TRANSACTIONS NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VIII. (New SeErtes.) 1905-1908. With ONE PLATE. GLASGOW.: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET. RAY, 19)1, PRINTED BY Ronert ANpeRsON, 142 West Nite Srreer ~ Guascow. CONTENTS. TRANSACTIONS— PAGE Notes on the Pelagic Fauna observed off the West Coast of Arran during the months of ee and ie 1905. By J. Graham Kerr, - - - - - 1 Notes on certain Specimens of General Felicia lent exhibited. By J. Graham Kerr (Plate I.), - : - 5 The Diptera of Clyde (Second List). By Robert Henderson, - 7 Appleringie, Artemisia 28 agrees: Linn. Dis R. 8. Wishart, M.A., - - - - 22 Occurrence of Gonactinia prolifera, Sars in the ‘Firth of Clyde. By E. S. Russell, - - - - - - 27 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1905, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. . By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 30 On the Occurrence of Idothea neglecta, G. O. Sars, and Idothea viridis (Slabber), within the Clyde Sea Area, and some Notes on other pas aia of Idothea. jee Alexander Patience, - - - - 42 The Waders of Balmee. By Robert Raton: - - - - 46 A Campbeltown Palm-lily (Cordyline australis). By Rev. David Landsborough, LL.D., - - 60 Nesting Dates of some of the Waders (Charadriide). By J on Robertson, - - : 62 Some Notes on the Distribution ot the Clyde Cheats. By Alexander Patience, - - - - - - 64 Note on the Occurrence of Saztfraga oppositifolia, L., the Purple Mountain Saxifrage, on the Sea-coast of apt ad Alex. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., - - 71 On the Occurrence of Gohins orca, Collett, within the Clyde Sea Area. By Alexander Patience, - - - - 74 Little Stint (Zringa ae at Cech Raccoa die ae John Robertson, - - 76 The Common Sandpiper shag otanus hypolencus. oe “Jat as Robertson, - - - ele On some Terrestrial A new to the Clyde auenal rede and some Notes on the Distribution of the Rarer Species. By Alexander Patience, - - - - - - - - 80 Reports ON ExcuRsions— Hunterston and I’airlie, — - - - - - - . 86 Garscube, - . : - : : - - - - - 87 Johnstone Castle, - - : : : . 88 Doonholm, Auchendrane, and Doonside : : : ; : 88 Harelaw Dam, - - 2 = : < : A 94 lv CONTENTS. Reports on Excurstons—continued. PAGE Blackshaw, : : = : : : : O4 Gareloch,- - : . - - . - - : 95 Mountstuart, Bute, - : : - - 96 Glengarnock Castle and Taylan, - - : - - 97 Sorn, - - : : : s : 99 Milngavie and Staathblates : - - - 100 | Glen Douglas to Whistlefield, — - : : - - - 100 PROCEEDINGS— Zygnema stellinum, Vauch., in Zygospore, from Arran, - =~ L02 Annual Business Meeting (Session 1905-1906), Reports, and Election of Office-Bearers, - - - - - : - 108 Remarks on a Grey Plover (Syuatarola helvetica) from Fairlie, with Note of Occurrences of the as in mires: By ' ) Robert Wilson, - - - 104 Albino Wheatear, Blackbird, Tree: Pipit, a Fubmar Paral - 10d A pair of Lapland Buntings (Calcarias Ee) from the Fair Isle, - = 106 A Hybrid between a Black Grouse ena a Red Grote ‘yen Kintyre, - 106 . Note on the Gunes at Gibspew of sate Black Roastart a (Ruticilla titys), an addition to the Birds of the Clyde Area. By John Paterson, - - - - : = 106 Notes on Occurrences of the Green Sandpiper ( Totanus dhaer Opus) within the Clyde Area. By John Robertson, — - - - 106 A Hybrid between a Capercaillie and Blackcock, — - - - 107 Neckera pumila, Hedw., from Strachur and St. Catherines (Loch Fyne) and Daljarroch (South Ayrshire), - - - 107 Liodes castanea, Herbst., and other Coleoptera, from Rannoch, 108 Stenolophus plagiatus, Gorham, from near Gourock, - = - 108 Dicraneliu schreberi (Sw.), Schp., var. elaca, Schp., from near Pinmore, Ayrshire, - - - - - - - - 108 On some Household Flies. By Robert Henderson, - “ - 109 Death of James Barclay Murdoch of Capelrig, - - : =e iia) Lathrea squamaria and Aicidium elatinum from Doonholm, Ayr, 110 Sium erectum from near Abington, - - - - - - 110 . Cornus suecica from Ben Vorlich, Dumbartonshire, - - Pee kta Notes on Agaricus (Psalivta) echinatus, Roth, from Kibble Palace. By William Stewart, - - - - - = Medicago denticulata, Willd., from Cardross, - - - - i Abstract Statement of Accounts, Session 1904-1908, - - - 13 TRANSACTIONS— On the Occurrence of the Rock-Samphire, Crithmum maritimun, L., and the Marsh Helleborine Orchis, Zpipuctis palustris, Crantz, on the West of Scotland. a Alex. eee B.se., F.L.S., - - 115 CONTENTS. TRANSACTIONS—continued, Microfungi observed in Islay. By D. A. Boyd, . - - Meteorological Notes, and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1906, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - With the Cryptogamic age a of Scotland at thai By D. A. Boyd, - - - - = List of Pycnogonida collected in the Clyde ioe By Richard Elmhirst, F.L.S., - - - - - - Sclerotinia baccarum, Tete! and its Alves: By D. A. Boyd, - Some Observations on the oe Family Phoride. By J. R. Malloch, - - - - - - - - The Diptera of Clyde (Third List). By R. Henderson, - - Autumn and Winter Bird-Life of the Fairlie Shore. bes Robert W..S. Wilson, - - - Notes on Leaf-sections of Polytr ase By Sin R. ‘iat - Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1907, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, Notes on the Birds petacnine Elder Park, Govan. ie William Rennie, - . - Bryum Duvalii, Voit., in Eamashcbue: By D.: A. Roca Occurrence of the Water Betony (Scrovhularia aquatica, L ) in Islay. By Thomas F. Gilmour, L.R.C.P.Ed., List of Bute Plants. By J. Ballantyne, In Memoriam.—Alexander Somerville, B.Se., F, iL SES Auchendrane and its Trees. By John Renwick, - - Notes on Richardson’s Skua (Stercorarius crevidatus, Gm.). By Robert W. 8. Wilson, - - - - - - - On Two New Forms of Carex. By Peter Ewing, F.L.S., - ReErorts ON Excursions— Dalry to Fairlie, - Hawkhead, - Torrance (Kast Kilbr oy South Bute, Lochwinnoch, a@f-alderwood Glen, Cartland Crags, - Loch Riddon, Auchans and Dundonald, Auchendrane,- - - - Monkland and rae - Dalry, - Finlayston, - - - * : = : s Glen Douglas, - - : : : 5 . Montgreenan, - 4- - - - Z : . : vi CONTENTS. Reports ON Excurstons—continued. Craigends, - - . Erskine, — - : : : : : - - - Dunure, Calder Glen (Lochwinnoeh), Arran, - - - Campsie Glen, - Balmaha to Rowardennan, - Braidwood to Tillietudlem, Rosneath, - - - - Ben Vorlich (Dumbartonshire), Dougalston and Bardowie, - - SUPPLEMENTARY RKueport on Mossrs, Hmparics, AND MICROFUNGI OBSERVED AT EXCURSIONS, - - - - - . - PROCEEDINGS— Bristalis eneus, Scopoli, a Dipteron from Islay, - - : - Annual Business Meeting (Session 1906-1907), Reports, and Election of Office-Bearers, - - - - - - - Grey Lag-Goose (Anser cinereus, Meyer) and Grey Plover (Squatarola helvetica, L.) from Fairlie, and Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo jagopus, Gmelin) from Langbank, - - Exhibition of Lantern-slides, — - - - - - - - Remarks on the Geckinide. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - The Tree-Sparrow (Passer montanus, L.) in Bute, — - - - Tabanus sudeticus, Zeller, and other Diptera from Bute, - - On the Occurrence in Bute of Piezodorus lituratus, Fab., a Hemipteron new to the Clyde Area. By Alexander Ross, - On the Sphere of Work of Marine Biological Stations. By Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., F.L.8., F.Z.8., - - Lecture on ‘‘ A Naturalist in South America.” By Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.RB.S., F.L.8., F.Z.S., - - - - Proposed Representative Council of Local Natural History Societies, - : : E = - - - Heart-leaved Twayblade (Daxter alee Br.) from Shalloch- on-Minnoch Moor, Ayrshire, - - : - - : Habrodon Notarisi, Schp., a rare Moss, from Bute, - - - n ‘‘ Plankton.” By Edward J. Bles, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., - Report by Delegate to Clyde Naturalists’ Representative Council, On Bombylius major, U., a Dipteron from Loch Riddon. By Alexander Ross, - - : - - - - - Occurrence at Glasgow of Chelifer ee ia (L.), a ‘‘ False Scorpion” new to Scotland, - : - - : - . On Linotenia maritima (Latr.), and Polyxenus lagur us, L., two Myriapods from Rough Island, Solway. By Robert Godfrey, Death of Alexander Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.8., late President, - bo bo cu Sr 1 ior) bo bo bh bo a4 7 aus OE es CONTENTS. vii PROCEEDINGS—continued. PAGE On the Genus Silybura. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - = - S34 On Didea aineti, Fallén, a rare Dipteron from Loch Lomond, with Remarks on its Previous British Records. By Alexander Ross, - - - : - - = . 234 Ranunculus auricomus, L., from Tavelocia Ochiltree, - - 985 Poa Chaizii, Vill., from Sincuteain. - - - - - 285 Abstract Statement of. Accounts— Session 1905-1906, - : - 286 Death of Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D, Fearn, Brechin, - - 287 Occurrence at Finlayston of Amblystegium fluviatile, B. and S., a Moss new to Vice-County 76, and at Montgreenan of Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fckl., a Fungus new to the Clyde Area, - 287 La Lautaret and its Plant Life. By Dr. Robert Brown, - - 287 Annual Business Meeting (Session 1907- sisi TT and Election of Office-Bearers, - - - - - 290 Report on Meeting of the British Association at Leite By Peter Ewing, F.L.S., - - - - - 292 Remarks on Bitis gabonica, D. and B., as B. nasicornis, Shaw, two Species of Puff-adder from Sree =x Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - - - - - - - - 292 Occurrence of the Glossy Ibis (Plegadis Falesabliacs, L.) near Kilmarnock, : - - - - 292 Water Betony \Serigaulari aquatica, L.) cos iy : - - 292 Nesting of the Pied Ab ear (Muscicapa vathe. ai L.) at Glendoune, Girvan, - - - 293 On the Occurrence near Port Ellen, Islay, of "Frisialis pa chralis, L., with Notes on English and Scottish Records of the Species. By Alexander Ross, - = - 293 Occurrence of Meta menardi (Latr.), Crithmum maritimum, a Beta maritima, L., and Ahnfeltia ie Fries, on the Carrick Coast of Ayrshire, - - - 294 On the Present Position of the Local Collections i in the caus. grove Museum. By Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F. G Ses ee Death of Lord Kelvin, - - : : - 295 On the Occurrence of the Cave Spider (Meta cadena sane near Dunure, Ayrshire. By John Smith, - - 296 Exhibition of Lautern-slides, = - - 296 Death of Dr. Alexander Frew and E. A. sis Batters, LL. B., B.A., F.L.S., - - - 297 Notes on Phoride and ta pie By J. R. Malloch, - 297 Occurrence of Petromyzon marinus, L., at arma and | Centrina salviani, Risso, in the North Sea, - - 298 Lecture on the Pycnogonida, or Sea- — vid ites Leonard A. L. King, M.A., - - 298 Proposed Public Exhibition of the ‘caascn Wild- Hosere of the District, : : 4 - 299 Vili CONTENTS. PROCEEDINGS—continued. PAGE Black-necked Grebe (Podicepes nigricoliis, C. L. ky from Helensburgh, - - 299 Great Grey Shrike (Lanius beatae L. ) ast pet - 300 Notes on the Glass-rope Bpnee (Hy poker padi Gray), By Alexander Ross, - 300 King Hider Duck (Somateria Resa L.) from near Tapsant 301 Occurrence of ome eneus, L., at Glen Callum Bay, South Bute, - - - 301 On the Fish Fauna of the Tiyer ‘iin Taba of Lesmahagow. By Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., - - 301 On Recent Additions to the Diptera of the pou Faunal ree By Robert Henderson, - - - 302 Remarks on a Nightjar insaniigite europeus, L.) from Car- donald. By Robert W. 8. Wilson, - : - - - 303 Remarks on the Occurrence of Bembdidiwm quadriguttatum, F., at Fairlie ; Nofoxus monoceros, L., at Monkton ; and Leiopus nebulosus, L., between Craigallion and Blanefield; with Notes on previous Scottish Records of these Colpo By John E. Murphy and Alexander Ross, - - - 304 Miecrothamnion Kiitzingianum, Niig., from Ailsa Craig ; Spiro- tenia condensata, Bréb., from Balmaha; and Desmidium Swartzii (?), Ag., from Miiisearie: : - : - - 305 Abstract Statement of Accounts—Session 1906-1907, - - - 306 InpicEs— General Index, - . . : . : : : - -) SOF Topographical Index, - - - - : : ; : -- 310 Index to Names of Contributors, &c., -, »ols = Popular Names, - ; : ‘ - (390 _ Scientific Names, Zoology, - - - - § 323 ” ” ” Botany A - = - < 5 329 TitLe, ConTENTS, AND WRRATA FoR Vou. VIII., - - - Appendix ERRATA. Page 97, line 13, for Musciapu read Muscicapa. OSM oda. xy Ses SSN ts 99, 5, 4, 5, Kilbowie .. Kilbirnie. 102, ., 14, ,, Zygnema :, Zygnema. > LOT e455 eEerrogonium . Pterogonium. », 108, ,, 20, ;, Seychelles », seychelles. ,, 110, ., 15, ,, Drynyia hanata ,, Drymia hamata. <5, LBD; “oeeean sar euler lee 5, Lucilie. 1870 (558) LG aes ete » wing. er PRESENTED (? 29 SEP 1911 BO Vk 0 TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VIII. (New SERIES.) PART IL. 1905-1906. GLASGOW : PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET. MARCH, 1908. $$$ oe eS ee TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VIII. (New Sertiss.) PART I. 1905-1906. With OnE PLATE. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY T.!F SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STI #27, MARCH, 1908. Printap By ‘en Ropert Anperson, 142 West Nive Srreer, Grascow. ; ——————————e rere eee CONTENTS. TRANSACTIONS— PAGE Note on the Pelagic Fauna observed off the West Coast of Arran during the months of August and September, 1905. By J. Graham Kerr, - - - - - - - - - l Notes on certain specimens of General Zoological Interest exhibited. By J. Graham Kerr (PI. I.), - : - - The Diptera of Clyde (Second List). By Robert Henderson, - 7 Appleringie, Artemisia Abrotonum, Linn. By R. S. Wishart, M.A., - - - - - - - - - - - 22 Occurrence of Gonactinia prolifera, Sars, in the Firth of oe By E. S. Russell, - - - : - - 27 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather pie the year 1905, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - - 30 On the Occurrence of /dothea neglecta, G. O. Sars, and Jdothea Viridis (Slabber), within the Clyde Sea Area, and some Notes on other Clyde Species of Idothea. By Alexander Patience, 42 The Waders of Solway. By Robert Service, — - - - - 46 A Campbeltown Palm-lily (Cordyline australis). By Rev. David Landsborough, LL.D., - - - - - 60 Nesting Dates of some of the Waders (Charadride, = John Robertson, - - - - - 62 Some Notes on the Distribution of thre Ciyae Crangoide. by Alexander Patience, - - - - - 64 Note on the Occurrence of Saxifraga oppositifolia, L., the —_ Mountain Saxifrage, on the Sea-coast of Islay. By Alex. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., - - - - : 71 On the Occurrence of Gobdius orca, Collett, within the Clyde Sea Area. By Alexander Patience, - - : - - 74 Little Stint (7ringa Re at Balgray Recinae. By ie Robertson, - - - - 76 The Common Sandpiper (Totanus caponees By fi: Robert- son, - - - - - - - - V7 On some Terrestrial Isopods new to the Clyde Faunal ied and some Notes on the Distribution of the rarer Species. By Alexander Patience, = - - - - “ : : : 80 REPORTS ON ExcCURSIONS— Hunterston and Fairlie, - - - - - - - : 86 Garscube, - : - = : : 4 e . 2 4 87 Johnstone Castle, - - = 5 2 : 5 ; aa ae Doonholm, Auchendrane, and Doonside,_— - : - = ; 88 Harelaw Dam, - - - - - : : 3 2 Z 94 Blackshaw, - - : : : - = : : 94 Ly; CONTENTS REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS—continied. PAGE Gareloch, - 5 E : : dé é 4 ; : : 95 Mountstuart, - = - = : 2 : 96 Glengarnock Castle ait Ladylan, - - - - - - 97 Sorn, - - - : 2 2 : 2 99 Milngavie and Strathblane, - - - : - - - - 100 Glen Douglas to Whistlefield, — - - - - - - - 100 PROCEEDINGS— Zygnema stellinum, Vauch., in Zygospore, from Arran. By Robert Garry, B.Sc., : - - : - - - - 102 Annual Business Meeting, Reports, and Election of Office-bearers, 103 Grey Plover (Sguatarola helvetica) from Fairlie, Ayr, with Note of Occurrences in Clyde. By Robert Wilson, - - : - 105 Albino Wheatear, Blackbird, and Fulmar Petrel. By M‘Culloch & Sons, - - : - - - - - - 105 Hybrid between Black Grouse (¢) and Red Grouse ( 9 ) from Kintyre. By Chas. Kirk, - : 106 Black Redstart (Ruticzl/a ftitys) at Glasgow. An een ee to He Birds of ‘‘ Clyde,” - - - : - - 106 Green Sandpiper ( 7ofanus Pees ae Garscadden, Dumbarton- shire, with Note on the Occurrences of the Species in ‘Clyde.” By John Robertson, - : - : - 107 Neckera pumila, Hedw., from Strachur and St. Catherines (ioe Fyne) and Daljarrock (South Ayr), and Petrogonium gracile, Sw., from Largs and Little Cumbrae. By D. A. Boyd, - 107 Coleoptera from Rannoch—Ziodes castanea, Herbst., Cetonia floricola, Herbst., Thanasimus formicarius, Linn., Acan- thocinus edtlis, Linn., Lamia textor, Linn., and Pissodes pint, Linn. ; also Stevolophus plagiatus, Gorham, from Gourock. Exhibited by Anderson Fergusson, - - - - - 108 Dicranella schreberi (Sw.), Schp., var. e/ata, Schp., from Pinmore, Ayrshire. By D. A Boyd, - - - - - - - 108 “On Some Household Flies.” Report of Paper by Robert Henderson, - - - - - - . - : - 109 Lathrea Squamaria, L., from Doonholm, Ayr. By Richard Mikay, 95 = 9)gel oe toe en a Oe ‘Witches Broom,” M£czdium elatinum, on Silver Fir, from Doonholm, Ayr. By Richard M‘Kay, - - - - - 110 Sium erectum, Huds., from near Abington, - - - - - 110 Cornus suecica, L., from Ben Vorlich, Dumbartonshire. By John R. Lee, - - - - - - - - - - til Agaricus (Psaliota) echinatus, Roth, from the Kibble Palace. By Wm. Stewart, - - - - - - - - - dll Medicago denticulata, Willd., from Cardross. By Miss"Zamorska, 112 Abstract Statement of Accounts—Session, 1904-1905, - - - 13 TRANSACTIONS OF THE Aatural Pistory Society of Glasgow. Note on the Pelagic Fauna observed off the West Coast of Arran during the Months of August and September, 1905. By J. Granam KeErR. [Read 30th January, 1906. ] Tue Pelagic Fauna of the Firth of Clyde has probably attracted the attention of a greater number of distinguished investigators than that of any other portion of the seas adjoining the British Islands. Yet it is remarkable how small is the volume of published records as compared with the volume of research which has been done. When the working zoologist seeks for information, say, as to the particular localities and the particular times of year at which he may expect to be able to obtain larval or other developmental stages of even the most important forms, he finds his task in great part a fruitless one. It is greatly to be hoped that the authorities of the Millport Marine Station may be able before long to undertake and publish the results of a systematic faunistic survey of the Firth of Clyde, giving accurate details as regards localities and dates. In the mean- time it is of importance that individual observers of the Clyde 2 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. plankton should record their observations, however scanty, so that they may be available for future workers. It is on this account that I venture to offer to the Society some short notes upon plankton observed during the months of August and Sep- tember last off the village of Blackwaterfoot, Arran. I may explain that my object in carrying out these observations was not to look for new species or to collect any great variety of forms, but to investigate the occurrence, and to obtain supplies of properly preserved laboratory material, of forms—especially larval forms—of recognised general importance to the zoologist. The net used was a surface one of the standard size used by E. T. Browne, and composed of bolting silk of sixty meshes to the inch. Protozoa AND ComLenTerata.—As larval forms were the chief objects of investigation, little attention was paid to the above mentioned Phyla. It should be mentioned, however, that Acan- thometrid Radiolarians occurred occasionally in the surface waters. Of Medusz the two commonest forms during August were Phialidium temporarium, Browne, and Sarsia gemmifera, Forbes, the latter frequently with numerous daughter Medusz budding off from the elongated manubrium, and most frequently with the umbrella turned inside out. Such colonies, as they may be termed, of Medusoid individuals have a wonderfully suggestive appearance in connection with the possible mode of evolution of the highly specialised pelagic colonies so characteristic of the Siphonophore. It seems quite possible that the pneumatophore, or float at the top of the Siphonophore, may have evolved directly from the reversed umbrella of the Medusoid ancestor. About the middle of September the beautiful Tiara pileata (Forsk.) became numerous, the specimens mostly being adults with well-developed gonads. Nemertea. — Pilidium appeared on only two occasions — on 18th August and 18th September. PotycHarra.—As was to be expected, there was a considerable variety of larval forms of Polychaete worms. Two attracted special attention. These were the wonderful larva of Chaetop- terus, with its characteristic mesotrochal arrangement of cilia, PELAGIC FAUNA OFF THE WEST COAST OF ARRAN. 5: and an exquisite trochophore larva—a typical “ Loven’s Larva.” This latter attracted attention at once by its conspicuous differ- ence from the Mediterranean Polygordius larva described by Hatschek, in the fact that the trunk region developed within the body of the larva, as described by Woltereck for the North Sea type of Polygordius. I have submitted a specimen to Prof. Woltereck, who is our chief authority on the larva of Poly- gordius, and he assures me that the Blackwaterfoot larva belongs to the North Sea form, Polygordius lacteus. The Polygordius trochophores were got in large numbers at the surface on 25th September, with a light northerly breeze off the land. They were first got on 18th September. Mirraris.—This interesting form, which is stated by Watson to be the larva of Owenia filiformis, D.Ch., appeared in the tow-net on 6th September. The specimen obtained appears to come closest to M. skifera, Hacker, which was obtained by the Plankton Expedition in the Atlantic, about 200 miles west of the Hebrides. It differs, however, from this “ species” in that the chief chaetae have sharper points, and that the needle-shaped chaetae are much longer. It should be noted that, although Mitraria is not included in the British Association fauna list, it was obtained by Claparéde* in September, 1859, in Lamlash Bay. The specimen obtained by Claparéde differs considerably from the Blackwaterfoot speci- men, and would probably be looked on by describers of Mitraria as a different species; but it appears very inadvisable to accord specific rank to such larvae as these until we are acquainted with their life-history, and with the changes which take place in their characters during development. Besides various Spionid and other larval Polychaetes, various adult forms of pelagic habit appeared from time to time in the tow-net. Tomopteris occurred on various occasions, especially about the middle of September. The sexual individuals of Awtolytus prolifer, both male (“Polybostrichus”) and female (“Sac- conereis ”), occurred occasionally along with those of at least two other species of Awtolytus. Amongst these should be * Zeits. wiss. Zool. Bd. X. s. 407. 4 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. mentioned a peculiar female differing from A. prolifer in its more elongated form (forty-five segments), but more conspicuously in the fact that it carries its eggs, not in a single rounded mass, but in a number—eight in the one specimen obtained. I have not, so far, succeeded in identifying this satisfactorily. Towards the end of September, headless sexual portions of large Syllids were observed swimming about at the surface, dis- charging their gametes. Motivusca.—Only two molluscan larvae call for special mention. The first of these is the beautiful veliger of the nudibranch Aegires punctilucens (d’Orb.),* with large bilobed velum, which hangs down on each side, so as to give it a Pilidium-like appear- ance. This was got only on one occasion—on 29th August. Lame“Larta. — A beautiful Echinospiroid pelagic larva, with large glassy shell, was obtained on 29th August. Dr. Paul Pelseneer recognised the specimen at once as the larva of Lamellaria. As Z. perspicua (Linn.) occurs on the Clyde, the larva in question is in all probability to be referred to this species. “ Ecatroprerm Larvan.—Four- different, larval forms of Echino- derms were conspicuous in the surfacé fauna. By far the most abundant was the Ophiopluteus larva of Ophiothrix fragilis (Abilg.), which occurred in large numbers on various occasions during September. Plutei of Hcehinus occurred in numbers on | 10th August, but were only seen occasionally on other dates. The magnificent pluteus of Spatangus purpureus appeared ir- regularly in small numbers. Besides these, occasional barrel-shaped larvae of Synapta and other Holothurians appeared. Potyzoa.— The well-known Cyphonautes type of larva fre quently occurred in large numbers near the shore. It is note- worthy that the Cyphonautes was not the familiar C’. compressus —now known to be the larva of the common Polyzoon Mem- branipora pilosa—but C. schneideri, Lohmann, which was * Mr. Bles informs me that he succeeded, in 1894, in company with Mr. Garstang, in tracing the development of this larva into the adult. VAAL VO IY ‘| aLvig CSN) INA TOA ‘MODSVIDH ‘00g “LSIH LYN ‘SNVUY SPECIMENS OF GENERAL ZOOLOGICAL INTEREST. 5 described by Schneider* in 1869, and whose adult form is not yet definitely determined. PuoronipEA.—Actinotrocha occurred frequently in the surface net during both August and September. On 16th August, in a flat calm, several specimens were got in the tow-net in the act of metamorphosing. On 10th August two young but completely metamorphosed specimens of Phoronis, each contained in a membranous tube, with sand grains attached to its surface, were obtained in the surface net. As the specimens were entangled in small masses of an Ectocarpus-like Alga, their occurrence at the surface was doubtless accidental. Although in habit these young specimens, with their free membranous tubes with adherent sand grains, agree with the Mediterranean P. psammophila rather than with P. hippocrepia, it would be rash to assert definitely that they do not belong to the latter species. Tornaria appeared only once in the surface net—on 10th August. Tunicata.—The surface waters were frequently swarming with Appendicularians. Although the individuals varied greatly ac- cording to state of maturity or degeneration, all the specimens carefully examined appeared to be the common Ovzkopleura dioica, Fol. Notes on certain Specimens of General Zoological Interest exhibited. By J. Grawam KeERp. [Read 30th January, 1906. ] Tue following interesting zoological specimens have recently come into my hands, and are destined to be placed in the zoological collection of the University of Glasgow :— 1. Megaptera longimana, Gray.— The first specimen is a foetus—apparently the smallest so far recorded—of the Humpback * Arch, mikr. Anat. Bd. V. The larva in question is here mentioned as “* Zweite Species.” 6 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Whale which had been presented by His Excellency Sir William MacGregor, K.C.M.G., Governor of Newfoundland. The foetus measured 190 mm. in length, measured along the curved dorsal surface from tip of head to tip of tail. The specimen, which is represented on Plate I., showed, among other interesting features, a well-developed anal fin, the existence of which in whales had recently* been called in question, although already indicated for the young of this species in a figure by G. O. Sars.t A series of microscopic sections through onehalf of the lower jaw demonstrated the presence of a series of fourteen tooth germs. Sections through the palate showed a uniform coating of epithelium without any indications of approaching “ whale-bone ” formation. 2. Amongst other objects exhibited were specimens of remark- able balls of hair from the uterus of a fur seal (probably Otaria ursina), and pointing to the occurrence of a particularly well- developed /anugo in this form. 3. Pennella balaenopterae, Kor. and Dan. — There were ex- hibited several specimens of this gigantic Copepod, which lives as a parasite on whales. The specimens measured about 250 mm. in length, exclusive of the egg strings. They had also been obtained by Sir William MacGregor, and had been “ attached to the host near the line of junction of the dark back with the white belly, and projected about two inches by the narrow end into the blubber; the parasites were numerous.” Almost synchronously with the arrival of these specimens there appeared a memoir upon the structure of Pennella balaenopterae, by Sir William Turner, based upon specimens from Shetland, and about the same time, I am informed, specimens were obtained by the Cambridge Museum of Zoology. In view of Sir William Turner’s full description, it does not seem necessary to describe the specimens of Pennella. The specimens exhibited were all females, the male, which is probably of relatively small size, not having been observed. *Beddard. A Book of Whales, 1900, p. 13. +Sars. fFortsalte Bidrag til Kundskaben om vore Bardehvaler, Tab. 3, Forh. Selsk, Christian. 1880. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 7 4. Cephalodiscus nigrescens, Lank.—A fragment of this mag- nificent species of Cephalodiscus was exhibited. The only specimens known were obtained by the “ Discovery,” and they have been described by Lankester. 5. Phoroms australis, Hasw.— This is the largest species known of the interesting genus Phoronis. It has been described by Haswell from the Australian coast. 6. Specimens of the remarkable pelagic larvae (Leptocephalus) of the conger and of the common eel. Along with the larva of the common eel was shown a specimen which had just com- pleted its metamorphosis into the elver or young eel, which is so frequently seen making its way up our fresh-water streams from the sea. 7. Glossina palpalis, Rob. Desv., one of the “Tsetses” of tropical Africa. This species has recently become notorious by its having been proved to be the intermediary in carrying the Trypanosoma of sleeping sickness from one human being to another. The fact of this fly being viviparous, the young being born in an advanced stage of development, places great, pro- bably insurmountable, difficulty in the way of carrying out a war of extermination against the insect, even within limited areas. The Diptera of Clyde (Sreconp Lis). By Rosert HEenperson. [Read 27th March, 1906.] Following the plan adopted in my former paper (Zrans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas., Vol. VIl. (New Series), Part-II, pp. 148-154), I have distinguished thus (*) the species not given in Mr. P. H. Grimshaw’s list (Fauna and Flora, c&c., of Clyde, 1901), and the species so distinguished in my former contribution are, in the list given below, marked thus (**) wherever their occurrence in other localities is recorded. 8 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Classification and nomenclature.— Verrall : ‘“ List of British Diptera,” 1901, with a few exceptions, and “ List of British Dolichopodide, with Tables and Notes,’ Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. XL., pp. 164-245, and Vol. XLI., pp. 50-252. Bibliography.—I had intended to note here the various papers, chiefly those in the foreign Transuctions belonging to the Society and kept in the Mitchell Library, Glasgow, which I had consulted for the determination of species, but this has been rendered superfluous by the acquisition of the Katalog der Pald- arktischen Dipteren, Budapest, 1903, in four volumes, of which the three published volumes are now in the Society’s library. The Katalog is both a synonymic list and a key to the literature of Diptera down to Ist October, 1903. Abbreviations.—These are as in my former paper quoted above. Mr. John R. Malloch has been good enough to send to me for inspection or identification a number of flies collected by him during the past season, and to him are due the records given below as “ Bonhill,” too numerous to be distinguished otherwise, among them being twenty-seven additions to the Clyde list. Fam. BIBIoNIDmé. Dilophus femoratus, Mg., - - albipennis, Mg., - - June. Cartland Crags; Hawk- head Est. ; Cambuslang. The synonymy is given on the authority of the Katalog der Pal. Dipt. The 3 3 of my specimens have the legs entirely black, the stigma very faint; and the 9 9, taken at the same time and place, have the fore coxze entirely, and all the femora more or less, red; the stigma blackish-brown. Bibio pomone, F., - - - July—August. Tarbert ; Col- intraive ; Holy Loch; Gare- letter Point ; L. Long. B. leucopterus, Mg., - - - May—June. Erskine; Bowl- ing; Gorge of Avon; Bonhill. *B. nigriwentris, Hal., — - - June. Cambuslang; Cartland Crags. *B. varipes, Mg., — - - - August. Bonhill. B. laniger, Mg., - - - May—June. Gen. dist. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 9 B. Johannis, L., - - - May. F. and C. Canal; Kil- bowie ; Mill Pin., Cadder. B. lacteipennis, Ztt., - - June. Cambuslang; Possil M. ; Lenzie. Fam. LIMNoBID&. Dicranomyia aquosa, Verr. - Puck’s Glen; Wood near Loch Eck (A.R.) ; Tarbert (A.R.). Geranomyia unicolor, Hal., - Common at Tarbert, July, 1904 (A.R.). Chilotrichia imbuta, Mg., - June—July. Common locally. Blairmore ; Ardentinny ; Hawkhead Est.; Cambus- lang. * Volophilus ater, Mg, - - Common at Helensburgh Moor, . 9th May, 1903 (J.J. F. X. King). Dactylolabis sp.? — - - - May. This occurs freely every year at Gorge of Avon. *Epiphragma picta, F., - - About two dozen specimens were taken on 24th June, 1905, Gorge of Avon (R.H. and A.R.). Attention was called to the species by its vertical flight, rising and falling after the manner of the Trichocere. *Limnophila subtincta, Ztt., - One g, 2nd June, 1902 (J. E. Murphy); one ¢, 2nd June, 1904 (R.H.), Possil M. *Limnophila sepium, Verr., - July. Common at the mouth of the R. Echaig, left bank ; also taken at Blairmore. * Anisomera equalis, Lw., - One g, 3lst July, 1903; one 6; 6th July, 1905, Glen Massan. 10 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. A. Burmeisteri, Lw., - - This species was recorded in my list (Fauna and Flora of Clyde, 1901) as A. vittata, Mg., which is a synonym. I add Inch Moan, L. Lomond, to the localities already re- corded. The species is com- mon locally, but is given in italics in Verrall’s list. Amalopis occulta, Mg., — - - Two $6, 24th May, 1902, Gorge of Avon; one ¢, 6th July, 1905, Glen Massan. Fam. TIPuLiIp&. *Pachyrrhina imperialis, Mg.,- Gen. dist. The form which occurs in this district is P. scalaris, Mg., but I had over- looked the synonymy. *Tipula pictipennis, Steeg., - One 6, Strathblane, 19th July, 1899 (the late Geo. W. Ord) ; one ¢, Blairmore, 12th July, 1901. On 14th May, 1903, some larve were found in loose soil under trees at Cart- land Crags. These were bred, ' and from them were obtained three ¢ ¢ and three 9? 9, which emerged between 3rd and 26th June (A.R. and R.H.); Tarbert, July, 1904 (A.R.). Apparently new to Britain. *T. pabulina, Mg., - - - One ¢ and two 9? 9 seen on road from Furnace to Crarae, 30th May, 1901, but only one @ secured ; one ¢, Loch Rid- den, 31st May, 1901. *T. excisa, Schum., - 3 - One @, Glen Massan, 2nd July, 1905. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 11 Fam. RHYPHID. Rhyphus punctatus, F., - - May—August. Gen. dist., but not so common as &. fene- stralis, Mg. Fam. STRATIOMYID2. * Vemotelus nigrinus, Fln., - One ¢, Murroch Glen, 19th July, 1902. *Oxycera pugmea, Fln., - - One ¢, 22nd July, 1903, Bon- hill. *O. [muscaria, F., var. ?] - - One ¢, 19th July, 1902, Mur- roch Glen. *Sargus flavipes, Mg., — - - One 9, 17th August, 1899, Fort Matilda, Gourock. S. cuprarius, L., - - August. Troon; Possil M. (J.E.M.). *S. iridatus, Scop., - - - One 92, 3rd Aug., 1902, Stepps Wood. Michrochrysa polita, L., - - June—Sept. Stepps Wood ; Bonhill ; Possil M. (J.E.M.). M. flavicornis, Mg.,. - - - One ¢, 20th June, 1904, Bon- hill. *M. cyaneiventris, Ztt., - - June—July. Loch Eck; Cadd. Wild. (J.E.M.). In the Kad. der Pal. Dipt. this is given as a synonym of J, flavicornis, Mg. Beris vailata, Forst., : - June—July. Loch Eck; Possil M.; Bonhill. B. chalybeata, Forst., - - May—June. Gen. dist. B. fuscipes, Mg., — - - - Two ¢ 6, 24th July, 1902, Possil M.; one ¢, 27th July, 1902, Mill Pln., Cadder. *B. Morrisii, Dale, - - - One 9, 14th August, 1900, Carmyle. 12 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Fam. Tabanus sudeticus, Zlr., - - *Chrysops cecutiens, L., C. relicta, Meg., - - - TABANIDE. July. Not uncommonin Argyle- shire and Dumbartonshire. June. F. and C. Canal Bank, Cadder ; Hawkhead Est. June—July. Not uncommon about Holy Loch and Glen Massan. Fam. Leprip®. Leptis notata, Mg., L. tringaria, L., *Z. lineola, F., Atheria ibis. F., : . - Symphoromyia crassicornis, Pz., *Spania nigra, Mg., - - - May—June. Hawkhead Est. Not uncommon. July—Sept. C. and gen. dist. July—Sept. C. and gen. dist. One ¢, Gorge of Avon, 25th May, 1901. One ¢, Glen Fruin, 17th June, 1905 (J.R.M.). One ¢ , Bonhill, 10th June, 1905. Fam. ASILIDA. * Leptogaster guttiventris, Ztt., - Dioctria Remnhardi, W., - Isopogon brevirostris, Mg., ——- Philonicus albiceps, Mg., - - June—July. Troon. Not common. One 2, Troon, 9th Aug., 1900 (W. Adam). One ¢, Rowardennan, June, 1901. August. Troon. Not common. 15th Fam. THEREVIDA. *Thereva nobilitata, F.. - - T. annulata, F., - - One ¢, two,? 9, 23rd June, 1900. ‘Troon. June—Aug. Troon. Not un- common, THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. io Fam. EmMpiIp2. Hybos grossipes, L., - - *H, femoratus, Miill., - Hubos, sp.t— - - - *Cyrtoma nigra, Mg., C. spuria, Fln., Rhamphomyia nigrives, F., R. sulcata, Fln., - - *R. cinerascens, Mg., *R. spinipes, Fln., - - *R. dentipes, Ztt.. - - *R. tenwirostris, Fln., - *R. anomalinennis, Ztt., - *R. plumipes, Fin., - - R. flava, Fln., - - - Empis opaca, F., — - *F. borealis, L., 5 e E. punctata, Mg., - 3 July—Sept. Gen. dist. July—Aug. Gen. dist. June—Aug. Holy L.; Troon; Stepps Wood; Luss Glen; Glen Massan. This may be the species recorded in the Brit. Ass. Handbook list as A. culiciformis, F. June—July. Holy Loch ; Glen Massan ; Inch Tavannach. June —August. Cambuslang ; Langbank; Helensburgh ; Stepps Wood. May—June. Maurroch Glen ; Cambuslang ; Hawkhead Est.; Bowling. May—June. Gen. dist. May—June, Gen. dist, Aug.—Sept. Gartloch; Dou- galston (North) Wood ; Bon- hill. May. Bonhill (¢este Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). Arran (Mr. Carter) (teste Mr. F. C. Adams, in 2nt. Mo. Mag., Vol. XLEI, p: 94). May —June. Helensburgh ; Bonhill. June. Murroch Glen; Helens- burgh. July—August. Clober Dam ; Glen Massan; Murroch Glen; Holy L.; Ardentinny. June. Monkd. Cl. May. Bonhill. May — June. Cambuslang ; Milngavie. 14 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. E. bilineata, Lw., - : E. scutellata, Curt., - *F. brunneipennis, Mg., *E. pennaria, Fin., - - *E. chioptera, Fln., - = *F, lepidopus, Mg., - s * 7. grisea, ¥In., - *Hilaru spinimana, Ztt.— ctilipes, Mg., - *H. pilosa, Ztt., - H. interstincta, Fln., H. maura, F., - é Fe *H. manicata, Mg., - *H. canescens, Ztt., - 2 *H, litorea, Fin., _ - : *H. lurida, Fin., — - - *H, flava, Schin., — - *Oreogeton flavipes, Mg., - *Trichina flavipes, Mg., - June. Lenzie; Eaglesham ; Possil M. One ¢, 8th June, 1904, Cam- buslang; one ¢, 11th June, 1904, South Bar; one ? , 23rd July, 1899, Cadder Wild. 3 4 ¢, 9th June, 1903. Possil M. June. Possil M.; South Bar ; Cambuslang ; Bowling ; Bon- hill. May. Sandbank ; Gorge of Avon; Bonhill. One ¢, 27th May, 1905, Sand- bank. June—July. Castlemilk; Holy Loch. June—July. Blairmore ; Row- ardennan ; Bonhill. May—July. Possil M.; Arden- tinny ; Cambuslang; Holy L. June. Murroch Glen; Frank- field L. May—June. C. and gen. dist. June—Sept. Finnich Glen; Holy L.; Stepps Wd.; Dal- - marnock, 4 6g, 15th July, 1902, Cam- buslang. July. Blairmore ; Bonhill. July. Blairmore ; Holy L. June—July. Blairmore ; Cam- buslang ; Gorge of Avon ; Holy L.; Glen Lean. 7'his is not in Verrall’s list. July. Holy L.; Cambuslang. 2 9 9, 30th Sept., 1905, West Ferry Wood, Langbank. ———— ee t—S ~~ THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 15 *Ocydromia glabricula, Fln., * Heleodromia stagnalis, Hai., *H. fontinalis, Hal., - Hemerodromia precatoria, Fin, - *Ardoptera irrorata, Fin.,- Gloma fuscipennis, Mg., - *Trichopeza longicornis, Mg., Tachypeza nubila, Mg., - *Tachydromia longicornis, Mg. *T. agilis, Mg., - - *T. flavipes, F., . - *T', bicolor, F., - - - ’ May—Sept. Gen. dist. May. Bonhill. Feb. and Noy. Cathkin Quarry. June—Sept. Bardowie L.; Glen Massan; Ardentinny ; Bonhill. June. Bonhill. June—July. Hawkhead Est. 5 Gorge of Avon; Puck’s Glen ; Bonhill. June — July. Ardentinny ; Gorge of Avon ; Holy L. July and Sept. Stepps Wood ; Bardowie L. ; Holy L. May—June. Possil M.; Bon- hill. June. Possil M.; Hawkhead Est. ; Northfield Moor. June. Possil M. June. Possil M. Fam. Do.icHopopip2. Psilopus platypterus, F., - *P. Wiedemanni, Fln., - Dolichopus atratus, Mg., - *D. picipes, Mg.,_—- D. lepidus, Steg. - - D. atripes, Mg., = : D. vitripennis, Mg., - - D, discifer, Stann., - 5 D. plumipes, Scop., - D. pennatus, Mg., - - June—July. Holy L.; Blair- more; Murroch Glen; Mill Pln., Cadder. August. Troon. June—July. PossilM.; Holy L, June—July. Holy L.: Bonhill. One ¢, 11th June, 1905, Frank- field L. June—August. Gen. dist. July—Aug. Holy L.; Helens- burgh ; Loch Eck. July. Strone; Loch Eck; Blair- more; Arrochar; Holy L. ; Murroch Glen. June—July. C. and gen. dist. June—July. Ardentinny; Bon- hill. 16 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. D. popularis, Wied., : - *D. signatus, Mg., - : - D. urbanus, Mg. - . D. trivialis, Hal. - 2 z *D. festivus, Hal. - - : *D. griseipennis, Stan., - - D. nubilus, Mg., - - - D. simplex, Mg., - - - *D. brevipennis, Mg., - - *D. runestris, Hal., - * Hercostomus nigripennis, Fln., - * Hypovhyllus obscurellus, Fln., - Gymnopternus cupreus, Flin., - *G. celer, Mg., - - - . G. erosus, Fln., - - - *Chrysotus cilipes, Mg., - . *C’. pulchellus, Kow., - - *C. gramimeus, Fln., - - Argyra diaphana, F., - A. leucocephala, Mg., - - A, argyria, Mg., - : - A. argentina, Mg., - - - *A. confinis, Ztt., — - - *Thrypticus bellus, Lw., - *Porphyrons spinicoxa, Lw. - #: p) b>] *P. rivalis, Lw., - . *P. natula, Radd., *P. crassipes, Mg., - - - ales consobrina, Ztt., - : June—July. Gen. dist. June—July. Murroch Glen ; Ardentinny ; Holy L. July. Luss Glen; Ardentinny ; Glen Massan. June—July. Gen. dist. July. Bonhill. July—Aug. Bonhill. July. Holy L. June—July. Gen. dist. June. Troon. July. Murroch Glen. July. Luss Glen; Troon. August. Murroch Glen. June—July. OC. and gen. dist. July. Bonhill, June—Aug. OC. and gen. dist. July. Bonhill. July. Bonhill. July—Aug. Gorge of Avon ; Holy L.; Bonhill. May—June. Murroch Glen ; Clober Dam ; Erskine. June—August. Gen. dist. July—Aug. Glen Massan ; Holy L. ; Murroch Glen. July—August. Gen. dist. June—July. Bonhill. 2 9, Ist July, 1905. Est., Kilmun. June and Aug. South Bar. June. Hawkhead Est.; Erskine. June. Hawkhead Est.; Erskine. May—June. Mill Pln., Cadder; Hawkhead Est. ; Erskine. 266, 19, 3rd June, 1905; Bowling. Benmore Cambuslang ; Bowling ; THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. *P, micans, Mg.,_ - s = P. riparia, Mg, - - . Xiphandrium monotrichum, Lw., X. appendiculatum, Ztt., - - X. fissum, Lw.,- - - - *Syntormon tarsatus, Fln., ! S. pallipes, F., - - : - S. sulcipes, Mg., - : : Medeterus apicalis, Ztt., * Hydrophorus bisetus, Lw., : *Ziancalus virens, Scop., - = *Campsicnemus scambus, Fln., - C. curvipes, Fln.,— - : : *C’. loripes, Hal., — - 3 é *Teucophorus spinigerellus, Ztt., Sympycnus annulipes, Mg., - * Aphrosylus celtiber, Hal., - 17 June. Bonhill. June. Murroch Glen. July. Bonhill. June—Sept. Bonhill. May—June. Bonhill. July. Blairmore; Holy L. June—Sept. Gen. dist. June. Murroch Glen. July. Bonhill, July. Holy L. May—Sept. Frankfield L. ; Gorge of Avon; Bonhill. Mr. Malloch took a ? on 6th January last while sweeping. Aug.—Sept. Gorge of Avon; Bishop L. ; Bonhill. C. and gen. dist. Occurs at all seasons. July—Sept. Bishop L.; Bon- hill. August. Murroch Glen. July—Aug. Holy L.; Blair- more ; Bonhill. July. Holy L. Fam. LoNcHOPTERIDZ. *Lonchoptera punctum, Mg.,— - *Z. flavicauda, Mg., - - - *ZI. lacustris, Mg., - 5 : *Zonchoptera, sp.? - “ Sept. Possil M. Aug.—Sept. Gorge of Avon ; Possil M. Jan.—MayandSept. Gen. dist. March —May and Sept. Cadd. Wild. ; Calderwood Glen ; Dougalston (North) Wood, &e. I take this to be the species recorded now and again as L. trilineata, Ztt., but am doubtful about its identity. 18 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Fam. PLATYPEZID. *Opetia nigra, Mg., - - *Callimyia amena, Mg., - ** Platypeza atra, Mg., - - Aug.—Sept. Hawkhead Est. ; Bonhill. - One 2, 3rd Sept, 1905, Stepps Wood. - OneQ, 22nd July, 1905, Bon- hill. Fam. PIPUNCULID&. *Chalarus spurius, Fln., - *Verrallia aucta, Fin. - ** Pipunculus campestris, Ltr., *P. confusus, Verr., - - *P. hemorrhoidalis, Ztt., - *P. xanthopus, Thoms., - *Pipizella virens, F., : P. flavitarsis, Mg., - - **Pipiza noctiluca, L., - **P, bimaculata, Mg., —- *Onemedon vitripennis, Mg., *Chrysogaster splendens, Mg., *C, Macquarti, Lw., - - Chilosia sparsa, Lw., **Q, pulchripes, Lw., - C. variabilis, Pz, = - : *C. honesta, Rnd. - - *C. vulpina, Mg.,_ - - C. intonsa, Lw., *C. grossa, Fln., 2 = *C. albipila, Mg.,_ - - C. albitarsis, Mg.,_ - - C. fraterna, Mg. - - **0, Bergenstammi, Beck., - July—Aug. Bonhill. - July. Benmore Est. ; Bonhill. - June—Aug. Holy L.; Mur- roch Glen; Glen Massan ; Helensburgh. June. Bonhill. - June. Inch Moan. - August. Helensburgh. . SYRPHIDS. - June. Helensburgh. - July. Bonhill. - June. Erskine; Bonhill. - June. Erskine. - One ¢, 24th June, 1905. Gorge of Avon. - June—August. Bonhill. One ¢, 26thJune, 1904. Hawk- head Est. - May. Gorge of Avon, - June. Bonhill. - June. Erskine. - May—June. Bonhill. - May. Gorge of Avon. - August. Possil M. - One ¢, April, 1904. Bonhill. May—June. Bonhill. - June. Cambuslang. May. Bonhill, - August. Bonhill. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. * Platychirus tarsalis, Schum, Melanostoma scalare, F., - * Melangyna quadrimaculata, Verr., April. ** Ischyrosyrphus glaucius, L., I. laternarius, Miill., - ** Syrphus albostriatus, Fln., **§. tricinctus, Fln., - **S. venustus, Mg., - **S. lunulatus, Mg., - S. annulatus, Ztt., - - **§. lineola, Ztt., — - “ **§. vittiger, Ztt., - - S. latifasciatus, Mcq., - S. luniger, Mg., : **S. bifasciatus, F., - - S. cinctellus, Ztt.. - : S. cinctus, Fln., = **8. auricollis, Mg.— var. maculicornis, Ztt., S. punctulatus, Verr., - **S. guttatus, Fln., - : S. compositarum, Verr., - *§. lasiophthalmus, Ztt., - S. arcticus, Ztt., - 4 Sphegina clunipes, Fln., - Ascia podagrica, F., - - ** Helophilus trivittatus, F., H. hybridus, Lw., - *H, transfugus, L., - - 19 April—May. Bonhill (teste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). May—Sept. Gen. dist. Bonhill. August. Clober Dam. Sept. Bonhill. June—July. Hawkhead; Ben- more Est. May. Cadder Wild. June. Erskine. June—Sept. Bonhill. June. Bonhill. May. Bonhill. June. Bonhill. August. Helensburgh M. May—Sept. Gen. dist. May—Aug. Hawkhead Est. ; Clober Dam; Holy L. May. Gorge of Avon. June—July. Gorge of Avon ; Bonhill. Sept. Helensburgh (B.H.). May. Hawkhead Est. ; South Bar ; Cadder Wild. June—July. Strone; com. in garden at Bonhill. Aug.