Return to LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY WOODS HOLE, MASS. Loaned by American Museum of Natural History . ',-.; \ TEANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VIII. (New Series.) 1905-1908. With One Plate. •,-v V_. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET. MAY, 1911. Printed by Robert Anderson, 142 West Nile Street Glasgow. Aiso H CONTENTS. Transactions — pack Notes on the Pelagic Fauna observed off the West Coast of Arran during the months of August and September, 1905. By J. Graham Kerr, - - 1 Notes on certain Specimens of General Zoological Interest exhibited. By J. Graham Kerr (Plate I.), - - 5 The Diptera of Clyde (Second List). By Robert Henderson, - 7 Appleringie, Artemisia Abrotonum, Linn. By R. S. Wishart, M.A., ... 22 Occurrence of Gonactinia vrolifera, Sars, in the Firth of Clyde. By E. S. Russell, 27 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1905, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 30 On the Occurrence of Idothea neglecta, G. 0. Sars, and Idothea viridis (Slabber), within the Clyde Sea Area, and some Notes on other Clyde Species of Idothea. By Alexander Patience, ...... 42 The Waders of Solway. By Robert Service, ... 46 A Campbeltown Palm-lily {Cordyline australis). By Rev. David Landsborough, LL.D., ... 60 Nesting Dates of some of the Waders {Charadriidce). By John Robertson, ------ - - - 62 Some Notes on the Distribution of the Clyde Crangonidae. By Alexander Patience, - ... 64 Note on the Occurrence of Saxifraga oppositifolia, L., the Purple Mountain Saxifrage, on the Sea-coast of Islay. By Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., - 71 On the Occurrence of Gobius orca, Collett, within the Clyde Sea Area. By Alexander Patience, 74 Little Stint (Tringa minuta) at Balgray Reservoir. By John Robertson, ---------- 76 The Common Sandpiper {Totanus hypoleucus). By John Robertson, ---------- 77 On some Terrestrial Isopods new to the Clyde Faunal Area, and some Notes on the Distribution of the Rarer Species. By Alexander Patience, 80 Reports on Excursions — Hunterston and Fairlie, - - 86 Garscube, - ... 87 Johnstone Castle, - - .... 88 Doonholm, Auchendrane, and Doonside, - 88 Harelaw Dam, - - - - 94 IV CONTENTS. Reports on Excursions — continued. page Blackshaw, - - 94 Gareloch,- - - - 95 Mounts tuart, Bute, - 96 Glengarnock Castle and Lady land, - 97 Sorn, - - - - 99 Milngavie and Strathblane, 100 Glen Douglas to Whistlefield, - - 100 PrOCEE DINGS — Zyynema stellinum, Vauch., in Zygospore, from Arran, - - 102 Annual Business Meeting (Session 1905-1906), Reports, and Election of Office-Bearers, ... - . 103 Remarks on a Grey Plover {Squatarola helvetica) from Fairlie, with Note of Occurrences of the Species in Clyde. By Robert Wilson, - - 104 Albino Wheatear, Blackbird, Tree-Pipit, and Fulmar Petrel, - 105 A pair of Lapland Buntings (Galcarias lapponicus) from the Fair Isle, - - 106 A Hybrid between a Black Grouse and a Red Grouse, from Kintyre, - .... 106 Note on the Occurrence at Glasgow of the Black Redstart {Ruticilla titys), an addition to the Birds of the Clyde Area. By John Paterson, 106 Notes on Occurrences of the Green Sandpiper ( Totanus chloropus) within the Clyde Area. By John Robertson, - - 106 A Hybrid between a Capercaillie and Blackcock, - - - 107 Neckera pumila, Hedw. , from Strachur and St. Catherines (Loch Fyne) and Daljarroch (South Ayrshire), - - - 107 Liodes castanea, Herbst. , and other Coleoptera, from Rannoch, 10S Stenolophus plagiaius, Gorham, from near Gourock, - - - 108 Dicranella sehreberi (Sw.), Schp., var. elata, Schp., from near Pinmore, Ayrshire, - - ..... 10S On some Household Flies. By Robert Henderson, - 109 Death of James Barclay Murdoch of Capelrig, ... HO Lathrcea squa?naria and JEcidium elatinum from Doonholm, Ayr, 110 Slum erectum from near Abington, - - - - - 110 Cornus suecica from Ben Vorlich, Dumbartonshire, - - 111 Notes on Ayaricus (Psaliota) echinatus, Roth, from Kibble Palace. By William Stewart, - - - - 111 Medicayo denticulata, Willd., from Cardross, - - - 112 Abstract Statement of Accounts, Session 1904-1905, - 113 Transactions — On the Occurrence of the Rock-Samphire, Crithmummarilimum, L., and the Marsh Hclleborine Orchis, Epipactis palustris, Crantz, on the West of Scotland. By Alex. Somerville, B.Sc.,F.L.S., 115 CONTENTS. V Transactions — continued, page Microfungi observed in Islay. By D. A. Boyd, - - - 119 Meteorological Notes, and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1906, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 122 With the Cryptogamic Society of Scotland at Inveraray. By D. A. Boyd, - - ... 143 List of Pycnogonida collected in the Clyde Area. By Richard Elmhirst, F.L.S., - - - 146 Sclerotinia baccarum, Rehm, and its Allies. By D. A. Boyd, - 149 Some Observations on the Dipterous Family Phoridee. By J. R. Malloch, 153 The Diptera of Clyde (Third List). By R. Henderson, - 156 Autumn and Winter Bird-Life of the Fairlie Shore. By Robert W. S. Wilson, - 173 Notes on Leaf-sections of Poly trick am. By John R. Lee, - 186 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1907, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - 188 Notes on the Birds frecpienting Elder Park, Govan. By William Rennie, 209 Bryum DuvcUii, Voit., in Lanarkshire. By D. A. Boyd, - 218 Occurrence of the Water Betony (Serophularia aquatica, L. ) in Islay. By Thomas F. Gilmour, L.R. C.P.Ed., - 219 List of Bute Plants. By J. Ballantyne, - 219 In Memoriam. — Alexander Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., 227 Auchendrane and its Trees. By John Renwick, 230 Notes on Richardson's Skua (Stercorarius crepidatus, Gm. ). By Robert W. S. Wilson, - - 235 On Two New Forms of Care*-. By Peter E wing, F.LS., - - 237 Reports ox Excursions — Dairy to Fairlie, ... 23S Hawkhead, - - 239 Torrance (East Kilbride), - 239 South Bute, - - 239 Lochwinnoch, - 241 Calderwood Glen, - - - 241 Oartland Crags, - 241 Loch Riddon, - - - 242 Auchans and Dundonald, - 244 Auchendrane, ... - 244 Monkland and Woodhall, - 245 Dairy, 246 Finlayston, - 247 Glen Douglas, - - - 251 Montgreenan, - 251 Vl CONTENTS. Reports on Excursions — continued. page Craigends, - - 251 Erskine, 251 Dunure, 252 Calder Glen (Lochwinnoch). 252 Arran, - - - 253 Campsie Glen, - - - 255 Balmaha to Rowardennan, - 255 Braidwood to Tillietudlem. 257 Rosneath, - 257 Ben Vorlich (Dumbartonshire), - 259 Dougalston and Bardowie, - - 260 Supplementary Report on Mosses, Hepatics, and Microfungi observed at excursions, - - - 263 Proceedings — Eristalis ameus, Scopoli, a Dipteron from Islay, - - - 273 Annual Business Meeting (Session 1906-1907), Reports, and Election of Office-Bearers, - - 274 Grey Lag-Goose (Anser cinereus, Meyer) and Grey Plover (Squatarola helvetica, L. ) from Fairlie, and Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus, Gmelin) from Langbank, - - 276 Exhibition of Lantern-slides, ------- 276 Remarks on the Geckinidaj. J>y Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - 276 The Tree-Sparrow (Passer montanus, L.) in Bute, - - - 277 Tabanus sudeticus, Zeller, and other Diptera from Bute, - - 277 On the Occurrence in Bute of Piezodorus lituratus, Fab., a Hemipteron new to the Clyde Area. By Alexander Ross, - 277 On the Sphere of Work of Marine Biological Stations. By Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., - - 278 Lecture on " A Naturalist in South America." By Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., - 280 Proposed Representative Council of Local Natural History Societies, - - - - - - - - - - 281 Heart-leaved Twayblade (Listera cordata, Br.) from Shalloch- on-Minnoch Moor, Ayrshire, 281 Habrodon Notarisii, Schp., a rare Moss, from Bute, - - - 281 On "Plankton."' By Edward J. Bles, B.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.E., - 282 Report by Delegate to Clyde Naturalists' Representative Council, 282 On Bombylius major, L., a Dipteron from Loch Riddon. By Alexander Ross, 282 Occurrence at Glasgow of Clielifcr cancroides (L.), a "False Scorpion " new to Scotland, - 283 On Linotcenia maritima (Latr.), and Polyxenus lagurus, L.. two Myriapods from Rough Island, Sol way. By Robert Godfrey, 283 Death of Alexander Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., late President, - 283 CONTENTS. Vll Proceedings — continued. page On the Genus SUybura. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, - - 284 On Didea alneti, Fallen, a rare Dipteron from Loch Lomond, with Remarks on its Previous British Records. By Alexander Ross, 284 Ranunculus auricomus, L., from Barwharrie, Ochiltree, - - 285 Poa Chaixii, Vill., from Auchendrane, ... . 285 Abstract Statement of Accounts — Session 1905-1906, - 286 Death of Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D,, Fearn, Brechin, - 287 Occurrence at Finlayston of Amblystegium fluviatile, B. and S. , a Moss new to Vice-County 76, and at Montgreenan of Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fckl., a Fungus new to the Clyde Area, - 287 La Lautaret and its Plant Life. By Dr. Robert Brown, - 2S7 Annual Business Meeting (Session 1907-1908), Reports, and Election of Office-Bearers, - - ... 290 Report on Meeting of the British Association at Leicester. By " Peter Ewing, F.L.S., - - 292 Remarks on Bitis gabonica, D. and B. , and B. nasicornis, Shaw, two Species of Puff-adder from Rhodesia. By Dr. T. Beath Henderson, .- - - 292 Occurrence of the Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus, L.) near Kilmarnock, 292 Water Betony (ScropJmlaria aquatica, L.) from Islay, - - 292 Nesting of the Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla, L ) at Glendoune, Girvan, - - 293 On the Occurrence near Port Ellen, Islay, of Eristalis sepul- chralis, L., with Notes on English and Scottish Records of the Species. By Alexander Ross, - - 293 Occurrence of Meta menardi (Latr. ), Griihmum maritimum, L., Beta maritime/,, L., and Ahnfeltia plicata, Fries, on the Carrick Coast of Ayrshire, - - 294 On the Present Position of the Local Collections in the Kelvin- grove Museum. By Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., - 294 Death of Lord Kelvin, 295 On the Occurrence of the Cave Spider {Meta menardi, Latr.) near Dunure, Ayrshire. By John Smith, - 296 Exhibition of Lantern-slides, - - - 296 Death of Dr. Alexander Frew and E. A. L. Batters, LL.B., B.A.,F.L.S., 297 Notes on Phoridai and other Diptera. By J. R. Malloch, 297 Occurrence of Petromyzon marinus, L., at Uddingston, and Centrina salviani, Risso, in the North Sea, - 29s Lecture on the Pycnogonida, or Sea-spiders. Bj^ Professor Leonard A. L. King, M. A., - - 29S Proposed Public Exhibition of the Common Wild-Flowers of the District, 299 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE 299 300 300 301 301 301 302 303 Proceedings— continued. Black-necked Grebe (Podicepes nigricollis, C. L. Brehm) from Helensburgh, - - Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor, L.) from Arran, Notes on the Glass-rope Sponge {Hyalonema Sieboldii, Graj7). By Alexander Ross, - King Eider Duck (Somateria spectabilis, L. ) from near Tayport, Occurrence of Corymbetes ceneus, L., at Glen Callum Bay, South Bute, ... . .... On the Fish Fauna of the Upper Silurian Inlier of Lesmahagow. By Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., On Recent Additions to the Diptera of the Clyde Faunal Area. By Robert Henderson, Remarks on a Nightjar {Caprimulgus europceus, L.) from Car- donald. By Robert W. S. Wilson, Remarks on the Occurrence of Bembidium quadriguttatum, F., at Fairlie ; Notoxus monoceros, L., at Monk ton ; axiH Ltiopus nebulosus, L., between Craigallion and Blanefield ; with Notes on previous Scottish Records of these Coleoptera. By John E. Murphy and Alexander Ross, - Microthamnion Kiitzingianum, Nag., from Ailsa Craig; Spiro- tcenia condensata, Breb., from Balmaha ; and Desmidium Swartzii (?), Ag., from Milngavie, .... Abstract Statement of Accounts— Session 1906-1907,- Indices — General Index, ... Topographical Index, - Index to Names of Contributors, &c. ,, Popular Names, - ,, Scientific Names, Zoology, ,, ,, Botany, - Title, Contents, and Errata for Vol. VIII., - Appendix 304 305 306 307 310 318 320 323 329 ERRATA. ge 97, line 13, for Muscia/pa. read Muscicapa. , 98, 5 j 34, 5 5 K.N. • . N. K. , 99, 99 4, 5> Kilbowie 5 5 Kilbirnie. , 102, ? 9 14, 5> Zygnmma • ) Zygn , Drymia hamata , 125, f> 5, lucilla * , Lucilice. , 187, ? 1 16, ?> ring wing. OF SCit.*C~- TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY). VOL. VIII. (New Series.) PART I. 1905-1906. With One Plate. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS ROOMS, 207 BATH STREET. MARCH, 1908. Printed by Robert Anderson, 142 West Nile Street, Glasgow. CONTENTS. Transactions— page Note on the Pelagic Fauna observed off the West Coast oi Arran during the months of August and September, 1905. By J. Graham Kerr, ......... 1 Notes on certain specimens of General Zoological Interest exhibited. By J. Graham Kerr (PI. I.), - - - - 5 The Diptera of Clyde (Second List). By Robert Henderson, - 7 Appleringie, Artemisia Abrotonjim, Linn. By R. S. Wishart, M.A., 22 Occurrence of Gonactinia prolifera^ Sars, in the Firth of Clyde. By E. S. Russell, 27 Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the year 1905, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, - - 30 On the Occurrence of Idolhea neglecta, G. O. Sars, and Idothea Viridis (Slabber), within the Clyde Sea Area, and some Notes on other Clyde Species of Idothea. By Alexander Patience, 42 The Waders of Solway. By Robert Service, 46 A Campbeltown Palm-lily {Cordyline australis). By Rev. David Landsborough, LL.D., 60 Nesting Dates of some of the Waders {Charadriidce). By John Robertson, 62 Some Notes on the Distribution of the Clyde Crangonidae. By Alexander Patience, 64 Note on the Occurrence of Saxifraga oppositifolia, L., the Purple Mountain Saxifrage, on the Sea-coast of Islay. By Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., - - - - - - - 71 On the Occurrence of Gobius orca, Collett, within the Clyde Sea Area. By Alexander Patience, - 74 Little Stint (Tringa minuta) at Balgray Reservoir. By John Robertson, 76 The Common Sandpiper ( Totanus hypolencus). By John Robert- son, 77 On some Terrestrial Isopods new to the Clyde Faunal Area, and some Notes on the Distribution of the rarer Species. By Alexander Patience, 80 Reports on Excursions— Hunterston and Fairlie, 86 Garscube, ...... - 87 Johnstone Castle, • - 88 Doonholm, Auchendrane, and Doonside, - 88 Harelaw Dam. - 94 Blackshaw, ------ - - - 94 IV CONTENTS Reports on Excursions — continued. page Gareloch, ... - 95 Mountstuart, 96 Glengarnock Castle and Ladyland, 97 Sorn, --- - 99 Milngavie and Strathblane, - - - . - - - - 100 Glen Douglas to Whistlefield, - 100 Proceedings — Zygncema stellinum, Vauch., in Zygospore, from Arran. By Robert Garry, B.Sc, - - 102 Annual Business Meeting, Reports, and Election of Office-bearers, 103 Grey Plover {Squatarola helvetica) from Fairlie, Ayr, with Note of Occurrences in Clyde. By Robert Wilson, - - - - 105 Albino Wheat ear, Blackbird, and Fulmar Petrel. By M'Culloch & Sons, 105 Hybrid between Black Grouse ( $ ) and Red Grouse ( 9 ) fr°m Kintyre. By Chas. Kirk, 106 Black Redstart {Ruticilla titys) at Glasgow. An addition to the Birds of " Clyde," 106 Green Sandpiper ( Totanus ochropus) from Garscadden, Dumbarton- shire, with Note on the Occurrences of the Species in " Clyde." By John Robertson, 107 Neckera pumila, Hedw., from Strachur and St. Catherines (Loch Fyne) and Daljarrock (South Ayr), and Petrogonium gracile, Sw., from Largs and Little Cumbrae. By D. A. Boyd, - 107 Coleoptera from Rannoch — Liodes castanea, Herbst., Cetonia floricola,) Herbst., Thanasimus formicarius, Linn., Acan- thocinus cedilis, Linn., Lamia textor, Linn., and Pissodes pint, Linn. ; also Stenolophus plagiatus, Gorham, from Gourock. Exhibited by Anderson Fergusson, 108 Dicranella schrebtri (Sw.), Schp., var. elata, Schp., from Pinmore, Ayrshire. By D. A Boyd, 108 " On Some Household Flies." Report of Paper by Robert Henderson, 109 Lathraa Squamaria, L., from Doonholm, Ayr. By Richard M'Kay, 110 "Witches Broom," ALcidium datinum, on Silver Fir, from Doonholm, Ayr. By Richard M'Kay, 110 Sium erectum, Huds. , from near Abington, 110 Cornus suecica, L., from Ben Vorlich, Dumbartonshire. By John R. Lee, Ill A*aricus {Psaiiota) tchinatus. Roth, from the Kibble Palace. By Wm. Stewart, Ill Medicago denticu/ata, Willd., from Cardross. By Miss'Zamorska, 112 Abstract Statement of Accounts — Session, 1904- 1905, - - - 113 TRANSACTIONS OF THE utuxcd listoxrr £tacxetn of #las«ofo. Note on the Pelagic Fauna observed off the West Coast of Arran during- the Months of Augnst and September, 1905. By J. Graham Kerr. [Read 30th January, 1906.] •p The Pelagic Fauna of the Firth of Clyde has probably attracted the attention of a greater number of distinguished investigators than that of any other portion of the seas adjoining the British Islands. Yet it is remarkable how small is the volume of published records as compared with the volume of research which has been done. When the working zoologist seeks for information, say, as to the particular localities and the particular times of year at which he may expect to be able to obtain larval or other developmental stages of even the most important forms, he finds his task in great part a fruitless one. It is greatly to be hoped that the authorities of the Millport Marine Station may be able before long to undertake and publish the results of a systematic faunistic survey of the Firth of Clyde, giving accurate details as regards localities and dates. In the mean- time it is of importance that individual observers of the Clyde 2 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. plankton should record their observations, however scanty, so that they may be available for future workers. It is on this account that I venture to offer to the Society some short notes upon plankton observed during the months of August and Sep- tember last off the village of Blackwaterfoot, Arran. I may explain that my object in carrying out these observations was not to look for new species or to collect any great variety of forms, but to investigate the occurrence, and to obtain supplies of properly preserved laboratory material, of forms — especially larval forms — of recognised general importance to the zoologist. The net used was a surface one of the standard size used by E. T. Browne, and composed of bolting silk of sixty meshes to the inch. Protozoa and Coelenterata. — As larval forms were the chief objects of investigation, little attention was paid to the above- mentioned Phyla. It should be mentioned, however, that Acan- thometrid Radiolarians occurred occasionally in the surface waters. Of Medusae the two commonest forms during August were Phialidium teynporarium, Browne, and Sarsia gemmifera, Forbes, the latter frequently with numerous daughter Medusae budding off from the elongated manubrium, and most frequently with the umbrella turned inside out. Such colonies, as they may be termed, of Medusoid individuals have a wonderfully suggestive appearance in connection with the possible mode of evolution of the highly specialised pelagic colonies so characteristic of the Siphonophore. It seems quite possible that the pneumatophore, or float at the top of the Siphonophore, may have evolved directly from the reversed umbrella of the Medusoid ancestor. About the middle of September the beautiful Tiara pileata (Forsk.) became numerous, the specimens mostly being adults with well-developed gonads. Nemertea. — Pilidium appeared on only two occasions — on 18th August and 18th September. Polychaeta. — As was to be expected, there was a considerable variety of larval forms of Polychaete worms. Two attracted special attention. These were the wonderful larva of Chaetop- terus, with its characteristic mesotrochal arrangement of cilia, PELAGIC FAUXA OFF THE WEST COAST OF ARRAN. and an exquisite trochophore larva — a typical " Loven's Larva." This latter attracted attention at once by its conspicuous differ- ence from the Mediterranean Polygordius larva described by Hatschek, in the fact that the trunk region developed within the body of the larva, as described by Woltereck for the North Sea type of Polygordius. I have submitted a specimen to Prof. Woltereck, who is our chief authority on the larva of Poly- gordius, and he assures me that the Blackwaterfoot larva belongs to the North Sea form, Polygordius lacteus. The Polygordius trochophores were got in large numbers at the surface on 25th September, with a light northerly breeze off the land. They were first got on 18th September. Mitraria. — This interesting form, which is stated by Watson to be the larva of Owenia Jlliformis, D.Ch., appeared in the tow-net on 6th September. The specimen obtained appears to come closest to M. skifera, Hacker, which was obtained by the Plankton Expedition in the Atlantic, about 200 miles west of the Hebrides. It differs, however, from this " species " in that the chief chaetae have sharper points, and that the needle-shaped chaetae are much longer. It should be noted that, although Mitraria is not included in the British Association fauna list, it was obtained by Claparede* in September, 1859. in Lamlash Bay. The specimen obtained by Claparede differs considerably from the Blackwaterfoot speci- men, and would probably be looked on by describers of Mitraria as a different species; but it appears very inadvisable to accord specific rank to such larvae as these until we are acquainted with their life-history, and with the changes which take place in their characters during development. Besides various Spionid and other larval Polychaetes, various adult forms of pelagic habit appeared from time to time in the tow-net. Tomopteris occurred on various occasions, especially about the middle of September. The sexual individuals of Autolytus prolifer, both male (" Polybostrichus ") and female (" Sac- conereis "), occurred occasionally along with those of at least two other species of Autolytus. Amongst these should be * Zeits. wiss. Zool. Bd. X. s. 407. 