can only again reiterate the hope, and that the weather conditions may be such as tend to sweeten the atmosphere of our city and brighten the lives and benefit the health of its toiling citizens by enabling them to enjoy more fully the advan- tages and pleasures which are to be found in life out of doors. Subjoined is the meteorological record for the past three years as kept at Queen's Park, and the averages for the last twelve years. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE TEAR 1901. 329 H 1-3 <* ► O P3 H (M CI o as CO •paj8)si39.i SBAHSOJJ JO 3J0OI JO al H0ii{Ai no sJLvq. jo aaqoinx r-H as o •sXbq: /ja 0^<*005(N05iO(MeOT)'H t-oooGOcoooor- ioscoo HHHHH!M(N(MMi- IHCT r—i OS w. ft •8ITHBJ3CI -max ub9jv N?OlONOiON«)OONNN 0 CO W tf < to COCOCOCOTjWcnCO^CO^H^CO r-H CO Ph m SI H •8JB3A OOOOGOQOOOCOOOOOC00005Q H O 03 H lOHHCOHO)(M-*^Ot»-* 1— »O00r-l o i— 1 O i-h* O P3 o &H o COOO^OOOlONClr-lrHlXlN •HHCO-*iOiC>COCOCOCOlO^-<*< "3 '3 PS 09 QOCOGO^Oi^COtOOlOOiH 9«pWrHHOOfONO(>H> ^oio^^^co^coibcb.t:- CO cb 03 05 00 H -1 MOh-*C0WWM10 10O<0 1— iWWHr- 1 (N H (M r-H r— If— t CO OS r- 1 - s w fcC 03 s-> > < (M(MiONOOrt«»OlMO COCOCOCO"*0*OiO^-«#"*CO OCOCO(M^05Q0050i-*HO> Ph O 3 e "3 03 & o s COCpr^rH-HHipCOCpb-lOCOOS CO r-H K 1 3 „ r? tf .- ^ ft ^ ^ g £ £ onicus, and Berberis vulgaris, were very conspicuous with their highly-coloured fruits. The Philadelphoris coronarius (the False Orange) seemed to have been largely planted, and one bush of the Juniper was noticed growing on the banks of the stream. About noon Arniston House was reached, where the party were hospitably entertained by Sir Robert Dundas, Bart. A halt of twenty minutes for lunch was made, and then the way was continued to Temple, Arniston being left for inspection on the way back. In the glen opposite Arniston were a number of introduced , shrubs and trees, one or two specimens of Abies nobilis being very conspicuous with their silvery foliage. There was also a fine clump of Sea Buckthorn (Hippo phae rhamnoides). The bushes seemed very healthy and well grown, but bore no fruit. On the side of the stream at Temple was a large Ash, 14 feet 1J inches at 5 feet 3 inches on west side. In the centre of the fork, about 30 feet from the ground, a young Elm was growing. The Rev. J. W. Blake, M.A., minister of Temple, now joined 336 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. the party, and conducted the members to the old church. It stands on the sloping banks of the South Esk, and is now a roofless ruin. The style is the pointed early English. In the one end is a quaint little doorway, with trefoil arch cut from a single stone; in the opposite end is the prettiest of the windows, with a fine head of plate tracery with plain circles; on the south side are two pointed windows; on the north side one, the second having evidently been built up. The heads of these windows are also of plate tracery. The double sedilia in the south wall and the doorway are thought to date from the time of the Templars. A tomb in the north wall belongs to the fifteenth, and the belfry to the sixteenth, century. A dozen of the party made a short detour to Edgelaw Reservoir, but, beyond observing six herons perched on the trees, and a large number of waterfowl, nothing of special interest was noticed, and the party retraced their steps, and soon rejoined the main body at Arniston. The main interest at Amiston centred in the splendid avenues of trees. These were planted in 1736, and consist mainly of Beech, Elm, Larch, Maple, and Lime. Sir Eobert Dundas has still in his possession the invoices of these trees, and offered to show them to anyone curious to see them. A Larch in front of the house measured 9 feet 8J inches at 4 feet 4 inches on west side; another, 12 feet \ inch at 4 feet 9 inches on east side; an Ash on north side of the road, near the gate in the park, measured 12 feet 7 inches at 5 feet 3 inches on south- east side; a Maple, on same side, 12 feet 3 J inches at 5 feet 6 inches on south-east; a Maple, on south side, 16 feet 1 inch at 4 feet 5 inches on north-west side; an Ash, on north side, 12 feet 8 inches at 5 feet 5 inches on south-east; and another Ash, also on north side, 15 feet \\ inches at 4 feet 9 \ inches on south-east side. The party then made for Gorebridge, and travelled to Edin- burgh. After a halt here for tea, Glasgow was eventually reached after a most enjoyable day's excursion. The following list of fungi was reported by Mr. Johnston : — Amanita phalloides, Fr. rubescenS) Pers. vaginatus, Bull. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 337 Lepiota clypeolarius, Bull. granulosus, Batsch. procerus, Scop. Armillaria melleus, Fl. Dan. Tricholoma terreus, Sehaeff. vaccinus, Pers. Clitocyhe laccatus, Scop. Collybia dryophilus, Bull. Mycena galericulatus, Scop. polygrammus, Bull. Pholiota squarrosus, Mull. Flammula sapineus, Fr. Psaliota campestris, Linn. Stropharia aeruginosus, Curt. semiglobatus, Batsch Hypholoma fascicularis, Huds. Panaeolus campanulatus, Linn. Paxillus lepista, Fr. involutus, Fr. Hygrophorus conicus, Fr. virgineus, Fr. psittacinus, Fr. ceraceus, Fr. Lactarius blennius, Fr. serifluus, Fr. deliciosus, Fr. quietus, Fr. torminosus, Fr. Russula emetica, Fr. ochroleuca, Fr. ' nigricans, Fr. cyanoxantha, Fr. Boletus badius, Fr. flavus, With. luteus, Linn. subtomentosus, Linn. Polyporus versicolor, Fr. Hydnum rufescens, Pers. 338 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Stereum hirsutum, Fr. sanguinolentum, Fr. Lycoperdon coelatum, Fr. Peziza badia, Pers. Reticulata umbrina, Fr. Few Tipulidae were netted, the rains of the early morning having so damped the grass and undergrowth that no sweeping could be done. The following is a list of those taken : — Dixa maculata, Mg. nebulosa, Mg. Dicranomyia didyma, Mg. Empeda nubila, Schum. Rhypholoplius haemorrhoidalis. Ztkt. Limnophila senilis, Hal. Trichocera anmdata, Mg. hiemalis, Deg. Dicranota bimaculata, Schum. Tipxda pagana, Mg. signata, Staeg. Campsib Glen and Lennox Castle were visited on 28th Sep- tember, 1901, and Cadder Wilderness on 19th October, but nothing deserving of special mention falls to be recorded. The excursions were under the guidance of Mr. Wm. Stewart, and were principally for mycological purposes. Craigends, 19th April, 1902. — Mr. John Renwick, the con- ductor, has contributed the following report: — " On this occasion the grounds of Craigends House were visited first, and thereafter the party proceeded by the village of Crosslee, up the side of the lade that supplies the mills there, and along the River Gryfe to Bridge of Weir. " The lands of Craigends were, in 1479, given by the first Earl of Glencairn to his second son, William Cunninghame, and have since remained in the possession of his lineal descendants. Near the house is a very large Yew tree — the largest that we know of in the West of Scotland. On this occasion it was EEPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 339 found to have a girth of 21 feet 11 J inches at the narrowest part of the short bole, on an irregular line about 1J feet to 2J feet from the ground. The trunk begins to divide, at about 3 feet up, into thirteen or fourteen large limbs, the largest of which is over 8 feet in girth at the base. The tree is situated on sloping ground near the river, and these figures refer to the lower side. In November, 1899, the height of the tree was 44 feet; the diameter of the spread of the branches was 85 J feet in a line parallel to the river, and 85 J feet at right angles to the course of the river — an increase of 18 inches in each direction since our previous measurement in March, 1896. At this last date the circumference of the branches was 256 feet. In November, 1899, the figures were — girth, 21 feet 2| inches; spread, 81 feet 10 inches. In the Highland and Agricultural Society's Transactions, 1865, details are given— girth, 19 feet 6 inches; greatest spread of branches, 67 feet 6 inches; circum- ference, 205 feet; area, 3,330 feet. The height at which the girth was taken is not given, nor is it stated in which direction was the greatest spread of branches; but, assuming that these are the same as those to which our figures refer, the follow- ing comparisons may be of interest, although they cannot be definitely taken as strictly correct: — Date. 1863 or (1864), ... Nov., 1889, Mar., 1896, Nov., 1899, April, 1902, Girth. Increase. Ft, In. Inches. 19 6 21 2| 20| 21 7 4£ 21 10 3 21 Hi -i| Years. say 27 6 4 2 Rate per annum. Inch. •77 •71 •75 •75 29i 39 •75 r measurements, Nov. , '89, April, '02, 8| Diameter of Spread. 12 •73 1863 (or 1864), ... Nov., 1889, Mar., 1896, Nov., 1899, Increase. Ft. In. Ft. In. 67 6 81 10 14 4 84 0 2 2 85 6 16 Years. say 27 6 4 Rate per annum. Inches. 637 4 33 4-50 18 0 37 5 84 r measurements, Nov. '89, Nov., '99, 3 8 10 4-40 340 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Circumference of Spread. Increase. Years. Rate per annum, 1863 (or 1864), 205 ft. March, 1896, 256 ft. 51ft. say 33 1 ft. 6J in. Area. 1863 (or 1864), .. 3,330 feet. 1899, taking average diameter as 85 ft. =5,674 ft., fully £th of an acre. " A growth in girth of '73 of an inch yearly is very great for a Yew, and is likely to be partly accounted for by the swelling under the division of the trunk on the one hand, and on the other by the enlargement at the roots. But the tree appears to be very healthy and vigorous, and in 1896 we were told that it always produced large quantities of pollen. " A Horse Chestnut near the house was measured — girth, 13 feet 1 inch at 3 feet 6 inches from the ground — an increase of 6 J inches in six years and 13 inches in twelve years = an average of 1'08 inch per annum. In 1899 it had a spread of 90 feet. "Mr. John Paterson reports that the Swallow, the Sand- martin, and the House-martin were seen on the side of the Gryfe at Crosslee, and the Willow-wren was common." Murroch and Auchenreoch Glens, 26th April, 1902. — This excursion, which was under the leadership of Mr. Wm. Armour, C.E., was a joint one along with the Geological Society, and the interest was mainly geological. Mr. John Renwick has contributed the following report: — " Proceeding by rail to Dumbarton, the party walked by the highway to the lower end of Murroch Glen, ascended this valley into Auchenreoch Glen, and returned to Dumbarton across the moor and down the hill road. " The rocks through which the two streams flow belong to the lowest division of the Carboniferous system — namely, the Calciferous Sand-stone series, or Cement-stone group. They are known as the ' Ballagan beds/ from being typically exposed in Ballagan Glen, near Strathblane, and consist of clays, marls, shales, sand-stones, and cememvstones. They appear to have been laid down in extensive lagoons, or shallow water basins. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 341 " The streams have worn channels deep down into ravines, showing fine examples of river erosion, and affording, now on one side and again on the other, grand sections of the strata thus cut through. The most extensive section is a splendid cliff, variously estimated at 150 to 200 feet in height, in Auchenreoch Glen, a little above the point where that stream literally falls — over a little waterfall — into the main stream. Standing in the middle of the glen near this point is a column, known as ' Lot's Wife/ consisting of hardened rock, apparently altered by the action of heated water passing through the strata, long after they were formed. Evidence of the action of ice was pointed out in the rounded boulders of Highland rocks strewed in the glens, carried from the North during the glacial period. " Botanically, many of the spring flowers were seen, but nothing of special interest was found. " Among the summer birds observed (by Mr. W. A. Donnelly) were the Common Sandpiper, the Willow-wren, the Cuckoo, and the Ring-ouzel; and the Corn-crake was heard. The resident birds included trie Carrion Crow and the Bullfinch. " It may be of interest to mention that King Alexander II., in 1223 or 1224, 'gave and granted to the said burgh (of Dumbartane), and burgesses thereof and their successors, two parts of the lands of Murvaich (Murroch), for the common good of the burgh that may be made therefrom, as the said charter, granted the 13th day of the month of December and the tenth year of the reign of the said king, proports.' In 1240 the same king granted a charter 'to the said burgh and burgesses thereof of the third part of the lands of Murvaich, for the yearly payment of ten merks in name of feu farm.' — (Charter of James VI. and I., 1609, quoted by Joseph Irving, Book of Dumbartonshire). " The burgh and burgesses of Dumbarton were rather fond of litigation, and it is to be feared that they have had at various times to dispose of most, or all, of their Murroch lands." Neilston Pad and Harelaw Dam, 3rd May, 1902. — About thirty members and friends took part in this excursion, which was carried out, under the leadership of Mr. John Robertson, in fine weather. The route taken was over Neilston Pad to Harelaw Dam. 342 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. From the Pad the Arran hills and the Firth of Clyde could be seen, although the atmosphere was rather hazy and un- favourable for an extended view. At Harelaw Dam most of the party were conveyed by means of a boat to the island, on which is the nesting-place of a well-known large colony of Black- headed Gulls. Nests were seen at all stages, many still without eggs, while a few had young birds hatched out. Most of the nests contained three eggs, but there were several with four. The colony still keeps up to its usual strength. There is little doubt, in fact, but that it would greatly increase were it not that the birds are not allowed to nest on the sides of the Dam. The eggs are taken by the keepers to prevent boys and other tres- passers from being attracted to the place. On Harelaw were also seen a number of Tufted Ducks and five Great Crested Grebes. Some of the party returned direct to Neilston by road, others by the old road to the east of Neilston Pad, two sand pits near Neilston being visited en route. The ground passed over is a well-known locality for the Moonwort, which was observed during the afternoon. A Common Bat or Pipistrelle was obtained, and the following summer birds were noted: — Swallow, Sand-martin, Wheatear, Common Sandpiper, and Willow-wren. Bishop Loch, 6th May, 1902. — This evening excursion, under the leadership of Mr. John Paterson, was sparsely attended, only six persons being present. The weather was cold and windy, but bright and comparatively favourable for observation of the bird life of the district, to which feature of its natural history attention was entirely devoted. Many Redshanks, Common Sandpipers, Swallows, and one Yellow Wagtail were seen at Bishop Loch, and on the loch or in its immediate neighbourhood were some Coots, Water-hens, Little Grebes, four Tufted Ducks y), Tree-pipit (Anthus trivialis, Jj.) and Wood-wren (Phylloscopus sioilatrix, Bech.J with the remark that they may fairly be described as quite characteristic birds of Luss. Longtailed Tits (Acredula rosea, BlytbJ were also seen several times. On the lower slopes of the Ben, Mr. R. B. Johnstone captured a Blindworm (Anguis fragilis, ~L.), and a bottle full was seen in the possession of some tinkers at Luss, which had been got among the rubbish at the disused slate quarries in Luss Glen, where they abound ; and they seem to occur over all the Loch Lomond district. TENTHREDiNiDiE, Mr. A. A. Dalglish reports, were very scarce at Luss, only three species being taken, namely, Tomosthethus fuscipennis, Fall., Pachynematus caprece, Pz., and Dolerus hcematodes, Schrnk., all swept in marshy ground. Among the Aculeata at Luss Formica fusca, Latr., Lasius niger, Linn., and Myrmica rubra, L., race ruginodis, Nyl., were all common. Nomada alternata, Kirby, was taken, and the only other species noticed was Bombus terrestris, L. Lepidoptera — Mr. A. A. Dalglish took the following species at Luss : — Lithocolletis quercifoliella, Z., common at rest on oak ; L. heegzriella, Z., single specimen; L. alnifoliella, Dup., fairly common on alders; Acalla literana, L., single specimen hyber- nated and in poor condition; A.ferrugana, Tr., hybernated and common ; Depressaria arenella, Schiff., single specimen, hyber- nated ; Gracilaria syringella, F., beaten from ash ; Xanthorhoe REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 345 spadicearia, Bhk. {= ferrugaria, Haw.) ; Roeselia confuscalis, H.S., single specimen from wall or roadside. TiPULiDiE. — Mr. Alex. Ross reports that the unfavourable weather prevented any large captures. Eighteen species were taken, and of these Dicranomyia stigmatica, Mg.. was known previously only from Lochgoilhead and Colintraive ; and Idioptera trimaculata, Ztt., from Drymen Road and Milngavie. These two species were the most interesting, and the others were Dixa maculata, Mg. ; Limnobia macrostigma, Schum.; L. nubeculosa, Mg. ; Dicranomyia chorea, Mg. ; Ehipidia maculata, Mg. ; Em- peda nubila, Schum. ; Erioptera tcenionota, Mg. ; Rhypholophus nodulosus, Mcq. ; Limnophila meigenii, Ver.; Trichocera regela- tionis, L. ; Via pilosa, Schum. ; Amalopis immaculata, Mg. ; A. unicolor, Schum. ; Tipula horhdana, Mg. ; and T. vari- pennis, Mg. Coleoptera. — The following species were collected or observed at Luss by Mr. Anderson Fergusson : — Leistus fulvibarbis, Dej.; JVebria gyllenhali, Sch. (red-legged variety) \ Harpalus latus, L. ; Pterostichus versicolor, Sturm. ; P. madidus, F. ; P. niger, Schall. ; P. nigrita, F. ; Anchomenus angusticollis, F.; A. albipes, F. ; A. parumpunctatus, F. ; Bembidium littor ale, 01. ; B.punctulatum, Drap. ; Trechus minutus, F.; Cercyon hcemorrhoidalis, F. ; C. melanocephalus, L. ; Bythinus bulbifer, Reich. ; Adalia obliterate, L. ; Aphodius fimetarius, L. ; A. ater, Deq. ; A. depressus, Kug. ; Geotrupes sylvaticus, Panz.; Agriotes obscurus, L.; Rhagonycha limbata, Thorns. ; R. pallida, F. ; Chrysomela staphylea, L. ; Crepidodera aurata, Marsh ; Deporaiis brtidce, L. ; Anoplus plantaris, Naez. ; Balaninus salcivorus, Payk. Mr. John R. Lee reports that the following were the only plants of interest noted on Ben Lomond : — Thalictrum alpinum, L., altitude 2000 feet; Anemone nemorosa, L., and Caltha palus- tris, L., both in flower at altitude 2000 feet ; Rubus chamaimorus, L. ; Alchemilla alpina, L. ; Saxifraga stellar is, L. ; S. oppositifolia, L., in flower, altitude 2000 feet; Antennaria dioica, Gsertn. ; Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea, L. ; Oxyria reniformis, Huds. ; Empetrum nigrum, L. ; Carex proecox, Jacq. ; Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. var. lobatum ; Lycopodium clavatum, L. ; L. alpinum, L. ; L. selago, L. One specimen of Myrica gale, L., gathered by Mr. R. B. John- stone, had catkins, with staminate flowers at the base and 346 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. pistillate at the apex. This is very unusual, the species being generally distinctly dioecious. Mr. John Paterson reported that the fine Black Poplar which stood at the side of the Luss Water, near the bridge, has been cut down. It measured 13 feet in circumference, at 5 feet, thirteen years ago (vide Annals, Andersonian Naturalists' Society, L, p. 60). It is stated to have been planted in 1804, but only fifty-four annual rings of growth could be counted at the base of the trunk. The apparent annual increase of wood was uniformly large throughout that period. There is much natural Holly in Luss Glen, some of it pretty old, and individual trees of large size are quite a feature of the place. The Tulip tree and curiously-shaped Larch, in the Hotel garden, the old Wych Elm, opposite the Hotel, the large Silver Firs, Great Maples, Limes, and Walnuts all received their due meed of attention and admiration, but no fresh measurements were taken. Dungoynb, 7th June, 1902. — This excursion was undertaken jointly with the Geological Society, and was under the leader- ship of Mr. James Steel. Notwithstanding a wet forenoon, which did not promise well for an afternoon on the moors, nineteen members and friends assembled at Queen Street Station, and on reaching Dungoyne Station the number was swelled by the addition of several others. The fact that there had been so recently the terrible eruptions in the West India Islands induced the members to pay special attention to the signs of former volcanic energy around them. On the way to the summit of the hill several vents were noticed, from which the andesite lavas which cap the Strathblane hills were poured forth, which in turn at a later period were traversed by in- trusive diabase. Dungoyne itself is the most conspicuous of the vents, but among others in the vicinity are Dungoil, Bin Bairn, and the Meikle Bin. According to Sir Archibald Geikie, there are fifty vents, large and small, between Dungoyne and Loch Lomond. There was a beautiful and extensive view from the top of the hill, and many quick-passing shadows varied with sunshine gave diversity to the scenery, making the visit a truly memorable one. Returning round the south face of the hill at REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 347 a considerable elevation, a most enchanting view suddenly burst on the party, a change in the light giving the water of Loch Lomond such a brilliant effect that the islands were shown distinctly, and even the steamer was seen threading its way through them. On the way back one of the party came upon a half-grown rabbit sitting beside a tuft of grass, which actually allowed itself to be touched by the hand before scampering away ! Quite a number of swallows were seen on the road busily gathering mud from the edges of the small rain pools to further the construction of their nests. The outing was thoroughly enjoyed by all those who took part in it. Milton Lockhart and Carfin, 14th June, 1902. — Mr. R. Morton was the conductor of this excursion, and Mr. John Renwick has contributed the following report: — " The party proceeded by rail to Carluke, and walked to Milton Lockhart, the property of Major-General David Blair Lockhart, D.L. The gardener met them, and accompanied them to the gardens and other places of interest in the policies. The company were hospitably entertained to tea, both at Milton Lockhart and Carfin House. " The following measurements of trees were taken by Messrs. Renwick and M'Kay: — Measurements of Trees. Large-leaved Lime ( Tilia platyphyllos, Scop. J, to west of house — bole, 12 feet; girth, 12 feet 2J inches at 3 feet 5 inches. Large-leaved Lime, to west of preceding tree — bole, 12 feet ; girth, 9 feet 3 inches at 4 feet 8 inches Common «Lime (Tilia vulgaris, HayneJ to south-west of house — bole, 15 feet; girth, 12 feet 3 J inches at 4 feet 9 inches. Field Maple (Acer campestre, L.j, near gatehouse at Clyde — bole, 5 feet ; girth, 6 feet 8 J inches at 2 feet 6 inches. Horse Chestnut, to south-west of house — bole, 6 feet ; girth, 9 feet 2 1 inches at 2 feet 11 inches. False Acacia (Robinia pseudaeacia, LJ, near gatehouse at Clyde — bole, 5 feet ; girth, 6 feet 8 J inches at 2 feet 5 inches 348 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. English Field Elm ( Ulmus surculosa, Stokes,), on Mill Hill — bole, 20 feet; girth, 1-4 feet 8 J inches at 5 feet 4 inches. The largest English Elm we know of in Ciyde area. English Eield Elm, on terrace to north of house — bole, 25 feet ; girth, 10 feet lOf inches at 5 feet 4 inches. English Field Elm, on terrace to north of house. Tree nearest house) — bole, 35 feet ; girth, 9 feet 7 J inches at 4 feet 10 inches. Oak, on " Mount Pisgah " — girth, 10 feet 9 inches at 4 feet 10 inches. Beech, on terrace to north of house. (Beech nearest house) — bole, 13 feet ; girth, 10 feet 7 inches at 4 feet 10 inches. Wellingtonia (Sequoia gigantea, Torrej.J near front of house — girth, at base, 8 feet 7 inches \ at 2 feet, 5 feet 5 \ inches at 4 feet, 4 feet 6J inches. " From Milton Lockhart the party walked by the highway, through Crossford, to Carfin House. On the side of the high- way, half-a-mile above the entrance to Milton Lockhart, is a very fine oak, which in January, 1901, had a girth of 15 feet 3| inches at 5 feet up; bole, 9 feet; height, 61 feet; diameter of spread of branches, 88J feet from N.W. to S.E., and 86 feet at about right angles thereto. " At Carfin House the party, accompanied by the gardener, visited the hothouses, the gardens, &c. Among the rarer trees was noted a Cork-barked Elm (Ulmus suberosa, Moen.), about fifteen years old — girth, 1 foot 11 \ inches at 4 feet; bole, 8 feet. " From Carfin a hurried walk up the steep road leading to Braidwood brought the party to the station just in time for the train." Tollcross Park, 17th June, 1902. — Mr. James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, met the members at the West Lodge, and conducted them through the. park. Proceeding by the south walk towards the glen, some comment was made on the dying condition of a number of the older trees in the vicinity of the mansion-house. The probable causes of this are the changed atmospheric conditions and the effects of underground workings, which frequently rack the roots as well as tap the REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 349 natural supply of water. On several of the decaying trees huge specimens of Polyporus squamosus, Fr., were noticed. Though too early for a ''fungus foray," even in a place well suited for it, several species were observed, the only one worth noting being Agaricus {ILypholoma) sublateritus, Schasff. Passing up the glen, remarks were made on the clean-stemmed Beeches. Though none of the trees were of great bulk, the group was an interesting object-lesson in economic forestry. The trees of this group are utilised as a nesting-place by hun- dreds of crows, and this rookery is now one of the largest in the vicinity of the City. The old kitchen garden, which is now used as a nursery for trees and shrubs, was next visited. In passing through the stable courtyard a large gnarled Elm was measured by several of the arboricultural section of the party. The collections of trees and shrubs created a consider- able amount of interest, seeing that they are being got together for experimental planting, and many are new or little known in the district. The following list may be of interest, as all are apparently happy in their surroundings : — Andromeda speciosa cassinefolia. Prinos glaber. Cerasus pumila pendula. Kalmia angustifolia rubra. Hamamelis arbor ea. Sambucus racemosa serratifolia aurea. Caragan a ferox. Weigela hortensis variegata. ,, ,, nivea. „ j, Eva Rathke. Philadelphia Lemoinei erecta. „ ., macrophyllum. Prunus Maximowiczii. Xanthoceras sorbifolia. Pibes Gordonianum. „ sanguineum. Cornus siberica alba spathi. „ „ aurea „ Phillyrea decora, 350 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Cerasus virginica. Amelanchier canadensis. Populus Bolliana. Fraxinus aurea. ,, aucubwfolia. ,, monophylla laciuiata. „ Americana. „ dimorphus. ,, Americana pennsylvanica. „ spectabilis. „ foliovariegata. 