—Sept. Bonhill. April. Murroch Glen. May—August. Cadd. Wild. ; Erskine ; Bonhill. July. Puck’s Glen. June. Castlemilk; Frankfield Loch. One 2, 12th July, 1905. Holy Loch. August. Bonhill. One 2, 19thJune, 1904. Frank- field Loch, 20 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. * Merodon equestris, F,— var. narcissi, F., — - - June. Bonhill. *Criorrhina berderina, F., - June. Bonhill; Helensburgh (teste Mr. Malloch). Xylota segnis, L., — - : - June. Gorge of Avon. *X. sylvarum, L., - - - June—July. Hawkhead Est. ; Bonhill. *X. florum, F., - - - July. Ardentinny. Sericomyia lappona, L., - - June—July. Benmore Est. ; Erskine(A.R.); Helensburgh (B.H.); Murroch Glen (J.R.M.) Chrysotoxum arcuatum, L., - July. Bonhill. C. bicinctum, L., — - - - July. Benmore Est., Kilmun. Fam. CoNnoPips. *Conops quadrifasciata, Deg., - July—August. Bonhill. Myopa buccata, L., - - - One ¢, llth June, 1904. Erskine. Fam. TAcHINID®. *Gymnocheta viridis, Fln., - May. Cadd. Wild.; South Bar. *Hpicampocera succinta, Mg., - July. Holy Loch. * Blepharidea vulgaris, Fln., - Bred from pupa of Pieris Vapi, Rutherglen (T. Wishart) ; emerged 26th May, 1902. *Sisyropa hortulana, Hgg.— - (2) acronyctarum, Mcq.,- Bred from cocoons of Saturnia carpint, K. Kilbride; emerged 15th June—Ist July. S. lota, Mg., - - - - July—August. Murroch Glen; Dundonald Glen; ‘Troon ; Holy Loch. * Melanota volvulus, F., - - August. Bonhill. * Hyalurgus lucida, Mg., - - July. Holy Loch. Not une. on heads of Water-Dropwort. This species was given in Mr. Verrall’s 1888 list. ee eee eee = ~ THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. ral * Macquartia tenebricosa, Mg., *M. affinis, Schin., - - Olivieria lateralis, F., . * Micropalpus vulpinus, Fin., *Erigone radicum, F., — - *E. strenua, Mg. - - Plagia ruralis, Fin., *Reselia antiqua, Fin. - *Siphona cristata, F., S. geniculata, Deg., - = *Trixa estroidea, Dsv., - Cynomyia mortuorum, L., Sarcophaga carnaria, L., - S. albiceps, Mg., - - S. atropos, Mg., - - * Metopia lewcocephala, Rossi, Dexia vacua, Fln., - - * Myiocera carinifrons, Fln., Fam. *Stomoxys calcitrans, L., - Hematobia stimulans, Mg., *Pollenio vespillo, F., - P. rudis, F., - - - July. Benmore Est. May. Bonhill (este Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). July—Aug. Blairmore; Troon. July—Sept. Stepps Wood; Holy L. July—Aug. Blairmore ; Cam- buslang ; Dundonald Gl. ; Troon; Possil M.; Monkd. Cl. June. South Bar. August. Crookston. July. Bonhill. May—July. Hawkhead Est. ; Blairmore ; Calderwood Gl. ; Erskine. June—Sept. Gen. dist July. Holy L. ; Benmore Est., Kilmun. August.—Sept. Monkd. Cl. ; Troon ; Possil M. June—October. Gen. dist. June—Aug. Gen. dist. Aug. Montgomery Est., near Troon. June—August. Troon; Glen Massan. June—August. Troon; Colin- traive ; Glen Massan; Holy L. ; Dundonald Glen. July—August. Holy Loch; Murroch Glen. Muscip2. June. South Bar; Frankfield. June. lLumloch, near Lenzie. May and August. Bonhill. March—October. C. and gen. dist. 22 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Myiospila meditabunda, F., - May—Sept. C. and gen. dist. Graphomyia maculata, Scop., - June—October. Gen. dist. * Musca domestica, L., - Jan.—Dec. C. and gen. dist. Seldom occurs away from houses. Cyrtoneura stabulans, Fin., - Aug.—Sept. Bridgeton ; Den- nistoun. Within doors. *C. pabulorum, Fln., - - April. Bonhill (éeste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). Morellia simplex, Lw., - - June—Oct. C. and gen. dist. M. hortorum, Fln., - : - June—Oct. C. and gen. dist. *M. curvipes, Mcq,, - : - June. Bonhill (teste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). Mesembrina meridiana, L., - July—Sept. Gen. dist. Protocalliphora grenlandica, Ztt., May—Oct. Gen. dist. Not e. Calliphora vomitoria, L., - - May—Sept. Gen. dist. *Lucilia sylvarum, Mg., - - June—July. Crookston; Possil M.; Ardentinny. L. sericata, Mg., - - - May—July. Murroch Glen (J.R.M. and R.H.). *Z. nobilis, Mg., - - - One 9, 15th June, 1901, Row- ardennan. Appleringie, Artemisia Abrotonum, Linn. By R. 8. Wisnart, M.A. [Read 26th December, 1905, | Ir was a little stalk, dry and withered. Its leaves were pressed together, and the whole had become hard and brittle. How long it had lain between the leaves of an old, well-worn, hump-backed copy of the New Testament nobody can tell, for this book has been handed down through several generations. But the tiny specimen, now only a semblance of its former self, is enough to awaken a new interest and to recall old memories of this always interesting plant. The custom of carrying bits to church and placing them in the Bible or Psalm-book is well known. It is believed that this custom may have arisen from the habit of APPLERINGIE. 23 keeping strong-smelling herbs or leaves near at hand as a supposed preventative or charm against disease. But, whatever may have been its origin, most people are satisfied with the thought that it helps to sustain drowsy listeners when the cir- cumstances are trying. Our present interest is to notice how the custom of using this plant as a church flower has followed it, and how both this custom and the plant’s immigration to Scotland have to do with tracing the evolution of the name Appleringie. If we had been brought up in a French village, instead of in some corner of the British Isles, we would have seen how naturally our mothers and aunts, on starting for church, walked into the garden and plucked a handful of the sweet-smelling plant. The customs in France and Scotland are so much alike as to suggest, even without knowing anything more, that the one may have been borrowed from the other. Appleringie, Apleringie, or Aipleringie—spell it as you please —is the Scotch name of the plant which in English is called Southernwood, and whose scientific name is Artemisia Abrotonum, Linn. Scotch people do not need to be told that the “g” is pronounced hard, as in “ring,” and that the first part of the word is usually pronounced as in the third spelling just given. What we read of any plant in early times has usually reference only to its economic value. Many are mentioned solely on account of their supposed medicinal virtues, and among these the Appleringie takes an important place. Its Latin name is Abrotonum, which in turn is derived from the Greek privative prefix a and pores, mortal, meaning that it had great power in saving from death. Horace says of it— “ Navim agere ignarus navis timet ; abrotonum xgro Non audet, nisi qui didicit, dare.” Pliny extols its virtues and enumerates twenty-two ailments which could be cured by the plant, and Culpepper and hosts of herbalists have followed suit in later generations. Indeed, its healing virtues, as believed in at different times, have been so numerous as to make it appear worthy of getting the West Coast Highlander’s tribute to Ais cure transferred to it—“I wouldna like to be ill wi’ what whisky wouldna cure!” The disagreeable taste would help in strengthening confidence as to the plants 24 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. curative properties. Many of us remember that in our child- hood an idea seemed to prevail that whatever was bitter or nauseous was good for children, so that infusions of bog bean, ferns, myrtle, chamomile, barberry, Turkey-rhubarb root, and the like, might at any time be safely administered ; while jams, jellies, fruits, and other things pleasant to the palate had always a certain amount of danger connected with them. I never actually saw Appleringie, however, used as a medicine; its pleasant smell must have saved it, in the mistaken belief that its taste was pleasant too. The derivation of the Scotch name, Appleringie, frequently turns up as a puzzle. Nobody needs to be told that it has nothing to do with apples. Any attempts to settle the deriva- tion on the basis of “ring” and the Scotch diminutive “ ringie ” need not be taken seriously. The fact is, to enunciate at once the theory which I mean to submit, Appleringie signifies the immortal plant—that is, the plant which saves from death— although the name is not only used but has actually been evolved without attaching any such meaning to it. It has descended “by ordinary generation” from the two Greek words already quoted, or, which is the same thing, dfpdrovov, the Greek name for the plant. It is easy to see that Abrotonwm is simply the Latin form of the same word, and it was applied in both cases from a genuine belief in its virtues. But in order to understand exactly how the Scottish name arose, we must con- sider for a little how the plant reached us itself, and what modifications of its name it assumed on its way hither. Our plant is not a native of this country, but it is cultivated in every cottage garden. In Scotland it has only a few poor relations growing wild—wormwood, absinth, and the sea-side artemisia—all of which are being exhibited to-night. The last has a considerable resemblance to the Appleringie, both in appearance and smell, but its leaves have a hoary whiteness all over and its branches are straggling instead of upright. France and the South of Europe generally claim the Apple ringie as a native. In an old edition of the “ Hortus Kewensis,” which I have before me, the plant is said to have been introduced into Britain about the year 1548, and Loudon also gives the same date. It was, therefore, unknown in this country before eS —— eee APPLERINGIE. 25 the time of Mary Queen of Scots, and, according to the best authorities we can find, it was introduced during her reign. And, as we know that there was a good deal of coming and going between France and Scotland in Mary’s time, it is reason- able to assume that the plant came from France to us. Now, the name passed from the Greek through the Latin to the French in this way. Abrotonwm became in old French,* abroigne, and then avroigne, and these gave place to the modern French name, awrone. One of the best-known attempts to derive the name Appleringie from this is that found in Dr. Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary, in which the derivation is said to be from the French “ apilé, strong, and aurone.” This looks feasible as far as sound goes, but it will not do for various reasons, chiefly because apilé is not a French word at all, nor does there appear to be any similar French word meaning “strong” that it could have been mistaken for. Had he said epilé, and taken it to mean “without hairs,’ he might have been reasoned with, because the plant is less hairy than some of the other species. Glabre, however, is the French word in constant use in this sense, and I am not aware of epil/é being ever so used regarding plants. This word would rather signify that the hairs had been taken off. But another fatal objection is that a Frenchman would not say epilé aurone, but aurone epilé, which entirely defeats Dr. Jamieson’s theory, whether we take epzlé, apilé, or any such word to represent the “apple” in Appleringie. Any attempts which I have ever seen to trace the derivation of our Scotch name through the French have entirely failed, or been insufficient, mainly on account of the omission of two important links. These are found in the northern provincial French and the Aberdeenshire names, both of which are still in use. In drifting into corruptions, there is often a tendency to ' alight upon some form of word that means, or seems to mean, something. Of this we have examples in gillyflower and jelly- flower, from giroflée, and Jerusalem, in the name Jerusalem artichoke, from girosole, a name of the sunflower, while in neither case is there any connection with jelly or Jerusalem. In the same way, in France the word aurone, after perhaps passing through various shapes and sounds, settled down into the * Amour’s ‘‘ Scottish Alliterative Poems,” pp. 374-375. 26 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. present provincial form of wrogne, which means a drunken man. Better have some meaning than none at all. Now comes the important step by which the name reached Scotland. If it is a reasonable assumption that the plant was introduced from France in the time of Queen Mary, it is also fair to assume that French people brought it and called it by their own name, wrogne. We have all our troubles in pro- nouncing French to the satisfaction of a native, and is it any wonder that this name, after being used or attempted for a while in North-Eastern Scotland, should have become “ iveringie” and “overingie”? These names are both common in Aberdeenshire still, and, in fact, they are both the same, for on the East Coast, north of the Tay, “over” as a prefix is usually pronounced “iver;” for example, “ Overtown” is “Ivertown,” and “ Over- gate” is “Ivergate.” The provincial French and the Aberdeen names are so much alike that this step across the channel scarcely needs confirmation, but a parallel may be instanced in the everyday Aberdeen word “ rooser,” which is clearly from the French arrosowr: either name is more convenient than “ watering- pan.” When Central and Southern Scotland got hold of the name, they began to move backwards another step towards the original “ab,” and, with the same laudable intention of giving the term a@ meaning, gradually converted overingie into Appleringie. It will be observed, on examining the words in their historical succession, that after awrone was reached the tendency has been to go back by the same course from the “u” through the “v” to the “ab” or “ap.” To see the changes properly, it is neces- sary to look at the whole together, arranged in historical order :— "A Bporovor, - - Greek. Abrotonum, = : Latin. reanie Oia Wenok. Avroigne, Aurone, - - = Modern French. Ivrogne, - - - Provincial French. Iveringie, ee : z Aberdeenshire. Overingie, J Apleringie, } ae Common Scotch. Appleringie, GONACTINIA PROLIFERA IN FIRTH OF CLYDE. 27 One of the German names of the plant is also a branch of the same family of words, and it, too, shows a tendency to drift into some similarly sounding word, in order to have the appear- ance of a meaning. The name arrived at in any particular language need have no connection with the plant, but depends upon some word in that language being similar in sound to the original Greek or Latin name. In German the two forms, aberraute and eberraute, easily come in succession from abro- tonum, the former may mean another or a second rue, and the latter, the boar-rue. So, from mere accidents in the respective languages, different nations make the same original word appear to mean very different things: the Germans connect the “immortal plant” with rue and a boar, the French with a drunkard, and the Scotch with an apple. The English name, “ Southernwood,” comes from quite a different’ source. According to Dr. Prior, it is “ abridged from souderne wermod, southern wormwood,” and, being of Anglo- Saxon origin, it can only be associated with dead dried plants brought into the country for medicinal purposes, and has no connection with the living plant, and neither part nor lot with Appleringie and its long line of progenitors. — Occurrence of Gonactinia prolifera, Sars, in the Firth of Clyde. By E. S. RussELt. [Read 26th December, 1905. ] Ir was my fortune to dredge this curious little Actinian at Castle Bay, Little Cumbrae, on 15th June, 1905. As Gonactinia is very rare in British waters—this being only the second record —-some interest attaches to it on that account. But Gonactinia is also remarkable for its peculiarities of structure and habit, and it may not be out of place to give here a short account of these, in addition to a notice of its distribution. 28 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. DISTRIBUTION. Gonactinia prolifera was discovered in 1835 by M. Sars (1), in the neighbourhood of Bergen. He named it at that time Actinia prolifera. In 1851 he recorded it from Tromsoe and Hammerfest (2), and founded the genus Gonactinia for it. Two further Norwegian records were made by Koren (3), and by Blochmann and Hilger (4). Then, in 1891, it was recorded from the Mediterranean by Prouho (5), and finally, in 1896, from Falmouth by Vallentin (6). Mr. 8S. Pace informs me that it probably occurs at Plymouth, but that there are no definite records of its discovery there. According to Delage and Hérouard (7), Gonactinia is found at Noumea, on dead coral, but I have not been able to trace this record. The exact localities are as follows :— Norway.—(a) Bergensfiord, Giesvaer, and Floroe. Not un- common on weed, Sertularians, and Ascidians. (Sars, 1.) (6) Tromsoe, 10-20 fms., among nullipores. Hammerfest, 10-20 fms., very common on Delesseria. (Sars, 2.) (c) Neighbourhood of Bergen, 10-30 fms. along with Edwardsia tuberculata. (Koren, 3.) (d) Island of Fladholmen, near Bergen, 2-3 fms., common on shells, dead or living, of Modiolaria, in company with Huden- drium capillare Alder. (Blochmann u. Hilger, 4.) Mediterranean.—Coasts of Roussillon, 45 fms. (Prouho, 5.) Britain.—Falmouth. (Vallentin, 6.) To these I have now to add my Cumbrae record. Gonactinia prolifera was found at Castle Bay, Little Cumbrae, in a depth of 15-20 fms., attached to the tubes of the worm Chaetopterus msignis. Looking at these records we see that Gonactinia is to be found in all depths from two to about forty fathoms. Also it seems to occur on all sorts of surfaces—on weeds, nullipores, Sertularians, Ascidians, shells of Modiolaria, tubes of Chaetop- terus. There are mentioned as occasionally associated with Gonactinia, the anemone Hdwardsia tuberculata, and the hydroid @udendrium capillare; but these associations are evidently merely accidental. Blochmann and Hilger (4) obtained ripe individuals in the middle of October. OO — — GONACTINIA PROLIFERA IN FIRTH OF CLYDE, 29 CHARACTERISTICS. Gonactinia is one of the primitive anemones, resembling in structure Edwardsia, which is now generally considered to be the simplest and most generalised type of Actinian which exists at the present day. Gonactinia is a small, reddish anemone, about 2-3 mm. in length and 1-2 mm. in breadth. It has sixteen non-retractile tentacles, in two rows, and also sixteen mesenteries, of which eight are macromesenteries. Four of these latter bear gonads. Gonactinia has the power, quite exceptional among Actinians, of reproduction by transverse division. A cirelet of tentacles buds out about the middle of the column, and a constriction is formed just above. The anemone is then divided by this con- striction into two segments, and both of these segments form new individuals. The lower segment developes a stomodaeum only after it has become separate from the upper. The whole process resembles the strobilisation of the scyphistoma among the Discomedusae. Gonactinia sometimes exhibits lateral budding (4), or even longitudinal division (5), but the latter process is abnormal. Sexual reproduction is also found in Gonactinia. Some have considered Gonactinia to be merely the young of such a form as Anthea cereus, but such a view is controverted by the fact that the ripe sexual elements have been observed. Gonactinia has little power of adhesion, and is easily detached from its point of support. Prouho (5) has observed that it has the power of swimming. It swims head foremost, by means of bending and stretching its tentacles in rapid rhythm. Sars (1). notes another mode of progression. It can move along after the manner of a “looper” caterpillar. Bending over, it takes hold of the surface of attachment with its tentacles, and shifts its foot close up to the tentacles ; then it fixes its tentacles anew, further over, and again drags its foot along. In this way it is able to crawl in any direction. The original description of Gonactinia prolifera by Sars (1), which is not readily accessible, is trans- lated by Blochmann and Hilger in their paper on Gonactinia (4). They furnish also a specific diagnosis of their own. 30 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. REFERENCES. _ . Sars, M.—Beskrivelser og Jagtagelser over nogle moerkelige eller nyt i Havet ved den Bergenske Kyst levende Dyr, p. 11. Bergen, 1835. . Sars, M.—Nyt. Mag. f. Naturvidensk, vi. (1851), p. 142. . Koren, .—Nyt. Mag. f. Naturvidensk, ix. (1859), p. 93. . Brocumann, F. v. Hiteer, C.—Morph. Jahrb., xiii. (1888), p. 385, pl. 14-15. . Provno, H.—Arch. zool. exp., sér. 2, tome 9 (1891), p. 247, pl. 9. Vatuentin, R.—Journ. Inst. Cornwall, xiii. (1896), p. 43. . DetacE et HéRovarpd.—Traité de Zoologie Concrete. Tome ii., pte. 2 (1900), p. 494. me w bo am Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1905, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Wuirton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow. {Read 30th October, 1906.] In order to preserve the continuity of the series, these notes have been compiled, as in former years, from the records kept at Queen’s Park, Glasgow. January.—The genial, mild weather which ushered in the new year continued during the week. From the 4th to the 16th the weather was stormy and unsettled, with frequent heavy showers of rain and sleet, accompanied by cold, high winds. Thereafter, until the end of the month, it was drier and more bracing, though the afternoon of the 30th was wet and stormy. The atmospheric pressure was wide in range and erratic in course. On the 1st the barometer indicated 30°30 inches, then a steady fall to 29-15 inches on the 6th occurred, when a gale with heavy showers was experienced. For a week thereafter the pressure was higher but very irregular, then another sharp fall from 30:10 on the 13th to 28°70 inches on the 17th was noted, METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1905. 31 when another gale of some severity was experienced. For some days thereafter, though erratic, the tendency was upward, and on the 28th and 29th it was at 30°50 inches, falling sharply again prior to the gale on the afternoon of the 30th. The rainfall was much below the average, only 1:78 inch being registered, compared with 3-93 inches in 1904 and 7-04 inches in 1903. There were 15 dry days. The open character of the weather is well shown by the low amount of frost registered, only a total of 33° on 9 days, compared with 28° on 8 days in January, 1904, and 115° on 13 days in 1903. Regarding the temperature, the general similarity of conditions with those of January, 1904, is shown by the averages being alike, viz., maximum 43° and minimum 35°, whereas, comparing again with 1903, these figures are 4° higher respectively. Consequent on the open weather, grass lands were remarkably green, and buds on trees and shrubs with a tendency to early growth were somewhat prominent. February.—tThe first few days were cold, with heavy showers of snow and sleety rain. Becoming drier, the weather was more pleasant for a week, when it again got cold and stormy, with sleet on the 10th, and a sharp touch of frost, with showers of snow, on the 12th. A very varied week followed, the early part being fine and bright and the latter changeable, with gusty winds and heavy showers, culminating in a wild storm, accompanied by thunder and lightning, on the 18th and 19th. With sharp touches of frost in the mornings, the days were bright until the 25th, on which date there was a slight fall of snow. The remaining days were variable with rain. During the first half of the month the atmospheric pressure, though a little irregular, was within moderate range— between 99:45 and 30:25 inches. ‘The latter half was characterised by sharp changes and an extremely wide range. From 30°25 inches on the 14th the pressure fell to 99-35 inches on the 19th. A sharp rise followed, and on the 22nd 30°45 inches was indicated. This was followed by a very sharp fall to 98-55 inches on the 27th, nearly two inches of difference in five days. The amount of frost registered was comparatively trifling, only amounting to 35°, occurring on 11 days. The absence of severe 32 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. frost and the low rainfall contributed to the high average tem- perature, the maximum being 45° and the minimum 34°, compared with 41° and 32° respectively in February, 1904. The rainfall (2°51 inches) was again low for the month, and not much over what was registered for February, 1904, when the amount was 2-28 inches. With the abnormally open weather, vegetation began to move, and the buds on many deciduous trees and shrubs swelled con- siderably. Rhododendron precox and R. nobleanum were open by the middle of the month, but got frosted on the 22nd. Snow- drops were in full bloom during the early weeks, and Daphne mezereum about the 25th. March.—The weather during this month was of a very variable character—rain falling nearly every day ; but frequently occurring at night or early morning, the day-time was often bright and fine, especially so for the season of the year. The notable excep- tions were on the 9th, which was a wild wintry day, with heavy showers of snow, which melted as it fell. A sharp, severe gale, with rain, occurred on the 15th. On the 22nd a dense fog over- hung the city until 11 a.m., the afternoon being fine and bright. The variableness of the weather is well shown by the erratic barometric readings. On the Ist the pressure indicated was 29-15 inches, by the 3rd it was at 30°00 inches, which was the highest point touched during the month. The fall was steady, though erratic, till the 15th, when it was down to 28-20 inches, which proved to be the lowest reading of the year. The rise was rapid and regular for 4 days, as on the 19th it was up to 29-70 inches, keeping fairly regular within a few points of that figure until the end of the month. Although there were only 6 dry days, the rainfall was just about the average—the amount registered being 3:16 inches. In March, 1904, the amount was 1-43 inches, which, however, was abnormally below the average for this month. There was a notable absence of frost, as only 1° was registered, compared with 61° on fifteen occasions in March, 1904. Conse- quently, the average temperatures are high. The maximum being 49° and the minimum 37°, in each case 5° higher than for the corresponding month of the preceding year. QE METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1905. 33 The absence of frost and the showery nature of the weather encouraged vegetation, which was fully a fortnight in advance of ordinary seasons. Rarely have the grass fields been so bright and fresh in March. April. — For the first few days the conditions which characterised March continued. With a change of the wind to the north-west the weather got cold and frosty, and a fall of snow to the depth of about three inches occurred on the 7th. For fully a fortnight thereafter the weather, though frequently bright, was cold, owing to the easterly winds and touches of frost. On the 26th the wind again settled into the south-west, and the closing days of the month were mild and showery. The range of the barometric readings was within one inch— between 29-10 and 30-00 inches—and no specially notable fluctuations in the pressure were recorded. The rainfall was low, as only 1:79 inch was recorded, and there were fifteen dry days. This is in marked contrast with April, 1904, with 4°64 inches and only six dry days. Frost, amounting to 30°, was registered on ten mornings, the coldest morning being the 8th, when there were 9°. The average maximum temperature was 51°, and the minimum 36°, or 1° and 6° lower than those of April, 1904. The cold dry weather materially checked the abnormally early vegetation. Many plants had their tender young growth injured by the sharp frost on the 8th. Fortunately the growth of the major portion of our trees and shrubs was not sufficiently advanced, and though checked in development they were not materially injured. Towards the end of the month, with the renewal of mild weather, there was a notable bursting into bloom of certain varieties of rhododendron, and the variety ‘“ Jacksoni” was exceptionally good. Narcissi were in bloom when the snow- fall occurred, but did not suffer much from the change of tem- perature. Towards the end of month Hyacinths and Tulips developed rapidly. May.—The first week was somewhat changeable, with occasional showers. Thereafter the weather got drier and warmer, although some days were cold on account of the keen piercing easterly winds. These conditions prevailed until the c 34 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 25th, when a change occurred, and the last week of the month was distinguished by weather of a soft mild nature. These conditions are well shown by the record of the atmos- pheric pressure, which on the 1st was at 28-90 inches. From that point it steadily rose until on the 5th it reached 30-20 inches. It varied little between that point and 29-70 inches during the remainder of the month. The rainfall was again below the average, and only 1°67 inch was registered. Of that amount 1:21 inch fell between the 24th and 30th. There were seventeen dry days. In May, 1904, the rainfall amounted to 3°36 inches, and there were fourteen dry days. Although no frost was registered during the month, the radiating thermometer on the grass was at or below freezing point on fifteen occasions. The lowest reading of the thermometer in shade was 33°. The average maximum tem- perature was 58°, and the average minimum 44", or 2° and 1° higher respectively than those of the corresponding month of 1904. While the dry hard weather had a deterrent effect on the rapid growth of many trees and shrubs, the absence of frosts and destructive gales, which was frequently experienced, allowed the development of the foliage of such trees as Chestnuts and Sycamores to proceed unchecked, and with the warm showery days at the close of the month the growth was magical. The Oak leafed on the 13th, and the Ash on the 21st. Deciduous trees and shrubs bloomed exceedingly well, and some Rhododendrons, notably R. Cunningham, were exceedingly floriferous. June.—The genial mild weather which was experienced during the latter days of May continued for a few days during the first week, With the wind changing to the east, and continuing from that quarter, there was for fully a fortnight a spell of dry cold weather with bright sunshine. A change occurred on the 18th, when the wind veered to the south-west, and for four days it was showery and unsettled. Thereafter, until the end of the month, warm, delightful weather prevailed. During the first nine days the atmospheric pressure tended upwards, reaching 30-00 inches on the 8th and 9th. For ten days thereafter there was a gradual decline, and on the 20th the barometer indicated 29:40 inches, when a squally day of rain and METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1905. 35 wind was experienced. The pressure rapidly increased, and on the 25th it stood at 30°30 inches. From that point it as rapidly fell to 29-60 inches on 28th and 29th, with a rise of two points on the 30th. The dryness of the weather is well indicated by the abnormally low rainfall, which was only 0°82. There were twenty-two dry days. In June, 1904, the rainfall was 1:54 inch, and there were seventeen dry days. Despite the cold easterly winds the average temperature was fairly high, the maximum being 64° and the minimum 50° respectively, 2° higher than in June, 1904, when the ther- mometer in the shade was above 70° on 4 days, whereas in the month under notice that point was reached on seven occasions— from the 23rd to 30th—the warmest day being the 26th, when the maximum thermometer indicated 77°. | The drying winds and bright sunshine adversely affected all newly-planted trees and shrubs, and somewhat hindered the development of established plants, which otherwise looked well. The bloom on trees and shrubs passed off quickly, and border plants and annual crops languished for want of moisture. July.—Although somewhat more showery, there was a con- tinuance of the genial weather which characterised the latter part of June. These conditions prevailed throughout the month. Though rain fell frequently during the month, no day was wet throughout, and many days were delightfully pleasant. - ‘‘saenomg Suyuag “ Jed % 4e UO] UO ‘0M 6 LT Il ; - > - “om ‘fra014049 ‘apeysog ‘ 0 G I8F- - ‘serngueqoq, 0 9 SIF - - : : ‘sourpueyyy pure quey Ag ‘pung siequieyy ojily—eourleg o7, ‘Te “Sny—"co6t “LT “3dog— "F061 ‘S06T-706T NOISSHS-SINQO00F JO INHWAHLVLS LOVAULSIV vow wt “ yt est ICATIONS — ise NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 0 GL SGOW, PROcEEDINGS— es par a ning Vol. I. Part 1. 228 pp. 3 Plates, 1859-68. (Out of print.) — : § er 156 pp. . 1868-69. (Out of print.) Vol.- -Il. Part 1. 164 pp. Da ray 1869-71. Price aes /6. — el 2, 192 2 1871-75...) This Part contains Titles and Contents for Vols. T, and IT, orig Vol. - III. Part 1, 100 pp. 1875-76. Ane fcke a 5 Tay eee 128 pp. 2 Plistes, 1876-77. > ee Ps Se 192 pp. 1 1877-78. ,, 3/6. This Part contains Title and Contents for Vol. III. Vol; IV. Part 1. 114 pp. 4 Plates. 1878-79. (Out of pr’ int.) > 7. e 2. 218 pp Ps 1879-80. Price 4/6. This Part contains mide and Contents for Vol. IV. 2 aa Ve Part 1. 154 pp. 2 Plates. 1880-81. 3... 4a 3 eo 100 pp. ahs 1881-82. sf oe » ” 99 Os 71 pp: 3 . 1882-83. ” 2/.. This Part contains Title and Contents for Vol. V. pe InpEx To Procerpines, Vols. I. to V. - 2 1851-83. oy chostige PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS (New Series)— Vol. 1 Bs Part-1, °° 186pp. - - * 1883-84. Wine ees a 97 ree 169 pp. 3 Plates. 1884-85. » 4/6. % “s 5 es 220 pp. 3 1885-86. ,, 5/6. This Part IRD. Title and Index for Vol. I. g's Wolpe Part 1. 2 pp. 2 Plates. 1886-87. ,, 4/6. esa ae Dp 0nd ye 5 188788. This Hse efor Title and Index for Vol, II. Vol. III. Part 1 12 pp. 1 Plate. «/188880ss:.!,;, 23a “Se aaa 108 pp: oe 1889-00. °". -;,° -Bieaane tae 3. 190. pp. 1889-92, ,, 4/6, This Part contains Title and sates for Vol. III. eicer S: Vol. IV. Part; 1: 158 pp. 1 Plate. 1892-94. jy eee ee a S3 See he 148 pp. 2 Plates. 1894-95. 35° ae 54 +; 3. 140 pp. Shee es 1895-96. 33 ee T ‘his Part contains Title and Index for Vol. IV. i Wols> av Part 1. 151 pp. 1 Plate. 1896-97: -,, 4/6. a 5 jp ee 165 pp. 7 Plates.- 1897-98... “O/.: = Parte 3.--. 194 pp. 4 1898-99. ,, 5h - This Part contains Title and Index for Vol. V. te Porses Vol. VI. Part 1. 180 pp. - 1899-1900. ,, 4/6. ° ‘3 joes 116 pp. 1 Chart. 1900-1901. <,, = 4/2. ae fa MeenC 90 pp. # Plates. 1901-1902. ., 4/,— Vol. VII. Part 1 120 pp. nae 1902-1908. ~,,° 4). . eS a pe 108 pp. Dome 1908-1904. 5, 4/. — ok 53 3. 114 pp. 6 1904-1905. ,, 4/. This Part contains a Contents, and Index for Vol. VII. Vol. VIII. Part 1. 4 pp. 1 Plate. 1905-1906. ,, 3/. THE Fauna or Scornann, a special reference to Clydesdale and a Western District : : Mammalia. By E. R. Alston, F.Z. 8., F.L.S., ess Hage 16. Crustacea—Part I. Ostracoda. By David Robertson, E.LS., Hymenoptera—Part I. By Peter Cameron, P.E.S., = - so a are ” 29 = ” Oe THE Dxcapop anv ScuizoPop CRUSTACEA OF ‘THE Fiera or CrypE. By J. R. Henderson, M.B., F.L.S., - : - - - Price 2/. A CoNTRIBUTION TOWARDS A CATALOGUE OF THE AMPHIPODA AND IsopopaA OF THE FIRTH OF defer By David i a go Las BGS.) *% - Price 3/6. ie A FURTHER ConTRIBUTION TOWARDS A. CaraLocur OF THE AMPHIPODA = — AND Isopopa OF THE FirtH oF CLYDE AND WEST OF SCOTLAND, David Robertson, F.L.8., F.G.8., — - oy = Prieesd Guam a A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS A NEUROPTEROUS Fauwa or IRELAND. By James J. F. X. King, F.E.S., - - - - “Priceal/Ge A CATALOGUE OF THE “BRITISH TENEHRED}NID2, By Peter Cameron, Het S 5 ee -+ “Price -T} Printed 0 on one fate of the mer for ier use of ‘Collectors, Ture Fauna AND FLora or THE CLYDE AREA, with Lists. Compiled for the Meeting of the British Association, Glasgow, September, 1901. 2/. Copies of any of the above may be had from the Hon. Librarian, Mr. — JAMES Mrtonst,, 14 Knowe Terrace, Pollokshields, Glasgow. ae Pe Re ee “ ease ae ae ee uk TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW VOL. VIII. (New Series.) PART II. 1906-1908. ig -LASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY _ AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH. STREET. ‘MAY, 1911. ry in beeaiy oth ee War ae | TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VIII. (New Series.) PART II. 1906-1908. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET. MAY, 1911. Rorert Anprrson, 142 Wrst Nite Srreer Guascow. GONTEN TS. TRANSACTIONS— PAGE On the Occurrence of the Rock-Samphire, Crithmum maritimum, L., and the Marsh Helleborine Orchis, Zpipuctis palustris, Crantz, on the West of Scotland. iy Alex. Somerville, Bise., WS.57 > = - - - - . =)» 115 Microfungi aeeaved 3 in Islay. By D. A. Bosal - - - 119 Meteorological Notes, and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1906, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 122 With the Cryptogamic Society of Scotland at see By Db. A. Boyd, - - - - - 143 List of Pyenogonida collected in the mice heed By Richard Eimhirst, F.L.S., - - - - - 146 Sclerotinia baccarum, Rien: and its Allies. By D. A, Boyd, - 149 Some Observations on the 5 ra F; pigs Phoride. By J. R. Malloch, - - - - - - 158 The Diptera of Clyde (Third List). By R. Heiser. - 156 Autumn and Winter Bird-Life of the Fairlie Shore. By Rokert W. S. Wilson, - - - - - - - - 173 Notes on Leaf-sections of Polytrichum. By John R. Lee, - 186 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1907, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 188 Notes on the Birds frequenting Elder Park, Govan. By William Rennie, - - - - - - - - - 209 Bryum Duvalii, Voit., in err By D. A. Boyd, - - 218 Occurrence of the Water Betony (Seropvhularia aquatica, L.) in Islay. By Thomas F. Gilmour, L.R.C.P.Ed., - - -, 219 List of Bute Plants. By J. Ballantyne, - - - - - 219 In Memoriam.—Alexander Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., - oy. Auchendrane and its Trees. By John Renwick, : - =* 230 Notes on Richardson’s Skua (Stercorarius crevidatus, Gm.). By Robert W. 8. Wilson, - - - - - - aM 285 On Two New Forms of Carex. By Peter Ewing, F.L.S., - - 237 Reports oN Excursions— Dalry to Fairlie, - - - - - - - - - 238 Hawkhead, - - . - - - - - - 239 Torrance (East Kilbride), : - - - - - : ent BO South Bute, - : : - = - - : - - 239 CONTENTS. Reports on Excursions—continued. Lochwinnoch, Calderwood Glen, Cartland Crags, . - - . . : : : Loch Riddon,~ - - - - < - : “ : 2 Auchans and Dundonald, - : . : “= : - 2 Auchendrane, - - - : = - = = 5 Monkland and W sear? - - : , = : x = Dalry, - - - - - - - - - = : Finlayston, - - - - - - - - - - E Glen Douglas, - - - - - - - ; 2 : Montgreenan, Craigends, - Erskine, - - : - - - = = : : Dunure, - - Calder Glen Cieckse innoch), Arran, - - - - E . - Campsie Glen, - Balmaha to Rowardennan, - Braidwood to Tillietudlem, Rosneath, - - - : Ben Vorlich (Dumbartonshire), Dougalston and Bardowie, - SUPPLEMENTARY Report oN Mossres, Hepatics, AND MICROFUNGI OBSERVED AT EXCURSIONS, - - - - - é. 7 Eristalis eneus, Scopoli, a Dipteron from Islay, - - - - Annual Business Meeting (Session 1906-1907), Reports, and Election of Office-Bearers, - E : : B : 2 Grey Lag-Goose (Anser cinereus, Meyer) and Grey Plover (Squatarola helvetica, L.) from Fairlie, and Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus, Gmelin) from Langbank, - - Exhibition of Lantern-slides, = - = - : = - - Remarks on the Geckinide. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - The Tree-Sparrow (Passer montanus, L.) in Bute, — - - Tabanus sudeticus, Zeller, and other Diptera from Bute, - - On the Occurrence in Bute of Piezodorus lituratus, Fab., a Hemipteron new to the Clyde Area. By Alexander Ross, - On the Sphere of Work of Marine Biological Stations. By Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., F.L.8., F.Z.8., - : Lecture on ‘‘ A Naturalist in South America.” By Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., F.L.8., F.Z.8S., - - - - Proposed See Council of Toda Natural History Societies, - - - - - - - - - CONTENTS. v PROCEEDINGS—continued. PAGE Heart-leaved Twayblade (Listera cordata, Br.) from Shalloch- on-Minnoch Moor, Ayrshire, - - - - - =< 281 Habrodon Notarisii, Schp., a rare Moss, from Bute, - - - 9281 On “Plankton.” By Edward J. Bles, B.A., B.Sc.; F.R.S.E., - 281 Report by Delegate to Clyde Naturalists’ Representative Council, 282 On Bombylius major, L., a Dipteron from Loch Riddon. By Alexander Ross, - 2 = ES 2 & e 2 - 992 Occurrence at Glasgow of Chelifer cancroides (L.), a ‘False . ; Scorpion” new to Scotland, - - : - : - - 283 On Linotenia maritima (Latr.), and Polywenus lagurus, L.. two Myriapods from Rough Island, Solway. By Robert Godfrey, 283 Death of Alexander Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., late President, - 283 On the Genus Silybwra. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, —- - 284 On Didea aineti, Fallén, a rare Dipteron from Loch Lomond, with Remarks on its Previous British Records. By Alexander Ross, - - - - - - - - - 284 Ranunculus auricomus, L., from Barwharrie, Ochiltree, — - - 284 Poa Chaixii, Vill., from Auchendrane, - - - . - 284 Abstract Statement of Accounts— Session 1905-1906, - - - 286 Death of Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D,, Fearn, Brechin, - - 287 Occurrence at Finlayston of Ambiystegium fluviatile, B. and S., a Moss new to Vice-County 76, and at Montgreenan of Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fckl., a Fungus new to the Clyde Area, - 287 La Lautaret and its Plant Life. By Dr. Robert Brown, - = S2Oy Annual Business M eeting (Session 1907-1908), Reports, and ~ Election of Office-Bearers, - - - - - - - 290 Revort on Meeting of the British Association at Leicester. By Peter Ewing, F.L.S., - - - - - - - - 292 Remarks on Bitis gabonica, D. and B., and B. nasicornis, Shaw, two Species of Puff-adder from Rhodesia. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - - - - - - - - - - 292 Occurrence of the Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus, L.) near Kilmarnock, : - - - = - - - 295 Water Betony (Scrophularia aquatica, L.) from Islay, - - 293 Nesting of the Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla, L.) at Glendoune, Girvan, - - - - - - - - 293 On the Occurrence near Port Ellen, Islay, of ZHristalis sepul- chralis, L., with Notes on English and Scottish Records of the Species. By Alexander Ross, - - - - ~ 293 Occurrence of Meta menardi (Latr.), Crithmum maritimum, L., Beta maritima, L., and Ahnfeitia plicata, Fries, on the Carrick Coast of Ayrshire, - - - - - - - 294 On the Present Position of the Local Collections in the Kelvin- grove Museum. By Peter Macnair, FLR.S.E.,-F.G.8., - 9 204 Death of Lord Kelvin, - - - - - - . - 295 CONTENTS. PROCEEDINGS —continued. On the Occurrence of the Cave Spider (Meta menardi, Latr.) near Dunure, Ayrshire. By John Smith, - ixhibition of Lantern-slides, — - - - . - - . Death of Dr. Alexander Frew and E. A. L. Batters, LL.B., BYA., HLL:Ss; - - - - - - - - - Notes on Phoride and other Diptera. By J. R. Malloch, Occurrence of Petromyzon marinus, L., at Uddingston, and Centrina salviani, Risso, in the North Sea, - - - Lecture on the Pycnogonida, or Soeeasd By Professor Leonard A, L. King, M.A., = - - - - Proposed Public Exhibition of the Common Ww ild-Flowers of the District, - - : - - - - - - Black-necked Grebe (Podicepes nigricoliis, C. L. Brehm) from Helensburgh, - - - - - - - - - Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor, L.) from Arran, : Notes on the Glass-rope Sponge (Hyalonema ae Geny) By Alexander Ross, - - - - - - King Eider Duck (Somateria spectabilis, L.) from near ayaa: Occurrence of Corymbetes eneus, L., at Glen Callum Bay, South Bute, - - - - - - - - - - On the Fish Fauna of the Upper Silarian Inlier of Lesmahagow. By Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.8., - - : - - On Recent Additions to the Diptera of the Clyde Faunal Area. By Robert Henderson, - - - - - - - Remarks on a Nightjar (Caprimulgus enropwus, L.) from Car- donald. By Robert W. 8. Wilson, - - - - - Remarks on the Occurrence of Bembidium quadriguttatum, F., at Fairlie ; Votoxus monoceros, L.,at Monkton ; and Leiopus nebulosus, L., between Craigallion and Blanefield ; with Notes on previous Scottish Records of these Coleoptera. By John KE. Murphy and Alexander Ross. - - - - Microthamnion Kiitzingianum, Nig., from Ailsa Craig; Spiro- tenia condensata, Bréb., from Balmaha; and Desmidiwm Swartzii (?), Ag., from Milngavie, - - - : - Abstract Statement of Accounts—Session 1906-1907,- - - InDICES— General Index, - - - + : 5 4 - = Topographical Index, - - : - : 2 : 2 e Index to Names of Contributors, &c., - - 6 Popular Names, - : : xs Scientific Names, Zoology. - - - - - ” ” ” Botany, Y > . iz 5 PAGE 304 305 306 307 310 318 320 323 329 TirLe, ConrENTS, AND ERRata For Vou. VIII., Parr Il., - Appendix i ie ee ta — - ERRATA. Page 125, line 22, tor /uciliw read Lucilia. oe AGMy. ie 5 26, - os: TINE »» wing. ROCK-SAMPHIRE. 115 On the occurrence of the Rock-Samphire, Crithmum maritimum, L., and the Marsh Helleborine Orchis, Epipactis palustris, Crantz, on the West of Scotland. By Axex. Somprvintitz, B.Sc., F.L.S. [Read 26th March, 1907.] Ir is of interest that we are able to bring before the Society two plants, neither of them minute or inconspicuous, one of them tall and striking; which, during the past summer, were met with on the Island of Colonsay, one of the South Inner Hebrides, where they proved to be practically additions to the known flora of the West of Scotland. Of these, one is an Umbelliferous Dicotyledon, and the other an Orchidaceous Monocotyledon. We shall refer in the first place to the former, the Rock- Samphire, Crithmum maritimum of Linneus, which has been known as British since 1548, or for 360 years, a plant whose habitat is rocks and rocky cliffs by the sea, and which has been recorded hitherto from 26 out of the 112 vice-counties of Greut Britain, only a single addition (that of East Suffolk) having been made to their number since the issue of Topographical Botany in 1883. Crithmum is a plant well distinguished by its long entire fleshy leaflets, which are glaucous in appearance, cold to the touch, and have an aromatic scent. The young leaves, gathered in May, make, when sprinkled with salt and preserved in vinegar, the well-known pickled condiment. From this we can gather that though Crithmum belongs to the Hemlock Order, it is not in itself poisonous. The inflorescence, or arrangement of the flowers on the flower- stalk, is, as will be seen from the specimens shown, a compound, many-rayed, flat-topped umbel, consisting of an assemblage of small, stalked, yellowish-white flowers, with numerous bracts and bracteoles; the fruits, known as cremocarps, having thick primary ridges and many vitte; the whole plant differing much from all the other British Umbellifere, of which there are about seventy. A 116 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. In Scotland, Crzthmwm is both rare and local. It comes near the truth to say that it has of late been much restricted to a part of the Wigtownshire coast—the Rinns of Wigtown, that long, narrow peninsula which stretches south and ends in the headland known as the Mull of Galloway.