4 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. mentioned a peculiar female differing from A. prolifer in its more elongated form (forty-five segments), but more conspicuously in the fact that it carries its eggs, not in a single rounded mass, but in a number — eight in the one specimen obtained. I have not, so far, succeeded in identifying this satisfactorily. Towards the end of September, headless sexual portions of large Syllids were observed swimming about at the surface, dis- charging their gametes. Mollusca. — Only two molluscan larvae call for special mention. The first of these is the beautiful veliger of the nudibranch Aegires punctilucens (d'Orb.),* with large bilobed velum, which hangs down on each side, so as to give it a Pilidium-like appear- ance. This was got only on one occasion — on 29th August. Lamellaria. — A beautiful Echinospiroid pelagic larva, with large glassy shell, was obtained on 29th August. Dr. Paul Pelseneer recognised the specimen at once as the larva of Lamellaria. As L. perspicua (Linn.) occurs on the Clyde, the larva in question is in all probability to be referred to this species. Echinoderm Larvae. — Four different larval forms of Echino- derms were conspicuous in the surface fauna. By far the most abundant was the Ophiopluteus larva of Ophiothrix fragilis (Abilg.), which occurred in large numbers on various occasions during September. Plutei of Echinus occurred in numbers on 10th August, but were only seen occasionally on other dates. The magnificent pluteus of Spatangus purpureus appeared ir- regularly in small numbers. Besides these, occasional barrel-shaped larvae of Synapta and other Holothurians appeared. Polyzoa. — The well-known Cyphonautes type of larva fre- quently occurred in large numbers near the shore. It is note- worthy that the Cyphonautes was not the familiar C. compressus — now known to be the larva of the common Polyzoon Mem- branipora pilosa — but G. schneideri, Lohmann, which was * Mr. Bles informs me that he succeeded, in 1894, in company with Mr. Garstang, in tracing the development of this larva into the adult. UJ I- < Q. CO z o > i o a CO < CD 6 o CO CO < Z CO 2 < q: h- DO a , SPECIMENS OF GENERAL ZOOLOGICAL INTEREST. 5 described by Schneider* in 1869, and whose adult form is not yet definitely determined. Phoronidea. — Actinotrocha occurred frequently in the surface net during both August and September. On 16th August, in a flat calm, several specimens were got in the tow-net in the act of metamorphosing. On 10th August two young but completely metamorphosed specimens of Phoronis, each contained in a membranous tube, with sand grains attached to its surface, were obtained in the surface net. As the specimens were entangled in small masses of an Ectocarpus-like Alga, their occurrence at the surface was doubtless accidental. Although in habit these young specimens, with their free membranous tubes with adherent sand grains, agree with the Mediterranean P. psammophila rather than with P. hippocrepia, it would be rash to assert definitely that they do not belong to the latter species. Tornaria appeared only once in the surface net — on 10th August. Tunicata. — The surface waters were frequently swarming with Appendicularians, Although the individuals varied greatly ac- cording to state of maturity or degeneration, all the specimens carefully examined appeared to be the common Oikopleura dioica, Fol. Notes on certain Specimens of General Zoological Interest exhibited. By J. Graham Kerr. [Read 30th January, 1906.] The following interesting zoological specimens have recently come into my hands, and are destined to be placed in the zoological collection of the University of Glasgow : — 1. Megaptera longimana, Gray. — The first specimen is a foetus — apparently the smallest so far recorded — of the Humpback * Arch. mikr. Anat. Bd. V. The larva in question is here mentioned as " Zweite Species." 6 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Whale which had been presented by His Excellency Sir William MacGregor, K.C.M.G., Governor of Newfoundland. The foetus measured 190 mm. in length, measured along the curved dorsal surface from tip of head to tip of tail. The specimen, which is represented on Plate I., showed, among other interesting features, a well-developed anal fin, the existence of which in whales had recently* been called in question, although already indicated for the young of this species in a figure by G. 0. Sars.f A series of microscopic sections through one-half of the lower jaw demonstrated the presence of a series of fourteen tooth germs. Sections through the palate showed a uniform coating of epithelium without any indications of approaching " whale-bone " formation. 2. Amongst other objects exhibited were specimens of remark- able balls of hair from the uterus of a fur seal (probably Otaria ursina), and pointing to the occurrence of a particularly well- developed lanugo in this form. 3. Pennella balaenopterae, Kor. and Dan. — There were ex- hibited several specimens of this gigantic Copepod, which lives as a parasite on whales. The specimens measured about 250 mm. in length, exclusive of the egg strings. They had also been obtained by Sir William MacGregor, and had been " attached to the host near the line of junction of the dark back with the white belly, and projected about two inches by the narrow end into the blubber; the parasites were numerous." Almost synchronously with the arrival of these specimens there appeared a memoir upon the structure of Pennella balaenopterae, by Sir William Turner, based upon specimens from Shetland, and about the same time, I am informed, specimens were obtained by the Cambridge Museum of Zoology. In view of Sir William Turner's full description, it does not seem necessary to describe the specimens of Pennella. The specimens exhibited were all females, the male, which is probably of relatively small size, not having been observed. * Beddard. A Book of Whales, 1900, p. 13. t Sars. Fortsalte Bidrag til Kundskaben om vore Baraeitvaler, Tab. 3, Fork Selsk. Christian. 1880. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 7 4. Cephalodiscus nigrescens, Lank. — A fragment of this mag- nificent species of Cephalodiscus was exhibited. The only sjDecimens known were obtained by the " Discovery," and they have been described by Lankester. 5. Phoronis australis, Hasw. — This is the largest species known of the interesting genus Phoronis. It has been described by Haswell from the Australian coast. 6. Specimens of the remarkable pelagic larvae (Leptocephalus) of the conger and of the common eel. Along with the larva of the common eel was shown a specimen which had just com- pleted its metamorphosis into the elver or young eel, which is so frequently seen making its way up our fresh-water streams from the sea. 7. Glossina palpalis, Rob. Desv., one of the " Tsetses " of tropical Africa. This species has recently become notorious by its having been proved to be the intermediary in carrying the Trypanosoma of sleeping sickness from one human being to another. The fact of this fly being viviparous, the young being- born in an advanced stage of development, places great, pro- bably insurmountable, difficulty in the way of carrying out a war of extermination against the insect, even within limited areas. The Diptera of Clyde (Second List). By Robert Henderson. [Read 27th March, 1906.] Following the plan adopted in my former paper (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas., Vol. VII. (New Series), Part II., pp. 148-154), I have distinguished thus (*) the species not given in Mr. P. H. Grimshaw's list (Fauna and Flora, &c, of Clyde, 1901), and the species so distinguished in my former contribution are, in the list given below, marked thus (**) wherever their occurrence in other localities is recorded. 8 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Classification and nomenclature. — Verrall : " List of British Diptera" 1901, with a few exceptions, and "List of British Dolichopodidce, with Tables and Notes," Ent. Mo. Mag., Yol. XL., pp. 164-245, and Vol. XLL, pp. 50-252. Bibliography. — I had intended to note here the various papers, chiefly those in the foreign Transactions belonging to the Society and kept in the Mitchell Library, Glasgow, which I had consulted for the determination of species, but this has been rendered superfluous by the acquisition of the Katalog der Pala- arktischen Dipteren, Budapest, 1903, in four volumes, of which the three published volumes are now in the Society's library. The Katalog is both a synonymic list and a key to the literature of Diptera down to 1st October, 1903. Abbreviations. — These are as in my former paper quoted above. Mr. John R. Malloch has been good enough to send to me for inspection or identification a number of flies collected by him during the past season, and to him are due the records given below as " Bonhill," too numerous to be distinguished otherwise, among them being twenty-seven additions to the Clyde list. Fam. BiBiONiDiE. Dilophus femoratus, Mg., - albipennis, Mg., - - June. Cartland Crags ; Hawk- head Est. ; Cambuslang. The synonymy is given on the authority of the Katalog der Pal. Dipt. The $ <$ of my specimens have the legs entirely black, the stigma very faint ; and the ^ which emerged between 3rd and 26th June (A. R. and R.H.); Tarbert, July, 1904 (A.R.). Apparently new to Britain. One , 3rd Aug.. 1902, Stepps Wood. June — Sept. Stepps Wood ; Bonhill; Possil M. (J.E.M.). One £, 20th June, 1904, Bon- hill. June — July. Loch Eck; Cadd. Wild. (J.E.M.). In the Kat. der Pal. Dipt, this is given as a synonym of M. flavicornis, Mg. June — July. Loch Eck; Possil M. ; Bonhill. May — June. Gen. dist. Two £ <£, 24th July, 1902, Possil M. ; one £ , 27th July, 1902, Mill Pin., Cadder. One ?, 14th August, 1900, Carmyle. 12 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. Fam. TabanidtE. Tabanus sudeticus, Zh\, *Chrysops ccecutiens, L.. C. relicta, Mg., July. Not uncommon in Argyle- shire and Dumbartonshire. June. F. and C. Canal Bank. Cadder ; Hawkhead Est. June — Julv. Not uncommon 1/ about Holy Loch and Glen Massan. Fam. Leptid^e. May — June. Hawkhead Est. Not uncommon. July — Sept. C. and gen. dist. - July — Sept. C. and gen. dist. - One £ , Gorge of Avon, 25th Mav, 1901. Sympthoromyia crassicornis. Pz., One <$ , Glen Fruin. 17th June, 1905 (J.R.M.). *Spania nigra, Mg., - - One £ ,Bonhill, 10th June, 1 905. Leptis notatii. Mg. L. tringaria. L.. *L. lineola, F., Atherix ibis. F., Fam. Asilid^e. * Leptogaster guttiventris, Ztt. Dioctria Reinhardi. W., - Isopogon brevirostris, Mg., Philonicus albiceps, Mg., - J une — July. Troon. Not common. One ? , Troon, 9th Aug., 1900 (W. Adam). One <£, Rowardennan, 15th June, 1901. August. Troon. Not common. Fam. Therevid/E. *Thereva nobilitata, F.. T. annulata, F., One $ , two" $ $ , 23rd June. 1900. Troon. June — Aug. Troon. Not un- common. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 13 Fam. Empid.e. If/ibos grossipes, L., - *H. femoratus, Miill., Ili/bos, sp. ? *Cyrtoma nigra, Mg., C. spuria, Fin., Rhamphomyia nigripes, F., R. sulcata, Fin., *ii?. cinerascens, Mg., *i2. spinipes, Fin., *7?. dentipes, Ztt., *it. tenuirostris, Fin., *7£. anomalivennis. Tilt., * R. plumipes, Fin., - R. flava, Fin., - Empis opaca, F., *J57. borealis, L., is", punctata, Mg., July— Sept. Gen. dist. July — Aug. Gen. dist. June — Aug. HolyL. ; Troon; Stepps Wood ; Luss Glen ; Glen Massan. This may be the species recorded in the Brit. Ass. Handbook list as H. culiciformis, F. June — July. Holy Loch ; Glen Massan ; Inch Tavannach. June —August. Cambuslang ; Langbank ; Helensburgh ; Stepps Wood. May — June. Murroch Glen ; Cambuslang; HawkheadEst.; Bowling. May — June. Gen. dist. May — June. Gen. dist, Aug. — Sept. Gartloch ; Dou- galston (North) Wood ; Bon- hill. May. Bonhill {teste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). Arran (Mr. Carter) (teste Mr.F. C. Adams, in Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. XLL, p. 94). May — June. Helensburgh ; Bonhill. June. Murroch Glen ; Helens- burgh. July — August. Clober Dam ; Glen Massan; Murroch Glen; Holy L. ; Ardentinny. June. Monkd. CI. May. Bonhill. May — June. Cambuslang ; Milngavie. 14 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. E. bilineata, Lw., E. scutellata, Curt. *E. brunneipennis , Mg., *E. pennaria, Fin., - *E. chioptera, Fin., - *E, lepidopus, Mg., - *E. grisea^ Fin., *Hilara spinimana, Ztt. cilipes, Mg., *H. pilosa, Ztt., ZT. interstincta, Fin., JT. maura, F., - *//. manicata, Mg., - *i/. canescens, Ztt., *JHr. litorea, Fin., *Zf. lurida, Fin., *ll.flava, Schin.. *Oreogeton flavipes, Mg., * Trichina flavipes, Mg., June. Lenzie ; Eaglesham ; Possil M. One £, 8th June. 1904, Cam- buslang; one ^ , 11th June, 1904, South Bar; one o , 23rd July, 1899, Cadder Wild. 3 $ £, 9th June, 1903. Possil M. June. Possil M. ; South Bar ; Cambu slang ; Bowling : Bon- hill. May. Sandbank ; Gorge of Avon ; Bonhill. One £, 27th May, 1905, Sand- bank. June — Julv. Castlemilk ; Holy Loch. June — July. Blairmore : Row- ardennan ; Bonhill. May — July. Possil M.; Arden- tinny; Cambuslang; Holy L. June. Murroch Glen : Frank- field L. May — June. C. and gen. dist. June — Sept. Finnich Glen ; Holy L. ; Stepps Wd. ; Dal- marnock. 4 $ <£, 15th July, 1902, Cam- buslang. July. Blairmore ; Bonhill. July. Blairmore ; Holy L. June — July. Blairmore ; Cam- buslang ; Gorge of Avon ; Holy L. ; Glen Lean. This is not in VerraWs list. July. Holy L. ; Cambuslang. 2 ? ?, 30th Sept., 1905, West Ferry Wood, Langbank. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 15 *Ocydromia glabricula, Fin., * ' Heleodromia stagnalis, Hal., * H. fontinalis, Hal., I£eme?'odromia precatoria. Fin , * Ardoptera irrorata, Fin., Gloma fuscipennis, Mg., *Trichopeza longicomis, Mg., Tachypeza nubila, Mg., * Tachydromia, longicomis. Mg. May — Sept. Gen. dist. Mav. Bonhill. Feb. and Nov. Cathkin Quarry. June — Sept. Bardowie L. ; Glen Massan ; Ardentinny ; Bonhill. June. Bonhill. June — July. Hawkhead Est. j Gorge of Avon; Puck's Glen ; Bonhill. June — July. Ardentinny ; Gorge of Avon ; Holy L. July and Sept. Stepps Wood ; Bardowie L. ; Holy L. May— June. Possil M. ; Bon- hill. %T. agilis, Mg., - June. Possil M. ; Hawkhead Est. ; Northfield Moor. *T. Jlavipes, F., - June. Possil M. *T. bicolor, F., - - June. Possil M. Fam. DOLICHOPODID^E. Psilopus platypterus, F., - - June — July. Holy L. ; Blair- niore ; Murroch Glen ; Mill Pin.. Cadder. *P. Wiedeniamii, Fin., - August. Troon. Dolichopus atratus, Mg., - - June — July. Possil M.; Holy L *D. picipes, Mg., - June — July. Holy L. : Bonhill. D. lepidus, Stseg., - One £, 11th June, 1905, Frank- field L. D. atripes, Mg., - June — August. Gen. dist. D. vitripennis, Mg., - - July — Aug. HolyL. ; Helens- burgh ; Loch Eck. D. discifer, Stann., - - July. Strone; Loch Eck; Blair- more ; Arrochar ; Holy L. ; Murroch Glen. D. plnmipes, Scop., - - June — July. C. and gen. dist. D. pennatus, Mg., - June — July. Ardentinny; Bon- hill. 16 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. D. popularis, Wied., *D. signatus, Mg.. D. urbanus, Mg., D. trivialis, Hal., *D. festivus, Hal., *D. griseipennis, Stan., D. nubilus. Msj.. D. simplex, Mg., *Z). brevipennis, Mg., *Z>. rupestris, Hal., - * Hercostomus nigripennis, Fin., * Hypovhyllus obscurellus. Fin., Gymnopternus cupreus, Fin., *£. ceZer, Mg., - 6r. cerosus, Fin., *Chrysotus cilipes, Mg., *C pulchellus, Kow., *C. gramineus, Fin., Argyra diaphana, F., J., leucocephala, Mg., .4. argyria, Mg., .4. argentina, Mg., - *A confinis, Ztt., *Thrypticus bellus, Lw., - * Porphyrons spinicoxa, Lw.. *P. rivalis, Lw.. *P. patula, Radd., - *P. crassipes. Mg., *P. consobrina, Ztt., June — July. Gen. dist. June — July. Murroch Glen j Ardentinny; Holy L. July. Luss Glen ; Ardentinny ; Glen Massan. June — July. Gen. dist. July. Bonhill. July — Aug. Bonhill. July. Holy L. June — July. Gen. dist. June. Troon. July. Murroch Glen. Julv. Luss Glen ; Troon. August. Murroch Glen. June — Julv. C. and s^en. dist. July. Bonhill. June — Aug. C. and gen. dist. July. Bonhill. July. Bonhill. July — Aug. Gorge of Avon ; Holy L. ; Bonhill. May — June. Murroch Glen ; Clober Dam ; Erskine. June — August. Gen. dist. July — Aug. Glen Massan ; Holy L. ; Murroch Glen. July — August. Gen. dist. June — July. Bonhill. 2 $, 1st July, 1905. Benmore Est., Kilmun. June and Aug. Cambuslang ; South Bar. June. Hawkhead Est. ; Erskine. June. Hawkhead Est.; Erskine. May— June. Mill Pin., Cadder; Hawkhead Est. ; Bowling ; Erskine. 2^, 1 ?, 3rd June, 1905, Bowling. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 17 *P. micans, Mg., P. riparia, Mg., Xiphandrium monotrichum, Lw. X. appendiculatum, Ztt., - X. fissum, Lw.,- - *Syntormon tarsatus, Fin., S. pallipes, F., - S. sulcipes, Mg., Medeterus apicalis, Ztt., - * Hydro phorus bisetus, Lw., * Liancalus virens, Scop., - *C ampsicnemus scambus, Fin., - C. curvipes, Fin., *C. loripes, Hal., * Teucovhorus spinigerellus, Ztt., Sympycnus annulipes, Mg., * Aphrosylus celtiber, Hal., June. Bonhill. June. Murroch Glen. July. Bonhill. June — Sept. Bonhill. May — June. Bonhill. July. Blairmore ; Holy L. June — Sept. Gen. dist. June. Murroch Glen. July. Bonhill, July. Holy L. May— Sept. Frankfield L. ; Gorge of Avon ; Bonhill. Mr. Malloch took a ? on 6th January last while sweeping. Aug. — Sept. Gorge of Avon ; Bishop L. ; Bonhill. C. and gen. dist. Occurs at all seasons. July — Sept. Bishop L. ; Bon- hill. August. Murroch Glen. July — Aug. Holy L. ; Blair- more ; Bonhill. July. Holy L. Fain. Lonchopterid^:. * Lonchoptera punctum, Mg., *L. flavicauda, Mg., - *L. lacustris, Mg., * Lonchoptera, sp. 1 - Sept. Possil M. Aug. — Sept. Gorge of Avon ; Possil M. Jan. — May and Sept. Gen. dist. March — May and Sept. Cadd. Wild. ; Calderwood Glen ; Dougalston (North) Wood, &c. I take this to be the species recorded now and again as L. trilineata, Ztt., but am doubtful about its identity. B 18 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Fam. Platypezid^e. Opetia nigra, Mg., - *Callimyia amosna, Mg., - **Platypeza atra, Mg., Aug. — Sept. Hawkhead Est. ; Bonhill. One $, 3rd Sept, 1905, Stepps Wood. One?, 22nd July, 1905, Bon- hill. Fam. Pipunculid^e. *Chalarus spurius, Fin., - - July — Aug * Verrallia aucta, Fin., **Pipunculus campestris, Ltr., ■ Bonhill. July. Benmore Est. ; Bonhill. June — Aug. Holy L. ; Mur- roch Glen ; Glen Massan ; Helensburgh. *p. confusus, Verr., - - June. Bonhill. *p. hwmorrhoidalis, Ztt., - - June. Inch Moan. *p. xanthopns, Thorns., - August. Helensburgh. Fam. *Pipizella virens, F., P. flavitarsis, Mg., - **Pipiza noctiluca, L., **P. bimaculata, Mg., *Cnemedon vitripennis, Mg., ^Ghrysog aster splendens, Mg., *C. Macquarti, Lw., - Chilosia sparsa, Lw., **G. pulchripes, Lw., C. variabilis, Pz., *C. honesta, Rnd., - *G. vulpina, Mg., C. intonsa, Lw., *C. grossa, Fin., *C. albipila, Mg., G. albitarsis, Mg., G.fratema, Mg., **C. Beryenstammi, Beck., SYRPHIDjE. - June. Helensburgh. - July. Bonhill. - June. Erskine; Bonhill. - June. Erskine. - One c£, 24th June, 1905. Gorge of Avon. - June — August. Bonhill. - One <£ , 26th June, 1904. Hawk- head Est. - May. Gorge of Avon. - June. Bonhill. - June. Erskine. - May — June. Bonhill. May. Gorge of Avon. - August. Possii M. - One ^, April, 1904. Bonhill. - May — June. Bonhill. - June. Cambuslansr. - May. Bonhill. - August. Bonhill. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 19 *Platychirus tarsalis, Schum, - Melanostoma seal are, F., - * Melangyna quadrimaculata,V err *"* Ischyrosyrphus glaucius, L., - I. laternarius, Mull., ** Syrphus albostriatus, Flu., **S. tricinctus, Fin., **S. venustus, Mg., - **«Sr. lunulatus, Mg., S. annulatus, Ztt., **S. lineola, Ztt., **#. vittiger, Ztt., S. latifasciatus, Mcq., S. luniger, Mg., **S. bifasciatus, F., - S. cinctellus, Ztt., S. einctus, Fin., **#. auricollis, Mg. — var. maculicomis, Ztt., - S. punctulatus, Verr., **S. guttatus, Fin., - S. compositarum, Verr., *S. lasiophthalrmis, Ztt., - S. arcticus, Ztt., Sphegina clunipes, Fin., ,-lscirt podagrica, F., **IIelophilus trivittatus, F., //. Jiybridus, Lw., *./?. trans fugus, L., - April — May. Bonhill (teste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). May — Sept. Gen. dist. , April. Bonhill. August. Clober Dam. Sept. Bonhill. June — July. Hawkhead; Ben- more Est. May. Cadder Wild. June. Erskine. June — Sept. Bonhill. June. Bonhill. May. Bonhill. June. Bonhill. August. Helensburgh M. May — Sept. Gen. dist. May — Aug. Hawkhead Est. ; Clober Dam ; Holy L. May. Gorge of Avon. June — July. Gorge of Avon ; Bonhill. Sept. Helensburgh (B.H.). Mav. Hawkhead Est. ; South Bar ; Cadder Wild. June — July. Strone ; com. in garden at Bonhill. Aug. — Sept. Bonhill. April. Murroch Glen. May — August. Cadd. Wild. ; Erskine ; Bonhill. July. Puck's Glen. June. Castlemilk ; Frankfield Loch. One $ , 12th July, 1905. Holy Loch. August. Bonhill. One $ , 1 9th June, 1 904. Frank- field Loch. 20 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. *Merodon equestris, F. — var. narcissi, F., * Criorrhina berberina, F., Xylota segnis, L., *X. sylvarum, L., *X. Jlorum, F., Sericomyia lappona, L., Ghrysotoxum arcuatum, L., C. bicinctum, L., June. Bonhill. June. Bonhill ; Heleusburgh (teste Mr. Malloch). June. Gorge of Avon. June — July. Hawkhead Est. ; Bonhill. July. Ardentinny. June — July. Benmore Est. ; Erskine ( A. R. ) ; Helensburgh (B.H.) ; Murroch Glen (J.R.M.) July. Bonhill. July. Benmore Est., Kilmun. *Conops quadrifasciata, Deg., Myopa buccata, L., - Fam. Conopid^e. Julv — Ausrust. Bonhill. One £, 11th June, 1904. Erskine. Fam. Tachinil\e. *Gymnochceta viridis, Fin., * Epicampocera succinta, Mg., * Blepharidea vulgaris, Fin., *Sisyropa hortidana, Egg. — (?) acronyctarum, Mcq. S. lota, Mg., * Melanota volvulus, F., * Ilyalurgus lucida, Mg., May. Cadd. Wild. ; South Bar. July. Holy Loch. Bred from pupa of Pieris JYapi, Rutherglen (T. Wishart) ; emerged 26th May, 1902. Bred from cocoons of Saturnia carpinijlfr. Kilbride \ emerged 15th June — 1st Julv. July — August. Murroch Glen ; Dundonald Glen ; Troon ; Holy Loch. August. Bonhill. July. Holy Loch. Not unc. on heads of Water-Dropwort. This species was given in Mr. Verrall's 1888 list. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 21 * Macquartia tenebricosa, Mg., *J/. affinis. Schin., - Olivieria lateralis, F., * Micropalpus vidpiuus, Fin., -A- Erigone radicum, F., *i?. strenua, Mg., Plagia ruralis, Fin., *Rceselia antiqua, Fin., *SipJiona cristata, F., #. geniculata, Deg., - *Trixa oestroidea, Dsv., Cynomyia mortuorum, L., Sarcophaga camaria, L., - *S. albiceps, Mg., /5. atropos, Mg., *j Metopia leucocephala, Rossi, Dexia vacua, Fin. * Afyiocera carinify'ons, Fin., July. Benmore Est. May. Bonhill (teste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). July — Aug. Blairmore; Troon. July — Sept. Stepps Wood; Holy L. July — Aug. Blairmore ; Cam- buslang ; Dundonald Gl. ; Troon; Possil M. ; Monkd. 01. June. South Bar. August. Crookston. July. Bonhill. May — July. Hawkhead Est. ; Blairmore ; Calderwood Gl. ; Erskine. June — Sept. Gen. dist July. Holy L. ; Benmore Est., Kilmun. August. — Sept. Monkd. CI. ; Troon ; Possil M. June — October. Gen. dist. June — Aug. Gen. dist. Aug. Montgomery Est., near Troon. June — August. Troon ; Glen Massan. June — August. Troon; Colin- traive ; Glen Massan ; Holy L. ; Dundonald Glen. July — August. Holy Loch; Murroch Glen. Fam. MusciDiE. *Stomoxys calcitrans, L., - Hcematobia stimulans, Mg., *Pollenio vespillo, F., P. rudis, F., - June. South Bar; Frankfield. June. Lumloch, near Lenzie. May and August. Bonhill. March — October. C. and gen. dist. 09 — TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Myiospila meditahunda, F., Graphomyia maculata, Scop., *Musca domestica, L., Cyrtoneura stabidans, Fin., *G. pabulorum, Fin., Morellia simplex, Lw., 21. hortorum, Fin., - *M. curvipes, Mcq., - M ' esembrina meridiana, L., Protocalliphora greenlandica, Yitt., Calliphora vojnitoria, L., - *Lucilia sylvarum, Mg., L. sericata, Mg., *L. 7iobilis, Mg., May — Sept. C. and gen. dist. June — October. Gen. dist. Jan. —Dec. C. and gen. dist. Seldom occurs away from houses. Aug. — Sept. Bridgeton ; Den- nistoun. Within doors. April. Bonhill (teste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). June — Oct. C. and gen. dist. June — Oct. C. and gen. dist, June. Bonhill (teste Mr. P. H. Grimshaw). July — Sept. Gen. dist. May — Oct. Gen. dist. Not c. May — Sept. Gen. dist. June — July. Crookston; Possil M. ; Ardentinny. May — July. Murroch Glen (J.R.M. and R.H.). One ?, 15th June, 1901, Row- ardennan. Appleringie, Artemisia Abrotonum, Linn. By R. S. Wishart, M.A. [Read 26th December, 1905,] It was a little stalk, dry and withered. Its leaves were pressed together, and the whole had become hard and brittle. How long it had lain between the leaves of an old, well-worn, hump-backed copy of the New Testament nobody can tell, for this book has been handed down through several generations. But the tiny specimen, now only a semblance of its former self, is enough to awaken a new interest and to recall old memories of this always interesting plant. The custom of carrying bits to church and placing them in the Bible or Psalm-book is well known. It is believed that this custom may have arisen from the habit of APPLERISGIE. 23 keeping strong - smelling herbs or leaves near at hand as a supposed preventative or charm against disease. But, whatever may have been its origin, most people are satisfied with the thought that it helps to sustain drowsy listeners when the cir- cumstances are trying. Our present interest is to notice how the custom of using this plant as a church flower has followed it, and how both this custom and the plant's immigration to Scotland have to do with tracing the evolution of the name Appleringie. If we had been brought up in a French village, instead of in some corner of the British Isles, we would have seen how naturally our mothers and aunts, on starting for church, walked into the garden and plucked a handful of the sweet-smelling plant. The customs in France and Scotland are so much alike as to suggest, even without knowing anything more, that the one may have been borrowed from the other. Appleringie, Apleringie, or Aipleringie — spell it as you please — is the Scotch name of the plant which in English is called Southernwood, and whose scientific name is Artemisia Abrotonum, Linn. Scotch people do not need to be told that the " g " is pronounced hard, as in " ring," and that the first part of the word is usually pronounced as in the third spelling just given. What we read of any plant in early times has usually reference only to its economic value. Many are mentioned solely on account of their supposed medicinal virtues, and among these the Appleringie takes an important place. Its Latin name is Abrotonum, which in turn is derived from the Greek privative prefix a and /3/oords, mortal, meaning that it had great power in saving from death. Horace says of it — " Navim agere ignarus navis timet ; abrotonum segro Non audet, nisi qui didicit, dare." Pliny extols its virtues and enumerates twenty-two ailments which could be cured by the plant, and Culpepper and hosts of herbalists have followed suit in later generations. Indeed, its healing virtues, as believed in at different times, have been so numerous as to make it appear worthy of getting the West Coast Highlander's tribute to his cure transferred to it — " I wouldna like to be ill wi' what whisky wouldna cure ! " The disagreeable taste would help in strengthening confidence as to the plants 24 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. curative properties. Many of us remember that in our child- hood an idea seemed to prevail that whatever was bitter or nauseous was good for children, so that infusions of bog bean, ferns, myrtle, chamomile, barberry, Turkey-rhubarb root, and the like, might at any time be safely administered \ while jams, jellies, fruits, and other things pleasant to the palate had always a certain amount of danger connected with them. I never actually saw Appleringie, however, used as a medicine; its pleasant smell must have saved it, in the mistaken belief that its taste was pleasant too. The derivation of the Scotch name, Appleringie. frequently turns up as a puzzle. Nobody needs to be told that it has nothing to do with apples. Any attempts to settle the deriva- tion on the basis of " ring " and the Scotch diminutive " ringie " need not be taken seriously. The fact is, to enunciate at once the theory which I mean to submit, Appleringie signifies the immortal plant — that is, the plant which saves from death — although the name is not only used but has actually been evolved without attaching any such meaning to it. It has descended " by ordinary generation ': from the two Greek words already quoted, or, which is the same thing, df3porovov, the Greek name for the plant. It is easy to see that Abrotonum is simply the Latin form of the same word, and it was applied in both cases from a genuine belief in its virtues. But in order to understand exactly how the Scottish name arose, we must con- sider for a little how the plant reached us itself, and what modifications of its name it assumed on its way hither. Our plant is not a native of this country, but it is cultivated in every cottage garden. In Scotland it has only a few poor relations growing wild — wormwood, absinth, and the sea-side artemisia — all of which are being exhibited to-night. The last has a considerable resemblance to the Appleringie, both in appearance and smell, but its leaves have a hoary whiteness all over and its branches are straggling instead of upright. France and the South of Europe generally claim the Apple- ringie as a native. In an old edition of the " Hortus Kewensis," which I have before me, the plant is said to have been introduced into Britain about the year 1548, and Loudon also gives the same date. It was, therefore, unknown in this country before APPLERINGIE. 25 the time of Mary Queen of Scots, and, according to the best authorities we can find, it was introduced during her reign. And, as we know that there was a good deal of coming and going between France and Scotland in Mary's time, it is reason- able to assume that the plant came from France to us. Now, the name passed from the Greek through the Latin to the French in this way. Abrotonum became in old French,* abroigne, and then avroigne, and these gave place to the modern French name, aurone. One of the best-known attempts to derive the name Appleringie from this is that found in Dr. Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary, in which the derivation is said to be from the French " apile, strong, and aurone." This looks feasible as far as sound goes, but it will not do for various reasons, chiefly because apile is not a French word at all, nor does there appear to be any similar French word meaning " strong " that it could have been mistaken for. Had he said epile, and taken it to mean " without hairs," he might have been reasoned with, because the plant is less hairy than some of the other species. Glabre, however, is the French word in constant use in this sense, and I am not aware of epile being ever so used regarding plants. This word would rather signify that the hairs had been taken off. But another fatal objection is that a Frenchman would not say epile aurone, but aurone epile, which entirely defeats Dr. Jamieson's theory, whether we take epile, apile, or any such word to represent the " apple " in Appleringie. Any attempts which I have ever seen to trace the derivation of our Scotch name through the French have entirely failed, or been insufficient, mainly on account of the omission of two important links. These are found in the northern provincial French and the Aberdeenshire names, both of which are still in use. In drifting into corruptions, there is often a tendency to alight upon some form of word that means, or seems to mean, something. Of this we have examples in gillyflower and jelly- flower, from giro/lee, and Jerusalem, in the name Jerusalem artichoke, from girosole, a name of the sunflower, while in neither case is there any connection with jelly or Jerusalem. In the same way, in France the word aurone, after perhaps passing through various shapes and sounds, settled down into the * Amour's " Scottish Alliterative Poems," pp. 374-375. 26 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. present provincial form of ivrogne, which means a drunken man. Better have some meaning than none at all. Now comes the important step by which the name reached Scotland. If it is a reasonable assumption that the plant was introduced from France in the time of Queen Mary, it is also fair to assume that French people brought it and called it by their own name, ivrogne. We have all our troubles in pro- nouncing French to the satisfaction of a native, and is it any wonder that this name, after being used or attempted for a while in North-Eastern Scotland, should have become " iveringie " and " overingie " ? These names are both common in Aberdeenshire still, and, in fact, they are both the same, for on the East Coast, north of the Tay, " over " as a prefix is usually pronounced " iver ; " for example, " Overtown " is " Ivertown," and " Over- gate " is " Ivergate." The provincial French and the Aberdeen names are so much alike that this step across the channel scarcely needs confirmation, but a parallel may be instanced in the everyday Aberdeen word " rooser," which is clearly from the French arrosoir : either name is more convenient than " watering- pan." When Central and Southern Scotland got hold of the name, they began to move backwards another step towards the original " ab," and, with the same laudable intention of giving the term a meaning, gradually converted overingie into Appleringie. It will be observed, on examining the words in their historical succession, that after aurone was reached the tendency has been to go back by the same course from the " u " through the " v ': to the " ab " or " ap." To see the changes properly, it is neces- sary to look at the whole together, arranged in historical order : — 'A/?/3otovov, - - Greek. Abrotonum, - - Latin. Abroigne } Old French. Avroigne Aurone, - - - Modern French. Ivrogne, - Provincial French. Iveringie, ^ Overingie, J Apleringie, Appleringie ,} Aberdeenshire. Common Scotch. GONACTINIA PROLIFERA IN FIRTH OF CLYDE. 27 One of the German names of the plant is also a branch of the same family of words, and it, too, shows a tendency to drift into some similarly sounding word, in order to have the appear- ance of a meaning. The name arrived at in any particular language need have no connection with the plant, but depends upon some word in that language being similar in sound to the original Greek or Latin name. In German the two forms, aberraute and eherraute, easily come in succession from abro- tonum ; the former may mean another or a second rue, and the latter, the boar-rue. So, from mere accidents in the respective languages, different nations make the same original word appear to mean very different things : the Germans connect the " immortal plant " with rue and a boar, the French with a drunkard, and the Scotch with an apple. The English name, " Southernwood," comes from quite a different source. According to Dr. Prior, it is " abridged from souderne wermod, southern wormwood," and, being of Anglo- Saxon origin, it can only be associated with dead dried plants brought into the country for medicinal purposes, and has no connection with the living plant, and neither part nor lot with Appleringie and its long line of progenitors. Occurrence of Gonactinia prolifera, Sars, in the Firth of Clyde. By E. S. Russell. [Read 26th December, 1905.] It was my fortune to dredge this curious little Actinian at Castle Bay, Little Cumbrae, on 15th June, 1905. As Gonactinia is very rare in British waters — this being only the second record — some interest attaches to it on that account. But Gonactinia is also remarkable for its peculiarities of structure and habit, and it may not be out of place to give here a short account of these, in addition to a notice of its distribution. 28 transactions, natural history society of glasgow. Distribution. Gonactinia prolifera was discovered in 1835 by M. Sars (1), in the neighbourhood of Bergen. He named it at that time Actinia prolifera. In 1851 he recorded it from Tromsoe and Hammerfest (2), and founded the genus Gonactinia for it. Two further Norwegian records were made by Koren (3), and by Blochmann and Hilger (4). Then, in 1891, it was recorded from the Mediterranean by Prouho (5), and finally, in 1896, from Falmouth by Vallentin (6). Mr. S. Pace informs me that it probably occurs at Plymouth, but that there are no definite records of its discovery there. According to Delage and Herouard (7), Gonactinia is found at Noumea, on dead coral, but I have not been able to trace this record. The exact localities are as follows : — Norway. — (a) Bergensfiord, Giesvaer, and Floroe. Not un- common on weed, Sertularians, and Ascidians. (Sars, 1.) (b) Tromsoe. 10-20 fms., among nullipores. Hammerfest, 10-20 fms., very common on Delesseria. (Sars, 2.) (c) Neighbourhood of Bergen, 10-30 fms., along with Edwardsia tuberculata. (Koren, 3.) (d) Island of Fladholmen, near Bergen, 2-3 fms., common on shells, dead or living, of Modiolaria, in company with Euden- drium capillar e Alder. (Blochmann u. Hilger, 4.) Mediterranean. — Coasts of Roussillon, 43 fms. (Prouho, 5.) Britain. — Falmouth. (Vallentin, 6.) To these I have now to add my Cumbrae record. Gonactinia prolifera was found at Castle Bay, Little Cumbrae, in a depth of 15-20 fms., attached to the tubes of the worm Chaetopterus insignis. Looking at these records we see that Gonactinia is to be found in all depths from two to about forty fathoms. Also it seems to occur on all sorts of surfaces — on weeds, nullipores, Sertularians, Ascidians, shells of Modiolaria, tubes of Chaetop- terus. There are mentioned as occasionally associated with Gonactinia, the anemone Edwardsia tuberculata^ and the hydroid Eudendrium capillare ; but these associations are evidently merely accidental. Blochmann and Hilger (4) obtained ripe individuals in the middle of October. gonactinia prolifera in firth of clyde. 29 Characteristics. Gonactinia is one of the primitive anemones, resembling in structure Edwardsia, which is now generally considered to be the simplest and most generalised type of Actinian which exists at the present day. Gonactinia is a small, reddish anemone, about 2-3 mm. in length and 1-2 mm. in breadth. It has sixteen non-retractile tentacles, in two rows, and also sixteen mesenteries, of which eight are macromesenteries. Four of these latter bear gonads. Gonactinia has the power, quite exceptional among Actinians, of reproduction by transverse division. A circlet of tentacles buds out about the middle of the column, and a constriction is formed just above. The anemone is then divided by this con- striction into two segments, and both of these segments form new individuals. The lower segment developes a stomodaeum only after it has become separate from the upper. The whole process resembles the stabilisation of the scyphistoma among the Discomedusae. Gonactinia sometimes exhibits lateral budding (4), or even longitudinal division (5), but the latter process is abnormal. Sexual reproduction is also found in Gonactinia. Some have considered Gonactinia to be merely the young of such a form as Anthea cereus, but such a view is controverted by the fact that the ripe sexual elements have been observed. Gonactinia has little power of adhesion, and is easily detached from its point of support. Prouho (5) has observed that it has the power of swimming. It swims head foremost, by means of bending and stretching its tentacles in rapid rhythm. Sars (1) notes another mode of progression. It can move along after the manner of a " looper " caterpillar. Bending over, it takes hold of the surface of attachment with its tentacles:, and shifts its foot close up to the tentacles ; then it fixes its tentacles anew, further over, and again drags its foot along. In this way it is able to crawl in any direction. The original description of Gonactinia prolifera by Sars (1), which is not readily accessible, is trans- lated by Blochmann and Hilger in their paper on Gonactinia (4). They furnish also a specific diagnosis of their own. 30 transactions, natural history society of glasgow. References. 