5 , polemoni folia. „ arbutifolia. Ulmus stricta. „ Dampieri aurea. ., montana alba marginata. ,, ,, Smithi. „ Campestris aurea. ,, Louis Van Houtte. „ cornubiensis. „ evicta. ,, nigrescens. Cratcegus Douglasii. ,, crus galli splendtns. „ Carrierei. „ Korolkowi 1 » pyrifolia. „ pyracantha Lelandi, heavily fruited, in small Salix acicularia. [plants. Pyrus Sorbus. „ Americana. ., cretica. ,, malus Jloribunda. „ ., atrosanguinea. Betula laciniata. Liriodendron tidipifera. Hypericum moserianum. And larger quantities of better known 'shrubs, such as spireas, Rosa rugosa, rhododendrons, heaths, etc. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 351 Attention was drawn to a curiosity in the form of a carnation which bears a double flower in the centre of the spike, whilst all the side flowers are single. In crossing the glen towards the flower garden a large patch of Podophyllum peltatum (Linn.) was pointed out, which had naturalised itself in a damp, sun-shaded part of the grounds. The natural beauty of the grounds was much commented upon. The new conservatories, which had recently been opened to the public, were next visited, and the collection of plants closely inspected. Though of varied interest, none of the subjects call for special notice, excepting a small collection of Tree Ivies grown in pots, which, when more fully developed, should form a feature of interest. Galston, 5th July, 1902. — Mr. Eenwick acted as the con- ductor of this excursion, in the unavoidable absence of Mr. A. Gilchrist, and has contributed the following report: — " There were half-a-dozen present — three from Glasgow and three from the locality. The first place of interest visited was Barr Castle, an ancient fortalice standing in the town, about whose date and history we could learn nothing very definite. Near the castle is an old Elm tree, locally known as ' The Boss -Tree' (Hollow Tree). Aiton's View oj the County of Ayr, 1811, quoted by Dr. D. Landsborough, Contributions to Local History (Kilmarnock), states — ' The largest Elm, and indeed the largest tree, in the County of Ayr, is near Barr Castle, Galston. It is 27 feet round at the root, and 16 feet round 6 feet above the surface. The trunk is not very long, and rather rough and knotty; but the branches are numerous, some of them very large, and cover a great extent of surface. One of them, broken off by the wind ten years ago, sold then at five pounds.' Mr. R. Hutchison, in the Highland and Agri- cultural Society's Transactions for 1883, states that in 1879 it was 27 feet in girth at 1 foot, 16 feet 4 inches at 5 feet, and 16 feet at 6 feet. The repetition of 27 feet and 16 feet in these two sets of measurements makes one doubtful of the accuracy of the later set. The first time I saw the tree was in May, 1899, when it measured 18 feet 4 inches at 6 feet from the ground; but the trunk was hollow, with large gaps, 352 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and was bound together with strong chains to prevent it from falling asunder. On our present visit the measurement at 6 feet gave 18 feet 11 inches, but, in addition to the gaps just mentioned, there is a large number of small branches springing out of the trunk, which renders it impossible to pass the tape round in a straight line. These branches have increased in number and size during the last three years, and the stem which springs from the decayed trunk seems higher and more vigorous. The veteran appears as if renewing its youth, and as Mr. Turner, the factor to the Duke of Portland, is taking care of it, we may trust that this relic may long be spared. Dr. Landsborough (op. cit., p. 191) records a Great Maple at Barr Castle, girthing 13 feet 2 inches at 5- feet, in spring of 1879. Mr. Wright informs us that this tree was taken down about 1882. " Leaving the town, we make our way in the direction of Cessnock Castle, along with many others — " For roads were clad, frae side to side, Wi; monie a wearie body, In droves that day." " (Is it necessary to explain that ' wearie ' does not mean ' tired,' but ' different ' = with many a different person — farmers, cottars, swankies, lassies 1) The simmer " sun owre Galston nmirs, Wi' glorious light was " shining : But few were " thinkin' on their sins," Though likely "some upo' their claes." " The occasion wasn't a Holy Fair, but a concert, with an address upon Burns. " If the Glasgow Natural History Society made a poor show at Galston, the credit of the City was kept up by one of the Society's youngest honorary members, the Hon. the Lord Provost (Dr. Samuel Chisholm), who delivered an eloquent address. But we did not ' draw our tippence ' (sixpence), and ' go to see the show.' Our way led round the outside of the policies of Cessnock Castle, southwards and upward, on the cultivated flank of Galston Muir. An oak plantation here was formed in 1839, Mr. Wright infonned us. We ' slowly mount the rising REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 353 steep ' to about 450 feet above sea-level, when the Brown Carrick Hills, 940 feet high and 18 miles to the south-west, and Cairnsmuir of Carsphairn, 2,612 feet high, 23 miles to the east of south, are pointed out to us. Leaving the highway, we take a short cut across the fields, passing a farm where, we were told, the tenant is about 90 years of age, and still hale and hearty. " The first stage of our journey ended at Mr. Wright's farm, Bruntwood Mains. Here we inspected his collection, of which he gives me the following note : — ' One room is filled with fossils, the other with rock and mineral specimens. Being on the carboniferous strata, the greater part is from that series, prin- cipally from the Kilmarnock coal-field and limestone quarries of North Ayrshire, mostly my own collecting; many specimens of tertiary fossils from England. My palaeolithic implements are mostly from the Thames Valley; extinct fauna from Cress- well Caves, Derbyshire; neolithic stone implements are mostly from this district. When a young ploughman I turned up a celt; this led me to become a collector. Mr. John Smith, in his Prehistoric Ayrshire, gives an account of my finds in this direction. I have also relics from the crannogs of Lochlea and Buisten, Scotch elks' horns, and so on.' " At the farm is a Crack Willow, 68 years old, measuring 13 feet 1 inch at the narrowest part of the stem, about 3 feet up; bole, 6 feet. " After discussing a good hearty tea, we set off for Craigen- conner Glen, on the Cessnock Water. This stream rises on the high grounds in Sorn Parish, to the south of Galston Moors. At first it flows to the south-west, then due west, then south, as if to join the River Ayr; but, when within 1J miles of that stream, it swings round to the north-west, and, after a very tortuous course, in which it boxes the compass, it falls into the River Irvine, two miles below Galston. The glen is a very pretty one, and we were quite pleased with our rather hurried visit. The stream fortunately was low, and we were thus able to walk down the glen with comparative ease. Among the plants which we saw were the Herb Paris (Pa?*is quadrifolia, L.); the Beech-fern {Poly podium phegopteris, L., = Phegopteris polypodioides, .Fee); and the Oak-fern (P. Dryopteris, L., 354 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. - Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee.) Besides these, Mr. Wright states there are found the Winter Green (Pyrola media, Sw.), the Bird's Nest Orchid {Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich.), and the Wood Melic Grass {Melica uniflora, Retz.). " We emerge from the glen a little beyond the point where the railway is carried over it on a fine bridge, and after a walk of about 3J miles reach Hurlford railway station, the total walk being between 9 and 10 miles at a low estimate." Marine Biological Station, Keppel Pier, Millport, 23rd August, 1902. — The members of this excursion arrived in two detachments, the first and largest coming by steamer arriving at Keppel Pier at 10 a.m. They at once proceeded on board the "Mermaid," which was lying off the station, and under the guidance of Mr. Alex. Gray, were taken to the well-known dredging ground at the Tan Buoy. Here a short haul was taken with the square, iron-lipped dredge, which brought up a great quantity of gravel, shells, and Melobesia. The most interesting creature obtained here was probably the nest-building bivalve Mollusc, Lima Mans, Gmel., with its pretty white shell and long fringe of scarlet tentacles. A good many Crustaceans and Brittle-stars wrere also obtained here, and, while examination of them was proceeding, the " Mermaid " steamed to the east side of Bute, near Mount Stuart House, where two hauls of the trawl were taken at depths of 15 and 25 fathoms. The ground here was very productive, especially in Echinoderms, the most abundant form being the ordinary Spiny Sea Urchin, Echinus esculentus, L., and the little green Urchin, Echinus miliar is (Gmel.) Several speci- mens of the Heart Urchin, Brissopsis lyrifera (Fork), came up in the deeper haul. This species is a good type of the irregular Urchin, just as the Echinus is of the regular Urchin, and when both forms are placed side by side they make an instructive object lesson. Many specimens of the common five-fingered Star were captured, also the handsome large spiny Star, Asterias glacialis (O. F. M.), together with both species of Solaster, viz., the many-rayed Sun Star, S< papposus (Fabr.), and the purple Sun Star, S. endeca (L.). The beautiful strawberry-coloured Cushion Star, REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 355 Goniaster Templetoni, Forb., and the rather rare Cribella oculata, Penn., were also found. Very few fishes were caught, owing to the " Mermaid's " trawl not being adapted for their capture, but a small Plaice and several very young Skate were taken. Of Hydroids, the following were obtained : — Antennularia ramosa. Lmk., and A. antennina,Jj., Plumularia Catherina, Johns., and a species of Diaphasia and some Sertularians. Many Polyzoa and other microscopic creatures came up adhering to stones and dead shells, but were not examined under the microscope. Molluscs were plentiful, the chief Gastropod being Buccinum undatum, L., and the two species of Fusus, viz., F. antiquus, L., and F. gracilis, da Costa, and the most common Lamellibranch was Pecten opercidaris, L. Specimens of the Polychpete worms Aphrodite aculeata, L., and Nereis pelagica, L., were found, and one specimen each of the Sea-pen, Pennatula phosphorea, L., and Alcyonium digitatum, L., or "dead-men's fingers." The afternoon being now well spent, the " Mermaid " steamed back to the station to land those members who wished to pay a visit to the tank-room, and to examine the fine collection of marine forms preserved in the Robertson Museum. A number of members who arrived by the 4: p.m. steamer were then taken on board, and a course steered for Portincross Point, on the Ayrshire coast, where another haul of the trawl was taken, and an immense quantity of sea-weed lifted. This haul proved rather poor in animal life, the most plentiful creature being a species of Eolis, the specimens of which, with their coils of ova, literally covered all the great fronds of Laminaria. ' A little fish (Lepidog aster), with its ova, was found sticking to the inside of an empty shell. These fishes have the pectoral fins modified with a sucking disc, by which they firmly attach themselves to the hollows of shells, and mount guard over their hundreds of transparent little eggs, which are fixed beside them. The " Mermaid " now returned to Keppel Pier, in time to allow members to catch the 6.20 steamer for Glasgow, after having enjoyed a very pleasant day. 356 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Proceeding's of the Society. SESSION 1901-1902. 24th September, 1901. The first meeting of the fifty-first session was held this even- ing, Mr. Alex. Sonierville, B.Sc., F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. James H. Lindsay, M.A., 37 Westbourne Gardens, Kelvin- side, was elected an Ordinary Member. Miss S. B. Robbie read a report of the Society's excursion to Toward (see page 333). The Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M.A., F.R.S.E., exhibited a small collection of about seventy species of North American Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. The majority were of the families Unio and Anodonta, which are found in extraordinary abundance and variety in many of the rivers and lakes of the United States. He remarked that the British Museum catalogue gives a list of over 1,200 species of Unio throughout the world, and that those from North America are noted for their weight, the thickness of their valves, their rich purple colour inside, their carination, and their excessive corrugation. He also gave a sketch of the manner in which the continent has been divided into molluscan regions, and concluded by a description of the natural means by which the Unionidw have been dispersed and distributed over the countiy. Mr. James Mitchell exhibited a similar collection of Unionidce from North America. Mr. John Renwick exhibited for Mr. Archibald Shanks a specimen of Senecio erucifolius, L., from Kilwinning. This plant is given in Henned/s Flora of Clydesdale, all editions, under the name of " S. tenuifolius, Jacquin. Very rare. Wood- hall, near Calderbank, a few miles from Airdrie (E.)," p. 7-8. In Mr. P. E wing's Glasgow Catalogue, second edition, 1899, " Lanark " is the only county given, and " Hennedy " is the authority, a query being added. In the second edition of Hooker's British Flora, 1831, the station is the same as in PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 357 Hennedy, with " Dr. Dalgleish " as the authority. It would appear that Hennedy owed his information to Dr. Dalgleish's note to Sir Wm. Hooker. The late Professor King has not remarked editorially about the plant. The specimen exhibited was one of a clump of twenty plants growing within a square yard of space at the side of a road leading into a field, about 400 yards from the public highway. The farmer could give no information as to how it came to be there. A single plant is growing about three yards away from the rest in the clump. Mr. John Smith, Monkredding, forwarded a specimen to Mr. Arthur Bennett, who has confirmed its identity. In addition to the Lanarkshire station, it is also recorded for Berwickshire and Roxburghshire. Mr. James F. Gemmill, M.A., M.D., read a paper on a genus and species of Nematode, new to science, which he had discovered at Millport, and to which he had given the name Ichthyonema grayi, Gemmill, and v. Linstrow (see page 299). Dr. Gemmill was heartily congratulated by the Society on his exceedingly important and interesting discovery, and on the careful and ^ery complete manner in which he had carried out his investi- gations into the structure and life-history of the parasite. 29th October, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. This being the Fiftieth Annual General Meeting of the Society, the Hon. Secretary read the Report op the Council (1900-1901). Meetings. — Eleven meetings were held during the session, at all of which there was an average attendance. Excursions. — A programme of thirteen excursions was drawn up — seven ordinaiy, four evening, and two mycological. The attendance at the evening excursions was in every case very small, but at the other meetings the attendance was fair. Three of the excursions were held jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists' Society, and one with the Geological Society of Glasgow. British Association. — Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., - 11 - 41 ■ 25 - 234 259 358 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. President, represented the Society as its delegate at the meeting of the British Association in Glasgow, in September, 1901. Membership. — During the session nine new Ordinary Members were added to the roll, and the register now stands as follows : — Honorary Members, - Corresponding Members, Life Members, - - - - Ordinary Members, Total, ------ 311 Associates.— One was added during the session, and the number on the roll now is fourteen. Finance. — The Hon. Treasurer (Mr. John Renwick) submitted his Amiual Statement of Accounts, duly audited. This was found to show a balance at the credit of the Ordinary fund of £103 14s. Id., and of the Life Members' fund of £147. Transactions. — The Hon. Editor (Rev. G. A. F. Knight, M.A.) reported that he was engaged in bringing out Part II. of Vol. VI. (N.S.), and he hoped that the Part would be in the hands of the Members shortly after the New Year. Library. — The Hon. Librarian (Mr. James Mitchell) reported favourably on the condition of the Library and the circulation of books amongst the Members. The Reports were all unanimously approved of and adopted. The following Office-bearers were appointed to fill vacancies in the Council : — Mr. John Paterson, as Vice-President ; Mr. Wm. Leigh ton, Mr. John Robertson, Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., and Mr. Hugh Boyd Watt, as Members of Council. Mr. Joseph Sommerville and Mr. James Jack were appointed Auditors. The following were elected Ordinary Members of the Society: — Mr. David M. Russell, 73 Abbotsford Place, and Mr. John Albert F. Marshall, 5 West Regent Street- Mr. James Mitchell, Hon. Librarian, placed on the table, as a gift from the Local Committee of the British Association Meeting in Glasgow, the three volumes which had been specially compiled in connection with the visit of the Association to this city. They were: — (1) Fauna, Flora, and Geology of the Clyde PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 359 Area — a work which owed its existence very largely to the members of the Natural History and Geological Societies of Glasgow ; (2) Archaeology, Education, Medical, and Charitable Institutions of Glasgow ; and (3; Local Industries of Glasgow and the West of Scotland. On behalf of Mr. Robert S. Houston, there was exhibited the Creeping Water Cress, Nasturtium syhestre, R.Br., gathered in some abundance by Mr. Robert Smith near Johnstone, Renfrew- shire. This is a rare species, doubtfully indigenous in Scotland. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., who had brought forward Mr. Smith's specimens, for the sake of comparison, exhibited examples of the plant from his own herbarium, as well as Nasturtium palustre, DC, and N. amphibium, R.Br., (a) indivisum, DC, and (b) variifolium, DC, from various Scottish and Irish localities. Mr. Lawrence Watt also exhibited a very fine specimen of N. sylvestre, gathered on waste ground near a paper mill in Dumbartonshire Mr. John Lindsay, M.A., M.B., CM., exhibited some specimens of Double-headed Monsters, and by diagrams and blackboard sketches explained his theory of the causes which led to so many curious phenomena. Dr. Gemmill afterwards rather adversely criticised the positions which the theory advanced. Mr. George Russell exhibited a beautiful specimen of Ehipi- dopteris peltata, Schott., a mountain fern from Mexico showing a large number of fertile fronds. It differs from the rest of the Acrostichece in having the sporangia on the upper side of the fronds. Mr. Russell also showed a New Zealand caterpillar, a species of Hepialus, belonging to the same genus as the British Ghost- moth (Hepialus humuli, L.). The New Zealand species is attacked by a« fungus, Cordiceps robertsii. The spores enter the caterpillar while alive, but the animal is gradually killed by the fungus living and growing upon its tissue. After a time the caterpillar is completely dried up and hardened, and there- after a " stroma " grows up, on which fresh spores are pro- duced, ready to enter any other Hepialus which may come in contact with them. Mr. George Cleland reported on the Society's excursion to Arniston and Temple on 23rd September (see page 334), and 360 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Mr. William Stewart reported on the excursions to Lennox Castle on 28th September, and to Cadder Wilderness on 19th October (see page 338). 26th November, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. On behalf of the Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.D., Mentone, France, there was exhibited by the President a living specimen of Mantis religiosa, L., the " praying insect," allied to the " walk- ing leaves " and " stick insects," and belonging to the order Orthoptera. Entirely carnivorous, it does not pursue its prey, but, gifted with great raptorial forelegs, it waits patiently until a fly or other small creature comes within reach, when it in- stantly seizes it. The attitude of the insect while awaiting the approach of its prey has led to its receiving the names it bears. Mr. Thos. Beath Henderson, M.D., exhibited (1) two epidermic castings of young Boa constrictor, L., at different periods, show- ing the rate of growth; (2) a specimen in spirit of Dendrophis punctulatus, Krefft, a colubrine snake from Australia. It is a typical tree snake, the ventral scales having a pair of suture- like lateral keels, and a notch on each side, by means of which it is enabled to slide up the branches of trees without having to twist its way up. It has no poison teeth of any kind; (3) a specimen in spirit of Bipsadomorplius fuscus, Gray, from Queensland, an " opisthoglyphous " snake — that is, having a few of the posterior maxillary teeth enlarged and furnished each with a groove in front, which conducts venom from the upper labial glands. These snakes are not very dangerous to man, as their poison is not strong, and the poison teeth are placed so far back that they do not readily inflict a wound. The venom is useful to the snake in paralysing its prey before it is swallowed. Mr. Robert Brown, M.D., Hon. Secretary, read a paper entitled " Botanising on the Swiss Alps in Spring." He described the beauty of the Swiss valleys as the snow melts away under the influence of the sun and warm breezes, and a veritable carpet of flowers at once springs up. The district round Lucerne, with its combination of high mountain, gentle slope, and wide marsh, affords an ideal working ground for a botanist. Mount Pilatus was carefully scrutinized, and many exquisite plants were PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 361 discovered. Lonicera caerulea, L., a small-flowered honeysuckle, was growing freely and in bloom in the hedgerows on the lower slopes. On the lower pastures of the Rigi were Cephalanthera xiphophyllum, Rchb., the White Helleborine, and Orchis morio, L., the Green- winged Orchis. Among the low shrubs was Corinilla emerus, L., closely resembling our Scotch Broom ; while in the woods were several representatives of Dentaria digitata, Lam., one of the most beautiful cruciferous Alpine plants. Near melting snow Primula elatior, Jacq., was flowering profusely, and on flat rocks P. auricula, L., seemed to flourish better than in richer soil, alongside of Erica carnea, L., a pretty Alpine heath with a light pink corolla and dark anthers. Smilacina bifolia, Desf., a small liliaceous plant, and Polygonatum verticillatum, AIL, were growing side by side under trees near a stream on Pilatus. The latter, an Alpine " Solomon's Seal," with drooping flowers arranged on whorls, is a comparatively rare plant, generally found on calcareous soil. Luzula lutea, DC, blazed in abundance in the woods ; Daphne mezereum, L., straggled near the snow line, while Gentiana acaulis, L., clothed the meadows. Carex montana, L., was found on all the high situations. After spending some time in the Lucerne district, Dr. Brown removed to Davos Platz, and resumed botanical work in this new locality, 6,000 feet above the sea. Most remarkable to observe, was the extreme rapidity with which plants grew up after the snow melted, as the edge of the snow line was frequently ablaze with flowering Alpines, such as Anemone sulphurea, L. and A. alpina, L., varied with the rose-tinted flowers of A. narcissiflora, L., and the blue-grey hairy blooms of A. vernalis, L. On dark damp patches recently covered with snow, was growing thickly Crocus albi/lorus, Kit., a plant which apparently d^es off as soon as the soil in any degree becomes dry. On high mountain cliffs where the sun shines steadily throughout the day, masses of Primula viscosa, All., were growing on rocky ledges, their red corollas giving a gorgeous colour to the precipices, and afforded a memorable picture of beauty. A single beautiful white specimen was also secured. A few small plants of Viola sciaphila, Koch., were obtained, which, on being pressed gave off a most powerful and fragrant aroma, perceptible for some distance around. The plant is rare and local. Various 362 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. species of Arabis were found on rocks far up amongst the snow. The genus Pedicularis, of which there are upwards of twenty distinct Alpine species, varying in colour from light yellow to purple, and in height from small prostrate specimens to sturdy plants 18 to 20 inches high, was well represented by P.foliosa, L., P. verticillaris, L., and P. recutita, L., a rather rare species growing on the banks of a stream. Some plants whose habitat is the high mountain slopes were found flourishing on the sides of the torrents, having been washed down by the rush of melting ice and snow. Amongst these was Primula integrifolia, L. But perhaps the most striking feature was the presence of crocuses flowering through the ice. At the margin of the great snow slopes where they gradually thinned off at the base of the mountains, the snow became a firm, breakable sheet of ice, and through this clear, caked, solid mass, the white and blue flowers of the Crocus had penetrated, and were spread wide open, flowering under the bright sun. The films of hard ice were a quarter of an inch thick, and the ice-holes were found to be smooth, quite round, and capable of allowing a small sized pencil to pass through. Among the large boulders at the mouths of the passes were beautiful examples of Soldanella alpina, L., S. pusilla, Baumg., and S. montana. Willd., while sometimes the entire mountain slope would be dazzlingly blue with the brilliant colouring of Viola alpina, L. Dr. Brown illustrated his paper by the exhibition of many of the species named above. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 363 SPECIAL MEETING TO CELEBRATE THE JUBILEE OF THE SOCIETY. 