* By Professor Trail, in his Topographical Botany of Scotland, two East - Coast counties are given for Crithmum—Midlotiian and Fife—but they are double-queried in both cases, indicating decided doubts as to the correctness of any Hast-Coast records. Coming west, the counties named both by Hewitt Cottrell Watson and by Professor Trail are Kirkcudbright, Wigtown, and Ayr. From Watson’s Topographical Botany of Great Britain (1883) we know that a Kirkcudbright specimen was shown to Watson by Boswell Syme, editor of Sowerby’s Botany, 3rd edition, and as regards Ayrshire, that Crithmuwm is included by the late Rey. James Duncan (died 1861), whose Catalogue of Ayrshire plants was treated by Watson as reliable, no Ayrshire station, however, being given for Crithmum. Mr. Ewing, in his Glasgow Catalogue of Plants, includes Crithmum for Ayrshire, but does not say where or by whom it was found. That our plant should have made its way so far north as to Colonsay, where, on the western side of the island, it was last year met with, growing in a compact mass two square yards in extent, just at high-water mark, and among very savage, large, broken rocks, was interesting, as it extends the plant’s geo- graphical range a good way further up the British coast, indi- cating that there is room for the discovery of other plants with which the higher latitude would not disagree. There is but one species of the genus Crzthmum known to science, this of ours, and its distribution, according to Bentham, is the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Northern Africa, extending along the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. It is abundant in Southern and Western England, and, as Mr. F. H. Davey states in his new J'entative Flora of Cornwall, it occurs all round the Cornish coast. It is to be found also in Ireland, principally in the south, and the author of this paper met with it in 1901 on the Kenmare River, on the coast of County Kerry. *Tt has been found, however, at Burrow Head, across Luce Bay from the Rhinns, by Messrs. Paterson, Mackenzie, and Robertson, Glasgow, about ten years ago, oe ROCK-SAMPHIRE, 117 To other two British plants the name of Samphire has been given, namely to the Glasswort, Salicornia herbacea, called the Marsh-Samphire, a succulent, shore-loving plant known to most of us; and secondly, to the Golden Samphire, Inula crithmoides, a rather striking composite, occurring along the English Channel and in the Channel Islands, and, somewhat remarkably, recorded also as having been met with, in years past, in the South of Scotland, in Wigtown and Kirkcudbright. The plant under notice, the Rock-Samphire, is distinguished by having been named in Shakespeare’s Play, King Lear (Act iv. 6. 15), and up till not many years ago used to be gathered on the Dover Cliffs, on what was known as Shake- speare’s Day. The poet supposes that Edgar is leading Gloucester along, and says— “Come on, sir; here’s the place: stand still. How fearful And dizzy ’tis, to cast one’s eyes so low! The crows and choughs that wing the midway air Show scarce so gross as beetles: half way down Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade! ” In many Scotch Libraries, private as well as public, there is to be found a former “ Flora ’’ of this northern division of the Kingdom. I refer to the Flora Scotica of Lightfoot, published in 1777, now 130 years ago. In this work we are informed of the finding, in Kilmuir Parish, in the Island of Skye, in bogs near Duntulm Castle there, of that distinguished-looking plant among botanical aristocrats, the Marsh Helleborine Orchis, Epipactis palustris of Crantz, known previously as Serapias longifolia, to which we are now to refer. The only record of the plant from the West of Scotland seems to have been this of Lightfoot’s, and we do not learn that anyone has found it since his time, or at least has recorded it as occurring in that quarter. To the satisfaction of the valued botanical referee, our Cor- responding Member, Mr. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., was, at the end of July last, met with growing in an evidently suitable situation in the south-west corner of the Island of Colonsay, on damp, almost marshy, sandy grass-land, well back from undulating dunes lying along the sea-coast, this plant There were 118 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. altogether some ten specimens, several not being likely to flower that year. In the immediate neighbourhood were large quantities of the greater Twayblade, Zistera ovata, R. Br., and abundance also of Orchis pyramidalis, L., with which we in Scotland have but little acquaintance, together with the more widely-distributed Fragrant Orchis, Gymnadenia Conopsea, Benth., with its rich pungent odour. The circumstance of this striking plant (the Hpzpactis) appear- ing where it did is, as Mr. Bennett remarks, odd, when one comes to look at its European, and especially its Scandinavian distribution, and I cannot help thinking, he adds, that it will be found in one of the other isles between Colonsay and Skye; and, judging from analogy, I should have said it would be more likely to occur in the West of Scotland than in the East. That Hpipactis palustris is but a rare plant with us may be gathered from the fact that Professor Trail, in his Z’opo- graphical Botany of Scotland, is only able to give it for three Icwland counties on the east—Berwick, Haddington, and Mid- lothian ; from Fife also, and from the three divisions of Perth- shire, in all of which I believe it is a scarce plant. In England it is widely distributed, and recorded as occur- ring in 59 of the 71 vice-counties. In Jreland, Mr. Praeger describes it as a characteristic plant of the Central Plain, thinning out in the north and east. There are five British species of the genus /pipactis, several of them much alike; palustris, whose habitat is marshy ground, is about a foot high, with stem leafy, flowers few, the outer leaves of the perianth green, striped with red. Orchis plants most commonly rise from ovate or palmate tubers. Of Lpipactzs, however, and some other genera, e.g., Cephalanthera, the rootstock is a fibrous and creeping one, well seen in Cephalan- thera ensifolia, of which an Arran specimen is shown for comparison. ~~ a ; 8 ‘ . > Qe MICROFUNGI OBSERVED IN ISLAY. 119 Microfungi observed in Islay. By D. A. Boyp. [Read 28th May, 1907.] Durinc the month of July, 1905, I spent about twelve days in Islay. Although a considerable amount of time each day during my visit was occupied in cycling from place to place, or in viewing archzological remains and other objects of interest, I was also able to devote some attention to the botanical features of the island. In the course of my rambles I had often the privilege of being conducted by Dr. Thomas F. Gilmour, Port Ellen, whose keen enthusiasm and ready stores of scientific information rendered these occasions much more pleasant and profitable than they would otherwise have been. When contrasted with the other islands of the Hebridean group, Islay is seen to possess features peculiarly its own. Although it lacks the grandeur of outline characteristic of Arran and Skye, its scenery is so varied, and affords so great a diversity of conditions favourable to plant life, as to render its exploration a source of unfailing enjoyment. Besides pre- senting the general features common to most of the larger islands of the group, Islay is notable for the comparatively great extent of ground which has been put under cultivation, cropped regu- larly from year to year, and brought to a state of fertility highly creditable to the intelligent skill of the local farmers. The flora is therefore more varied, by the occurrence of a larger number of weeds of cultivation, than is usual among the other western islands. Besides the places where my observations were chiefly made, there are many others which would doubtless yield a rich and varied harvest of cryptogamic plants if carefully explored, especially in late autumn. Among such places which await examination may be mentioned the moist woods around Kildalton, Bridgend, and Port Askaig; the extensive tracts of peat moss and stretches of sandy shore between Port Ellen and Bowmore; and the numerous lochs and marshes which occur throughout the island. 120 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. As very little information regarding the mycology of the Hebrides has been placed upon record, the following fragmentary list of Microfungi observed in Islay is offered, in the hope that it may not only possess some interest as a first contribution to the subject to which it relates, but may have the effect of stimulating further research in the same and kindred direc- tions :— Cystopus candidus (Pers.) Lév.--On Capsella Bursa-pastoris ; Port Ellen. Bremia lactuce, Regel.—On Senecio vulgaris ; Vhe Ard. Peronospora urtice (Lib.) De Bary.—On Urtica wrens; Port Ellen. P. vicie (Berk.) De Bary.—On Pisum sativum ; Ardbeg. P. alta, Fckl.—On Plantago major; Port Ellen, &e. Ustilago avene, Jensen.—On Avena sativa ; Port Ellen, &e. Tilletia decipiens (Pers.) Winter.—On Agrostis vulgaris; Kilbride, Kildalton, &e. Protomyces macrosporus, Ung.—On dgopodium Podagraria ; The Ard, &e. Uromyces limonit (D.C.) Winter.—As Uredo; on Armeria in garden ; Kildalton. U. polygoni (Pers.) Fckl.—As Uredo ; on Polygonum Aviculare ; Kilbride. U. trifolai (A. & 8.) Winter.—As Uredo; on Trifolium repens ; Port Ellen. U. rumicis (Schum.) Winter.—As Uredo; on Rumex Acetosa ; Port Ellen. U. alchemille (Pers.) Winter.—On Alchemilla vulgaris; The Ard, Puccinia galii (Pers.) Winter.—As Uredo,; on Galiwm verum,; Port Ellen. P. calthe, Link.—On Caltha palustris; Port Ellen, Upper Killeyan. P. viole (Schum.) Winter.—On Viola Riviniana; Middle Cragabus. P. primule (D.C.) Winter.—As Uredo; on Primula vulgaris ; Kildalton. P. rubigo-vera (D.C.) Winter.—As Uredo; on Holcus lanatus ; Kilbride. P. poarum, Nielsen.— As eidiwm ; on Tussilago Fartara ; Port Ellen, Wc. MICROFUNGI OBSERVED IN ISLAY. 121 P. suaveolens (Pers.) Winter.—As Uredo; on Cnicus arvensis ; Port Ellen. P. centauree, Mart.—On Centaurea nigra ; Port Ellen. P. oblongata (Link.) Winter.—As Uredo ; on Luzula campestris and L. maxima; The Ard, Kildalton. P. Baryi (B. & Br.) Winter—As Uredo; on Brachypodium sylvaticum; Port Ellen. P. Fergussoni, B. & Br.—On Viola palustris ; Kildalton. LP. chrysosplenii, Grev.—On Chrysosplenium oppositifolium ; Kildalton, Port Askaig. P. valantie, Pers.—On Galiwm saxatile ; Ardbeg. Melampsora lini (Pers.) Winter.— As Uredo; on Linum catharticum ; Kilbride. M. betulina (Pers.) Winter.—As Uredo; on Betula alba; Kildalton. M. pustulata (Pers.) Winter.—As Uredo,; on Epilobium palustre ; Kilbride. Coleosporium tussilaginis, Lév.—On Tussilago Farfara,; Port Ellen, &e. C. euphrasie (Schum.) Winter.—On Rhinanthus Crista-galli and Bartsia Odontites ; Port Ellen, Kilbride. Lophodermium juniperinum (Fr.) De Not.—On dead leaves of Juniperus ; maritime rocks near The Ard. Ascomyces potentille, Farlow. — On Potentilla Tormentiila ; Kilbride. ' Podosphera oxyacanthe (D.C.) De Bary.—Mycelium on Crategus Oxyacantha ; Ardbeg. Polystigma rubrum, Pers.—Imperfectly developed condition, as red crusts on living leaves of Prunus spinosa ; Port Ellen. Spherella rumicis (Desm.) Cke.— On Rumex obtusifolius ; Lagavulin. Actinonema rose (Lib.) Fr.—On rose-leaves ; Ardbeg. Darluca filum (Biv.) Cast.— On uredospores of Puccinia oblongata ; near The Ard. Septoria hydrocotyles, Desm.—On Hydrocotyle vulgaris ; Kildalton. S. urtice, Desm. & Rob.—On Urtica dioica ; Port Ellen. Melanconium bicolor, Nees.—On dead bark of Betula alba; Kildalton. . Oidiwm monilioides, Link.—On living grass-leaves ; Lagavulin. Tubercularia vulgaris, Tode.—On a dead branch ; The Ard. 122 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon _ the Weather during the Year 1906, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Wuirron, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow [Read 28th May, 1907.] In order to preserve the continuity of the series, these notes have been compiled, as in former years, from the records kept at Queen’s Park, Glasgow. January.—tThe first day of the year was cold and dull, but dry. In the early hours of the morning slight showers of snow had fallen, but throughout the day was seasonable and enjoy- able, despite the keenness of the easterly wind. These con- ditions continued until the afternoon of the 3rd, when heavy rain fell, and until the middle of the month the weather was changeable and stormy, with a considerable rainfall. On the 8th a thick watery fog enveloped the city for several hours. The latter half of the month was somewhat better than the earlier, though high winds were of frequent occurrence. The changeable nature of the weather is well shown by the irregular and erratic line of atmospheric pressure. On the Ist the barometer indicated 29°70 inches, and on the 3rd, 29°20 inches; then, after varying several points up and down for several days, there was a sharp decline to 28°80 inches on the 9th. After quickly rising to 29°60 inches on the 11th, the pressure kept within a few points of that figure for several days, then from 29°25 inches on the 18th it rapidly rose to 30°00 inches on the 19th, and to 30°30 inches on the 22nd. Then the pressure declined to 29°40 inches on the 25th, after which date it again increased, till on the 31st it indicated 30°00 inches. The rainfall was above the monthly average, 4°74 inches being registered, while there were only 8 dry days. In the corresponding month of 1905 the rainfall was only 1°78 inches, with 15 dry days. a a a a EE NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 123 The maximum (day) temperature was 43°, and the minimum (night) temperature was 37°, compared with 43° and 35° respectively in the same month in 1905, and also in 1904. The higher minimum may be accounted for by the absence of severe frosts, as only 9°, occurring on four days, were registered, whereas in the two preceding Januarys there were 33° frost on nine days and 28° on eight days respectively. Consequent on the absence of hard frost and drying winds, vegetation looked remarkably fresh for the season, the grass lands being wonderfully clean and bright. Snowdrops were noticed in bloom on the 25th, while narcissi and winter aconites (ELranthis hyemalis) were in active growth, while those early-flowering rhododendrons, Rhododendron pracor and R. nobleanum, were expanding and showing the colour in their bloom buds, and the buds of the goat-willow swelling fast, in the last week of the month. February.—For a few days there was a continuance of the same moderately changeable weather which marked the closing days of January. Then the weather became colder and more wintry-like; sharp frosts occurred on the 4th and 5th. The 8th was a wet, stormy day, and on the morning of the 9th there was a fall of snow—which, however, did not lie long, as rain followed—and the forenoon of the 10th was very wet and disagreeable. Frost again set in, and on the 13th and 14th snow and sleet showers were frequent. The weather became more settled, and after the 19th was drier and colder—with some fogs in the city—until the 24th, when another change scecurred, and that night and following day were very wet and stormy. These conditions continued with some severity till the end of the month. The severe and rapid changes of the weather are well shown by the wide and erratic range of the atmospheric pressure. On the Ist the barometer indicated 29°80 inches, while on the two following days it was three points lower. On the 4th the pressure had risen to 30°00 inches, and kept near that point until the 7th, after which date there was a rapid decline to 28°50 inches on the 10th, when a spell of stormy weather was experienced. The rise thereafter was fairly regular, until on the 21st it had again reached 30°00 inches. Another change 124 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. set in, and the pressure again rapidly declined to 28°80 inches on the 25th, after which it rose, till on the 28th it reached 29°40 inches. Including melted snow, the rainfall amounted to 2°83 inches, which is slightly in excess of the amount (2°51 inches) registered in the previous February. There were 10 dry days. In regard to the average temperatures—maximum, 42°, and minimum, 30°—these, compared with 45° and 34° in 1905 and 41° and 32° in 1904 respectively, were somewhat low, owing to the amount of frost registered during the month. Frost occurred on 19 days, to the total of 92°, whereas in 1905 the amount for February was only 35° on 11 days. The lowest readings were 22° on the 5th, 20° on the 12th, and 22° on the 24th. The cold weather had its natural effect on vegetation. Plants which were on the move were checked, and those early-blooming rhododendrons which were opening their buds in January were severely injured, while all soft shoots on evergreens were blackened. The first open blooms on Daphue Mezereum were observed on the 6th, and the first crocus on the 20th, while the snowdrops were in full bloom all month. March.—During the first week the weather was fine and dry. A change set in on the 6th, when a sharp gale, with rain, occurred in the morning. Rain also fell on the 7th, while the 8th was wild and stormy, with heavy showers of hail and rain. These conditions prevailed until the forenoon of the 9th. On the 11th, which was also stormy, there was a fall of snow. Thereafter for several days the weather kept dry and frosty, snow again falling on the 14th, while on the 15th and 16th a considerable quantity of rain fell. The latter half of the month was generally bright, dry, and sunny, though, on account of the easterly winds, at times very cold. The closing days were much milder. The barometric readings show that the atmospheric pressure was erratic and irregular during the first half of the month. On the 1st the pressure was 29°30 inches, and on the 3rd, 30°10 inches. A fairly steady decline to 29°30 inches on the 9th, then, with a rise of four points on the 10th, was followed by the sharpest fall of the month, when, during the storm of the 11th, the reading was 28°90 inches. The subsequent rise was equally ae %. NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 125 sharp to 29°70 inches on the 14th, then another sudden fall to 29°10 inches on the 15th presaged the storm of rain which fell on the 15th and 16th. Thereafter the rise was steady, and the pressure kept fairly high, when on no less than nine days it was at 30°00 inches, and on the 31st at 30°10 inches. While there were 21 dry days in the month, the rainfall amounted to 3°37 inches—more than the half of which fell in two days. The amount was about the average for this month. In March, 1905, the rainfall was 3°16 inches. Frost to the extent of 60° was registered on 10 days, consequently the average temperatures— maximum, 45°, and minimum, 33°—are lower by 4° in each case than those of the same month in 1905, when only 1° of frost was registered, and curiously correspond very closely to the conditions of March, 1904, when, with 61° of frost on 15 days, the figures were 44° and 32° respectively. Despite the cold, vegetation generally showed signs of activity, and the buds on hawthorns, willows, and balsam poplars swelled fast, and several were bursting into leaf in the last week of the month. The spring flowers also developed rapidly. The snow- drops were past their best in the first week. The “glory of the snow ”? (Chionodoza Lucille) was in full bloom on the 15th. The common narcissus (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus ) began to open on the 18th, while the crocuses, which had been blooming inter- mittently for some time, were, along with the earlier daffodils, squills, hepaticas, &c., in their glory during the latter weeks of the month. Amongst shrubs, the Forsythia suspensa was in full bloom, and Ribes sanguinea showing flower. The farmers availed themselves of the dry weather, and much seed was sown under favourable conditions April.—This, “the month of showers,” belied its -reputation, as it proved to be the driest month of the year. The first half was notably dry, as no rain fell, and, though there were occasional touches of frost in the mornings, the days were generally bright and sunny, and several were pleasantly warm. On the afternoon of the 15th there was a peculiar dust storm, which lasted several hours. Whether this was the precursor of a change in the weather or not, there was a disagreeable change for holiday-makers, as the weather of the 16th, on which the 126 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Glasgow Spring Holiday was held, was of a most unpleasant nature, the day being dull, cold, and rainy. On the morning of the 19th, after a sharp frost, there was a dense fog, which lasted for several hours. Colder weather prevailed during the latter half of the month, many days being dull and raw, with occasional showers of hail, while on the 28th there were heavy showers of snow. In the early part of the month the atmospheric pressure was high and fairly steady, and between the Ist and 15th it was only four times slightly below 30°00 inches. There were two sharp falls on the 5th to 29°60 and on the 13th to 29°80, on which days the weather was dull and cloudy. The highest reading of the barometer was 30°50 inches, on the 9th. After the 15th the pressure never touched 30°00 inches, while the lowest reading was 29°00 inches, on the 29th. In regard to the temperature, the average maximum was 54° and the average minimum 35°. Though only a total of 12° of frost was registered on six days, the minimum ther- mometer was frequently low, and it was at or below freezing point (32° Fah.) on ten occasions, and at or below 35° on nineteen mornings, consequently the average minimum tempera- ture is low, and 1° lower, while the maximum is 3° higher, than the respective figures for April, 1905. There were 19 dry days, and the rainfall only amounted to 1°21 inches, which is, as already indicated, much below the average. In the corresponding month of 1905 the amount was 1°79 inches, with 15 dry days, whereas in April, 1904, there were 4°64 inches and only 6 dry days. The sunny weather in the earlier part of the month had its natural effect on vegetation, and those species of trees which tend to start early into growth began bursting their buds, and by the 15th there was a decided sheen of green in the wood- lands. Amongst the many deciduous trees which bloomed well, the Norway maple (Acer platanoides) was more strikingly effective when in flower than usual. Those early and usually effective hybrid rhododendrons, Rhododendron J ackson. and R. Eugenie, were also in full flower by the above date. However, these, along with the acers, beeches, and chestnuts, were badly browned by the sharp frost on the 19th. The colder weather of the latter part of the month greatly checked the development of Pe --- NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 127 vegetation, though the Incomparabilis and lateflowering section of narcissi bloomed as well as the earlier ones had done, and made an effective display on lawns and borders along with erythroniums, scillas, and other spring flowers. During the dry weather much was done throughout the district in the seeding of arable land and planting of potatoes. May.—The cold, changeable weather which prevailed during the latter half of April continued almost throughout this month ; very few days passed without rain falling. While there were a few mild days, on the other hand several were distinctly cold and stormy, notably the 17th, 24th, and 25th. During the afternoon of the 25th a sharp thunderstorm occurred, which was accompanied by heavy rain and a most remarkable shower of hail—in fact, more resembling broken ice than ordinary hail. Curiously, considering the changeable nature of the weather, the barometric readings do not show a wide range in the atmospheric pressure. The lowest reading was 29°30 inches on the 3rd, and, though somewhat irregular in course, the highest point indicated was 29°90 inches, on the 13th and 14th. The only notably sharp decline was from the aforesaid point to 29°35 inches on the 17th, when, with a change in the wind from N.E. to N.W., that day was cold, wet, and stormy. The pressure after that date was fairly steady, ranging between 28°80 and 29°50 inches. Though only a total of 4° of frost on two days was recorded, the radiating thermometer on the grass was frequently at freezing point, and the general temperature continued low throughout, consequently the average maximum, 54°, and minimum, 42°, are lower than usual for May. In May, 1905, the averages were 58° and 44° respectively, while the ther- mometer never fell to freezing point. The rainfall amounted to 3°84 inches. No such amount has been registered for May for many years. There were only 7 dry days. In the previous May the rainfall was only 1°67 inches, and there were 17 dry days. The unseasonable weather had a deterrent effect on vegetation. Grass grew but slowly, and, while there was every promise of an excellent display of bloom on most shrubs and trees, the 128 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. development of flower and growth of the earlier-growing species was sadly checked by the cold wind and low temperature. The hailstorm on the 25th had a disastrous effect on many trees and shrubs. In many cases the young shoots were blackened and broken, while such subjects as acers and chestnuts had their leaves torn and lacerated and ruined for the season. The fine promise of a crop of fruit on apples, pears, plums, &c., was dispelled by the same storm, as the trees were literally stripped of their flowers and embryo fruit within an hour. The leafing of the oak occurred on the 13th, and the ash on the 28th; in the former on the same date, and the latter a week later than in the previous year. June.—After the Ist, which was showery, there was a marked improvement in the weather, which became dry and warm. These delightful conditions prevailed for some time, and no rain fell until the evening of the 14th, when there was a light drizzle. Heavier rain fell on the 17th, and, though more or less rain fell on most days thereafter, the weather, on the whole, was pleasant and enjoyable—indeed, several days were very warm and bright, notably the 18th and 19th. When the fine weather prevailed there was a fairly high and steady line of atmospheric pressure. On the Ist the barometer indicated 29°30 inches, then, after a sharp rise to 30°00 inches on the 3rd, it kept above that point until the 14th, and on several occasions was as high as 30°20 inches. A slight de pression occurred on the 15th, but the pressure kept about 30°00 inches until the 22nd, when it fell almost steadily to 29°50 inches on the 27th, on which day there was a strong S.W. wind; then, after a rapid rise, it kept at 29°90 inches during the two last days of the month. The rainfall of June has for several years been low, and no exception occurred on this occasion, as only 1°69 inches were registered. There were 17 dry days. In the previous June the rainfall was only 0°82 inch, and there were 22 dry days. In regard to the temperature, although the thermometer in shade was only above 70° on -four occasions—9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th—it was above 60° on 26 days, the result being that the average maximum (65°) is 1° higher than in June of 1905, ond "en NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 129 when the temperature was above 70° on 7 days, while the average minimum (50°) is the same as what occurred in the correspond- ing month of the two preceding years. The hottest day of the month was the 11th, when the thermometer indicated 76° in the shade. With the improvement in the atmospheric conditions, vegeta- tion made rapid progress, and, considering the backward state in which things were, the subsequent results were better than anticipated. Those trees and shrubs which, through being later in growth, escaped the blighting storm in May, made excellent progress, and by the 8th hawthorns, laburnums, lilacs, &c., were in splendid bloom, while rhododendrons made as fine a display as has been seen in the city parks for many years. Field crops likewise made satisfactory progress, and the hay crop, which fer a time looked doubtful, improved immensely. July.—tThe fine weather which prevailed in June continued until the 12th. The morning of the 6th was wet, but after- wards the day was bright and warm. A change set in on the 13th, and the proverbial ill luck in regard to weather was experienced when the annual Glasgow Fair Holidays were observed. During these holidays, Fair Saturday is the most important day for the great mass of the people, hence the break in the weather was most unfortunate, and caused much dis- comfort to the many thousands who left the city for the coast and country on pleasure bent. The weather continued change able and showery, with frequent strong winds, till the end of the month. From 3 till 5 on the afternoon of the 27th a peculiar darkness overspread the city. The barometer readings show a moderate range of pressure, without any very notable variation. For the first two days it was at 29°90 inches, thereafter slightly rising for two days, after which falling to 29°70 on the 6th, when the morning was rainy. Rising steadily for several days, it was at 30°10 inches on the llth and 12th. The change on the 13th was indicated by a drop to 29°80 inches, with a further decline to 29°40 inches on the 19th, which was the lowest reading for the month. After the 19th there was a slight rise in the pressure, which kept fairly steady, near to 29°70 inches, until the end of the month, 130 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. There were only 9 dry days, and, though the weather was showery, the amount of rain registered was only 2°37 inches, which is less than what fell in July, 1905, when, with 12 dry days, the amount was 2°81 inches. While there were fewer dry days and a less amount of rainfall than what was experienced in the previous July, the temperature was also lower throughout. In July, 1905, the maximum thermometer in shade was above 70° on 11 days, and even as high as 78° on two occasions, while in the month under notice the thermometer was only twice above 70°—viz., 72° on the 5th and 71° on the 26th— and on 9 days it did not exceed 60°. Consequently the average temperatures—maximum, 64°, and minimum, 50°—are in each case 3° lower. While unpleasant for holiday-makers, the weather was, on the whole, conducive to the healthy growth of vegetation, though the showery conditions, with lower temperature, did not tend towards early maturity. The harvesting of the hay crop began during the first ten days, but thereafter operations were much hindered by the frequency of rain showers. August—During the greater part of the month there was a continuance of the weather conditions which characterised July. With the exception of four occasions, rain was registered every day up to the 26th, and on several occasions thunderstorms were experienced. The last five days were fine, bright, and warm. The changeable nature of the weather is well shown by the irregular line of barometric readings. From 29°80 inches on the lst, the pressure sharply fell to 29°30 on the 3rd. With an equally sharp rise it was at 30°00 inches on the 6th. A steady fall continued till the 13th, when for-three days, during which heavy rains fell, the pressure was at 29°30 inches. Then, with a gradual rise, it reached 29°90 inches on the 19th. Afterwards, with sharp changes, it touched 29°40 inches on the 25th, there after quickly rising to 30°15 inches on the 28th, which was the highest point reached during the month, after which the tendency was downwards. Owing to the frequency of heavy rains, the rainfall registered was 5°28 inches—an amount considerably above the average. There were only 8 dry days. In August, 1905, the rainfall amounted to 3°61 inches, with 12 dry days, eS = ee eee OSE eae NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 131 Notwithstanding the amount of rainfall, many days were warm, and on no less than 5 days the thermometer was above 70°. The highest reading was 76° on the 29th, and only twice did it fall below 60°. Consequently the average maximum, 64°, and minimum, 53°, are high compared with the previous August, when the respective figures were 62° and 50°. The warm temperature made a marked difference in the appearance of root and grain crops, as the heat counteracted any tendency to sourness in the soil by excess of moisture, and all field crops improved greatly during the month. After the thunderstorm on the night of the 2nd, defoliation began on elms, limes, and sycamores in the city parks. September. — The weather of this month was remarkable in several respects. The rainfall, with the exception of that of April, was the lowest of the year. Whilst the highest tempera- tures were recorded and no frosts occurred, the general con- ditions were of a delightful character. The hot weather which prevailed during the last week of August was intensified in the first week of this month. A change set in on the 3rd, and heavy rain fell on the evening of the 4th and morning of the 5th. Though the weather became cooler after that date, there were some splendid days, with beautiful sunsets. Monday, the 24th, which was the Glasgow Autumn Holiday, though one of the coolest days of the month, was fine and pleasant. The barometer was fairly high and regular, and only two noteworthy fluctuations of pressure occurred. These were from 30°00 inches on the 4th to 29°60 inches on the 6th, and from 30°00 inches on the 9th, 10th, and 11th there was a sharp fall to 29°18 inches on the 15th. The rise thereafter was equally sharp, and the pressure was above 30°00 inches during the remainder of the month. On the 24th and 25th it was up to 30°40 inches. As already stated, the rainfall was low, only 1°41 inches being registered. There were 21 dry days. In the corresponding month of 1905 the rainfall amounted to 2°11 inches, and there were 12 dry days. In regard to the temperature, though the radiating ther- mometer on the grass was below freezing point on several occasions, no frost was registered by the thermometer in shade, B 132 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW, The maximum thermometer in shade was above 60° on 19 days, the three hottest days being the Ist, with 76°; the 2nd, with 80°; and the 3rd, with 82°. The average temperatures are, therefore, high, the maximum being 62° and the minimum 47°, compared with 58° and 46° respectively for September, 1905. The above average temperatures are the highest recorded for September since 1899, when these were 63° and 48°. With the fine weather cereals ripened rapidly, and much harvesting was accomplished during the latter half of the month. The defoliation of deciduous trees in and around the city became very pronounced, and by the end of the month many were quite divested of leaves. October.—There was a decided change in the character of the weather from that which was experienced in the preceding month. While September was dry and fine, October was wet and sunless. The first week was very mild, but dull, and rain fell on the Ist and 4th. The weather gradually got cooler, and frost set in on the evening of the 13th, and on the morning of the 14th 6° of frost were registered. This was the first frost of the autumn, which destroyed all tender plants and practically finished the display of flowers for the season. Though there were occasional fine days, very few were without rain during the twenty-four hours. These rains, at times mixed with hail, were frequently heavy and cold, and, as the winds were often strong, the weather conditions were not too pleasant. The erratic line of atmospheric pressure was within a very moderate range during the first three weeks, the pressure see- sawing between 29°80 inches on the Ist to 29°20 inches on the 16th, as the extremes till the 24th, when there was a sharp rise to 30°10 inches on the 25th, which was followed by as sharp a fall, which reached its limit on the 29th, when the barometer indicated 29°00 inches. With only 5 dry days, the rainfall for the month was above the average, the amount registered being 5°33 inches—a quantity very considerably in excess of what was recorded in the preceding October, when, with 18 dry days, the rainfall was only 2°57 inches. Owing, no doubt, to the prevalence of westerly winds and the heavy rainfall, very little frost was registered during the NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER, 133 month. Only on two occasions did frost occur, and the total amount was but 8°. Therefore the average temperatures are high, the maximum being 55° and the minimum 43°, compared with 50° and 36° respectively for the same month of 1905, when, however, there was a total of 57° of frost. Until the advent of the sharp frost already noted, there was an excellent display on autumn blooming plants. The winds and rains thereafter, not only completed the wreck of bloom and defoliation of all deciduous trees, excepting those which have persistent foliage like the oak, but sadly hampered the harvest- ing of late or belated crops. November.—During the first week the weather was change- able, and frequently very disagreeable, with heavy rain at times. On the 6th, when there was a slight touch of frost, a thick fog enveloped the city all day, and, as it became very dense in the evening, much discomfort to pedestrians and inconvenience and delay to traffic were caused. From the 7th to the forenoon of the 14th the weather was dry and pleasant—that of the 13th being splendid. Rain’set in on the 14th, and, with the exception of three days, occurred every day thereafter during the month, The latter days of which were very stormy. The barometric readings show a wide and varied range in the atmospheric pressure. On the Ist the barometer indicated 29°40 inches. On the following day it was at 29°00 inches. A steady rise followed, till on the 10th it was up to 30°20 inches, keeping about that point until the 13th, after which date the pressure declined rapidly to 28°80 inches on the 18th, and remained about that point for three days. The rise there after was rapid, and on the 25th the barometer stood at 30°15 inches, from which point there was another sharp decline during the latter days of the month. While not so heavy as that of October, the rainfall was above the average, as 4°17 inches were registered. There were 12 dry days. In the corresponding month of 1905 there was, with 10 dry days, a rainfall of 3°29 inches. In regard to the temperature, though the thermometer was at freezing point (32° Fah.) on four occasions, no frost was registered. The averages are, therefore, higher than usual, the maximum being 49° and the minimum 41°. These averages 134 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. are the highest for this month since 1899, when they were 51° and 42° respectively —an abnormally high condition for November. The respective averages for the month in 1905 were 44° and 35°. Owing to the excessive rainfall and the consequent sodden condition of the soil, the working of land and raising of root crops were much hindered. Pasture lands retained a freshness which is not frequently seen in November. December.—Throughout this month the weather was variable. The early part of the Ist was fine, but rain began late in the day, and for five days the weather was more or less stormy and wet, though much of the rain fell in the evenings. After the 6th it became much colder, with frost in the mornings, some days being dull, raw, and cold. Another thick fog was experienced in the afternoon and evening of the 11th, while the 12th was wild and stormy in the morning, and it was a dirty day, though it became calm and clear at night. An inch of snow fell on the 13th, after which, for a few days, the weather was frosty. With a rising barometer, there was a period of wonderfully mild weather till the 24th, when a change occurred, and more wild, stormy, wintry weather was experienced, with snow on the 25th, 26th, 27th, and 30th. A thaw set in on the evening of the 31st. Between the lst and 12th the barometric readings show an erratic range in the atmospheric pressure. From 29°80 inches it fell, with only one check, to 29°10 inches on the 5th. A very sharp rise followed, as on the 7th it was up to 30°10 inches. A sudden drop to 29°50 inches on the 8th followed, and, after the recovery of three points on the 10th, another sharp fall occurred, and the lowest reading of the month was 28°90 inches, on the 12th. A steady rise followed until the 21st, when the pressure indicated was 30°40 inches. A sharp but steady fall followed to 29°10 inches on the 27th, when the wild, stormy weather was experienced. For two days thereafter a rise of five points occurred, but the pressure was declining as the year closed. The rainfall amounted to 3°51 inches, of which a proportion was melted snow. There were 15 dry days. In December, 1905, the amount of rainfall was practically the same, it being 3°50 inches, while there were only 10 dry days, rm NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 135 In regard to the temperature, the thermometer was at or below freezing point on 16 days, and on the 26th and 30th did not rise above 30° Fah. The total amount of frost registered was 102°, the lowest reading being 16° on the 26th. Consequent on these conditions, the average temperatures are low, the maximum being 42° and the minimum 33°, compared with 45° and 39° respectively for December, 1905. . Owing to long prevalence of fresh, open weather, vegetation was clean and bright, while in sheltered places honeysuckle and other precocious plants were starting into growth and Jasminum nudiflorum blooming. The sharp frosts of this month checked the precocity of growth, and in places severely blackened soft, sappy growths, and injured the more tender class of shrubs. In comparing the records for 1906 with those of the previous year, several outstanding points may be noted. The rainfall, 39°75 inches, is 10 inches above the rainfall of 1905, which was an exceptionally dry year, and 2 inches above the average for the past twelve years. While October, with a rainfall of 5°33 inches, was the wettest month of the year, it was closely followed by August, with 5°28 inches. January, with 4°74 inches, and November, with 4°17 inches, must also be considered wet months. The driest months were April, with only 1°21 inches; September, with 1°41 inches; and June, with 1°69 inches. Those months which have less than 2 inches of rainfall must be considered as dry months in this district. There were 152 days during the year in which no rainfall was registered. In 1905 the rainfall was 29°62 inches, and there were 160 dry days. Only on one occasion during the year was the rainfall for the day over 1 inch, the greatest amount registered for the 24 hours ending at 9 a.m. on 17th March being 1°08 inches. The following table of rainfall in the various city parks where gauges are placed is interesting as showing the variations in the different localities. 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Murroch Glen; Gorge of Avon; Clober Dam, Milngavie. *R. giboa, Fin., . - - August. Frankfield. R. umbripennis, Mg., - - June — July. Inverkip ; Erskine; Glen Massan; Blairmore. 158 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Lmpis vernalis, Mg.,- - *E. albinervis, Mg., - - : *K. hyalipennis, Fln., - - *Hilara quadrivittatu, Mg., *H. Beckeri, Strobl., - - *H. chorica, Fln., - *Trichina clavipes, Mg., - - ** Heleodromia stagnalis, Hal., - ** Ardoptera irrorata, Fln., - *A. guttata, Hal., - - - *Lepidomyia melanocephala, F., *Tachista arrogans, L., — - - *T. connexa, Mg., - - E T. annulimana, Mg..,- - *Chersodromia hirta, W1k.. : *Tachydromia pectoralis, Fln., - *T. annulata, Fln., - - - June. Frankfield. Sept, Craigallion Loch. August. Murroch Glen. June. Hawkhead Est. June—August. Mkld. Canal ; Frankfield. A smaller and darker species than the preceding one; the median thoracic stripes are further apart, the acrostical bristles being in four rows. July — August. Blairmore ; Glen Massan; South Bute ; Mount Stuart; Frankfield. July—August. Mount Stuart; Com. at Frankfield. August. Cardross. July. Mount Stuart. Sept. Murroch Glen. July. South Bute; Mount Stuart. August—September. Gorge of Avon ; Stepps Wood. July. Mount Stuart. June—August. Glen Massan ; Frankfield ; Blairmore. June. Gailes. July. Mount Stuart. June—July. Erskine; Possil M.; Frankfield ; Mt. Stuart. Ardentinny ; Fam. DoLicHoPpoDpID®. *Pecilobothrus ducalis, Lw., - * Hercostomus atrovirens, Lw., - ** Hypophyllus obscurelius, Fln., Macherium maritime, Hal., Xiphandrium appendiculatum, Ztt.,J une. *X. brevicorne, Curt., - - July. Mount Stuart. July. South Bute. July. Mount Stuart. August. Cardross. Erskine. August. Cardross. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 159 *Syntormon monilis, W1k., - Medeterus apicalis, Ztt., - - **Campsicnemus loripes, Hal., - ** Aphrosylus celtiber, Hal., - *A. ferow, Hal., - = : July. South Bute. July. South Bute. August. Frankfield. July. South Bute. July—Augt. Cardross ; South Bute. Fam. PIPUNCULID. **Chalarus spurius, Fn., - - ** Pipunculus confusus, Verr., - **P. sylvaticus, Mg., - - July. South Bute; Mount Stuart. July. Mount Stuart. July. Mount Stuart. Fam. SYRPHID2. *Pypizella maculipennis, Mg., P. flawiiarsis, Mg., - - : **Chrysogaster splendens, Mg., - **Chilosia grossa, Fin., - - * Platychirus podagratus, Ztt., - * Didea alneti, Fln., - ** Syrphus guttatus, Fln., - - *Brachyopa bicolor, Fin, - é June. Glen Massan. June. Glen Massan. June—July. South Bute. One @, 14th April, 1906, Kilchattan Bay. June. Lochend Loch. One 92, 15th June, 1907. Inch Connachan (A.R.). | July. Mount Stuart. June. Erskine. Fam. TAcHINID&. *Ceromasia spectabilis, Mg., — - * Anthracomyia melanoptera, Fin., * Melanophora atra, Mcq., - : *Somolia aenea, Mg.— rebaptizata, Rnd., — - : July — August. Possil M. ; Mkld. Canal ; July — August. Cardross ; Com. Mount Stuart. July. South Bute. June. Inch Connachan. Fam. Muscip2. **Cyrtoneura pabulorum, Fln., - March. Mount Stuart. 160 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Tram, ANTHOMYID&. Polietes hirticrura, Mde., P. albolineata, Fln., - Hyetodesia lucorum, Fin., - H. marmorata, Ztt., - *H. serva, Mg.,- *H. dispar, Fln., H. obscurata, Mg., H. variabilis, Fin., - H. umbratica, Mg, - H. semicinerea, W., - H. errans, Mg., - H. signata, Mg., - *H, erratica, Fln., - H. basalis, Ztt., *H. rufipalpis Mcq., - H, scutellaris, Fin., - *H. variegata, Mg., - *H. pallida, F., : * Allwostylus simplex, W.. *A, flaveola, Fln., * Mydea vespertina, F|n., July. Benmore Est., Kilmun. Gen. dist. Gen, dist. July. Glen Massan. May—June. Milngavie ; Mur- roch Glen; Erskine. May. Milngavie. Gen. dist. July—Sept. Kilchattan Bay ; Bishop Loch. May — June. Loch Libo; Murroch Glen; Hawkhead Est. ; Glen Massan. June—Aug. Blairmore ; Holy Loch; Frankfield; South Bute ; Stepps Wood; Glen Massan. Gen. dist. Sept. Arden, L. Lomond. July. South Bute. Gen. dist. July—Aug. Monkd. Cl. ; Crookston ; Possil M. June—Sept. Erskine ; Helens- burgh Moor; Gorge of Avon: Arden, L. Lomond. May—Sept. Erskine and South Bar ; Stepps Wood. June—Aug. Strone; Row- ardennan. Aug.