1. Sars. M. — Beskrivelser og Jagtagelser over nogle moerkelige eller nyt i Ha vet ved den Bergenske Kyst levende Dyr, p. 11. Bergen, 1S35. 2. Sars, M.— Nyt. Mag. f. Naturvidensk, vi. (1851), p. 142. 3. Korent, .—Nyt. Mag. f. Naturvidensk, ix. (1859), p. 93. 4. Blochmanx, F. u. Hilger, C— Morph. Jahrb., xiii. (1888), p. 385, pi. 14-15. 5. Prouho, H.— Arch. zool. exp., ser. 2, tome 9 (1891), p. 247, pi. 9. 6. Vallentin, R.— Journ. Inst. Cornwall, xiii. (1896), p. 43. 7. Delage et Herouard. — Traite de Zoologie Concrete. Tome ii., pte. 2 (1900), p. 494. Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during" the Year 1905, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow. [Read 30th October, 1906.] In order to preserve the continuity of the series, these notes have been compiled, as in former years, from the records kept at Queen's Park, Glasgow. January. — The genial, mild weather which ushered in the new year continued during the week. From the 4th to the 16th the weather was stormy and unsettled, with frequent heavy showers of rain and sleet, accompanied by cold, high winds. Thereafter, until the end of the month, it was drier and more bracing, though the afternoon of the 30th was wet and stormy. The atmospheric pressure was wide in range and erratic in course. On the 1st the barometer indicated 30-30 inches, then a steady fall to 29*15 inches on the 6th occurred, when a gale with heavy shoWers was experienced. For a week thereafter the pressure was higher but very irregular, then another sharp fall from 30-10 on the 13th to 28'70 inches on the 17th was noted. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 190.ri. 31 when another gale of some severity was experienced. For some days thereafter, though erratic, the tendency was upward, and on the 28th and 29th it was at 30-50 inches, falling sharply again prior to the gale on the afternoon of the 30th. The rainfall was much below the average, only 1*78 inch being registered, compared with 3-93 inches in 1904 and 7-04 inches in 1903. There were 15 dry days. The open character of the weather is well shown by the low amount of frost registered, only a total of 33° on 9 days, compared with 28° on 8 days in January, 1904, and 115° on 13 days in 1903. Regarding the temperature, the general similarity of conditions with those of January, 1904, is shown by the averages being alike, viz., maximum 43° and minimum 35°, whereas, comparing again with 1903, these figures are 4° higher respectively. Consequent on the open weather, grass lands were remarkably green, and buds on trees and shrubs with a tendency to early growth were somewhat prominent. February. — The first few days were cold, with heavy showers of snow and sleety rain. Becoming drier, the weather was more pleasant for a week, when it again got cold and stormy, with sleet on the 10th, and a sharp touch of frost, with showers of snow, on the 1 2th. A very varied week followed, the early part being fine and bright and the latter changeable, with gusty winds and heavy showers, culminating in a wild storm, accompanied by thunder and lightning, on the 18th and 19th. With sharp touches of frost in the mornings, the days were bright until the 25th, on which date there was a slight fall of snow. The remaining days were variable with rain. During the first half of the month the atmospheric pressure, though a little irregular, was within moderate range — between 29*45 and 30-25 inches. The latter half was characterised by sharp changes and an extremely wide range. From 30 25 inches on the 14th the pressure fell to 29-35 inches on the 19th. A sharp rise followed, and on the 22nd 30*45 inches was indicated. This was followed by a very sharp fall to 28*55 inches on the 27th, nearly two inches of difference in five days. The amount of frost registered was comparatively trifling, only amounting to 35°, occurring on 11 days. The absence of severe 32 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. frost and the low rainfall contributed to the high average tem- perature, the maximum being 45° and the minimum 34°, compared with 41° and 32° respectively in February, 1904. The rainfall (2*51 inches) was again low for the month, and not much over what was registered for February, 1904, when the amount was 2*28 inches. With the abnormally open weather, vegetation began to move, and the buds on many deciduous trees and shrubs swelled con- siderably. Rhododendron prascox and R. nobleanum were open by the middle of the month, but got frosted on the 22nd. Snow- drops were in full bloom during the early weeks, and Daphne mezereum about the 25th. March. — The weather during this month was of a very variable character — rain falling nearly every day ; but frequently occurring at night or early morning, the day-time was often bright and fine, especially so for the season of the year. The notable excep- tions were on the 9th, which was a wild wintry day, with heavy showers of snow, which melted as it fell. A sharp, severe gale, with rain, occurred on the 15th. On the 22nd a dense fog over- hung the city until 11 a.m., the afternoon being fine and bright. The variableness of the weather is well shown by the erratic barometric readings. On the 1st the pressure indicated was 29-15 inches, by the 3rd it was at 30-00 inches, which was the highest point touched during the month. The fall was steady, though erratic, till the 15th, when it was down to 28-20 inches, which proved to be the lowest reading of the year. The rise was rapid and regular for 4 days, as on the 19th it was up to 29*70 inches, keeping fairly regular within a few points of that figure until the end of the month. Although there were only 6 dry days, the rainfall was just about the average — the amount registered berns: 3-16 inches. In March. 1904, the amount was 1*43 inches, which, however, was abnormally below the average for this month. There was a notable absence of frost, as only 1° was registered, compared with 61° on fifteen occasions in March, 1904. Conse- quently, the average temperatures are high. The maximum being 49° and the minimum 37°, in each case 5° higher than for the corresponding month of the preceding year. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1905. 33 The absence of frost and the showery nature of the weather encouraged vegetation, which was fully a fortnight in advance of ordinary seasons. Rarely have the grass fields been so bright and fresh in March. April. — For the first few days the conditions which characterised March continued. With a change of the wind to the north-west the weather got cold and frosty, and a fall of snow to the depth of about three inches occurred on the 7th. For fully a fortnight thereafter the weather, though frequently bright, was cold, owing to the easterly winds and touches of frost. On the 26th the wind again settled into the south-west, and the closing days of the month were mild and showery. The range of the barometric readings was within one inch — between 29*10 and 30-00 inches — and no specially notable fluctuations in the pressure were recorded. The rainfall was low, as only 1 '79 inch was recorded, and there were fifteen dry days. This is in marked contrast with April, 1904, with 4*64 inches and only six dry days. Frost, amounting to 30°, was registered on ten mornings, the coldest morning being the 8th, when there were 9°. The average maximum temperature was 51°, and the minimum 36°, or 1° and 6° lower than those of April, 1904. The cold dry weather materially checked the abnormally early vegetation. Many plants had their tender young growth injured by the sharp frost on the 8th. Fortunately the growth of the major portion of our trees and shrubs was not sufficiently advanced, and though checked in development they were not materially injured. Towards the end of the month, with the renewal of mild weather, there was a notable bursting into bloom of certain varieties of rhododendron, and the variety " Jacksoni " was exceptionally good. Narcissi were in bloom when the snow- fall occurred, but did not suffer much from the change of tem- perature. Towards the end of month Hyacinths and Tulips developed rapidly. May.— The first week was somewhat changeable, with occasional showers. Thereafter the weather got drier and warmer, although some days were cold on account of the keen piercing easterly winds. These conditions prevailed until the 34 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 25th, when a change occurred, and the last week of the month was distinguished by weather of a soft mild nature. These conditions are well shown by the record of the atmos- pheric pressure, which on the 1st was at 28-90 inches. From that point it steadily rose until on the 5th it reached 30*20 inches. It varied little between that point and 29-70 inches during the remainder of the month. The rainfall was again below the average, and only 1*67 inch was registered. Of that amount 1*21 inch fell between the 24th and 30th. There were seventeen dry days. In May, 1904, the rainfall amounted to 3-36 inches, and there were fourteen dry days. Although no frost was registered during the month, the radiating thermometer on the grass was at or below freezing point on fifteen occasions. The lowest reading of the thermometer in shade was 33°. The average maximum tem- perature was 58°, and the average minimum 44°, or 2° and 1° higher respectively than those of the corresponding month of 1904. While the dry hard weather had a deterrent effect on the rapid growth of many trees and shrubs, the absence of frosts and destructive gales, which was frequently experienced, allowed the development of the foliage of such trees as Chestnuts and Sycamores to proceed unchecked, and with the warm showery days at the close of the month the growth was magical. The Oak leafed on the 13th, and the Ash on the 21st. Deciduous trees and shrubs bloomed exceedingly well, and some Rhododendrons, notably R. Cunninghami, were exceedingly floriferous. June. — The genial mild weather which was experienced during the latter days of May continued for a few days during the first week. With the wind changing to the east, and continuing from that quarter, there was for fully a fortnight a spell of dry cold weather with bright sunshine. A change occurred on the 18th, when the wind veered to the south-west, and for four days it was showery and unsettled. Thereafter, until the end of the month, warm, delightful weather prevailed. During the first nine days the atmospheric pressure tended upwards, reaching 30 '00 inches on the 8th and 9th. For ten days thereafter there was a gradual decline, and on the 20th the barometer indicated 29 40 inches, when a squally day of rain and METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1905. 35 wind was experienced. The pressure rapidly increased, and on the 25th it stood at 30*30 inches. From that point it as rapidly fell to 29*60 inches on 28th and 29th, with a rise of two points on the 30th. The dryness of the weather is well indicated by the abnormally low rainfall, which was only 0*82. There were twenty-two dry days. In June, 1 904, the rainfall was 1 *54 inch, and there were seventeen dry days. Despite the cold easterly winds the average temperature was fairly high, the maximum being 64° and the minimum 50° respectively, 2° higher than in June, 1904, when the ther- mometer in the shade was above 70° on 4 days, whereas in the month under notice that point was reached on seven occasions — from the 23rd to 30th — the warmest day being the 26th, when the maximum thermometer indicated 77°. The drying winds and bright sunshine adversely affected all newly-planted trees and shrubs, and somewhat hindered the development of established plants, which otherwise looked well. The bloom on trees and shrubs passed off quickly, and border plants and annual crops languished for want of moisture. July. — Although somewhat more showery, there was a con- tinuance of the genial weather which characterised the latter part of June. These conditions prevailed throughout the month. Though rain fell frequently during the month, no day was wet throughout, and many days were delightfully pleasant. A thunderstorm occurred on the 9th. These conditions are well indicated by the even course of the atmospheric pressure, which also, considering the occasional rains, was of narrow range between 29*50 and 30*00 inches. Only on one occasion was it above that point, when on the 19th it touched 30*10 inches. The outstanding feature, however, is in regard to the tempera- ture, which throughout was high. The maximum thermometer in shade was only on one occasion below 60°, while it was above 70° on eleven days — the highest reading being 78°, occurring on the 10th and 11th. The night temperature was likewise high, never being lower than 45°, and only five times below 50° and three times 60° and upwards. Consequently the averages are 36 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. high, the maximum being 67* and the minimum 53°, against 64° and 51° respectively for July, 1904. The rainfall was 2*81 inches, of which 0*52 inch fell on the 22nd, and there were 12 dry days. In July, 1904, the rainfall was 3*80 inches, with 14 dry days. With the showery weather and warm temperature, vegetation quickly made good the leeway caused by the drying winds of June, while the growth was satisfactory in every respect. The foliage of trees beina; better and cleaner than usual in the vicinity of the city. August. — During the early days of the month the weather was somewhat showery, with a severe thunderstorm and heavy rain on the 4th. Thereafter, with the shortening days, the weather, though generally fine, began to get cooler, and the first hazy morning of autumn was on the 15th. The latter half of the month was variable, with several dull days near the close. The barometric readings show that the atmospheric pressure was very irregular during the month. From 29 '60 inches on the 1st it sharply dropped to 29*10 inches on the 4th, when the thunderstorm noted occurred. On the 6th it was up to 29*70 inches, and kept up with slight variations till on the 14th and 16th it was at 30*00 inches. A rapid fall followed until the 19th, when it was at 29*30 inches. Rising from that point the course was irregular for a week, then rising sharply to 30*05 inches on the 31st. The rainfall amounted to 3*61 inches, and there were twelve dry days ; these figures being almost similar to those of August, 1904, which were 3*49 inches and twelve dry days. Regarding the temperature, though the maximum in shade was at or above 60° on twenty-six days, on no occasion did it reach 70°, consequently the averages are low, the maximum being 62° and the minimum 50°, compared with 63° and 52° respectively for August, 1 904. While the development of crops was good and steady, and cereals began to ripen about the middle of the month, harvesting operations were much hindered by the showery, mild weather. Towards the end of the month the signs of autumn were in evidence in the city parks by the rapid defoliation of such trees as Limes, Sycamores, and Elms. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1905. 37 September. — The changeable weather which prevailed in the latter days of August continued during the first fortnight. High winds were somewhat frequent, and showers daily. The 6th was very wet after mid forenoon. The latter half of the month was almost ideally fine for harvesting, with bracing winds and very few showers. The 25th (Glasgow Autumn Holiday), was a delightful day for the holiday-makers. During the prevalence of the showery, windy weather of the first fortnight, the barometer readings were low and irregular for the season. On the 1st the atmospheric pressure was 29-90 inches, and it was down to 29 '10 inches on the 7th and 10th. A sharp rise followed to 30*10 inches on the 14th; with slight variations that point was also reached on the 17th and 21st. A slight and steady decline followed to 29*65 inches on the 27th, after which the pressure increased with the closing days of the month. Of the rainfall, 2*11 inches, 0*52 inch was registered on the morning of the 7th. There were twelve dry days. In September, 1904, the rainfall amounted to 2*73 inches, and there were seventeen dry days in the month. Regarding the temperature, it, like the rainfall, was almost similar to what was experienced in the preceding September, as the averages are almost identical, viz. : — 58° for the maximum and 56° for the minimum. The former being 1° less and the latter the same as those of the previous year. No frost was recorded, though the radiating thermometer on surface of grass was below freezing point on seven mornings. While the stormy, changeable weather at beginning of month hindered harvesting operations, the fine conditions which pre- vailed later were specially favourable for such work, and the fields generally were cleared of grain, and in some parts ploughing begun, by the end of the month. The defoliation of trees was very marked in the neighbourhood of the city, many being quite bare. October. — Opening fine, with the wind in the north-west, there was a sudden change of the wind to the south-east on the 3rd, and heavy rain set in, which continued until the following morning. The weather continued changeable and stormy for several days ; then a short spell of fine weather followed, which 38 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. was succeeded by several dull cold days with heavy showers. On the 16th, with the wind northerly, the first sharp frost of the season occurred. For several days the frosts continued, accompanied by fogs in the city in the mornings. The dry weather continued until the 26 th, after which it was more or less rainy till end of month. The changeable character of the weather is well shown by the wide and erratic range of the barometric readings. On the 1st the atmospheric pressure was at 29 -65 inches and 29-70 inches on the 3rd. A sudden drop to 28*90 inches occurred on the 4th, which was succeeded by as quick a recovery to 29*90 inches on the 5th. There was a gradual rise, and 30*30 inches was recorded on the 10th and 11th. From that point there was a sharp decline, and 29*30 inches was indicated on the 15th. The following day the pressure was up five points, and kept within a range of half an inch until the 29th when, from 29*80 inches, it suddenly fell to 28*90 inches, and kept at that point on the 30th and 31st. "With eighteen dry days in the month, there was a rainfall of 2*57 inches. On four days the amount was over a quarter of an inch; the greatest for twrenty-four hours was 0*71 inch, regis- tered on the morning of the 4th. In October, 1904, the rainfall was 2*12 inches, with eleven dry days. Frost, amounting to 57°, was noted in the mornings. This, with the cold winds, tended to keep the temperature down — hence the averages are low, the maximum being 50° and the minimum 36°, compared with 54° and 43° respectively for October, 1904. The frosts finished the season so far as tender plants were concerned. The most notable damage in our parks and gardens was the ruin of the early outdoor chrysanthemums, which, despite the good summer, were later in flowering than usual, and were just coming to their best when caught by the frost, w'hich utterly spoiled what promised to be a grand display. The frost also completed the defoliation of deciduous trees. November. — The changeable, rainy weather which prevailed during the last week of October continued until the middle of month, only three days in that time being without rain. A week of dry frosty weather followed, and dense fogs hung over the city during the prevalence of the frost. A change set in on the 21st, METEOROLOGICAL NOTES DURING THE YEAR 1905. 