4th December, 1901. The Jubilee of the Natural History Society of Glasgow was celebrated this evening in the Masonic Hall, West Regent Street. There was a large company of ladies and gentlemen, including many representatives from kindred societies and other bodies. The proceedings took the form of a conversazione, the guests being welcomed by the President, and tea being served between seven and eight o'clock. The hall was artistically decorated with a fine floral display, under the direction of Mr. Whitton, Superintendent of the Parks belonging to the Corporation of Glasgow. In the smaller hall downstairs there was an important and interesting exhibition of natural history specimens, which engaged the attention of the guests for a considerable time. Messrs. Charles Kirk, John Paterson, and Henry M'Culloch displayed a fine ornithological collection; the Marine Biological Association of the West of Scotland sent up from Millport a beautiful series of marine objects, under the superintendence of Mr. Alex. Gray, the Curator of the Robertson Museum; and Mrs. David Robertson contributed a fine exhibition of seaweeds from Cumbrae and elsewhere. At eight o'clock the President, Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., took the chair, and among other ladies and gentlemen on the platform there were — Lord and Lady Kelvin; the Lord Provost of Glasgow (Mr. Samuel Chisholm, LL.D.); Sir John Murray, K.C.B., of the " Challenger " Expedition ; Professor J. G. M'Kendrick, F.R.S., Glasgow University; Mr. C. E. Borchgrevink, the Antarctic explorer ; Dr. James F. Gemmill, President of the Marine Biological Association; and Mr. Henry Coates, F.R.S.E., President of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science. At intervals during the evening music was rendered by several ladies. Mr. Somerville then delivered an address as follows : — My Lord Provost, my Lord Kelvin, Ladies and Gentlemen, — It is indeed a pleasure to look upon the faces of so many invited guests who have come to-night to our gathering. I have already 364 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. had the pleasure of welcoming you individually, and now do so again collectively. The Council desire me to say that they are much gratified at the warm response you have made to their invitation. A few weeks ago the idea occurred to some of us that the present would be a suitable occasion on which to invite local Societies to send representatives to join us on this auspicious occasion. That idea developed itself, and we went beyond the boundaries of the City, inviting guests from the north, south, east, and west. Representatives of twenty- two Societies are here this evening, no fewer than four of these Societies belonging to the sister city of the east. You will be interested to hear the names of those Societies that are kindly taking part in our celebration. They are as follows: — Representatives. Rev. David Paul, LL.D., ex- President. Dr. Arthur E. Da vies, F.L.S., &c, a former President. Symington Grieve. r Archibald Hewat, F.F.A., &c., President. W. C. Crawford, F.R.S.E., ex- President. W. Williamson, Secretary. /Sir John Murray, K.C.B., F.R.S., \ President. J. Barclay Murdoch, F.R.Ph.S.E. /Henry Coates, F.R.S.E. \S. T. Ellison. /D. B. Morris. \R. Kidston, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. Rev. David Paul, LL.D. A. B. Motherwell, President. R. D. Whyte, Secretary. CJ. Woodrow, Treasurer. \Dr. Joshua Ferguson. {Dr. John Lindsay, President. Wm. Peattie. Robert Smith. fRev. D. Landsborough, LL.D., A Hon. President. ^ David Murray, B.Sc, President. /Dr. J. K. Robertson, President. \J. G. Hyndman. Rev. David Paul, LL.D., Treasurer. /Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, M.A., \ F.R.S.E. Society. Botanical, of Edinburgh, Edinburgh' Field Naturalists' and Microscopical, Scottish Natural History, of Natural History and Club, - Royal Physical, Perthshire Society Science, Stirling Natural Archaeological, - Berwickshire Naturalists Airdrie Natural History, Bute Botanical, - Paisley Philosophical, - Paisley Naturalists', Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers, Greenock Natural History, - Cryptogamic Society of Scotland, Conchological, of Great Britain and Ireland, .... PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 365 GLASGOW SOCIETIES. Society. Representatives. Royal Philosophical, - - - Dr. Freeland Fergus. ~ . . . f J. Barclay Murdoch, F.R. Ph. S.E. Geological, | Matthew Blair. ( Walter Brown. Andersonian Naturalists', - - < Robert Brown. [R. B. Johnstone. fDr. Jas. Rankin, President. Microscopical, - - - - -J R. L. Greig. (John Hyslop. Medico-Chirurgical, of Glasgow /John Muir, B.Sc, President. University, .... \R. T. Leiper, Hon. Secretary. Marine Biological Association of j^ Jas F>GemmiU,M.A., President. the West of Scotland, - - J School Board of Glasgow, - - G. W. Alexander, Clerk to the Board. HSchoolsaJeSty'S _InSpeCtOTS °f }A. E. Scougal, Chief Inspector. His Majesty's Science Inspectors, F. W. Young, B. Sc. On a recent occasion there was held in Glasgow a dinner to all who had been at any time members of Council of the now Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, to celebrate the fact that His Majesty had graciously given to the Society the name of " Royal." I was honoured on that occasion with the request to reply to the toast of " The Kindred Societies." On looking into the matter, I found that I personally represented the oldest of the Societies, viz., the Natural History Society of Glasgow, and also the youngest — the Marine Biological Association of the West of Scotland. It is very remarkable that there should have been a gap of no fewer than fifty years between the origin of the Philosophical Society and the institution of our own. It is not my intention to-night to inflict upon you a presi- dential address. We have a number of friends who have come to be with us this evening, and to encourage us in the work we are doing. Still, it is expected that I should refer to a few names in connection with our Society. On the 2nd of July, 1851, there met in Glasgow nine gentlemen, who, with other two who joined them a week later, originated the Natural Histoiy Society. Of these eleven there are still three spared to us. The most prominent is the well-known Aberdeenshire proprietor, Dr. William Ferguson, of Kinmundy. He took an active part in the Society, and did much to foster it by reading 366 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. papers and in other ways. The second name is that of Mr. Thomas Ferguson, his brother; and the third is that of Mr. Thomas Gray, a noted conchologist, now residing in Glasgow. We have held communication with those three gentlemen within the last ten days. I have noted down the four things which this Society set itself to do. These were to meet (1) for the exhibition of specimens, native and foreign; (2) for the reading of com- munications; (3) for excursions for mutual improvement; (4) for the encouragement, in all its branches, of the pursuit of natural history. These are very much the Society's objects still. You may well believe that in the course of so long a period as fifty years a large number of names come to the front that ought to be alluded to on such an occasion as the present, but it is impossible to furnish a complete list of even the more prominent who gave their time to the study of Natural Science. I have jotted down a few of the names. Let me ask you to listen to what they are : — Dr. John Grieve ; Dr. David Robertson, who for forty years studied marine life, and whose papers in the Transactions of the Society are very numerous. With Sir John Murray he founded what is now the Millport Marine Station, and he has brought to the Clyde much renown in certain departments of scientific study. The next name is that of Mr. Roger Hennedy, who taught many of us now present, and whose Clydesdale Flora we in the West of Scotland could not get on without. Thomas Chapman, lepidopterist, the cutler of Buchanan Street; Robert Gray, the ornithologist; Dr. James Stirton, the cryptogamic botanist; Professor J. J. F. X. King; Peter Cameron; Mr. Harvie-Brown; Mr. Robert Kidston; Professor John Cleland; Professor Alexander Dickson; Professor I. Bayley Balfour; Professor Bower. It is deeply interesting to go back over these names, and to see what workers in certain departments have done during years now past. There is not time to do more than name the gentlemen who have been presidents of the Society during the last twenty years — Mr. Harvie-Brown, Dr. Stirton, the late Dr. David Robertson, Professor Bower, the late Professor King, and Mr. Robert Kidston. Amongst the secretaries are — Mr. Robert Gray, for PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY. 367 twenty years at the outset; Mr. J. M. Campbell; Mr. D. A. Boyd; Mr. W. Goodwin; Dr. R. Brown; Mr. John Trotter; Mr. James Steel; Mr. John Cairns, Jun. ; Mr. R. S. Wishart; Mr. R. D. Wilkie; Mr. S. M. Wellwood; and our two present secretaries, Mr. John James Robertson and Dr. Robert Brown. I will ask this question before I conclnde — Has our existence as a Society been justified? In answer to this, will you allow me to read short extracts of letters from three members, who, it may be mentioned, are members also of the Royal Society of London? There is no man for whom Scottish botanists have a greater admiration than Professor Trail, M.D. He is unable to be with us to-night, but says — * ' The Natural History Society of Glasgow has a record behind it of work of which any local Society may well be proud, and in that record lies the promise and pledge, I believe, of much more good work to follow. That its labours may do much to advance the study of natural science is my very sincere and earnest wish, and I would have greatly liked to be present." The next is from Professor Brady, M.D., Newcastle — "The interest" he says "which my old and dear friend the late Dr. Robertson took in the Society, and, indeed, in everything connected with natural history, would of itself be sufficient to assure to the Society my hearty good wishes, and I am glad to know that the Society is doing such a conspicuously good work in the encouragement of natural history study and research." The third testimony is in a letter from Sir Joseph Hooker, who writes as follows: — . " The Camp, " Sunningdale, Berks., " December 3rd, 1901. " Dear Mr. Somerville, " May I ask you kindly to express, at the forth- coming jubilee of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, my sincere regret at being prevented by advancing age from taking the necessary journey to your city, and making one of the company of hearty sympathisers in person. " Glasgow was the home of my youth, and Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire were the scenes of my earliest scientific aspirations and efforts, and this renders the prosperity of your Society dear to me. " With cordial greetings, and good wishes to my fellow members. " Believe me, " Very sincerely yours, "JOS. D. HOOKER." 368 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Many of us looked upon Sir Joseph's face for the first time in June last, when he opened the new Botanical Buildings of Glasgow University, and delivered a delightful address on the life of his late father, Sir William J. Hooker, who at one time was Professor of Botany in our University. When we remember that this remarkable man, Sir Joseph Hooker, was the friend of Charles Darwin, and that he was for many years the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew; when we think also of his earlier days, when he was one of a small exploration party which went to investigate the flora of the Himalayas, as recorded in his " Himalayan Journals," we cannot but congratulate ourselves on such a letter as this, which may well go into the Society's archives. It is very gratifying that our own Society and the Geological Society were privileged to prepare and issue, in September last, in connection with the visit of the British Association, the admirable Fauna, Flora, and Geology Handbook, which contains seventy-six lists of groups of organisms, recent and fossil, to be found in the Clyde district. These lists were prepared, in the main, by members of our own and of the Geological Society. Scientific societies for the promotion of the study of Nature are everywhere feeling the pressure of the counter-attractions of physical recreation — golf, cycling, football, &c, but it is to be hoped that there will always be found in every community a body of persons, small though their number may sometimes be, who will delight in devoting their leisure hours to the study of the beautiful and ever-interesting works of the Creator. The Lord Provost (Mr. Samuel Chisholm, LL.D.), who was introduced by the President as the Lord - Lieutenant of the County of the City of Glasgow, spoke as follows : — Mr. Chairman, ladies, and gentlemen, — You will not, I am sure, question my statement when I say that I have not unfrequently been placed in considerably embarrassing circumstances — an embarrassment sometimes arising from one cause and sometimes from another — and you will still less question the statement, I think, that I never found myself in circumstances so supremely embarrassing as the present. I have understood that no one was admitted to speak save those who have given up a considerable part of their lives to the study of natural history. However, if the Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow. Vol. VI. (N.S.) Plate II. Sir JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, G.C.S.I., C.B., M.D., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c, &c. Proceedings of the society. 369 study of human nature comes within the scope of your subject, then I also, to some extent at least, have been a student of natural history. If anyone asks why I have come to this meeting, I have honestly two very good reasons, one official and one personal. My official reason may be described thus — I have laid it down as a principle, on which I have consistently acted during the past two years, that wherever I found a body of my fellow-citizens who were pursuing some unselfish object for the good of the city, for the good of the citizens, there it was — if I were permitted — my duty as Lord Provost to go, and to put myself alongside those who were thus pursuing a high end. My personal reason was something like this — I remember the advice of my good old mother — " Always, if possible, keep company with people wiser than yourself ; " and I rejoice to join for a little time the company of ladies and gentlemen who are engaged in pursuits outside my proper sphere. Will you allow me to join viva voce with the multitude of those who have sent congratulations on the past histc-y and the present position of the Natural History Society of Glasgow? I rejoice to have had the little glimpse into its past history which the Chairman has afforded us. We are happy to think that the little seed planted fifty years ago has grown so vigorously, and that so much good, honest work has been done from year to year. I think it is eminently desirable, in a great city like Glasgow, that we should have societies and agencies which take their members away from the city into some of the fairest and brightest scenes, where they may visit Nature, and drink in all the sweet, invigorating influences which she is continually exerting upon us. I desire to express the very great pleasure and satisfaction with which I look on the existence and the success of such a Society as this. I am proud to hear of the great names that have been connected with the Society in the past, and I rejoice to think that, though modesty on his own part and a respect for the modesty of others may have hindered the Chairman from naming many- other men still living, there are in the Society to-day names which those who come after them will look upon with the highest respect. I shall not longer detain the company from the things that are still in store for it, but I desire to offer my congratulations 370 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. to the Society, and my best and warmest wishes for its con- tinued success. Professor M'Kendrick, F.R.S., of Glasgow University, the next speaker, said — It gives me the greatest pleasure to accede to your Chairman's kind invitation to be present this evening. I come here as a naturalist, although I have not for many years worked in the special province of what is usually spoken of as natural history; but I am sure that Lord Kelvin will agree with me that all scientific men are naturalists, inasmuch as they study nature. Although for many years my life-work has been in one particular branch — that of physiology — I have always taken a deep interest in the kindred studies, and more especially in those relating to the life-history of plants and animals. I may say that I would never have entered the medical profession had it not been through the door of natural history, because it was the love of plants and animals which first excited in me the desire for scientific knowledge. I remember years ago, in the Pass of Ballater, scrambling up the rocks in eager search, and there, in a cleft of the rock, I saw a rare fern, the Asplenium septentrional e. Nothing short of a wild cheer to my friends below at the discovery could give ex- pression to the joy I felt. At a time when it was not very common for anyone to give attention to marine biology, I found great pleasure in gathering some of the rarer animals and plants on the coast of Aberdeen, and I showed the fern I have referred to, in the Museum of Aberdeen, at the first meeting of the British Association in that city in 1857. I come to you, there- fore, not altogether as a pure physiologist, but as one who takes a deep interest in plant and animal life. I have often thought that the naturalists of the future — I mean such as are assembled in this room — will not limit them- selves so much to the collecting of specimens, or to noting the habitat of plants or animals, but will be more disposed to study the life-history of many of these specimens. The establishment of the Aquarium at Cumbrae has given a ne/w start to this side of natural history, because it has taken us away from mere collecting to the study of the life-history of many marine forms. And here it is that your studies merge into mine, for physiology gathers information from all quarters. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 371 It is not the physiologist's business to devote attention merely to the higher forms of life, and there can be no doubt that in the far-off future there will be a comparative physiology — one of every species of plant and animal — and then we shall be able to deduce the great laws of vital action as we cannot do at present. Therefore, while I congratulate you on the splendid work which the Society has done, I do so specially because you have made the Catalogue of the Plants and Animals of the Basin of the Clyde almost complete. To study the works of Nature is not only a great delight, but gives a kind of certificate of sincerity to character that nothing else can communicate. If we approach the study of natural history in a true spirit, we shall do the ordinary work of the world far better than would otherwise be the case. Let me once again congratulate you on the success of your Society. I hope it will continue to prosper, and that new fields will open up for it as time goes on. The Chairman next said — This Society is not a body that can confer degrees, but there is one thing that is left to us to do, and the Council have authorised that it shall be done to- night— and that is, to elect a small group of ladies and gentle- men to the honorary membership cf the Society; and you are asked to approve of the Council's proposal that the several names I put before you shall be added to the roll of members of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. The names are — Mr. Samuel Chisholm, LL.D. (the Hon. the Lord Provost of Glasgow); Professor John Cleland, M.D., F.R.S.; Professor J. W. H. Trail, M.D., F.R.S. ; Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U, ; Mrs. Robertson, widow of Dr. David Robertson, the "Naturalist of Cumbrae;" Mrs. Robert Gray, widow of the author of "The Birds of the West of Scotland' and Outer Hebrides;" and Mr. Andrew Carnegie, LL.D. The proposal was most cordially received, and the names were added to the roll of Honorary Members. At this stage the Chairman drew attention to various volumes on an adjoining table, which had been received in gifts by the Society in recent years. These included (1) several volumes representing the forty volumes of the " Challenger " Reports, presented by Government — a very valuable series. The Society 372 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. had greatly to thank Sir John Murray for his kind influence in obtaining this gift. (2) The two volumes of the Index Kewensis, the preparation of which had been suggested and mainly paid for by the late Mr. Darwin. These had been given to the Society by Mr. Darwin's eldest son, Professor G. H. Darwin, F.R.S., of Cambridge. (3) Three volumes of Lord Kelvin's " Popular Lectures and Addresses," from the author. There were various other volumes. The Chairman said that the Society, owing to the fact that its membership and income were not so large as they might be, was sometimes a little straitened in its financial circum- stances, but a kind friend — Mr. James Coats, Jun., of Paisley — had that week sent a most generous donation of fifty guineas in aid of the Society's funds, for which the Council were truly grateful. Mr. Somerville handed over the cheque to the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. Renwick. Sir John Murray, K.C.B., of the "Challenger" Expedition, was the next speaker. He said — Mr. President, my lords, ladies, and gentlemen, — I am here to-night in order to convey to you the congratulations of the Scottish Natural History Society, Edinburgh, on the occasion of your Jubilee, and I am also desired to express the hope that during the next fifty years you will be more prosperous still, and that you will take a much wider and larger part in the intellectual life of the West of Scotland than in the past fifty years. I could wish that the ideals of education in this country, or even the aims of the higher education, were to turn our students into instruments for advancing scientific discovery. I often think that our present system of education tends to produce a static character among our people, rather than what Lord Kelvin might call a type which would exhibit a kinetic scientific efficiency. Very often it appears to me that if the tendency of our education were to produce men with inquisitive, mobile, and inventive minds, we would be able to do better than we have done — to lay the foundations of our commercial and industrial prosperity in the future upon the sure bed-rock of science. That, I think, ought to be the aim of education in this country, and until we arrive at a stage of that kind I cannot help thinking that societies like this fill a very great PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 373 function in a community, because they keep alive the interest in all kinds of knowledge. They tend to impress on the public the importance of all new knowledge in all that concerns national greatness. Anyone who joins a society of this kind hopes, I believe, to aid in some way or other towards the advancement of learning, or to assist in discovering some pepper- grain of truth in order to augment the sum of human informa- tion. It often seems to me that societies like this might be developed, in many directions, along lines which would be of great benefit to individual members and to the city or com- munity at large. In the Society with which I am more or less connected I have endeavoured to point out some of the directions in which that might take place, but I shall not attempt this evening to do so, lest I should lay myself open to the charge of being the wise man from the East ! Therefore, I conclude by conveying to you the congratulations of the Scottish Natural History Society on this your Jubilee cele- bration. Mr. D. B. Morris, Town-Clerk of Stirling, said — If I attempt to say anything this evening on the subject of " Nature Teach- ing," it is because I take a great interest in it in connection with School Board work. Perhaps you will bear with me if I suggest some considerations that will guide us in directing the young to the study of Nature. It seems to me that we should get some help if we enquire, What does the study of Nature mean to the ordinary grown-up naturalist? and ask if that will guide us in any way to teach the young. What does the study of Nature mean to us? What faculties of the mind does it bring into play? First of all, there is the faculty of observation. It is the old story of " eyes and no eyes," but as every speaker on the subject refers to this I need not dwell upon it. Did you ever notice that the young child using his eyes always sees the small objects, while larger objects are unnoticed? He will see the distant hill if it is pointed out to him, but he has no conception of landscape as a whole. My second point is, faculty of judgment. This is what is often called the scientific habit of mind, and to many men this is the end of scientific training. But this is a faculty which, 374 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. while it should be encouraged in the young, we cannot expect to find in any great degree. My third point is the faculty of imagination. No scientific work of any value has be 1 done in the past without some spark of imagination to kindle facts into the light of inven- tion and discovery. My fourth point is the artistic sense. I think that naturalists are too apt to ignore this, and not to appreciate to the full the artistic beauty of the landscape and the glorious loveliness of colour there is in an April wood, a July meadow, or a September wayside. My last point is the feeling of worship. This is a matter on which I speak with difficulty, but you will understand what I mean, for there is something in Nature which appeals to the highest instincts in all of us. Lord Kelvin then spoke as follows: — I would like to express my gratitude for several benefactions, and the first of them is when Mr. Somerville took me by surprise and quite unawares in suggesting to me that I might become a member of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. I feel myself quite un- worthy to aspire to such a privilege and honour. Physical science and physical experiment lie so far from the work of "life," which is the subject of natural history, that I feel quite unable to contribute to the proceedings, or to join in the work of the Society in any effective way. I can only say I am very glad that Mr. Somerville did ask me to become a member, and that he succeeded in convincing me that my scruples might be overcome. It has been a great pleasure to me all these years to know that I was a member of the Natural History Society, and if I was not contributing to the work I was at least in hearty sympathy with it. I wish to thank your Chair- man also, in the name of all present, for the trouble he has taken in giving us all such a pleasant evening, and I have to thank him for inviting me to be present, and giving me the great pleasure of meeting you all this evening. Dr. James F. Gemmill, M.A., was the next speaker. He said — It is a great honour that I should be asked to join the representatives of other societies in congratulating the Natural History Society of Glasgow on the attainment of its Jubilee. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 375 The Marine Biological Association, -which I represent, is the baby, and our good wishes will not lack the warmth and spon- taneity of youthfulness. I shall just ask you to pick out what was best and fittest in the speeches of the other representatives, and to credit them to the Marine Biological Association. With reference to the exhibits which our Association is displaying in a neighbouring room, I may say that they consist of a set of optical apparatus which include the most modern lenses and microscopes; there are also shown the plans of the new station that we are going to proceed with. It will be seen that they provide for an extension which increases the station to three times its present size. Regarding the objects which are shown, I hope they will command your interest, and that you will appreciate the skill which has been displayed in the preparation of the preserved specimens. A good deal has been spoken about education, and we are making a practical effort in the way of educating and giving facilities to foster the spread of that inquisitiveness which Sir John Murray referred to. We are aiming at the establishment of classes which shall, as far as possible, give to workers opportunities of acquiring their know- ledge direct from Nature. The Marine Biological Association and the Natural History Society need not in any wa) conflict with one another, for the one is supplementary to the other. Indeed, amongst the membership of our Association we have the President and others of your Society; and the warmth of our good wishes is to some extent on a practical basis, for we realise that so long as such societies flourish the Marine Biological Association itself will not lack supporters. Mr. Henry Coates, F.R.S.E., President of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, next addressed the meeting. He said — I am here this evening to represent a Society which has not yet attained the dignity of its jubilee, but which is fast approaching the venerable age, and on behalf of that Society I offer to you their hearty congratulations on the wonderful record which you have to show during the past fifty years, and on the work you have been able to accomplish in that period. It seems to me that the very fact that your Society has continued in full vigour for half-a-century is an absolute proof that its affairs have been guided with energy and oara. F 376 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and that the work which has been done is solid and valuable. There are some societies which follow the course of individual organisms; that is to say, they start life with a great deal of vigour, they grow rapidly, and exhibit a remarkable amount of vitality of a certain kind. Then a stationary period ensues, when very little energy is manifested, and after that they begin to show signs of senile decay. But I would rather compare the Natural History Society of Glasgow to another zoological collec- tion— namely, the coral — for, while its individual members are continually passing away, the organism as a whole is being built up by new individuals, to last for ages and ages. While the Chairman was referring to the Natural History Society, I was reminded of the circumstances attending the formation of the Perthshire Society. That Society owes its origin to fourteen gentlemen, of whom only one is now alive. The objects of the two Societies are very similar, but the Perthshire Society, in addition, resolved to form a complete collection of the natural histoiy of their district, and during the thirty-three years of the Society's existence its members have carried out that resolu- tion with some considerable measure of success. I mention that fact because of the great interest which the collection has aroused in Perthshire, and because it has proved to be of con- siderable value to students and others. I should like to see the Natural History Society of Glasgow with a similar museum, for, while we in Perth have one of the richest counties in Great Britain as regards fauna and flora, you in the basin of the Clyde have one of the richest estuarian localities in the whole kingdom; and if you had a representative collection of the natural history of the Clyde basin, it would be something that Glasgow would be proud of for all time, and it would be of immense value to students all over the country. I hope you will pardon me, my Lord Provost, if I offer the suggestion that one of the buildings of your late Exhibition would be an ex- cellent station for such a collection. The Chairman intimated that in the course of the evening congratulatory telegrams had been received from the following gentlemen, representing kindred societies throughout the country, PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY. 377 The Earl of Haddington, F. S.A.Scot. Sir Joseph D. Hooker, M.D., G.C.S.I., C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S. Sir T. D. Gibson Carmichael, Bart., F.R.S.E. Sir George Hector Leith-Buchanan, Bart. Prof. J. Cossar Ewart, M.D., F.R.S. Prof. W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S. Colonel H. W. Fielden, C.B., C.M.Z.S. Rev. Dr. Hugh Macmillan, F.R.S.E. Robert M'Lachlan, F.R.S. George R. M. Murray, F.R.S. Frederick J. Hanbury, F.L.S. William P. Hiern, M.A., F.L.S. Rev. Dr. John Stevenson, F.R.S.E. Rev. Dr. James Keith. James E. Harting, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Edgar A Smith, F.Z.S. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S. Rev. Edward S. Marshall, M.A., F.L.S. James Groves, F.L.S. J. T. Cunningham, B.A. Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.S. Dr. James Murie, F.L.S. John T. Marshall, M.C.S. James M 'Andrew. John Smith. Dr. James Rankin, B.Sc. Lord Haddington's telegram was as follows : — " Sincerely regret my inability to be present. I hope you will have a pleasant evening, and I wish continued success to your Society, in which I take a true interest." After Mr. Borchgrevink, the Antarctic explorer, had made a few congratulatory remarks, Mr. John Paterson, one of the vice- presidents of the Society, proposed a vote of thanks to the gentlemen who had come from the kindred societies throughout the country, and also a vote of thanks to the musicians who had contributed so largely to the evening's enjoyment. Both of these were cordially responded to. Dr. Robert Brown, Vice-President, proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman. Mr. Somerville, in reply, thanked the meeting for their hearty vote of thanks, and proposed a similar compliment to the Lord Provost. 378 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. In returning thanks, the Lord Provost said — I feel quite over- whelmed with confusion, but I thank you very heartily, not only for the kind expression of the Chairman, but for the distinguished honour you have conferred upon me in electing me to be one of the Honorary Members of the Society. I shall cherish that in my imnost heart, and I take this oppor- tunity of thanking you for the altogether unexpected honour you have done me, and I trust to find some way in which to show my gratitude. The meeting was then brought to a close. 19th December, 1901. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. The following gentlemen were elected Ordinary Members: — Mr. Keith Buchanan and Mr. Robert M. Buchanan, Fairholm, Giffnock, and Mrs. D. Maclachlan, 5 Grosvenor Place, Hillhead. Letters were read from the following ladies and gentlemen, who had been elected Honorary Members at the Jubilee meeting of the Society on 4th instant: — Mr. Samuel Chisholm, LL.D. (the Hon. the Lord Provost of Glasgow), Belhaven Terrace; Professor John Cleland, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., The University, Glasgow; Professor J. W. H. Trail, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., The University, Aberdeen; Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Dunipace House, Larbert; Mrs. David Robert- son, Fernbank, Millport; and Mrs. Robert Gray, 56 George Street, Edinburgh — all giving expression to their high apprecia- tion of the honour bestowed upon them by the Society. The following specimens were exhibited by Mr. John Paterson, Vice-President, by favour of Mr. Charles Kirk: — (a) GaUinago major (Gmel.), the Great Snipe, shot in East Renfrewshire in September, 1901 ; (b) Stercorarius crepidatus, Gmel., Richard- son's Skua, two examples from Shetland, illustrating two phases of plumage ; (c) a group of Humming Birds from Ecuador. Their owner, Mr. Henry Coates, F.R.S.E., Perth, had had them most artistically arranged in a case, and in exhibiting them, Mr. Paterson enlarged on this remarkably distinct group of birds, especially referring to questions relating to their distri- PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 379 bution, habits, flight, disposition, intelligence, nests, voice, food, and structure. Mr. John Smith, Monkredding, Kilwinning, sent for exhibition a slide showing three species of Difflugia, viz. : — D. pyriformis, Carter ; D. urceolata, Carter ; and D. globosa, Carter. Mr. John Renwick read some notes descriptive of the genus. A popular paper on " Mistletoe," by Mr. George Paxton, was read by Mr. John Renwick. The paper was illustrated by a number of lantern slides, which revealed some interesting aspects of the growth of Mistletoe, young and old, especially one large bunch on a Siberian Crab- Apple, 14 \ feet in circum- ference (see page 301). Mr. D. R. Somerville gave a very interesting and varied ex- hibition of lantern slides from photographs taken at excursions of the Society. He explained that many of them were the work of Mr. Alex. T. Brown. Upwards of ninety in number, they included views and scenes from the country districts on all sides of Glasgow, some far away and some near at hand. Amongst other localities depicted were Inchinnan, Cathcart, Torrance Glen, Castiemilk, Cadzow, Cadder Wilderness, Bar- dowie Loch, Campsie Glen, Overtoun, Eglinton Castle, " The Auld Wives' Lifts," Craigmaddie Loch, Mugdock Loch, Pillar Craig, Blanefield, " The Whangie," and Craigallian Loch. The pictures were exceedingly beautiful, and it was remarked that the excellence of the slides worthily inaugurated the new Lan- tern which had been subscribed for by members of the Society. 28th January, 1902. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Hen«ry Coates, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth, was elected a Life Member of the Society. On behalf of Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Corresponding Member, several specimens of a Japanese Seaweed of the genus Bonnemaisonia, found naturalised and growing freely at San- down and Falmouth. Notes descriptive of the specimens were read, and the points differentiating them from the British species of Bonnemaisonia were commented on. Mr. Holmes 380 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. also sent for exhibition two illustrated Japanese books dealing with the subject of marine algae. Mr. John Paterson, Vice-President, on behalf of Mr Charles Kirk, exhibited the following birds : — (a) the Waxwing, Ampelis garrulus (L.), from Caldercruix • (b) an Albino Hedge-Sparrow, Accentor modularis (L.), from Bellshill ; (c) the Greenshank, Totanus canescens (Gmelin.), from Islay. Mr. Patersom also exhibited a specimen of the Glass-rope Sponge of Japan, Hyalonema sieboldi, (Gray.) Mr Peter Macnair exhibited (a) a fine specimen of Metacrinus rotundus, P. H. Carpenter, a crinoid from Japan ; (b) a stalked young specimen of Comatula rosacea, Link. This, which is only a larval stage of Comatula, was originally believed to be a distinct species, and as such, was named Pentacrinus europceus J. Vaughan Williams ; (c) a case of Fossil Crinoids from silurian and local carboniferous strata. Mr. James Rankin, M.B., CM., B.Sc, Glasgow University, read a paper descriptive of a Mite, Glyciphagus spinipes, Koch., found infesting furniture, and illustrated his remarks with lantern slides and microscopic preparations. After an outline of the anatomy of the Arachnida, Dr. Rankin stated that a short time ago there had been sent to him at the University some specimens of a small animal which had been found in considerable numbers infesting furniture which had been recently purchased. The furniture was of oak, stuffed with horsehair, and covered with leather. These animals proved to be Mites, and he had identified them as Glyciphagus a?isor, Gervais, and G. spinipes, Koch. The generic name was given to these Mites by Hernig, who found them on sugar-coated prunes. The Mites are about the fiftieth part of an inch in length, and may be recognised by the absence of a transverse groove on the body between the second and third pairs of limbs, by the fact that the limbs are the tint of an onion, by the spiny processes on the limbs, and by the numerous long hairs on the body, the posterior ones being specially long, and nearly all having closely adjusted secondary hairs. They are found on Cantharidce, in collections of insects, in hay and straw, and in damp cellars, especially on moulds. Although the first-named is a domestic pest in many places, in the present PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 381 instance the Mites were found in this furniture only. After- wards they spread to other objects in the room, but were not observed in any other apartment in the house. Through a student engaged in the Zoological Laboratory, Dr. Rankin procured some samples of horsehair which had been hanging in a damp stable for some time, and also some combings taken directly from the manes and tails of the horses. In the latter no Mites were seen, but many of the same species were found in the former. As it is a common practice for farmers to preserve the combings of horsehair, and to dispose of them to itinerant dealers, who in turn sell them to cabinetmakers, Dr. Rankin thought there could be little doubt as to the source from which the Mites had come, more especially as they are said to feed on the animal fat adhering to uncleaned horsehair, and he urged that all horsehair utilised in stuffing furniture should be thoroughly cleaned before being used. He also stated that it seemed almost impossible to get rid of the Mites in furniture, fumigation and strong chemicals having been em- ployed without success. Mr. John Ballantyne, Hamilton, read a paper entitled " Notes on the Occurrence of Sirex gigas, L., and Sirex juvencus, L., in Bute and Arran" (see page 305). 25th February, 1902. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. John Paterson, Vice-President, on behalf of Mr. Charles Kirk, exhibited a very beautiful example of a Cream-coloured Woodcock, Scolopax rusticula, L. Dr. T. B. Henderson exhibited two species of Lizards — (a) Lacerta vivipara (Dumeril and Bibron), the common English Lizard, and, (b) Ampliiboluras barbatus (Wiegm), the Bearded Lizard of Australia. Details regarding the two species were given by Dr. Henderson, and several members referred to the frequency with which the English Lizard is met in different parts of Scotland. Mr. John Ballantyne exhibited a Chicken with four legs, and made some remarks on its structure. On behalf of Mr. George Paxton, a paper entitled " Notes 382 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. on Forest Trees" was read by Mr. John Renwick. The paper, which was illustrated by lantern slides, was of a popular nature, giving a short general description of each tree as it was shown on the soreen, reference being also made to the localities in which it grew, its girth, bark, leaves, and fruit. The following trees were thus passed in review: — The Scotch Fir, the Birch, the Beech, the Lime, the Ash, the Elm, the Sycamore, the Cedar, the Yew, the Spanish Chestnut, the Horse Chestnut, the Willow, the Poplar, and the Oak. The slides were very beautiful, those more especially which showed the different stems of the trees and the structure of the leaves meeting with the hearty admiration of the members. The following additions to the Library were laid on the table, and thanks accorded to the donors : — " Science Gossip," 1898- 1901, 4 vols., from Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S. ; "Natal Plants," by J. Mealey Wood, F.L.S., Vols. I. and II. and Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. III., from Colonel R, S. Harington-Stuart of Torrance, East Kilbride ; " The Birds, Fishes, and Cetacea of Belfast Lough," by R. L. Patterson, from Mr. Duncan M'Kenzie; " Robert Dick, Geologist and Botanist," by Dr. Smiles, from a member; "A Bathy-orographical Map of the Clyde Basin" and "Programmes of Excursions Nos. 1 to 13," from the Local Committee of the British Association, Glasgow Meeting, 1901. 25th March, 1902. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. A letter was read from Mr. Andrew Carnegie, LL.D., thanking the Society for the honour it had done him in electing him an Honorary Member, and stating how greatly he appreciated the distinction. Mr. John Paterson, Vice-President, exhibited the nest and eggs of the Lesser White-Throat Sylvia curruca, L., from Ealing, Middlesex, and gave details as to its distribution and habitat. Mr. John Renwick, on behalf of Mr. M'Culloch, exhibited a specimen of the Greenland Falcon, Falco candicans, Gmelin, which had been shot at sea. He also showed a Polecat, Mustela putorins, L., caught near Dingwall. Mr. John Lindsay, M.A., M.B., CM., brought for exhibition the Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. VI. (N.S.) Plate III. From Photograph by . George Paxton. Ash {Fraxinus excelsior, L. ), at Hunterston, Ayrshire. [With Rev. David Landsborough, LL.D., Kilmarnock, in the foreground.] Girth, 14 feet 8| inches at 4 feet up ; Bole, 8 feet ; Height 60 feet (measured on 13th September, 1902, by Messrs. John Renwick and Richard M'Kay.) (See page 382.) Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. VI. (N.S.) Plate IV. From Photograph by Geor&e Paxt°n' Great Maple (Acer Pseiido-platanus, L.), at Auchans, Ayrshire. Girth, 14 feet 84 inches, with Bole about 18 feel, spread about So feet (measured on Nov. 30, 1903, by Rev. Dr. Landsborough, Kilmarnock). (See page 382.) PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 383 skeleton of a parasitic foetus, and demonstrated by means of it the distinctive features of the parasitic connection. He gave at the same time a lucid description of the mode of the development, and the union, of twins. Dr. T. Beath Henderson read a paper entitled "A simple method of preserving birds as specimens," and showed several examples of his handiwork as illustrations. The method con- sisted simply in the injection of carbolic acid by considerable force into the body cavity. The acid permeated the tissues of the animal, hardened the tissues, and practically mummified the creature. The method, he said, while useful for small specimens, was not so well adapted for large ones, and was not suitable for museum specimens. 29th April, 1902. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. John Renwick, read reports of the Society's excursions to Craigends and to Murroch and Auchenreoch Glens (see pp. 338 and 340). Mr. J. J. Robertson, Hon. Secretary, read a paper by Mrs. David Robertson, Millport, Honorary Member, on Litliothamnion glaciale (Kjellm.), a calcareous alga, new to Britain. The authoress stated that the first specimen of this alga was obtained at Port-Bannatyne, Bute, in October, 1895. The late Dr. David Robertson sent it to Mr. E. A. L. Batters, who identified it as above, but, as there was still some doubt, refrained from insert- ing it into the list of the marine algae of the Clyde which he contributed to the Fauna and Flora Handbook for the British Association in 1901. The specimens now exhibited had been kindly authenticated by M. Foslie, of Norway. Kjellmun says — * The species is dispersed over the greater part of the Arctic Sea. Only from the Kara and Siberian Seas it is not known. It attains its most vigorous development, as far as I know, at Spitsbergen and on the west coast of Novaia Zemlya, where it occurs also in the greatest numbers." He also says — "The present plant is a deep-water form. Most often and in the greatest number it is met with at a depth of 10-20 fathoms. The localities where it is known to exist are (1) the Norwegian 384 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Polar Sea, (2) the Greenland Sea, (3) the Murman Sea, (4) the American Arctic Sea, (5) Baffin's Bay. Mrs. Robertson sent for exhibition specimens of this alga, and along with them examples also of Lithophyllum lenormandi, Rosen v., and of Liihoihamnion Sonderi, Hauck, both from Cum brae. The President followed with a short paper on the Corallineae, the family of red seaweeds to which Lithothamnion belongs. He referred to their abnormal lime-encrusted habit, and to their wide distribution in time and space, for they are to be found as far back as the upper chalk beds, while we meet with them to-day in all seas, and very plentifully among coral reefs, where they often act as a kind or mortar in holding the reefs together. Mr. James Mitchell exhibited some specimens of birds, mummified by a native process, from Basutoland, South Africa. The birds were in excellent preservation, and their condition was a demonstration of the efficiency of the method described by Dr. T. B. Henderson at the previous meeting. Mrs. Peter Ewing read a paper entitled "Arctic Plants from the Dovrefjeld, Norway," and exhibited all the plants mentioned in the paper (see page 307). Dr. James F. Gemmill gave a demonstration on " Different Modes of Movement among Echinoderms." He exhibited a number of living specimens of star-fishes, sea-urchins, brittle stars, and feather stars, and illustrated, by means of these specimens, as well as by a number of " living " lantern slides, the organs and methods of locomotion proper to each species. Mr. James Whitton's paper on " Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the year 1901, with its general effects upon Vegetation," was held as read (see page 313). 27th May, 1902. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr. John Robertson reported on the Society's excursion to Neilston Pad and Harelaw Dam (see page 341); Mr. John Paterson on that to Bishop Loch, etc. (see page 342); and Mr. James Whitton on that to Cambusnethan and Dalzell (see page 343). PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 385 Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., F.Z.S., of H.M. Geological Survey, delivered a lecture entitled "Recent Changes of Animal Life in Britain," which he illustrated by a fine series of lantern slides. He first noticed the causes of the increase of certain species of birds, and of the decrease of others, dealing more especially with the cases which had come under his own observation. As a reason for the rarity of many species, he mentioned the enclosure of waste lands and the drainage of bogs and marshes, but he stated that a large proportion of the decrease in the numbers of certain birds was owing to the ravages of collectors, and especially of those given to bird-nesting. Passing on to the changes that have affected the mammals now living in Britain, he treated of the decrease of such animals as the Wild Cat, the Badger, and the Marten. Then, reviewing the changes of life that took place in times remote from the present, he discussed the causes which led to the introduction into our island of such animals as the Wolf, the WTild Boar, and other animals no longer resident here. This led to the consideration of the causes of the former existence in Britain of such animals as the Reindeer, the Arctic Fox, the Glutton, the Musk Sheep, and others which are now confined to the Arctic regions. Along with these were reviewed an interesting series of mammals whose remains are found in this country in a fossil state, but which are still living in Steppe regions where an arid climate prevails. The bearing of these occurrences upon the geographical con- ditions which formerly prevailed in the British Isles was dis- cussed. Finally, the lecturer passed in review the causes which led to the former existence in Great Britain of such creatures as the Lion, the Leopard, the Spotted Hya?na, and other animals which are now generally confined to the warmer regions of the globe; and he concluded by pointing out the bearing of these facts upon the origin of the European fauna. Mr. Baxter showed some dust collected in Barbadoes, which had fallen on that island as a result of the recent volcanic dis- turbances in the neighbouring West Indian Islands. 386 transactions, natural history society of glasgow. 24th June, 1902. Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Mr Hugh Boyd Watt reported on the Society's excursion to Ben Lomond on 22nd April (see page 344), Mr. James Steel on that to Dungoyne on 7th June (see page 346), and Mr. R. M. Morton on that to Milton Lockhart and Carfin on 14th June (see page 347). Several j)hotographs taken at these excursions were ex- hibited by Mr. J. W. Reoch. Mr. James G. Johnston, 118 Eastfield Street, Springburn, was elected an Ordinary Member, and Mr. William West, F.L.S., Lecturer on Botany and Materia Medica in the Technical College, Bradford, was elected a Corresponding Member. Mr. John Paterson, Vice-President, exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Charles Kirk, a specimen of the Black Tern, Hydrochelidon nigra, L., from Hawick, a species which had only once pre- viously been brought before any meeting of the Society, and on that occasion from Possil. Mr. Alex. Gray exhibited specimens of the marine wood- boring mollusc, Xylophaga dorsalis, Turton, found in submerged timber in Loch Fyne. In connection with this the President read a paper descriptive of the species, giving an account of the habits of the animal and of the peculiarities of the structure of its shell, the valves of which are not held together by a ligament. By its rapid boring action Xylophaga performs a useful function in ridding the seas of water-logged timber. The President, Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Car ex disticha, Huds. ( = C. intermedia, Good.) the Soft Brown Sedge, found by him on Great Cumbrae, near the Marine Station, and confirmed by Mr. Arthur Bennet, F.L.S. This species has not hitherto been recorded as occurring in Bute- shire. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to the President for his gift to the Library of the Society of British Vegetable Galls, An introduction to their study, by Edward T. Connold, 1901. The following specimens of Crustacea, &c, from Loch Fyne, were sent for exhibition by Mr. James Patience : — Pandalus bonnieri, Caullery, from 107 fathoms ; P. propinquus, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 387 G. O. Sars, from the same depth ; P, montagui, Leach, from 20 fathoms ; Pandalina brevirostris (Rathke), with parasitic isopod, Pleurocrypta cluihae, n. sp., from 20 fathoms ; Br anchio stoma lanceolatum (Pallas), the Lancelet or Amphioxus. Aphia pellucida, Collet., from the Firth of Forth was also shown. 26th August, 1902. Mr. John Paterson, Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. James Whitton reported on the Society's excursion to Tollcross Park on 17th June (see page 348), and Mr. John Renwick on that to Galston on 5th July (see page 351). Mr. John Robertson exhibited eggs of the Manx Shearwater, Puffinus anglorum (Temminck), from the island of Eigg, giving at the same time interesting details as to the nesting of the bird, and as to the difficulties connected with the gathering of the eggs. Dr. T. Beath Henderson exhibited young specimens of the Boa constrictor (L.), and gave an anatomical description of their structure and life-history. Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., exhibited a large collection of plants principally alpine, which included the following : — Caltha minor, Syme ; Arabis petrcea, L. ; do. var. violacea, Druce ; do. var. grandifolia, Druce ; Cochlearia micacea, Marshall ; Alsine rubella, Whlnb., or Arenaria sulcata, Schleich. ; Sagina procumbens, L. ; S. nivalis, Fr. ; Saxifraga cernua, L. ; Epilobium alpinum, Lam. ; Filago montana, L. • Erigeron alpinum, L. ; Hieracium holosericeum, Backh. ; Pyrola rotundi- folia, L. ; Gentiana nivalis, L. ; Rhinanthus Drummond-Hayi, F. B. "White ; Melampyrum montanum, Johnst. ; Orchis incarnata, , L. ; Juncus trifidus, L. ; J. castaneus, Sm. ; J. biglumis, L. ; Carex ustulata, Wahl. from Scandinavia ; Alopecurus alpinus, Sm., rare, from the Forfarshire mountains ; Aira pseudo-aljrina, Syme ; Poa alpina, L. ; Woodsia hyper- borea, R. Br. ; Cystopteris montana, Bernh. ; Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, L. ; A. serpentini, Koch. ; A. fonianum, Presl. Mr. Ewing also read a paper entitled " Report on the State 388 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. of the Alpine Flora in Breadalbane during the last week of July, 1902 " (see page 336). Mr. Geo. Heriot exhibited some very beautiful photographs of Alpine plants taken in their natural situations. A communication from Mr. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., the President, was read by Mr. Renwick. It dealt with an exhibit of Bromus giganteus, L. (Festuca gigantea, Vill.), the Giant Brome Grass, with, for comparison, B. ramosus, Huds. (B. asper, Murr.), the Hairy Brome, from Ballantrae, Ayrshire. He remarked that he did not show these handsome grasses because of their rarity, for both are widely distributed, but because of the fact that the former at least, Bromus giganteus, is often overlooked, possibly from growing where there is much shade. B. giganteus is recorded from 98 out of the 112 Vice- Counties of Britain, and B. ramosus from 96. Both species are tall, the former said by Hooker to attain to 4 feet, and the latter to 6 feet. The inflorescence of both is a long, loose, drooping panicle, presenting, it might almost be said, a weeping aspect. The panicle of B. giganteus — the shorter grass of the two — attains a length sometimes of no less than 12 inches, while the panicle of B. ramosus is said to fall short of half that length. Both species have a smooth stem. Apart from minor distinc- tions, the point which readily distinguishes the two is that the leaf-sheaths of giganteus are smooth, while the lower leaf-sheaths, especially, of ramosus, are strikingly hairy, with down-directed hairs, this latter enabling the observer at a glance to determine the species. It may be mentioned also that, correspondingly, the ovary of giganteus is glabrous, while that of ramosus is hairy. • STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS. 389 CO O O j-j -h o -h O «0 © !>•>-< r-i ~-< r-l r-l r-l «> CI o o © oo © ©i~ ©Tf =3 CO <* fH ° ■ a ■+J »p« d rH Bow o <1> II d « fl g'dd^w~ S oT S° SP ?ft © 5P sL I* JT-J3 •£ « d -43 S d -e d d £ . -g .g £ &DrH d d 5* d d •£ § d d d d 5 PL, PL| Ph o (3 (5 13 M SI nw- iIE<§ oo oot^oo O lO O O X o o^ HH-*Ot>MQ "3 95 5 s O c4 o Tj O CO 00 o oo CO o 02 Si r— *— 0) © d <& _;'•« jj ® .S3 §•« S 2 ° « a» OFFICE-BEARERS. SESSION LIIL— 1903-1904. President. PETER EWING, F.L.S., The Frond, Uddingston. Vice-Presidents. JOHN PATERSON, 82 Cumming Drive, Mount Florida. THOMAS BEATH HENDERSON, M.D., 155 Bath Street. MALCOLM LAURIE, M.A., D.Sc, Clunaline, Lenzie. Hon. Secretaries. ROBERT BROWN, M.D., 1 Leslie Road, Pollokshields. ALEXANDER ROSS, 2 Kennyhill Gardens, Dennistoun. Hon. Treasurer. JOHN RENWICK, 49 Jamaica Street. Hon. Librarian. JAMES MITCHELL, 222 Darnley Street, Pollokshields. Hon. Editor of Transactions. Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard's United Free Church, Perth. Members of Council. i George Herriot. J. J. Robertson. William Leighton. J. Ballantyne. John Robertson. Robt. Buchanan. James Whitton. Robt. M'Lean. A. B. Motherwell. Robt. Garry. J. W. Reoch. John Cairns, Jun. Auditors. JAMES JACK and JOSEPH SOMMERVILLE. 392 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. LIST OF BRITISH AND IRISH SOCIETIES, &a, WITH WHICH PUBLICATIONS ARE EXCHANGED. Alnwick. — Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club. Banff. — Banffshire Field Club and Scientific Society. Barrow. —Naturalists' Field Club. Bath. — Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Belfast. — Naturalists' Field Club. Natural History and Philosophic Society. Birmingham. — Philosophical Society. Bristol. — Naturalists' Society. Cambridge. — The University Library. Cardiff. — Naturalists' Society. Chelmsford — The Essex Naturalist. Chester. — Society of Natural Science. Dublin. — Royal Dublin Society. Trinity College Library. Dumfries. — Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Dundee. — East of Scotland Union of Naturalists' Societies. Edinburgh. — The Royal Society. Advocates' Library. Botanical Society. Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. Geological Society. Royal Physical Society. Scottish Geographical Society. Scottish Microscopical Society. Glasgow. — Andersonian Naturalists' Society. Baiilie's Institution Free Library. Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons. Geological Society. Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. Industrial Museum. Mitchell Library. Royal Philosophical Society. Stirling's Library. University Library. LIST OF EXCHANGES. 393 Hull, — Scientific and Field Naturalists' Club Innerleithen — Alpine Club. Inverness. — Scientific Society and Field Club. Kilmarnock. — Glenfield Ramblers' Club. Leeds. — Naturalists' Club and Scientific Association. Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. Leicester, — Literary and Philosophical Society. Liverpool. — Naturalists' Field Club. Biological Society. London. — British Museum Library. British Museum (Natural History Department). British Association. Entomological Society. Geologists' Association. Hampstead Naturalists' Club. Linnean Society. Quekett Microscopical Club. Royal Geographical Society. Royal Microscopical Society. Royal Society. Manchester. — The Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. Field Naturalists' and Archaeologists' Society. Geological Society. Literary and Philosophical Society. Microscopical Society. Marlborough. — The College Natural History Society. Millport. — Millport Marine Biological Station. Newcastle-on-Tyne. — Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club. Northampton. — Natural History Society. Norwich. — Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society. Oxford. — Bodleian Library. Paisley. — Free Library. Penzance. — Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Perth. — Perthshire Society of Natural Science. Peterhead. — Buchan Field Club. Plymouth. — Plymouth Institution, and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. 394 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. .Ramsey. — Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Stirling. — Natural History and Archaeological Society. Stoke-upon-Trent. — North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field Club. Truro. — Royal Institution of Cornwall. Warwick. — Naturalists' and Archaeologists' Field Club. Watford. — Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club. LIST OF COLONIAL AND FOREIGN SOCIETIES, &c, WITH WHICH PUBLICATIONS ARE EXCHANGED. Adelaide. — Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch). Agram. — Societas Historico-Naturalis Croatica. Albany, N. Y. — New York State Museum. Amsterdam. — Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Basel. — Naturforschende Gesellsch aft. Bautzen. — Natur wissenschaftliche Gesellschaf t. Bergen. — Museum. Berlin. — Gesellschaf t Naturforschender Freunde. Museum fur Naturkunde. Berne. — Schweizerisclae Entomologische Gesellschaf t. Bonn. — Naturhistorischer Yerein. Niederrheinische Gesellschaft fur Natur-und Heilkunde. Bordeaux. — Societe Linneenne. Boston, Mass. — Society of Natural History. Bremen. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Yerein. Brisbane. — Queensland Branch of Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. Queensland Museum. Briinn. — Naturforschender Yerein. Brunswick. — Yerein fur Naturwissenschaft. Brussels. — Societe Entomologique de Belgique. Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique. Buda-Pesth. — Magy. tud. Akademia palotaja. Bureau Central Ornithologique. Buffalo, N. Y. — Society of Natural Sciences. LIST OP EXCHANGES. 395 Cambridge, Mass. — Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cherbourg. — Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelies et Mathe- matiques. Chicago. — Field Columbian Museum. Academy of Sciences. Cincinnati. — Society of Natural History. Cordoba. — Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Danzig. — Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Davenport, Iowa. — Academy of Natural Sciences. Dresden. — Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Elberfeld. — Naturwissenschaf tlicher Verein. Florence. — Societa Entomologica Italiana. Frankfort. — Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Gera. — Der Deutsche Verein zum Schutze der Vogelwelt. Ghent. — Natuurwetenschappelijk Genootschap. Giessen. — Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur-und Heilkunde. Gorlitz. — Naturforschende Gesellsch aft. Gothenburg. — Goteborgs Kungliga Vetenskapsoch Vitterhets Samhalle. Granville, Ohio. — Denison Scientific Association. Gratz. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Steiermark. Greifswald. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein von Neu-Vorpom- mern und Riigen. Hague, The. — Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging. Halifax. — Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science. Halle. — Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch - Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher. Hamburg. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Heidelberg. — Naturhistorisch-medicinischer Verein. Helsingfors. — Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Indianapolis. — Indiana Academy of Science. Kassel. — Verein fiir Naturkunde. Kiel. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Schleswig-Holstein. Kiev. — Societe des Naturalistes. Kbnigsberg. — Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft. La Plata. — Museo de La Plata. 396 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Landshut. — Botanischer Verein. Lawrence. — University of Kansas. Leipsic. — Naturf orschende Gesellschaf t. Liege. — Societe Royale des Sciences. London, Ontario. — Entomological Society of Ontario. Luxemburg. — Verein Luxemburger Naturfreunde. Societe Botanique du Grand-Duche de Luxem- bourg. Lyons. — Societe Linneenne. Macon. — Societe d'Histoire Naturelle. Madison. — Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. Madrid. — Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Magdeburg. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Meriden, Conn. — Scientific Association. Mexico. — Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate." Instituto Geologico. Milwaukee. — Public Museum. Wisconsin Natural History Society. Minneapolis. — Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. Montevideo. — Museo Nacional. Moscow. — Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes. Munich. — Ornithologischer Verein. Miinster. — Westfalischer Pro vinzial- Verein fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst. Neuchatel. — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. New Brighton. — Natural Science Association of Staten Island. New Haven, Conn. — Connecticut Academy of Sciences and Arts. New York. — Academy of Sciences. American Museum of Natural History. Linnsean Society. N uremberg. — Naturh ist orisch e Gesellschaft. Odessa. — Societe des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle-Russie. Osnaburg. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Ottawa. — Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Department of Agriculture. Padua. — La Nuova Notarisia. Societa Veneto-Trentina di Scienze Naturali. LIST OF EXCHANGES. 397 Palermo. — Reale Orto Botanico. Paris. — Societe Entomologique de France. Societe Zoologique de France. Passau. — Naturhistorischer Yerein. Philadelphia. — Academy of Natural Sciences. American Philosophical Society. Commercial Museum. Wagner Free Institute of Science. Portland, Maine. — Society of Natural History. Pougbkeepsie. — Vassar Brothers Institute. Prague. — Konigl.-Bohm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Raleigh, N.C. — Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Rio de Janeiro. — Museo Nacional. Rochester, N.Y. — Academy of Science. Journal of Applied Microscopy. Rome. — Societa Romana per gli Studi Zoologici. St. John. — Natural History Society of New Brunswick. St. Louis, Missouri. — Academy of Science. St. Petersburg. — Comite Geologique. Musee Zoologique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences. Societas Entomologica Rossica. Russisch - Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesell- schaft. Salem, Mass. — Essex Institute. San Francisco. — California Academy of Sciences. Santiago. — Sociedad Cientifica Alemana. Societe Scientiflque du Chili. Somerville, Mass. — Tufts College. Stockholm. — Societe Entomologique. Stuttgart. — Verein fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurtem- berg. Sydney. — Australian Museum. Tokyo. — Imperial University of Japan. Toronto, — Canadian Institute. Entomological Society of Ontario. University. Trentschin. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Trieste. — Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. 398 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Upsala. — Geological Institution of the University. Urbana, 111. — Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Venice. — La Notarisia. Victoria, B.C. — Natural History Society of British Columbia. Vienna. — Zoologisch-botanischer Verein. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein an der Universifat. K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum. Wanganui, N.Z. — Public Museum. Washington, CD. — Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. United States Department of Agriculture. United States Geological Survey. "Wellington, N.Z. — New Zealand Institute. Winnipeg. — Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba. Western Horticultural Society. Zurich. — Naturforschende Gesellschaft. INDICES. 399 GENERAL INDEX. Aard Wolf, Notes on, 175 Abnormalities — Carnation, 351 Chicken, 381 Chrysanthemum lacustre, 17*8 Grey-hen, 270 Myrica Gale, 345 Accounts, Abstract State- ments of, 180, 284, 389 Aculeata observed at Luss, 344 Airdrie Natural Histoiy Society, 163 Albinos- Cormorant, 270 Hedge-Sparrow, 380 Song-Thrush, 165 Alps, Swiss, Spring plants of, 360 Andersonian Naturalists' So- ciety, 163,168, 259, 334, 346 Animal Life in Britain, Recent Changes of, 385 Antelopes of South Africa, Notes on, 171 Ants, Lecture on, by Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 280 Arniston — Diptera observed at. 338 Fungi observed at, 336 Associates, List of, 297 An Id Wives' Lifts, Notes on, 162 Ballantyne, John, on the occurrence of Sirex gigas and S juvencus in Bute, 305 Bat, Long-eared, in May, 282 Birds, A simple method of preserving, 383 Birds observed at — Ben Lomond, 344 Bishop Loch, 342 Crosslee, 340 Crossraguel, 261 Culzean, 261 Harelaw Dam, 342 Lady Isle, 154 Luss, -'ill Murroch Glen, 341 Neilston,342 ' Sheep Isle, 154 Birds of Glasgow, 181 Boat of Garten, Fungi of, 265 Brachiopoda, British, Notes on Revised List of, 276 British Association, Dele- gate to, 165, 166, 269 Bromus giganteus and B. ramosus, Notes on, 388 Brown, Dr. Robert — Botanical Work in the Upper Engadine, 271 Botanizing on the Swiss Alps in Spring, 360 Bruce, William S., F.R.S.E., on Life in the Polar Regions, 172 Buchanan Castle, Coleoptera observed at, 258 Buchanan Parish, Historical Notes on, 258 Cadzow, Diptera observed at, 258 Camis Eskan, Fungi ob- served at, 253 Carboniferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls, 25 Clyde Sea Area, Seals, Whales, and Dolphins of, 191 Clyde Waters, Notes on a Cruise in, 154 Coleoptera observed at Buchanan Castle, 258 ; at I.uss, 345 Coleoptera, Scottish, Ad- ditions to List of, 214 Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 269, 276 Conodonts, Notes on, 274 Coral-root Orchis found near Kilmarnock, 282 Council Reports for 1898- 1899, 166; for 1899-1900, 266 ; for 1900-1901, 357 Corresponding Members, Election of, 170 Crustacea— Commensalism of, 270 From the Firth of Clyde, 270 Masking of, 270 Parasitism of, 270 Cryptogamic Conference at Boat of Garten, 265 Cryptogamic Society of Scotland, 265 Culzean — Birds observed at, 261 Diptera observed at, 261 Mammalia at, 260 Plants observed at, 261, 262 Death's-head Moth found at Islay, 169 ; at Lendalfoot, 269 Digits, Supernumerary, Notes on, 270 Diptera observed at Arniston, 338 ; at Cadzow, 338 ; at Culzean, 261 ; at Luss, 345 Dolomites,Botanising among the, 168 Dolphins of the Clyde Sea Area, 191 Dovrefjeld, Arctic Plants from the, 307 Dytiscus lapponicus, Notes on, 272 Edinburgh Field Natura- lists' and Microscopical Society, 163, 166 Editor,Reportsby,167,268,358 Engadine, Upper, Botan- ical Work amongst Higher Peaks of, 271 Ewing, Mrs. P., on Arctic Plants from the Dovre- fjeld, 307 Ewing, Peter, F.L.S., on the State of the Alpine Flora in Breadalbane in July, 330, 387 Exchanges of Publications, List of, 392, 394 Excursions — Aikenhead, 262, 281 Ailsa Craig, 163 Arniston, 334, 359 Auchenreoch Glen, 340, 383 Auld Wives' Lifts, 161, 175 Ben Lomond, 163, 179,344 386 Bishop Loch, 342, 384 Buchanan Castle, 254, 269 Cadder Wilderness, 338, 359 Cadzow, 258, 280 Callander, 166 Cambusnethan House, 343, 384 Camis Eskan 251, 265 Campsie Glen, 338 Carfin, 347, 386 Castlemilk, 163, 259, 280 Cathcart Nurseries, 264,282 Corehouse, 262, 281 Craigends, 338 Creag-na-Caillich, 263 Crossraguel Abbey, 259 Culzean Castle, 259, 281 Cumbernauld Glen,163,179 Cumbrae, 158 Dalziel House, 343, 384 Dougalston, 161, 175 Douglas Support, 253, 265 Dungoyne, 346, 386 Edinburgh, 166 Falls of Clyde, 281 Gallingad Glen, llil Galston, 351, 387 Garscube, 262, 281 Girvan Valley, 160, 174 Glamis, 159, 165 Glenfalloch, 163 Glen Water, 164, 179 Harelaw Dam, 341, 384 Howietoun Hatchery, 163 Killin, 282 Luss, 344 Milton Lockhart, 317, 384 Excursions, continued — Millport, 165 Millport .Marine Station. .".5 1 Murroch Glen, 340, 383 NeilstonPad, 3IJ,:;si Pollok, 163 Ross Priory, 163, 179 Temple, 334, 359 Tollcross Park, 163, 269, 348, 3S7 Toward, 333, 356 Fergusson, Anderson, on Additions to the List of Scottish. Coleoptera, 214 Ferns observed at Ben Lomond, 163 ; at Buchan- an Castle, 255 ; at Camis Eskan, 253 ; at Craigen- conner Glen, 353 ; at Cul- zean, 2fi2; at Gallingad Glen, 164; at Glen Water, 164 Forth, Firth of— Bathymetrical Chart of ,250 List of Animals obtained in, 227 Marine Deposits of, 217 Fungi observed at Arniston, 336; at Boat of Garten, 265; at Camis Eskan, 253 ; at Douglas Support, 253; atTollcrossPark,349 Gemmill, James F., M.A., M.D., on Ichthvonenia grayi, 299, 357 Geological Society of Glas- gow, 160, 163, 166, 168, 263, 340, 359 Gifts to the Society, 281, 283, 358, 371, 372, 382, 386 Glasgow, A Census of Rook- eries at, 21 Glasgow, On the Birds of, 1 81 Glaucium, Notes on Species of, 273 Glyciphagus spinipes, Oc- currence of, 380 Grieve, Dr. John, on the Birds of Glasgow, 181 Ichthyonema grayi, Descrip- tion of, 299 Jubilee of the Society, Cele- bration of, 363 Kidston, Robert, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., on the Carboni- ferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls, 25, 168 Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A.— The Marine Mollusca of Port Stewart, 1, 165 A Narrative of a Scientific Cruise on the Fishery Board Steamer "Gar- land," 176 Remarks on the Revised List of British Marine Mollusca and Brachio- poda, 276 Lady Isle, Visit to, 15 1 Lepidoptera observed al Luss. 344 Librarian, Reports by, 166, 267. 358 Library, Gifts to, 2S1. 283, 358,371,372,382,386 Lichens from Dumbarton- shire, 174 Lithothamnion glaciale new to Britain, 383 Lomond, Ben, Plants ob- served on, 163, 345 Lycopods, Carboniferous, 25, Classification of, 29 Members, List of, 286 Meteorological Notes for 1899, 141 ; for 1900, 198 ; for 1901, 313 Mistletoe, Notes on, 301 Mitchell, James, on South African Antelopes, 171 Mollusca observed at Cum- brae, 158; at Lady Isle, 154 ; at Sanda, 157 ; at Sheep Island, 156 Mollusca of Port Stewart, List of, 5; Notes on, 1 Mollusca from Clvde Waters, 177 Moss, A Blue, from Japan, 169 Murroch, Historical Notes on, 341 Mycetozoa from Clvde dis- trict, 170 Mvcological Society, British, 265 Obituarv — Angus W. Craibe, Kill Argyll, Duke of, 174 Ord, George W., 166 Stirling, Colonel J. S., 175 Victoria, Her Majesty the Queen, 274 Watson, Sir W. Renny, 174 Young, John, LL.D., F.G.S., 173 Paterson, John- Notes on a Cruise in Clyde Waters in June, 1900, 154 Notes on Extracts from an unpublished Ornitho- logy of Glasgow, 181 Paxton, George, on Mistle- toe, 301 Pearcey, Fred. G.— On some Deep-sea Rhizo- pods found in the Clyde Area, 178 Notes on the Marine Deposits of the Firth of Forth, and their Rela- tion to its Animal Life, 217 Philosophical Society of Glasgow, 168 Poisoning from CEnanthe crocata, 283 Polar Regions. Life in the: Lecture by Wm. S. Bruce, F.R.S.G.S., 172 Poppy, Horned, Notes on the, 273 Port-Stewart, Marine Mol- lusca of, 1 Queen Victoria, Death of, 274 Rainfall in Glasgow Parks in 1899, 149; in 1900. 208 ; in 1901, 323 Rhizopods new to Science, 178 Rookeries, Glasgow, A Cen- sus of, 21 Sanda, Plants of, 157 ; visit to, 157 Seals of the Clyde Sea Area, 191 Senecio ^erucifolius, Notes on, 356 Sheep Island, Plants of, 156 ; visit to, 155 Sirex gigas and S. juvencus in Bute, 30.5 Smith, John, on Conodonts, 274 Snakes, Notes on, 279, 360 Sphenophylls, Carbonifer- ous, 25 : Classification of, 32 Stewart, William, on the Occurrence of Tricho- manes radicans in Scot- land, 18, 167 Templars, Knights, Notes on, 334 Temple Church, Description of, 336 Tenthredinida? observed at Luss, 344 Thermometer Records for 1899, 149 ; for 1900, 209 ; for 1901, 324 Tipulidae. Notes on captures of, 258, 261, 338, 315 Toward Castle, Notes on, 333 Treasurer's Statement for 1898-1899, 166 ; for 1899- 1900, 267 ; for 1900-1901, 358 Trees, Measurements of— Acacia, False, 347 Ash. 335, 336 Beech, 161, 162, 161. 251, 343, 348 Birch. 161, 257 Cedar of Mount Atlas, 256 Chestnut, Horse, 310, 347 Chestnut, Spanish, 257, 335, 343 Chestnut, Sweet, 161 Elm, 252, 351 Elm, Cork-barked. 348 Elm, English, 3 13. 348 Elm, Wych, 162 Fir, Douglas Spruce, 256 Fir, Menzies Spruce, 255 Fir, Noble Silver, 160, 255 Fir, Scots, 100 Fir, Silver, 161, 252 INDICES. 401 Trees, Measurements of, continued — Fir, Spruce, 343 Gean, 164 Hornbeam, 253 Larch, 336 Lime, Common, 347 Lime, Large-leaved, 347 Maple, 336 Maple, Field, 347 Oak, 160, 162,164,256,257. 259, 343, 348 Oak, Evergreen Holly, 259 Plane, 164, 257 Poplar, Black, 343, 346 Sequoia, 161 Svcamore, 252, 259 Walnut, 161,252 Wellingtonia, 255, 348 Willow, Crack, 353 Yew, 162, 256, 338, 343 Trees, Notable, at— Arniston, 335 Baldernock, 162 Bargain-, 160 Barr Castle, 351 Bruntwood Mains, 353 Buchanan Castle, 255, 256 Cadzow, 259 Cambusnethan House, 313 Camis Eskan, 252 Carfin, 348 Craigends, 338 Dalquharran, 161 Dalziel House, 313 Dougalston, 161, 162 Douglas Support, 253, 244 Glamis Castle, 160 Luss, 316 Milton Lockhart, 347 Ross Priory, 164 Toward Castle, 333 Ure's History of Ruther- glen and East Kilbride, 162 Watt, Hugh Boyd— Census of Glasgow Rook- eries, 21, 176 The Seals, Whales, and Dolphins of the Clyde Sea Area, 191 Whales of the Clvde Sea Area, 191 Whitton, James, Meteor- ological Notes bv, 141, 175, 198,281,313,384 Wilson's Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, 163 Wolf, Aard, Notes on the, 175 TOPOGRAPHICAL. Aberdeen, 10, 370 Aberdeenshire, 307, 365 Abei'deen, 10, 370 Ballater, Pass of, 370 Aberlady, 219 Aberlady Bay. 217 Abersychan, 55 Acre Plantation, 24 Africa, North, 176 Africa, South, 172, 283, 384 Aikenhead, 262, 281 Ailsa Craig, 155, 158, 163, 174, 176, 177 Airdrie, 356 Alderney, 273 Allans, 12 Allans, Outer, 13 Alloa, 217 Alps, 308, 309, 311 America, North, 356 American Arctic Sea, 38 1 Antarctic Ocean, 172 Antarctic Regions, 273 Antrim, 4, 5, 6, 12. 15 Arctic Sea, 383 Ardbeg, 273 Ardeer, 10, 15 Ardlamont Point, 19, 197 Ardrishaig, 10, 196 Ardrossan, 9, 10, 16 Argyllshire, 176, 281 Ardbeg, 273 Ardlamont Point, 19, 197 Ardrishaig, 1(J, 196 Awe, Loch. 215 Buy, Loch, 272 Campbeltown, 158, 192 Campbeltown Loch, 177 Campbeltown Museum, 15 Cantire, Mull of, 1, 6, 12, 15, 191 Carradale, 17, 177, 178 Colintraive, 315 Davaar, 177, 178, 193 Don, Loch, 7 Dunoon, 11, 17, 186, 333 Glunimore, 157 Argyllsiiiee, continued— Evne, Loch, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 177, 192, 193, 196, 249, 3*6 Goil, Loch, 10, 11 Holy Loch, 194, 216 Inverchaolain, 333 Iona, 6, 16 Islay, 10, 169, 194, 270, 273, 282, 283, 380 Kerrara, 7 Kildalton, 383 Kirn, 195 Lamb Island, 220 Lochgoilhead, 345 Machrihanish Bay, 15 Minard, 17 Morven, 176 Mull, Island of, 272 Oban, 10 Oban Bay, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16 Paterson's Loch, 192 Port-Ellen, 169 Saddell, 197 Sanda Island, 12, 155, 156, 157, 158, 177, 178, 192, 214 Sanda, Sound of, 214 Scart Rocks, 157 Sheep Island, 155, 156, 158 Skipness, 197 Skipness Point, 197 Spelve, Loch, 12, 272 Striven, Loch, 158 Tobermory, 11 Toward, 333, 334, 356 Toward Castle, 333 Arklet, Loch, 256 Arniston, 334, 335, 336, 359 Arran, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 58, 158, 176, 179, 273, 305, 306, 342, 381 Arran Isles, 281 Atlantic, 2, 13, 15 Atlantic, North, 1, 178 Auchenreoch Glen, 340. 341, 383 Auld Wives' Lifts, 161, 162, 175, 379 Australia, 360, 381 Autun, 35, 101 Avon, 27)S Awe. Loch, 215 Ayr, 9, 10, 194, 215, 269, 280 Ayr, Water of, 167, 353 Ayrshire, 10, 15, 16, 17, 63, 107, 151, 160,178,193,215,256, 261, 269, 281, 282, 307, 353, 355, 388 Ailsa Craig. 155, 158, 163, 174, 176, 177 Ardeer, 10, 15 Ardrossan, 9, 10, 16 Ayr, 9, 10, 194, 215, 269, 280 Avr, Water of, 167, 353 Ballantrae, 7, 388 Ballantrae Banks, 197 Baltarsan Castle, 261 Barassie, 215 Bargany, 160 Barr, 215 Barr Castle, 351, 352 Bonnyton Pit, 97 Brown Carrick Hills, 353 Bruntwood Mains, 353 Buisten, 353 Cessnock Castle, 352 Cessnock Water, 353 Craigenconner Glen, 353 Crosshouse, 107 Crossraguel Abbey, 259, 260, 261, 281 Culzean, 259, 260, 261, 262 Culzean Castle, 259, 260, 261, 281 Culzean, Coves of, 260 Dailly Station, 160 Dalmellington, 171 Dalquharran. 161, 256 Darvel, 161 Doonfoot, 280 Drummochreen, 160 Eglinton Castle, 379 Fullarton House, 22 Galston, 351, 352, 353, 337 Galston Muir, 352, 353 402 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Ayrshire, continued — Girvan Valley, 160 Girvan Water, 174 Glenapp, 155 Glen Water, 164, 179 Hurlford, 354 Irvine, 9, 10, 165, lit.", Irvine, River, 193, 353 Kilmarnock, 1)7, 282, 302, 353 Kilmarnock Museum, 193 Kilwinning, 356 Ladv Isle, 154, 192 Largs, 192, 193 Lendalfoot, 269 Lochlea, 353 Maybole, 259 Mucks Water, 164 Pennyglen Gate, 260 Portincross, 355 Rouglmeuk, 160 Saltcoats, 9 Sorn, 353 Springhill, 107 Stevenston, 44 Sunnyside, 260 Troon, 154. 