—Sept. Stepps Wood ; West Ferry Wood, Lang- bank. July—Sept. Mount Stuart ; Gorge of Avon; West Ferry Wood, Langbank. May. Gorge of Avon, 2! A a ee i se ag es THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 161 M. urbana, Mg.,— - - - July—Sept. Dumgoyne; Mill Pln., Cadder; Possil M. ; Holy Loch; Blairmore. *W. separata, Mg., - - - June. Erskine. *Sprlogaster duplicata, Mg., - May—Sept. Gen. dist. S. communis, Dsv., - - - July—Aug. Troon; Crook- ston; Cambuslang; Loch Eck. *S. quadrum, F., —- - . - June — Aug. Ardentinny ; Troon; Mount Stuart; Finnich Glen; Loch Eck ; Gailes ; Strone. *S. tetrastigma, Mg., - - July. Luss Glen. *8. protuberans, Ztt., - - June. Gailes; Troon. *S. consimilis, Fln., - - July. Blairmore. Limnophora solitaria, Ztt., - May — July. Sandbank ; Strone. * Vacrorchis meditata, Fn., - June. Troon. Hydrotea ciliata, F., - - May—June. Gorge of Avon; Cadd. Wild.; Bardrane ; Glen, Johnstone ; Erskine. H. occulta, Mg., : - - June — Aug. Cambuslang ; Gailes. H. warritans, Fin., —- - - Gen. dist. H. dentipes, F..8@ = - - - Gen. dist. *H. similis, Mde.,_ - : July—Aug. Troon; Mount Stuart. *H. militaris, Mg.— impexa, Lw., - - - Gen. dist. H. albipuncta, Ztt.— Jasciculata, Mde., - - July—Aug. Stepps Wood ; South Bute. Drymyia hamata, Fin., - - Com. and gen. dist. Trichopticus cunctans, Mg., - July—Sept. Kilchattan Bay ; Stepps Wood. *T. semipellucidus, Ztt., - - Augt. Gorge of Avon. T. hirsutulus, Ztt., - - - July. Blairmore. ; *T’. pulcher, Mde., - - - July — Aug. Glen Massan ; Frankfield. 162 *Hydrophoria ambigua, Fln., *H. caudata, Ztt., - - H. conica, W., - = 5 *H. anthomyiea, Rnd., — - Hylemyia lasciva, Ztt., — - *H. seticrura, Ztt., - 4 H. nigrimana, Mg., - : *H. coarctata, Fln., - Anthomyia radicum, L., - *A, sulciventris, Ztt.,- - *Chortophila arenosa, Ztt., *C. cinerella, Fln., *(’. trapexina, Ztt., - - *C. sepia, Mg., - - - *C. Billbergi, Ztt., - - Phorbia floccosa, Meq., — - *P. transversalis, Ztt., — - *P. muscaria, Mg., - - *Pegomyia bete, Curt., — - *P. setaria, Mg., : = *P. hemorrhoum, Ztt., - *P. latitarsis, Ztt., - - P. bicolor, W. - - - *P. nigritarsis, Ztt., - - *P. ephippium, Ztt., - - *P. flavipes, Fln., - *Ohirosia albitarsis, Ztt., - * Tomalomyia hamata, Mcq., *H. fuscula, Fln., - - *H. pallitibia, Rnd., - - *H, canicularis, L., - TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Aug. —Sept. Stepps Wood ; Frankfield. June. Hawkhead Est. Com. and gen. dist. July — Aug. Cambuslang ; Holy Loch. June. Erskine; Murroch Glen. July. Glen Massan. Gen. dist. June—Aug. Troon; Cambus- lang. Gen. dist. Gen. dist. Aug. Gailes. Aug. Gailes. July. Frankfield. May. Possil M.° May. Craigton Wd., Miln- gavie. Gen. dist. April. Kilchattan Bay. Mount Stuart. June. Cambuslang. May—July. Frankfield ; Mill Pin., Cadder. May. Cambuslang. July. Loch Eek. Com. and gen. dist. Mar.—Apr. Gen. dist. July. Mt. Stuart. July. Holy Loch. July. South Bute. June. Troon. July. Glen Massan. Sept. West Ferry Wood, Langbank. Com. and gen. dist. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 163 Hi. aérea, Zitt., - - - - June—July. Glen Massan ; Hawkhead Est. ; Mt. Stuart; Frankfield. | *H. sociella, Ztt., = - - - June—July. South Bute; Glen Massan; Northfield Moor, Alexandria. H. serena, Fin., - . - Com. and gen. dist. *H. incisurata, Ztt. - - - May— October. Frankfield ; Hawkhead Est. *H. genualis, Stein., - - - Augt. Frankfield. Azelia Macquarti, Stieg., - - Gen. dist. A. Zetterstediu, Rnd., - - Augt. Stepps Wood. A. cilipes, Hal., - - - Gen. dist. A. gibbera, Mg., - - - Augt. Frankfield. *Calomyia mollissima, Hal. - May — June. Cambuslang ; Waulkmill Gl.; Gorge of Avon; Lochend Loch; Stepps Wad. *Caricea tigrina, F., - - - Gen. dist. *C. exui, Ztt.— Spilogaster protuberans, Ztt., q.v. *C. intermedia, Fln., - - June—Augt. Gorge of Avon; Kilchattan Bay ; Northfield ; Moor, Alexandria. '*C. means, Mg., - - - June—July. Holy Loch; Northfield Moor, Alexandria; Blairmore; Kilchattan Bay. Cenosia sexnotata, Mg., - - July—Augt. Mount Stuart ; Frankfield ; South Bute. *C. geniculata, Fin., - - - July. South Bute. *Pucellia fucorum, Fln., - - March—August. South Bute ; Mount Stuart; Dunure; Cardross. *F. maritima, Hal., - - June—August. South Bute; Gailes ; Mount Stuart. Fam. CorDYLURIDZ. *Cordylura pudica, Mg., - - July—Sept. Dundonald Glen ; : Possil M. 164 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Paralleloma albipes, Fln., - *Amaurosoma fasciata, Mg., A, tibiella, Ztt., 2 *A. brevifrons Ztt., - : Norellia spinimana, Fln., - *N. liturata, Mg., - - *N. flavicornis, Mg.— spinigera, Ztt., - Spathiophora hudromyzina, Fin. Scatophaga maculipes, Ztt., *S. ordinata, Beck, - - S. lutaria, F., - : - S. squalida, Mg., S. litorea, Fln., - * 5. villipes, Ltt., é 4 ? *Ceratinostoma ostiorum, Hal., - Clidogastra nigrita, Fin.. - Gumnomera tarsea, Fln., - June—Aug. June—Aug. Troon; Bowling ; Bardrane Glen ; Hawkhead Est. May — June. Cambuslang ; Gorge of Avon. Glen Massan, May—June. Gorge of Avon ; not uncom. at Cambuslang. Troon; Dun- donald Glen; Erskine; Mount Stuart; Possil M. June. (J.E.M.). June. Erskine. June. Glen Massan; Castle- Milk, Rutherglen. Aug. Monkd. Cl. May — June. Cambuslang ; Erskine ; Possil M. May —July. Glen Massan ; Glen Finart ; Cambuslang. Com. and gen. dist. Gen. dist. March—Sept. South Bute; Dundonald Glen ; Kilchattan Bay ; Cardross ; Dunure. April. Dunure; Kailchattan Bay. April — July. Holy Loch; Ardmore Point ; Blairmore ; Kilchattan Bay ; Bowling. May—June. Sandbank ; Inch Tavannach. June. Frankfield ; Northfield Moor, Alexandria. Fam. PHycoDROMIDE. *Orygma luctwosum, Mg., March— April. chattan Bay. Dunure ; Kil- ARO Tn ————— THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 165 *Celopa pilipes, Hal., - - June—Augt. Cardross; Gailes; Troon. *Fucomyia frigida, Fin., - - April. Dunure. Fam. HrELomyzip&. * Helomyza rufa, Fin., - - June — July. Mill = Pin, Cadder ; Mount Stuart. *H. similis, Mg. - - - Augt.—Sept. Finnich Glen ; Gorge of Avon. H. levifrons, Lw., - - - July —Sept. Luss Glen; Woodend Loch; Glen Massan ; Craigallion Loch ; Blairmore ; Frankfield. *H, Zetterstedtii, Lw., - - July—Sept. Glen Massan ; Gorge of Avon; West Kil- bride. *H. flavifrons, Ztt., - - - June. Inch Connachan. * Allophyla atricornis, Mg., - June—July. Inverkip ; Mount Stuart. *(cothea fenestralis, Fln., - June. Monkd. Cl. * Eecoptomera longiseta, Mg., - July. Mount Stuart. * Blepharoptera inscripta, Mg., - May—July. Glen Massan ; Gorge of Avon; Monkd. Cl. B. serrata, L., - - - - Marech—July. Murroch Glen ; Dennistoun (indoors); Frank- field ; Mount Stuart. *B, modesta, Mg.,_ - : - April. * Heteromyza commixta, Coll, - July—Oct. Erskine; Blair- more. *Tephrochlamys canescens, Mg.— rufiventris, Mg., - - July—Sept. Gorge of Avon; South Bute. *T. flavipes, Ztt., — - - - Oct. Garscube Est. Fam. SciomyziIp&. *Actora estuum, Mg., - - Augt. Gailes. *Edoparea buccata, Fln., - - July—Augt. Mount Stuart ; South Bute ; Cardross, 166 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Dryomyza flaveola, ¥., D. decrepita, Ztt., — - Newroctena anilis, Fn., *Sciomyza cinerella, Fln., - *S. pallidiventris, Fln., S. albocostata, Fln., - Pheomyia fuscipennis, Mg.. Tetanocera elata, ¥., T. levifrons, Lw., - T. sylvatica, Mg., *7T. unicolor, Lw., - T. ferruginea, Fin.— robusta, Lw., - T. coryleti, Scop., T. umbrarum, L., - *7’. punctulata, Scop., LTimnia unguicornis, Scop., *T. oblitera, F., - Elgiva albiseta, Scop., £. dorsalis, F., - - *#. lineata, Fln., *#. cucularia, L., - Psila fimetaria, L., - P. rufa,Mg., - - P. pallida, Fln., - Gen. dist. Gen. dist. Gen. dist. July. Mt. Stuart. July. Mt. Stuart. Augt. Gorge of Avon. June—July. Glen Massan ; South Bute; Blairmore. Gen. dist. Gen, dist. Gen. dist. June—July. Murroch Glen ; Frankfield ; Possil M.; Kil- chattan Bay. Gen. dist. June—July. Possil M.; Holy Loch; Mill Pln., Cadder ; Cambuslang ; Glen Massan. July. Glen Massan. June—July. Troon. July. Mount Stuart. July. Kilchattan Bay. June — August. Frankfield ; Glen Massan; Murroch Glen; Monkd. Cl. June — August. Bowling ; Frankfield; Possil M.: Langbank. July—Sept. Glen Massan ; Bishop Loch; South Bute ; Holy Loch. April. Stepps Wood. . PsILip@. Gen. dist. June. Hawkhead Est. July. Cambuslang. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 167 amon, WS - - - Augt. Dennistoun (indoors) ; Frankfield. *P. nigricornis, Mg., - - June—July. Bowling ; Mount Stuart. P. atra, Mg., - : - - June. Frankfield; Erskine ; Possil M. ; Northfield Moor, Alexandria. Loxocera aristata, Pz., - - July. Kilchattan Bay; Monkd. Cl.; Glen Massan; Loch Keck. *L. albiseta, Schrk., - - - July. Holy Loch. Fam. Micropezip#. Calobata petronelia, L., — - - June. Cambuslang; Glen Massan. Fam. ORtTALiIps#. *Tetanops myopina, Fin., - - June. Gailes. Riwvellia syngenesie F., - - June—July. Luss Glen; Troon; Blairmore ; Holy Loch. Seoptera vibrans, L., - - - July. Strone. Fam. TryPeripa, *Acidia cognata, W.., - + July. Mill Pm, Cadder; Possil M. A. heraclei, L., - - . - Augt. Crookston. *Spilographa Zoé, Mg, - - June. Bowling. *Trypeta lappe, Cedj., — - - July. Mount Stuart. *Tephritis tessellata, Lw., - - July. Mount Stuart. T’. leontodontis, Deg., - - June. Maurroch Glen. Fam. LoncuHa1p2. *Lonchea vaginalis, Fin., - - June. South Bute. *L. tarsata, Fln., — - - - June. Frankfield. *L. enea, Mg., - - - - June. Northfield Moor, Alexandria. *L. laticornis, Mg., - - - July. Mount Stuart; Loch Eck. 168 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. *Palloptera saltuum, L., - - June—July. Mount Stuart ; Possil M.; Murroch Glen. P. umbellatarum. F., - - June—Augt. Troon ; Giffnock ; Crookston. *P. trimacula, Mg., - - - Gen. dist. Fam. SAPROMYZID™. *Sapromyza decempunctata, Fin., July. Luss Glen. *S. pallidiventris, Fin., — - - June—Oct. Gen. dist. S. obsoleta, Fln., . - - July — Augt. Possil M.; Cardross ; Holy Loch. S. rorida, Fln., - - - - Com. and gen. dist. S. preusta. Fln., - - - Com. and gen. dist. *S. anisodactyla, Lw., : - Oct. Erskine. *Lauxania enea, Fln., - - June—Sept. Hawkhead Est. ; Northfield Moor, Alex- andria ; Dougalston (North) Wood, Milngavie. Fam. Opomyzip&. * Balioptera tripunctata, Fln., - April—August. Cardross. *B. combinata L., — - - - June—Sept. Bardowie Loch ; Possil M.; Murroch Glen ; Hawkhead Est. ; Holy Loch. Opomyza germinationrs, L., - Com. and gen. dist. *O, florum, F., - - - - Augt.Sept. Craigallion Loch; Monkd. Cl. Fam. SEpsip&. Sepsis cynipsea, L., - - - Com. and gen. dist. Nemopoda cylindrica, F., - - Gen. dist. Themira putris, L., - - - July—Augt. Cardross; South Bute. *T'’. pilosa, Dsv., - - - June — August. Northfield Moor, Alexandria; Dun- donald Glen. Fam. GEOMYZIDZ. *Anthomyza gracilis, Fln.,- - July. South Bute; Mount Stuart. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 169 *Paranthomyza nitida, Mg., - June. Erskine. * Diastata unipunctata, Ztt., - March—August. Dundonald Glen ; Mount Stuart. *D. inornata, Lw., - - - Sept. West Ferry Wood, Langbank. Fam. EpHYDRID®. * Notiphila uliginosa, Hal., - July. Holy Loch. *N. riparia, Mg. - - - July. Kilchattan Bay; South Bute; Monkd. Cl. NV. cinerea, Fln., Z - - June—Sept. Frankfield; Possil M.; Bishop Loch. Hydrellia griseola, Fin., - - June. Hawkhead Est.; Possil M. *H. chrysostoma, Mg., - - Gen. dist. *H. nigripes, Ztt., - - - July. Glen Massan. * Philhydria punctatonervosa, Fin., July. Mount Stuart. * Parhydra fossarum, Hal., - Feb.—Sept. Bishop Loch; Cathkin Quarry; Dundonald Glen. *P. quadripunctata, Mg., - - Feb.—July. Cathkin Quarry ; Mill Pln., Cadder ; Murroch Glen ; South Bute. *Ilythea spilota, Curt., —- - Sept. Bishop Loch. *Cenia palustris, Fin., - - May—Sept. Mill Pin., Cadder; Bishop Loch. *Scatella quadrata, Fln., - - Augt. Frankfield. *§. sorbillams, Hal., - - - Augt. Cardross. *S. estuans, Hal. - - - March—July. South Bute ; Mount Stuart. *S. stagnalis, Fin., - : - April—Septr. Murroch Glen; Bishop Loch; Cardross ; Frankfield ; Erskine. Fam. DrosoPpHILID®. *Scaptomyza flaveola, Mg., - July. Mount Stuart. *S. graminum, Fln., - - April—Sept. Gen. dist. 170 ‘TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. * Drosophila transversa, Fln., - *D. phalerata, Mg., - *D. fenestrarum, Fln., *D. cameraria, Hal., - *Aulacigaster rufitarsis, Mcq., Fam * Meromyza pratorum, Mg., *M. nigriventris, Meq., - *Centor cereris, Fln., = *C, myopinus, Lw., - - *C. nudipes, Lw., - - * Diplotoxa messoria, Fln., June—July. Glen Massan ; Northfield Moor, Alexandria; Mount Stuart. - Sept. Gorge of Avon. - April—June. Murroch Glen, - Sept. Dougalston (North) Wood, Milngavie. - June. Erskine. . CHLOROPIDA. - June. Troon. July. Mount Stuart. *Chlorops puncticollis, Ztt., —- *C’, speciosa, Mg.,_ - - *C. lateralis, Hal.— scutellaris, Ztt., - *C. minuta, Lw., - - *Oscinis frit, L., E = * Hlachyptera cornuta, Fln., Fam *Agromyza reptans, F'ln., - A. nigripes, Mg., - - July. Possil M.; Holy Loch; Glen Massan. July. Possil M. July—Augt. Holy Loch; Cardross; Blairmore; Kil- chattan Bay. July. Holy Loch. June—July. Hawkhead Est. ; Mount Stuart. June—Augt. Monkd. CL; Loch Eck ; Possil M.; Glen Massan ; Cardross. July. Holy Loch; Loch Keck. June— Augt. Holy Loch; Glen Massan; Possil M. ; Troon. Augt.—Sept. Cardross; Bishop Loch. March. Cadd. Wild. . AGROMYZIDA. June—Sept. Erskine; Hawk- head Est. May — June. Cambuslang ; Gorge of Avon. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 171 *A. flaveola, Fln., - : - July—August. Monkd. Cl.; Blairmore ; Mount Stuart. *A. curvipalpis, Zit., - - June—July. Mount Stuart ; Hawkhead Est. *4. geniculata, Flin.— capitata, Ztt., - - - July. Glen Massan; Possil M. *Ceratomyza denticornis. Pz, - July. Holy Loch. *Ochthiphila polystigma, Mg., - July. Mount Stuart. *0. geniculata, Hal., - - - July. Mount Stuart. *0. flavipalpis, Hal., - - July—Augt. Mount Stuart ; Gailes. *Schenomyza litorella, Fln.— fasciata, Mg., - - - June—Sept. Cardross; Mount Stuart ; Bishop Loch; Inch Tavannach. Fam, PHytTomMyziIp&. *Phytomyza notata, Mg., - - May—Sept. Gorge of Avon; Possil M. ; Hawkhead. *P. rufipes, Mg. —- - - August. Possil M. *P. Zetterstedtit, Schin., - - April— June. Possil M.; Murroch Glen; Erskine ; Calderwood Glen, E. Kil- bride ; Bowling. *Chromatomyia obscwrella, Fin., April — Octr. — Frankfield ; Gorge of Avon; Erskine ; Monkd. Cl.; Cambuslang ; Hawkhead Est.; South Bute ; Mount Stuart. *C. affinis, Mg., - - - July — August. Blairmore ; Murroch Glen. *C’. albiceps, Mg., —- - - June—July. Possil M.; Blair- more. Fam. BorBorIDz&. * Borborus nitidus, Mg., - - May—Octr. Gen. dist. *B. niger, Mg., - - - May. Troon; Helensburgh Moor ; Gorge of Avon. 172 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. *B. suillorum, Hal, - B. equinus, Fln., — - *B. nigrifemoratus, Mcq.. B. geniculatus, Mcq., *Spherocera subsultans, F., *S. pusilla, Fin., — - *Limosina fontinalis, Fin. *1,. lutosa, Stnh., *1L. limosa, FIn., *L. pumilio, Mg., — - *L. sylvatica, Mg., *Z. crassimana, Hal., Fam. *Trinuera aterrima, F.— stictica, Mg. - *T. velutina, Mg., - *T. Schinert, Beck., - *Phora rufipes, Mg., - *P. projecta, Beck., ’ Feb.—March. Stepps Wood ; Cadd. Wild. Feby.—Novr. Gen dist. July. Mount Stuart. June — Sept. Possil M.; Dougalston (North) Wood, Milngavie ; Frankfield. June. Erskine; Monkd. Cl. Sept. Murroch Glen. Feb. — Aug. Stepps Wd. ; Cadd. Wild.; Busby ; Mur- roch Glen; Rutherglen (T.W.); Frankfield. Sept. Bishop Loch. Sept. Bishop Loch. Feb. and Sept. Cathkin Quarry ; Bishop Loch. Feby.—Sept. Hawkhead Est. ; Monkd. Cl. ; Cadder Wild. ; Rutherglen (T.W.) ; North- field Moor, Alexandria. Feby.—Aug. Bishop Loch ; Frankfield ; Cadd. Wild. PHORID. June—August. Helensburgh Moor; Frankfield; Mount Stuart. June. Hawkhead Est.; Stepps Wood. April—May. Stepps Wood ; Frankfield. Feb.—March. Stepps Wood ; Dennistoun (indoors). March—Oct. Stepps Wood ; Erskine ; Frankfield. AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 173 Fam. HippoBoscip. * Melophagus ovinus, L., - - Feb. — March. Carntyne; Riddrie. Note.— Additional species occurring in “Clyde” will be found in Mr. J. R. Malloch’s contributions (“Diptera in Dumbartonshire) to the Ent. Mo. Mag., viz., vol. xvii. (second series), 1906, pp. 41, 233, 257, and 276; and vol. xviii., pp. 43 and 86. ERRATUM. Ante, vol. viii. (N.S.), part I.— Page 19, line 1, for “tarsalis, Schum.,” read “discimanus, Lw.” Autumn and Winter Bird-Life of the Fairlie Shore. By Rosert W. 8. Witson. [Read 31st March, 1908. ] Unuke some other parts of Ayrshire, notably Lendalfcot and Beith, the Fairlie district has never been fortunate in possessing a resident historian of its avifauna, and consequently but little has been published on this subject. The recently published * List of the Birds of Ayrshire” by the Glenfield Ramblers’ Club, Kilmarnock, does not contain any information regarding this district, but remarks, when speaking of Mr. Charles Berry’s observations at Lendalfoot, that “It is much to be regretted that a similar series of notes is not available from some locality near the other end of the Ayrshire seaboard, where the different nature of the shore is more attrac- tive to certain types of birds.” The following notes refer principally to the period from 1901, and are the result of the many visits I have paid to this district 174 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. during that time. As these visits have always been in the months from August till February inclusive, I have been unable to deal with the bird-life of the spring and summer months. In preparing these notes, I have confined myself to those species of birds which have been observed on the line of shore between the villages of Fairlie and Portincross, taking in the fields and woods which lie within a hundred yards of it, and also part of Fairlie Roads. The number of species recorded is 114. To Mr. John Paterson and Mr. John Robertson, and also to Mr. Robert Millar, gamekeeper at Hunterston, I am indebted for much valuable information. Between Fairlie and Brigaird Spit the receding tide lays bare a vast area of sand and mud, which proves very attractive to the wild-fowl that annually visit this locality, but does not help the observer, as birds are easily passed by when scattered over so large an area. I have found that from about an hour before high-water to an hour after then is the best time to see what waders and ducks may be present; and if the observer takes his stand at Brigaird Point at a suitable time, the best being when the tide is beginning to ebb about an hour before sunset, he will often see almost the whole feathered population of the Fairlie Sands pass before him. MistLe-Turusn, Zurdus viscivorus, Linn.—Common, especially during hard frost. Sonc-Turusy, Zurdus musicus, Linn.— Abundant in autumn, and not uncommon in winter. Both species occur in winter, Repwine, Zurdus iliacus, Linn.— | the Wicldfare beine thelieee Fievprare, Twurdus pilaris, Linn.— annie cee eee BiacksirD, Zurdus merula, Linn.—The most abundant of all the thrushes here. Wueatear, Saxicola enanthe (Linn.).—Numerous in August and September, but all have disappeared by the 7th October. Wuincuat, Pratincola rubetra (Linn.).—A few to be seen in the autumn. Sroxecuat, Pratincola rubicola(Linn.).—Rather rare; I have seen it in the months of September, October, and December. AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 175 Repstart, Ruticilla phenicurus (Linn.).—This species has only come under my observation on one occasion, namely, on 6th August, 1906, when I observed two at the Burnfoot Point, Fairlie. Reppreast, Hrithacus rubecula (Linn.).—Common. Wauirernroat, Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein).—Common in August among the tangled vegetation; few are seen after mid- September. ‘ GoLDEN-CRESTED WREN, Regulus cristatus, K. L. Koch.—Occurs in the Hunterston Woods. Wittow Wren, Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.).—An abundant species in August and beginning of September. Sepce-WarBLER, Acrocephalus phragmitis (Bechstein).—Not common, owing to the scarcity of suitable resorts; a few may be seen in a marsh at Brigaird Point. Hepce-Sparrow, Accentor modularis (Linn.).—Common. Dipper, Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein.— Always a few about the burn-mouths ; and I once saw one flying over the house-tops in Fairlie, which is rather a peculiar place for this bird to be seen in. Lone-rTaILeD Tit, Acredula rosea (Blyth).—Observed occasionally on the trees at Poteath, and Mr. John Robertson has seen it near Portincross. Great Titmouse, Parus major, Linn.—Common. Coat Titmouse, Parus ater, Linn.—Occurs at Hunterston. Marsu-Tirmouse, Parus palustris, Linn.—Mr. John Paterson saw several at Ardneil Bank, near Portincross, on January lst, 1897; and he mentions that it was recorded on the authority of Mr. Walter Brown on 4th April, 1892, on the occasion of an excursion of the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society to this district. Buive Titmouse, Parus ceruleus, Linn.—Common. Wren, Zroglodytes parvulus, Koch.—A common bird about the dry-stone dykes along the shore. TREE-CREEPER, Certhia familiaris, Linn.—Mr. John Robertson has seen this bird within a short distance of the shore near Goldenberry. Prep Waerait, Motacilla lugubris, Temminck.—Abundant along high-water mark from August to October ; rare in winter, 176 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Waitt Waerait, Motacilla alba, Linn.—A regular autumn visitor, occurring in small parties at the end of August and throughout September, being most numerous in the latter month. ‘They resort chiefly to the high-water mark, the attraction being the abundance of flies there. Grey Waerait, Motucilla melanope, Pallas.—Not uncommon about the mouths of the various burns along the shore. Yettow WaeraiL Motacilla raii (Bonaparte).—This local species is common in August and September, occurring singly and in small parties. Meapow-Pipit, Anthus pratensis (Linn.),—Fairly abundant. Rock-Pipir Anthus obscurus (Latham).—An abundant bird from autumn till spring. Sporrep Frycatcuer, Muscicapa grisola, Linn.—A few to be seen in autumn. Swattow, Hirwndo rustica, Linn.—Common in autumn. Housr-Martin, Chelidon urbica (Linn.).—Common ; many pairs nest in Fairlie, and the young birds are frequently not out of the nest in the beginning of October. Sanp-Martin, Cotile riparia (Linn.).—Rather a scarce species on this shore. GREENFINCH, Ligurinus chloris (Linn.).—Common. House Sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linn.).—Abundant. Cuarrincu, Mringilla celebs, Linn.—-Common. Linyet, Linota cannabina (Linn.).—Occurs in small parties in the autumn, and sometimes in winter. Lesser Reppotn, Linota rufescens(Vieillot).—Common in autumn, and often seen in winter. Twirr, Linota flavirostris (Linn.).—Common ; 50 or 60 birds are frequently seen together. A more abundant bird than the Linnet hereabouis. Buuirincn, Pyrrhula ewropea, Vieillot.— Have only once observed this species on the shore here ; on 23rd November two were seen on the roadside near Southannan. Corn-Buntine, Hmberiza miliaria, Linn.—Not uncommon in autumn. Yetiow Buntine, Lmberiza citrinella, Linn.—Common, Reep Buntine, Emberiza scheniclus, Linn.—Occasionally seen, AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE, 177 Snow Bustin, Plectrophenas nivalis (Linn.).—Occurs occasionally in small parties in winter, November Ist being the earliest date I have of its arrival. Sraruine, Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.—Very abundant. In the warm days of autumn the shore often swarms with Starlings hawking after flies, in the same manner as the more agile Swallows. Maapixz, Pica rustica (Scopoli)—I have seen this bird on one occasion near Hunterston, and believe it to be a scarce species hereabouts. JacKkpaw, Corvus monedula, Linn.—Abundant, the cliffs north of Portincross being a favourite resort. Raven, Corvus corax, Linn.—On September Ist, 1907, Mr. John Robertson saw a pair flying inland near the Black Rock ; and Mr. Millar tells me he has, on several occasions, observed a pair flying in the same direction. Carrion-Crow, Corvus corone, Linn.—Often seen on the flats, generally in pairs. Roox, Corvus frugilegus, Linn.—Abundant; numbers cross Fairlie Roads from the Great Cumbrae every morning, returning in the late afternoon, when they often have a rough passage if the prevailing winds from the south- west and west are blowing strongly. SkyiarK, Alauda arvensis, Linn.—A few are always about the shore, but after a fall of snow inland they become very numerous. On the morning of the great blizzard of wind and snow on 26th December, 1906, I watched a great move- ment of this species in a westerly direction (see Annals of Scottish Natural History, 1907). Swirr, Cypselus apus (Linn.).—Abundant in August, but rarely seen after September lst. In the fine September of last year (1907), however, a few remained rather later, the last being observed on the 22nd September, a late date. Nicutsar, Caprimulgus europeus, Linn.—Mr. Robert Millar has heard this bird in August at Hunterston. Kinerisuer, Alcedo ispida, Linn.—Mr. Robert Millar tells me of one occurrence of this bird at the Green Point. Barn-Owt, Strix flammea, Linn.—On 22nd October, 1904, Mr. Knox Whyte shot one in Poteath Bay as it was hovering 178 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. over his dog at flight time. In September, 1907, Mr. John Robertson drew my attention to the note of an Owl which he believed to be this species, and since then I have frequently heard the same note behind Fairlie, but never have been able to trace the bird. Mr. Millar is quite familiar with this bird at Hunterston. Lone-EarEp OwL, Asio otus (Linn.).—In the fine evenings of early autumn I have frequently seen this species hawking about the shore. Tawny Ow, Syrniwm aluco, (Linn.).— Fairly common ; several may be heard hooting to each other on a still evening. Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter nisus (Linn.).—A frequent visitor to the shore, where it finds abundance of spoil among the small birds. PEREGRINE Fatcon, Falco peregrinus, Tunstall.—This bird is now but an occasional visitor, and the famous eyrie at Ardneil, where, from time immemorial, the Peregrine had its home, is now deserted ; but the estate of Hunterston must ever be associated with this falcon. I have observed it on three occasions only. On 25th December, 1901, one was seen at the Black Rock; on 4th October, 1902, while lying up at Brigaird, waiting for the flight of Curlews from Fence Bay, I was startled by the sudden swoop of a fine blue-backed male at a small wader standing in a pool of water within 20 yards of where I was concealed; and on September 30th, 1905, two, in brown immature plumage, were noticed at Poteath Bay. One October evening in 1906, at Poteath, a Peregrine made a dash at the Tam-o’- Shanter worn by a well-known Fairlie wild-fowler, who was snugly ensconsed in the heart of a whin bush, from which projected his conspicuous head-gear ; but for what queer kind of fowl the falcon mistook the latter, I am not prepared to say. Meruin, Falco esalon, Tunstall.—F requently seen in autumn, and occasionally in winter. It preys chiefly on Dunlins and small birds ; these it fairly flies down, not pouncing unex- pectedly on them, as that feathered sneak, the Sparrow Hawk, does. Swallows give it considerable trouble to take ; and I have seen several long-continued flights out over ae EE ——E—E————— Se AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 179 Fairlie Roads after these birds, the hawk making repeated stoops, and just as often missing its intended victim, until the latter became tired out, and was then easily taken. Kestrsi, Falco tinnunculus, Linn.—Not uncommon. Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.).—A common bird here. Many follow the flounders which come in with the rising tide. As can readily be imagined, they find this fish some- what difficult to swallow ; one Cormorant which I watched took about ten minutes over the operation. Gaxnet, Sw/a bassana (Linn.).—Common in Fairlie Roads until the end of October, when it disappears ; and few, if any, are seen until the end of February, when it reappears. Common Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn.—Frequents the shore all the year round. There is a small heronry of at least a dozen occupied nests in Kelburne, behind Fairlie, from whence the birds flight down to the shore at sunset with great regularity. Grey Lac-Goosz, Anser cinereus, Meyer.—Gaggles of Grey Geese on the wing are not an uncommon sight in this district ; but, as they rarely alight on the flats in the day- time, I have, so far, been unable to determine to what species they belong. On 13th November, 1906, Mr. Knox White shot a young Grey Lag at flight-time at the Black Rock, and saw another in its company (see Annals of Scottish Natural History, January, 1907). Barnacuz-Goosz, Bernicla leucopsis (Bechstein).—In October, 1903, a small gaggle of this species remained for a few days, and three were shot ; this is the only occurrence I know of. Brent Goosr, Bernicla brenia (Pallas).—This is a wellknown species at Fairlie, and varies greatly in numbers in different years; and the old wild-fowlers tell me that the Bernacle, as they call it, came in much greater numbers in former days. They usually appear at the end of December, but I observed one on 2nd September, 1905—a very early date. Bewicx’s Swan, Cygnus bewicki, Yarrell.—On 1st J anuary, 1907, I saw three wild Swans in Fence Bay, which I took to be of this species, but I could not get near enough to them to make sure of their identity. B 180 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Common Suetp-puck, Zadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmelin).—In the beginning of August, broods of young, accompanied by their parents, are common about the shore, where they remain till the end of October, and then depart ; but some reappear in January, and many in February, when bunches, containing up to 50 birds, are to be seen in Poteath and Fence Bays. Matuarp, Anas boscas, Linn.—A few parties of local birds are usually about in August and September. In October it becomes more abundant by the arrival of others from the north ; and this month sees an alteration in their habits, as they become almost entirely night-feeders, and are not so often seen on the flats in the daytime as they were earlier in the season. They generally go inland at night when the the weather is open, and resort to the small sheets of water among the hills, and also to the potato-fields ; but in frosty weather they betake themselves to the burns running through the Zostera-beds when the tide is low. Trax, Wettion crecca (Linn.).—Fairly common in September and October, and only numerous in winter, when hard weather prevails inland. Wiaron, Mareca penelope (Linn.).—The most abundant of all the ducks here. Small parties make their appearance in September, the earliest date I have being the 12th; and their numbers gradually increase in October and November reaching the maximum in December. At first they mostly feed in Poteath Bay, but with the turn of the year Fence Bay becomes more popular with them. If the tide happens to be out about an hour after sunset. when they flight in from the sea, they alight on the beds of Zostera, far out from the shore; but as the night wears on, they approach the shore edges, and may then be seen, if the moon is shining, within 50 yards of the public road bordering Fence Bay. No bird is perhaps better known here than the Wigeon; and although the main object of pursuit of a number of keen wild-fowlers, I very much question if 10 per cent. of their numbers are shot in a season. Turrep Duck, Fuligula cristata (Leach).—Rather rare here, but occasionally a solitary bird is observed. I have only once come across a number together, namely, one frosty morning in November, when about 40 were noticed at the Black Rock. an AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 181 Scaur-Duck, Fuligula marila (Linn.),—On 16th February, 1907, after a spell of stormy weather, Mr. Alexander Ross and I saw a party of six in Fence Bay—the only occurrence I know of. GoLpEN Eye, Clangula glaucion (Linn.).—Not very common; a few about Brigaird Point from October onwards, generally adult males. Rep-BreasteD MERGANSER, Mergus serrator, Jinn.—A common bird here all the autumn, and slightly less so in the winter. Many young birds, unable to fly, are regularly seen in August and September. Rinc-Dove, Columba palumbus, Linn.—Not so common as it used to be, owing, I am told, to the farmers having ceased to sow rape after the potato crop; but it still remains numerous enough for all concerned. Srocx-Dove, Columba enas, Linn.—Only within recent years has this species become common here, as it was entirely unknown fifteen years ago. It is now well known, and flocks of 15 to 25 birds are often seen feeding in the fields. Together with the Ring-Doves, they come down to the shore shortly after sunrise, to pick gravel and drink the brackish water, and are frequently seen crossing Fairlie Roads to the Cumbraes. Rock-Dove, Columba livia, Gmelin.—On 2nd January, 1905, I flushed one from the shore at the Green Point. Rep-Grovuse, Lagopus scoticus (Latham).—Although I never actually observed this bird on the shore, it occurs very close to it, and may be heard from there. The Black Grouse is to be met with further inland. PuHEasant, Phasianus colchicus, Linn.—Frequently visits the shore. PartrRipGE, Perdix cinerea, Latham.—Common close by the shore. Corn-CrakE, Crex pratensis, Bechstein.—I have heard this bird calling at Hunterston as late as the 6th August. Warer-Rait, fallus aquaticus, Linn.—I know of only two occurrences of this species. One was shot by Mr. Neilson on 7th November, 1903, at Poteath ; and another was obtained by Mr. R. Garry in February, 1907, at Fencefoot. 182 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Moor-Hen, Gallinula chloropus, (Linn.).—Not uncommon in the small marshes close by the shore. RinGEep PLover, @gilitis hiaticola (Linn.).— Very common. Gotpen Prover. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn.—Flocks of these birds appear with great regularity in September and October. In winter, when the weather is open, few are to be seen ; but a change to frost or snow never fails to bring them down to the shore with a rush. Grey PrLover, Sguatarola helvetica (Linn.).—Appears to be a regular autumn visitor in scanty numbers, October or November being the months in which it is usually observed. I have seen it as early as 6th September, and as late as 2nd February. First noticed in 1904, it has occurred every year since. Lapwing, Vanellus vulyaris, Bechstein.—A very abundant bird here ; sometimes in October and November the shore simply swarms with them. During continued frosty weather they disappear, but with the return of open weather they re- appear, though always in lessened numbers. They become very lively at dusk, when they come trooping down to the flats, turning and twisting about, and calling loudly to each other. Tursstone, Strepsilas interpres (Linn.).—From the middle of August till the end of the season, a few frequent the rocky shore about Brigaird Point; but they never occur in such large numbers as in some other parts of the Clyde area. OysTER-CatcHer, Hamatopus ostralegus, Linn.—About 200 Oyster-catchers spend the winter on the Fairlie sands, feeding when the tide is out, and crossing to the Little Cumbrae at high water. Some evidently nest on this shore, for I have seen the young, still in down, at Brigaird Point in August. Woopcocs, Scolopax rusticula, Linn._-Common enough in several parts of this district, I am told; but it is not often seen on the shore, and I have only come across it on two occasions. Common Snipe, Gallinago celestis (Frenzel).—Generally a few occur in certain favoured spots, always becoming more numerous during hard weather. Many come out to the flats AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 183 after dark, and even in the day-time some are to be seen about the tangle-covered rocks, where I have noticed them retreating before the advancing tide. Jack Snipe, Gallinago gallinula (Linn.).—Not abundant on the shore ; I have seen an odd one now and then from October onwards. Dunun, Zringa alpina, Linn.—This is a species which varies much in numbers in different years, being very abundant in some seasons and quite the reverse in others. Last season (1907-8) they were very scarce; during August and September, oniy solitary birds were noticed ; and although they became much more numerous after October, they did not occur in anything like their usual numbers. Purpwe Sanppirer, 7'ringa striata, Linn.—Evidently a rare bird here. Mr. John Paterson observed three on the rocky shore at Portincross on January 2nd, 1899. Knot, 7'ringa canutus, Linn.—A regular autumn visitor, arriving from the 16th of August onward, and remaining till about the middle of November, when ail have passed on ; but they are again observed at the end of February, on their way north. They are the most numerous of the Arctic waders here, 50 or 60 birds being frequently seen together, and are usually very tame. I have but rarely heard this bird utter its note, and think it one of the most silent of all the waders. -Common Sanppiper, Zotanus hypoleucus, (Linn.).—Occurs in August and September in small numbers. RepsHANK, Votanus calidris (Linn.).—Abundant. Often at full tide I have seen a large flock of these birds, numbering from two to three hundred, flying about the Black Rock. This is quite contrary to the experience of a well-known wild- fowler, who denies the fact, often alluded to, of the Redshank gathering into large flocks. GREENSHANK, Totanus canescens (Gmelin).—A regular autumn visitor, occurring sometimes as early as August 4th, and frequently seen till October. In winter it is rare, and I have only observed it in December on one occasion. No bird is more wary than the Greenshank, in my experience, not even excepting the Curlew, which has acquired a great and well-merited reputation in this respect. 184 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Bar-Taitep Gopwit, Limosa lapponica (Linn.).—Fairly common some seasons and in others rare. It is most frequent in the three autumn months, but an odd bird occurs now and then till the end of February. Sixteen is the largest group I have seen together. Common Cur.tew, Vumenius arquata (Linn.).—A very abundant species from autumn to spring. During August and September they go inland at high water, and begin to return to the flats about two hours after the beginning of the ebb, flighting down in flocks from twenty to one hundred strong. As nearly all use the same route, it is possible at this season to form an estimate of their numbers. After observing them closely for the last seven years, I would say that the average autumn Curlew population of the Fairlie sands is between six and seven hundred indi- viduals. After October they do not go inland so much, and it is therefore not so easy to judge what the winter population is. From this change of habit, and their perceptibly increased tameness in this month, when they will fly over certain parts which, owing to the attentions of the shore-shooters, were shunned weeks before, I believe that the birds present in autumn depart about the middle of this month (October), and are replaced by others from the north. Curlews seem to depend on their great powers of sight for their protection, and not on any sense of smell. One very hot day in August, a Curlew alighted, and com- menced to bathe itself in a pool of water, within three feet of a stone butt within which I was concealed; and although I watched it for nearly ten minutes ducking its breast in the water, and allowing the latter to trickle over its shoulders, it was not until I showed myself that a much- startled Curlew flew shrieking away. WuimMereL, Numenius pheeopus (Linn.).—A few are seen up till October every year, generally solitary birds. They appear with great regularity in the first week of August. Common TERN, Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann.—Common in flocks in August and the first half of September. Though con- stantly on the outlook for its near relative, the Arctic Tern, I have not yet managed to identify it here. EE AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 185 Buack-Heapep Guu, Larus ridibundus, Linn. { Both very com- Common GuLL, Larus canus, Linn. mon birds here. Herrine-Guit, Larus argentatus, Gmelin.—By far the most abundant gull on this shore, very large numbers being con- stantly seen. On their daily journey from the inland fields to the flats, this and the preceding two species use the same route with such great regularity that the part of the shore over which they pass has become known as the “‘Gulls’ Walk.” Lesser Biack-Backep Gut, Larus fuscus, Linn.—Common till October, when they depart, and are not observed till the return of spring. Great Birack-BackepD GuLL, Larus marinus, Linn.—One or two of these fine birds are generally to be seen beating along the margin of the tide in search of flotsam and jetsam. KirtTiwakE GuLL, Rissa tridactyla (Linn.).—Common in Fairlie Roads. PoMATORHINE Sxva, Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Temminck).—On February 17th, 1904, Mr. Robert Godfrey picked up a dead example of this bird at Hunterston (Annals of Scottish Natural History for 1904, page 192). Ricwarpson’s Sxkua, Stercorarius crepidatus (Gmelin).—Since November lst, 1902, when I obtained one at Brigaird Point, I have seen it on some half-dozen occasions, once as early as August 13th, 1904. All the birds seen were in the dark phase of plumage. RazorBiL1, Alca torda, Linn. { Both commonspeciesin theautumn Guittemor,Uria troile(Linn.).\_ months in Fairlie Roads. ADDENDA. Since this paper was read to the Society, two additional species have come under my notice. On September 25th, 1909, I observed a Common Buzzarp, Buteo vulgaris, Leach, soaring over the rising ground behind Poteath Bay, just outside our limit; and in the same month I obtained a Purrin, Fratercula arctica (Linn.),—a bird of the year—off Brigaird Spit. The Common Buzzard is a rare species over the most of Ayrshire; but the Puflin no doubt occurs frequently with the Guillemot and the Razorbill in Fairlie Roads. 186 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Notes on Leaf-sections of Polytrichum. By Joun R. Ler. [Read 23rd June, 1908.] Tue Polytrichacee represent the highest type of organisation amongst Mosses ; and, in fact, present us with the most highly organised form of the gametophyte or sexual generation in plants. Not only is there a robustness of aspect in most of the species, which is almost unique, but the histology of the stems and leaves presents a complexity of structure far surpassing that of any other group of the Bryophyta. Although it cannot be said that there is anything quite comparable with the elaborate fibro-vastular tissues of the plant-body in Phanerogams and Pteridophytes, yet there are present in the conductive system of the Polytrichacee elements which recall the fibres, vessels, and and sieve-tubes of the higher plants, and have, in fact, been regarded as analogous structures by some observers. Connected with this highly-specialised conductive system, it is not surprising to find a type of leaf-structure more elaborate than is usual amongst the other groups of mosses. Although, in general, the central mib-rib or “nerve” of the leaf presents a certain amount of complexity, yet in the great majority of mosses the leaf is extremely simple in structure, the greater part usually consisting of a simple plate of cells, filled with chloroplastids. In the Polytrichaceze, on the other hand, the “nerve,” which is unusually large, bears, on it ventral surface, a number of plates, or “lamelle,” running parallel to each other in a longitudinal direction, and appearing in transverse section as a series of upright rows of cells. In the genus Catharinea, these lamelle are few in number—not more than four or six—and are compara- tively narrow, the broad lamina of the leaf considerably exceeding the lamelle in extent of surface; while the cells of the lamelle, as well as those of the leaf-blade itself, contain abundant chloro- phyll. In the genus Polytrichwm, on the other hand, the lamelle are very numerous—as many as sixty in P. commune—and are the only chlorophyllose parts of the leaf, the lamina being in many cases reduced to a very narrow wing at the extreme edge of the extended “ nerve.” NOTES ON LEAF-SECTIONS OF POLYTRICHUM. 187 The position of the lamelle, when the leaves are expanded in the moist condition, is evidently an adaptation to their function as the assimilatory tissue-system of the plant. They then stand vertically upon the expanded leaf, with their surfaces in line with the incident light-rays. The arrangement, in fact, strongly recalls the ‘“palisade cells” in the ordinary bifacial leaf of dicotyledons. Like all mosses, the species of Polytrichum are liable to loss of water during dry weather, and are well adapted to endure desiccation. Their elaborate leaf-structure presents some inter- esting points of adaptation to such conditions. In all the species there is a broad sheathing leaf-base, from which the lamelle are for the greater part absent, the lamina being here expanded, and consisting of thin-walled hyaline cells. In some species—as, for example, in P. jwniperinum—this sheathing base is not very extensive ; and, in that case, the marginal ring is broader, and folds over the lamell in the dry condition. In other cases, the leaves become closely adpressed to the stem, thus affording a similar protection to the lamelle. This movement of the leaves is due in large measure to contraction of the sheathing base, owing to the withdrawal of water from the thin-walled tissue of which it is composed, but also in part to contraction of the lamelle them- selves from a similar cause. ‘he cells of the lamelle are mostly thin-walled, and readily absorb moisture, both in the liquid form and as atmospheric vapour ; but the external walls of the cell-row which form the upper free edge of the lamelle are strongly and characteristically thickened. When the leaves dry up, the lamelle became closely packed together, the only part exposed to the air being thus this thickened upper edge. The thickening of the outer row of cells in the lamell differs in form in the different species. Thus in P. wrnigerum the wall is covered with wart-like papille. This is also the case in P. alpinum. In P. juniperinum there is a strong ridge of cellular thickening on the upper edge of the cell-row, and two lateral ridges less strongly marked, giving the appearance of a roughly cruciform cell, as seen in section. VP. piliferwm agrees in form with P. juwniperinum, but the lateral ridges are almost obsolete. In P. commune the edge of the lamelle is grooved longitudinally, giving the appearance of a bicuspidate cell in section. 