39 and the 22nd was wet, with a gale at night. Until the end of the month the weather was changeable, with heavy rain nearly every day. As might be expected, the atmospheric pressure was very irregular and somewhat wide in range. From 29*10 inches on the 1st it dropped to 28*90 inches on the 2nd, sharply rising to 29*50 inches on the 4th, and falling to 29*00 inches on the 6th. Then another quick rise took place, as on the 9th, it was at 29*90 inches. This was followed by as quick a fall to 29 00 inches on the 11th. after which there was a more steady rise to 30*00 inches on the 18th, somewhat irregularly falling thereafter to 28*70 inches on the 26th, then rising sharply to 29*80 inches on the 29 th, falling* four points on the last day of the month. The rainfall amounted to 3 29 inches, and there were ten dry days. In November, 1904, the rainfall was 2*07 inches, with fifteen dry days. Regarding the temperature there were nine days on which frost occurred, to the amount in all of 54°, and on two days the thermometer did not rise above freezing point (32° Fahr.). Con- sequently the averages are again low, the maximum being 44° and the minimum 35°, or 3° and 2° lower respectively than those of November, 1904. While the weather conditions were exceedingly depressing, there was a freshness on grass lands unusual for the season. The excessive wet, however, hampered outdoor work to a considerable extent. December. — At the beginning there were a few fine mild days, which were followed by several wet stormy ones, during which a considerable amount of rain fell. A sharp touch of frost occurred on the 12th, and until the 23rd, which, however, was bright and sunny, the weather was dull and mild. The 24th was very wet, after which, with the wind easterly, another spell of frost set in on the 27th, and the closing days of the year were somewhat cold. The barometric readings were wide in range, and for a time unusually high for the season. With an upward tendency on the 1st, the pressure was at 30*00 inches on the 3rd. A sharp fall to 29*20 inches on the 6th was followed by an equally sharp rise to 30*30 inches on the 10th. The day following the pressure eased 42 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. plants — there was a steady development as the days lengthened, and on the whole the growth made by trees was satisfactory, and the foliage generally was better developed than in most years. Deciduous trees and shrubs bloomed well as a whole, but the display was of short duration, on account of the dryness of the atmosphere and prevalence of keen winds during the period of bloom. This drying effect, which intensified the natural exhaustion consequent on the heavy flowering of plants, caused the trees to "set" badly, therefore the crops of fruit were below the average. Grass lands were slow to start, but made good headway after the beginning of June, and hay crops generally were good. Cereals were also a full crop, and were harvested on the whole in excellent condition. Root crops, especially potatoes, were above the average. The growth made by trees and shrubs, as already stated, was good, and, getting rain in time in autumn, most species set floAver buds very freely, and the promise of an excellent display of bloom for 1906 is extremely satisfactory. On the occurrence of Idoihea neg/ecta, G. 0. Sars, and Idothea viridis (Slabber), within the Clyde Sea Area, and some Notes on other Clyde species of Idothea. By Alexander Patience. [Head 26th September, 1905.] The family Idotheidae, to which the above-named species belong, forms part of the Valvifera, a tribe of the great order Isopoda. This important group is distinguished from all other known Isopoda by the peculiar structure of the uropods, which have become modified so as to act like a pair of folding doors over the under surface of the metasome, thus protecting the delicate pleopoda, or swimming feet. IDOTHEA NEGLECTA WITHIN THE CLYDE AREA. 43 The six species belonging to this family recorded by Dr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., from the Firth of Clyde in 1901 are:— Idothea baltica (Pallas); /. pelagica, Leach; /. emarginata (Fabr.); /. linearis (Pennant) ; Zenobiana prismatica, Risso ; and Steno- soma acuminata (Leach).* During some recent dredging cruises on the steam yacht "Mermaid," of the Millport Marine Biological Association, I collected at several localities quite a large number of specimens, representing several of the species of this family. Upon exami- nation, I found a number of these specimens to agree with the description and figures, by Professor G. O. Sars, of the two species, Idothea neglecta, G. O. Sars, and /. viridis (Slabber), f These species have not yet apparently been recorded from the Firth of Clyde, nor probably from the British seas. Idothea neglecta in some respects resembles not only /. emarginata, but also /. baltica, and doubtless has been passed over by former observers as belonging to the latter species. Sars observes, " there cannot be any doubt that this very common form must have been observed by several authors. It has not yet been recognised as a distinct species, but has either been regarded as merely a variety of /. baltica, or as /. pelagica of Leach." i There is little doubt, however, as to the distinct- ness of the species. While it agrees with /. baltica in having the coxal plates contiguous, which form, as in that species, a broad marginal area, it differs principally in the structure of the stylets of the second pair of pleopoda of the male, which are much shorter and do not reach much beyond the middle of the inner plate, whereas in /. baltica they reach almost to the end of the inner plate, and in the terminal segment of the metasome, which is slightly narrowed distally and terminates in a blunt point, the lateral corners being rounded off, whilst in /. baltica it has a distinctly tridentate form. The largest male specimen in my collection measures 35 mille- metres. * Hand Book of Natural History, British Assoc. Mg., Glasgow, 1901. i Crustacea of Norway, Vol. II., Isopoda, pp. 83-85, pis. 34-35. X Op. cit. p. 84. 44 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Occurrence. — S. of Little Cumbrae, 14 fms. ; off Alans, Cumbrae, 10 fms. ; off Aoidh Rock, Loch Fyne, 21 fins. ; near East Loch Tarbert. 16 fms. ; Lamlash Bay, near King's Cross, 6-3 fms. ; Kilbrannan Sound, near Campbeltown, 18 fms. (S. of Otterard Rock) ; Garrison Bay, Millport. 2-3 fms. Idothta vit^idis is a much smaller and slenderer species, oblong linear in form. Without close examination it might be passed over as the young of /. baltica, as the termination of the last segment of the metasome somewhat resembles that species, but the median prominence is much blunter, and the lateral corners are obtuse ; the coxal plates are not contiguous as in I, baltica, and are comparatively much smaller; the inferior antennae are comparatively much longer and more slender, and the stylets of the second pair of pleopoda in the male extend considerably beyond the inner plate. Colour dark green, some specimens exhibiting a pale grey band on the median line, extending from the middle of the cephalon to the tip of the last segment of the metasome. Females bearing ova in June, July, and August. Length of male, 10 mm, Occurrence. — Millport Bay, l.w. j off Little Cumbrae, 8 fms. ; Ettrick Bay, 7 fms. ; Minard Bay, 2-3 fms. ; Lamlash Bay, 4-5 fms.* I have been allowed to examine some specimens contained in a tube in the Millport Marine Biological Station, belonging to the " Robertson " collection, and marked " Idotea acuminata, Leach." These are, however, referable to /. viridis (Slabber). I. acuminata has now been transferred to a different genus " in which all the segments of the pleon are dorsally fused, and form a single piece." The late Dr. Robertson records this species as having been taken by him in the Clyde, and Bate and Westwood refer as having received specimens from that dis- tinguished naturalist,! but in view of what I have stated above, * Since the above was read, my friend, Dr. Alex. Frew, of Glasgow, has drawn my attention to the occurrence of this species at Langbank, on the River Clyde, -where I found it subsequently. At this spot the ebb tide leaves a long s tch of mudflats, with small brackish pools, where I took quite a num r of specimens among the seaweed attached to stones. They were much larger, however, than those I captured in the firth, some measuring about 15 mm. in length. t "History of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea, Vol. II., p. 395. IDOTHEA NEGLECTA WITHIN THE CLYDE AREA. 45 there is just the probability of an error having been made in the identification of the species by one or other of these zoologists. /. pelagica, Leach. — Some doubt evidently exists as to the distinctness of this species. Thus, Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing, in referring to Mier's remarks on this family, observes : — '; Idotea marina (Lin.) is the name he adopts for that which Bate and Westwood describe as Idotea t?*icuspidata, Desm., and /. pelagica, Leach, and which has also been called by a dozen other names."* I have found this species frequently in many localities in the Firth. A close examination leaves little doubt as to the dis- tinctness of the species. The short and stout body ; the different form of the terminal segment of the metasome; the greater length of the stylets of the second pair of pleopoda of the male, which extends much beyond the inner plate ; the small coxal plates which are not contiguous ; the short and robust inferior antennae make it impossible to confound with /. baltica. Occurrence. — L.w. near Inverarav ; off Davaar Island, 5-6 fms.; off Sanda, 10 fms.; off S. and Holy Isle, 6 fms. ; l.w. Cumbrae; off King's Cross, Lamlash Bay, 2-3 fms.; Ettrick Bay, II fms. /. emarginata (Fabr.), though closely allied to /. neglecta, is readily distinguished by the form of the last segment of the metasome, which is abruptly truncated at the tip, with the lateral corners projecting. Occurrence. — Lamlash Bay, 7 fms. ; off Blindman Rock, Kintyre, 9 fms. ; Ettrick Bay, 9 fms. ; off Portincross Castle, 10 fms. (The late Dr. Robertson records having " taken it at l.w. among seaweeds, Cumbrae.") /. linearis (Pennant). — This is also a readily distinguished species. The terminal segment of the metasome is truncated at the tip as in /. emarginata, but whereas in that species the body is oblong oval in form, in /. linearis it is oblong linear. The inferior antennae are of great length, reaching nearly to the end of the metasome. The metasome occupies one- third of the entire length of the animal. Length of male, 29 mm. ; of female (with ova./ 17 mm. Females bearing ova in July and August, * " A History of Crustacea," p. 373. (Int. Sci. Series, Vol. LXXIV.) 46 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Occurrence — Ettrick Bay, 9 fnis. ; off King's Cross, Lamlash Bay, 9-10 fms. ; Minard Bay. Loch Fyne, 2-3 fms. ; Garrison Bay, Millport, 2-3 fins, (considerable number of young specimens by tow net) ; off Hailie Shore, Largs, 2-6 fms. (mod. common). (The late Dr. Robertson records it as ''taken in a sandy pool at l.w., Cumbrae.") Note. — Since the above paper was read before the Society I have taken /. granulosa, Rathke. among the seaweed attached to the Buoys in Lamlash Bay, where it occurred plentifully. The Waders of Solway. By Robert Service. [Read 28th November, 1905.] Of this fine group of birds, some fifty-six species have been recorded as British. Thirty-one of these have been found in our area — rather an unsatisfactory total considering the attrac- tions in Solway for birds of the class. Those on our list may be briefly classified into four divisions — (1) Eleven breeding species, all of them being present in winter also, with the exception of the Dotterel and the Common Sandpiper. Those eleven species are the Dotterel, Golden Plover, Oyster-catcher, Common Snipe, Curlew, Ringed Plover, Lapwing, Woodcock, Dunlin, Common Sandpiper, and Common Redshank. (2) Seven winter visitors that come here to stay through the cold season, viz. : — Grey Plover, Turnstone, Jack Snipe, Purple Sandpiper, Knot, Sanderling, and Bar-tailed Godwit. (3) Five species, seen only on the spring or autumn migration, viz. : — the Grey Phalarope, Little Stint, Curlew Sandpiper, Green- shank, and Whimbrel. (4) The eight remaining species are all stragglers of more or less rarity — Black-winged Stilt, Great Snipe, Temminck's Stint, Green Sandpiper, Red-necked Phalarope, Ruff, Spotted Redshank, and Black-tailed Godwit. THE WADERS OF SOLWAY. 47 It is of importance to draw attention once again to a point that has often been noted before — the comparative scarcity of some species, in regard to numbers, present in Solway when contrasted with their comparative abundance along the East Coast of Great Britain. A glance at the map will show that the Solway Firth lies directly west of the narrowest part of Great Britain, a piece of land that almost any migrant might fly across in an hour; yet how few clo it when compared with the va.st flocks that go down along the East Coast once they have crossed over the North Sea! Without further preliminaries, let me give you my enumera- tion of the Waders of Solway — Dotterel (Eudromias morinellus). The eggs have been taken on the mountains above Loch Dungeon. Some years ago I heard the call of the Dotterel there on a rather wild, stormy day in May, but was unable to see the bird. Dr. Davidson, of Sanquhar, a good ornithologist, now in California, discovered Dotterels on the hills west of Sanquhar about 1882, but failed to find the nests. At one time there were a few pairs on the Moffat range, but whether they are still there in the breeding season I am without any recent information. On their northward migration in spring, flocks were often seen on the ploughed fields some thirty to forty years ago. These are not observed now-a-days, and for the last ten years at least I have neither heard of nor seen any on the southward journey. Ringed Plover (^Egicditis hiaticola). One of our most familiar species, but spread along shore for most of the year in small parties, aggregating less only than the Sea Pyet, the Dunlin, the Knot, and the Redshank. Every- where comparatively tame and confiding, it owes its immunity from inclusion in many shore-shooters' bags to this confidence in human nature. In winter some very large flocks are occasionally seen, but these disperse whenever good weather again recurs. 48 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Golden Plover (Charudrius pluvialisj. Breeds abundantly on nearly all of the hills and much of the lower ground adjacent thereto. Some seasons they will remain in their breeding places till far on in the autumn, and I have noted flocks on Queensberry in mid-November in mild weather. One of the pleasant est sounds of returning spring is the plaintive whistle of the Golden Plover falling down from the heavens when a migration rush is coming on. Long after our own Golden Plover are engaged in nesting duties, I have recognised the notes of the same species going northwards at night in company with Knots and others so far on as the end of April and till mid-May. Where these birds were going to is one of the puzzles presented to the student of migration. Grey Plover ( Squata?-ola helvetica). A rather scarce bird on the Solway, but once its favourite spots are known it is not difficult to make its acquaintance. It is irregular in its numbers, some years bringing very few. It has some affinity to the Bar-tailed Godwits in its choice of feeding grounds, and may often be found in their company. Sir William Jardine records having shot a pair of Grey Plovers so early as August at one of the Lochmaben lochs. Lapwing ( Vanellus vulgaris). Perhaps not so abundant as it used to be a generation or two ago, but still vastly numerous and breeding everywhere. At the autumn migration it never goes past in the same vast numbers as I remember in the sixties, but sufficient still to make it one of the most conspicuous migrants we have. By the last week in March we find many eggs, and by a little measure of restriction — with which I am proud to know I had something to do — eggs can be taken up till 15th April, and no longer. May I direct your attention to a little point in the life history of the Lapwing which I made known a good many years ago, but, so far as I am aware, the observation has not been confirmed by others? One day at the end of May, 1892, while passing along a road in Southwick, a Lapwing flew over my head holding betwixt its legs, pressed up against its abdomen, with its tail at the same time much depressed, what I have THE WADERS OF SOLWAV. 49 every confidence in saying was a young one. The bird alighted in the adjoining field, and I marked the spot, and, on running up, found a young one, perhaps four days old, or less. Many years before I had seen a similar incident, and the belief is very general amongst country folks that Lapwings will, when any danger threatens, remove their young to safe spots by carrying them. The carrying of their young must be a rare incident in the life of the Lapwing or it must have been noticed. But how are we to account for the certainly widespread belief of the rustic popula- tion that it frequently does so 1 Turnstone (Strepsilas interpres). Not much of our shores is suitable for this species, conse- quently it is not so common with us as it is elsewhere. It seems to be more abundant on both sides of Luce Bay than it is anywhere else on our coast, while on many long stretches of the Solway Firth it is either absent or very scarce. Oyster-Catcher (ffcematopus ostraleyus), or, as I prefer to call it, the Sea-Pie, is far and away the most conspicuous bird of the flats of the Solway Firth. Flocks extending along shore for nearly a mile in length may be seen now and again in autumn, and the enormous numbers to be seen in the course of an October day in the vicinity of Southerness must be seen to be believed. One of our handsomest birds, in its contrasted colours of red, black, and white, it is a favourite with the shore gunner, but a tough one to bring down, and wary as possible. It breeds in small numbers all round our shores, doing so on the shell beds well within highest-water mark, con- fident in the knowledge that the " bird tides " of May and June will not flood it out of house and home, or up amongst the buttercups and sea pinks of the merse banks, or high up beside the rock roses on the grassy nooks of the cliffs. Many little colonies nest on the islands, such as Rough Island, Hestan, the Ross, and the Murray Tsles in Fleet Bay. On the Annan and the Nith and Dee occasional pairs nest far inland on gravel beds and low meadows. In September and October single birds or pairs, or sometimes small parties, are frequently seen on the inland pasture fields far from the sea. I have a strong s D 50 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. impression that we see the Sea-Pyets at inland localities far more frequently than was formerly the case. Black-wingkd Stilt ( Himantopus candidus). Only two instances of the occurrence of this fine species in Solway Firth have ever been recorded, and that was so long ago as 1684 — just 221 years since! They were gotjby a soldier, who, if we read the old Latin right, " transfixed them with a spear " and gave them to his superior, Wm. Dalmahoy, one of the officers of the King's bodyguard, and who, in his turn, sent one of the birds to Sir Robert Sibbald, who published the incident in his Scotia Illustrata. These were the first of the species that seem to have been recorded in the British Isles. The " lake near Dumfries," where these first Black-winged Stilts were got, cannot now be identified, as some lochs that would have answered the description have long been reclaimed and ploughed over. Grey Phalarope ( Phalaropua fulicarius ) is a species of pretty frequent occurrence in some autumns, though by no means always present at that season. November is its usual time of appearance. I have often thought that they are sure to occur after any unusually wild gales from west or north-west in early November, as the times of their appearance here have always been preceded by such a storm. Possibly they may about that time be passing down outside our western Scottish coasts to their winter quarters, which are understood to be somewhere off the Canaries on the open ocean, though this seems to be only vaguely known. When seen in Solway, the Grey Phalarope is always extremely tame, as is the case elsewhere in Great Britain. On 10th August of this year a friend of mine, Mr. George Robson, Barn- cleugh, and a most competent observer, found one on his land, sitting on a small pool, which permitted a thorough examina- tion at close quarters before flying off. This date is a rather remarkable one. Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropua hyperboreus). A bird of extreme rarity with us, only one occurrence being known, nearly forty years ago. THE WADERS OF SOLWAY. 