192 Turnberrv, 176 Baffin's Bav, 384 Baillieston, 133 Baldernock, 162 Ballagan Glen, 340 Ballantrae, 7, 388 Ballantrae Banks, 197 Ballater, Pass of, 370 Ballintrodo, 334 Balloch, 251 Ballycastle, 1, 4 Balmaha, 254 Baltersan Castle, 261 Bann, 14, 17 Bann, River, 2, 3, I Bantry Bay, 7, 17 Barassie, 215 Barbadoes, 384 Bardowie Loch, 379 Bardslev CoUierv, 100 Bargany, 160 Barlinnie Prison, 22 Barncluith, 258, 259 Barnsley, 37, 49, 87, 106, 109, 114, 128 Barr, 215 Barr Castle, 351, 352 Barra, 279 Bass Rock, 220, 225 Basutoland, 384 Bathgate, 55 Bearsden, 171 Beeton, 13 Belfast Lough, 16 Belfast Museum, 15 Bellshill, 380 Belvidere, 22, 2\ Berwick, North, 217 Berwickshire, 216, 357 Penmanshiel Wood, 216 Bin Bairn, 316 Bin, Meikle, 346 Bisnopbriggs, 2 1 Bishop Loch, 342, 384 Bishopton, 216 Black Loch, 274 Blackwaterfoot, 179 Blanefield, 379 Blue-bell Wood, 22 Boat of Garten, 265 Bochum, 77 Bockwa, 33 Bolton, 73 Bonhill, 216 Bonnvton Pit, 97 Bradford, 75, 267, 269 Braidwood, 348 Brazil, 279 Breadalbane, 330, 388 Breton, Cape, 76 Breton, Cape, Islands of, 74, 110 Bridge of Weir. 338 Bristol, 135 Bristol Museum, 55 Britain, 36, 53, 80, 86, 113.272, 276, 278, 281, 383, 385, 388 British Museum, 13, 64. 88, 97, 103, 132, 194 Broad Bav, 7, 9 Brodick, is Brown Carrick Hills, 353 Bruntwood Mains, 353 Buchanan, 254, 255, 256, 258 Buchanan Castle, 215, 254, 256, 257, 269 Buckhaven, 219 Buiston, 353 Burntisland, 60 Bush-foot, 15 Bute, 7, 11, 16, 17, 185, 195, 196, 305, 351, 381, 383 Buteshire, 306, 307, 386 Allans, 12 Allans, Outer, 13 Arran, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 58, 158, 176, 179, 273, 305, 306, 342, 381 Blackwaterfoot, 179 Brodick, 18 Corrie, 18, 20, 21 Dougarie, 20, 21 Holy Isle, 11 Laml ash, 11 Lamlash Bay, 10, 17 Lochranza, 20 Pirnmill, 177 Pladda, 176, 193 Whiting Bay, 196 Blackwaterfoot, 179 Brodick, 18 Bute. 7, 11, 16, 17, 185, 195, 196,305,354,381,383 Mount Stuart House, 354 Port-Bannatvne. 383 Rothesay, 181 i Rothesav Museum, 197 St. Ninian's Bay, 196 Corrie, 18, 20, 21 Cumbrae, 9, 12, 13, 17, 158, 176, is I, 2s:i, :;i;:;. :;7ii. 384, ?86 Allans, 12 Allans, < inter. L3 Farland Point, 12, 13 Karnes Bav. 9 Keppel Pier, 158, 351, 355 Millport, 13, 165, 195,357, 363 Millport Bay, 12 Buteshire, continued — Cumbrae, continued — Millport Marine Station, 157, 158, 169, 178, 192, 272, 280, 354, 355, 366, 386 Robertson Museum, 159, 355. 363 Tan Buoy, 35 1 Cumbrae, Little, 192 Dougarie, 20, 21 Farland Point. 12, 13 Holy Isle, 11 Karnes Bav, 9 Keppel Peir, 158, 351, 355 Lamlash, 11 Lamlash Bay, 10, 17 Lochranza, 20 Millport, 13, 165, 195, 357, 363 Millport Bay, 12 Milport Marine Station, 157, 158, 169, 178, 192. 272, 280, 3.54, 355, 366, 386 Mount Stuart House. 351 Pirnmill, 177 Pladda, 176, 193 Port-Bannatync, 383 Robertson Museum, 159, 355, 363 Rothesay, 186 Rothesay Museum, 197 St. Ninian's Bav, 196 Tan Buoy, 354 Whiting Bay, 196 Buy, Loch, 272 Cadder Wilderness, 338, 360, 379 Cadzow, 258, 280. 379 Cairnsmuir of Carsphairn 353 Caithness-shire, 312 Caldarvan, 164 Calderbank, 356 Caldercruix, 380 Caledonian Canal, 266 Callander, 166 Cambusnethan. 313, 384 Camerto", 36, 136, 139 Camis Eskan, 251. 252. 265 Camis Eskan, Little, 251 Camis Eskan, Meikle, 251 Campbeltown, 15S, 192 Campbeltown Loch, L i Campbeltown Museum, 15 Camphill, 23. 21 Campsie Glen, 338, 379 Canada, 35 Ganttre, Mull of. 1,6. 12. 15. 191 Cape, 171 Cape Colony, 176 Carfin, 347, 348, 386 Carluke, 347 Garntyne, 22 Carradnle, 17. 177, 178 Cart. 22.21 Cartbank. 22 ( lastiemilk, 22, 163, 259, 280, 379 Castlerock, 2, 4, 9, 11 Cathcart, 262, 264, 282. 379 Cathcart House, 22 Cathcart Nurseries, 264 INDICES. 403 Cathkin Braes, 171 Cathkin Braes Park, 171 Catter House, 25 1 Cessnock Castle, 352 Cessnock Water, 353 Channel Islands, 17, 275, 277 Chapel Ness, 217 Chapel of St. Mary of Buch- anan, 257 Chapel, Our Lady, 257 Chatelherault, 259 Chrvston, 275 Clare, County, 281 Clayton. 71, 75, 76 Clinton, 139 Clova, 310, 313 Clyde, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 177, 179, 188, 191,192, 193, 191, 317, 366, 370, 383 Clyde Area, 3, 170, 178, 214, 276,281,348 Clyde, Falls of, 171, 281, 330 Clyde, Firth of, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 165, 169,176,196,249,270, 299, 3 12 Clyde Iron Works, 22 Clyde Sea Area, 191 Clydesdale, 165 Coalbrookdale, 8 1 Cockenzie, 2 is Coleraine, 14 almore, 273 Dalquharran, 161, 256 Dalziel, 343, 384 Darnley, 171 Damley Wood, 170 Darton, 106, 128 Darvel. 164 Davaar, 177, 178, 193 Davoz Platz, 361 Denny, 76, 114 Derbyshire, 353 Deny, 1, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,15,16,17 Devonshire, 17, 265 Dhuin Croisg, Meall, 264 Dingle Bay, 7 Dingwall, 382 Dixon Fold, 73 Dogger Bank, 27, Dolomites, 168 Don, Loch, 7 Donegal, 6, 272 Doonfoot, 280 Dorset, 17 Dougalston, 161, 162, 175 Dougarie, 20, 21 Douglas Support, 252, 265 Dover, 165, 166 Dovrefjeld, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 384 Down, 6, 8 Dracy-Saint-Loup, 112 Driva, 307, 308, 311 Drivsdalen, 310 Drum Flats, 21 8 Drummochreen, 160 Drum-na-Larig, 263 Drum Sands, 218 Dryrnen, 215, 251.265 Drymen Road, 315 I Kiblin, 3 Dublin Bay, 7 Duckeniield, t I 1 >udlev, 14 Dudweiler, 83 Dumbarton, 254, 310, 341 Dumbartonshire, 17 4, 175, 251,359 Auchenreoch Glen. 310, 341,383 Balloch. 251 Bearsden, 171 Bonhill, 216 Caldarvan, 161 Caniis Eskan, 251, 252, 265 Camis Eskan, Little. 251 Camis Eskan, Meikle, 251 Colgrain, 251. 252 Cumbernauld. Glen, 163, 179 Dalmore, 27:; Dougalston, 161, 162, 175 Duncombe, J i 5 Edinbarnet, 175 Gallingad Glen, 164 Gareloch, 10, L94 Garscube, 262, 281 Garscube Mill, 24 Helensburgh, 275 Kilbowie, East, 165 Kilmaronock, 251. 255 Kilpatrick, Easter, 25 1 Kilpatrick Hills, 171, 175 . Kilpatrick, Old, 165 Dumbartonshire, continued — Lot's Wife, 311 Luss, 216, 25s, 344,345 Luss Glen, 341, 316 Luss Water. 3 Hi Milngavie, 161,515 Mugdock Loch, 579 Murroch, 311 MuiToeh Glen, 310, 383 Overtoun, 379 Peaton, 194 Row, 191 St. German's Loch, 171 Towerville, 273 Voirlich, Ben, 256 DUMFRIES-SHIRE. 38 Eskdale, 38 Glencartholin, 38 Raehills, 216 Dunbar, 220 Duncombe, 175 Dungoil, 316 Dungoyne, 316, 386 Dunluce Castle, 1 Dunoon, 11, 17, 186, 335 Dutweiler, 113 Dysart, 219 Ealing, 382 Easterhill House, 22 Ecuador, 378 Edgelaw Reservoir, 336 Edinbarnet, 175 Edinburgh, 34, 166, 336 Edinburgh Museum, 31, 193, 19 1, 195,196,197 Eglinton Castle, 379 Eigg, 6, 387 Endrick River. 251, 255. 256 Engadine, 271 England, 8, 119, 215, 281, 304, 353 Eskdale, 38 Esk, South, 334, 335 Exeter, 14 Eyebrough Rock, 219 Falmouth, 379 Farland Point, 12, 15 Farme Castle, 22 Faroe Isles, 277 Farrington-Gurney, 90 Fidra,'217, 220, 225 Fife, 60, 79, 132, 217,307 Fife Ness, 217 Fifeshire— Buckhaven, 219 Burntisland, 60 Chapel Ness, 21 7 Dysart, 219 Fluke Hole, 220, 225 Inchkeith, 217. 218 219, 222, 224,225,230,248,250 Kirkcaldy, 217 Largo, 217 Largo Bay, 217 May, Isle of, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 225, 225, 21S, 219, 251) Methil. 219 Pettycur, 60, 6], 79, 132 Pittenweem, 220, 225 St. Monance, 220, 222. 225, 236 Wemvss Castle. 219 Wemyss, West, 219, 225,229 404 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Florence Colliery, 94 Fluke Hole, 220, 225 Foldalen, 308, 311 Forfarshire, 15',), 165, 330 Clova, 310, 313 Glamis, 159, 165 Glamis Castle, 159, 160 Forres, 216 Forth, Firth of, 7, 217, 222,221,226,216,217, 250, 251, 2S3, 387 Forth, River, 218, 222, Foyle, Loch, 2, 15 France, 31, 119, 304 Fullarton House, 22 Fyne, Loch, 11, 12, 17. 18, 21. 177. 192, 193, 196, 386 Gagniere, 81 Gallingad Glen, 164 Gallowflat, 22 Galston, 351, 352, 353, 3S, Galston Muir, 352, 353 Galway, 17 Gareloch, 10, 191 Garnkirk Raihvav, 182, 189 Garscube, 262, 281 Garscube Mill, 24 Gartcraig House, 22 Germany, 272 Germiston Burn, 182, 189 Genniston Road, 183 Giant's Causeway, 1, 12 Gii-van Valley, 160 Gii-van Water, 174 Glamis, 159, 165 Glamis Castle, 159, 160 Glasgow, 21, 22, 21, 71, 151, 176,181,182, 183,215.251, 276, 313, 336, 351, 355, 35s, 359, 363, 365, 366, 36*, 36!i, 379 Alexandra Park, 22, 24, 149, 150, 208, 209, 269, 323, 325 Bellahouston Park, 23, 1 19, 150, 208, 209, 323. 327 Bell's Quarry, 24 Botanic Gardens, 23. 21 Broomielaw, 194 Buchanan Street, 366 Cathedral, 183, 184 College Green, 183 Craigpark, 182, 184 Garnkirk Railway, 182, 189 George Square, 21, 149, 150, 208, 209, 323, 325 George Street, West, 183 Germiston Burn, 182, 189 Germiston Road, 183 Harbour, 189 High Church, L82 Holybank Street, 190 Hunterian Museum, 133, 193 Kelvingrove Museum, 195 Kelvingrove Park, 23, 1 19. 15(1, 208, 209, 323, 321 Kelvingrove Street, 23 Kilberry Street, 190 .Maxwell Park, 1 19,150,208, 209, 323, 32 1 Millburn, 181, L84, L85, 186. 189 Millburn Chemical Works, 190 Glasgow, continued — Millburn Public School,190 Millburn Street, 190 Molendinar Burn, 182 Monkland Canal, 182 Possil, 183 Pro van Mill, 183 Queen Margaret College, 23 Queen Street, 23, 183 Queen's Park, 23, 141, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 198, 206,2(17. 208, 209,212,213, 313,315,316,320,321,323, 321, 328, 329 Roval Exchange. 22. 331 Sauchiehall Street, 23 Scarba Street, 190 Springburn Park, 149, 150, 208, 209, 32:;. 324 Tollcross Park, 22, 149, 150, 163. 208, 209, 269,323,325, 348,387 Town Mills' Road, 185 University, 133, 279. 282, 368, 370, 380 Glenapp, 155 Glencartholni, 38 Glenialloch, 163 Gleugvlo, 256 Glen Water, 164, 179 Glunimure, 157 Goil, Loch, 10, 11 Gore, 331 Gorebridirc, 331, 336 Gouroek, 154, 158, 179, 333 Go van. 23 Great Barr, 9 1 Grampian Hills, 256 Grangemouth. 21 , Greenland. 1, 1 Greenland Sea. 384 Greenock, 193, 19 J Gryfe, 171 Gryfe, River, 33S, 31(1 Guernsey, 16 Gullane Ness Point, 219 Haddingtonshire — Aberladv, 219 Aherladv Bay, 217 Bass Rock. 220. 225 Berwick, North. 217 Cockenzie, 248 Dunbar, 220 Fidra,217, 22(1.225 Gullane Ness Point, 219 North Craig Buoy, 218 South Car Beacon. 220 Tantallon Castle, 220 Hailes Quarry, 31 Halifax, 97, 98, 116 Hamilton, 25S Hamilton Gulf, 171 Hampstead Colliery , 94 Hardanger, 309 Harelaw Dam, 341, 342, 3-1 1 lawiek. 386 Hebrides, 169 Hebrides, Outer, 12,281 Helensburgh, 273 Henry County, 139 High Church, 182 i [imalayas, 368 Hirschbacli Mine, 113 Ilogganfield, 189 Hogsnyta, 311 Holy Isle, 11 Holy Loch, 194,216 Holybank Street, 190 Hound Point, 218 Howietoun Hatcherv, 163 Huddersfield, 116 Hunterian Museum, 133, 193 Hurlford, 351 Ibroxhill. 23,21 Inchcailloch, 256, 2~>-< Inchiunan, 379 [nchkeith, 217, 218, 219 222 221,225,230,218,250 Inishowen, 2 Inverchaolain, 333 Inverkip, 306 Inverness-shirk, 281 Barra, 279 Boat of Garten, 265 Ei-g, 6, 387 Hebrides, Outer, 12, 281 Rothiemurchus, 265 Skye, 15 Urquhart, Glen, 266 Indian Islands, West,346,385 lona, 6, 16 Ireland, 1, 3, 9, 165. 170 Irvine. 9, 10, 165, 193 Irvine, River, 193,353 Islay, 10, Kill, 194, 270, 273. 282,283,380 Italy, 2S1 Japan, 169, 380 Jaworzne, 128 Johnstone, 359 Jordanhill. 21 Kalahari Deseit, 172 Kames Bay. 9 Kara Sea, 3-.". Katrine, Loch, 256 Kelvin, 23, 21,262 Kendal Museum, 38 Ken mare, 11, 15 Kenmore Road, 263 Kenmure House, 21 Keppel Peir, 158, 351, 355 Kerrara. < Kew Gardens, 368 Kilbowie. East. 165 Kilbride, East. 72, 162 Kilbrannan Sound, 158, 177, 193, 195 Kildalton, 383 Killin, 263, 282, 331 Kilmal- olm, 171 Kilmarnock, 97, 282, 302, 353 Kilmarnock Museum, 193 Kilmaronock, 251. 255 Kilpatrick, Easter. 251 Kilpatrick Hills, 171, 175 Kilpatrick, Old, 165 Kiltorkan. 88 Kilwinning, 356 Kingston Yard, 194 Kintvre, see Cantire Kirkcaldy. 217 Kirkcudbrightshire, 307 Kirn, 195 Kongsvold, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311 INDICES. 405 Kristiania, 309 Krokhaugan, 308, 311 Kundsho, 308, 311 Kyles of Bute, 158 Ladv Isle, 154, 192 Lamb Island, 220 Lamlash, 11 Lamlash Bay, 10, 17 Lanark, 262 Lanarkshire, 13, 133, 252, 272, 356, 357 Aikenhead. 262, 281 Airdiie, 356 Avon, 258 Baillieston, 133 Barlinnie Prison, 22 Barncluith, 258, 259 Bellsliill, 380 Belvidere, 22, 21 Bishopbriggs, 24 Bishop Loch, 342, 384 Braidwood, 348 Cadder Wilderness, 338, 360, 379 Cadzow, 258, 280, 37'. i Calderbank, 356 Caldercruix, 380 Cambusnethan, 313, 381 Carfin, 347, 348, 386 Carluke, 347 Carntyne, 22 Castlemilk, 22, 163, 259, 280, 379 Cathkin Braes, 171 Cathkin Braes Park, 171 Catter House. 254 Chatelberault, 259 Chryston, 275 Clyde, Falls of, 171, 281, 330 Clvde Iron Works, 22 Corehouse, 262, 281 Corra Linn, 262 Crossford, 348 Crosspark, 23 Ualmarnock, 24 I >alinarnock House, 22 Dalziel, 343, 384 I )ouftlas Support, 2.):', 265 Easterbill House, 22 Farme Castle, 22 Gallowflat, 22 Garnkirk Railway, 182, 189 Gartcraig House, 22 Germiston Burn, 182, 189 Germiston Road, 183 Govan, 23 Hamilton, 258 Hogganfield, 189 Ibroxhill, 23, 21 Kenmure House, 2 1 Kilbride, Ea=t, 72, 162 Lanark, 262 Lochend Loch, 312, 313 Merryflats, 23 Milton Lockhart, 317, 318, 386 Moore Park, 23 Morreston, 252 Muirbank, 22 Partick, 23 Possil, 183, 386 Rutherglen, 22, 72, 162, 163,259 Stepps, 275 Lanarkshire, continued— Symington, 179 Tollcross, 272 Torrance Glen, 379 Westborn House, 22 Whiteinch, 74 Woodend Loch, 312 Woodhall, 356 Lancashire, 8, 74, 101 Langside, 22, 23, 21 Lapmark of Lulea, 307 Largo, 217 Largo Bay, 21, Largs, 192, 193 La Trouche, 81 Lawers, Ben, 261, 282, 311, 313 Leeds, 70 Leith, 217, 219, 223 Leith Roads, 21 s Lendalfoot, 269 I ennox Castle, 360 Lennoxtowu, 338 Lewes, 14 Lewis, 7 Lewisburn, 62 Limerick, 265 Linlithgowshire, 55, 58 Batbgate, 55 Dalnieny, 13, 59, 60 Dalmeny Railway Cutting, 58 Drum Fiats, 218 Drum Sands, 218 Hound Point, 218 Lochay, 263 Lochend Loch, 342, 343 Lochgoilbead, 345 Lochlea, 353 Lochranza, 20 Lomond, Ben, 163, 179, 311, 315,386 Lomond, Loch, 254, 25./, 256. 25S, 279, 344, 346, 347 Long Craig, 219 Long, Loch, 194, 197 Longton, 91, 94, 95 Longton Hall Colliery, 95 London, 215 Lothian, 334 Lot's Wife, 341 Lucerne, 360, 361 Luss, 216, 258, 311, 315 Luss Glen, 344, 346 Luss Water, 311. Machrihanish Bay, 15 Magilligan, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17 Magilligan Point, 2, 17 Magilligan Strand, 2, 1. 6, 8, 15 Manchester. 73, 75. 76 Maybole, 259 Mav, Isle of, 217, 218, 219, 220, "222,223, 225. 21s, 219, 250 Mediterranean, 273 Merryflats, 23 Mersey, River, 65 Mesopotamia, 281 Metlnl, 21'.) Mexico, 359 Middlesborough, 11 Middlesex, 382 Midlothian, 55, 98, 307 Arniston, 334, 335, 336, 359 Ballintrodo, 334 Craigleith, 219 Cramond Island, 218 Edgelaw Reservoir, 336 Edinburgh, 31, 166,336 Edinburgh Museum, 31, 193, 191, 195, 196, 197 Esk, South, 331. 335 Gore, 33 1 Goreb ridge, 331, 336 Hailes Quarry, 34 Leith, 217, 219, 223 Leith Roads, 218 Lothian, 334 Musselburgh, 217 Portobello, 219 Tempi*'. :;:;l,:;35, 339 Millport, 13, 165, 195, 357, 363 Millport Bay, 12 Millport Marine Station, 157, 158, 169, 178,192,272,280, 351, 355, 366, 386 Milngavie, 161, 345 Milton Lockhart, 347, 318,381; Minard, 17 Missouri, 139 Monckton Main Colliery, 37, 109, 111 Monte-Pisano, 129 Moore Park, 23 Morreston, 252, Morven, 176 Mucks Water, 164 Mugdock Loch, 379 Muirbank, 22 Muirhouse, 171 Mull, Island of, 272 Murman Sea, 38 1 Murroch, 311 Murroch Glen, 340, 383 Musselburgh, 217 Mount Stuart House, 351 Nab End Fly, 98 Natal, 171, 176, 283 Neilston Pad, 311, 312, 381 Netherlee, 22 Newcastle, 8, 85, 88, 9. Newcastle Museum, 99, 115 Newry, 15 New York, 40 New Zealand, 33 J, 359 Niedzielisko, 128 NitshilL 171 Nitshill Quarry, 73 Norfolk Island, 276 North Berwick, 217 North Channel, 218 North Craig Buoy, 218 North Sea, 217, 222 Northumberland, 62, 138 Norway, 272, 275, 307, 309, 383, 381 Norwegian Polar Sea, 382 Novaia Zeinlya, 172, 383 ( »aks Colliery, 19 Oban, 10 Oban Bay, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16 Oldham, 79, 80 Old Mills Pit, 90 406 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Orange River Colony, 175, 176 Orkney, 281 Osnabriick, 76 Overtonn, 379 Owen's College, 8 Owen's College Museum, 75, 76 Paislev, 19, 73, 172, 214, 215, 216 Paislev Museum, 20, 193 Palestine, 273 Paris, 85 Partick, 23 Paterson's Rock, 192 Paulton, 135, 139 Peaton, 194 Peeblesshire, 307 Penmanshiel Wood, 216 Pennyglen Gate, 260 Persia, 281 Perthshire, 307, 330 Breadalbane, 330, 388 Callander, 166 Creag-na-Caillich, 263, 264 Crieff, 171 Dhuin Croisg, Meal], 264 Drum-na-Larig, 263 Glenfalloch, 163 Kenmore Road, 263 Killin, 263, 282, 331 Lawers, Ben, 264, 282, 311, 313 Lochay, 263 Tav, Loch, 263, 331 Pettvcur, 60, 61, 79, 132 Pilatus, Mount, 360, 361 Pillar Craig, 379 Pirnmill, 177 Pitcher's Coal Mine, 139 Pittenweem, 220, 225 Pizot, 271 Piz Padella, 271 Pladda, 176, 193 Plumstead Marshes, 13 Pollok, 163 Pollok, Nether, 24 Pollokshaws, 184 Pontresina, 272 Pontypool, 55 Port-Bannatyne, 383 Port-EUen, 169 Port -Glasgow, 192, 194 Portincross, 355 Portobello, 219 Portpatrick, 12 Portrush, 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 16 Port-Stewart, 1, 2, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 165 Possil, 183, 386 Queen Margaret College, 23 Queensferrv, 217, 218 Queen's Park, 23, 141, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 198, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 313, 315, 316, 320, 321, 323, 324, 328, 329 Radstock, 139 Raehills, 216 Rathlin, 1 Renfrewshire, 307, 359, 378 Bishopton, 216 Black Loch, 274 Blue-bell Wood, 22 Bridge of Weir, 338 Camphill, 23, 21 Cart, 22, 24 Cartbank, 22 Cathcart, 262, 264, 282, 379 Cathcart House, 22 Cathcart Nurseries, 264 Craigends, 338, 383 Crossbill, 23, 24 Crosslee, 338, 3 10 Darnley, 171 Darnley W7ood, 170 Gourock, 154, 158, 179, 333 Greenock, 193, 194 Gryfe, 171 Grvfe, River, 338, 340 Ha'relaw Dam, 311, 342, 384 Inchinnan, 379 Inverkip, 306 Johnstone, 359 JordanhiU, 24 Kilmalcolm, 171 Kingston Yard, 194 Langside, 22, 23, 24 Muirhouse, 171 NeilstonPad, 311, 312, 384 Netherlea, 22 NitshiU, 171 Nitshill Quarrv, 73 Paisley, 19, 73, 172, 214, 215, 216 Paislev Museum, 20, 193 Pollok, 163 Pollok, Nether, 24 Pollokshaws, 184 Port-Glasgow, 192, 194 Wearieston Farm, 23 Rigi, 361 Roag. Loch, 270 Robertson Museum, 159, 355, 363 Rochdale, 84 Rock House, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 Rockport, 16 Ross Prior y, 163, 179 Ross & Cromarty Shires— Dingwall, 382 Lewis, 7 Roag Loch, 270 Stornowav, 6, 7, 9, 11, 281 Rothesay, 186 Rothesay Museum, 197 Rothiemurchus, 265 Roughneuk, 160 Row, 194 Rowardennan, 254 Roxburghshire, 357 Hawick, 386 Rutherglen, 22, 72, 162, 163, 259 Ryan, Loch, 6, 15, 155, 191 Saarbruck, 33, 83 Saddell, 197 St, Etienne, 110, 112 St. < irrman's Loch, 171 St. Monance, 220, 222, 225,236 St. Ninian's Bay, 196 Saltcoats, 9 Sanda Island, 12, 155, 156, 157, 158,177,178,192,211 Sanda, Sound of, 192 Sandown, 379 Sandwich, 14 Saxony, 33 Scandinavia, 387 Scart Rocks, 157 Scotchrow. 73 Scotland, 3, 8, 10, 113, 119, 167, 171,214,215,216.272, 273, 306, 334, 338, 359, 381 Shannon, 265 Shap Toil-Bar. 10 Sheep Island, 155, 156, 158 Shetland, 277, 378 Short Heath Station, 14 Siberian Sea, 383 Skerries, 1 Skipness, 197 Skipness Point, 197 Skye, 15 Slamannan. 271 Smyrna, 165 Snaehattan, 308 Solway Firth, 167 Somersetshire, 36, 90, 135, 136, 139 Sorn, 353 South Car Beacon, 220 Sparth Bottoms, 81 Spelve, Loch, 12, 272 Spitzbergen, 172, 173, 383 Springhill, 107 Staffordshire, 14,91,91,95 Stepps, 275 Stevenston, 44 Stirling, 163. 25 i Stirlingshire, 76, 25 J Arklet, Loch. 256 Auld Wives' Lifts, 161, 162, 175,379 Baldemock. 162 Ballagan Glen. 310 Balmaha, 254 Bardowie Loch. 379 Bin Bairn, 346 Blanefield, 379 Buchanan, 254, 255, 256, 258 Buchanan Castle, 215, 251, 256, 257, 269 Campsie Glen, 338, 379 CraigaUian Loch, 379 Craigmaddie Loch, 379 Dennv, 76, 114 Drymen, 215, 254, 265 Dungoil, 386 Dungoyne, 346, 386 Endrick, River, 254, 255, 256 Glengyle, 256 Grangemouth. 21 , Howietoun Hatcherv, Hi:; Inehcailloch, 256, 258 Katrine, Loch, 256 Lennox Castle, 360 Lennoxtown, 338 Lomond, Ben, 163, 179, 344, 345, 386 Lomond, Loch, 251, 255, 256, 258 Pillar Craig, 379 Ross Priory, 163, 179 Slamannan, 274 Stirling, 163, 254 Strathblane, 3 in Whangie, 379 WoodyettPit, 76, 111 Stomoway, 6, 7, 9, 11, 281 Strassburg, 67 INDICES. 407 Strathblane, 340 Striven, Loch, 158 Sunnyside, 260 Sussex, 14 Sweden, 272 Switzerland, 170 Symington, L9 Syria, 273 Tan Buoy, 354 Tan ta don Castle, 220 Tasmania, 65 Tay, Loch, 263, 331 Tees 14 Temple, 334, 335, 359 Teneriffe, 275 Thames Valley, 353 Tobermorv, 11 Tollcross, 272 Topsham, 14 Torrance Glen, 379 Toward, 333, 331, 356 Toward, Castle, 333 Towerville, 273 Transvaal, 176 Troon, 154, 192 Turnberry, 176 Tvne, North. 112 Tyrol, 170 United States, 356 Urquhart, Glen, 266 Vaal, 176 Vaarstein, 308 Victoria Park, 23, 7 1 Voirlich, Ben, 256 Wales, Soutli. 55 Wearieston Farm, 23 Weir, Bridge of, 338 Wemvss, Castle, 219 Wemyss, West. 219, 22.3, 229 Westmoreland, 40 Westphalia, 119 Westthorn House, 22 Whangie, 379 White Grit Quarry, 7:; Whiteinch, 74 Whiting Bav, 196 Wig, The, 155 Wigtownshire — Locli Ryan, 6, 15, 155, 191 Portpatrick, 12 Willenliall, 11 Woodend Locb, 312 Woodhall. 356 Woodyett Lit, 76, 111 Woolley Colliery, 106, 128 Woolwich, North, 13 Yorkshire, 37, 43, 54, 76, 87, 9S, 101, 106, 108, 109, 111, i:;i Youghal Bay, 7 NAMES OF PERSONS. Adams, Lionel E., 1 1 Aiton, 351 Alcock, 17 Alexander II., 341 Alexander, G. W., 365 Allan, Claud A., 172 Alston, E. R., 191, 197 Anderson, Dr. Joseph, 192 Anderson, Dr. J. Wallace, 172 Andrew, Cecil R. P., M.A., 275 Angus, W. Craibe, 169 Argyll, Duke of. 17 1 Argyll, Marquis of, 333 Armour, William, 340 Artis, 169 Austin & M'Aslan, 264 Babington, C. C, 18 Bain, Andrew, 151 Baker, 28 Balfour, Professor I. Bayley 366 Ballantyne, John, 305, 381 Barke, F., 9 1 Barlee, 11, 177 Barrett, Charles G., F.E.S. 169 Batters, E. A. L., 383 Baxter, Mr., 385 Bayles, Mr., 70 ' Bell, Sir James, Bart., 2S1 Bell, Thomas, 197 Bennett, Arthur, F.L.S., 282, 357, 377, 386 Bennie, J., 61, 132 Bertrand, 46, 51, 59, 101 Binney, 11, 64, 68, 73, 74 Bishop, Thomas G , 272 273 Blackie, Walter W., B. Sc, 173 Blair, Matthew, 365 Blake, Rev. J. W., M.A., 335 Blane, St. , 252 Blytli, Professor Axel, 307 Bond, J. W.,76 Borchgrevink, C. E., 363, 377 Boucher, Mr., 262 Bourne, G. C, 277 Bower, Professor F. O., M.A., D.So, F.R.S., 64, 168,366 Boyd, D. A., 367 Bo'vle, Thomas, 259, 280 Brady, Professor, M.D., 367 Brewster, Rev. Patrick, 7:; Brongniart, 32, 33, 31. 101, 103, 119, 135 Brown, 97 Brown, Alexander T.. 379 Brown, Alfred, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 Biown, Richard, 74, 75, 76, 110 Brown, Robert, 64 Brown, Robert, .165 Brown, Robert, M.D., 167, 168, 169, 175,271,272, 360,361, 362, 367, 377 Brown, Walter, 365 Bruce, David, 175, 270 Bruce, William S., F.B.S.G.S., 172, 273 Brvce, Dr., IS BrVce, Thomas H., M.B., CM., F.R.S.E., 168, 169 Buchanan of that ilk, 255 Buchanan, Dr. G. Burnside, 181 Buchanan, Sir George H. Leith, 161. 37 7 Buchanan, J. Y.. L95 Buchanan, Keith. 378 Buchanan, Miss M. M., 275 Buchanan. Robert M., 378 Buckley, T. E.. 197 Bums, Walter, 133 Cairns, John, Jun., 161, 167 175, 264, 265, 2>2. 367 Cameron, Mr., 306 Cameron, Peter, 366 Campbell, Colin, 251 Campbell, John, 251 Campbell, John M., 197, 367 Cardwell, Frank E., 175 Carmichael, Sir T. I). Gibson, Bart., F.R.S.E., 377 Carnegie, Andrew, LL.D., 371, 382 Carpenter, Dr., 277 Carruthers, .Mr.. 134 Cash, William, F.G.S., 58, 97 Champion, G. C, F.Z.S., 214, 215 Chapman, Thomas, 366 Chaster, Dr. George W., M.R.C.S., 4, 5, 7, 12, 276 Chisholm, Sir Samuel, 352, 363, 368, 371, 378 Christie, James C, 275 Clark, Rev. H., 272 Cleland, George, 334, 359 Cleland, Professor John, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., 366, 371,378 Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., 363, 364,375,378,379 ( !oats, Andrew, 172 ( !oats, James, Jun., 372 Colgan, Nathaniel, M.R.I.A., 273 Combe, George J., 19 Combe, Mrs. George J., 20 Cook, T. Alexander, 179 Cooke, James, 19 Corda, 69 Cosh, James, 255 Coulson, Frank, 7, 9, 10, 12 Crawford,W. C., F.R.S.K, 364 ( Irosbie, -Mr., 255, 256 Cunninghame, William, 338 Cunningham, J. T., B.A., 377 Dale, Mr., 260 Dalgleish, Dr., 357 408 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Dalglish, Andrew Adie F.E.S., 165, 215, 216, 268 344 Dall, W. H.,276 Daniel, A. T., 1 1 Darbishire, Mr., 12 Darwin, Charles, 368, 372 Darwin, Professor G. H.. F.R S., 372 David I., 331 1 >avies, Dr. Arthur E., F.L.S., 361 Dawson, Sir William, 35, 58, 60, 61 De Bosniaski, 129 Dennistoun, 251 Dennistoun, John, 252 Dewar, D., 275 Dickie, Professor, I Dickson, Professor Alex- ander, 366 Donnelly, W.A., 311 Douglas, Robert, 18 Duncan, Robert, 175 Dundas, Sir Robert, Bart., 335 Dunlop, Dr. James, 195 Dunlop, Mr., 55 Dunn, S.T., B.A., F.L.S., 280 Dunsmore, John, 211, 215 Eden, Robert, 214, 216 Edward, King, 274 Eichwald, 57 Elliot, Professor G. F. Scott. M.A., B.Sc. F.L.S., F.R.G.S., 170 Ellison, S.T., 361 Ewart, Professor J. Cossar, M.D.,F.R.S., 377 Ewing, Craw, 183 Ewing, James, 23 Ewing, Mrs. Peter, 307, 384 Ewing, Peter, F.LS., 330, 356, 358, 387 Eyton, Trevor, 155 Feilden, Colonel H. W., C.B., C.M.Z.S., 377 Feistmantel, 57 Fergus, Dr. Freeland, 365 Ferguson, Dr. Joshua, 364 Ferguson, Dr. William, 365 Ferguson, Thomas, 366 Fergusson, Anderson, 214, 258,272,282,315 Finlay, Kirkman, 333 Fleming, John, 151, 155, 268, 282 Forbes, 4, 6, 12,16,177 Forbes, Professor, 15 Foslie, M., 3S3 Fowler, Canon, 215 Fraser, Mr., 162 Fullarton, Dr. W. W., 178, 268 Gait, Walter, 18 Geikie, Sir Archibald, 316 Geinitz, .",3. 3 1 Gommill, James F, M.A., M.B., O.M., 165, 166, 167, 171, 176, 267, 26S, 269, 282, 299, 357, 363, 365, 37 1, 381 Gemmill, J. Leiper, 170 Germar, 96, 100, 120, 121 Gibson, John, 31 Gibson, Rev. J. D. W., 155 Gibson, W. J., M.A., 268, 281 Gilchrist. Andrew, 164, 280, 281, 282, 351 Glencaim, Earl of, 338 Goldenberg, 33, 55, 69, 75, 76, 99,105,113, 111, 133 Goodchild, J. G, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 280, 385 Goodwin, W., 367 Goppert, 38, 71, 77 Gorham, Rev. H. S., F.Z.S., 214, 215 Gourlav, \, Grand 'Eurv, 78,80, 103, 101, 109, 110' Grant, James, 1 . 8 Gray, Alexander, 157, 159, 192, 1113, 191,195, 197,354, 363, 386 Gray, Mrs. Robert, 37!, 378 Gray, Robert, 151, 155. 366, Gray, Thomas, 366 Green, Rev. W. Spotswood, 277 Greig, R. L., 365 Greville, 11 Grieve, Dr. John, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187. 189, 279, 366 Grieve, Svminsyton, 364 Grimshaw, P. H., 305 Groves, James, F.L.S , 170, 275, 377 Gwvnne-Vaughan, D. T., M.A., 169 Haddington, Earl of, F.S.A. Scot., 377 Haeckel, Professor, 131 Hagelmaier, 27 Haggart, D., 263 Hamilton, David, 331 Hanbury, Frederick J., F.LS, 377 Hanley, 4 Hann, A., 14 Harington-Stuart, Colonel R. E. S., 283, 382 Harkness, 68, 73, 7 1 Hartins', James E., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,M.B.OU.,377 Hartog, 103 Harvie-Brown, J.A..F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 197, 283, 366, 371, 378 Haughton, Dr.,88 Hawkshaw, Sir John, 73 Heathcote, 7, 12 Hemingway, W., 36, 37, 19, 51, 76, 87, 106, 111, 123, 128 Henderson, John, 273 Henderson, Robert, 268 Henderson, Thomas Beath, M.D . 