9 Aer 188 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon _ the Weather during the Year 1907, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Wuirron, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow. [Read 3lst March, 1908. ] In order to preserve the continuity of the series, these notes have been compiled, as in former years, from the records kept at Queen’s Park, Glasgow. January—The new year was ushered in with weather con- ditions of an unpleasant nature. The morning was dull and cold, while at night a storm of wind and rain set in, which continued throughout the following day. After a slight touch of frost on the 8rd and 4th, rain, intermixed with hail and sleet, again occurred on the evening of the latter, and continued irregularly for a few days. Then the weather moderated, and for about a fortnight it was unseasonably open and mild, the 17th being a remarkably fine, spring-like day. After the 18th it was more wintry in character, with some sharp frosts, 14° being registered on the 24th, while on the same day the first fall of snow of the season occurred. The wintry conditions lasted until the 27th, when a strong, fresh wind sprang up, which quickly dispelled all the snow from the ground. On the 28th a severe gale, which lasted over the 29th, sprang up, and was accompanied with thunder, lightning, and rain. A considerable amount of damage was caused throughout the country by this storm. The last two days of the month were dry and frosty. The barometrical readings show a wide range. On the Ist the atmospheric pressure indicated was 29°10 inches; on the 2nd it was down to 28°70, from which point it rapidly rose to 29°90; on the 4th, with four exceptions, the pressure was over 30°00 inches daily until the 27th, when a sharp depression set in, followed by the gale of the 28th and 29th. The readings for these days were 29°30 and 29°10 inches respectively. The highest ieee eee re ee ee Sa wee Dt spa NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 189 reading for the month was 30°75 inches on the 23rd. After the 29th there was a sharp rise to 30°05 on the 31st. Frost was registered on ten occasions, these being chiefly during the latter half of the month. The amount registered was 55°. This is a greater amount than what was registered in January of the three preceding years, especially that of January, 1906, when the total was only 9°; in 1905 the amount was 33°, and in 1904, 28°. While the average maximum temperature (43°) was the same as that of January, 1906, the average minimum (35°) was 2° lower. The rainfall was 2°12 inches, which is slightly under that of the same month of 1906, when the amount was 2°62 inches. On no occasion was the day’s rainfall excessive, while there were 13 days on which no rain fell. With the open and comparatively mild weather, vegetation early showed signs of activity. The buds on Willows and Elders swelled up considerably, and Narcissi and Snowdrops were show- ing through the surface of the ground during the second week of the month. Grass lands were remarkably bright and green for the season, and birds were in song prior to the period of frosts. February.-— Sharp frosts were experienced during the first week, with a fall of snow on the 4th, while on the 5th and early part of the 6th the city was enveloped in a dense fog. A change to fresh set in on the 7th, but the thaw did not last long, and, with the wind veering back from S.W. to N.E., there was a recurrence of the wintry weather. A brilliant display of the aurora was witnessed on the evening of the 9th. From the 15th until the 20th very stormy weather was experienced, with heavy, cold rains. Thereafter till the end of the month the weather was seasonably fine and settled. The barometrical readings were much lower than those of the preceding month, and, in consonance with the weather, some what erratic. The pressure was above 30°00 inches during the first five days and last four days of the month; the highest point was 30°35 inches on the 5th. The main range of pressure was between 30°00 and 29°00 inches, and only on one occasion was it below the latter point, when during the stormy period it touched 28°40 on the 20th. There were 15 dry days, and the rainfall (including melted snow) amounted to 2°68 inches, which quantity is about the 190 ‘TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. average for this month. On two occasions the fall for twenty- four hours was over half-an-inch, 0°65 inch being registered on the 17th and 0°55 inch on the 20th. Frost was registered on 12 days, the total amount being 76°, which was less than in the corresponding month of 1906, when a total of 92° was registered for 19 days. The average maximum temperature was 41° and the average minimum 32°, compared with 42° and 30° respectively for February, 1906. The lowest readings were 19° on the Ist, 21° on the 5th, 21° on the 6th, and 25° on the 23rd, after which no frost was registered for the month. Consequent on the wintry character of the weather, vegeta- tion made little apparent progress in the early half of the month. The first Snowdrops observed in bloom were on the 10th ; but as soon as the frosts gave way they bloomed profusely, and were in their glory during the last week of the month. The Winter Aconite (Hranthis hyemalis) began to bloom during the third week. March.—With the exception of heavy rain on the night of the ist and morning of the 5th, the weather during the first week was comparatively mild and dry. ‘The afternoon of the 7th was wet and stormy, which conditions prevailed throughout the 8th. On the 9th frost set in, and snow began to fall during the afternoon; and on the morning of Sunday, 10th, it lay to a depth of fully 4 inches. Under the influence of bright sunshine and a strong westerly wind, which began about mid-forenoon of that day, the snow rapidly disappeared, and by 8 p.m. very little was left on the ground. Several fine days were experienced, and were followed by a week of changeable weather, with occasional heavy rains. From the 20th until the end of the month the weather was fine and bracing, with several bright days of sunshine, Though somewhat irregular during the early half of the month, the atmospheric pressure was fairly high throughout, ranging between 30°10 inches on the Ist to the same point on the 12th, when there was a steady depression during the period of change- able, squally weather to 29°20 on the 16th, with a remarkably quick drop to 28°50 on the 17th, which presaged the heavy rainfall registered on that date. After the storm the pressure quickly increased till it reached 30°25 inches on the 23rd, and NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 191 remained over 30°00 for a week, dropping a few points on the three last days of the month. Rain fell on 16 days, the total amount registered being 3°94 inches, which is slightly above the average for March. There was an abnormal amount registered on the morning of the 17th, when the gauge showed 1°05 inches. The amount of frost registered was only 15°, occurring on 5 — days. In March, 1906, there was a total of 60°, occurring on 10 days. Owing to the absence of severe frosts, the average temperatures—maximum, 49°, and minimum, 37°—were in each case 4° higher than those for the previous March. With the freedom from hard frosts and openness of the weather, combined with the lengthening days and growing power of the sun, vegetation rapidly showed signs of awakening. By the 10th the Snowdrops, which had bloomed well, began to pass, to be succeeded by Crocuses and other spring flowers. During the third week the Crocuses were in their glory, while Daffodils were showing colour in their buds, and before the close of the month the Common Daffodil (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus) was in full bloom. In the last week Dog-tooth Violets, Squills, and Hepaticas were also in flower. Amongst trees the advance was equally great, Elms showing the rosy red of their buds more brilliantly than usual. Catkins on Willows, Hazels, and Alders were also striking ; and the buds on Thorns, Lilacs, Roses, and many other shrubs showing green too freely for the period of the year. Daphne Mezereum was beautifully in bloom, along with Rhodo- dendron Nobleanum in sheltered places. Grass lands were also very fresh and bright. April.—The fine weather which prevailed during the latter part of March continued for a time. A slight thunderstorm occurred on the 2nd, and there was a heavy fall of rain during the evening of the 3rd. Thereafter, though fine on the whole, the weather became colder, with a tendency to frost in the mornings. On the 10th another thunderstorm, accompanied by heavy rain, was experienced, the afternoon being very wet. With easterly winds, the weather kept dry and cold until the 20th, when, with a change of the wind to the S.W., rain fell. The weather thereafter, though somewhat changeable for several days, was fine, on the whole, until the end of the month. 192 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The atmospheric pressure was within a moderate range, though somewhat erratic in course. From 29°70 inches on the Ist, it fell to 29°00 inches on the 3rd, rising again to 29°50 on the 5th, while on the 6th it was again down to 29°00 inches—the only oceasions during the month when that point was touched. The rise was steady, but only on one occasion did the pressure reach 30°00 inches, this occurring on the 25th. A steady decline followed, and on the 30th the barometer indicated 29°40 inches. For the third year in succession the rainfall for this month was low, the amount registered being 2°30 inches, and there were 18 dry days. In the corresponding months of 1906 and 1905 the rainfall was 1:21, with 19 dry days, and 1°79 inches, with 15 dry days, respectively. In regard to the temperature, whiie the average maximum (52°) was 2° lower than that of April, 1906, the absence of frost accounts for the higher average minimum, which was 39°, or 4° above that of the previous April. Though the freezing point was approached on several occasions, only on one morning (the 18th) was frost registered, and that only to the extent of 2°—a somewhat remarkable record for April. The move which vegetation had made in the latter part of March continued vigorously during the first week, but the cold easterly winds and lack of moist, genial conditions considerably retarded its development during the month. Those trees which naturally leaf early, and which had made some progress, were severely checked by the touch of frost on the 18th, the young shoots and leaves of Chestnuts and Sycamores. as well as the flowers of Rhododendrons—R. Nobleanum, R. Jacksoni, and R. precox—being badly browned. The effects of the frost were not so apparent on Lilacs, Thorns, Spirzeas, but all were retarded. The frost, however, did not harm the early hardy flowers, such as the Varcisse and their spring congeners, and the display of Daffodils was fine during the month. Field crops were planted under satisfactory conditions generally, and grass lands were in excellent order for the period of the year. May.—Opening with a cold, dull, wet day, the weather until the 13th was changeable, rain and sunshine alternating, with perhaps more of the former than of the latter. A severe gale of wind was experienced on the 2nd, while on the 8th and 11th — SL a —— Mute it NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 193 thunderstorms occurred. The third week was cold and dry, with a prevalence of easterly winds. Rain was registered on the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, but, with these exceptions, dry weather prevailed until the last two days, both of which were extremely raw and disagreeable. With the exception of the change which occurred from 29°60 inches on the Ist to 28°80 inches on the 2nd, when a gale of some severity was experienced, the range of atmospheric pressure was moderately high, with no outstanding feature of variation. The range was chiefly between 29°40 and 30°00 inches, the latter point being only slightly exceeded on the 17th, 18th, and 19th, and again on the 28th and 29th, with the pressure rapidly declining on the 30th and 31st, when it was down to 29°50 inches. Rain fell most frequently in the early part of the month, the total amount registered being 3°63 inches, which is slightly under what was registered in the previous May. There were 13 dry days. The absence of sunshine and the prevalence of cold winds had their natural effect on the day temperature. The average maximum consequently is low, only 53°, which is 1° lower than that of May, 1906. In the case of the average minimum, which was 43°, it is 1° higher than that of the previous May, while the figures were 4° and 2° respectively lower than those of May, 1905. While the rains of the early part of the month had a vivifying effect on vegetation, the gain was counterbalanced by the un- seasonably cold, sunless weather experienced during the latter part, consequently growth was slower and later than usual. The gale on the 2nd sadly mutilated the young, soft foliage of Acers and Chestnuts, also destroyed much of the bloom on Rhododen- drons. The display of bloom on most deciduous trees and shrubs was more irregular than usual, some specimens being profuse and others sparsely flowered. Pears, Cherries, and Plums in some places were fine, and in others under the average, though it may be noted that the most profusely bloomed plants do not usually set fruits so well as those more moderately flowered. While the leafing of trees was later than usual, the absence of “ May frosts” permitted the development without injury, and the foliage of the later species was fully above the average in size and quantity. 194 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The leafing of the Oak on the 13th and the Ash about the 25th was similar in time to the previous year. Seeds in garden and field generally made a good start in growth, but many of the more tender sorts developed imperfectly, or failed entirely in growth afterwards, on account of the want of genial weather conditions. The Cuckoo was heard on the 14th, and House-Swallows observed on the 16th. June.—There was no improvement in the weather conditions with the advent of what is usually one of the most pleasant months of the year. Rarely indeed do we experience such a prolonged spell of cold, cheerless, sunless weather in June. Heavy showers of rain, and occasionally hail, fell on most days of the month, while local thunderstorms were somewhat frequent. On the 29th, which was a remarkably pleasant day, during the prevalence of one of these storms, there were parts of the city deluged for a short time at different periods of the day, whilst in some parts not a drop of rain fell. The barometric readings do not show either a wide range or any notable change in the atmospheric pressure. On the Ist it was at 29°60 inches, varying only a few points up and down till the 17th, when it touched 29°90 inches, falling about four points the following day, and keeping very steady thereafter till the 24th, when it fell to 29°30 inches, rising slowly afterwards to 29°90 inches on the 30th. The character of the weather may be gauged by the fact that only on 6 days was no rain recorded. The total amount of rainfall registered was 3°99 inches. In June, 1906, there were only 1°69 inches of rain and 17 dry days. With an abnormal rainfall and absence of sunshine the temperature was low, the average maximum being 57°, and the average minimum 47°, compared with 65° and 50° respectively for the corresponding month in 1906. In that year the maximum thermometer in shade was above 70° on four occasions, and above 60° on twenty-six, whereas in the year under review it was only six times above 60°, the highest reading being 63° on the 11th. Consequent on the somewhat abnormal conditions, vegetation made but slow progress. Hawthorns were but bursting into bloom during the second week, and flowered very irregularly.’ ——— See a NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 195 This was also a marked feature with Laburnums and other subjects which usually make a gay display in garden and wood- lands in June. In fact, the majority of what are termed flower- ing shrubs were below the average in bloom. There was, how- ever, a compensating gain in growth, as the young shoots and leaves developed more fully than usual, Rhododendrons especially being exceptionally good. Considering the amount of rainfall the fields of cereals looked well. Potatoes were somewhat patchy, and turnips irregular, as on wet soils the seed was not sown under good conditions ; in fact, in many places it was not sown at all, on account of the impossibility of working the soil. July.——Although a considerable amount of rain fell during the first two weeks, the tendency was towards improvement. This was very marked after the 13th (Glasgow Fair Saturday), which was a wet, dull, depressing day. From the 14th to the 26th the weather was ideally fine, and enabled our citizens te enjoy their “Fair” holidays under delightful atmospheric con- ditions. Indeed, the fortnight was probably the best, so far as weather is concerned, throughout the year. The conditions were exactly the reverse of what was experienced during the “Fair” holidays of 1906, when the proverbial bad weather was perhaps more pronounced than usual. During the dry weather the winds were chiefly from the S.E., with a change of the wind to the 8.W. on the 27th. There was some rain for a few days, but not so heavy as to cause much discomfort. The atmospheric pressure was somewhat irregular for the first ten days. From 29°80 inches on the Ist and 2nd, it steadily fell to 29°35 inches on the 6th, recovering three points the following day, then dropping to 29°40 on the 8th, after which the pressure steadily increased, and the highest reading for the month was on the 16th, when 30°40 inches was indicated. After that date the pressure declined steadily, and was at 29°70 inches on the 31st. The rainfall amounted to 3°38 inches, occurring on 16 days. The rainfall for July, 1906, was 2°37 inches, with 9 dry days; and in the corresponding month of 1905, 2°81 inches, and 12 dry days. Regarding the temperature, the average maximum (63°) was 1° lower and the average minimum (50°) the same respectively F 196 ‘TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. as those of the previous July. The maximum thermometer in shade was at or above 60° on twenty-three occasions, and above 70° on four occasions, the highest reading being 78° on the 18th. In July, 1906, the highest reading was 72° on the 5th, and only twice was it above 70°. The continuous wet weather having chilled and soddened the soil, vegetation was in a stagnant state until the dry, sunny period came on, after which the change was remarkable, and a fine healthy colour was assumed by annual crops. Haymaking was in full swing by the 20th, and many farmers got their hay crop secured in a satisfactory condition. Trees and shrubs com- pleted their annual growth very fully, and garden plots of summer plants, which were in a languishing state, revived and grew vigorously. August.—_The month opened fine, but unfortunately the weather broke down, and the conditions were by no means pleasant, as these were very changeable, with heavy rains and high winds at times, while towards the end of the month hail showers were too frequent for the season. While the barometric readings do not show a wide range, they indicate a somewhat unsteady line of atmospheric pressure. The, pressure rose a point from the Ist to the 2nd, when it was at 29°80 inches, then varying a point or two up and down daily till the 10th, when the lowest reading for the month (29°30 inches) occurred. On the 13th it was at 29°80 inches, and for a week several points lower, rising steadily after the 17th, till on the 22nd it indicated 30°00 inches. During the last week it varied between 29°55 on the 25th and 29°90 inches on the 30th, with a downward tendency on the 3ist. As in the previous August, which had an amount (5°28 inches) above the average, the rainfall was again heavy for this month, the amount registered being 4°65 inches, with only 7 dry days. The heavy rainfall and absence of sunshine had again a marked effect on the temperature, consequently the averages are low for the month, the average maximum being 60°, and the average minimum 49°, in both cases lower than those of the previous August. In August, 1906, the maximum thermometer in shade was five times above 70°, and only twice below 60° ; whereas in the month under notice it was sixteen times below and but fifteen times above 60°, while the highest reading was 67° on the 21st. Ld NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 197 Owing to the changeable, wet weather, field crops made little progress towards ripening. Cereals certainly made plenty straw and looked well, but few fields were showing change of colour towards the end of the month. Root crops were soured and sickly, except on favoured Spots. In late and high-lying parts the hay crop, where uncut or unsecured, got much wasted in colour and quality. Towards the end of the month the defolia- tion of the Lime and Elm trees in the city parks became some- what pronounced, though fully ten days later than usual. September.—During the first week the weather was somewhat variable, several days being fine till evening, and then becoming wet. The tendency, however, was towards more settled conditions, and after the 5th very little rain was registered ; in fact, after the 17th there was not any. The weather became warm and dry, though somewhat hazy at times, and the atmospheric conditions were of a very delightful description. With the variable weather of the first week the atmospheric pressure was erratic. From 29°85 inches on the Ist it fell to 29°20 inches on the 2nd. Thereafter it increased, till on the 8th and 9th it was at 30°30 inches, the highest reading for the month. For several days the pressure declined slightly, then rose a point or two and kept steady until the 22nd, when from 30°25 inches it gradually eased off to 29°50 inches on the 26th, then rising as the month closed. The rainfall was low, only 1°24 inches being registered. There were 18 dry days. These conditions were somewhat similar to those of the previous September, when the rainfall was 1°41 inches, with 21 dry days. Though there was a slight tendency towards frost in the first week, no frost was registered, except by the radiating thermo meter on the surface of the grass. No damage, however, was caused to plants. The average maximum temperature was 60°, and the average minimum 48°, the former 2° lower and the latter 1° higher than the respective figures of the previous September. The warm, genial weather rapidly brought cereals to ripeness, and harvesting operations were in full swing by the second week. Unfortunately, owing to the absence of wind, most mornings were too dewy to admit of cutting or leading in the grain until mid- day, therefore harvesting operations were much hindered. The 198 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. warm weather, however, was, after the long period of cold and wet, very much weleomed. ‘Towards the end of the month the trees in the city parks defoliated rapidly. Though later than usual in beginning to fall, the leaves of Limes, Elms, Sycamores, and Beeches were all off about the same period as in former years. The display of autumn flowers was above the usual, and made up for the meagre display made by their summer congeners. October.—-The warm weather which prevailed during the greater part of September did not continue beyond the first few days of this month. Towards the end of the first week the weather became dull and cold, with slight showers, which were the precursors of a very prolonged period of heavy rains. On the 6th the rain fell almost continuously, and by 9 a.m. on the 7th over an inch was registered. With a day’s respite rain again set in, and for about three weeks it fell more or less continuously, one day’s fall being somewhat phenomenally heavy. After the 26th the weather was more settled and colder. Though the barometric readings are within a moderate range, the changes in the atmospheric pressure indicate pretty clearly the variable nature of the weather. From 29°35 inches on the lst. the pressure fell to 29°10 inches on the 2nd, then, rising sharply, it was at 29°70 inches for two days—4th and 5th. A sharp depression on the 6th and 7th brought it down to 29°20 inches. A gain of several points followed, and the pressure kept fairly steady until the 14th, when another sharp fall occurred to 29°00 inches on the 15th. Rising slightly for two days another quick depression was noted, the pressure indicated on the 18th and 19th being 28°90 inches. The recovery was sharp, and the pressure kept within two points of 29°50 inches without any notable variation until the end of the month. Rain was registered on 27 occasions, there being thus only 4 dry days. The total amount was 6°67 inches, an abnormal amount for one month. Nearly half of the amount fell on two days—the 6th and the 15th. The total for the twenty-four hours ending at 9 a.m. on the 7th was 1:01 inches, and for the twenty- four hours ending at the same time on the 16th, 2°27 inches. In the corresponding month of 1906 the rainfall amounted to 5°33 inches, with 5 dry days, so October has been an excessively wet month two years in succession, NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 199 The prevalence of easterly winds, combined with an excessive rainfall, kept the temperature low, so that the average maximum (52°) is 3° lower than, and the average minimum (43°) the same as, the figures for October, 1906. No frost was registered during the month. The prevalence of so much wet weather was most disastrous to grain crops in the later parts, and harvesting operations were practically suspended during the month, even where the situation was more favourable. The defoliation of deciduous trees was very complete ere the month ended, and vegetation generally had a very bedraggled appearance. November.—The weather during the first week was mild and pleasant. Heavy fogs enveloped the city on the 6th and 7th. Thereafter it became colder and more unsettled—rainy, disagree- able days alternating with fine, mild ones. On the 12th heavy rain fell, accompanied by a strong wind at night. Several days afterwards the weather was fine and settled, and frost occurred on the 15th, with the usual accompaniment of fog in the city, and the day following was wet and disagreeable. The next week was one of better weather. After a heavy rain on the 22nd colder weather prevailed, with dense fogs on the 25th and 30th, when frosts again occurred. The 26th was a very stormy day, with showers of sleet. The changeable nature of the weather is well shown by the erratic line of atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer readings. On the Ist it was at 29°90 inches. After a slight fall on the 2nd the pressure steadily increased to 30°10 inches on the 6th, then fell rapidly to 29°40 inches on the 9th, recovering five points on the 10th. Three days later it was back to 29°40 inches, while, after a sharp rise, it was at 30°10 inches on the 18th. With a little variation it was about 30°00 inches until the 21st, when a steady depression set in, and by the 27th it was down to 28°90 inches. A very sharp rise followed, and 30°30 inches was indicated on the 30th. The rainfall was below the average for November, the total being 2°31 inches. There were 12 dry days. In November, 1906, there were also 12 dry days, but the rainfall was 4°17 inches. Regarding the temperature, frost, totalling 28°, was registered on seven mornings. The average maximum temperature was 200 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 48°, and the average minimum 38°, these being 1° and 3° lower respectively than those of the previous November, which, how- ever, were higher than usual on account of the absence of frosts. Until the occurrence of frost on the 15th many plants kept blooming out of season. Dahlias, for example, were quite fresh and in better condition than in October, and that precocious blooming plant, Jasminum nudiflorum, had many flowers open during the month. Farmers who had fared badly in the gathering in of their crops made the most of the few opportunities to stack grain, while the uncommon and undesirable sight of fields of grain in stook in November was too frequently met with. December.—After the Ist, which was a dry, frosty day, the weather was very changeable, with a considerable amount of rainfall. These conditions prevailed for the first fortnight. A few fine days with frost at the middle of the month were followed by several wet days, but after the 23rd the weather was dry but dull, with cold easterly winds. In regard to the atmospheric pressure, the readings again show a wide and erratic range. On the Ist the pressure was 30°00 inches; after a rapid fall it was 28°70 inches on the 5th; on the 7th it was up to 29°30, but on the following day it was back to 28°60 inches, which point was also indicated on the 10th. A rapid rise to 29°20 inches on the 12th followed, then falling again to 28°80 on the 14th. On the 15th it was up to 29°70 inches, and kept near that point until the 19th, when another depression began, and the reading on the 21st was 29°30 inches. A steady recovery followed, and on the 24th and 25th the pressure was 30°00 inches. During the next four days the readings were four points lower, rising again to 30°00 inches on the 30th, with a falling off of a point on the last day of the year. The amount of rainfall registered was above the average, it being 5°58 inches. On five occasions the rainfall for the twenty- hours exceeded half-an-inch, while on other four days over one quarter of an inch fell. There were 11 dry days. In the previous December the rainfall amounted to 3°51 inches, with 15 dry days in the month. Consequent on the abnormally mild and open weather the temperature was high for the season of the year. Frost was registered only on five mornings, while the amount was but 19° f { i : 1 ‘ { ‘ NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 201 in all. The average maximum temperature was 44°, and the average minimum 36°, compared with 42° and 33° respectively for December, 1906. Owing to the absence of hurtful frosts and the heavy rains vegetation at the close of the year was cleaner and brighter than usual. Too frequently at this season shrubs in the vicinity of the city are heavily coated with a sooty deposit which is inimical to their well-doing in every sense. Grass lands were also remarkably fresh and green. The wet conditions, however, were against the working of arable lands and the securing of root crops. Comparing the records with those of previous years we find the amount of rainfall (42°49 inches) is above the average com- pared with 39°75 inches in 1906, which was also over the average. Curiously, despite appearances to the contrary, the average monthly rainfall was normal in the aggregate up to the end of September. The heavy rainfall of October and December, how- ever, made up the difference. The driest month of the year was September, with a rainfall of 1°24 inches and 18 dry days. The driest month during 1906 was April, with only 1°21 inches of rain and 19 dry days. The wettest month was October, with a rainfall of 6°67 inches and only 4 dry days. In 1906 October was also the wettest month, with 5°33 inches and 5 dry days, though August had nearly the same amount, with 5°28 inches. The greatest amount registered for twenty-four hours was 2°27 inches at 9 a.m. on the 16th October, which was a very abnormal quantity ; while on the 7th of the same month 1°01 inches were registered, and on the 17th March, 1°05 inches. Only on one occasion in 1906 was the inch exceeded, and, strangely, that was on the 17th March, when the amount was 1°08 inches. There were 147 dry days against 152 in the previous year. The following table of rainfall recorded in those parks where gauges are placed is of interest as showing the variations in the different parts of the city. Due allowance must always be made for local conditions, as the exposure, altitude, and surroundings are different in each case :— = 5° S R a = be) & =) Pal = =] o [o) 2 bm i=) ° iS! a — ise] 4 at =] :=) 5] a F4 aN Zz = i) oD 4 n ~% «a =< =] 202 08-88 WOHMOMNNAO ADANAAON AAS CI OD 4 68 69 69 HH 410 ND LG ‘sarpouy ‘35 OF ‘auvadg apuoay L068 &4-G “sayouy 44 OLT “SNUCUVY) OINVLOG | G8-G LE-¢ 16-7 FG-S If-G 66-1 10-6 08-6 99-9 g8.9 18-9 66-9 CFT St. 1 &@: T GPT 89-¢ §L-¢ 68-F t6-F CCG 90-€ 00-§ OF-€ &F | 8-F C0-F GE-F 08: F0-F Le.§ 09-€ 6¢-1 06-T GL-T GL-T FL-F &¢.§ SLE LG-F LE.% 80-€ F0-G T¢-§ 98-@ IL-@ C0-G F6-G *seyouy *soljouy *salpouy *saljouy ‘qammony | ‘S800. | ‘NOLSMOH | “NATH -110,, | -vitaq | MopsvT) Age tAtaoadt DOV HOI 6119 69 HDI D DDD HHI 1H OAD WW FL *YuaNv -Xa1y ADHOAANSHROrSr MWAOABSHS0OHD—H Ol Ha 60 sh 6919 1G SH "Nuod -PNIUAS GSE *soljouy “45 SP “*TAOUD -NIATIY GG: IP L9.G 66-6 11-9 0¢-T 91-¢ 16-6 GLP GL-& &6-T 19.6 c6-T 61-1 *soljouy “43 69 “TIT -XVIN ‘72407, Alon lcs ce ce HA OID NHAOMOONWAI- TD SAPSAPRONO WIS GLE *sapouy “FF SPI *sNaqaty - Sqaquee(T - “Taq UIAAO NT - Srequreydag 6 £19Q040() “qsnsny - ‘<7ne - ‘oune - “SB qudy ‘TOIV IT Aavnaqayy ‘Arenue pe *[PAd]-Bag aao0qe 9SNBYH JO IFO], ‘SHUVd OITANd AHL NI 1061 ONIYNG TIVANIVE NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 203 In regard to the temperature, for the third year in succession the monthly averages have been high on the whole, and the mean temperature is similar.’ Again we have to note the absence of severe frosts. Though the thermometer in shade .was at or below freezing point (32° Fahr.) on 52 days, actual frost was registered only on 40 occasions, totalling 195°, as compared with 287° on 57 days in 1906. After 18th April, when 2° were registered, no frost was registered until 15th October—a, some what unusual occurrence for the district to escape frosts in May and early in September. There was only one occasion during the year when the thermometer did not rise above freezing point - in the twenty-four hours, this being noted on 24th March. The greatest amount of frost for one day was 18° on 24th January. The highest reading was on 18th July, when the thermometer in shade reached 78°. While the months of July, August, and September show the highest averages, the day or maximum was in each month lower than the corresponding months in 1906. The following table regarding Rouperanity may prove of interest for coer een; —_— 204 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. KELVINGROVE PARK. ALEXANDRA 1907. Quren’s PARK. | MAXWELL Park. Pane SPRINGBURN Park. THERMOMETER (in shade 4 feet above ground level.) Highest read- ing of year, 78° on 18th | 84° on 18th | 88° on 17th | 83° on 18th | 84° on 18th July July July July July. 18° on 24th 11° on 24th 16° on 24th 15° on Ist 15° on 24th Lowest do., January January January February January f l Numberofdays on which ther- mometer fell to freezing point (32°), 51 days 62 days 98 days 74 days 79 days Numberof days onwhich ther- mometer did not rise above freezing point (32°), 1 day 3 days 3 days None 3 days Degrees of Frost registered — January, ... | 55° on 10 days|111° on 14 days} 99° on 16 days} 96° on 14 days} 65° on 10 da February, 76) oy 2 MTS yn ay SG OF i LL i Ora 179 March ee.) Loom os ey V7 in Gh i Po iy Ss sie Seaiine|eoA April, | 2 0 Tday | 76 $2 | 98 «0 4° | 20- a> 6. een May, es aes ae 1 » 1 day June, July, a “ci es Bae soc acu August, September, ae = 2° on 1 day “as 1° on 1 day October, ... es 5’ on 2days|) 3 » 1 u | 2° on lday| 5 » am November, | 28° on 7 days) 57 » 10 w | 68 w» 14 days} 20 1 6days} 43 un 9 December, 19 5 ow NF on 66) Ue | 16 on G6 om «| 28 5 1S) some aera ey 195° on 40 days|336° on 55 days|404° on 80 days|296° on 67 days| 299° on 59d; NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 205 | scow GREEN. alae Totitcross Park. | RucHILL Park. ! 84° on 17th | 89° on 17th July July July 14° on 24th | 12° on 6th | 12° on 25th January February January 90 days 65 days 71 days fon 9 days) 96° on 13 days} 69° on 10 days|108° on 12 days 0 10 wu 1140 » 18 107 15 4 16 » mio on | 44 6 10 16 10 6 6 1’ on 1 day | l°on lday} 2 » 2days| " 35 « Sdays| 26 » 6 u 51 on 13 5 ou | 20 un " 57° on 32 days 387° on 71 days|257° on 48 days|320° on 57 days Botanic GARDENS. GEORGE SQUARE. _ 87° on 18th | 81° on 18th July July | 18° on 24th | 19° on 24th January January 80 days 48 days 69° on 15 days} 49° on 8 days 92 » 15 w | 64 » 10 Cow [2 nea lday}| 1 » 1day l’on 1 day 2 lin 37 9 days] 16° on 6 days 25 rT tS ez 254° on 58 days}162° on 37 days 206 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. In regard to the atmospheric pressure, the range was wider and the readings more varied than those of previous year. The two extremes were 30°75 inches on 23rd January and 28°40 inches on 20th February, or a range of 2°35 inches. In 1906 the range was exactly 2 inches, the highest reading being 30°50 on 22nd January and the lowest 28°50 inches on 13th February. In regard to the winds, there was a greater preponderance than usual from an easterly direction. Grouping them in two divisions, the western is credited with 245 days and the eastern with 120 days. In 1905 and 1906 the eastern had only 81 and SO days respectively. Summarising the weather conditions for the year, the out- standing features are the absence of severe frosts, an abnormal rainfall in the latter part of the year, and an unusual prevalence of easterly winds. Unfortunately, not having any sunshine recorders in our parks, we are unable to tabulate the number of hours the sun shone during the season. There is no doubt what- ever that the comparative absence of sunshine was a most notable . feature of the weather of 1907.: This want of sunshine was very evident on vegetation in the spring and early summer months. Growth was slower than usual, and from 10 to 20 days later. The flowering of most trees and shrubs was of an unusually erratic and of a meagre description in many cases, though ‘as the season advanced the development of shoots and foliage was satisfactory enough. Still the absence of sun heat is evident, as there is a decided lack of flower-buds on the majority of trees and shrubs, and the promise of a display of bloom in garden, orchard, and. woodland is poor indeed. Rarely have farmers had such a trying season. While cereals were sown under fairly satisfactory con- ditions and the growth steady and good, the want of dry, sunny weather retarded the ripening. This resulted in alate harvest- ing, further aggravated by the heavy rains during October, which caused serious delay and much damage to the grain. In many districts, while the grain crops were above the average, the inability to get them secured discounted the gain, and the autumn of 1907 will long be remembered by agriculturists, Root crops likewise suffered from the same causes, but of the two leading crops turnips suffered most. There was the initial difficulty in getting the seed sown, on account of the wet con- dition of the ground, especially on clay soils, The after-growth was slow and unsatisfactory. Seldom indeed have turnip crops NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 207 been seen in such a state, and in many districts the amount of “shot” or “bolted” turnips in the fields was phenomenal. Potatoes, having been planted under more satisfactory conditions, did better, but, owing to the want of heat, were generally below the average also. Despite the difficulty in getting it secured, the hay crop proved, on the whole, a satisfactory one. We can only express the hope that better conditions will prevail during the coming season. Subjoined is the abstract of the record for aS past three years as kept at Queen’s Park. - ; - ~ JAS. WHITTON, , Superintendent of Parks. Crty CHAMBERS, Guiascow, February, 1908. 208 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW ‘sane -266| 9G LLY W ok¥) | SOS |e LY 6F-GP | ESI GL-66 | O9T 69:66 C6L| OF LEI | LY | GP-CF| L061] TL | 98 | FF | 8G | CL | SE | cy | TGs | OL | 6E | GF | OGs L8¢| Lg GGT | LF | GL-6€|906T] ZI | 8& | 8F | Ig&-@ | GI | LV | 6F LI-¥ | OL | GE | FF | 66-6 9GG| &¢ O91 | Zh | €9-66| SO6I] F &y | GG | 19:9 | g 6y | ac | €€-G | SL | 9€ | 0G | Lez |9FE| 8g Soy | OF .| JES | FOOL ST | Si) 09 4") Feel) 16) °4F | 69 (Te L el | OF ser) The 986| 8F SEI | SF | G¢-G4| SO6L] LZ 6F | 09 | G9-F | 8 €G | 99 | 86-G | GI | 0G | G9 | 19-€ G6E| €¢ GSI | Gr | G8-0€| G06] ST | OF | &9 | BEE | 6 0G | 79 | LEG | GL | SG | L9 | 18-4 Le€| OL 10¢ | LF | G9:7E) LOGL] 9 Ly | 142 | 668 | LI |-0G | G9 | 69-T | GZ | OG | F9 | 68-0 9GE L1¢ FOL LY 9F-9F | OO6T] EI | &F &¢ €9-€ L GY | FG | F8-€ JeVt NN Siz ASKS. 4) efShat CIP 9 £61 LY 19-1F | 6681} SL | 6& GG | OF G NE) CRS We TT |). Litee ll GI | 9¢ | 1G | 6L-T O61 Gh NeCle SP FHSS SOSU I St |e 6F H6-¢ IG | €& | GF | LE-€ 9 MS | iy || Sts LYE 19 COG OF GG-OF | L681] EI | 3g If 89G OL || 0& GF |) S8c IL | 7§ | GF | 19-4 Weskey| te) 60G | Lh | OGEE| 96ST] EI | GE | €F | GLE 8 LS |.) | PLF | Sl | Ge | S¥ | SAL ae “ : : g 3 ae *saypuy ~ zi st ‘sayouy eek "salou al lise *salpouy ee 2S & z 3 q ef = g oe Fodmanyie |e aes =o aieee ‘aSRIVAV sted ‘aSRIOAY S eo |83729 S Ex kiq. |— sag Ald er Be ay re SS | yeyumy “ALA “[peyumeyy ‘ug Lal [Ryu WALA [RsUreyy 3 £84 -OWWAHL, -OWUAHL, -OWUAHT, ‘SUVAK ZL ISW'] AL WO SADVAAAY Sr OGuli “906 L "“GO6TL ‘MODSVID ‘MUVd SNATAO LV LdaM GAYOOUN TVOINOTOXNOULAN AO AdOO ‘JAAU'T VAS HAOMY TAIT GFT TOAVY) NIVY ‘aquie0e(T £19 ULAAO NT *19((019Q ‘raquiaydag 9snsny ‘Kine ‘oun p ‘Ke eee ‘qidw eee “(Oae TAL ‘K.1enaq ait ‘rene ¢ wee “SH.LNOK BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK, GOVAN. 209 Notes on the Birds frequenting Elder Park, Govan. By Wituiam RENNIE. [Read 28th April, 1908.] In bringing before the Society some notes on the birds frequenting the Elder Park, Govan, from March, 1906, to March, 1908, I do not profess either to give a complete list, or to indicate the actual dates of appearance or disappearance of the various species, as the time at my disposal for observa- tion has been very short. Elder Park, which is situated on the Lands of Fairfield, at the west end of the burgh of Govan, was the gift of Mrs. John Elder, and was opened on 25th June, 1885. It has an area of 37 acres. The frontage to the Renfrew Road is 1,550 feet, and the width from north to south is 800 feet on the east side, and about 1,200 feet on the west. The trees are quite similar in character to those usually met with in such places. Most of the higher trees are situated on the boundary, and are principally Elms, Poplars, and Willows, with an occasional Beech. The avenues are formed of Willows and some Poplars. The shrubs consist mainly of Elder, Privet, Lilac, Laurel, and Rhododendron. Scattered through- out the park are Hawthorn, Beam, Laburnum, Holly, and some fruit-trees. These last have not borne fruit during the period included in my observations, though they have blossomed freely. The south-west corner of the park is pleasantly situated and quiet, with very little traffic passing through it. This is the place where most of the rarer visitors are to be seen, and to it the greater part of my time was devoted. As regards the supply of food for birds, the winter of 1906 presented a striking contrast when compared with that of 1907. In 1906 the Beam-trees and Hawthorns were covered with their red berries, and the Hollies gave a good display. In 1907, however, there was no blossom on the Beam-trees, and consequently no berries; and although there was a fair display of Hawthorn-bloom in the spring, haws were very searce, while the Hollies were practically without berries. 210 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. There was therefore in 1906 a plentiful supply of food for the birds, while in 1907 they had almost none. Along with that fact, we have also to take into consideration the climatic conditions which prevailed during the winter season. The weather in 1906 was more severe than in 1907, and was notable for keen frosts and severe snowstorms, as compared with the continuous rains and open boisterous weather which prevailed during the latter season. Last winter the Missel Thrush, Redwing, and Fieldfare merely put in an appearance and went elsewhere, owing to the mildness and openness of the weather and the scarcity of food. At different times, through stress of weather, many birds were driven into the park for food and shelter. This enabled me to add to the list a few which otherwise might never have been noted. Misset Turusu (Turdus viscivorus).—About the middle of November, 1906, during keen frost, a flock of about a dozen Missel Thrushes visited the park, but they began to dwindle off as the weather became more open. The Missel Thrush could be seen daily up till the breeding season. By the end of March, 1907, all had left, and they did not make a reappearance till 13th September. An occasional bird was seen during the next few weeks, when they again left the park. A pair made a reappearance on 11th January, 1908. Since then they have been seen almost daily. On 25th March a second pair were seen about the south end. Sona Turusa (Turdus musicus).—Common all the year round. This year the Song Thrush started to sing as early as 23rd January, probably owing to the mildness of the weather. In April, 1907, I watched a pair of birds carrying building material, but was unable to locate the site of the nest. After a while the birds were seen carrying food for their young ones; and on 6th May a pretty sight could be observed near the gardener’s house, as the old birds were then teaching their four young ones to fare for themselves. During the first week in December, 1907, the weather was very stormy, and a large number of Song Thrushes came into the park for a few days. BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK. GOVAN. 211 Repwine (Turdus iliacus).—A winter migrant. I observed the Redwing for the first time about the end of October, 1906. At no time was it common, and it was usually seen in company with the Song Thrush. After careful watching, I noticed that the birds got nearly all their food on the ground. The Hawthorn was the only tree of which I saw them touch the berries. The Redwings were seen up till 8th March, 1907, and reappeared on 28th November. From that date onward no sign of them could be seen until during the stormy weather of the last week of January. On 3lst January five were noted amongst the shrubs at the south-west corner of the park. These were quite tame, and one of them approached to within 6 feet from where I was standing. FrevprareE (Turdus pilaris)—Another of our winter visitors. Fieldfares were common during the winter of 1906, and arrived about the same time as the Redwings, but were more inclined to frequent the trees, and were very seldom seen on the ground. They remained very wild up till their departure on 29th March. They reappeared on 11th December, which was the only time when I saw the Fieldfare last winter. Buacksirp (Turdus merula).