51 Woodcock (Scolopax rusticida). During my time there has always been plenty of Woodcocks' nests, and I have seen and handled an egg of the species that was taken near Loch Kindar so long ago as 1828. I have no particular reason to think that they breed more abundantly now than they have been in the habit of doing any time these last fifty years. I have had the good fortune to see the young carried by the parent bird. The young was held betwixt the feet and pressed up against the abdomen, and certainly not hanging down the same as if held by a hawk, as we have seen the thing painted by Wolf in a well-known picture. It is a beautiful and interesting study to watch the old birds courting as they flit about the oak trees in the April and May gloaming. Like other places, we have the usual large influx of October and November Woodcocks from abroad. It may be of interest to note that, of late years, some Woodcocks bred in Northumber- land, and marked there, were shot the following winter in Wigtownshire. Great Snipe ( Gallinago major). The Great Snipe occurs only at long and uncertain intervals. One was taken so long ago as 29th September, 1818, atBarnsoul of Irongray. The late Gilbert Anderson, Sen., in the course of a lifetime on Glenlee, shot two — one of them in 1868, and another in 1877. One was shot on Slogarie on 8th October, 1880, by Mr Bruce. Another was got on the neighbouring estate of Hensol, 27th October, 1882. Then I can give the record of two others, both of which came to me in the flesh — one was taken on 2nd October, 1896, the other on 28th September, 1904, and both occurred at neighbouring localities near Crocketford. Very curiously all of the birds mentioned are from different parts of Kirkcudbrightshire. So far as I know, there are no actual records from either Dumfriesshire or Wigtownshire. Common Snipe (Gallinago coelestisj. Although the haunts suitable for the Common Snipe have greatly diminished, enough remain to make it still a most familiar species. Very pleasant it is to hear its " tyik tyuck y 52 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. in the nesting season, and to listen to its still mysterious drumming as it rises high over the bogs and mosses. A great and most noticeable augmentation of its numbers occurs each year in mid-October. Jack Snipe (Gallinago gallinula). An interesting species, varying much in the numbers present from winter to winter. It is always conspicuous in suitable localities soon after its arrival in early October. Successive arrivals come in during the winter, these depending apparently upon the weather elsewhere, as it is a bird that seems peculiarly sensitive to meteorological changes. Dunlin (Tringa alpina). Extremely abundant on our great stretches of sand and mud and shingle. Moving upwards or downwards with the flow or ebb of the tide, the big flocks of these birds always form an attractive sight to the ornithologist even when his interest may be languid and listless. By the first week of May many pairs are upon the long salt merses west of Southerness Point, and most charming it is to watch their courtship. The thrilling notes of the male come very near to being a veritable love song. The birds that breed at Southerness are of the small race, whereas those found breeding away inland round the lochs of the hill district are larger and brighter, and are quite a month later in going to nest. The species is most variable in measurements, and the seasonal and age changes in the plumage are very striking and not easily followed. Altogether the Dunlin is an interesting study, whether we see it at its breeding stations on the merse- land pools or around the moorland tarns in the wilder and lonelier lands around the three Cairnsmores, or see it rush along the shore on stormy winter days, now showing their dark upper wings to the observer or turning up their silvery white under- pays as they glide past, or hear it on dark spring nights piping plaintively as parties of them migrate on their northward flight. THE WADERS OF SOLWAY. 53 Little Stint (Tringa minuta). Three specimens of the Little Stint, shot together from a small party feeding at the mouth of a little stream a mile west of Southerness Point, on 3rd September, 1887, were the first I was able to record of the species in our area, although doubt- less the Little Stint, like many another rarity had been coming and going, without observation, through untold time. In the autumn of 1002 several more were seen by myself at the same place. In September, 1903, a pair was seen on the Blackshaw at the mouth of the Lochar. Then this year there has been quite a notable visitation. The Duchess of Bedford saw a small party on the sands of Cree in September. Within a day or two after her Grace wrote to tell me of the occurrence T heard of them also from Southerness, Cummertrees, and Rockcliffe. Altogether between thirty and forty birds must have been under observation. The Little Stint stays apparently only a few days with us in Solway, but there is little doubt also that its annual visits must be most intermittent. Temminck's Stint (Trinya temmincki). There is^ one certain occurrence in a bird I saw at Hastings' (the bird-stuffer) shop about thirty years ago, and Hastings told me he had had another long previously. Curlew Sandpiper (Tringa subarquata). This seems to be very scarce with us during the autumn migration, and is usually confined to the Dumfriesshire coast. Gray, in his Birds of Ayrshire and Wigtownshire, says 'it is not commonly met with " in Wigtownshire. Altogether it is a species that, locally, I have very seldom met with, and have to confess that I know very little about it. Purple Sandpiper (Tringa striata) is to be found the whole winter through in small parties of half-a-dozen or less, wherever sea-weed covered rocks fringe the shore. They delight in remaining just where the surf splashes about, requiring them to jump up out of its reach as each wave dashes in. I have seen it here so late as 11th Mav. 54 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. On 10th November, 1887, one was shot at Kirkmichael, eleven miles inland. Knot (Tringa canutus). An extremely common species, at least within the limits of the Solway Firth itself. Here great flocks are always on the move, more especially during the later autumn months. It is only exceeded in numbers by the Sea-Pyet and the Dunlin. It remains sometimes in May till the summer or breeding plumage has been attained, departing northward with the last flocks of migrants to the Arctic regions. Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). Though never very abundant, this species is of general distri- bution in small parties. Whether it always remained with u& in winter may be a matter of doubt, so far at least as any con- siderable number is concerned. On 4th January, 1900, I shot several Sanderlings at Southerness, and have since ascertained that a good many birds have remained the whole of each winter since. The whiteness of their plumage makes them very easily seen and identified. It is of interest to note in this connection that Macpherson & Duckworth state, in their Birds of Cumberland, that the Sanderling does not winter on the opposite side of the firth. Ruff (Machetes \nnjnax). An irregular summer visitant, occurring at pretty long intervals. Sir Win. Jardine, writing in 1814 (British Birds), says " he had often shot them on the banks of the Solway, where from August to October they may almost always be met with." That is assuredly not the case now-a-days. When Gray & Anderson wrote in 1869 they said the "Huff "was rare." There is a specimen, shot at Lochrutton about 1880, which is now in the Kirkcudbright Museum. A Ruff and a Reeve were taken at Carsthorn in October, 1903. One was shot several years ago on the Caerlaverock Estate, which forms the eastern side of the narrowest part of the Nith estuary, and another bird of the species, now on the table, was shot only a month ago, almost on the same spot as the other. THE WADERS OP SOLWAY. 55 Common Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus). On© of our most welcome summer visitants, a bird beloved of anglers, helping to enhance the attractions of many a lonely stream side with its lively flittings and long trilling notes. It is found everywhere along the larger water-courses, and wherever the lochs and lochans have gravelly or stoney margins it will be found there also. The eggs, to my eyes, are always very handsome looking, while the nest, though not really difficult to locate, is a test for most people's skill. In early autumn it goes down to the shore, remaining there a week or two before finally departing. Green Sandpiper (Totanus ochropus). This bird has not been noted of late years, the last I heard of having been on 6th January, 1885, when one was shot at Kiikland, Kirkmichael. The specimens alluded to by Yarrell as shot in Dumfriesshire were, according to Jardine, killed in spring at the mouth of a small tributary of the Annan, where they remained some days, notice having been sent to Mr Murray of their being there, as a bird not known. They had also been seen near the same spot in previous years. Once or twice the Green Sandpiper has been seen near Jardine Hall in winter, stationary for some weeks, frequenting the banks of the Annan where it was soft or some large ditches. One was shot in January, 1836, which had remained for some time, and was frequently seen in some ditches sheltered all round with wood. When disturbed, it would not continue flitting along the ditch, but would at once rise over the trees and leave for the time, its return being often intimated by its shrill whistle when passing in before alighting. Smellie Watson shot a specimen near Castle Douglas in 1840. There is another record of one shot at Barnhill, Terregles, about 1862. Redshank (Totanus calidris). Of this abundant resident, Gray and Anderson said — " Is nowhere more abundant than in the Bay of Luce, from Port- William to the Drumore coast. Its summer haunts are numerous throughout the district, and present a variety of scenery from the low-lying marshes of the south of Wigtown to the chain of 56 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. moorland lochs lying embosomed among some of the finest mountain ranges in our district." That, as you will note, applied to Wigtownshire at the time, and does so yet. But else- where in our area it was only after 1880 that a great extension of the Redshank took place, by which its breeding haunts have spread from the merses and mosses along shore to almost every suitable place within our limits. Long after my boyhood, when nesting rambles occujDied, in their season, every hour of spare time, there were no Redshanks to be found breeding away from strictly shore localities. As I have said, they are everywhere now-a-days in spring. In winter, of course, they are very abundant, serving most efficiently as sentries to every one of the wild birds within hearing of their alarm calls, which are emitted on the slightest appearance of anything suspicious. Spotted Redshank (Totanusfuscus). This is a very scarce bird, and it is only within the last few- years that we have been able to establish it as an undoubted migrant here. Those acquainted w7ith the calls of the sea biros were quite convinced of having heard it, but until Mr. .Robert M'Call shot a specimen at the mouth of one of the creeks near Carsethorn in October, 1900, its actual occurrence in Solway had not been put beyond doubt. Greenshank (Totanus canescens). By the end of August, and thenceforward for some five or six weeks or more, this species is often met with in certain favoured spots. The mouths of the Dee and Urr, as well as the Nith, are frequented, and they come considerable distances up the tidal portions of these waters to feed on gravel banks. There is a suspicion that the Greenshank breeds somewhere in the recesses of the Galloway or Dumfriesshire hills, as young birds have been shot in a very early stage of plumage. Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica). With the first big rush of migration in late August or earliest September come the forerunners of this interesting species. Thereafter their numbers steadily increase until October ends, THK WADERS OF SOL WAY. 57 and after that period they diminish rapidly, though seldom, if ever, entirely absent till the northward flight takes place in April or later. Comparatively few are to be seen on the banks in the spring migration, for they arrive late and hurry on quickly. I have seen as many as five hundred in one flock, but thirty to forty is the more ordinary number. Some autumns they are very abundant, the season of 1882 being a memorable one in this respect. In that year they seemed to be actually the prevailing species. Comparatively infrequent on the other estuaries, they abound on that of the Nith. The soft oozy banks adjoining the green merse lands, and quite away from the firm sand and shingle or gravel, are their favourite haunts. Here their long upturned bills find suitable spots in which to bore and prod. They seem to procure many bivalve shell-fish in such places; at least I have regularly found such pabulum in the stomachs of birds shot on spots of this character. Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa belyica). Although it is stated in the fourth edition of Yarrell, p. 490, that " it is a tolerably regular visitant to the morasses of the Solway," I have not found it so in my experience. Specimens were shot on the Nith, a couple of miles below Dumfries, in November, 1881 and 1883, respectively, since which no others seem to have turned up, although the species has been seen at this particular part of the river occasionally. The Curlew (Kumenius arquata). What would our moors and mosses be like in spring and summer without the vociferous whaups? One of the finest charms of their loneliness is the ring of the wild voice of the Curlew as its calls echo and re-echo and reverberate from hill to hill and from knowe to knowe till the very air itself seems to be vibrating in unison ! For my part, I always look upon the day, or rather the night, when the whaups first come up in a body to take possession of their inland quarters as the opening of the season. It may happen as early as the 5th of February or as late as the 14th of March, as it was in the years 1893 and 58 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 1881 respectively, but when it does happen, then spring has assuredly come too. At one time, a long while ago now, I made an investigation into the source of the food sought for by the Curlews when they first arrive on the moors. It was a matter of wonder to me what they could be getting in sufficient quantity at a period which has apparently little to offer. Beetles were what I found in the stomachs, and in comparatively huge quantities. As a result, I compiled quite a long list of species of Coleoptera. One has only to turn over a stone at the date referred to, when the beetles will be found either newly awakened from hibernation or freshly emerged from pupation. Howt the Curlews get them is another question, for only the finest sun- shine seems to tempt these insects forth. The Curlews of Solway, for the most part, have clutches of four eggs, although a clutch of three is frequent enough, and two is a figure quite common. On some two occasions I have found clutches of five. With the opening days of July the stay of the Curlews on the moors and mosses is beginning to draw to a close. The old or young bachelors and a few immature or feeble birds have remained along-shore during the breeding season. But even of these a few will go with the others to the breeding places. It is these latter or the barren birds that leave first, and they seem always to make straight off for the shore or its immediate vicinity. Those with broods are in less hurry to go doAvn country. They gather together in small parties of one or two, or sometimes more, families, coming or going for the first week or two of July from their nesting haunts to the grass parks and meadows or along the turnip fields. The principal business at this time of the year on the part of the old birds is the teaching of their young to avoid the arch enemy — man — and every other thing or animal that seems the least bit suspicious. As the young become stronger on the wing and more self- reliant, the daily journey becomes longer and more varied, till by the middle of August considerable flocks have gathered along the seaboard districts. The autumn -days progress into darker and longer and more chilly nights, and the Curlews spend a greater length of time in seeking their food on the broad stretches of sand and mud left bare by the ebbing tide. Now the home-bred birds are joined by those of more northern THE WADERS OF SOL WAY. 59 and eastern origin, and the watcher will note how the flocks he has been observing will disappear some dark October evening, and how for the next few days only a few odd birds will be seen. Then flocks, muster up from he knows not where and again go off, leaving comparatively few to pass the winter months and enliven the wide solitudes of the sand banks with their movements and long-drawn eerie cries. Tiie shore gunner has a great regard for the Curlew. Not for any particular delicacy it may display as a table fowl, for, as a matter of fact, its shore feeding on crabs, mussels, lug worms, and such like dainties does not conduce to a flavour that recom- mends it to a cultivated palate. The attractions of the Curlew as a bird of sport lie in its extreme wariness. He who can get his eye on a Whaup before it gets its eye on him, and who can thereafter stalk and shoot it, is a sportsman worthy of com- mendation, and, I my add, envy also. Whimbrel ( Numenius phceopuxj. In May it is an interesting occupation to watch the small parties of Whimbrel passing on their migration from some such favourable place of observation as Southerness Point. These are, as a rule, at great heights, but their tittering calls will attract the eyes upwards to the compact little flocks rapidly passing out of sight. From the 10th to the 15th May, during the mid-day hours, the Whinibrels will regularly be seen at this time if the weather be warm and genial, with a gentle breeze or none at all, and light, fleecy white clouds speckling the skies. Only a few of these passing migrants alight, and they never stay more than a day or so, although a succession is kept up during the most of the month. Sir Win. Jardine once shot a pair on a salt marsh on the Ross at the mouth of the Dee, which he thought were breeding, but no nest could be found. On a moor in Closeburn a nest, supposed to be that of a Whimbrel, was shown to me on June 15th, 1895. Two eggs had been taken from it, one of which I examined. It looked like that of a Whimbrel, and certainly no one could have distinguished it from an authenticated egg, but, of course, full proof was wanting. The Whimbrels stay long with us in autumn, but are then scarce and local. GO TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Such, then, is my list of the Plovers and their kindred that I can give as species belonging to the Solway area. No ornithologist may question their superiority as a group of birds, whet her we look to their aggregate numbers, to their importance as food (second only in this respect to the game birds them- selves), to the spoil they afford, or, above all, to the interest they have for 1 ho bird .student and the held naturalist. No other group surpasses them in the extenl and regularity of their migrations nor in the fastness of the flocks that perform these travels. Though of real songs they have none, yet their voices have a music in their wild and multitudinous Dotes that enthrals the nature lover, attuned, as they are, to the murmur of the waves and the threnody of the winds. A Campbeltown Palm-lily (Cordyline australis), By Rev. David Landsborou^ii, LL.D. [Read 26th December, 1905.] The outstanding feature in the vegetation of tropical countries is the Palm; in .sub-tropical it is the Palm-lily. In some, as in parts of our own, several species of both grow together. This, however, is only of recent years. The late Lady Campbell, South Park, Campbeltown, had the honour of being the first porson to plant a Palm-lily {Cordyline australis) in the open air in Scotland. She was richly rewarded: the tree grew till it became the amazement of all who beheld it. Looking at it, one was ready to doubt if they were in cold Scotland, while persons who had lived in Japan and similar countries were made to feel as if they were in those countries again. It had been planted in a most favourable spot, and it so grew in height as t<> be taller than some species of Palm. Its canopy was specially remarkable, and had a spread such as few