265, 279, 360, 381, 383, 3SI, 3S7 Hendry, Mr., 19 Hennedy, Roger, 18, 356, .157, 366 Herdman, Professor W. A., D.Sc, F.L.S.,377 Hernig, 380 Herriot, George, 163, 179, 388 Hewat, Archibald, F.F.A., &c, 361 Hiern, William P., M.A., F.L.S., 170, 377 Hill, Mr., 43, 58 Hinde, Dr. G. J., 275 Hislop, Robert, 216 Hogg, Robert M., B.A.. 281 Holgate, B., 70 Holmboe, Thorolf, 275 Holmes, E. M., F.L.S. , F.R.H.S., 379 Hooker, Sir Joseph D., M.D., G.C.S.I., C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., 64, 282, 367, 368, Hooker, Sir W. J., 356, 357, 368 Houston, Robert S., 359 Hovelacque, M., 16, 51 Hovle, W. E., MA, M.Sc, M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E, 276 Hunter, James, 169 Hutchison, R., 351 Hutton, 33, 85, 88, 97 Hutton, W. K., MA, MB., CM., 168 Hyndman, George C, I, 11, 17 Hyndman, J. G, 364 Hyslop, John, 365 Irving, Joseph, 311 Jack, James, 167, 180, 268, 274,284,358,389 James I., 341 James VT.,341 Jeffrevs, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, 277,278 Jeffreys, Dr. Gwyn, 277 Jenkins, A. J., 13 Johnston, James G., 386 Johnstone, R. B., 336, 311, 345, 365 Kallenberg, Miss, 10 Kean, Charles, 25, Keith, Rev. Dr. James, 377 Kelvin, Lady, 363 Kelvin, Lord, 36.3, 370, 372, 37 1 Kerner, 311 Kerr, J., 58 Kidston, Robert, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., 19,20,21,25,165, 167, 168,364,366 King, Professor J. J. F. X., 366 King, Professor Thomas, 357, 366 Kirk, Charles, 165, 171. 171, 3(53, 378, 380, 381, 386 Kjellman, 383 Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., 1, 158, 159. 165, 173, 176, 268,276, 356, 35S, 36 I Konig, 97 INDICES. 409 Landsborougb, 9, 10, 11 Landsborough, Rev. David, LL.D-, 19, 20, 97, 351, 552, 364 Lawrie, Professor Malcolm, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., 176 Leach, 7 Leach, Dr., 215 Lee, John R., 261, 345 Leighton, William, 107, 180, 268,281. :;;.s, :;s'.i Leiper, 1?. T.,365 Leith-Buchanan, Sir George Hector, Bart., 164, :;77 Lesquereux, 34, 35, 95, 135 Lightfoot, 263 Lindley, 33, 85, 88, 97 Lindsay, James II., .M.A., 356 Lindsav, John, M.A., M.B., CM., 270, 359, 382 Lindsay, Dr. John, 364 Linton, Rev. Edward F., M.A, 170 Lister, Arthur, F.L.S, 170 Lockhart, Major- General David Blair, D.L., 317 Lomax, James, 56, 58 MAndrew, 6 MAndrew, James, 377 MacBean, A. F., 20 MacBean, Miss, 20 Macculloch, 263 M'Culloch, Frank, 279 M'Culloch, H., 270, 363, 382 Macfarlane, Dr., 5., 98 Macfie, Johnstone, M.D., 167, 176 M'JQquham, 186 M'Kav, Richard, 174, 252,253, 259, 347 .M'Kenclrick, Professor J. G., F.R.S., 363, 370 Mackenzie, Colonel R. C, 165 Mackenzie, Duncan, 382 M'Kirdy, A., 1!)7 Maclachlan, Mrs. D., 378 M'Lachlan, Robert, F.R.S., 377 M'Lean, Robert, MA., 171 MLellan, Duncan, 23 Macmillan, Rev. Dr. Hugh, F.R.S.E., 377 Macnair, Peter, 263, 261, 282, 380 Macpherson, Rev.. X., 196 Marshall, Rev. Edward S., M.A..F. L.S., 17(1. 377 Marshall, John Albert F. . 358 John T. Marshall, M C.S., 5,9,276,377 Martin, 72 Maslin, A. J., lit Maslin, Mr., 46, 51. 52 Mary nueenof Scots. 259, 333 Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., 276 Miles, 11 Mitchell, James, 166, 1(17, 171, 175, 207, 356, 358, 3S1 Monaco Prince of, 172 Montrose, Duke of, 255 Morris, C. H., 14 Morris, D. B., 364, 373 Morton, R. M., 3 17, 386 Motherwell, A. B., 171. 179, 364 Muir, John, B.Sc., 365 Minister, 133 Murdoch, J. Barclay, F.R Ph.S.E., 364, 365 Murie, Dr. James, F.L.S.. 377 Murray, 215, 216 Murray, David, B.Sc, 3(11 Murray, George R. M., F.R S., 37 7 Murray, Sir John, K.C.B., F.R.S.. 277, 363, 364, 366, Newton, Richard B., FG.S., 276 Xinmio, David, Jun., 268 Norman, Canon A. M., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., • 7,12,13,17.-7 7 O'Brien, R. D., 265 Ord, George W., 166 Overton, W.H., 11 Parkinson, 72 Paterson, John, 151, 167, 173, 171, 179, 181, 195,197,261, 262,268,279,281,340,342, 311,31(1. 35S, 3(13, 377,378, 380,382,384, 3*6, 387 Patience, Alexander, 270 Patience, James, 386 Paton. Dr. D. Noel, 197 Paul, Rev. David, LL.D.,364 Paxton, George, 167, 301, 379, 381 Pearcey, F. G., 17^, 192, 193, 197,217,283 Peattie, William, 361 Pelseneer, 278 Pennant, 187 Portland. Duke of, .",52 Potonie Dr. H., 76 Power, Dr., 215 Prae^er, Robert Lloyd, B.E., B.A., M 11. 1. A .'■:>. 1, 5. (i, 7,8,9,10,11,12,15,16,17, 170, 265 Rankin, James, M.B., CM., B.Sc, 17(i, 365, 377, 380, 381 Renault, 78, 79,80. 81,82, 96, KM). 103, 118, 119, 120, 126 Renwick, John, 154, 158, 160, 166,167, 169, 173, 174, 356 Reoch, James Watson, 168, 386 Reston, Mr., 27 1 Richardsi m. Miss, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17 Robbie, Miss S. 1!.. 333, 356 Robertson, Dr. David, 7, 9, 13, 17, 366, 367, 383 Robertson, Dr. J. K., 364 Robertson, John, 154, 155, 157, 19S, 341,358,384, 387 Robertson, John James, 1G7, 262, 280, 281, 367, 383 Robertson, Mr., 260 Robertson, Mrs. David, 159, 363,371.37s, 3S3. 3* 1 Rorrison, John, 107 Ross Alexander, 261,315 Russell, David M., 358 Russell, George, 359 Schenk, 120 Scheuchzer, 119 Schimper, 33,31. 17,83, 96, 105 Sclater, Dr P. L, 191. 197 Scott, Dr., 115, 117, 118, 119, 123,126, 127,131, 132 Scott, Thomas, LL.D., E.L.S., 156, 274, 37 7 Scougal, A. E , 365 Scolder, Dr. John, 191, 197 Scullv, Dr. R. W., E.L.S., 27;; Sempill, Jean, 252 Sempill, William, 252 Seward, Mr.. 13, :>*, 59, 122, 130 Shanks, Archibald, 356 Sharp, Dr., 214, 215, 21(i Shearer, Johnston, 265 Shepherd, Arthur, 168 Sherry, C, 169, 178, 275 Short, James, M.A., 268 Simson, W. B., 18 Smith, 9,10,11,12,16 Smith, Edgar A., E.Z.S., 13, 14,276,377 Smith, James, 7, 15, 17 Smith, J. Guthrie, 257, 258 Smith, John, 9, 10, 15, 160, 274,353,357,377,379 Smith, Robert, 359, 364, Solms-Laubach, 33, 67, .1, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 103, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114 Solomon, A., 215 Solomon, M., 215 Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc, F.L.S., 6, 9, 10, 12, 16, 167,168,170,172,173,171, 178, 265, 266, 269, 272, 274, 275,27IJ, 278,279,280,281, 2*3, 356, 357, 359, 360, 363, 372.371,377,378,379,381, 382, 384, 386.388 Somerville, D. R., 251, 265, 379 Somerville, Rev. J. E., B.D., F.S.A.Scot.,215,216,272, 360 Sommerville, Josepl Standen, Robert, 8, 158, 277 Steel, James, 316, 367, 386 Steinhauer, 72, 75, 76 Sterzel, Dr. T., 87, 94, 96, 108 Stevenson, Rev. Dr. John, ER.SE.,377 Stewart, Alexander, 19 Stewart, William, 18, 167,179, 252, 253. 255, 205, 266, 276, 338,360 Stirling, Colonel J. S., 1 . 5 Stirton, Dr. James, 366 Stock, Thomas 38 Star, 45, 122 Swire, Lees, & Co., 74 Sykes, Ernest R., B.A., 277 410 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Teacher, John H., MB., CM., 170 Thomas, Oldfield, 194 Thompson, William, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 Thomson, J. R,, 274 Thomson, Professor DA rev, 98 Thomson, Robert, 156, 157 Thomson, Dr Wyville, 277 Thornlev, Rev. Alfred, F.L.S., 214,215,216 Trail, Professor J. W. H., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., 282, 367, 371, 378 Trotter, John, 367 Trotter, Rev. William, M.A., 268 Turner, Mr., 352 Turner, Professor Sir Wil- liam, 193, 195, 196 Ure, 72, 162 Vanuxemi, 38 Victoria, Queen, 274 Volkmann, 72 Walker, Dr. John, 158, 193 Ward, John, F.G.S., 95 Watson, Hewett C, 273 Watson, Sir W. Rennv, 171 Watt, Hugh Bovd, 21, 151, 155, 156, 157,158,176,191, 259, 272, 281, 344, 358, 386 Watt, L., 164, 174, 175, 179, 359 Weiss, Dr., 87, 88, 94, 96, 100 Weiss, Professor, 57 Welch, Mr., 11, L5 Welhvood. S. M., 17, 367 West, William, 386 White, David, 134, 135, 137 White, Gilbert, 187 Whitton, James, 23, 141, 160, 165,175, 198,269,281,313, 343, 348, 363, 381, 387 Whyte, R. D.,364 Wight, John George, 27.. Wild, George, 57, 100 Wilkie, R, D., 167, 367 Williamson, Captain, 334 Williamson, James, 172 Williamson, Professor, 41, 43, 46, 47, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 103, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119,123,125, L26, 127, 131, 131 Williamson, William, 364 AVilson, Rev. I). W., M.A., •'!■"> 1, 335 Wilson, Mr., 159 Wilson, Thomas, 269 Wishart. R. S , M.A., 275, 367 Witham, 13 Wood, Adam, 171 Woodrow, J., 364 Woodward, Bernard B., F.G.S.,F.R.M.S.,277 Wright, Mr , 352, 353, 351 W'vlir, J., 170, 171 Young, F. W.,B.Sc.,365 Young, John, LL.D., F.G.S. 173 Young, Morris, 20 Young, Mr., 19 Zamorska, Miss, 165 Zeiller, 71, 82, 85, 8(i, 93. 95 105, 106, 120, 125, 127 129 POPULAR NAMES. Acacia, False, 317 Aconite, Winter, 315 Agarics, 266 Alder, 256, 311 Almond, 273 Anemone, Sea, 270 Angler-fish, 270 Annelids, 211,217 Antelope, 171, 172 Roan, 171 Sable, 171 Ants, 280 Apple, 303, 317 Siberian Crab, 302, 303 Ash, 22, 23, 242, 256, 317, 314, 382 Badger, 385 Bat, Common, 312 Long-eared, 282, 283 Bear, Polar, 171 Beech, 22, 23, 21, 1 Hi, lid, 1112, 164,254,343,348,349,382 Benthos, 218 Beetle, Water, 272 Birch, 22, 141, 161, 257, 312, 382 Birds, 269, 381, 385 Humming, .378 Blackbird, 156, 182, 185 Blackcock, 270 Blindworm, -"ill Boar, Wild, 385 Bottlenose, 194, 198 Brome-grass, Giant, 388 Hairy, 388 Broom, 361 Bucker, 194, 195, 196 Buckie, 247 Bug, Silver-fir, 160 Bugle, 281 Pyramidal, 2S1 Bull, White, 301 Bullfinch, 182, 188, 341 Bulrush, 265 Bunting, Yellow, 1 82 Buzzard, Common, 171 Canary, 182, 188 Carnation, 351 Cat, Wild, 176, 385 Caterpillar, 359 Cattle, White, 258 Cedar, 160, 382 Mount Atlas, 25(1 Cetaceans, 191 Chaffinch, 182, 186, 18S Chanter, Hedge, 187 Chestnut, 145, 211, 262, 3,17, 343 Horse, 310, 317, 382 Spanish, 257, 343,382 Sweet, 161 Chicken, 381 Chiff-chaff, 186, 261 Clam, 247, 248, 250 Conodonts, 274 Coot, 342 Coral-root, 282 Cormorant, 451, 155, 157, 270 Corncrake, 182, 189,311 Crab, Hermit, 270 Shore, 270 Siberian, 302, 303, 379 Crinoids, 380 Fossil, 380 Crow, 349 Carrion, 156, 341 Crustaceans, 354 Cuckoo, 182, 188, 202, 341 Cypress, 160 Daddies, 261 Dead-mens' fingers, 355 Deer, Fallow, 260 Roe, 260 Dolphin, Common, 158, 191, 194, 281 Great, 197 White-beaked, 195 White-sided, 196 Dove, Ring, 182, 189 Duck, 189" Eider, 173 Tufted, 342 Eagle, 171 Golden, 21 Sea, 21 Echinoderms, 247, 35 J, 381 Eland, 171 Elk, 353 Elm, 22,23,146,205,252, 319, 319, 351,382 Cork-barked, 348 English, 343, 348 English Field, 34S Wych, 162, 346 Falcon, Greenland, 382 Peregrine, 181, 182, 261 Fenugreek, 280 Ferns, 252, 253, 276, 359, 370 Fieldfare, 182, 181, 185 Fig, 260 INDICES. 411 Fir, 160, 171, 303 Douglas Spruce, 256 Menzies Spruce, 255 Noble Silver, 160, 255 Scots, 160, 305, 306, 382 Silver, 161, 252, 305, 306, 346 Spruce, 343 Fish, 248, 249, 355 Flvcatcher, Pied, 182 Spotted, 185 Fox, Arctic, 385 Gannet, 21 Gastropods, 275 Gean, 160, 316 Gemsbok, 171, 172 Ghost-moth, 359 Glutton, 385 Goldcrest, 182, 186 Goldfinch, 182, 188 Grampus, 195 Grass, 144, 201, 205, 207,211, 332 Grebe, Great Crested, 312 Little, 342 Slavonian, 274 Greenshank, 380 Grey-hen, 270 Guillemot, Black, 155, 157 Common, 154 Gull, 189 Black-headed, 189, 342 Common, 189 Glaucous, 279 Greater Black-backed, 157 Herring, 156, 157, 189 Lesser Black-backed, 189 Harrier, Hen, 181, 182, 183, 261 Hart's-tongue, 20 Hawk, 171 Sparrow, 181, 182 Hawk - moth, Convolvulus, 269 Hawthorn, 111, 203, 207, 211, 317 Hazel, 256 Heath, 143, 350, 361 Hedge-sparrow, 380 Helleborine, White, 361 Heron, 21, Hermit-crab, 270 Herring, 193 Holly, 346 Honeysuckle.Small-flowered, 361 Hornbeam, 253 Horse, 270, 381 « Humming- birds, 378 Hyacinth, 144, 201, 317 Hydroids, 355 Hyena, Spotted, 385 Striped, 176 Ivy, Tree, 351 Insects, 380 Jackdaw, 156, 181, 182, 184 Jay, 182, 184 Jew's ear, 262 Killer, 195 Kite, 181, 182 Koodoo, 171 Laburnum, 145, 202, 21 1 Lancelet, 387 Lapwing, 182, 189 Larch, 160,305, 346 Lark, Skv, 182, 187,341 Tit, 182 Wood, 182, 187 Laurel, 151, 200 Lavender, Sea, 275 Leopard, 385 Lilac, 202, 211 Lime, 22, 146, 205, 303, 319, 346, 382 Common, 317 Large-leaved, 3 1 , Linnet, Brown, 1S2 Green, 182, 188 Grey, 188 Red-headed, 182 Lion, 172, 385 Lizard, 269, 279, 381 Bearded, 381 English, 3S1 Lycopods, 32, 33, 38, 50, 71, 85 Arborescent, 50 Carboniferous, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 47, 58, 168 Palaeozoic, 39 Ulodendroid, 17 Magpie, 182, 184 Mallard, 312 Mammals, 385 Maple, Common, 262 Field, 317 Great, 22, 23, 346, 352 Norway, 262 Marten, 385 Martin, House, 182, 188, 340 Sand, 182, 189, 310, 342 Melic-grass, Wood, 354 Mistletoe, 301, 302, 303, 304, 371) Mites, 380, 381 Molluscs, 274, 355 Gastropod, 355 Lamellibranch, 355 Moonworl , 3 1 2 Moth, 165, 169 Death's-head, 169 Mussel, 247, 248, 250 Nematode Worm, 299, 357 Oak, 160, 164, 202, 256, 257, 259,302,317,343,311, 348, 352, 380, 382 Evergreen Holly, 259 Turkey, 262 Onion, 380 Orchid, Bird's-nest, 354 Green-winged, 361 Orpine, 155 Otter, 157 Ousel, Ring, 341 Owl, 183 Oyster, 247, 248, 250 Oyster-catcher, 154, 156 Paris, Herb, 353 Partridge, 182, 189 Pear, 303 Pettychaps, Lesser, 182, 186 Pheasant, 342 Pine, 160 Pipistrelle, 283, 312 Pipit, Meadow, 187 Rock, 151, 156 Tree, 187 Plaice, 355 Plane, 257 Oriental, 164, 165 Plankton, 249 Plover, Ringed. 156 Pochard, 312 Polecat, 382 Poplar, 303, 3S2 Black, 313, 346 Poppy, Horned, 273 Porpoise, Common, 194, 195, 196, 197 Potato, 211, 328 Praying-insect, 360 Rabbit, 151, 156, 347 Rat, Brown, 156, 157 Ratel, Cape, 175 Rattlesnake, 279 Raven, 167, 303 Razorback, 193 Razorbill, 154 Redbreast, 182, 186 Redpoll, Lesser, L88 Mealy, 279 Redshank, 342 Redwing, 182, 185 Reindeer, 385 Rhizopods, 178 Radiolarian, 134 Rook, 21, 23, 24, 181, 182, 183 Rorqual, Common, 193 Lesser, 193, 194, 198 Rose, 207, 264 Rose-root, 155 Salmon, 173 Sandpiper, Common, 311, 342 Saxifrage, 272 Sea-pen, 355 Seal, 191, 193, 281 Greenland, 192 Grey, 157, 192 Harp, 192 Marbled, 193 Ringed, 193 Seaweed, Japanese, 379 Red, 384 Sedge, Soft-brown, 386 Shaddock, 276 Shag, 154, 155, 157 Shearwater, Manx, 155, 387 Sheep, Musk, 385 Shoveler, 279 Shrew, Common, 313 Shrimp, 270 Skate, 355 Skua, Great, 21 Richardson's 378 Snake, 279 Colubrine, 360 Glass, 279 Opisthogly phous, 360 Rattle, 279 Tree, 360 412 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. Snipe, 182, 189 Great, 378 Snowdrop, 142,201, 3] I. 315 Soionion's-seal, 361 Sparrow, Hedge, 182, 187, 380 House, 182 188 Sphenophylls, 25, 29, 168 Sponge, 270 Glass-rope, 380 Springbok, 171 Squab, 155 Squirrel, 344 Starfish, 384 Brittle, 384 Cushion, 354 Feather, 384 Five-lingered, 354 Many -rayed, 354 Sun, 354 Starling, 156, 182, 184 Stick-insects, 360 Stinker, 196 Strawberry, Barren, 273 Swallow, 340, 343, 347 Chimnev, 182, 188 Swan, Mute, 342 Swift, 182, 189, 261 Teal, 312 Tern, 154 Black, 386 Thorn, 145, 303 Thrush, Missel, 184, 304 Song, 165, 182, 184, 185, 304 Titmouse, Bearded, 21 Blue, 182, 187 Greater, 182, L87 Long-tailed, 34 1 Toad, Natter-jack, 167 Trout, 167. 269 Tulip, 111, 316, 317 Tunicates, 248, 249 Turnip, 151, 2il Turnstone, 151 Tursio, 197 Tutsan, 158 Urchin, Heart, 354 Little Green, 351 Sea, 299, 301, 354, 384 Spiny, 35 1 Wagtail, Grey, 182, 187 Pied, 182, 187 Yellow, 182, 187, 342 Walking Leaves, 360 Walnut, 164, 252, 356 Warbler, Barred, 279 Garden, 182, 185, 3 11 Reed, 182, 186 Sedge, 182, 185 Washerwoman, l.S Water-Cress, Creeping, 359 W ate r-D rop wort, Hemlock , 283 Water-hen, 342 Waxwing, 380 Wellingtonia, 255, 348 Whale, 191, 193, 281 Beaked, 198 Greenland, 191 Pike, 193 Pilot, 195 Wheatear, 156, 342 Whinchat, 182, 186, 344 Whitethroat, 182, 186 Whiting, 270 Willow, 304, 382 Crack, 353 Grey, 312 Winter-green, 354 Wolf, 385 Aard, 175 Woodcock, 381 Wood-lice, 156 Woodrush, Great Hairy, 158 Worms, 270 Earth, 274 Nematode, 299 Polychaste, 355 Wormwood, 168 Wren, 156, 167, .82, 186 Gold-crested, 182, 186 Willow, 186, 340, 341. 342, 344 Wood, 261, 3 1 1 Yellow, 182 Yellow hammer, 1S7 Yew, 1 (12, 256, 338, 340, 313, 382 ZOOLOGY. Mammalia — JEgocerus niger, 171 Antidorcas euchora, 171 Balania mysticetus, 191 Balaenoptera, 193 musculus, 193 rostrata, L93 Balasnopterida?, 193 Capreolus caprea, 260 Carnivora, 192 Cervus dama, 260 Cetacea, 193 Cystophora, 191 Delphinidae, 194 Delphinus delphis, 197 tursio, 197 Halichcerus, 191 grypus, 157, 192 Hippotragus equinus, 171 niger, 171 Hyperoodon, 191 rostratus, 191 Mammalia, continued — Orca gladiator, 195 Oreas carina, 171 Oryx gazella, 171 Phoca groenlandica, 192 hispida, 193 vitulina, 192 Phocaena communis, 194 Phocidse, 192 Physeteridae, 194 Plecotus auritus, 282 Sroteles cristatus, 175 Strepsiceros kudu, 171 Tursiops tursio, 197 Ursus maritimus, 171 Aves — Accentor modularis, 380 Ampelis garrulus, 381 Anas, 182 Archibuteo lagopus, 261 Lagenorhynchus acutus, Buteo vulgaris, 171 196 albirostTis,195 Lutra vulgaris, 157 Mellirora ratel, 175 Mus decumanus, L57 Mustela putorius, 382 Circus cyaneus, 261 ( 'orvus frugilegus, 21 Cypselus apus, 261 Falco candicans, 382 peregrinus, 261 Aves, continued— Gallinago major, 37S Hydrochelidon nigra, 386 Larus, 182 argentatus, 156 marinus, 157 Phalacrocorax graculus, 155 Phylloscopus rufus, 261 sibilatrix, 261 Podicepes auritus, 274 Puffinus anglorum, 155, 387 Scolopax rusticula, 381 Stercorarius crepidatus, 37S _ Strepsilas interpres, 154 Sylvia curruca, 382 Totanus canescens, 380 Troglodytes parvulus, 167 Tardus musicus, 165 Uria grylle, 155 Reptilia Amphibolus barbatus, 381 , Boa constrictor, 360, 387 INDICES. 413 Reptilia, continued — Dendrophis punctulatus, 360 I >ipsadornorphus fuscus, 360 Lacerta vivipara, 381 Ophisauras apus, 27!) Amphibia— Bufo calamita, 167 Pisces, 227, 229, 230, 232, 231, 236, 237, 239, 242 Acanthias vulgaris, 242 Anarrnicus lupus, 227, 229, 230, 234, 242 Aphia pellucida, 387 Arnoglossus megastoma, 239, 242 Branchiostoma lanceola- tum, 387 Callionymus lyra, 237 Centronotus gunnellus, 237 Clupea harengus, 227, 230, 237, 239, 242 sprattus, 227, 230, 237, 242 Cottus scorpius, 232, 239, 242 Cyclopterus lumpus, 227 Gadus aeglefinus, 227, 229, 230,234,236,237,239,212 luscus, 237 merlangus, 229, 230, 232, 234, 236, 237, 239, 242 morhua, 227, 229, 230, 232, 234, 236, 237, 239, 2 12 virens, 227 Hippoglossoides liman- doides, 227, 229, 230, 232, 234, 236, 237, 242 Labrus maculatus. 237 Lepidogaster, 355 Liparis vulgaris, 242 Lophius piscatorius, 227, 229, 231), 232, 237, 239, 212, 270 Merluccius vulgaris, 230 Nerophis aquareus, 232 Pleuronectes cynoglossus, 230, 231, 23-7, 239, 2 12 flesus, 232, 237, 239 limanda, 227, 229, 230, 232,231,236,237,239,212 microcephalus, 227, 230, 232,236,237,239,212 platessa, 227, 229, 230, 2:12,234,236,239,212 Raia batis, 230, 237, 239, 242 clavata, 227, 229, 230, 237, 239, 242 radiata, 229, 232, 237, 239, 242 Rbombus leevis, 236 Pisces, continued — Trigla gurnardus, 239, 212 Zeus faber, 23 1 Tunicata, 227, 229, 231, 232, 238, 240, 242 Ascidia mentula, 229, 238, 210,242 Ascidiella virginea, 229, 232, 238, 210, 212 Botrylloides rubrum, 229 Eugyra giutinaris, 240, 242 Styelopsis grossularia, 227, 231,232, 240, 242 Mollusca, 1, 2, 158, 227, 229, 231, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 247, 248, 249, 27 1, 271'., 277, 278, 279 Aclis ascaris, 1 7 7 supranitida, 177 Actaxm tornatilis, 17, 238, 240 Anodonta, 356 Anomia ephippium, 5, 227, 232, 23(1, 238, 240, 2 12 v aculeata, 5 v. squamula, 5 patelliformis, 5, 227, 236 Aporrhais, 244 pes-pelicani, 16, 229, 236, 240, 243 Area Nose, 7 tetragona, 6 Astarte compressa, 236 elliptica, 240 sulcata, 236 Axinus llexuosus, 7, 210, 212 Brachiopoda, 276, 278, 279 Buccinum undatum, 16, 227,229,231,232,236,238, 210,213,217, 355 Bulla bydatis, 17 utriculus, 17 Cascum glabrum, 236 trachea, 243 Capulus, 3 hungaricus, 12 Cardium, 3 echinatum, 7, 227, 232, 2311, 238, 240, 242 edule, 7,227, 231,232,2311, 210 exiguum, 7 fasciatum, 7 nodosum, 7, 212 rusticum, 7 tuberculatum, 7 Ceritbium reticulatum, 1(1 Chiton marginatus, 243 ruber, 236, 243 Clausilia perversa, 157 Cochlicopa lubrica, 157 Corbula gibba, 11, 227, 236, 238, 240, 243 Mollusca, continued — Cylichna cylindracea, 17, 210,21:1 umbdicata, 240, 243 Cyprsea, 3 europiea, .1, 1 7 Cyprina islandica, 2, 8, 227, 231,236,210, 212 Deirancia linearis, 16, 243 Dentalium entalis, 229,236, 238, 240, 213 tarentinum, 236, 238, 240, 243 Diplodonta rotundata, 227, 232, 238, 240, 242 Donax, 236 vittatus, 3, 9, 232 v. truncatus, 9 v. turgid ns, 9 Emarginula lissura, 11,213 Eolis, 355 Landsburgi, 232 viridis, 232 Eulima bilineata, 243 intermedia, 229 polita, 236, 210 Fissurella, 3 grasca, 11 Fusus anticpius, 16, 227, 229, 231, 232, 231, 23g, 240, 243, 355 gracilis, 16, 231, 236, 213, " 355 propinquus, 243 Gasteropoda, 11 Helcion pellucidum, 3, 11, 236 v. laevis, 3, 1 1 Helix aspersa, 151, 157 v. minor, 154 hispida, 157 v. sub-rufa, 15 1 nemoralis, 154, 157 v. castanea, 154 v. rubella, 154 rotundata, 157 Hyalinia alliaria, 156 cellaria, 157 nitidula, 156 Hydrobia, 13 jenkinsi, 13, 11 ulvse, 13 Iantbina rotundata, 15 Lacuna crassior, 12 divaricata, 12 v. quadrifasciata, 177 puteolus, 12 Lepton clarkiae, 177 Leda minuta. 227, 231, 23(1, 23S, 210,212 Lima hians, 354 Littorina, 3 littorea, 13 neritoides, 12 obtusata, 12 rudi>, 13 Loli^o media, 2 13 vulgaris, 229, 238, 243 414 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Mollusca, continued — Loripes lacteus, 238, 240, 242 Lucina borealis, 7 Lutraria elliptica, in Mactra, 3 elliptica, 238 solida, 9, 236 v. elliptica, 9 stultorum, in v. cinerea, 10 subtrancata, 10 Marginella laevis, 17 Modiolaria marmurata, 227, 232, 242 Montacuta, 3 ferraginosa, 7 substriata, 242 Murex erinaceus, 16 Mya, 3 arenaria, 11, 232, 243 truncata, 11, 158, 232 Mytilus barbatus, 232 edulis, 6, 227, 231, 232, 236, 238, 217 v. incurva, 6 v. pellucida, 6 modiolus, 6, 7, 227, 232, 236, 23S, 242 phaseolinus, 6 Nassa incrassata, 16, 236, 243 reticulata, 16, 229, 243 Natica Alderi, 15, 23 J, 236, 238,240,243 catena, 15 montacuti, 243 Neaera cuspidata, 243 Xucula nitida, 227, 229, 236, 238,240, 212 nucleus, 6 Octopus vulgaris, 238 Odostomia acuta, 236 albella, 236 conoidea v. australis, 177 eximia, 177 insculpta, 236 interstmcta v. inter- mixta, 177 rufa, 243 scalaris v. rufescens, 159 turrit a, 159 ventricosa, 178 Ostrea edulis, 5, 227, 231, 238, 247 v. parasitica, 5 Patella, 3 vulgata, 11, 236 Pecten opercularis, 6, 227, 229, 231, 232, 231, 23li, 238,240,212,217,355 pusio, 6, 227, 231, 236, 238,240,242 striatus, 238, 240, 242 tigrinus, 6 v. costata, 6 varius. 6, 236, 242 Pectunculus glycymeris, 6 Pelecypoda, 5 Phasianella pullus, 12, 177 Philine catena, 243 scabra, 210,213 Mollusca, continued— Pliolas Candida, 229 crispata, 238 dactylus, 243 Pleurotoma costata, 159 v._ coarctata, 178 laevigata, v. minor, 16 nebula, 16 v. elougata, l 78 septangularis, 17 striolata, 213 tnrricula, 3, 17, 236, 240, 243 Polycera, 229 ocellata, 232 Psammobia ferroensis, 9 Pupa cylindracea, 156, 157 Purpura, 3 lapillus, 16 v. imbricata, 16 Rissoa, 229 cingillus, 13 costata, 243 Lnconspicua, 158 parva, 13 proxima, 177, 236 punctura, 158, 243 semistriata, 177 striata, 13, 159 v. distorta, 177 violacea, 236 Saxicava rugosa, 11, 227, 229, 232, 236, 238, 240, 243 v. arctica, 238 Scalaria communis, 15 Scissurella crispata, 177 Scrobicularia alba, 10, 227, 229, 231, 232, 231,21(1, 243 prismatica, 10, 227, 229, 231,232,234,240,213 tenuis, 210, 213 Sepia officinalis, 240 Solen, 3 ensis, 10, 236, 240 pellucidus, 229, 238, 2 10, 213 siliqua, 10, 227, 229. 231, 236,210 v. arcuata, 11 Tapes pullastra, 8, 232 v. perforans, 8 virgineus, 8 Tectura virginea, 11, 158 Tellina, 3 balthica, S, 236, 243 crassa, 236, 240 fabula, 9 pusilla, 177, 236, 243 tenuis, 9 Thracia papyracea, 227, 231, 236, 238, 240, 243 praetenuis, 11, 240, 243 Tritonia hombergi. 2 10, 2 13 Trocbus cinerarius. ."., L2 helicinus, 12 magus, 12, 243 tumidus, 12,236,238, 243 umbilicatus, 12, 236, 210, 213 zizypbinus, 12 v. lyoiisii, 12, 177 Mollusca, continued — Tropbon muricatus, 240 truncatus, 16 Turritella, 222, 223, 248 terebra, 15, 227, 232, 234, 238, 240, 243, 247 v. alba, 232 v. nivea, 227, 243 Unio, 356 I nionidse, 356 Utriculus maniillatus, 236, 240,213 Yelutina laevigata, 15, 238, 243 Venus, 3 casina, 238, 210, 213 exoleta, 8, 236 fasciata, 236, 210, 213 gallina, 8 v. gibba, 8 lincta, 8, 236, 240 ovata, 8 verrucosa, 240 Xvlophaga dorsalis, 243, 386 Zua, 157 Hymenoptera- Aculeata, 3 1 1 Bombus terrestris, 344 Dolerus bamiatodes 3 1 1 Formica fusca, 344 Lasius niger, 344 Myrmica rubra, 344 rubiginodis, 344 Nbmada alternata, 344 Pacbynematus caprea\ 3 1 1 Sirex gigas, 305, 306, 381 juvencus, 305, 306, 381 Tentlrredinida?, 314 Tomosthetus fuscipennis, 344 Lepidoptera, 269, 344 Acalla ferrugana, 344 literana, 344 Acherontia atropos, 169, 269 Crambus latistrius, 165 Depressaria arenella, 314 Gracilaria syringella, 344 Hepialus, 359 i luimuli, 359 INDICES. 415 Lepidoptera, continued— Lithocolletis alnifoliella, 344 heegeriella, oil quercifoliella, 311 Eoeselia confuscalis, 345 Sphinx convolvuli, 269 Xanthorhoe ferragaria, 345 spadicearia, 345 Diptera, 258, 261 Amalopsis irmnaculata, 261, 345 unicolor, 345 Dactylolabis, 258 Dicranomyia chorea, 258, 261,345 didyma, 338 stigmatica, 345 Dicranota bimaculata. 338 Dixa maculata, 258, 338, 345 nebulosa, 338 Empeda nubila, 261, 338, 345 Erioptera tasnionota, 345 Idioptera trimaculata, 345 Limnobiamacrostigma,345 nebeculosa, 258, 261, 345 Limnophila meigenii, 315 senilis, 338 Molophilns appendicula- tus, 261 Rhipidia maculata, 261, 345 Rhvpholophus hsemor- rhoidalis, 338 nodulosus, 261, 345 Rhyphus fenestralis, 258 Scatophagy stercorarius, 258 Tip ida oleracea, 261 pagan a, 338 signata, 338 varipennis, 345 vittata, 261 Tiptdidse, 338, 345 Trichocera annulata, 338 hiemalis, 258, 338 regelationis, 258, 315 Dla pilosa, 345 Coleoptera, 211, 215. 