—A resident. It starts to sing at the beginning of February. I am under the impression that a few pairs nest annually in the park, as young birds are common during summer. About the middle of April, 1907, I had daily the pleasure of watching a pair of Blackbirds during their love-making. They seemed to prefer one tree in particular, on which they afterwards built their nest. The nest, which took about a fortnight to build, was unfortunately placed in an exposed position, and was damaged twice before completion. Having taken my stand about twelve feet from the nest, I could watch, through the shelter of a shrub, the building operations. The female bird sat inside and laboured at the construction of the nest, while the male bird supplied her with the materials. She kept beating her breast against the inside of the nest, so as to give it its rounded shape, while she adjusted the outside with her bill. On 10th May, a day or two after the nest had been completed, I found that the whole structure had been torn down. The birds then gave G 912 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. up the attempt to build. About the same time another pair started building operations. After a few days’ labour had been expended upon it, the nest, which was likewise in an exposed position, was also destroyed. Wueatear (Sazicola enanthe).—The Wheatear may be con- sidered one of the rarer summer visitors to the park, as | have only been able to see it on two occasions, viz., in June, 1906, and again in July, 1907. Rosin (Erithacus rubecula).—The Robin is one of our common residents, and begins to sing when the mornings become frosty (28th August, 1907), continuing till well on in spring. Up to the present time I am not certain of its nesting within the park, although I have seen Robins about the rubbish-heap with what appeared to be materials for building. Gontpen-crestep Wren (Regulus cristatus)—On 24th February, 1908, after a wild week-end, this interesting bird made its appearance at the south-west corner of the park. It is not only the smallest bird in this country, but also the most diminutive species in Europe. I was sorry that I had not more time to follow its restless movements amongst the trees, as it searched for insects, &e., and uttered its usual cheery notes. Wittow Wren (Phylloscopus trochilus).—The Willow Wren is a regular summer visitor to the park, and arrives about the beginning of May. A most persistent songster, its loud clear notes are heard throughout summer. It prefers to sing during the heat of the day, when other birds are quiet. The Willow Wren arrived on 15th May, 1907, and occurred very plentifully during the season. On 15th August as many as a dozen birds could be seen together near Mrs. Elder’s statue. Nothing more was seen of them till 21st August, when a pair appeared. This was their last occurrence for the season. Hepcr-Sparrow (Accentor modularis ).—The Hedge-Sparrow is one of the resident species. At no time, however, can it be said to be common. It is seldom seen during summer. BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK, GOVAN. 213 During 1907 I noticed a Hedge-Sparrow on different days with food (worms and insects), evidently for feeding its young ones, but I was unable to find the nest. I had suspected it to be located in one of the small clumps of trees; and accordingly, at the end of the year, when the trees were bare, a nest could be seen in a small Hawthorn, surrounded by Laurei and other shrubs which completely hid it from view. On examining the nest, I was fully convinced that it had been built by the Hedge-Sparrow. Lone-TaILED Titmouse (Acredula caudata).—On 24th February, 1908, which was a clear day after some stormy weather, a Long-tailed Titmouse was seen feeding amongst the tall branches of the trees at the south-west corner of the park. Its mate was calling near it, but could not be distinguished owing to the sun shining directly on the trees at the time. Great Tirmouse (Parus major ).—Usually seen during the winter, but never more than a pair at a time. It occurs at the south or west end of the park. I have seen it about six times this year (1908). Coat Titmouse (Parus ater ).—Only seen once, viz., on 22nd March, 1907, at the south-west corner. Buvue Tirmousr (Parus ceruleus).—Occurs all the year round. One of the most attractive sights of the park is to witness these gay-coloured little birds flying from tree to tree, and to watch their antics in searching the branches for insects and larvee. Wren (T'roglodytes parvulus).—This is one of the shyest birds that visit the park. It is interesting to watch the timid little fellow, with his short cocked-up tail, hopping about amongst the shrubs, while he utters his loud clear notes. The Wren seems only to wander in occasionally, for although I observed it at different times of the year, I have never seen or heard it on two consecutive days. Prep Waertait (Motacilla lugubris).—The three Wagtails which occur in the park can only be called occasional visitors, and are at no time common. The Pied Wagtail is the most 214 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. frequent species, and visits the park for a few days in spring, reappearing in the month of November. During the first fortnight of November in 1906 and 1907, Pied Wagtails were to be seen daily. They probably made the park a halting- place on the line of their migration. Waurre Waearain (Motacilla alba).—I observed this bird on 29th April, 1907, and saw it again during the first week of May. During the spring of 1906 I had seen a Wagtail on more than one occasion, but was not quite sure as to the species. I am now satisfied, however, that it was the White Wagtail. On 30th March, 1908, during a gale from the south- west, a Wagtail was seen flying from north to south, but I was unable to determine the species. This was the first time that a Wagtail had been seen since the previous November. Grey Wacratt (Motacilla melanope).—This bird made its appearance one day during the summer of 1906, and seemed quite at home as it flitted about the edge of the pond. Swattow (Hirundo rustica).—Swallows were very scarce during the summer of 1906; but in 1907, from 2Ist May onward till 7th September, they were to be seen almost daily near the pond, always in groups of two or three. Houst Martin (Chelidon urbica).—This species was observed on a few occasions during the month of June, 1906, but I failed to see it in 1907. This, I believe, was a common experience of ornithologists last season. Greenrincn (Ligurinus chloris).—The greenfinch is common from autumn till spring, and starts to sing about the beginning of March. Sometimes small flocks of about a dozen may be seen. In 1906 and 1907 they were very plentiful at harvest time. I have not been able to find out whether the Greenfinch breeds within the grounds; but about the middle of June, 1906, a pair with three young ones were observed on two occasions. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus).—A very common resident and a prolific breeder, building its nest between the brackets of the band-stand columns, and amongst the tall trees that border the Renfrew Road, 2. —t- ~ —, BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK, GOVAN. 215 Cuarrincu (Fringilla celebs ).—The Chaftinch is to be found nearly all the year round, except during the hottest period of summer or in very cold weather. At no time, however, is it very plentiful. It begins to sing at the end of February. Last year (1907) a pair of Chaftinches built a lovely little nest in a Hawthorn. The outside was covered with the silver bark of the Birch (Betula alba), of which there are many small trees within the grounds; but alas! the branch was broken off on 23rd April, the day of the Naval Volunteer Review. This is the only occasion on which I have observed the Chaffinch attempt to build its nest within the grounds. BraMBuine (Fringilla montifringilla).—Whilst Bramblings were being reported as common all round the city, nothing was seen of them in the park till 15th March, 1907, when, after a slight fall of snow, a pair were noted amongst the tall trees on the west side. Want of time prevented my making further search. Linnet (Acanthis cannabina).—On 12th December, 1907, a small flock of Linnets visited the south side of the park. As many as nine could be seen at once, while, on the other side of the road from the park, quite a number could be seen on the hedge. Seven were observed on the following day, after which they seem to have left the district, as the weather at that time was wet and boisterous. On 31st January, 1908, which was very stormy, a small flock of Linnets was seen at the south-west corner. As these birds were very common in Bellahouston Park at that time, they may possibly have come from there to the Elder Park. On 6th February—an ideal spring morning—a Linnet was heard pouring forth its sweet song amongst the tall trees near the gardener’s house. Lesser Reppoit (Acanthis rufescens).—A pair of Redpolls were seen on 11th March, 1907, amongst the tall trees in the south-west corner. Yettow Buntine (Emberiza citrinella).—The Buntings are only occasional visitors. One Yellow Bunting was seen in the month of May, 1906, and the species was again noted three times during June and August, 1907. 216 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Reep Bunvine (Emberiza scheniclus).—An occasional bird was seen during the spring and autumn of 1906 and 1907. Srarting (Sturnus vulgaris).— A common resident. Although not very numerous during the summer months, as many as sixty birds have been seen together during the months of winter. Magpie (Pica rustica).—This can only be looked upon as a rare visitor. It was seen amongst the trees at the south-west corner, where one occurred on 2nd February and two on 4th February, 1907. Jackpaw (Corvus monedula).—Jackdaws were seen on two occasions during the spring of 1906, at which time these birds were not uncommon at one of the ‘‘ coups”? or rubbish- heaps near the river. On 17th January, 1908, a solitary Jackdaw was seen near the flagstaff. Rook (Corvus frugilegus).—These birds are common all the year round. They are to be met with all over the park, but particularly inside the deer-run, which is the place they most frequent. Sxytark (Alauda arvensis).—One morning, during stormy weather in the spring of 1906, four Skylarks were seen on one of the grass lawns near the band-stand. The bird may occasionally be heard singing outside the limit of the park, but only on that one occasion have I seen it inside. Swirt (Cypselus apus).—I have only seen the Swift on two occasions at the west end of the park, viz., one bird on Ist June and two on 9th August, 1907. Sparrow-Hawk (Accipiter nisus).—In the course of the severe weather in November, 1906, during the week when so many Missel Thrushes came into the park, my attention was attracted by an unusual chattering of the small birds. After a little I noticed a Sparrow-Hawk perched on one of the trees near the greenhouse, but through want of time I was unable to wait to see how its visit ended. BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK, GOVAN. 217 Lapwine (Vanellus vulgaris) —A few odd birds were seen during the spring and autumn of 1906. I have no records for 1907. On 13th January, 1908, three Lapwings came in overhead, and were in the act of alighting on the south side of the park, but having been disturbed they immediately flew outwards again. On 8th February a flock of about thirty, and another of thirteen, passed over the park from south to north, flying very low. On 30th March, during a gale from the south-west, a pair of Lapwings crossed the park in a westerly direction. BLACK-HEADED GuLL (Larus ridibundus).—This bird can be seen daily at the pond, except during the breeding season, when it only occurs occasionally. During the months of summer one is almost sure to see at least one pair about the pond; but in winter, especially during stormy weather, they are very common, and may be watched skimming over the pond and whirling up to a great height. On 14th November, 1907, during stormy weather, as many as a dozen could be observed at the pond. Common GutL (Larus canus).—During the summer this species may sometimes be seen on the grass patches, and is not uncommon in the fields outside the park. Herring Guu (Larus argentatus).—This is the commonest of the Gulls, and can be seen almost daily, especially during the months of winter and spring, passing and repassing across the park. Very seldom do they alight, although an occasional bird may be seen about the pond during summer. In the winter time the Gulls frequenting the pond are usually young birds in immature plumage. Lesser Buack-Backep Guiu (Larus fuscus).—Single birds have been seen on the grass lawns a few times during summer. To this list of forty species a few more might doubtless be added by careful observation. I have been informed by Mr. Angus M‘Leod, who has also devoted some attention to Elder Park, that he has seen the Truz Cruzpir (Certhia familiaris) 218 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and Sporrep Fuiycarcuer (Muscicapa grisola) within its bounds. ADDENDUM. : Since the foregoing was written, the following summer migrant falls to be added :— 14th August, 1908. Ye tLtow Waerartt (Motacilla raii).— This bird is not uncommon in the district, and nests in the vicinity. Bryum Duvalii, Voit., in Lanarkshire. By D. A. Boyp. [Read 23rd June, 1908.] So far as the south-western counties of Scotland are concerned, this moss has as yet been recorded only for Dumfries and Lanark. Its discovery in Lanarkshire was due to Mr. John R. Lee, who obtained specimens on Tinto at the Society’s excursion to that mountain on 3rd June, 1905.* On 30th May last, when visiting the Lowther range of hills, I was so fortunate as to discover another Lanarkshire station for this species. It grew on the north-eastern slope of Durisdeer Hill, in the Parish of Crawford, on boggy ground beside a spring which formed the source of a branch of the Potrail, one of the head-waters of the Clyde. It occurred in numerous patches, which were conspicuous by reason of their bright pink colour. In colour and general habit, 4. Dwvalii bears considerable resemblance to slender and elongated forms of JS. pallens, Sw. ; from which common moss, however, it may be readily dis- tinguished by its more conspicuously decurrent leaves, shorter nerve, and almost plane leaf-margin, bordered with two rows of narrowly elongated cells. In JS. pallens the leaf-margin is dis- tinctly thickened, brownish, and revolute. Having thus been found in two localities in Lanarkshire, B. Duvalii may be expected to occur elsewhere throughout the Clyde area, if carefully searched for in the more hilly regions of our district. * Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. VII., p. 305. —=--_”- i ee ei —- =” Co << == — OCCURRENCE OF THE WATER BETONY IN ISLAY. 219 Occurrence of the Water Betony (Serophularia aguatica, L.) in Islay. By Tuomas F. Gitmour, L.R.C.P.Ed. [Read 26th October, 1907.] THouGH by no means a rare plant, this species is, I think, sufficiently uncommon in the West of Scotland to be worthy of notice by the Society, especially as it seems to be quite new to Vice-County 102. In the course of my botanical rambles I have not hitherto met with it in Islay ; but this year it has appeared in great plenty along the banks of the Cornabus Burn, for the last half-mile of its course, and not higher up the stream. As that is a part of the parish which I have been over many times, it is almost impossible that the plant if present could have been overlooked by me. The clumps are broad and striking, and catch the eye readily, even at a distance. As a matter of fact, I was two fields away when I first noticed them this summer, and felt sure that here there was something new. How, then, are we to account for the sudden irruption of this plant? I venture to suggest that it is a chance introduction. The farmer, through whose land the Cornabus Burn flows, came from Ayrshire, and that county appears to be the only one in the West of Scotland from which Scrophularia aquatica has been recorded. It may possibly, therefore, have come with grain or other material. All the plants occur on the banks of the lower part of the stream, between the farm and the sea. It is also worth noting that some years ago this burn was badly torn up by floods of a prolonged and destructive character, and it is quite certain that the plants have only appeared since then. List of Bute Plants. By J. BaLianryne. [Read 30th October, 1906.] ALonG with Arran, the two Cumbraes, and the small islet of Inchmarnock, Bute is included in the group of islands known in topographical botany as the “Clyde Isles,” or Vice-County 100. 220 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Owing to its well-known popularity as a_ health resort, Rothesay, the county town, is visited annually by thousands of persons who come in search of health and holiday enjoyment, many of whom are interested in natural history pursuits. For some reason not easily explained, there does not appear to be at present any reliable list of either the fauna or flora of the island. To meet in part this felt want, I have prepared the following list of plants, and although it is by no means exhaustive, it may help as a preliminary contribution towards a more complete catalogue in the near future. Owing to the mild and equable climate of Bute, its variety of soils, and its numerous lochs and marshes, a large number of plants are to be found on the island, many of which are com- paratively rare so far as the West of Scotland is concerned. ‘The mildness of its climate has contributed in no small degree to a number of garden escapes and other alien plants, many of which have their home much further south, establishing them- selves in various spots, and becoming quite naturalised. Among these may be mentioned Claytonia sibirica, Linn.; Ribes Grossularia, Linn. ; Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch; Anthemis nobilis, Linn. ; Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. ; Linaria repens, Mill. ; and Wimulus /uteus, Linn. Others, again, such as Papaver Argemone, Linn. ; Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. ; Chelidonium majus, Linn. ; /bervs amira, Linn. ; Feniculum vulgare, Mill. ; Scabiosa arvensis, Linn.; Hieraciwm aurantiacum, Linn.; Vinca major, Linn. ; Polemoniwm ceruleum, Linn. ; and Plantago media, Linn., can only be considered as casuals, and iave either been intro- duced with farm-seeds or have recently escaped from cultivation. Although all these are found occasionally in the island, they have apparently failed to find a congenial home in the soil of Bute, and cannot be said to have established themselves in any part of it. [ have been careful to enter no plant in this list unless I either have a specimen of it, or know where it is to be found in the island. For this reason, a number of fairly common plants do not appear in the list ; but it is better that they should mean- while be omitted than that any doubt should be raised regarding them. No attempt has been made in the meantime to deal with the _ OO ae ee > — LIST OF BUTE PLANTS. 221 many forms of roses, brambles, hawkweeds, wiilows, and other critical genera, although these appear to be well represented throughout the island. The species of Carex noted are those only which have been examined by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. There are a number of others which are not included, owing to the doubtful ciaracter of the specimens in my possession, and I have not been able as yet to obtain others suitable for identifica- tion. Mr. Somerville also very kindly had a number of my specimens submitted to Mr. A. Bennett, F.L.S., for confirmation. Callitriche autumnalis, Linn., was found and identified by the Rey. E. S. Marshall when on a visit to Bute a few years ago, and when I had the pleasure of taking him to some of the favourite haunts of plants. I am also indebted to Mr. Robert D. Whyte, Town Clerk, Rothesay, and a member of the Bute Physical and Natural History Society, for information regarding a number of plants which he has found. He is preparing a collection of Bute plants for the Rethesay Museum, which is being reorganised vy the Buteshire Natural History Society, so that all who are interested in the plants of the district may be able to obtain at the museum any information desired regarding them. The Island of Bute is divided into three parishes, viz., (1) North Bute, (2) Rothesay, and (3) Kingarth ; and reference to these parochial divisions affords a convenient method of indicating the local distribution and comparative frequency or rarity of each species. The respective parishes in which each plant has been found are indicated by the numerals appended to the specific name, and these correspond to the above enumeration of the parochial divisions of the island. Anemone nemorosa, Linn. 1, 2,3. Trollius europzeus, Linn. 1, 2 Ranunculus trichophyllus, Chaix. 3. Berberis vulgaris, Linn. 2. R. peltatus, Schrank. 2. Nymphiea lutea, Linn, 2. R. hederaceus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Castalia speciosa, Salisb. 1, 2. R. Flammula, Linn. 1, 2, 3. b. minor, D.C. 2. R. acris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Papaver Argemone, Linn. 3, R. repens, Linn. 1, 2, 3 Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. 2, 3. R. bulbosus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Glaucium flavum, Crantz. 3. R. Ficaria, Linn. 1, %, 3. Chelidonium majus, Linn. 2, 3. b. incumbens, F. Schultz. 1,2,3. Neckeria claviculata, N.E.Br. 3. Caltha palustris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Fumaria officinalis, Linn, 1, 2, 3, 222 PRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Nasturtium officinale, R.Br. 1, 2, 3. Arabis hirsuta, Scop. 2. Sardamine pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. C. hirsuta, Linn. 1, 2, 3. C. flexuosa, With. ° 1, 2, 3. Erophila vulgaris, D.C. 3. Cochlearia officinalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Sisymbrium Thalianum, J. Gay. 1, 23. S. officinale, Scop. 1, 2, 3. Brassica Rapa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. B. monensis, Huds. 3. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. 1, 2, 3. Bursa Bursa-pastoris, Weber. 1, 2, Lepidium hirtum, Sm. 3. Iberis amara, Linn. 3. Cakile maritima, Scop. 3. Raphanus Raphanistrum, Linn. 3. R. maritimus, Sm. 3. Viola palustris, Linn. 2 2, 3. V. Riviniana, Reich. 1, 2, 3. V. tricolor, Linn. 1, 2; 3. V. arvensis, Murr. 1, 2, 3. V. Curtisii, Forster. 1, 2, 3. Polygala vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Silene maritima, With. 1, 2, 3. Lychnis alba, Mill. 2. L. dioica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Iu. Flos-euculi, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Cerastium tetrandrum, Curtis. 3. C. glomeratum, Thuill. 1, 2, 3. C. triviale, Link. 1, 2, Stellaria media, Cyr. 1, 2,3 S. Holostea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. graminea, Linn. 1, 2, 3 S. uliginosa, Murr. 1, 2, 3. Arenaria trinervia, Linn. 2. A. serpyllifolia, Linn. 1, A. peploides, Linn. 1, 2, Sagina procumbens, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. nodosa, Fenzl. 1, 2, 3. Spergula arvensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Buda rubra, Dum. 1, 2, 3. B. media, Dum. 1. Claytonia sibirica, Linn. 2, 3. Montia fontana, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Hypericum Androsemum, Linn. 1. 2 hay 2 3. H. dubium, Leers. 1, 2, 3. H. quadratum, Stokes. 1, 2, 3. H. pulchrum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. H. elodes, Linn. 2, 3. Malva sylvestris, Linn. 3. Tilia vulyaris, Hayne. 1, ‘eae 3. Radiola linoides, Roth. 2, 3. Linum catharticum, inn, lS Zand: Geranium sanguineum, Linn. 3. G. pratense, Linn. 1. G. molle, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. dissectum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. Robertianum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Erodium cicutarium, L’Herit. 3. Oxalis Acetosella, Linn. oes 2a: Ilex Aquifolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ulex europzus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Cytisus scoparius, Link. 1, 2, 3. Ononis repens, Linn. 3. Medicago lupulina, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Trifolium pratense, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. medium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. procumbens, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. repens, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anthyllis Vulneraria, Linn. 3. Lotus corniculatus, Linn. a¥y Zoe L. uliginosus, Schkuhr. 1, 2, 3. Vicia Cracca, Linn. — 1, 2, = V. sepium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Mo sativa, Emne 125 V. angustifolia, Linn. 3. Lathyrus pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Prunus spinosa, Linn. 3. P. Padus, Linn. 3. Spirea Ulmaria, Linn. 1 Rubus Ideus, Linn. 1, 2, R. fruticosus, Linn. 1, 2 Geum urbanum, Linn. 1 G. rivale, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Fragaria vesea, Linn. 3. Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh. 1, ou P. silvestris, Neck. 1, 2, 3. P. Anserina, Linn. 1, ES 3. P. palustris, Scop. 1. 2, 3. >. LIST OF BUTE PLANTS. Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. A. vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn. 3. Rosa pimpinellifolia, Linn. 3. R. mollis, Sm. 2. R. rubiginosa, Linn. 2. R. canina, Linn, 2. a. lutetiana, Leman. 2. Pyrus Aucuparia, Ehrh. Cratzgus Oxyacantha, Linn. Saxifraga aizoides, Linn. 1, 2. Chrysosplenium _oppositifolium, Eman “T5228: Parnassia palustris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ribes Grossularia, Linn. 1. Cotyledon Umbilicus, Linn. 3. Sedum Rhodiola, D.C. 3. 8. Telephium, Linn. 2. 8. anglicum, Huds. 1, 2, 3. S. acre, Linn. 1, 3. Drosera rotundifolia, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Hippuris vulgaris, Linn. 2. Myriophyllum alterniflorum, D.C. 2, 3. Callitriche stagnalis, Scop. S. autumnalis, Linn. 2. Peplis Portula, Linn. 2. Lythrum Salicaria, Linn. Epilobium hirsutum, Linn. E. parviflorum, Schreb. 1, E. montanum, Linn. 1 E. palustre, Linn. 1, 2, : Circa lutetiana, Linn. 2. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Linn. tryngium maritimum, Linn. 3. Sanicula europa, Linn. 2. Conium maculatum, Linn. 3. Apium inundatum, Reichb. fil. i RS i ay a 2, 3. oo Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linn. 3. Conopodium denudatum, Koch. 1, 2, 3. Myrrhis odorata, Scop. 1, 2. Cherophyllum temulum, Linn. 1,2,3. Anthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm. 1, 2, 3. Feeniculum vulgare, Mill. 1. (Enanthe Lachenalii, C. Gmel. 3, i, 2,3. (&. crocata, Linn. UG e 2, 3. igopodium Podagraria, Linn. 1,2,3. 223 1 ees Ligusticum scoticum, Linn. 1. Angelica sylvestris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Peucedanum Ostruthium. Koch. 2. Heracleum Sphondylium, Linn. 1,2, 3: Daucus Carota, Linn. Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds, Hedera Helix; Linn. 1, 2, 3. Adoxa Moschatellina, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Sambucus nigra, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lonicera Periclymenum, Linn. 1,2, 3. Galium verum, Linn. 2, 3. G. saxatile, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. palustre, Linn. ce. Witheringii, Sm. 1, 2, 3. G. uliginosum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. Aparine, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Asperula odorata, Linn, 2. Sherardia arvensis, Linn. 1, 2. Valeriana Mikanii, Syme. Valerianella olitoria, Poll. 3. Scabiosa succisa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. arvensis, Linn. 2 Eupatorium cannabinnm, Linn. — 3. I 2, 3: 1, 2, 3. Solidago Virgaurea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Bellis perennis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Aster Tripolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Filago germanica, Linn. 3. F. minima, Fr. 3. Antennaria dioica, R. Br. 1, 2, 3. Gnaphaliuin uliginosum, Linn. 1,2,3. G. sylvaticum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Bidens tripartita, Linn. 1, 2. Achillea Millefolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. Ptarmica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anthemis nobilis, Linn. 2. Chrysanthemum segetum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. C. Leucanthemum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Matricaria inodora, Linn. 1, 2, 3 Artemisia vulgaris, Linn, 1 Tussilago Farfara, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Petasites officinalis, Meench. 1, 3. Senecio vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. 8. sylvaticus, Linn. 3. S. Jacobea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. 294 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 8. aquaticus, Huds. 1, 2, 3. Arctium minus, Bernh. 1, 2, 3. Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. 1, 2, 3. C. palustris, Willd. 1, 2, 3. C. arvensis, Hoffm. 1. 2. 2. Centaurea nigra, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lapsana communis, Ae esos » Crepis virens, Linn. 1, 2, 38. C. paludosa, Meench. 1, 2, " Hieracium Pilosella, Linn. 1, 2, 3. H. aurantiacum, Linn. 2. H. vulgatum, Fr. 1, 2,3. Hypocheeris radicata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Leont>don autumnalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Taraxacum officinale, Web. 1, 2, 3. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. arvensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Tragopogon pratense, Linn. 3. Lobelia Dortmanna, Linn. 1, 2. Jasione montana, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Campanula rotundifolia, Linn. 1,2,3. Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linn. 1, 2. Calluna Erica, D.C. 1, Se 3h Erica Tetralix, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. cinerea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Armeria maritima, ane als Bae Bt Primula acaulis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lysimachia nemorum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Glaux maritima, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anagallis arvensis, Linn. 3. A. tenella, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Centunculus minimus, Linn. 2. Samolus Valerandi, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Fraxinus excelsior, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Jigustrum vulgare, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Vinea major, Linn. 3. Erythrea Centaurium, Pers. Gentiana campestris. Linn. 1. Menyanthes trifoliata, Linn. 2. Polemonium ceruleum, Linn. 3. Symphytum officinale, Linn. 2. S. tuberosum, Linn. 2. Borago officinalis, Linn. 2, 3. Anchusa sempervirens, Linn. 2, 3. Lycopsis arvensis, Linn. 2, 3. Pneumaria maritima, Hill. 3. Shit cespitosa, F. Schultz. 1, 24 BS M. palustris, Relh. 2, M. repens, G. Don. 1, Be 3. M. arvensis, Lam. 1, 2, 3. Reichb:. 1, 2,3: Volvulus sepium, Junger. 1. M. versicolor, Solanum Dulcamara, Linn. 2, 3. Atropa Belladonna, Linn. 3. Verbascum Thapsus, Linn. Se Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. L. repens, Mill. 2, 3. L. vulgaris, Mill. 3. Serophularia nodosa, Linn. 2, 3. Mimulus luteus, Linn. 2, - Digitalis purpurea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Veronica hedervefolia, Linn. 1, 2, 3. V. agrestis, Linn. V. arvensis, Linn. 1, = os V. serpyllifolia, Linn. 1, 2, 8, V. officinalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. V. Chameedrys, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Y. scutellata, Linn. 2. V. Anagallis-aquatica, a 3. V. Beccabunga, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Euphrasia officinalis, es Lpeamchs Bartsia Odontites, Huds. 1, 2, 3. a. verna (Reichs). 1, 2, 3. B. viscosa, Linn. 2. Pedicularis palustris, Linn. P. sylvatica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn. 1,2,3. Melampyrum pratense, Linn. 2. Utricularia vulgaris, Linn. 2. Pinguicula vulgaris, ae 1, 2, 3. P. lusitanica Linn. 1, 2, 3. Mentha hirsuta, Huds. 1, 2, 3. M. sativa, Linn. —1, 2, 3. M. arvensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lycopus europeeus, Linn. 2. 3. Origanum vulgare, Lion. 3, Thymus Serpyllum, Fr. 1, 2, 3. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. 1, 2, 3. Scutellaria galericulata, Linn. 1,2,3. S. minor, Huds. 2. Prunella vulgaris, Linn. # Pay 1, 2, 3: Stachys palustris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. sylvatica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. arvensis, Linn. 3. Galeopsis versicolor, Curt. 1, 2, 3. G. Tetrahit, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lamium amplexicaule, Linn, 1, 2, 3. LIST OF BUTE PLANTS. 2 L. purpureum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Teucrium Scorodonia, Linn. Ajuga reptans, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Plantago major, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. media, Linn. 3. P. lanceolata, Linn. P. maritima, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. Coronopus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Littorella juncea, Berg. 2 Scleranthus annuus, Linn. 2. Chenopodium album, Linn. 2, 3. Atriplex patula, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. Babingtonii, Woods. 3. A. laciniata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Salicornia herbacea, Linn. 1. Sueda maritima, Dum, 2. Salsola Kali, Linn. 3. Polygonum Convolvyulus, Linn. 1, eos . aviculare, Linn. . Raii, Bab. 3. . Hydropiper, Linn. . Persicaria, Linn. . lapathifolium, Linn. . amphibium, Linn. 2. b. terrestre, Leers. 2. P. Bistorta, Linn. 1. Rumex conglomeratus, Murr. 1. R. sanguineus, Linn. 3. b. viridis, Sibth. 3. Lanes 1, 2; 3. Lpesres 1, 2, 3. 1, 2, 3. i Ope. Laie node’ lia oleae) R. obtusifolius, Linn. 1, 2, 3. R. crispus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. R. Acetosa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. R. Acetosella, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Hippophae rhamnoides, Linn. 3. Euphorbia Helioscopia, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. Peplus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Mercurialis perennis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ulmus montana, Stokes. 1, 2, 3. Urtica dioica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. U. urens, Linn. 3. Myrica Gale, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Betula verrucosa, Ehrh. 1, 2, 3. Alnus glutinosa, Medic. 2, 3. Corylus Avellana, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Quercus Robur, Linn, 1, 2, 3. Castanea sativa, Mill. 2, 3. Fagus sylvatica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Salix alba, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Empetrum nigrum, Linn. 1, 2 Pinus sylvestris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Juniperus communis, Linn, 2 Elodea canadensis, Michx. 2, 3. Listera ovata, R.Br. 3. L. cordata, R.Br. 2; 3. Orchis mascula, Linn, 1, 2, 3. QO. incarnata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. O. maculata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Habenaria conopsea, Benth. 1, 2, 3. H. albida, R.Br. 2. H. bifolia, R.Br. 2, 3. H. chloroleuca, Ridley. 1, 2, 3. Iris Pseudacorus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Allium ursinum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Scilla festalis, Salisb. 1, 2, 3. Narthecium Ossifragum, Huds. 1, 2, 3. Juncus bufonius, Linn. J. squarrosus, Linn. 1, 2, J. effusus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. J. conglomeratus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. J. maritimus, Lam. 1, 2, 3. J. supinus, Meench. 1, 3. J. lampocarpus, Ehrh, 1, 2, 3. J. acutiflorus, Ehrh. Luzula vernalis, D.C. 2. L. maxima, D.C. 1, 2, 3. L. campestris, D.C. 1, 2 L. erecta, Desv. 1, 2, 3. Typha latifolia, Linn. 3. Sparganium ramosum, Huds. Arum maculatum, Linn. 3. Lemna minor, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Alisma Plantago-aquatica, Linn, 2,3. A. ranunculoides, Linn. 2, 3. Triglochin palustre, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. maritimum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Potamogeton natans, Linn. P. polygonifolius, Pour. 1, 2, 3. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. 2. P. nitens, Web. 3. Ruppia rostellata, Koch, 3. Eleocharis palustris, R. Br. E. multicaulis, Sm. 1, 2, 3. Scirpus fluitans, Linn. 1, 2, 3. 8. pauciflorus, Light. 1, 2, 3. 8. exespitosus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. 8. lacustris, Linn. 2, 2, 3. Ae 226 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn, 1.2.3. K. angustifolium, Roth. 1, 2, 3. Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. 1. Zostera marina, Linn. 3. Scheenus nigricans, Linn. 1, 2. 3. Cladium jamaicense, Crantz. 1. Carex pulicaris, Linn. . arenaria, Linn. vulpina, Linn. . echinata, Murr. . ovalis, Good. . Goodnowii, J. Gay. flacca, Schreb. . pilulifera, Linn. . sylvatica, Huds. . flava, Linn. . hirta, Linn. . acutiformis, Ehrh. . rostrata, Stokes. Phalaris canariensis, Linn. 2, 3. P. arundinacea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linn. 1, aD: Alopecurus geniculatus, Linn. 1,2,3. A. pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Phleum pratense, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Agrostis canina, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. palustris, Huds. b. stolonifera, Linn. 1, 2, 3. c. maritima, Mey. 1, 3. A. vulgaris, With. 1, 3. pumila, Linn. 1, 3. Ammophila arundinacea, Host. 1, ee Aira caryophyllea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. precox, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Deschampsia czspitosa, Beauv. 1, PASH D. flexuosa, Trin. 1, 2, 3. Holcus mollis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. H. lanatus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. Lares Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh. 1, 2, 3. Phragmites communis, Trin. 1, 2, 3. Cynosurus cristatus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Molinia varia, Schrank. 1, 2, 3. Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv., b. littor- alis, Parn, 3. Peeeocoeoesaes i org: on Melica uniflora, Retz. Dactylis glomerata, Linn. Poa annua, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. trivialis, Linn. 1, 2; 3. Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. 1, 2, 3. G. maritima, Mert. and Koch. 1, 8. Festuca ovina, Linn. 1. b. capillata, Hackel. 1. F. elatior, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Bromus ramosus, Huds, 1, 2, 3. iB. sterilis, Linn. ~1; 23:3; B. mollis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Brackypodium gracile, Beauv. 1. Lolium perenne, Linn. 1, 2, 3. ce, italicum, Braun. 3. Agropyron caninum, Beauy. A. repens, Beauv. 1, 2, 3. A. junceum, Beauv. 1, 3. Nardus stricta, Linn. 1, 3. Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, Sm 1, 2, 3. ~ H. unilaterale, Bory. 2. Pteris aquilina, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lomaria Spicant, Desv. 1, 2, 3. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, Linn Zo: A. marinum, Linn. 1, 3. A. Trichomanes, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. Ruta-muraria, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Athyrium Filix-feemina, Roth. 1,2,3. Scolopendrium vulgare, Symons. 3. Polystichum angulare, Presl. 3. Lastrza Oreopteris, Presl. 1, 2, 3. L. Filix-mas, Presl. 1, 2, 3. L. dilatata, Presl. - 1, 2, 3. Polypodium vulgare, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fée. 1, 3, Osmunda regalis, Linn. 1. Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. 2. Equisetum arvense, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E sylvaticum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. palustre, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. limosum, Sm. 2, 3. Lycopodium Selago, Linn, 2. L. clavatum, Linn. 2. L. alpinum, Linn. 2. Selaginella selaginoides, Gray. 2,3. Tsoetes lacustris, Linn, 2, —~ © ih. i ee EEE IN MEMORIAM. 227 In Memoriam.—Atsxanper Somervitie, B.Sc., F.LS. Died 5th June, 1907. ALEXANDER SOMERVILLE was born in Glasgow in the year 1842. He was the eldest son of the Rev. A. N. Somerville, D.D., minister of the Anderston congregation of the Church of Scotland, and afterwards, for many years, of Free Anderston Church, Glasgow. He was educated at the Glasgow Academy, and subsequently attended for three sessions at the old college in High Street. After leaving college he entered upon a business career. Several years having thus been spent in the house of Messrs. J. H. Young & Co., merchants, Glasgow, he went to Calcutta as a merchant in the well-known house of Messrs. Mackinnon, Mackenzie, & Co., but, after fifteen years of exposure to the trying climate of India, his health became impaired and he returned to Scotland. At this period of his life his literary and scientific tastes seem to have strongly asserted themselves. He once more matriculated as a student in the university (now established in its stately range of new buildings at Gilmorehill), where he attended science classes, and in due course obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science. To the pursuit of natural history, which had formerly engaged his attention in boyhood, he applied himself once more with increased devotion. His two favourite departments of research were Marine Zoology and Systematic Botany, both of which were studied by him for many years with characteristic enthusiasm. His marine investigations led him to make many dredging excursions, in which he was often accom- panied by naturalist friends who possessed tastes similar to his own. In this way he explored the whole of the Clyde Sea Area and the greater part of the western coast of Scotland. He was accustomed to preserve manuscript records of these excursions, in _which the most exact information was noted as to the places where the dredging was conducted, the depths from which the respective hauls were taken. and the species of organisms and number of specimens so obtained. As the marine mollusca attracted his special notice, he corresponded with the most eminent British conchologists, and soon became a recognised H 228 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. authority on the subject of British shells. In 1886 he published a List of British Mollusca and Brachiopoda, which was accepted as the standard catalogue until superseded in 1900 by the official list of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. His appointment by that society as one of the three referees for marine shells may be regarded as indicating the high estimation in which his attainments as a conchologist were held. In the department of Scottish Topographical Botany, particu- larly in the investigations for working out the flora of the Watsonian vice-counties, his important researches—carried on chiefly in the West of Scotland, but occasionally extended to Orkney and other remoter regions—have led to the acquisition of much valuable information relating to plant-distribution, including many interesting records of the occurrence of species in districts where they were not previously known to exist In the course of this work he entered into correspondence with the recognised authorities in various departments of botany, to whom he was likewise accustomed to submit specimens of the plants upon which his records were based, thus greatly enhancing the value of the information due to his individual researches. He also formed an herbarium of British Flowering-plants and Ferns, upon which he expended so much careful labour as to render it one of the finest in the country. After returning to Glasgow from India, he became connected with various scientific institutions. One of the earliest to be joined was the Linnean Society, of which he was a Fellow. He was elected a member of the Natural History Society of Glasgow on 13th September, 1881, and a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh on 11th February, 1886. He was a member of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and for a number of years held office on the council of that institution, and was for a period of three years its president. He was also a member of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow, and a member of the West of Scotland Marine Biological Association. He was deeply interested in the movement which resulted in the establishment of the Marine Biological Station at Millport, and took an active part in obtaining the funds necessary for its equipment and maintenance. His personal efforts were instru- mental in obtaining many valuable gifts, alike from private IN MEMORIAM. 229 individuals and public institutions. One of the most notable of these was the collection of Reports of the Challenger Expedition, now contained in the library at the Millport Station, which has proved very helpful to students and others in the course of their biological researches there. But his sympathies extended over a much wider field than was embraced in those departments of science which specially attracted his notice. As an elder and Sabbath-school teacher he took a prominent part in congregational work, while many philanthropic objects, both at home and abroad, received his hearty support. There is reason for believing that every society and institution in which Mr. Somerville became actively interested derived benefit from his keen enthusiasm, clear business insight, unflag- ging energy, and unfailing perseverance When convinced of the goodness of a cause which appealed to his sympathies, or the advantages of a policy which he desired, he was seldom daunted by difficulties or dismayed by obstacles in the way of its attain- ment. His personal enthusiasm was itself instrumental in persuading others to arrive at his own way of thinking; while those who were frequently brought into contact with him know how unsparing were his efforts, how voluminous his correspond- ence, how importunate his appeals, in seeking to further a desired end. As a Society we must gratefully remember how often such efforts were successfully made by him on our behalf, and how largely they have resulted in the attainment of benefits of which we are now in the enjoyment. Besides rendering many services as a contributor of specimens and papers at the meetings of this Society, he occasionally held office in the Council. He acted as a Vice-President from 1888 till 1891, and in 1899 was elected President for a full term of three years. During his tenure of office as President, a special meeting was held on 4th December, 1901. for the purpose of celebrating the Jubilee of the Society, and its success was in great measure due to his personal efforts to render the proceedings worthy of the occasion. Although, owing to his failing health, a considerable period had elapsed since his last appearance at the meetings of the Society, many indications were from time to time received of his 230 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. continued interest in its proceedings and unabated desire for its welfare, Mr. Somerville was twice married, and is survived by his widow, two sons, and four daughters. To them must be accorded the sympathy of a very wide circle of friends, united together in mourning the loss of a fellow-worker, counsellor, and companion, whose memory will be cherished alike for his high attainments and personal worth. Auchendrane and its Trees. By Jonn Renwick. [Read 25th June, 1907.] Two hundred years ago, in 1707, the Parliaments of England and of Scotland were united and became the Parliament of Great Britain. One of the members of the Scots Parliament who voted in favour of the Union was John Muir of Blairstoun or Middle Auchendrane, who represented the burgh of Ayr. He had been a magistrate of the “auld toun” as early as 1672, was provost before 1688, and in 1690 was elected provost and com- missioner of Parliament for the burgh. He was elected the first representative of the burgh in the new Parliament of Great Britain, and died in 1709 or 1710 at a great age, “having been engaged in the trade and public business of Ayr during a period of nearly 60 years, remarkable for civil commotions and great events” (Paterson, History of Ayrshire, vol. II., p. 363). In honour of the Union, John Muir planted in 1707 a row of ‘Norwegian Pines,” now called Silver Firs, which have since been known in the family as “The Union Trees.” They are six tall and stately trees, rising to a height of over 100 feet, with a girth of from 16 ft. 5 in. downwards. Other trees planted about the same time are a Silver Fir now 110 ft. high, and two Scots Firs respectively 90 and 92 ft. high, with girths of 10 ft. 5 in. and 11 ft. 6 in. From an old document, Miss Catheart, the present proprietor of the estate, learns that in 1698 John Muir sold £300 worth of fine Oaks. foe 2 ee pe rt ey dn rete ss + heer AUCHENDRANE AND ITS TREES. 