species of Palm attain, while the groal bunches of flower terminating its branches when in bloom made a display such as the flowers of no true Palm A CAMPBELTOWN PALM-LILY. 01 ever exhibits. It would have boon a grand example even in its native country, for a gentleman who for years held a high official position in New Zealand said he had never seen there its equal; while Professor Balfour, on seeing its photograph, said he had never seen another so good. How completely it had taken to its new home was shown by the seed which fell from the tree germinating in the borders and footpaths beneath, these being distributed to friends all around. Thus was it for many years; but, alas! the tree is now a thing of the past. I have said that the spot where it was planted seemed most favourable, but few things are perfect. It grew most luxuriantly, but this also tended to its ruin. A great storm came from an unusual quarter and in the direction in which it was most exposed, and its luxuriance gave the wind the greater hold upon it. The result was that it was so injured that it was taken down. Now it is represented by its progeny. I give the measurement of the largest of these — one planted in 1877. August, 1005. — Height of trunk, 7 feet 8 inches; height of tree, 22 feet; spread of branches, 16 feet 8 inches; girth of stem, 3 feet 5 inches at five feet from the ground ; at base, 5 feet 6 inches; flowers this summer, twelve great terminal bunches. Parent Tree. — The parent tree was planted about 18G0, and was thus more than a half older than the one sprung from its seed. It would thus have now been 30 feet in height, and with the very remarkable spread for a plant bearing the name of Palm of fully 25 feet, and bearing about a score of magnificent heads of flowers. The popular New Zealand name, " Umbrella Palm," is given from its umbrella-like spread. Rope made of the Fibre of the Campbeltown Palm-Lilies. — Lady Campbell, as above stated, experimented in planting a Palm-lily in the open air at Campbeltown. Captain Stewart, late R.N., Stronvaan House, Campbeltown, has continued the experiment by trying whether this tree, of rope-producing fibre in Formosa and Japan, could bo utilised for the same purpose in Scotland. He caused leaves to be taken from the trees, steeped 62 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. them, separated the fibres, prepared them for being spun, and sent them to the ropework. He also has met with success. A rope, somewhat short in fibre, but very strong, is the result. I send a small piece as an example. Had the Cordyline been introduced to this country in the days of our fathers, many a good rope and tether would at the coast have been made from it. Now, however, it would not be profitable, as trade is open with countries where the Palm-lily grows much more rapidly than in Scotland. It is, however, very interesting to know that from so remarkable a tree, growing in our gardens, as the Cordyline, a strong and durable cordage can be manufactured. We therefore heartily congratulate Captain Stewart on his success. Nesting* Dates of some of the Waders (CharadriidcB). * By John Robertson. [Read 27th February, 1906.] The nesting periods of our local breeding birds, the earliest and latest dates, together with the number of eggs comprising the clutches, are matters which might very well have more attention devoted to them, as I think most of our waders begin to lay earlier than the text-books say. In the hope of drawing more attention to the subject, I give some particulars regarding those waders with which I am most familiar. Ringed Plover {Mgialitis hiaticula). — On 10th April, 1898, at Girvan, I saw a nest with one egg. This I considered early, but on 3rd April, 1904, a nest with one egg, also at Girvan, was seen by several members of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society. On 15th July, 1905, in Bute, I saw a nest with three eggs, apparently fresh. Golden Plover (Charadrius phtvialis). — The 10th of April is about the date on which this species begins to nest on Mearns Moors; but there, on 9th April, 1893, I took a nest with four eggs, at an altitude of nearly 700 feet. These eggs were not quite fresh, NESTING DATES OF SOME OF THE WADERS. 63 and the first egg had probably been deposited on the 3rd of the month. On the other hand, on 17th July, 1898, at an excursion of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society, I saw young in down, only a day or two hatched, nearly 2,000 feet up on Benyellary, Kirkcudbrightshire. This locality is about two miles beyond the limits of " Clyde." Lapwing (Vanellus vulgaris). — Nesting begins, in normal seasons, about 25th March. Oyster-Catcher (Hcematopus ostralegus). — The first days of May are usually here before the Oyster-Catcher begins laying, and I have seen eggs on the Fame Isles as late as 15th July. In Bute the majority of nests contain three eggs, but two and four are common. Four in a clutch is quite frequent — not an occasional occurrence, as we are often told. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula). — Though locally numerous in the " Clyde " area, my knowledge of the nesting habits of this species is too limited to be able to say when nesting commences. I have only seen two nests, and each of these contained two eggs, on 2nd April. Common Snipe (GalUnago coelestis). — On the Mearns Moors the first eggs are laid about 10th April.* Dunlin (Tringa alpina). — Laying begins on the Mearns Moors about 7th May. On 30th April, 1893, I saw a nest in which one egg had been laid, but unfortunately it had been crushed by a cow treading on the nest. This was on Eaglesham Moors, at an elevation of about 750 feet. This species nests on the natural pastures close to the shore in Bute, but I have been unable to ascertain the exact nesting period there, although one would naturally expect it to be considerably earlier than on the moors of East Renfrewshire. Common Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus). — This species begins to nest about 11th May. On 6th May, 1893, I discovered a nest, with three eggs, at an elevation of about 1,150 feet, on the Kilpatrick Hills. In Mitchell's Birds of Lancashire an early nest, with four eggs, is mentioned as having been taken by Mr. T. Alt-ham on 25th April, 1875, presumably in Lancashire. * On 28th April, 1907, at an elevation of 650 feet on Eaglesham Moors. I saw four young Snipe about three days hatched— almost a March nest. 64 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Assuming that the eggs were correctly identified, this is a remarkable date. Redshank (Totanus calidris). — On Mearns Moors this species does not begin to nest till about the 15th of April. Curlew (Numenius arquata). — The 16th of April marks the beginning of the Curlew's nesting season. I once saw a clutch of five eggs on Mearns Moors, and the eggs were apparently all laid by the same bird. I have indicated the date on which each species commences to nest, but these dates refer to the earliest nests, and laying may not be general for some days later. Some notes on the distribution of the Clyde Crangonidae. By Alexander Patience. [Read 20th April, 1906.] Our knowledge regarding the distribution of some of the rarer species belonging to the family Crangonidae within the Clyde sea-area has been somewhat limited, the records of their occur- rence being confined to one or two localities only. Some time ago, Dr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., of H.M. Fishery Board, Aberdeen, published an interesting and valuable contribu- tion on the subject of the Crangonidae, bringing together for the first time the various records of the Scottish species.* No additional records had, however, been added for the Clyde species since his list of the Crustacea was published for the British Association meeting in Glasgow in 1901. f Until the advent in that year, of the scientifically equipped yacht, " Mermaid," belonging to the Millport Marine Biological * " Some Notes on the Scottish Crangonidae," Ann. of Scot. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1902, pp. 225-231. I Handbook (in the Natural History of (Mas., &c, 1901, p. 330. DISTRIBUTION OF THE CLYDE CRANGONIDAE. 65 Association, opportunities for the systematic investigation of special groups in the Firth of Clyde had been few, and dredging was mainly confined to the shallower waters. Prior to that time the principal work carried out in the deeper waters, beyond the fifty-fathom limit, was accomplished (1) by the steam-yacht, " Medusa," under the direction of Sir John Murray, when Dr. J. R. Henderson was enabled to carry out investigations on the distribution of the Malacostraca, and was successful, not only in increasing our knowledge of the distribution of many of the rarer forms of the higher Crustacea, but in recording several species which were new, not only to the Clyde sea-area, but to the British Coasts ;* and (2) by the s.s. " Garland," belonging to the Scottish Fishery Board, with which a considerable amount of general investigation work was carried out from time to time. The Crustacean records are embodied in Dr. Scott's list of the Clyde Crustacea, already referred to. Since the " Mermaid " was put into commission I have been able at different times to carry out investigations on the distribution of the Malacostraca on systematic lines. These investigations extended from the Gareloch to the southern boundary of the Clyde sea-area, including all the principal lochs and a considerable part of the Barrier Plateau, dredging being carried out in depths down to 107 fathoms. I have been able, therefore, to gather quite a fair collection in this important group of the Crustacea, which has shown a much more extended distribution for some of the rarer forms, and this I now propose briefly to set forth. It may be interesting to note here that quite a number of the Crustacean species, which I have been able to record from time to time as having been observed apparently for the first time in these waters, have been taken in depths within the twenty fathom limit, so that even the shallower waters of the Clyde sea area have not yet been exhausted of their biological treasures, and doubtless many prizes yet await the labours of the enthusiastic investigator. In referring to the species in these notes, I have in the meantime adopted the following classification of the genera * Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas., Vol. I. (N. S.), p. 317. E 56 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. proposed by Mr. Stanley W. Kemp, B.A., of the Irish. Fishery Board, Dublin.* Notes on the Species. GENUS PHILOCHERAS,! Stebbing, 1902. Philocheras trispinosus (Hailstone). — I first came across this species in July, 1904, while dredging in Karnes Bay, Millport, in about four fathoms, and in this locality I have subsequently found it. Two females with ova measured from the extremity of the rostrum to the end of the telson about 20 and 30 mm. respectively. They could be quite readily distinguished from among the adult specimens of Crangon vulgaris (Lin.) by the coloration alone. The carapace was of a pale yellow colour with a sprinkling of light reddish dots, the abdominal segments being greyish brown dotted with light brown spots, while the sides of the pleura were marked with dark brown. I also found several specimens in Lamlash Bay, in the vicinity of King's Cross, in about eight fathoms. Most of the specimens from both localities did not exceed 10 mm. in length, and came up in the tow-net usually in company with C. vulgaris. At this stage of growth they bear a close resemblance to, and may be readily passed over for, the latter species of approximately the same size, but, by a slight comparison, I found that P. trispinosus may * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. XVII., p. 298. , f Second pair of trunk-legs simple ... ... 1. Sabinea. I Second pair of trunk-legs chelate, 2. Second pair of trunk-legs about equal in length to first Second pair of trunk-legs shorter than first, 3. ■Second pair of trunk-legs scarcely one-third the length of first Second pair of trunk-legs about three-quarters the length of first, 4. f Inferior apices of gills turned forwards, small exopod at base of first pair of trunk-legs 4. ^Egeon. Inferior apices of gills turned backwards, no exopod at base of first pair of trunk-legs 5. Philocheras. t Nom. nov. vice Cheraphilus. " Marine Investigations in South Africa," Vol. I., p. 47. 2. Crangon. 3. Pontophilus DISTRIBUTION OF THE CLYDE CRANGONIDAE. 67 be neatly distinguished from among the commoner species by the presence of a narrow brownish-black band across the tail fan, and by the larger and less densely packed spots with which the carapace and pleon are dotted. In each haul there would be approximately one specimen of P. trispinosus to ten specimens of C. vulgaris* Dr. Scott records this species from the Firth of Forth, Aberdeen Bay, and the Moray Firth, and it has been recorded by Dr. Norman, F.R.S., from Shetland. Apparently it has not hitherto been recorded from any place on the West of Scotland. Philocheras bispinosus (Westwood). — This is comparatively a small species, the largest specimens we captured (some females with ova), not exceeding 18 mm. in length. The carapace is furnished with two small spines on the median line, one being situated behind the base of the small and narrow rostrum, and the other, which is generally not so prominent, a short distance behind the first. The carapace is also furnished with many small tubercles, some of which are arranged so as to give the appearance of small irregular ridges, more or less parallel to the median line. The majority of my specimens were of a pale greenish colour, dotted with small light-brown spots, while the sides of the pleura and carapace were marked with brown. Some specimens, however, taken from off Aoidh Rock, Upper Loch Fyne, exhibited a uniform reddish tint.f "Note. — While carrying on investigations during the summer of 1907, I found this species to be moderately common off Hailie Shore, near Largs, in about 2 to 6 fathoms, and on a sandy bottom. I also dredged a few specimens off the north end of Great Cumbrae, on the same kind of ground. t Note. — During this summer, 1906, I captured one or two specimens of Philocheras in Garrison Bay, Millport (2-3 fms. ), which agreed in all respects with this species, save for the exceptional coloration. The carapace was uniformly coloured a very dark brown, while the fourth segment of the pleon and the tail-fan were each provided with a transverse, although much lighter, dark-brown band. Mr. S. W. Kemp, of the Irish Fisheries Board, to whom 1 showed it, had no hesitation in referring it to P. bispinosus, although he had never met with that type of coloration before in this species. It might be interesting to add that quite a number of small specimens of Hippolyte varians, Leach, from tbe same locality, and measuring 10-12 mm. in length, exhibited exactly the type of coloration that I found in P. bispinosus. 68 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL IIISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Hitherto the records for its occurrence in the Clvde are " off Cumbrae (R.), Ballantrae Bank (F.S.G.)." P. bispinosus, however, is moderately common and widely distributed throughout the Firth. We have taken it from several places in the Gareloch, Loch Long, Loch Goil, Loch Striven, Upper and Lower Loch Fyne, in depths from five to forty fathoms ; also from several places on the Barrier Plateau. I have also found the remains of this little shrimp in the stomachs of Oadus minutus (Lin.) from the Largs Channel, and Merlucius merluccius (Lin.) from the Barrier Plateau, about 1 mile N.W. of Ailsa Craig. Females had ova during July, August, and September. Philocheras echinulatus (M. Sars). — This species, like P. sculptus (Bell), and Pontophilus sjrinosus (Leach), has a spiniferous carapace. There are five prominent ridges which extend almost the entire length of the carapace. The central one is armed with three teeth, the principal ridge on either side, which is somewhat irregularly formed, has six, while each of the other two lateral ridges has two teeth towards the proximal end. On each side of the central ridge, arising from the posterior end of the carapace, is a very short ridge terminating in a small tooth. Dr. Henderson records, " a single specimen off Skate Island, Loch Fyne, 105 fathoms, mud," and it is one of the species recorded by the " Garland," as occurring " near the mouth of the Clyde estuary, where it was found moderately frequent." This species is distributed along the whole of the deep water of the Arran Basin in depths from fifty to one hundred and seven fathoms. We took about one hundred specimens from various stations in the Kil- brannan Sound,* the Channel to the east of Arran, and Lower Loch Fyne. Approximately, there would be about one specimen taken for every six specimens of Pontophilus spinosus (Leach). It was also one of the species taken by the trawl from a number of places on the Barrier Plateau. Females had ova in July and September. The largest specimens taken measured about 40 mm. in length. * We took from four stations in this deep trough from off Carradale to the Cock of Arran, quite a number of specimens of Nika edulis, Risso, and Pasiphtea sivado (Risso) in 84, 76, 80, and 69 fathoms respectively. DISTRIBUTION OP THE CLYDE CRANGONIDAE. 69 Philocheras neglectus (G. O. Sars). — In this species the rostrum is moderately broad, and well rounded at the apex. The carapace is of a uniform brown colour, while the fourth abdominal segment and tail-fan have each a transverse band of the same colour. This conspicuous coloration might serve as a ready means for the identification of the species, but as P.fasciatus (Risso) imitates closely this type of coloration one requires to be careful. The last-named species, however, may be readily separated from P. neglectus by the broadly truncate apex of the rostrum.* Dr. Scott was the first to record this species from Loch Tarbert (Loch Fyne) in 1886, and it is evidently not at all common in our waters. My only captures have been two specimens from Ettrick Bay, ten fathoms, and one specimen from Lamlash Bay, eight fathoms. Philocheras sculptus (Bell). — The rostrum in this species is comparatively broad and abruptly truncate at the apex. (In one of my specimens the apex is slightly concave.) There are five more or less irregularly formed ridges armed with teeth. The central ridge has two prominent teeth, the principal ridge on either side has three or four very small teeth, and each of the two lateral ridges have two strong teeth near to the proximal end. The dorsal surface of the abdominal segments are sculptured, the third, fourth, and fifth segments are keeled, and the sixth segment * Note. — Since this paper was read before the Society I have been successful in obtaining a specimen of Philocheras fasciatus (Risso) from Garrison Bay, Millport, in about two fathoms. It is a female with ova, and measures about 20 mm. from extremity of rostrum to end of telson. The carapace exhibited a greenish tint and was dotted with small brown spots, the sides of the pleura being marked with deep purple. The abdominal segments are of a much lighter green than the carapace. The fourth segment exhibited both anteriorly and posteriorly pale grey bands, which threw the middle portion (which had exactly the same tint of green as the rest of the abdominal segments) into relief. This gave to the Crustacean the appearance of having a transverse band on this segment of a much darker hue. There was no indication of any band across the telson and uropods. The departure from the normal coloration in this species and P, bispinosus is interesting, but I am now inclined to the belief that, among many of our Crustacean species, colour is of little specific value. 