216, 258, 272, 345 Adalia obliterata, 345 Agriotes obscurus, 345 Ancbomenus albipes, 345 angusticollis, 315 parumpunctatus, 345 Anoplus plantaris, 345 Aphodius ater, 345 depressus, 345 fimetarius, 345 Antalia impressa, 258 Coleoptera, continued — Badister sodalis, 215, 282 Balaninus salicivorus, 3 15 villosus, 216 Bembidium affine, 215, 282 littorale, 315 punctidatum, 345 Bolitobius trinotatus, 258 Bythinus bulbifer, 345 Cantharidfp, 380 Cercyon depressus, 21o haemorrhoidalis, 345 melanocephalus, 345 Chrysomela staphylea, 3 15 Crepidodera aurata, 216, 345 Cry p top 1 1 agus d istinguen- dus, 216 Deporalis betula?, 345 Dytiscus lapponicus, 272 Geotrupes sylvaticus, 345 Gyrophaena pulcliella, 215, 258, 282 Harpalus latus, 345 Leistus folvibarbis, 345 spinibarbis, 214, 282 Nebria gyllenhali, 345 Oxypoda alternans, 258 Phyllotretasinuata, 216 Pterostichus lepidus, 272 madidus, 345 niger, 345 nigrita, 345 versicolor, 345 Rhagonycha limbata, 345 pallida, 345 Rhynchites nanus, 21 6 uncinatus, 216 Tachyporus formosus, 215, 282 Trechus minutus, 345 Orthoptera, 360 Mantis religiosa, 360 Arachnida, 380 Glyciphagus ansor, 380 spinipes, 380 Crustacea, 227, 229, 231, 233, 234, 236,238, 210, 213, 217, 218,249 Acartia, 233, 210 Alteutha, 227, 240 Ampelisca brevicorais, 243 Arcturus longicornis, 243 Atylus bispinosus, 238 Balanus balanoides, 227, 231,233,238,210,213 crenatus, 227, 231 hameri, 227, 231, 238, 240 porcatus, 243 Brachyura, 227, 231, 233, 240,243 Crustacea, continued — Calanus finmarchicus, 227, 229,231,233,234,236,238, 240, 243 Caligus rapax, 227, 229, 231, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 243 Calisoma crenata, 234, 236, 238, 240, 213 Calliopsis bidentata, 213 Cancer pagurus, 229, 238, 243 Candacia pectinata, 227 Caprella linearis, 243 Carcinus mamas, 229, 236, 270 Chondracanthuslophii, 270 Cleone borealis, 243 Crangon alhnani, 213 vulgaris, 227, 271 Cuma scorpioides, 233, 210, 243 Diastylus, 231 Ebalia cranchii, 271 pennanti, 240 tuberosa, 271 tumefacta, 271 En-throps goessi, 231, 238, 243 Eupagurus bernhardus, 227, 229, 231, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243 cuanensis, 231, 243 prideauxii, 270 pubescens, 227, 243, 270 Euphasidia, 233 Euiydice pulchra, 233, 238 Eurynome aspera, 271 Galathea nexa, 240, 271 squamifera, 271 Hippolvte pandalifonnis, 271 Hvas araneus, 231, 232, 240, 243 coarctatus, 227, 231, 240, 243, 271 Hyperia galba, 227, 233 Hvperoche tauriformis, '227 229, 231, 233, 238, 240, 243 Idotea linearis, 238 Inachus dorsettensis, 271 Iphimidea obesa, 231 Leander squilla, 271 Lernaea branchialis, 270 Leucon nasicus, 243 Longipedia cornuata, 233 Lyanasidid, 231 Macromvsis flexuosus, 231 Metopa, 227, 210 Munida rugosa, 271 Mvsidopsis gibbosa, 231 Mysis, 236 Neomysis wdgaris, 243 Nephrops norvegicus, 229, 231, 234, 240, 243 Xymphon gallicum, 243 416 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW Crustacea, continued — Oniscus asellus, 156 Ostracoda, 249 Pandalina brevirostris, 387 Pandalus bonnieri, 386 brevirostris, 233 montagui, 231, 233, 234, 238, 243, 270, 387 propinquus, 386 Parathemisto oblivia, 227, 229, 231, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 243 Paratylus, 236, 238, 240, 243 swammerdami, 231, 231, 238 Peltogaster paguri, 243 Perioculodes longhnamis, 227, 231 Phryxus abdominalis, 270 Pinnotheres pisum, 271 Pleurocrypta clutha?, 387 Porcellana longicornis, 227, 233 platycheles, 271 Porcellio scaber, 156 Portunus depnrator, 238, 240, 243 holsatus, 233, 238 243 puber, 271 Pseudione afflnis, 270 Pseudocalanus elongatus, 233 Pseudocuma cervaria, 234, 243 Sacculina carcini, 270 Schistomysis ornatus, 231 spiritus, 231, 233, 234 Stenorhvnchus rostratns, 243, 271 tenuirostris, 271 Temora longicornis, 233, 236, 243 Thysanoessa, 229, 231, 234, 236, 240, 243 Vbrmes, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 241, 244, 248, 249 Alcvonidium parasiticum, 228, 229, 233, 244 Annnotrypane aulogaster, 235 Aphrodite aculeata, 229, 235, 241, 244, 355 Cellaria sinuosa, 244 Crisia eburnea, 244 Diastopora obelia, 244 Filigrana implexa, 244 Flustra foliacea, 229, 231 papyracea, 228 securifrons, 231,233,236, 244 Gemellaria loricata, 228, 229, 233, 241, 244 Glycera alba, 228, 235 dubia, 228 Ichthyoneiua grayi, 299, 357 Vermes, continued— Membranipora h exagona, 236 membranacea, 231, 233, 235, 241, 244 pilosa, 228, 229, 231, 235, 236, 244 Mermis albicans, 274 Mucronella variolosa, 244 Nephthys cseca, 235 Nereis pelagica, 22'.), 233, 236, 241, 355 vixens, 241 Pectinaria belgica, 228, 229, 235, 238, 241, 244 Phascolosoma strombi, 228 vnlgare, 235 Pigalion idonse, 235 Polynoe imbricata, 241 reticulata, 233 squamata, 228, 229 Polyzoa, 355 Pontobdella muricata, 228, 233, 211 Sabella pavonia, 229, 238, 241, 244 Sabellaria alveolata, 233, 235, 241 Sagitta bipunctata, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 241, 244 Serpula triquetra, 228, 236, 244 vermicularis, 228, 233, 235, 236, 244 Siphunculus bemhardus, 244 Tomopteris onisciformis, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 241, 244 Trophonia glauca, 235 Echinodermata, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 238, 240, 244 Amphiura filiformis, 235, 238,240,244 Asterias glacialis, 354 rubens, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 238, 240, 244 Brissopsis lyrifera, 354 Comatula, 380 rosacea, 380 Cribella oculata, 353 Echinocardium flavescens, 228, 229, 238, 244 Echinocyamus pnsihus, 237 Echinus esculentus, 170, 228, 229, 231, 233, 237, 238, 2 10, 354 miliaris, 228, 354 Goniaster Temple toni, 355 Hearicia sanguinolenta, 237, 238, 240, 244 Metacrinus rotundus, 380 Echinodermata, continued — Ophiothrix fragilis, 228, 229, 231, 233, 210, 211 Ophiura albida, 228, 231, 235, 238, 240, 244 ciliaris, 228, 229, 233, 240, 244 Pentacrinus europaeus, 380 Solaster endica, 238, 354 papposus, 228. 231, 233, 231, 351 Spatangus purpureus, 229, 235,237,238,210,244 C'tenophora, 235, 237, 214 B«roe' ovata, 228 Cvdippe pomiforniis, 228, 231 Actinozoa, 228, 231, 233, 235, 237, 238, 241, 244, 218, 219 Actinoloba dianthus, 231, 235,211,211 Adamsia palliata, 270 Alcyonium digitatum, 228, 230,233,235,237,238,241, 355 Bunodes coronata, 231, 233 Uticina crassicornis, 228 Virgularia mirabilis, 235, 238,211,211 Hydrozoa, 228, 230, 231, 233, 235,237,211,244,217,218, 249 Antennularia antennina, 211, 355 ramosa, 355 Aurelia aurita, 235 Campanularia flexuosa, 228 Clytia johnstoni, 228 Diaphasia, 355 pinaster, 211, 211 Eudendrium ramosum, 21 1 Heterocordyle conybearei, 244 Hvdrallmania falcata, 228, 230, 244 Plumularia catherina, 355 pinnata, 244 Rhizostoma, 244 Sertularia abietina, 230, 237,241,211 argentea, 231,235, 241,241 PORIFERA, 244 Chalina, 241 Hyalonema sieboldii, 380 Suberites ficus, 244 suberea, 270 INDICES. 417 Foraminifera, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 237, 239, 211, 211,21s, 21'-' Ammodiscus cbaroide*, 211, 215 gordialis, 237, 211, 2 15 incertus, 211, 215 Astrorhiza limicola, 23!), 241, 211 Bathysrphon niinuta, 178 Biloculina depressa, 228, 232, 235, 237, 231), 241, 244 elongata, 233, 237, 211 oblonga, 232, 235, 239, 241 riii gens, 241, 214 Bolivma decussata, 230, 234, 237 dill'ormis, 23 1 laevigata, 245 nobihs, 235 plicata, 228, 232, 235, 245 punctata, 230, 231, 239, 241, 245 pvgmaea, 228, 230 reticulata, 239, 241, 245 robusta, 211. 215 Bulimina aculeata, 235. 239, 211,215 contraria, 230 elegans, 228, 230, 232, 234, 237,239,241,215 elegant issini a, 228, 230, 231,239,211,245 elongata, 245 exilis, 22S, 23<>, 232 235 fusiformis, 245 inflate, 241, 245 marginata, 228, 230, 232, 231, 235, 237, 239, 241, 245 Cassidulina crassa, 230, 235,211,215 laevigata, 245 subglobosa, 239, 241 Clavulina obscura, 230 Cornuspirina foliacea, 239, 241, 244 involvens, 233, 235, 241, 211 Cristellaria articulata, 242, 245 convergens, 212 crepidula, 23 1 cultrata, 230, 245 rutulata, 239, 245 Difflugia, 379 globosa, 379 pyril'ormis, 379 urceolata, 379 Discorbina globularis, 228, 230, 232, 234, 235, 239, 212, 245 ochracea, 215 orbicularis, 228, 230, 234, 235,237,239,212. 215 rosacea, 228, 230, 232, 231, 235, 237, 239, 242, 245 tubereulata, 242 Foraminifera, continued — Gaudryina liliforniis, 228, 230, 232, 231, 235, 239. 241,215 Globigerina b-ulloides, 230, 239, 242,215 cretacea, 242 triloba, 239, 245 Gypsina inha?rens, 234, 239, 2 12, 246 Haplopbragmimn canari- ense, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 237, 239, 211, 21.5 glomeratum, 245 pseudo-spirale, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 239, 241, 245 Hippocrepina, 230 oblonga, 178 Hyperanimina arbores- cens, 237, 215 Lagena alveolata, 241, 245 costata, 231, 235, 245 distoma, 234, 239, 241, 245 limbriata, 241, 245 globosa, 230, 234, 235, 237, 239,241,245 gracilis, 235 gracillima, 234, 235, 239, 241,215 interrupta, 215 laevigata, 245 ltevis, 228, 230, 232, 234, 235, 239, 241, 245 lagenoides, 231 marginata, 230, 234, 235, 237. 239, 241, 245 orbignyana, 215 plumigera, 211 pulchella, 245 quadrata, 230 quadricostulata, 230, 234, 235, 239, 241, 245 semistriata, 230, 234, 235, 241 squamosa, 230, 231, 235, 239, 241, 245 striata, 228, 234, 235, 237, 239, 241, 245 sulcata, 228, 230, 232, 235, 239, 241, 245 tenuistriata, 245 trigono-marginata, 237, 215 vulgaris, 228, 230, 232, 234, 235, 2:17 Williamsoni, 228, 230,232, 234, 235 ililiolina agglutinans, boueana, 239, 244 eircularis, 230, 233, 244 contorta, 244 oblonga, 228, 230, 235, 237, 241, 244 secans, 244 seminulum, 228, 230, 233, 235, 237, 239, 244 tricarinata, 241, 244 trigonula, 244 vemista 233, 237, 244 211 237, 2:;:;, Foraminifera, continued — Nodosaria communis, 228, 235,237,239,242,245 depressula, 2 12 filiformis, 23(i, 234, 211, 215 pyrula, 231, 235, 239, -J 11, 215 radicula, 231 scalaris, 234, 239,211,215 Nonionina depressula, 246 scapha, 242, 246 scapula, 239 stelligera, 246 turgida, 230, 234, 212, 246 Nubecularia lucifuga, 233, 234 Operculina ammonoides, 239, 212, 246 Oplithalmidium incon- stans 244 Patellina corrugata, 237, 239,242,245 Planorbulina mediterrani- ensis, 228, 230, 234, 237, 242, 2 16 Polymorphina angusta, 2 12, 245 communis, 230, 235, 237 239, 242, 245 compressa, 245 elegantissima, 234, 242, 245 laetea, 234, 235, 237, 212, 245 lanceolata, 239, 242, 215 oblonga, 237 Polysiomella arctica, 228, 230, 234, 235, 237, 239 striato-punctata, 228, 230, 232, 234, 235, 237, 239, 242, 246 subnodosa, 234, 239, 242, 246 Psammosphsera fusca, 241, 245 Pulvinulina Karsteni, 246 Reophax fmdens, 237 fusiformis, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 239, 241, 245 scorpiurus, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 239, 241, 245 Scotti, 230, 232, 233, 235, 239, 241, 245 Rotalia beccarii, 228, 230, 232, 231, 235, 237, 239, 2 12, 246 nitida, 246 Spirillina limbata, 245 Spiroloculina excavata, 244 limbata, 233, 237, 239, 211, 244 Spiroplecta sagittula, 228 230, 232, 23 1, 235, 237, 239, 211.215 418 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Foraminifera, continued— Storthospha?ra depressa, 178 Textularia agglutinans, 245 gramen, 233,237, 239, 241, 245 porrecta, 228, 230 Foraminifera, continued— Trochammina inflata, 245 ochracea, 245 Truncatulina lobatula, 228, 230, 237, 239, 212, 246 Uvigerina 245 angulosa, 230, 239, 245 Foraminifera, continued — Verneuilina polvstropha, 234, 237,231), 211, 245 Yirgulina schreibersiana, 239, 241, 245 squamosa, 232, 245 subscruamosa, 228, 230, 235, 239, 241 texturata, 239, 241, 245 Ph^nogamia — Abies, 160, 264 Douglasii, 256 Menziesii, 255 nobilis, 335 Acer campestre, 317 Pseudo-platanus, 257 Achillea Millefolium, 157 Agrimonia Eupatoria, 164 Aira pseudo-alpina, 387 Ajuga Chamnepitys, 281 pyramidalis, 281 reptans, 281 Alchemilla alpina, 345 Alopecurus alpinus, 387 Alsine hirta, 310 rubella, 387 stricta, 310 Amelanchier canadensis, 350 Amygdalus communis, 273 Andromeda hvpnoides, 311 polifolia, 311 speciosa cassinefolia, 349 Anemone alpina, 271, 361 narcissiflora, 361 nemorosa, 345 sulphurea, 361 vernalis, 361 Angelica sylvestris, 335 Antennaria dioica, 345 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 156 Anthriscus svlvestris, 157 Arabis, 362 petrsea, 331, 387 v. grandiflora, 387 v. violacea, 387 Araucaria imbricata, 265 Arenaria biflora, 271 sulcata, 331, 387 Armeria maritima, 156, 163 Arnica montana, 271 Artemisia nana, 168 norvegica, 311 Asparagus falcatus, 283 Asperula odorata, 261 Astragalus alpinus, 310 oroboides, 310 Atriplex Babingtonii, 156 Aucuba, 151 japonica, 200 Bellis perennis, 156 Berberis vulgaris, 335 Beta maritima, 156 Betula laciniata, 350 verrucosa, 257 Brassica Sinapistrum, 157 Bromus asper, 388 gigantea, 388 racemosa, 388 BOTANY. Ph^enogamia, continued — Buda rupestris, 178 Bupleurum rotundi f oliiu n , 275 Oaltha minor, 331, 387 palustris, 345 Campanula latifolia, 164 uniflora, 311, Caragana ferox, 349 Cardamine bellidifolia, 310 Carex, 332 atrata, 271 binervis, 156 disticha, 386 Goodenowii, 156 intermedia, 386 montana, 361 nigra, 271 pilulifera, 156 praecox, 345 ustulata, 387 Caryophyllacea?, 311 Castanea sativa, 257 Cedrus atlantica, 256 Celastrus buxifolia, 283 Cepbalantheraxipliinphvl- lum, 361 Cephaleurus virescens, 283 Cerastium, 331 triviale, 156 Cerasus pmnila pendula, ,349 virginica, 349 Cheiranthus Cheiri, 261 Chelidonium majus, 261 Chrysanthemum, 205, 320 lacustre, 178 Circa?a Lutetiana, 335 Clerodendron fallax, 159 Cnicus lanceolatus, 156 Cochlearia, 331 alpina, 163 micacea, 387 officinalis, 156 Coniferae, 32 Conium maculatum, 157 Corallorhiza innata, 282 Conius sibirica, 349 suecica, 332 Coronilla emerus,_ 361 Cotyledon Umbilicus, 156 Crataegus Carrierei, 350 Crus-galli, 350 Douglasii, 350 Korolkowi 350 Pyracantha Lelandi, 3.10 pyrifolia 350 Crocus, 142, 201, 315, 362 albiflorus, 361 Cruciferas, 310 Cupressus, 264 Ph^nogamia, continued — Dactvlis glomerata, L58 Dahlia, 205, 320 Daphne, 143 Mezereum, 361 Dentaria digitata, 361 Deschampsia flexuosa, 156 Dianthus alpestris, 168 superbus v. grandiflorus, 272 Diapensia lapponica, 312 Draba alpina, 310 l-upestris, 331 Dryas octopetala, 332 Empetram nignim, 156, 345 Epilobium alpinum, 380 anagallidifolium, 332 Erica, 312 carnea, 361 cinerea, 156 Erigeron alpinum, 332, 387 Eiiophorum angustifoli- um, 156 Erodium cicutariuni, 156 Euonymus japonicus, 335 Euphrasia officinalis, 156 Euphorbia Helioscopia, 158 Eritrichium terglonense, 271 Festuca gigantea, 388 Ficus indica, 283 Filago montana, 387 Fraxinus americana, 350 arbutifolia, 350 aucubaefolia, 350 aurea, 350 dimorpha, 350 foliovariegata, 350 monophvlla laciniata, 350 pennsylvanica, 350 polemonifolia, 350 spectabilis, 350 Galium saxatile, 156 Gentiana acaulis, 271, 361 bavarica, 271 v. imbricata, 271 campestris, 179, 332 nivalis, 282, 332, 387 Glaucium, 273 aleppicum, 273 flavum, 273 luteum, 273 Gnaphalium, 332 supinum, 163, 271 Habenaria Conopsea, 163 Hamamelis arborea, 349 Hedera Helix, 156 INDICES. 419 PHiENOGAMiA, continued — Hedvsarum multijugum, 264 obscurum, 271 Heracleum Sphondvliuni, 156 Hieracium, 332 holosericeum, 332, 387 Hippophae rhamnoides,335 Hypericum Androsaemum, 158 moserianivm, 350 quadratum, 161 Jasminum nudiflorum, 199, 207 J uncus, 332 biglumis, 387 castaneus, 387 jaeginus, 271 squarrosus, 156 svlvaticus, 158 trifidus, 387 triglumis, 163 umbratilis, 158 Kalmia angustifolia rubra, 349 Koenigia islandica, 312 Lamium purpureum, 158 Lathraea squamaria, ;! 13 Leguminosae, 271, 311 Leontodon autuniualis v. pratensis, 275 Ligusticum scoticum, L54, 261 Linaria minor, 275 Liriodendron tulipifera, 350 Listera cordata, 163 Lonicera caerulea, 361 Lotus corniculatus, 156 Luzula campestris, 156 erecta, 156 lutea, 361 maxima, 156 spicata. 163 vernalis, 156 Lychnis alpina, 310, 313 dioica, 156 Flos-jovis, 271 Magnolia, 233 Mahonia, 334 Matricaria inodora, 156 Melampyrum montanuin, 387 Melica uniflora, 354 Montia fontana, 156 Myosotis, 271 alpestris, 332 Myrica Gale, 163, 345 Myricaria germanica, 310 Narcissus, 199, 201, 31 1 315, 316 Nardus stricta, 156 Narthecium ossifraguni, Vwturtmm amphibium v. indivisum, 359 v. variifolium. 359 officinale, 157 palustre, 359 sylvestre, 359 Phjenogamia, continued — Neottia Nidus-avis, 261, 354 CEnanthe crocata, 283 Olearia Haastii, 200, 334 Orchis incarnata, 387 maculata, 261 morio, 351 Ornithogalum umbella- tum, 262 Oxyria reniformis, 345 Oxytropis lapponica, 310 montana, 271 Papaver nudicaule, 309 Paris quadrifolia, 353 Pedicularis, 362 foliosa, 362 recutita, 362 verticillaris, 362 Petasites frigida, 311 Phaca frigida, 311 PhUadelphus corona rius, 335 Lemoinei erecta, 3 19 Lemoinei macroplryl- lum, 349 Pliillyrea decora, 349 Phleum alpintun, 282 Phytenma comosum, 168, 170 pauciflorum, 271 Picea uobilis, 160, 255 Pinus, 160, 26 1 Plantago Coronopus, 156 lanceolata, 156 Platauus orientalis, 165 Poa alpina, 387 Podophyllum peltatum, 351 Poly gala amara, 310 vulgaris, 156, 310 Polygonatum verticilla- tum, 361 Polygonum viviparum, 163 Populus Bolliana, 350 Potentilla Anserina, 156 Fragariastrum, 273 oitida, 168 Sibbaldi, 163 sylvestris, 156 Primula acaulis, 156 Auricula, 361 elatior, 361 integrifolia, 361 scotica, 312 stricta, 312 viscosa, 361 vulgaris, 331 Prinos glaber, 349 Prunus, 211 Avium, 164 Maximowiczii, 349 Padus, 164 spinosa, 164 Pulsatilla vernalis, 308 Pyrola media, 354 rotundifolia, 332 secunda, 164 Pyrus, 211 americana, 350 cretica, 350 Malus atrosanguinea, 350 Malus floribunda, 350 Sorbus, 350 Ph^nogamia, contimted- Quercus Robur, 256 Ranunculus Ficaria, 156 glacialis, 309 byperboreus, 309 nivalis, 309 parnassifolius, 271 pygmams, 309 Retinospora, 264 Rhinanthus Drummond- Hayi, 387 Rhododendron, 202, 203, 211, 316,317,327,330 chain a?cistus, 170 Eugenie, 201 ierrugineum, 170 hirsutum, 170 nobleanum, 143 ponticum, 200 Ribes, 316 Gordonianum, 349 sanguineum, 319 Robinia Pseudacacia, 317 Rosa rugosa, 207, 350 Rubus Chamamiorus, 163, 345 Rumex Acetosa, 156 crispus, 156 Sagina, 332 nivalis, 387 procumbent, L56, ■>. SalatH Krauson, ?,8 : Salix acicularia, 350 aurita, L56 lanata. 282 Sambucus racemosa serra- tifolia aurea, 349 Saussurea alpina, 282, 332 fcaxifraga cassia, 272 cernua, 282, 311, 313, 387 Cotyledon, 311 hypnoides, 163, 164 nivalis, 163 oppositifolia, 330, 345 stellaris, 163, 345 Schcenus nigricans, 156 Scilla festalis, 156 verna, 178, 262 Scirpus triqueter, 265 Scutellaria galericulata, 156 minor, 179 Sedum acre, 157 anglicum, 156 Rhodiola, 155, 163 Telephium, 155 Sempervivum tectorum , Wulfeni, 272 Senecio abrotanifolius, 271 aquaticus, KM erucifolius, 356 nicanus v. carexolicus, 271 tenuifolius, 356 Sequoia, 161 gigantea, 255 Serratula rnapontica, 272 Silene acaulis, 163 maritima, 156 rupestris, 310 Smilacina bifolia, 361 420 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. PHzENOGAMIA. Cull I ill tied — Smyrnium Olusatrum, 261 Soldanella alpina, 362 montana, 362 pusilla, 31 2 Spiraea, 264, 350 Ulmaria, 15< Stellaria aquatica, 335 Statice aunculaefolia, 275 bellidifolia, 275 Dodartii, 275 intermedia, 275 Limonium, 275 v. pyramidalis, 275 lychnidifolia, 275 occidentalis. 275 rariflora, 275 reticulata, 275 Swertia perennis, 168 Tamaricaceae, 310 Taxus baccata, 256 Teucrium Scorodonia, 156 Thalictrum alpinum, 163, 345 Tilia platyphyllos, 347 vulgaris, 347 Tofieldia calyculata v. capitata, 170 palustris, 332 Trientalis europaea, 282 Trifolium procumbens, 156 Trigonella foenugraecum, 280, 281 Ulmus eampestris, 350 cornubiensis, 350 1 >ampieri aurea, 350 evicta, 350 Louis Van Houtte, 350 montana albimarginata, 350 montana Smith! 350 nigrescens, 350 stncta, 350 suberosa, 348 surculosa, 348 Urtiea dioica, 156 Vaccinium Myrtillus, 156 Vitis-Idsea, 345 Vahlbergella apetala, 311 Veronica Beccabunga, 158 < lhamaedrys, 156 fruticans, 332 serpyllifolia, 156 Viburnum Laniana, 335 Vifia angustifolia, 157 lutea, 178 sylvatica, L64 Viola alpina, 3(12 sciapbila, 361 Viscum album. 302 Weigela, 145, 211, 264 hortensis Eva Ratlike, 31!) hortensis nivea, 319 liortensis variegata, 349 Xanthpceras sorbifolia, 31! FlLICES— Acrosticlnc, 359 Adiantum Capillus-Ven- eris, 262 Aspidium aculeatum v. lobatum, 31.) triangularev.ilicifolium, 276 Asplenium Adiantuni- nigrum, 156, 262, 387 Ceterach v. aureum, 275 fontanum, 3S7 marinum, 18, 156, 262, 276 septentrionale, 370 serpentini, 38* viride, 161 Athyrium Filix-foemina, 253 v. Victoria3, 255 Botrychium Lunaria, 272 Cystopteris, 332 fragilis, 164 montana, 387 Lastraea dilatata, 156, 253 Filix-mas, 253 Lomaria Spicant, 156 Phegopteris Drvopteris, 163,161,351 polvpodioides, 163, 161, 353 Polypodium vulgare, 156, 253 Polys tichum, 176 aculeatum, 161, 253 lobatum, 161, 253 Pteris Aquilina, 156, 553, 331 Rhipidopteris peltata, 359 Scol i ipendrium vulgare, 262 Trichomanes radicans, is. 19,20,21, 167 Woodsia, 332 hyperborea, 387 Lycopodiace.e et Selagixel- lace^e (including Fossil Genera and Species) — Archaeocalamites, 130 Gopperti, 130 Arclneosigillaria, 30,36, 38, 59, 110 Vanuxemi, 39, 1 10 Asolanus, 89, 114 Aspidaria, 40, 18, 1 lo anglica, 139 Asterophvllites, lis, 122, 125 insignis, 117, lis sphenophylloides, 118 Azolla, 151 Bergena, 10, NO Bomia, 130 Bothrodendrea?, 31, 140 Lycopodiace.e. &c,. cont — Bothodendron, 31, 51, 35, 18, 55, 57, 63, 73, $\, Sn, 88, 89, 99, 110 Kidstoni, 81, 88 Kiltorkense, si minutifolium 34, 84, 85, 86, 87, SS, 9!) punctatum, 81, 85, 86, 87 Wukianum, SI, 88 Bowmanites Dawsoni, 121 Homeri, 127, 128 Calamites, 120, 123, 130 Sachsei, 122 Calamocladus, 122 Calamosyrinx, 89, 1 10 Oancellata, 91 Catenaria, 89, 140 Caulopteris gracilis, 70 Cheirostrobus, 32, 131, 132 140 Pettycurensis, 132 Clathraria, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 100, 101, 113, 140 Cyclocladia, 53, 1 10 Cyclostigma, 84, 88, 1 10 Cyperites, 66 Diploxylon, 103 Favularia, 89, 91, 92, loo, 1 lo FJemingites, 61,65. 1 lo gracilis, 65 Halonia, 53, 56, 57, 140 regularis, 57 tuberculata, 57 Heterangium, 35 Isoetes,26,27,29,46,106,140 lacustris, 69 Knorria, 40, 50, ill) acicularis, 50 Leiodernearia, 88, 91, 93, 94, 113,140 Lepidodendreae, 30, 140 Lepidodendron, 25, 26, 30, 31, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 73, 74, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 97, 98, 99, 101. 102, 103, 104, 108, 113, 131, 138, 140 aculeatum, 44, 45 anglicum, 135, 139 brevifolium, 60, 61, 63 cyclostigma, 135, 139 dichotornum, 45 fuliginosum, 42, 56, 58 Haidingeri. 49 Harcourtii, 42, 43, 58, 59 Landsburgii, 47 laricinum, 57 longifolium, 66 lycopodioides, 41,47, 48,49 obovatum, 48, 66 ophiurus, 44, 46, 47, 48 rimosuni, 45, 16 selaginoides, 41, 43, 46, 51, SLS serpentigerum, 46 Spenceri, 115 vasculare, 41 Veltheimianum, 44, 47, 49, 50, 60, 61, 74, 98 INDICES. 421 Lycopodiace^;, &c, eont. Lepidodendron, cant. — Wortheni, 46 Wmisehiamui], 58, 59 Lepidolepis, 1U, 14<> Lepidophloios, 31, 42, 43, 53, 54, 56, 57. 58, 59, 60, 63, 73, 138, 140 acadiacus, 60 acadianus, 58, 60 acerosus, 53, 54, ■ ■•> auriculatus, 5 1 brevifolius, 60 fuliginosus, 56, 58, 5'.), 60 Harcourtii, 59, 60 laricinxis, 54, 55, 57, 60 scoticus, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 Wunscbianus, 59, 60 Lepidophvllum, 31, 19,58, 63, 65, 140 ma jus, 63 Lepidostrobus, 31, 41, 45, 48, 50, 51, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 89, 108, 115, 134, 110 anthemis, 62 Brownii, 41, 43, 44 fimbriatus, 62 levidensis, 63 major, 63 Oldhamius, 63, 65 Russell iaims, 63 spinosus, 63 Wuiischianus, 63 Loinatophloios, 53, 56, 140 Lycopodiacea?, 26, 130, 131 Lycopodiales, 30 Lycopodiese, 27 Lycopoditeas, 30, 140 Lvcopodites, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 140 arborescens, 35 asteropbyllitaefolius, 35 carbonaceus, 34 ciliatus, 36, 37, 140 denticulatus, 33 elongatus, 33, 36 Meatus, 33 flexifolius, 35 Gutbieri, 33, 36, 140 Lecoci, 35 leptostacbys, 33 longibracteatus 36 macrophyllus, 33 prima?vus, 33 selaginoides, 34 simplex, 35 Stockii, 37, 38, 140 uncinatus, 35 Yanuxemi, 36, 40 Lycopodium, 26, 27, 28, 33, 51, 52, 140 alpinum, 27, 345 clavatum, 345 pblegmaria, 38 puuetatum, 35 Renaultii, 35 Selago, 2., 31.) Lyginodendron, 17 Landsburgii, 17 Omphalopbloios, 131, 137, 138, 110 anglicus, 135, 136, 139, 140 cyclostigma, 135, 139 Ly'copodiace^b, &C, ront.— Pachyphloeus, 53, 110 Phylloglossum, 26 Phytolithus plantites, 72 Pinakodendron, 52 Ohmanni, 52 Pothocites, 130 Pseudosiu'illaria, s:i. i in Psilotites, 32, 133, 140 iitbantbracis, 133 unilateralis, 133 Psilotum, 26 Rhizoniopteris lycopodi- oides, 34 Rhytidodehdron, 84, 86, 140, 260, 262 Rhytidolepis, 89, 90, 91,92, 94, 99, 100, 142 Rotularia, 116, 140 cuneifolia, 124 major, 128 Sagenaria, Hi, 110 Selaginella, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 37,46,50,51,52, 140 caulescens, 29 Selaginites, 34, 35, 45 Erdmanni, 34 patens, 34 Sigillaiia, 25, 26, 32, 43, 47, 48,5(1,51, 52, 5.",, 57, 63, 73, 74,80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 95, 97, \^, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 10S, 110, 113, 131, 138, 140 alveolaris, 91 Boblavi, 95 Brardii, 52, 91,93, 91, 95, 96, 100, 101, 104 f. spinulosa, 92. 96 camptotamia, 95, 100 denudata, 94 Deutschi, 93 dimorpha, 95 discopliora, 47, 57, 85, 97, 98, 100, 107 elegans, 91, 93, 100, 101, 104 elongata, 93 Eugenii, 100 intermedia, 105 laevigata, 99 leioderma, 92 MacMurtrei, 52 majus, 97 mamillaris, 7>2, 92,595 menardi, 101 ocellata, 91 ovata, 92 princeps, 90 reniformis, 94 rhomboides, 9 1 rugosa, 93 Saiiveuri, 95 scntellata, 9], 92 spinulosa, 93, 94, 96, 103 sub-discophora, 98 Taylori, 97, 98, Km, in; tesselata 9:;, 99, 100, 105 Yanuxeini, -"is, 39 vasculare, 41 Sigillariea?, 31, 140 Lycopodim E.*:, &c., ront. — Sigillariosu-olms, 32,9(1, 10], 105, 1(18, lilt cilatus, 106 nubilis, 106 Spencerites, 32, 115, 110 insignis, 115, 116 majusculus, 115, 116 Sphenophyllales, 32, 116, 119. 132 Spbenopliyllete, 32, 140 Sphenophyllites, 116, 119, 140 einarginatus, 127 Sphenophyllostachys Daw- soni, 124 Romeri, 128 Sphenoplivllum, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 140 angustifolium, 120, 127 costatum, 127 cuneifolium, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127,128,140 saxifi aga?f'jlium 120, 121, 122 Dawsoni, 124, 128 emarginatum, 120, 122. 125, 140 erosuni, 121 gracile, 127 insigne, 117, 118 majus, 122, 123, 128, 129, 140 myriophyllum, 120. 122 oblongifolium, 122, 123 127 plurifoliatum, 118 Romeri, 127, 128, 140 Sacbsei, 127 Scblotheimii, 120, 121, 122, 127 tenerrimum, 121, 122, 127 Tlioni, 122 tricbomatosum, 121, 122, 123, 124, 130, 140 yeiticillatum, 122, 127 Spiropteris, 35 Stigmaria, 25, 31, 32, 43, 50, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,81,82,83,84,90,100. 108, 109, 110, 115, 135, IMS, 140 abbreviata, 113 anglica, 135, 139 areolata, 138 Brardi, 112, 113,115 Eveni, 77 ficoides, 67, 69, 70, 71, 75, 84, 113 v. reticulata, 77, 135, 137 v. stellata, 77 llexnosa, 111 reticulata, 77, 135, 139 rimosa, 113, 11 1 stellata, 77 Stigmariopsis, 31, .".2. 72. 7.). 76. 78, 81, 9(1, HO, 108, 109, lid. 111, 112, 113 114, 115. 140 anglica, 114, 140 rimosa, 113 422 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Lycopodiace-e, &c, cont— Syringodendron, 89, 113. 140 Tmesipteris, 26, 52 Trizygia, 129, 130 Ulodendron, 41, 48, 86, 90, 140 ma jus, 97 minus, 57, 85, 97, 98 Taylori, 97 Variolaria, G6, 140 Volkmannia, 125 Dawsoni, 124, 125 Zamites, 53, 140 SALVINIACEiE- Azolla, 134 Musci — Climacium, 169 Fungi, 265, 266, 283, 336, 359 iEcidium ocimi, 283 ornamentale, 283 royenae, 283 Agaricus calolepis, 253 cristatus, 253 geophyllus, 253 laccatus, 25-") muscarius, 179 papilionaceus, 253 pballoides, 253 radicatus, 253 rimosus, 253 rubescens, 253 sublateritius 349 vaginatus, 253 velutinus, 253 virgatus, 253 Amanita, 179, 253 phalloides, 336 rubescens, 336 vaginata, 336 Anmllaria mellea, 33? Arcyria punicea, 171 Asterina Mac-owiana, 2S3 Boletus, 266 badius, 337 flavus, 253, 337 luteus, 337 subtomentosus, 337 Cantharellus cibarius, 253 Clavana cinerea, 253 Clitocybe, 253 laccata, 337 Collybia, 253 dryophila, 337 Cordyceps Robertsii, 359 Cortinanus, 265 argentatus, 275 eyanopus, 265 multiformis, 265 varius, 275 Craterium pedunculatum, 171 Fungi, continued — Flammula sapinea, 337 Gyrodon sistotrema, 265 Hirneola Auricula-judae, 262 Hydnum, 265 compactum, 265 fragile, 265 imbricatum, 265 rufescens, 337 zonatum, 265 Hygrophorus, 266 calyptrosformis, 253 ceraceus, 337 chlorophanus, 253 conicus, 337 psittacinus, 253, 337 virgineus, 253, 337 Hypholoma, 253 fasciculare, 337 sublateritium, 349 Inocybe, 253 Lactarius, 266 blennius, 253, 337 deliciosns, 337 hysginus, 253 quietus, 253, 337 scrobiculatus, 266 serifiuns, 253, 337 torminosus, 337 vellereus, 253 Leotia circinans, 266 Lepiota clypeolaria, 337 granulosa, 337 procera, 337 Lycogala miniata, 171 Lycoperdon caelatum, 338 pynforme, 253 Marasmius peronatus, 253 porreus, 253 Merulius pallens, 266 Mycena galericulata, 337 polygramma, 337 Mycetozoa, 170 Namiatelia encephala, 266 Panosolus campanulatus, 337 Paxillus involutus, 337 lepista, 337 Peziza badia, 338 Pholiota squarrosa, 337 Pb vsalospora chienostoma, 283 Pbvsarum nutans, 170 Polyporus, 266 amorpbns, 266 Eragilis, 266 melanopus, 179 Schweinitzii, 266 squamosum, 349 Yaillantii, 266 varius, 179 versicolor, 337 Psaliota campestris, 337 Puccinia ipomasa, 283 phyllocladia, 283 Fungi, continued — Reticularia lycoperdon, 171 umbrina, 338 Russula, 266 cyanoxantba, 253, 337 emetica, 253, 337 fellea, 253 nigricans, 253, 337 ochroleuca, 253, 337 Sistotrema confluens, 266 Sparassis crispa, 266 Stemonitis fusca, 171 gemina, 171 Stereum hirsutum, 338 sanguinolentum, 338 Strobilomvces strobila- ceus, 266 Stropharia a?i-uginosa, 337 semiglobata, 337 Trametes pini, 266 Trichia affinis, 171 babrytis, 171 Tricholoma, 266 acerbum, 266 equestre, 266 imbricatum, 266 melaleucum, 266 pessundatum, 266 portentosum, 266 sulphureum, 266 terreum, 337 vaccinum, 266, 337 Lichenes — Cetraria aculeata, 175 Cladina rangiferina, 174 uncialis, 174 Cladonia cervicornis, 174 pyxidata, 174 Evernia fnrfuracea, 175 176 Parmelia physodes, 175 saxatilis, 175 Platysma glaucum, 175 Alg.e, 271, 380 Bonnemaisonia, 3.9 Corallime, 381 Laminaria, 355 Lithothamnion, 384 glaciale, 383 Lenormandi, 384 Sonderi, 384 Melobesia, 354 L\< ERT.E SEDIS — Traquaria, 32, 133, 134, 140 // f% 0 jiiiii