931 John Muir’s great grandson, Robert Muir, studied medicine in London, and graduated as M.D. He was born in 1736, and apparently on coming of age in 1757 he planted a Silver Fir, which in memory of him is known as “The Doctor.’ It has flourished well, its height being over 101 ft., girth 15 ft. and annual rate of increase in girth (1°22 in.) for whole life greater than that of any of the other trees. Dr. Muir was survived by a daughter, Mary, who married David Cathcart of Alloway, afterwards elevated to the Bench, under the title of Lord Alloway. During their time many Oaks were taken away, and many trees planted to replace these. Their son, Elias Cathcart, graduated as LL.D. in the university of Leyden in 1815, was married to Miss Dunlop in 1818, succeeded to the property in 1829 on the death of his father, sold Alloway in 1830, and in the same year, “under the old name of Auchen- draine, united his estate of Blairstoun, with the adjoining barony of Auchendraine which he acquired from the parliamentary trustees of Sir James Fergusson of Kilkerran” (Paterson, Hist. Ayrshire). This barony had been disponed by Hugh Mure of Auchendrane in 1741 to Sir James Fergusson, second baronet of Kilkerran, Hugh Mure was a descendant of the ‘“‘ Grey Man of Auchendrane.” Elias Cathcart had a family of two sons and three daughters, of whom the only survivor is the eldest daughter, the present proprietor of the estate, Miss Jane A. Cathcart.* At the time of her marriage, Mrs. Elias Cathcart, or Miss Dunlop, planted a Birch on the Jawn in front of the house. In looking over some old letters last year, Miss Cathcart discovered that the Birch had been brought, with other rare plants, in the year 1818, from Booth’s gardens in Hamburg, as “The cut-leaf Weeping Birch.” It exhibits the pendulous habit to a slight degree, but only in some of the young leaves does it show any traces of cut leaves. It is now probably the finest tree of the species in Scotland, and nearly the largest. It has a height of 67 feet, spread of 60 feet. girth 10 feet 84 inches, bole 13 feet. Another tree that seems to be one of the best of its kind in the United Kingdom is a Western Arbor Vitae, JVhuya occidentalis, L. In the first volume of Zhe Trees of Great *T regret to note that Miss Cathcart died on 25th January, 1909, when in her eighty-ninth year.—J. R., Jan., 1911. 232 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Britain and Ireland, by H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., and A. Henry, F.L.S., the former writes (p. 194), “ Zhwya occidentalis never attains to a considerable size when planted in this country. There is a specimen at White Knights, near Reading, of great age. which is now dying at the top. According to the gardener there, it has not made any growth for the last thirty-five years. It measured in 1904, 41 feet in height by 4 feet in girth. At Stratton Strawless, Norfolk, there is also a specimen of consider- able age, remarkable for the pendulous habit of the branches, which is 35 feet in height. There are more large specimens at Belton Park than at any other place I know in England, the largest I have measured being 41 feet by 3 feet 9 inches. Henry, however, in 1904 measured one at Arley Castle as tall, which divides into three stems near the ground, where it measures 7 feet 6 inches in girth At Auchendrane, Ayrshire, Renwick measured a tree in 1902,—which, according to a specimen procured by him in 1906, was Thuwya occidentalis,—as 42 feet high, by 6 feet 8 inches in girth, with a bole of 12 feet.” Another remarkable tree is the True Service-tree, or Sorb, Pyrus Sorbus, Gaertn., or P. domestica, Ehr. It has a height of 57 ft., a girth of 5 ft. 7 ins., with a bole of 9 ft. The forester has not observed it in fruit. Unfortunately the description of this species by Messrs. Elwes and Henry was printed before I sent a specimen. They give no measurements for Scotland, but it is likely that the Auchendrane tree is equal to any in this country. They say that the largest now living in the United Kingdom seems to be one in Co. Kilkenny, 77 ft. high by 10 ft. 8 in. in girth ; that Loudon mentions a tree in Dorsetshire 82 ft. high, diameter 3 ft. 4 in. (= girth 10 ft. 6 in.), which, if a true Sorb, must have been the largest on record, but it has long been dead. They record several in England, such as one at Wetherby 65 ft. high by 9 ft. girth, and one at Arley Castle 55 ft. high by 7 ft. 4 in. girth. The tree at Arley Castle was a seedling from the single specimen which grew in a remote part of Wyre Forest in Worcester- shire, on whose existence as a native the species was admitted to the British Flora. This tree in Wyre Forest was mentioned in the Philosophical Transactions as far back as 1678. It was burnt down in 1862 by a fire kindled at its base by a vagrant. The species is not now considered as a native. (Elwes and Henry, Vol. I. p. 147.) AUCHENDRANE AND ITS TREES. 233 Still another good tree is a specimen of the Golden Birch, Betula lutea, Micheux, 57 ft. high, bole 15 ft., girth 5 ft. 25 in. Dr. A. Henry, F.L.S., to whom I am indebted for the name, states that it is a remarkably fine one for the British Isles. It agrees with an excellent specimen at Tortworth, but has smaller leaves. The leaves have a peculiar white or pale colour beneath, which does not occur in any Kew trees of the species. The taste of the bark of the young branchlets is peculiar and exactly that of B. lutea. In addition to those already mentioned, and those contained in the appended table of measurements, the following trees and shrubs have been observed, and quite likely others exist which have not been noticed :— Tulip Tree, - : - - Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Three-petaled is Soy - Magnolia tripetala, L. Spindle-tree, . - Euonymus europeus, L. Norway Maple, - - - Acer platanoides, L. Ohio Buck-eye, or Smooth- leaved Horse Chestnut, - sculus glabra, Willd. Red Horse Chestnut, - - _ carnea, Hayne. Mahaleb,_ - - - - Prunus Mahaleb, Mill. Goat’s Beard, - - - Spirea Aruncus, L. Willow-leaved Pyrus, - - Pyrus salicifolia, L. Cockspur, - - - - Crategus Crus-galli, L. Hawthorn, - - - - hs Oxyacantha, L. Que with ‘ witches’ broom ”—a somewhat uncommon occurrence. Curly-leaved Ash, = - Fraxinus eacelsior, L., var. crispa Smooth Elm, - : - Ulmus glabra, Mill. Fringe-leaved Alder, - - Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn., var. laciniata. Cut-leaved Hornbeam, - - Carpinus Betulus, L., var. inceisa. Red Oak, - - - Quercus rubra, L. Silvery Oak, - - = » pedunculata, Ehr., var. variegata. Copper Beech, - - - Fagus sylvatica, L., var. cuprea. Oriental Plane, - - - Platanus orientalis, L. Wellingtonia, = - - - Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne. Some time ago Mr. William Kelso of Ayr gave me a list of “a few of the more uncommon plants found near Auchendrane.” 234 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. It includes Ranunculus auricomus, L., which Mr. John Smith (Botany of Ayrshire, p. 7) states has been recorded for Monkton by Mr. Duncan, and for Craigie by Mr. Borland, but he himself has not seen it in Ayrshire; Wuphar lutewm, Sm. ; Nymphea alba, L.; Agrimonia HLupatoria, L.; Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L., recorded by Mr. Smith for only three parishes, Kilbirnie, Dalry, Loudoun ; Adowa Moschatellina, L.; Solanwm Dulecamara, L.; Salix fragilis, L.; Neottia Nidus-avis, L.; Allium ursinum, L.; Asplenium Trichomanes, L.; Scolopendrium vulgare, L.; Polypodium Dryopteris, L. (= Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fée) ; also Symphoricarpus racemosus, Mx. Auchendrane has something still to show on the bonnie holms and banks of Doon! MEASUREMENTS OF TREES AT AUCHENDRANE. Supplementary to Table in 7’ransactions, Vol. VII. (N.S.), p. 270. SPECIES, Dat. GintH. AT Bouin. HEIGHT. Tilia platyphyllos, Scop. var. Tena oqme | in aspleniifolia ; Cut-leaved Lime Tree, - - - July, 07 2112 3 9 42 Acer wplatanoides, L. var. laciniatum; Eagle’s-claw Maple, - - : ae » & oa 5 i As Pyrus Sorbus, Gaertn.; True Service Tree, - - Sahm, “ay Ge tw yy Prunus serotina, Loi.; Ameri- can Gean, - - =U Vand, | Oa Sig ase 3 42 Prunus Mahaleb, Mill., =hept.. 5.9 jib, 3. 220 Betula lutea, Mx.; Yellow Bireh,_ - - - ty, yD 2h. To. ee Ulmus glabra, Mill. ; Elm (not “ Zelkowa crenata” as in table loc. cit.), - - - July, 49 COgl0k 5 iy obo Fagus sylvatica, L. ; Beech, to west of house, - = Sept, ,; LO 71 5, 25 Sie Tnruya occidentalis, L.; Western Arbor Vite, - June, , 6103 5 12 42* * Height in 1902, RO a NOTES ON RICHARDSON’S SKUA. 235 SPECIES. DATE. GirtH. AT Bown. HEIGHT. ; : Ree we ae oe Thuya plicata, Don (gigantea, Nut.) ; Giant Thuya, = dune, 207, 25 2 i Abies pectinata, DC. ; Silver Her, +: Non» 1 of. The Union Trees,” planted NY Ae : - - July, , 16 5} 5 — 104 Do., on stable path, April, 06 12 23 5 — — Pseudotsuga Douglasi, Carr ; Douglas Fir, - = re Pn » 29 103 5 — — Picea excelsa, L.; Spruce, - July, 07 5114 5 — — Cedrus atlantica, Manetti ; Atlas Cedar, - - - 5 24 5 — 60 Pinus sylvestris, L.; Scots Fir, in flower garden, planted LOT, +) = - = he? te coke le ee See Larix europea, DC.; Larch, near bridge, - - - June, 07 8 28 5 — — * Height in 1902. Notes on Richardson’s Skua (Stercorarius crepidatus, Gm.). By Rozertr W. 8. Wi1son. [Read 28rd June, 1908.] Ricuarpson’s Skua belongs to the small group of parasitic gulls, of which we have four species in this country, namely, the Great Skua (Megalestris catarrhactes, L.), Pomatorhine Skua (Stercorarvus pomatorhinus, Temminck), Richardson’s Skua (S. crepidatus, Gmelin), and the Long-tailed Skua (8. parasiticus, L.), the first and third being nesting species here. Richardson’s Skua is the most abundant of the genus, nesting in plenty on the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and more sparingly on the Hebrides and in some parts of the North of Scotland. In the Clyde Area, it occurs in spring and autumn in most years. At Fairlie I have observed it from the beginning of August till November. 236 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. It is a bird of rather curious habits. When intent on feeding, it may be seen flving about, watching the Common Gulls and Kittiwakes in their attempts to catch fish, Whenever one of the latter manages to secure a fish, the Skua immediately gives chase, and buffets the poor bird with such violence as to compel it to drop the fish, which the Skua catches before it reaches the water. ; On 4th June, 1904, when on the Island of Yell in the Shetlands, I had for the first time an opportunity of seeing this species inland. We were walking over to West Sandwick at the time, and on catching sight of the bird we at once followed it, and found it perched on a mossy knoll. It then flew away, and disappeared behind a distant ridge. Having followed it, we came upon the pair of birds on a patch of flat mossy ground behind the ridge where the first Skua had disappeared. They speedily showed by their actions that they had a nest close at hand, as they began to swoop at us, always making the attack from behind. When we approached more closely, the birds alighted on the ground, sat on their tails, and propelled themselves along the surface by flapping their wings, as though they had been wounded and were unable to fly. We soon found the nest, which was but a slight hollow scooped in the moss, and lined with a few bits of grass. It contained two eggs. Next day we visited a colony of these birds. This was in a wild stretch of country, studded with lochs, in the north part of the island. They were not nesting close together, but each pair had a patch of ground reserved for themselves; and whenever this area was intruded upon by either a gull or another skua, the occupants gave battle, attacking the intruder with such force as to cause feathers to fly. The impact of the two birds’ bodies meeting in mid-air was quite perceptible to the ear. Their notes, which they constantly uttered, resembled the mewing of a cat. They had two distinct types of plumage, one with light throat and breast, and the other sooty all over. A pair of Great Skuas had also taken up their quarters in this locality, and it was interesting to observe the different manner in which the two species showed their resentment of our intrusion in their haunts. The Great Skuas always made a frontal attack, sweeping down from a height and coming at the intruder in a horizontal ON TWO NEW FORMS OF CAREX. 237 direction, at a height just sufficient to clear his head. The velocity of the swoop being very great, and the “swish” of the wings growing louder as the birds approached, made one involuntarily duck the head to avoid their onslaught. On the other hand, the attack of Richardson’s Skua generally came from behind, or sometimes from the side, but never from the front. It was made by the birds dipping down in a vertical direction from a height of from fifteen to twenty yards, but they never actually touched us, as their larger and bolder relatives some- times did. On Two New Forms of Carex. By Perer Ewine, F.LS. [Read 23rd June, 1908.] CaREX SAXATILIS Linn., forma GLOMERATA mihi. Despite the number of described forms of Carex saxatilis L., I wish to direct attention to another which is so distinct as to be well worthy of special recognition. It occurs on Ben Lawers and Beinn Heasgarnich, and has all along been apparently over- looked as a small form of C. atrata L., to which in facies it closely approaches, as may be seen from the following description :— Rootstock shortly creeping, with light-brown and bright- purple coloured sheaths, the barren shoot and the following year’s barren shoot curved upwards from the base. Leaves narrow, strict, slightly keeled, revolute, with angular points, edges rough, shorter than the stems. Stems stout, 20-30 cm. high, bluntly triangular, scarcely rough at the top. Spikes 3-4, bluntly ovate-oblong, upper spikelet very shortly stalked, next sessile at its base, next shortly stalked, lowest on a long stalk, terminal spike may be all male or all female or partly both, and stamens are often seen on the other spikes. Lower bract leaf-like, not sheathing. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, dark-purple with a lighter tip, midrib slender, only visible on some of the glumes. Perigynia yellowish at the base, purple above, broadly ovate, slightly inflated, veinless except at sides, neck and bifid beak distinct, stigmas two. 258 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. This form has a good deal in common with C. atrata, but the influence of that species is questionable. As with all other deviations from the type, it is difficult to find a plant so fully developed in all its parts as to enable all questions of affinity to be definitely settled. C. saxatinis Linn., forma INTERMEDIA mihi. This form should come under C. vesicaria L., as it seems inter- mediate between C. Grahami Boott, and C. saxatilis L., but differs from the former in being 15-30 em. high, not growing cespitose, and having leaves much shorter and flatter ; from the latter it differs in having 1-3 female spikelets, the lower one cylindrical on a long hair-like peduncle and hanging when mature ; lower glumes longer and upper as long as the perigynia, subulate, blackish-brown with a light-coloured midrib and white tip, perigynia as in C. Grahami but darker coloured, stigmas three, style not so geniculate as in the type. This is the form which the artist had before him when he HS plate 1684, and also the perigynia at the foot of the plate, in the drd edition of English Botany. In the young state, dried plants of this are so like small plants of C. Grahami that they are liable to be confused with it ; in fact, there are a few specimens mixed with the small form of C. Grahami in the Royal Herbarium at Edinburgh. Some authors regard this as the form alpigena Fr., thereby causing the difficulty experienced in trying to diagnose that form. Only on one of the Breadalbane mountains does this occur at all plentifully, and there it grows in company with C. saxatilis and C. Grahami, being to all appearance a hybrid between these forms, of which C. Grahami is the male parent, Reports on Excursions.* Datry to Farrum, 15th September, 1906.—Mr. D. A. Boyd reported that this excursion, which was arranged jointly with the West Kilbride Natural History and Archeological Society, took place during very unfavourable weather, and the attendance was accordingly small. Having met at Dalry railway station, * The Lists of Mosses, Hepatics, and Microfungi noted at Excursions in 1907 and 1908 have been incorporated as a Supplementary Report (see p. 263). REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 239 the party visited the old manse, which is situated near the centre of the town, close to the churchyard, and dates from the seven- teenth century. In the neighbourhood of Dalry were observed Polygonum Bistorta, L.; Hygrophorus calyptreformis, B. & Br. ; Marssonia populi, Lib., on leaves of Populus; and Ovularia spheroidea, Sacc., on leaves of Lotus uliginosus, Schkuhr. ; with various other plants. During the descent towards Fairlie, beautiful views were obtained of the shores and islands of the Firth of Clyde; but the wet condition of the long herbage interfered with botanical pursuits. HawkHeEap, 29th September, 1906; and Torrance (East Kilbride), 13th October, 1906.—Mr. R. B. Johnstone, conductor, Messrs. Johnstone and Boyd reported that these excursions were arranged jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society, and took the form of Fungus Forays. The attendance on both occasions was satisfactory. At Hawkhead the species noted did not include any which are worthy of special mention, but at Torrance numerous interesting forms were obtained. Among the Hymenomycetes, the most notable species observed in the latter locality were MWycena pterigena, Fr., M. capillaris (Schum.) Fr, Pleurotus dryinus (Pers.) Fr., Lactarius pallidus, Fr., and Poria sanguinolenta (A. & 8.) Fr. The Microfungi found at Torrance included Ciboria luteovirescens (Rob.) Sace., which grew on dead petioles of Acer Pseudo-platanus ; Cyathicula coronata (Bull.) De Not., on a dead herb-stem ; Ascobolus vinosus, Berk., on rabbit-dung ; Zorula ovalispora, Berk., on dead wood ; &c. Sourn Burr, Ist April, 1907.—Mr. John Robertson, conductor, This excursion took place in favourable weather, and was attended by eighteen members and friends. After landing at Kilchattan Pier, the party proceeded behind the village to the road which passes through Suidhe Plantation, and visited the Standing Stones in Blackpark Plantation. These consist of three upright blocks, of the history of which nothing authentic is known. Returning to the road, the party walked by Largizean and Lubas to the seashore at Dunagoil Bay. All clambered to the top of Dunagoil (‘the fort of the stranger”), a boss of trap rock which marks an ancient headland, and has several sea-worn caves at its 240 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. base. Dunagoil was a vitrified fort, of which part of a wall still remains. Whether the vitrification was merely accidental, caused by strong wind blowing up from the sea so as to occasion fierce combustion with great heat, or whether it was produced inten- tionally, is a subject upon which authorities do not seem to be agreed. After having rested and enjoyed the beautiful view obtainable from the fort, the party proceeded to St. Blane’s Chapel, also known as Kilblain and Kingarth. This is a ruin of uncertain age, which nestles in a delightful and sheltered hollow, The style of architecture is mainly Norman, with some early Gothic windows. The Norman portion, however, seems to cover a building of an earlier date, while the Gothic windows mark a third style, of date still later than the Norman. The Rev. Dr. Hewison, in his book entitléd Bute in the Olden Time, considers that the original edifice. which is still the framework of the present building, was erected under the supervision of St. Blane, who died about the year 630. From the chapel the hill-path over the flank of Suidhe Chatain was followed. This hill is 517 feet high, and from its summit a series of magnificent views present themselves in every direction. From no other coign of vantage can so fine a prospect of the Arran mountains be obtained. The list of Birds observed in the course of the day was not a long one, but some members of the party, who had been down at Kilchattan Bay over the week-end, had noted 635 species—a record which at that early season could hardly be excelled elsewhere in the Clyde Area. Only a few of the early Flowering- plants were seen in bloom. Among the Microfungi noted were Pseudophacidium callune, Karst., and Coniothyrium Boydeanum, A. L. Smith. The former was added to the British List from specimens discovered at West Kilbride, Ayrshire, in March, 1892,* and the latter was described as new to science from specimens obtained in that district in October, 1899.¢ So far as can be ascertained, no additional British records of these species have as yet been reported, and they accordingly form interesting additions to the fungus flora of Bute. * Journal of Botany, May, 1898; Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 1897-98, p. 73. + Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1900, p. 423, pl. 3, fig. 3; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc., 1899-1900. a i li | REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 241 Locuwinnocu, 13th April, 1907.—Mr. Charles Scott, conductor. During tine weather a party of about thirty, consisting of members of this and the Andersonian Naturalists’ Societies, visited the south-east side of Castle Semple Loch, between Loch- side and Howwood railway stations. Few Flowering-plants were observed in bloom, and these were all common species. Fifty- two species and varieties of Mosses were noted. CaLpDERWoop GLEN, 27th April, 1907.—Mr. John Middleton, B.Se., conductor. This excursion was arranged jointly with the Hamilton and District Field Club and the Uddingston Literary Society. The rendezvous was Calderwood Estate, near High Blantyre, which was visited by permission kindly granted by the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, into whose hands the property has recently passed. The party proceeded through beautiful sylvan paths to tue castle, where they were joined by Mr. Thomson, estate manager, who gave an account of the historical facts and legendary traditions connected with the glen. Among the plants observed were several specimens of Toothwort (Lathrea squamaria, L.) in fine flower, and Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L., which was found in considerable abundance. Under the leadership of Mr. John R. Lee, some of the party explored the glen in search of Mosses, of which several interesting species were obtained. CarTLAND Cracs, 18th May, 1907.—Mr. John Paterson, conductor, reported that this excursion took place during favour- able weather, and was attended by eighteen members and friends. Cartland Crags is classic ground for Clydesdale naturalists, and has often been visited by the Society. On this occasion attention was chiefly directed to two aspects of the life of the region, viz., its ornithology and botany. Cleghorn Woods and Cartland Crags present almost unrivalled opportunities for observing sylvan bird- life. There are two rookeries of moderate size in Cleghorn Woods, while the steep banks and cliffs afford shelter to many Jackdaws. The stream yields the Dipper and Grey Wagtail, and here, also, the Chaffinch as flycatcher is a prominent feature. While most of our sylvan summer visitors were common enough, it was observed that the Garden Warbler was neither seen nor heard. As this species had been found to be quite common on 242 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW, previous visits, the explanation of its apparent absence was perhaps the somewhat ungenial conditions obtaining at the time of the excursion. A Roe-Deer was seen in Cleghorn Woods. Mr. D. A. Boyd reported that specimens of Trichoniscus pusillus, Brandt, one of the terrestrial Isopoda, and Zomocerus tridentiferus, Tullb., one of the Collembola, were observed under rotten wood in moist places. Most of the rarer plants recorded at former visits to the district were again observed. Among the Mosses obtained were specimens of Hypnum Schreberi, Willd., with capsules. Thirty-five species of Fungi were noted, among which were Polystictus radiatus, Fr., found on dead branches of Alnus glutinosa; P. abietinus, Fr., on a dead trunk of Pinus sylvestris; and Grandinia granulosa, Fr., on dead wood. The Microfungi are included in a separate report. Locn Rippon, 23rd May, 1907.—Mr. Alexander Ross, conductor, reported that probably the threatening nature of the weather had accounted for the small number—four in all —who took part in this excursion ; but the smallness of the company in no way detracted from enjoyment of the beautiful scenery for which the district is famed. From Colintraive for about a mile and a-half on both sides of the road are plantations of young trees, mainly oak, the varying colours of whose opening foliage make a fine picture. Further on, birch is the prevailing species. Just where the road turns up Loch Riddon, the highest elevation in this part is attained. A splendid view of the Kyles of Bute is here obtainable. Right below, and stretching southward, are the narrows, where the water makes its way between low-lying and dangerous-looking islands. Extending northward, in all its grandeur, is Loch Riddon, a narrow gulf shut in by rugged and precipitous mountains. Attention was directed to a small and inconspicuous island, Eilein Dheirrig, or Eilein Dubh, situated near the mouth of the loch, which recalls the unsuccessful rebellion of 1685, and the part played therein by Archibald, ninth Earl of Argyll. At the head of the loch, and towards the roadway on the west side, are some fine specimens of Beech and Fir. Ormidale was reached in time to allow of the exploration of Craig Burn, which tumbles down a rugged, rock-strewn course. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 243 Some of the boulders in the bed of the stream were completely clad with the Filmy-Fern, Hymenophyllwm unilaterale, Bory. Forty-one species of Birds were noted, ten of these being summer visitors. The song of the Willow Wren accompanied the party during the whole journey. Less common, but still frequent, was the tremulous “shiver” of the Wood Wren, while the call of the Cuckoo was occasionally heard. Near Colintraive the Spotted Flycatcher was seen, and shortly afterwards the Wheatear. The Whinchat was frequent towards the head of the loch, where also the Tree-Pipit was noted in the trees. The Dipper was seen hurrying up a small stream, while Common Sandpipers frequented the River Ruel, and were also seen along the shore. About half-way up the loch, the monotonous call of the Chiff-chaff was listened to for some time. Standing on some mud-flats, in the midst of Oyster-catchers and one or two Curlews, were no less than seven Common Herons. As no heronries have been reported to exist on Loch Riddon, it would be interesting to know from what quarter these birds had come One pair of Shell-ducks, and several Red-breasted Mergansers, were the only representatives of the duck tribe observed. A Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis, Linn.) was captured at the head of the loch. Entomologically the day was almost barren, probably owing to high wind and want of sunshine. At the head of the loch a brief interval of sunshine brought out several insects, among which were a specimen of Bombylius major, L., an uncommon species in the Clyde district, also Melanostoma mellinwm, L Rhingia campestris, Mg., and a species of Anthomyia. Tipulidze were scarce, the species netted being Dixa maculata, Mg., Ptychoptera albimana, F., Limnobia nubeculosa, Mg., Dicranomyia chorea, Mg., Rhypholophus nodulosus, Meq., Empeda nubila, Schum., Hrioptera tenionota, Mg., Limnophila aperta, Ver., Amalopsis immaculata, Mg., and Tipula plumbea, F. During the excursion many Flowering-plants were observed, but none sufficiently rare to call for special mention. Reference may be made, however, to the beauty of the masses of Marsh-marigolds and the abundance of Primroses. Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., a large foliaceous Lichen, grew luxuriantly on many of the trees. Highteen Mosses and six Hepatics were noted by Mr. John R. Lee, and are separately reported on. I ” 244 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. AUCHANS AND DuNDOoNALD, lst June, 1907.—Mr. D. A. Boyd reported that, owing to the unpromising state of the weather, the attendance, so far as this Society is concerned, was very small. The party travelled by rail to Drybridge. where they were joined by several members of the Irvine Ramblers’ Field Club. They then walked to Auchans, where some time was spent in exploring the finely-wooded grounds and visiting the old castle. The latter is now uninhabited, and is fast falling into a state of decay and ruin. It was for some years the residence of Susanna, Countess of Eglinton, where, in 1773, she was visited by Dr. Samuel Johnson after his return from his tour through the Hebrides, as has been duly chronicled by his biographer, Boswell, who has given an interesting account of the interview between the countess and her distinguished guest. From Auchans the party proceeded through the woods to Dundonald Castle, and afterwards had tea in the village before dispersing. Among the plants observed in the course of the afternoon were Anemone nemorosa, L., Ranunculus bulbosus, L., Cardamine amara, L., Sawifraga granulata, L., Coniwm maculatum, L., Veronica montana, L., Listera ovata, R. Br., Arwm maculatum, L., and Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. Several Mosses and numerous Microfungi were also noted. AUCHENDRANE, 15th June, 1907.—Mr. John Renwick, con- ductor, reported that a small party of this Society, consisting of eleven members and friends, visited Auchendrane to examine the trees and plants growing there. They were courteously enter- tained by their fellow member, Miss Cathcart. The afternoon was wet, with dry intervals. Many of the largest and most interesting trees were measured,* and a number of photographs were taken. In the woods the Bird’s-nest Orchis (Veotia Nidus- avis, Rich.) was very plentiful, and the Cuckoo-pint (Arum ° maculatum, L.) was frequent. The former is recorded by Mr. John Smith, in his Botany of Ayrshire, for only six parishes, and the latter for only four. Neither species is recorded for Maybole parish, in which Auchendrane is situated. In 1896, Mr. R. M‘Kay and Mr. Renwick found WNeottia in Culzean policies, thus * For Historical Notes on Auchendrane, and Measurements of Trees, &e., see page 230, REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 245 adding another parish (Kirkoswald) to those for which the plant is recorded in Mr. Smith’s list. The Twayblade (Listera ovata, R. Br.) was in great abundance. Mr. P. Ewing, F.LS., dis- covered an unusual grass which he identified as Poa Chaixii, Vill. Miss Cathcart stated that it originally came from Switzerland, and that her great-grandfather, Robert Muir, accompanied by his gardener, spent a year gathering plants in that country. MonkLAND AND Woopnatt, 22nd June, 1907.—Mr. A. B. Motherwell, conductor, As a joint-excursion with the Airdrie and Coatbridge Naturalists’ Societies, this was attended by a party numbering twenty-six, ten of whom were members of this Society. The weather conditions were not very favourable, owing to a severe thunderstorm, with heavy showers of rain and hail, passing over the district. As its name implies, the estate of Monkland formed part of the possessions of the monks of the Abbey of Newbattle, in Mid- lothian, to whom the land now comprehended in the Parishes of Old Monkland and New Monkland was conveyed by King Malcolm IV. in the year 1160. The royal charter is still extant, and conveys the land, with “the woods, mosses, muirs, and meadows thereto belonging.” From this we infer that the land was then uncultivated and entirely pastoral. The monks, how- ever, soon brought it under cultivation, and erected at Drum- pellier, in the Parish of Old Monkland, a large grange for storing their grain. They also formed a road for cattle and wheeled vehicles from Newbattle Abbey to Drumpellier, which continued to be the high road from Airdrie to Edinburgh until the present turnpike road was made about the year 1791. Portions of the old road can still be seen. Monkland House is in the Scotch Baronial style of architecture. It was erected about the year 1650, and is now the property of Baron Elphinstone of Elphinstone. With reference to the origin of the name Woodhall, it may be remarked that although the woods surrounding the ruined hall are neither very extensive nor old, there is reason to believe that at the time when the Monklands were conveyed by King Malcolm to the monastery of Newbattle considerable portions of the 246 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. original Caledonian Forest still remained. It is recorded that the monks made large quantities of waggons and agricultural implements from the oak and other wood of their lands in Clydes- dale. The estate of Woodhall formerly belonged to Campbell of Islay, and is now possessed by Mr. Alexander Whitelaw of Gartshore. The mansion house, which was a handsome and commodious building, was destroyed by fire about fifty years ago. It is situated in the parish of Bothwell, being separated from the parishes of Old and New Monkland by the North Calder Water. Various species of Isopod Crustacea were observed by Mr. D. A. Boyd, including Asellus aquaticus (L.), Trichoniscus pusillus, Brandt, Oniscws asellus, L., Porcellio scaber, Latr., and Cylisticus convexus (De Geer). Memastoma lugubre (O. F. Miill.), and Notonecta glauca, L., were also noted, as well as numerous species of Mollusca, identified by Mr. Robert Godfrey. The latter included Arion ater (L.), A. cireumscriptus, Johnst., A. hortensis, Fér., A. minimus, Sim.; Limaa, one immature specimen, probably of L. maximus, L.; Agriolimax agrestis (L.), A. levis (Miill.), Vitrina pellucida (Miill.), Hyalinia cellaria (Mill.), H. alliarva (Mill.), Z. erystallina (Miill.), HZ. /ulva (Miill.), Helix rotundata, Miill., Cochlicopa lubrica (Miull.); Limnea stagnalis (L.), intro- duced and flourishing ; and Pisidiwm sp? on caddis-fly cases. Mr. Motherwell submitted a list of Flowering-plants, &c. The most notable species were Geranium sylvaticum, L., Hippwris vulgaris, L., Serophularia Ehriarti, Stev., Polygouwm Bistorta, L., Rumex Hydrolapathum, Huds., Briza media, L., and Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. Amongst the trees, fine specimens of the Yellow- flowered Horse-chestnut (Msculus flava, Ait. [= Pavia flava, Mench]) and Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus, L.) attracted the attention of the party. Various Microfungi were also noted and are mentioned in the Supplementary Report. Datry, 29th June, 1907.—Mr. Archibald Shanks. conductor. This excursion was arranged jointly with the West Kilbride Natural History and Archeological Society, and took place during very fine weather. The party walked to Hyndog Glen, where some time was spent in observing the zoological, botanical, and geological features of the Rye Valley. In the course of the —— = ~~ REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 247 afternoon, 34 species of Birds were noted by Mr. William Rennie. These included the Song Thrush, Blackbird, Redbreast, White- throat, Garden Warbler, Willow Wren, Wood Wren, Sedge Warbler, Hedge Sparrow, Long-tailed Titmouse, Great Titmouse, Blue Titmouse, Wren, Pied Wagtail, Yellow Wagtail, Meadow Pipit, Swallow, House Martin, Sand Martin, Greenfinch, House Sparrow, Chaffinch, Yellow Bunting, Starling, - Rook, Skylark, Cuckoo, Ring-dove, Corn-crake, Lapwing, Common Sandpiper, Redshank, Curlew, and Black-headed Gull. Specimens of Cheiridiwm museorum (Leach), a “ False-scorpion” new to the Clyde Area, were obtained at Tofts Meal Mill, Dalry, by Mr. Robert Godfrey, who also devoted some attention to the Mollusea occurring in Hyndog Glen. The species observed by him numbered 19, and included Arion ater (L.), A. hortensis, Fér., A. minimus, Sim., A. cirewmscriptus, Johnst., Limax marginatus (Miill.), Agriolimax agrestis (L.), Vitrina pellucida, Miull., Zyalinia alliaria (Mill.), H. nitidula (Drap.), H. erystallina (Miull.), Helia rotundata, Miull., H. nemoralis, L., H. arbustorwm, L., H. hispida, L., H. caperata, Mont., Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa), Balea perversa (L.), Clausilia perversa (Pult.), and Ancylus fluviatilis, Mill. On the way to and from the glen several interesting plants were noted. These included a white-flowered form of Geranium Robertianum, L., observed at Broadlie; Mimulus luteus, L., at Ryetield ; Scirpus sylvaticus, L., at the Public Park; and Bromus sterilis, L., in the neighbourhood of Dalry railway station. In Hyndog Glen were found Cardamine amara, L., Chrysosplenium alternijolium, L., Saxifraga hypnoides, L., Geranium sylvaticum, L., Lastrea Oreopteris, Presl.; Aspidium aculeatum, Sw., var. lobatum, Presl.; Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh., Aspleniwm Tri- chomanes, L., &c. Some very thick stems of Ivy (/edera Helix, L.) were seen, one of which measured two feet in girth. Finuayston, 10th August, 1907.—Mr. Thomas Anderson, conductor. This excursion was attended by eleven members, who proceeded from Langbank railway station to the eastern gate of Finlayston policies, where they were met by one of the gardeners. Some very fine trees were pointed out, measurements of which were noted by Messrs. John Renwick and Richard M‘Kay. 248 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Particular mention may be made of the ‘John Knox” Yew-tree, which was removed from the wall of the mansion seven years ago and replanted some little distance to the west. It is still ina healthy condition, A very large Turkey Oak (Quercus Cerris, L.) grows to the west of the house. Although somewhat damaged through the loss of a large limb, it is quite healthy, and showed a good increase in girth since last measurement was taken. A very large Spanish Chestnut (Castanea sativa, Mill., var. hetero- phylia), situated to the east of the house, attracted attention on account of the terminal leaves being almost linear in form. There is a park called ‘“ Paradise” to the east of the house, containing three Yew-trees of great age and size. The famous avenue of Lime-trees was also inspected. At Finlayston House the party were met vy the proprietor, Mr. G. J. Kidston, who kindly entertained them with refreshments, and afterwards conducted them through the gardens and greenhouses, and invited them to inspect the mansion itself. A fine collection of ancient weapons and armour in the hall was much admired. Finlayston is of some historic interest. It was long the chief residence of the Earls of Glencairn, having passed by marriage, about the end of the fourteenth century, to Sir William Cuninghame of Kilmaurs, ancestor of that noble family. It continued in their possession until the death of John, the fifteenth and last Earl, in 1796, when the estate devolved upon Mr. Robert Graham of Gartmore. Over thirty-five years ago it was bought by Colonel Buchanan of Drumpellier, and is now the property of Mr, Kidston. The mansion has been much altered from time to time, but the main part is between 400 and 500 years old. Two Earls of Glencairn are worthy of special notice as connected with the literary history of our country. Alexander, the fifth, who is often referred to as “the good Earl,” succeeded to the estate in 1547 and died in the year 1574. He was among the first of the Scottish nobility to embrace the principles of the Reformation. In 1556 John Knox dispensed the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper to this Earl, his family, and some friends, at Finlayston, under the venerable Yew-tree already referred to. An old chronicler states that ‘‘There were no cups of the proper sort for holding the sacramental wine, and in the emergency the hollow soles of two silver candle-sticks were used. ile dpe in REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 249 These interesting relics were lent for use in the Parish Church of Kilmacolm as long as the Glencairn family remained at Finlayston, and were much esteemed on account of their antiquity and history. When the family left in 1796 the Countess presented four copper cups gilt to the Parish Church, and took the venerated candle-sticks with her.” James, fourteenth Earl, was born in 1749, succeeded his father in 1775, and died at Falmouth in 1791, when in the 42nd year of his age. He deserves to be kept in remembrance as the friend and benefactor of our Scottish bard, Robert Burns. No flowering-plants of special interest were observed, but several species of Microfungi were noted by Mr. D. A. Boyd. Mr. John Renwick has submitted the following report on measurements of trees at Finlayston, with notes of previous measurements :— ; Fraxinus Ornus, L. Aug., 1907—Girth 5 ft. 3} in. at 2 ft. ; bole 5 ft. Ulmus montana, With. Dec., 1899—Girth 13 ft. 1} in at 5 ft.; bole 8 ft.: height 83 ft. Aug., 1907—Girth 13 ft. 3} ins. at 5 ft.; rate of increase in girth 2 =°26 in. Quercus Cerris, L. May, 1889—Girth 11 ft. 7 in. ; spread 96 ft. Oct., 1893—Girth 11 ft. 9 in. at 3 ft. 4 in. ; bole 10 ft. Dec., 1899—Girth 12 ft. 2 in. at 3 ft. 4 in.; height 58 ft. ; spread 974 ft.; rate of increase in girth }=°83 in. Aug., 1907—13 ft. 2 in. at 3 ft. 4 in.; rate of increase 92 oh shoe p= 155 in. Castanea sativa, Mill., var. heterophylla. Aug., 1907—Girth 10 ft. 8 in. at 5 ft; bole 18 ft.; height 67 it. Fagus sylvatica, L. Dec., 1899—Girth 12 ft. 4 in. at 5 ft.; bole 30 ft. Aug., 1907—Girth 12 ft. 6 in. at 5 ft.; rate of increase Cro Mane Tats 6 in, 250 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Taxus baccata, L.—Three Yews in “ Paradise.” Western tree—-Female. Oct., 1893—Girth 9 ft. 1 in. at 1 ft. 6 in.; bole 4 ft. Dec., 1899—Girth 9 ft. 3} in. at 1 ft. 6 in.; height 38 ft. ; rate of increase 225 = °37 in. 6°1 Aug., 1907—Girth 9 ft 54 in. at 1 ft. 6 in.; rate of 3 2 3X0) Ta increase eae ae i335 ="‘os In. Eastern tree— Male. Oct., 1893—Girth 8 ft. 10? in. at 2 ft. ; bole 4 ft. Dec., 1899—Girth 9 ft. 3} in. at 2 ft.; rate of increase ae ( E Lina f Aug., 1907—Girth 9 ft. 7$ in. at 2 ft.; rate of ; | ais = ‘52 in. increase bes : MS = 63 in Southern tree—Male. Oct., 1893—Girth 8 ft. at 1 ft. 9 in. Dec., 1899—Girth 8 ft. 11 in. at 1 ft. 9 in.; rate of increase = 24 in, Aug., 1907—Girth 8 ft. 5 in. at 1 ft. 9 in.; rate of : ae “45 in. increase as be" 30. il: 15°85 Cedrus Libani, Barrel. May, 1889—Girth 7 ft. 9 in. at ground (narrowest). Dec., 1899—Girth 8 ft. 6} in. at ground; height 46 ft. ; spread 474 ft.; rate of increase 23 =-91 in, Aug., 1907—Girth 9 ft. 3 in. at ground; rate of : | S25 =1:06 in. increase ; ren The Turkey Oak (Quercus Cerris) is the largest we know of in the West of Scotland, and probably the largest in Scotland. Dr. A. Henry, F.L.8., who is now Reader in Forestry in Cambridge University, knows of none so good in Scotland, and very few larger in England, where there are specimens up to REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 251 15 ft. in girth and 100 ft. in height. The variety heterophylla of Castanea sativa appears to be rare on a big tree as a sport. This is the first specimen we have met with. It was also new to Mr. Whitton, and to Mr. Goldring, the landscape gardener who has designed the alterations in the grounds at Finlayston. GiEN Dovenas, 24th August, 1907.—Mr. Archibald Park, conductor.—This excursion, which was arranged jointly with the Geological Society of Glasgow, took place during favourable weather, and was attended by a party of thirty, ten of whom were members of this society. By special arrangement, the party were allowed to leave the train at Glen Douglas Passing- place, so as to obtain ready access to the head of the valley. Glen Douglas is supposed to have existed as a very old river valley prior to the formation of Loch Long and Loch Lomond. It is believed that at that period the water-shed was further west than in more recent times, and that the river had its course through Coilessan Glen to Glen Douglas and onward to the Forth. At a later period the valley was deepened by ice-action, as is evidenced by the moraines visible in the glen. Subsequent to the ice age, a barrier to the course of the river was created by deposits of moraine matter, which were probably carried down from the valley on the north side of the glen at Invergroin. A small loch was thus formed, which was afterwards drained as the river gradually cut its way through the obstruction, and the glen assumed its present form. The prevailing rock is mica-schist. No granite is seen i situ; a large boulder visible in the glen appears to have been carried by ice from the hills between Glen Falloch and Glen Fyne. A scar on the face of the cliffs on Tullich Hill, on the north side of Glen Douglas, and a considerable heap of debris near the foot of the hill, bear evidence to a land-slip which has occurred subsequent to the ice period.* The Mosses and Microfungi observed in the glen were reported on by Messrs. John R. Lee and D. A. Boyd respectively. MontGReENAN, 21st September, 1907; Crarcenps, 5th October, 1907; and Erskine, 12th October, 1907.—Mr. R. B. Johnstone, conductor. *(See Zrunsactions Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgow, v. 283.) 252 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. These three excursions took the form of Fungus Forays, and Were arranged jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society. The attendance at Montgreenan was 13, and at Craigends 21. In submitting a report on the Hymenomycetes and Gastro- mycetes observed at. Montgreenan and Craigends, Mr. Johnstone stated that the display of fungi in both places was remarkably poor; and this remark applied also to other places not only in Scotland but in England. The unfavourable weather conditions which prevailed during the summer were no doubt responsible for this. Mr. Johnstone’s list enumerated 66 species, whereof 26 were found at Montgreenan, 24 at Craigends, and 16 in both localities, The most notable species observed at Montgreenan were Mycena capillaris, Fr., Omphalia fibula, Bull., Plewrotus porrigens, Pers., Pholiota spectabilis, Fr., Lactarius torminosus, Fr., Cantharellus tubeformis, Fr., Thelephora anthocephala, Fr. ; and at Craigends, L'richoloma resplendens, Fr., Plewrotus mitis, Pers., Nolanea prsciodora, Ces., Flammula sapinea, Fr., Solenia anomala, Fr., and Spherobolus stellatus, Tode. The Microfungi noted at Montgreenan, Craigends, and Erskine, are separately reported on. Dunure, 30th September, 1907.—Mr. John Smith, con- ductor.— Attention was mainly directed to the rocks along the shore. At one part of the coast where the cliffs are high and perpendicular, a large colony of Swallows built their nests last summer. On 20th July, the birds were very lively, and apparently feeding their young ; but at the date of the excursion all was silent, the swallows having migrated to a warmer climate. The nests, however, were still visible in abundance, and it would be difficult to find anywhere a more suitable place for them. With the exception of a few common species, nearly all the plants seen were out of flower. In their season, however, various interesting species occur at Dunure, such as Scilla verna, Huds. (which reaches here its northern limit on the Ayrshire coast), Geranium sanguineum, L., Trifolium arvense, L., 7. striatum, L Sedum roseum, Scop., Lupatoriwm cannabinum, L., &e. Catprr Gren (Locuwixyocn), 11th April, 1908.—Mr. John R. Lee, Conductor.—This excursion was held jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society. The total attendance was — REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 253 sixteen, six of whom were members of both societies. In the glen the left bank of the Calder was followed to a point a little below the waterfall. The return was made by the road to Lochwinnoch, and some of the party afterwards visited the shores of Castle- Semple Loch. Owing to the backwardness of the season, Flowering-plants were not conspicuous ; but as the glen is a rich one for Mosses, the botanist members of the party found plenty of material for the study of bryology. Most time was spent in an examination of the moss-covered banks and rocks along the edge of the old mill- lade in the lower part of the glen, as, owing to the cloudy sky, the more densely-wooded portions further up the glen were enveloped in semi-darkness. With regard to ornithology, Mr. ltoss reported that 34 species of Birds were noted, inclusive of those seen on Castle-Semple Loch. No summer visitors were among the species observed. The Fieldfare was seen near the head of the glen; about the marshy ground at the side of the loch many Meadow Pipits were in song ; while in the water were the Mallard, Teal, Widgeon, Pochard. and Tufted Duck. A small flock of Golden Plovers were seen to fly over the loch, uttering their call. Reports on the Mosses and Hepatics of the glen were submitted by Mr. Lee, and on the Microfungi by Mr. Boyd. Arran, 20th April, 1908.—Mr. J. W. Reoch, conductor.—This excursion was arranged jointly with the Geological Society of Glasgow, and attended by a party of nineteen. From Brodick Pier the direction taken was eastward along the Corriegills Shore to Clauchland Point, thence up the ridge of the Clauchland Hills via Dun Fionn and Dun Dubh, and thence back to Brodick by road. The old sea-beach is a marked feature on this part of the coast, as it also is around nearly the whole circumference of the island. Here it forms a broad platform backed by cliffs inland. The pools on the foreshore teem with life, and the botany of the marshy platform and the cliffs behind is rich. The sedimentary rocks exposed along the shore are alternating sandstones and conglomerates of Lower Triassic age, with a general southerly dip, and they afford throughout the entire route 254 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. excellent sections for geological study. Faults are seen to traverse the rocky platform in all directions, and varying in throw from a fraction of an inch to hundreds of feet. Fine examples of current bedding are to be seen both on the shore and the cliff section. The rocky platform is also, intersected by very numerous dykes and by sills of igneous rocks, as many as sixty dykes having been counted between Brodick and Clauchland Point. Many travelled boulders strew the beach, more especially boulders of granite, which have evidently been borne by the agency of ice from the area of the intrusive granite of the interior of the island. One of these, near Corriegills, is of enormous size, and its weight has been estimated at over two hundred tons. The bay at Corriegills is crowded with these boulders, and this would appear to be the spot where the ice which bore them from their home in the neighbourhood of Goatfell, had finally melted and left them stranded. Further on, upon the shore beneath Dun Fionn, and associated with a sill of felsite, occurs a vein of pitchstone exhibiting a beautiful spherulitic structure. The red sandstone on the shore here weathers very prettily into honey-comb-like forms, slabs of which are often used for decorative purposes in the gardens of neighbouring cottages, nature’s handiwork thus being recognised in preference to artful ornament. On a higher horizon on the north face of Dun Fionn there occurs a large sill of pitchstone—the so-called “bottle rock” of the natives—which has been intruded among the sedimentary rocks. The ridge of the Clauchland Hills, here some 600 ft. above the shore, is capped by a sill of dolerite showing rude columnar structure, and the beach below is strewn with huge masses of the columns which have fallen from the cliffs above. The dolerite runs out to sea near Clauchland Point, and its junction with the sandstone is well shown on the beach. The sandstone has been much indurated at the point of contact, and changed into a quartzite. An easy ascent westward along the ridge of the Clauchland Hills brought the party to Dun Fionn, from which was obtained a most imposing view, extending from the mountains of the Western Highlands to the southern extremity of the Ayrshire coast. Mr. D. A. Boyd spent some time in exploring the woods and cliffs along the shore between Invercloy and Corriegills, where he noted thirty-six species of Microfungi. Amongst these were SS SO REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 255 several rare or notable forms, such as Puccinia umbilici, Guép., Ephelina prunelle, Phil., Stictis stellata, Wallr., Orbilia marina (Phil.), &e. Campsie Guen, 9th May, 1908.—Mr. Alexander Ross, con- ductor.—This excursion was taken part in by thirteen members and friends. From Lennoxtown Railway Station the party proceeded along the “Crow Road,” which winds upward from the base of the Campsie Hills and passes onward across the moorlands towards Fintry. Favourable atmospheric conditions enabled the beauty of the landscape to be fully appreciated. Vegetation was found to be somewhat backward for the time of year, but on the way a number of common plants in flower were noted. Amongst the boulders near ‘‘Wright’s Well,” an unsuccessful search was made for the Parsley Fern, formerly reported to occur at that place. From the bridge across the Glazert, some distance above the falls, the party descended the glen. The flowering-plants seen in bloom were not numerous ; and amongst those observed the most prominent were the Wood- Anemone, Marsh Marigold, Opposite-leaved Golden-Saxifrage, Wood Sorrel, Ground Ivy, Dog’s Mercury, and Great Hairy Wood-rush. The flowers of the Elm, catkins of the Hazel, and opening foliage of the trees, imparted an element of freshness and beauty to the wooded banks of the stream. At the bottom of the glen, attention was directed to some fine Beech trees, which, according to tradition, were planted to commemorate the Union of the Scottish and English Crowns in 1603. Birds were not numerous, although twenty-eight species were seen. A pair of Grey-Wagtails were observed in the glen, and a good view of a Dipper was obtained while the bird sat on a boulder in the middle of the stream. Only three summer migrants—the Willow Wren, Swallow, and Common Sandpiper— were seen ; and one of the party, who had visited the glen earlier in the day, heard the note of the Cuckoo. Numerous Microfungi were noted, of which the most important were several fully-developed ascophores of Sclerotinia baccarum, Rehm, never before observed in that condition in Britain. BaLMAHA TO RowarDENNAN, 21st May, 1908.—Mr. James Pottie, conductor. 256 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. This excursion was arranged jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society, and took place during very favourable weather. The attendance numbered thirty-two. The party travelled by rail from Glasgow to Balloch Pier, and by steamer on Loch Lomond from Balloch to Balmaha. On emerging from the Pass of Balmaha and proceeding downhill, beautiful glimpses were obtained of the sparkling waters of the loch bordered with softest green ; while far ahead towered Ben Lomond and other lofty mountains, some of which still showed traces of wintry cold in the snow which lay in their gullies. The walk along the side of the loch towards Rowardennan was greatly enjoyed It was reported by Mr. Alexander Ross that thirty-seven species of Birds had been observed, of which eleven were summer migrants. A short distance from Balmaha, several Redstarts were seen flitting about among the branches of trees near the roadway. The Cuckoo was both heard and seen; the Willow Wren was frequently noticed during the course of the walk ; and the “shivering” notes of the Wood Wren were occasionally listened to. The Spotted Flycatcher was observed at intervals, and a pair appeared to be nesting in a hole in an ash-tree at Tigh-an-Laoigh. Tree-Pipits were common, and the Common Sandpiper was seen on the margin of the loch. Reptiles were represented by an Adder, about eighteen inches in length, which would not wait for an interview, but darted into a clump of withered bracken, where it was lost to vision; and by the Common Newt, which was observed in a pool near Rowardennan Hotel. Mr. Ross also reported that a considerable number of Diptera had been taken, of which the Tipulidz alone had as yet been identified. Insects of this group, however, were disappointingly scarce. The only species met with in abundance was Amalopsis immaculata, Mg., while of Tipula oleracea, L., usually a very common species, one specimen only was seen. Among other species netted were Limnobia nubeculosa, Mg., Dicranomyia chorea, Mg., Empeda nubila, Schum., Goniomyia sp. (a dark species), Hrioptera trivialis, Mg., Idioptera pulchella, Mg., and Amalopsis unicolor, Schum. Kighty-two species of Flowering-plants were noted, but none of these calls for special mention. Of the Mosses observed — fod REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 257 by Mr. J. R. Lee, the most notable species was BLrywm roseum, Schreb. Among the Alge noted by Mr. George Lunam, reference may be made to Batrachospermum moniliforme, Roth, which was so abundant as to cover many of the rocks in the streams. and to Draparnaldia plumosa, Vauch., D. glomerata, Ag., and Tetraspor gelatinosa, Desy., which were also plentiful. Fungi were investigated by Mr. R. B. Johnstone, who obtained a few of the larger forms, including Coprinus plicatilis, Fr., Polyporus squamosus, Fr., Mitrula phalloides (Bull.) Chev., &e. Braipwoop To TILLIETUDLEM, 6th June, 1908.—Mr. John Robertson, conductor. In brilliant weather six members pro- ceeded by rail to Braidwood Station. The route taken was down alongside Fiddler Gill, and through the orchards to Crossford, where a halt was made for tea. The road by the Nethan was afterwards followed to Craignethan Castle and Tiilietudlem railway station. As time only permitted a pleasant ramble, little of note was observed. Only four birds’ nests—two Blackbirds and two White- throats—were seen. The Mistle Thrush was heard in full song. This was a point of some interest, as the conductor had never before heard the spring notes of that bird so late as the 6th of June. Among Flowering-plants, mention may be made of Paris quadrifolia, L., and Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich., both seen in Fiddler Gill; and of Ranunculus bulbosus, L., Cheiranthus Cheiri, L., and Arum maculatum, L., observed at Craignethan Castle. RosyeatH, 27th June, 1908.—Report by Mr. John Renwick. Tn the little glen near the pier, patches of Heart-leaved Valerian (Valeriana pyrenaica, L.) and Orpine (Sedwm Telephium, L.) were seen. The grounds of the Clachan House were visited, to see the famous triple avenue of Yews, Limes, &c. The largest Yew (Taxus baccata, L.), a female, has a bole of 10 feet, and a girth of 12 ft. 2 in. at 2 ft. 6 in. up, showing an increase in girth since 1895 of 9} in., an average of about {45 in. yearly, which is a considerable growth for a Yew-tree. The largest Lime (Zilia vulyaris, Hayne) has a bole of 9 ft., and a girth of 14 ft. 3} in. 258 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. at 4 ft. 6 in.; but this is not all solid trunk, as there is a projecting pillar or buttress. The best Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa, Mill.) has a bole of 30 ft, and girths 13 ft. 10 in. at 5 ft. 9 in, showing an increase of 11 in. since 1895, an average of ‘Sin. yearly. Another Chestnut, nearly as fine, has been cut down since 1903. It then measured 13 ft. 2 in. at 5 ft.; bole 30 ft. At the south end of the avenue, and on the side of the Clachan Burn, is a good Sycamore (Acer Pseudo-platanus, L.), with a bole of 12 ft., and a girth of 13 ft. 114 in. at 4 ft. 9 in. The house at the Kirkton of Rosneath is said to have been built, and the avenue planted, by the Hon. John Campbeil of Mamore, second son of the 9th Earl of Argvll. If so, the Yews at least are about 200 years old. The house, which had become somewhat dilapidated, has recently been renovated that it may be let. There is a tradition that a monastery once existed on this spot. The celebrated Silver Firs (Abies pectinata, DC.) at Camsail were next visited. They are supposed to be the largest in Great Britain. One girths 22 ft. 44 in. at 4 ft. 6 in. and has a height of 118 ft.; the other is 21 ft. 9} in. at 4 ft. 6 in., height 123 ft. These girth measurements are each taken at the . narrowest part of the trunk, and represent good solid wood, so far as can been seen. At any other point within reach, a consider- ably larger girth would be obtained. Neither of the trees has increased much recently, and their best days would seem to be past. Comparing them with the Silver Firs of known age at Auchendrane, one would conjecture that these trees are at least 270 years old. On the path leading to these giants are a number of Silver Firs, two of which were found to girth 15 ft. 11 in. and 14 ft. 63 in. at 5 ft.—very good trees, but seeming only infants in comparison with the venerable ‘‘ Adam” and ‘“ Eve.” The grounds of Rosneath Castle are well wooded, and show good specimens of Beech, Scots Fir, &c. The Castle was built in 1803, shortly after the destruction by fire of the older mansion, which was situated near the shore. The Castle of Rosneath is believed to have existed as a royal fortress before the end of the twelfth century, and to have been destroyed by Wallace some time about 1297. Tradition has it that he was on one occasion closely pursued by his enemies here. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 259 and only &scaped by jumping over the old sea-cliff, about 30 feet high. His horse was killed, but he got safely off, and swam across the Gareloch to Cairndhu Point. The spot is still known as ‘ Wallace’s Leap,” and, if any one doubts the story, he can go and see it! About a mile from the Castle is the Heronry, but time did not permit of its being visited. It is well known that Sir Walter Scott, in the Heart of Midlothian, called Rosneath an island, and has often been laughed at for doing so; but Joseph Irving and other writers state that in common parlance it is described as “the island.” The parish up till 1643 included a large part of the present parish of Row, and was called ‘“‘the parochin within and without the isle.” The lands of Mamore, Mambeg, and Fernicarry passed in 1545 from Colquhoun of Luss to James Campbell of Ardkinglass, who sold them in 1568 to the Earl of Argyll. In the protocol relating to the latter transactions it is written, “and that becaus the said earl seized the said James and his heirs male in the lands of Litilros, . . . . in the lands of Mekill Rois, and lands of Portkill . . . . lyingin the island of Roisneth, with the office of bailiary of the whole island of Roisneth.” Therefore, instead of Sir Walter showing ignorance, he may have shown local knowledge exceeding that of his critics ! The spelling of the place-name varies, as was the custom in olden days. In this protocol it is “ Roisneth ;” in the Register of Passelet (Paisley) it is ‘ Neueth,” ‘‘Neyt,” ‘ Rosneth,” and “ Rusnith ;” and in the Cartulariam de Levenax it is “ Reynt” and “Rosneth.” But it is never ‘“ Roseneath,” which is quite modern and evidently erroneous. The first syllable has nothing to do with roses, but is the Gaelic “Ross,” a point; and the name may mean “the bare or unwooded promontory,” or “the promontory of the Virgin,” or “the promontory of the sanctuary,” from the tradition that there was an early church situated here dedicated to the Virgin. Ben Vorticnu (Dumbartonshire), 18th July, 1908.—Report by Mr. John R. Lee. This was a joint-excursion with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society, and was attended by a party of six. Owing to the unforeseen and unavoidable absence of the K 260 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. appointed leader (Mr. R. B. Johnstone), the programme for the day was not fully carried out. Two members of the party had travelled to Arrochar on the previous evening (Friday), and ascended the slope of Ben Narnain for some distance before nightfall, continuing at dayhreak the journey up the gully between Ben Narnain and Ben Arthur, and thence to the summit of Ben Ime. They then descended the north-eastern side of the mountain, and followed the stream flowing eastward to the Allt- Coiregrogain, which latter burn was then followed to its junction with the Inveruglas Water. The two members then ascended Ben Vorlich from that point, and kept along the ridge northwards to the summit, which was reached about 2.30 p.m. No sign of the other members of the party being visible, the descent was made towards Ardlui, where the other four were found to have arrived, having just descended from the summit of the “ Little Hill,” one of the eastern outliers of Ben Vorlich. After tea in Ardlui Hotel, the party returned by rail to the city. The plants found on Ben Ime included Cerastiwm alpinum, L., Saxifraga hypnoides, L., S. oppositifolia, L., and Luzula spicata, DC., while those observed on Ben Vorlich included Juncus triglumis, L., and J. trifidus, L. On Ben Vorlich a search was made for Cornus suecica, L., previously found on that mountain, but no specimen was observed on this occasion. DouGaLston AND Barpowin, 22nd August, 1908.—-Mr. John Renwick, conductor. Dougalston policies, now visited for the third time by the Society, are situated within a mile of the town of Milngavie, and lie in that portion of the parish of East or New Kilpatrick which at one time formed part of Stirlingshire but has now been transferred to Dumbartonshire. The estate formerly belonged to a family of Grahams of the Montrose line ; but it was sold in 1767 to John Glassford, an eminent Glasgow merchant, after whom Glassford Street was named, and in whose mansion of Shawfield Prince Charlie held his court during his flying visit to our city in 1745, Mr. Glassford is mentioned by Smollet in Humphrey Clinker. His tombstone may be seen and read from the street at the south-west corner of the Ramshorn (St. David's) Churchyard. The estate was sold nearly forty years ago, when REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 261 it was purchased by Mr. Robert Ker, merchant in Glasgow, father of the present proprietor, Mr. T. R. Ker, who erected the existing mansion. To the north of the house is a pretty piece of woodland, in which were noticed, among others, some varieties of Acer; a beautiful Birch, 65 ft. in height, and 4 ft. 63 in. in girth at 5 ft. up; and a specimen of Cotoneaster frigida, Wall., a sub-evergreen - tree, which Mr. Whitton states is proving an excellent town-tree, and has been planted freely in Ruchill Park. The fine Beech near the house appears to be in good condition. Its girth at 4 ft. is 17 ft. 8 in., showing an increase of 9 in. since 1893; average ‘57 in. per annum. At 6 ft. 8 in. up, clear of the swell of the roots, it is 16 ft. 4} in.; increase 10} in; average ‘66 in. The growth between 1893 and 1900 appears to have been greater than that between 1900 and 1908. It isa well-grown park-tree with a good spread of branches: 39 ft. to S., 503 ft. to N.=89} ft. ; 414 ft. to E., 453 ft. to W. = 87. A Yew tree behind the house has a girth of 12 ft 3 in. at the base; but as the ground may have again been raised since our first visit, the apparent increase of 7 ins. cannot be taken as all representing actual growth. To the south of the house is an Oak 12 ft. in girth at 3 ft. 6 in, showing an increase of 3 in. since 1900 =} in. per annum. In the pond called the Lady Loch, Typha latifolia, L., and 7’. angustifolia, L., were growing ; and among other plants observed were Lythrum Salicaria, L., Lycopus ewropeus, L., and Epipactis latifolia, All. ; Making their way through the fields by the side of the sluggish burn which flows from Bardowie Loch to Dougalston Loch and thence to the Allander, the party arrived at the former sheet of water. It lies in a hollow in the boulder clay. The out-flowing burn goes through peaty or marshy ground which has no doubt grown upon the clay. Bardowie Loch has a length of half-a-mile (2,600 ft.), and a breadth of 1,150 ft. near the foot. Its greatest depth is stated by Mr. Dron to be 35 ft. Its height above sea- level is 126 ft., which seems to be a little above the level of the lake that after the glacial period would occupy the valley of the Kelvin, before the high ground near Maryhill was cut through by 262 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. the river. The present course of the Kelvin from a little above Killermont to the Clyde is post-glacial. A buried river-channel runs by Millichen, Kilmardinny, Garscadden, and Drumry, and is now filled up with sand, gravel, mud, clay, etc., to a depth in some places of over 400 ft. This hollow is about 230 ft. below the present sea-level, and when it was excavated by the old river, the land would likely stand, relatively to the sea, at least 600 ft. higher than it does now. The valleys of Loch Long and Loch Lomond would not then be formed, and the course of the river would be by Loch Goil and the Gareloch, on to the Forth, to join the northern extension of the Rhine. The ground around Bardowie Loch rises rather steeply, and as nearly half the circuit of the lake is covered with wood, the scenery is varied and rather attractive. There is an old tower or castle on the north side of the loch, let to Mr. Anderson, who kindly gave permission to pass through the grounds attached to the castle. The estate now belongs to a Glasgow company who are feuing that part which occupies the slope descending to the Kelvin. By the kindness of Mr. R. W. Dron, engineer to the company, a boat was placed at the disposal of the party, a few of whom had a row on the loch, and obtained specimens of the White Water-Lily (Castalia speciosa, Salisb.), which grows freely near the foot of the lake. On the way to the station recently opened at Bardowie on the Kelvin Valley Railway, Gold-of-pleasure (Camelina sativa, Crantz) was found. The low ground, between the station and the sloping ground forming the edge of the valley, is being filled up with all sorts of rubbish; and; as there seemed a prospect of other strangers being found, two members revisited the place a few weeks later. The characteristic of the vegetation was the luxurious growth of nearly all the plants. There was still room for the population ; the struggle with each other for existence had barely begun. The narrow-leaved Orache (Atriplex angustifolia, Sm.) grew tall, stout, and spreading; the Wild Carrot (Daucus Carota, L.) was suggestive of plants in a vegetable market-garden ; the Slender Tare (Vicia tetrasperma, Meench) made up for the weakness of its stems by their length and tangledness, and for the smallness of its flowers and pods by their number ; Senecio viscosus, L., was in moderate abundance, REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 263 as if the ground was a little too good for it; while the White Campion (Lychnis alba, Mill.) and Corn Blue-bottle (Centaurea Cyanus, L.) afforded an occasional and pleasant change of colour. As a further supplement to the Society’s excursion, the fine Elm trees in the churchyard of Baldernock were visited, and their measurements compared with those obtained in 1893. It was found that the tree to the east had increased in girth 63 in., showing an average of -42 in. per annum; while the tree in the south-west corner had increased 6 in., =*38 in. per annum. The measurements are as follows :— East tree—girth 13 ft. 1 in. at 3 ft. 6 in.; bole 17 ft.; height in 1899, 83 ft. - S.-W. tree—girth 13 ft. 9 in. at 4 ft. 10 in.; bole 10 feet ; height in 1899, 82 ft. Height above sea-level, 300 ft. Mr Alexander Ross reports that the Diptera captured at Bardowie included the following species :—T7'richocera fuscata, Mg., 7. hiemalis, Deg., 7. regelationis, L., Tipula pagana, Mg., Dicranomyia modesta, Mg.. Dixza nebulosa, Mg., Helophilus pendulus, L, Leptis lineola, F., Ocydromia glabricula, Fln., Hylemyia strigosa, Fab., Azelia cilipes, Hal., and Sepsis cynipsea, L, Among the Microfungi noted, the most interesting species was Pseudopeziza alismatis (Phil. & Trail) Sacc., obtained on leaves of Alisma Plantago-aquatica, L., at the Lady Loch, Dougalston. Supplementary Report on Mosses, Hepatics, and Microfungi observed at Excursions. AT various Excursions in 1907 and 1908, lists of the Mosses, Hepatics, and Microfungi seen were carefully compiled. These have been incorporated in the following Supplementary Report, 264 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. which consists of the lists relating to the Excursions after ! mentioned, viz :— AYRSHIRE— J. Auchans and Dundonald, 1st June, 1907 ; 2. Montgreenan, 21st September, 1907 ; RENFREWSHIRE— 3. Lochwinnoch, 13th April, 1907 ; . Finlayston, 10th August, 1907 ; . Craigends, 5th October, 1907 ; . Erskine, 12th October, 1907 ; } . Calder Glen (Lochwinnoch), 11th April, 1908 ; > “1D Oe LANARKSHIRE— 8. Calderwood Glen, 27th April, 1907 ; 9. Cartland Crags, 18th May, 1907 ; 10. Monkland and Woodhall, 22nd June, 1907 ; : STIRLINGSHIRE— 11. Campsie Glen, 9th May, 1908 ; 12. Balmaha to Rowardennan, 21st May, 1908 ; 13. Bardowie, 22nd August, 1908 ; ARGYLLSHIRE— 14. Loch Riddon, 23rd May, 1908 ; DUMBARTONSHIRE— 15. Glen Douglas, 24th August, 1907 ; 16. Rosneath, 27th June, 1908 ; 17. Dougalston, 22nd August, 1908 ; BuTrESHIRE— 18. South Bute, 1st April, 1907 ; 19. Arran, 20th April, 1908. The Mosses observed at Excursions Nos. 1, 4, 9, 16, have been reported on by Mr. D. A. Boyd; at No. 3, by Mr. Charles Scott ; . and at Nos. 7, 8, 12, 14, and 15, by Mr. John R. Lee. The Hepatics observed at Excursions Nos. 7, 8, and 14, have been reported on by Mr. John R. Lee. The Microfungi observed at Excursions Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19, have been reported on by Mr. D. A. Boyd. : : : : : . REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 265 Musc1. Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw.—14. T. levipila, Schwaeg.—l, 16. Polytrichum aloides, Hedw.—3, 12. P. urnigerum, L.—7. P. piliferum, Schreb.—7, 12. P, juniperinum, Willd.—3, 12. P. formosum, Hedw.—8. P. commune. L.—3, 12. Ditrichum homomallum, Hampe. —14. Ceratodon purpureus, Brid.—3. Dichodontium pellucidum, Schp. —3. Dicranella heteromalla, Schp. —14, Dicranoweisia cirrata, Lindb. —i. Campylopusflexuosus, Brid.— 14. C. fragilis, B. & S.—7, 12. ©. atrovirens, De Not.—12. Dicranum scoparium, Hedw. = Leucobryum glaucum, Schp.—7. Fissidens bryoides, Hedw.—3.7. F. adiantoides, Hedw.—7. F. taxifolius, Hedw.—7. Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw.—3, 7. v. rivularis, W. & M.—3. Rhacomitrium aciculare, Brid. 3}. Rh. protensum, Braun.—14. Rh. fasciculare, Brid.—3. Bh. heterostichum, Brid.—7. Ptychomitrium —_polyphyllum, Furnr.— 14. Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh.—12. Tortula muralis, Hedw.—3. T. ruralis, Ehrh.—9. Barbula rubella, Mitt.—3. B. rigidula, Mitt.—3. B. revoluta, Brid.—3. B. unguiculata, Hedw.—3, 7. Weisia viridula, Hedw.—3. W. curvirostris, C.M.—8. Cinclidotus fontinaloides, P. Beauv.—3. Encalypta streptocarpa, Hedw. —3, 7, 14. Anectangium compactum, Schweg.—15. Zygodon Mougeotii, B. & S.—7. Z. viridissimus, R. Brown.—1, 14. Ulota Bruchii, Hornsch.—3. U. crispa, Brid.—7. U. phyllantha, Brid.—12, 14. Orthotrichum leiocarpum, B. & S.—14, 15. O. Lyellii, Hook. & Tayl.—12. O. affine, Schrad.—12. O. stramineum, Hornsch.—14, 15. Funariahygrometrica,Sibth.—3. Aulacomnium palustre, Schweg. —3, 12. Bartramia ithyphylla, Brid.—7. Webera polymorpha, Schp.—15. W. elongata, Schweg.—15. Bryum cespiticium, L.—3. B. capillare, L.—3. B. roseum, Schreb.—12. Mnium affine, Bland., v. elatum, B. & 8.—3. 266 M. cuspidatum, Hedw.—38. M. rostratum, Schrad.—7, 8. M. undulatum, L.—3, 7. M. hornum, L.—3, 7. M. serratum. Schrad.—15. M. punctatum, L.—7. Fontinalis antipyretica, L.—3. Neckera pumila, Hedw.—16. N. complanata, Hiibn.—1 (ec. fr.), 8; 12. Pterygophyllum lucens, Brid. —T. Pterogonium gracile, Swartz. —12. Habrodon Notarisii, Schp.—16. Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh.—3. Heterocladium heteropterum, Bae 8.7. Thuidium tamariscinum. B. & 8.—7. Climacium dendroides, W. & M. —=3) (ce: tr:)! Orthothecium rufescens, B. &8. = 11h), Camptothecium Kindb.—7. Brachythecium rutabulum, B. & S.— 3, 7. B. populeum, B. & S.—7. sericeum, B. purum, Dixon.—3. Hyocomium flagellare, B. & S. —, 14. Eurhynchium piliferum.—Bb. & S.—14. TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. . prelongum, Hobkirk.—3, 7. . myosuroides, Schp.—14. . myurum, Dixon.—8, . Striatum, B. & 8S.—3. . rusciforme, Milde.—3. . confertum, Milde.—3. Plagiothecium elegans, Sull.—3. P. denticulatum, B. & S.—8, 7. P. undulatum, B. & S.—38. Amblystegium serpens, B. & 8. —3. A. fluviatile, B. & 8.—3, 4. A. filicinum, De Not.—12. Hypnum riparium, L.—s. . exannulatum, Giimb.—12. . uncinatum, Hedw.—3, 7, 8. . commutatum, Hedw.—8. . cupressiforme, L.—7. v. resupinatum. Schp.—3. v. filiforme, Brid.—-3. . Patientiz, Lindb.—38, 7. . callichroum. Brid.—14, 15. . molluscum, Hedw.—14. . eugyrium, Schp.—l4. H. cordifolium, Hedw.— 3 (c. fr.). H. giganteum, Schp.—3. H. cuspidatum, L.—3, 14. H. Schreberi, Willd.—3, 7, 9 (eit). Hylocomium splendens, B. & 8. —3, 7. H. brevirostre, B. & 8.—9. H. squarrosum, B. & 8.—8. H. triquetrum, B. & 8.—3. HERES cee fo Ad A HEPATICA. Conocephalus conicus (L,) Dum. —T. Metzgeria furcata (L.) Lindb. —14. Oe See ee eee 2 ee aye = = REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 267 M. conjugata, Lindb.—7, 14. Lepidozia Pearsoni,Spruce.— 14. M. hamata, Lindb.—14. Diplophyllum albicans (L.) Pellia epiphylla (L.) Dum.—7. Dum.—7. Aplozia crenulata (Sm.) Dum. Madotheca platyphylla (L.) —T. Dum.—7. Saccogyna viticulosa (Sm.) Lejeunea_ cavifolia (Ebrh.) Dum.—7. Lindb. —7. Calypogeia trichomanis (L.) Frullania Tamarisci (L.) Dum. Corda.— 14. —14. Func. Synchytrium taraxacii De Bary & Wor.—On Taraxacum officinale ; 1, 16. 8. mercurialis, Lib.—On Mercurialis perennis; 11, 19. S. succise, De Bary & Wor.—On Scabiosa succisa ; 15. Protomyces macrosporus, Ung.—On gopodiwm Podagraria ; 1, 2, 5,10, 11, 16. P. pachydermus, Thiim.—On Varaxacum officinale ; 5. Spinellus fusiger (Link) Van Tiegh.—On rotten agarics ; 2. Cystopus candidus (Pers.) Lév.—On Capsella Bursa-Pastoris; 17. Plasmopara nivea (Ung.) Schrét.—On gopodium Podagraria ; 1, 2. On Anthriscus sylvestris ; 1, 9. P. pygmea (Unger) Schriét.—On Anemone nemorosa ; 1, 9. Peronospora calotheca, De Bary.—On Galiwm Aparine ; 2. P. ficarie, Tul—On Ranunculus Ficaria ; 9,11. On R. repens ; 11, 16. P. grisea (Ung.) De Bary.—On Veronica Beccabunga ; 1, 13. P. alta, Fekl.—On Plantago major ; 1. Ustilago longissima (Sow.) Tul.—On Glyceria fluitans ; 13. Tilletia decipiens (Pers.) Winter.—On Agrostis vulgaris ; 17. Urocystis anemones (Pers.) Winter.—On Ranunculus repens ; 2, 16, 17. Entyloma Fergussoni (B. & Br.) Plow.—On Myosotis arvensis; 16. E. ranunculi (Bon.) Winter.—On Ranunculus Ficaria ; 1, 9, 11. E. microsporum (Ung.) Schrét.—On AR. repens ; 2, 4, 6, 11. Uromyces limonii (DC.) Winter.—As A8cidium on Armeria maritima ; 19. U. polygoni (Pers.) Fcekl— As Uredo on Polygonum aviculare ; 13, Lh 268 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. U. geranii (DC.) Winter.—As Acidium on Geraniwm sylvaticum ; 9. U. pox, Rabh.—As AXcidium on Ranunculus Ficaria ; 1, 9. U. rumicis (Schum.) Winter.—As Uredo on Rumew obtusifolius ; 4,16. On R. Acetosa; 15, 16. U. alchemille (Pers.) Winter.—On dAlchemilla vulgaris; 1, 3, 9, LOG, bt. U. ficarie (Schum.) Winter.—On Ranunculus Ficaria; 1, 7, 9-19: U. scillarum (Grev.) Winter.—On Scilla festalis ; 9. Puccinia lapsanze (Schultz) Plow.—On Lapsana communis ; 3, 5. On Crepis paludosa ; 16. . violee (Schum.) Winter.—On Viola Rivimiana,; 2, 9. . menthe, Pers.—As Uredo on Mentha aquatica ; 13. . sanicule, Grev.—On Sanicula ewropea ; 19. rubigo-vera (DC.) Winter.— As Uredo on Holcus, &e. ; 13. poarum, Nielsen.—As Aicidium on Tussilago Farfara; 2, 5, 10, 13. . obtegens, Tul.—On Cnicus pratensis ; 1, 4. centauree, Mart.—On Centaurea nigra; 17. taraxaci, Plow.—As Uredo on Taraxacum officinale ; 9. . oblongata (Link) Winter.—As Uredo on Luzula maaima ; 6, 7, 9, 16, 18, 19. On ZL. campestris ; 15, 16. . Baryi (B. & Br.) Winter.—On Brachypodium sylvaticum ; 9. . egopodii (Schum.) Winter.—On ygopodium Podagraria ; 10. . umbilici, Guép.—On Cotyledon Umbilicus ; 19. . bunii (DC.) Winter.—On Conopodium denudatum; 7, 9, dale P. glomerata, Grev.—On Senecio vulgaris ; 1, 4. P. arenarie (Schum.) Winter.—On Arenaria trinervia ; 5. P. valantiz, Pers.x—On Galiwm saxatile ; 15. Triphragmium ulmarie (Schum.) Winter.—As Uredo on Spirea Ulmaria ; 9. Phragmidium fragariastri (DC.) Schrit.—As Uredo on Potentilla Fragariastrum ; 9. Ph. subcorticatum (Schrank) Winter.—On Fosa; 2, 9. Melampsora hypericorum (DC.) Winter.— ; 2 5 - “yueg uy 0 0 18x ‘jua0 190d F D UOT UO Sod (1) (g) teft\e2 = - ci - - ‘suimoq -[PIN ‘Ajatoog =. Ju SOAUT pue = surpying JUSURULIO mlepoy{ aya jo saanquaqed ‘pung Sdeqmeyy ery —eourreq ‘ ih aE - “LOIQVIOOSsH [BOLSOTOI ouLIeyy 07 UoTyRuoGg ‘* 8 0 - - - - - ‘sasuedxq ureqiuey “ VEG passages '% 611 - “on ‘sanvysog Te Ol Fee Ze ee Sun ULET (ede) © ‘Q0uRInsUuy GQ) of) ees - ‘syooq mMoN—Aavaqry *‘ oy - ‘ . : ‘suorjonsuD4y, UO oDeLIIeD ‘ 8 a: - - - ‘suouovsuDL, Suu ‘‘ SL FP - - - ‘savnoug Suyuiag ‘ OP a i, ee : - “ow ‘Krauoryeqyg ‘aseqsog ‘ L-Saie ‘sourpueaygy pure quey Act ‘Te “SNVY—"906T *SUOISSAG VaLT]} LOT SUOIIDSUDLT, JO 4SOD payonpap oq 0} S[[VJ "Pip ‘SG OSTH JO voueleg u0I,7 Il 6 O88F 2) 650 : 8 Gl F : i ie @ 3 L 0 6 5 0 SIG 9 Gi 8 ; EB) eh 1) ts) L G §66% - - ‘puny woRriysn{]y 09 suoryeuog ‘* ‘KIVAGVT [[PEYOU 09 Suowonsunsy ‘* ‘plos suoronsunsy, ‘* ‘qsoraquy ‘* - “s@ @) ‘suol4driaosqng soqyeioossy TT ‘‘ - - ‘savolry Ssdequleyy Zo ‘ ‘s/ @ ‘suoydiiosqng jenuuy Ssiequleyy EQ9T OJ, ‘Ie “Sny—'9061 f= GTC Ge Mh {ISH “pury § JoINsvad T, ul pue ‘yqueg ut ‘oq 0 OL $F -‘wroy uo ‘pun Saeurprg 0 OL LSIF 0 OL cs - ; - “4u80 aod # 4% UeOT UO ‘0g OROMSLES - ‘semngueqod ‘puny SdaquMiayy afi7[—aonreg Oy, *T “adag—'e06t “IO6L-LO6GT NOISSHS-ISENNOOOF HO INHWALKLIS LOFULsIV to io 2) ~I PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. SESSION 1907-1908. 247TH SEPTEMBER, 1907. Mr. D. A. Boyd, President, in the chair. The chairman referred to the death of the Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D., Fearn, Brechin, one of the Corresponding Members of the Society, who was distinguished for his researches in Scottish Botany, especially in the departments of Bryology and Mycology. Reports were submitted on Excursions to Dalry (page 246), Finlayston (page 247), and Glen Douglas (page 251). Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Carex filiformis, L., from Loch Lydoch. Mr. D. A. Boyd submitted specimens of Amblystegium fluviatile, B. and S., a Moss obtained at the excursion to Finlayston on 10th ultimo, and not previously recorded for Vice-County 76; Hypnum crista-castrensis, L., from the woods at Inveraray Castle; and Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fckl., from Montgreenan, Ayrshire. He stated that the last-mentioned species had been discovered by Mr. R. B. Johnstone at the Fungus-Foray on 21st instant, and had not been previously recorded for the Clyde Area. Dr. Robert Brown read a paper descriptive of the district of La Lautaret, in Dauphiny, S.-E. France, with special reference to its plant life. He stated that he had spent a holiday in that district last year, and had again returned this year to renew his acquaintance with the place and its flowers. La Lautaret stands 6,790 feet above sea level. The only house in the district is an old Hospice, with a number. of wooden annexes which form the hotel accommodation ; and the district itself is composed of wide-spreading prairies, gradually rising upwards to the various mountain ridges which stand like sentinels all around. The Hospice occupies the summit of the pass, which runs from Bourg d’Oisans to Briancon near the Italian Frontiers, and is traversed by a very good road. The peaks above Lautaret rise to 10,000 and 11,000 feet, some being composed of slaty rocks, many of lime- stone, and others of granite. All the district is clad with a marvellous wealth of vegetable life. One may spend days 288 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. within an hour’s walk of the Hospice, and gather armfuls of gay flowers worthy of any garden in the land; while up the higher slopes, among the stones and loose rocks, rare and interesting creeping alpines abound. In the ascent of the streams from the valleys to the highest ridges may be found an unlimited wealth of comparatively rare species. By the side of the Hospice a very well-kept Rock and Alpine Garden has been made. It was first begun about the year 1898, by the University of Grenoble, and has been kept up by jardinier botanists from the Botanic Gardens of Lyons. Here one may see growing, and carefully named, many of the rare and ornamental native plants, as well as many brought from other districts of France. The garden is an endless source of interest to the travellers who stay in passing for a break in their journey. In connection with this garden, a room is set apart in one of the annexes for a botanical laboratory, where work goes on all the season, and botanists who may visit the district are courteously invited to use the room, with its materials. Many noted botanists visit Le Lautaret, and a book is kept with their autographs and written testimonies to the interesting nature of the district as a field for botanical work. A very striking feature of the flora of the prairie or undulating meadow-land in Lautaret is the vigorous growth of the vegetation. Although at a minimum altitude of 7,000 feet, the great mass of the plants are tall and strong, many from two to three feet in height—an exceptional condition in so lofty a situation. With this, however, there is an equally extraordinary growth of root. Even with the lower-growing alpines, roots are found measuring two and three feet in length, these long root-fibres straggling among and under the looser rough surface and stony ground. Another feature of the strong development in plant life is the tendency to the formation of woody stems, especially near the roots. Many of the mountain plants in Lautaret are strikingly marked by the hard, almost stony condition of their stems, elsewhere soft and easily crushed. Another peculiarity in the plant life of this district is the presence in the open prairie of species generally found in woods or gorges. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 289 But although the plant life of Lautaret is thus vigorous and exceptionally robust, it is no less remarkably varied, and possesses many of the rarer species which occur on the mountains running along the Italian frontiers. It is interest- ing to find some of our own native plants intermixed with some of the rarer forms of Southern Europe, both equally at home in these highlands. Around the Hospice, and forming, no doubt, the basis of the rich soil on which this luxuriant wild garden exists, are jagged peaks rising up to 9,000 feet, composed almost entirely of dark slaty rock. This substance lies on edge, and a constant process of surface crumbling is going on. Near the rocks the material broken down is in larger pieces, but lower down the slopes it gradually assumes finer division, until at last it forms the rich basis of a soil deep, porous, and cool, in which the plant world seems to luxuriate. To this fact is attributable the extraordinary growth of this high-placed flora. Farther afield, especially southwards, are ranges of limestone rocks, which also give splendid results in their meadows below, and have a distinctive bias in the variety of their rock plants; while at other points granite rocks pre- dominate, and there the flora gradually shrinks into compara- tive smallness, both as to varieties and size. This variation in soil material gives to the observer a very good demon- stration of the important influence exercised by physical con- ditions in the life-history of plants growing within large and small areas. A striking feature of the district is the entire ‘ absence of trees, the only representative being a shrubby Alder which on some slopes forms dense masses that can scarcely be penetrated. A very interesting method of botanizing the district is to take in rotation the different levels and work them apart. Thus, the lower prairie land, with its com- paratively level and often swampy surface, yields a flora completely different from that of the higher mountain slopes, while the rocky peaks, in their varied construction, each afford interesting species for examination. In the course of the paper, Dr. Brown referred to many of the rarer and more interesting alpine plants which he had observed in the district around Lautaret, and submitted for 290 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. exhibition a fine series of illustrative specimens. He stated that while many of the rarer species had only been obtained after some hard climbing and strenuous exertion under trying circumstances, the great majority were found and secured with much more ease than he had ever before experienced in any other alpine centre. In that respect, and on account of the marvellous floral display which could so easily be seen and enjoyed on its widespread prairies in July and August, the district might be truly described as altogether unique for such an elevation. Mr. Robert Dunlop presented to the Society’s Library a copy of ‘* New Zealand Neuroptera,’’ by G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. 277TH OcrosErR, 1907. Mr. John Cairns, jun., Vice-President, in the chair. As this was the Society’s Fifty-sixth Annual Business Meeting, the usual Reports were submitted. Meetings, Haxcursions, &c.—The Hon. Secretary (Mr. Alexander Ross) read the Report of the Council, which stated that during the past session ten Meetings of the Society had been held, at which the attendance was up to the average of several years past. While most of the papers read related to botanical subjects, the specimens exhibited at the meetings were varied and interesting. Seventeen Excursions were projected, and a list of these was issued to the members in the form of a booklet containing a synopsis of the various interesting features to be met with in places proposed to be visited. This new form of excursion programme was greatly appreciated by the members. With the exception of two, the Excursions were all carried out. Four were held jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society, three with the West Kilbride Natural History and Archeological Society, one with the Hamilton and District Field Club, one with the Airdrie Natural History Society, and two with the Geological Society of Glasgow. The attendance varied, but was mainly good, this being specially the case with the Fungus Forays held jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society. Se rl em! PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 291 British Association.—At the Leicester meeting the Society was represented by Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S. Membership.—During the session, 6 new Members were added to the roll of the Society, 8 Ordinary Members and 3 Associates resigned, 7 were struck off for non-payment of subscription for several sessions, and 7 were removed by death. Among the last were Mr. Alexander Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., Life Member, and Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D., Fearn, Cor- responding Member, of whom obituary notices were brought before the Society. The membership now stands as follows :— Honorary Members, - - - = Corresponding Members, - - - 34 Ordinary Members, - - - - 206 Associates, - - - -