70 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and proximal halt of the telson are channeled. Length, about 16 mm. This is evidently a rare species in the Scottish seas, and there are only two records hitherto for the Clyde, two specimens from Lamlash Bay (Norman), and one specimen off Muggie Point in 20 fathoms (Henderson). I have taken two specimens altogether of this species, one from off the Bullwood, Dunoon, in eight fathoms (1892), and one from off Inchmarnock in fourteen fathoms, hard ground (1901). GENUS PONTOPHILUS, Leach. Pontophilus spinosus, Leach. — The rostrum in this species has a strong spine on each side near to the base. The carapace is armed with five longitudinal ridges, which are much more regular in form, however, and the teeth thereon more prominent than in Philochems echinulatus. The central ridge and the principal ridge on each side are armed with three strong spines. On the other lateral ridges there are two teeth near to the proximal end. This species is distributed from the mouth of the Gareloch to the boundary of the Clyde sea-area, and I have noticed its occurrence in the principal lochs and in many places over the Barrier Plateau. It is moderately common throughout the deep water of the Arran basin, having been trawled in depths up to 107 fathoms. I have also frequently dredged it in comparatively shallow water. Females had ova during April, July, and August. Largest specimens measured about 55 mm. in length from apex of rostrum to the end of telson. GENUS CRANGON, Fabricius. Crangon vulgaris (Lin.). — This is the commonest species in the Firth of Clyde, belonging to the family Crangonidae. and is found in abundance along all our sandy shores. I have also found it in the River Clyde about one mile to the east of Lang- bank in the mud-pools which are left by the ebb tide, where the water is quite brackish. It was in company with Gobius minutus, Gmel., Pleuronectes Jlesits, Lin., Sphaeroma rugicauda, Leach. Idothea viridis (Slabber), and G'ammarus locusia (Lin). THE PURPLE MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE IN ISLAY. 71 Crangon Allmauni, Kinahan. — This species closely resembles C. vulgaris, but may be readily distinguished from that species by the presence of two parallel keels with a deep groove between, situated on the sixth segment of the pleon. It is, however, only found in the deeper waters of our Firth, its distribution being somewhat similar to that of Pontophilus spinosus, but it is usually taken in the trawl in greater numbers than that species.* Note on the Occurrence of Saxifraga oppositifolia, L., the Purple Mountain Saxifrage, on the Sea-coast of Islay. By Alex. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S. [Read 24th April, 1906.] At the May meeting of the Society two years ago, our member, Dr. Gilmour, Port-Ellen, was able to exhibit fresh specimens of the Three-fingered Saxifrage, Saxifraga tr {dactylites, L., from the Machrie Sand-dunes, Islay. The plant was new to his own vice-county, the South Inner Hebrides, and, but for the record of a single specimen from Tiree by Mr. S. M. Macvicar, would also have been an addition to the known flora of the West of Scotland. On the present occasion, Dr. Gilmour has been able to send for exhibition fresh flowering specimens of another Saxifrage, new to his island and vice-county, viz., Saxifraga oppositifolia, L., a plant very different from the previous, and indeed from all the other seventeen British species of the genus; prostrate and creeping in habit, and possessing a relatively large flower of brilliant purple. "Note. — Up till the present time I have been able, with the use of the " Mermaid," to make observations on the distribution of the Malacostraca at about 720 stations in the Firth of Clyde. I hope, shortly, to place the complete record, not only of these observations, but also of those I bad made for some years prior to the advent of the " Mermaid," in the hands of the Recorder in the Natural History Department of Glasgow University, where they will be available for the use of marine zoologists. 72 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. We are accustomed to look on S. oppositifolia as a true " alpine," inhabiting the higher levels — the Students' Flora, indeed, giving its altitudinal range as extending to 4,000 feet. What renders Dr. Gilmour's discovery remarkable is that he met with the plant, a fortnight ago, growing luxuriantly at what we may call the zero of altitude, viz., on exposed coast rocks of the Mull of Oa, at almost within reach of the waves ! Are we now, therefore, to add this plant to the short list of those which are happy either at high, or at the lowest, levels, such as the Sea-pink (Armeria), the Sea-campion (Silene), or the Sea- plantain (Plantago)1 How different is the habitat of the plant under notice from the shifting sandy soil of the I slay golf course, where Saxifraya tridactylites was shown, two years ago, to abound, in the month of May, at a very few miles distance ! Dr. Gilmour has added various species to the known flora of his island and vice-county, notably Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, Sm., and the plant under notice. His name would doubtless appear more frequently but for the memorable and exhaustive botanical expedition to Kintyre and Islay conducted in 1844 by the late Professor J. H. Balfour, and a party which included the well-known Professor Babington and Dr. Parnell, author of the Flora of the Grasses of Britain, and during which expedition 440 species were put on record as occurring in Islay. Then, besides, our ex-President, Mr. Ewing, a few years ago did good search work, adding various species to the Islay list. Out of the 41 WTatsonian vice-counties of Scotland, S. oppositi- folia is stated in Trail's Topographical Botany of Scotland (1898) to occur in 24, only two of these lying south of the Forth and Clyde Canal. Perhaps its nearest natural habitat to Glasgow is the summit of Ben Lomond, 27 miles distant, where its purple cushions strike the eye here and there about the time of Victoria Day (24th May). Regarding the West of Scotland distribution of S. oppositi- folia, the plant is recorded from the Harris hills of the Outer Hebrides and from the hills of Skye, and Mr. Macvicar has taken it on the hills of West Inverness ; but there is another somewhat surprising, yet authentically recorded, station, viz., the Mull of Kintyre, where, in 1844, Professor Balfour met with it near the THE PURPLE MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE IN ISLAY. 73 Lighthouse, presumably on the neighbouring high cliffs. This is but twenty-eight miles in a direct line over-sea from Dr. Gilmour's Islay station on the Mull of Oa. We would like much to know whether the plant still inhabits Kintyre peninsula. Lastly, there is a record which certainly now requires con- firmation, as it has been long unconfirmed. I refer to that of " Clyde Isles " — i.e., Buteshire. We know of no one who has ever seen the plant there, in Arran or in Bute. The record is set down by H. C. Watson in the Gybele Dritannica, but with- out personal authority. It should be mentioned that S. oppositifolia finds a congenial home in several North of England, Welsh, and West of Ireland high-level stations. In regard to the foreign distribution of our plant, Ostenfeld's Flora of the Faroes (1901) states it to grow in that island group, and in Babington's Flora of Iceland (1870) it is stated to occur in various localities, where it sometimes bears white as well as purple flowers. As to its geographical range elsewhere abroad, Bentham (1866) has to state that it is to be found " in moist alpine situations in the higher mountain ranges of Europe, and in Russia and Central Asia, extending far into the Arctic regions," and we note that Sir Joseph Hooker includes America also. So the plant before us girdles the world in the upper part of its Northern Hemisphere, while at the same time it has the humility — shall we term it — to bloom beautifully on our garden rockeries, as was seen at the excursion of the Society to Doon- holm, Ayrshire, on the 16th of the present month. P.S. — Professor Trail kindly informs me that Saxifraga oppositifolia is to be met with on the sea-coast in Aberdour and eastern Gamrie, in Northern Aberdeenshire and Banffshire. 74 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. On the Occurrence of Gobius orca, Collett, within the Clyde Sea Area. By Alexander Patience. [Read 29th May, 1906.] While carrying on investigations on the steam yacht " Mermaid," during the summer of 1901, I found among the organisms brought up by the trawl a small fish belonging to the family Gobiidae, wriich resembled in some respects Gobius Jeffreysii, Gunther. It differed obviously, however, from that species in the coloration. Professor Macintosh, F.R.S., of St. Andrew's University, was good enough to examine it for me, and identified the species as Gobius orca, Collett. The following are the chief specific characters : — Body much compressed, the greatest depth being slightly more than half of the length of the head. Head depressed, and is contained a little more than four times in the total length. Lower jaw projects beyond the upper. Eyes situated superiorly, very large and almost contiguous. Head and throat scaleless. Scales of the body comparatively large. First and second spines of the anterior dorsal produced into filaments. Basal membrane uniting the ventral fins absent. The coloration of the body is of a greyish brown, without distinct spots or bands, but on the sides, below the beginning of the first dorsal fin, at the end of the anal, and base of the caudal, there is a darker shading, tinged with brilliant blue, which gives to the living animal a rather beautiful appearance. The first dorsal is of a uniform brownish- black. The second dorsal has alternate brownish-black and faint white bands. 1. D. 7 ; 2. D. 10-11 ; A. 9 ; V. 5-6 j P. 17; C.:J 133. This species, which is among the smallest and rarest of European fishes, was first described by Robert Collett, of Christiania, in 1874,* from a specimen captured by Professor * Annals and Mag. Nat. History, Vol. 13, Ser. 4, pp. 446-7. <;OBIUS 0RCA, COLLETT, WITHIN THE CLYDE SEA AREA. 75 Sars, Jim., at Espevar, in the mouth of Hardangerijord (5iT 35'), from a depth of 80 to 100 fathoms, in 1873. Altogether, six specimens have been taken off the Norwegian coast. During the cruise of the steam yacht " l'Hirondelle," belonging to the Prince of Monaco (1885-8), two small specimens, measuring about 24 mm., were taken at the depth of 166 m. in the Gulf of Gascoigne, off Sables d'Olonne (Lat. 46° 27' N., Long. 6° 30' O.).* The only reference to its occurrence in the British Seas is found in Collett's work referred to, where he observes — " En dehors de la Norvege, sa presence n'a ete constatee jusqu' a present que sur la cote nord de l'Loosse (Kilbrannan Sound), oil on en a recueilli un individu en mars 1888 ; cet exemplaire a ete decrit et figure par Gunther sous le noni de G. Jeffreysi, male.'' T Occurrence. — I have taken altogether three specimens within the Firth of Clyde during the past five years — (1) Largs Channel, between Keppel Pier and Fairlie Sands| (Lat. 55° 45' N., Long. 4° 54' W.)3 19 fathoms, hard ground, by shrimp trawl. A female (mature), 36 mm. ; to root of caudal, about 29 mm. (2) Between Scalpsie Bay and Cock of Arran (Lat. 55° 44' N"., Long. 5° 11' W.), 75-89 fathoms, mud, by shrimp trawl, male, length, 34 mm. ; to root of caudal, 26 mm. (3) In mid-channel (Lat. 55° 41' N., Long. 5° W.), 51 fathoms, mud, by shrimp trawl, male; length, 34 mm. ; to root of caudal, 27 mm. Gobius orca has now been assigned to the genus Lebetus, instituted by Winther, in 1877, to receive this and a closely allied species, G. scoj-pioicles, Collett, in which the structure of the ventrals is somewhat different from that which obtains in most of the other species of Gobius (which consists in not having the base united by a membrane). Collett, however, observes in this connection — " Mais, comme cette membrane * Resultats des Campagnes Sc. de "l'Hirondelle," Fascicule X. poissons par Collett, p. 41. f Op. cit., p. 43 (for Collett's reference (115), vide Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinr., March, 1S88, p. 210, pi. III., fig. B). X We also took at this station a fine specimen of Rantceps raninus (Lin.). The only other record for its occurrence in the Clyde is by Dr. Sconler, in 1860 {Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. I., p. 8, 1868). 76 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. transrersale peut parfois etre basse ou peu distincte, meme chez les Gobies typiques, il est douteux que Ton doive conserver le genre Lebetus" * In two Clyde specimens of Gobius minutus, Gmel., taken in Minard Bay, Loch Fyne, in 1901, the membrane at the base of the ventral* was only very slightly indicated. The closely allied species, Gobius Jeffreysii, Gunther, can be readily recognised by the presence of five dark prominent spots along the middle of the body, and by a dark, indistinct line descending from the eye. Gunther has recorded this species from three localities in the Clyde. It is, however, not uncommon, and is widely distributed throughout the Firth, in depths from 10 to 80 fathoms. I have observed it very frequently in the trawl during the past five years. Little Stint {Tringa minuid) at Balgray Reservoir. By John Robertson. [Read 29th May, 1906.] On 2nd September, 1905, I saw two, and on the following day four, Little Stints at Balgray Reservoir, East Renfrew. They were evidently birds of the year. They looked like small Dunlins, but the margins of the feathers on the upper parts were much lighter, not so tawny as in the Dunlin, and this gave the birds a lighter appearance. Their bodies were not so stout, being thinner and proportionately longer than the Dunlin's. Their bills were smaller, black, and almost, if not quite, straight. The legs were blackish. When standing with their backs towards one, there was a light, .straight line on each side of the bird, beginning at the shoulder, and appearing to meet at the back. The under parts were nearly white, as was the throat, but the breast had a rufous tinge. There was a decided eye stripe. When Op. cit., p. 42. THE COMMON SANDPIPER. i i away from the company of Dunlins, the Little Stints seemed easier of approach. When flying they had a somewhat uncertain, wavering flight. The note was quite different from the Dunlin's, being weak and high-pitched, though rather pretty. It was somewhat like the syllables " peet, peet, peeter, peet," The note is said to resemble that of the Sanderling, but subsequently I had favourable opportunities at Troon of hearing the Sander- ling's note, which, to my ear, was quite different. It was an explosive " wick, wick," stronger, but not capable of being heard so far off as that of the Little Stint. Each " wick ,; was separate, no suspicion of an " r " running through the syllables \nd uniting them. To me the note of the Little Stint was much prettier than that of the Sanderling. The part of the reservoir the Little Stints frequented most was a narrow margin of mud laid bare by the receding water, so soft that even with their light weight they sank in it, and only walked about with considerable difficulty. The Common Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus). By John Robertson. [Read 29th May, 1906.] The Common Sandpiper, in general appearance, is of a brownish- grey on the upper parts and the breast, while the under parts are white. When in flight an indistinct whitish bar is seen across the wings as well as white tips on the outer tail feathers. It is a summer migrant, arriving from the first week of April onwards. A lively and engaging bird it soon makes its presence known by its cheery notes which have been rendered " Tibby thief y, tibby thief y " or " Kylie-leekie, kylie-leekie." It moves about a great deal after dark, and is often first heard for the season, calling as it passes overhead at night, but this wandering at night is not confined to the time of arrival, but may be noted at any time during the season the bird is with us. 78 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. During the first few days after arrival, especially if the weather is mild, the birds fly hither and thither over the water evidently in great excitement Sometimes they are just skimming over the water, at other times they are high up, beating the air with short strokes of the wing, giving the impression that the wing joints are stiff and the birds are trying to make them supple by practice. All the time they are giving vent to a pleasant trilling- note, their nearest approach to a song. This species frequents all kinds of streams and sheets of water, sluggish rivers and mountain torrents, lakes and ponds, but it has a preference for those with gravelly and sandy banks or margins. Although said not to frequent the sea coast, in my experience it is quite common there. I have seen nests by the shore in Bute, on Sgat Mohr, and Liath Eilean in Lochfine, small islets without a drop of fresh water. On Inchmarnock, among a number of eggs destroyed by Carrion Crows were those of the Common Sandpiper. When I paid a visit to the island of Eigg a few years ago, one of the first birds I saw when I landed was a Common Sandpiper which I flushed from a nest and four eggs not fifty feet from salt water. I found the bird common all round the Island of Muck, which cannot boast of a respectable burn. In fact, any time I have been at the coast, in the season, I have found the bird more or less numerous. It is not particular whether the water is salt or fresh, clean or dirty. It even nests on the banks of the sluggish and polluted White Cart in Nether Pollok and Hawkhead Estates. I remember when it used to frequent an old clay pit between Pollokshaws Road and Victoria Road, Glasgow, and probably nested there. By the first week of May the early birds begin to select nesting sites. The earliest nest I have seen was on 6th May, 1893, one with three eggs, on the Kilpatrick Hills. The site chosen is usually on some sloping bank, it may be at the water's edge, or it may be 300 yards back from the water. The nest is a slight affair, not, as a rule, very well concealed. A hollow scratched in the ground, with a few pieces of grass, dead leaves, or withered herbage, receives the four pear-shaped eggs. These are placed with the pointed ends inwards and downwards, so that they are nearly standing on end, and consequently occupy an THE COMMON SANDPIPER. 79 extremely small space for their size. They are of various shades of light brown, blotched, and spotted with darker brown and lilac, and they are very handsome. When the nest is approached the bird usually flies off silently towards the water, and if the direction of flight is carefully noted the nest can be located with tolerable ease. If one comes on the nest suddenly, however, the bird tumbles off, and runs along with wings outspread and fan-shaped tail trailing along the ground, at the same time uttering a squealing note. Should the disturber remain in the vicinity of the nest or young the two old birds fly around making a great deal of noise. They will then alight on trees, shrubs, or fences, and give vent to their feelings against the intruder by uttering notes of alarm as frequently and as loudly as they are able. The young in down are delightful little creatures, and run soon after they are hatched. Before they are able to fly they squat to escape observation as a rule, but if close to water they will take to it readily and dive, coming up some yards away, and remaining motionless by the water's edge or hiding under herbage. By the end of July the Common Sandpiper begins to collect in small flocks of ten to twenty birds. The greatest number I have ever seen in a flock was twenty-four at Balgray Reservoir. This habit of collecting in small flocks is one that is not mentioned in books on birds, but in this locality it is quite characteristic of the bird. They are then very restless, flying to and fro over the water, calling all the time. From the beginning of August this species grows less in numbers, till by October they have all departed. I have never seen it later than the end or September. 80 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. On some Terrestrial Isopods new to the Clyde Faunal Area, and some Notes on the Distribution of the Rarer Species. By Alexander Patience. [Read 26th June, 1906.] The Terrestrial Isopods do not seem to have received much attention from Scottish naturalists. Of the twenty-five species recorded for the British Isles, only ten have been hitherto recorded for Scotland, nine of which have been noted as occurring within the Clyde faunal area. The principal contributions to this subject have been made by the late Dr. Robertson, Millport,* and Dr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., of H.M. Fishery Board, Aberdeen.! But a glance at the following list of Clyde species by Dr. Scott, published in 1901, will at once show that our knowledge of the distribution of most of the rarer species was somewhat limited : — Fam. Oniscidae [Ligiidae.] Ligia oceanica (Lin.). — Under stones, &c. ; more or less c. in various Fam. Trichoniscidae. Trichoniscus pusillus, Brandt. — Cumbrae (R. I, 86) : Rothesay, nr. Aquarium (S.). Prob. not unc. if carefully sought for. T. roseus, Koch.— E. Tarbert (S.). Fam. Oniscidae. Oniscus asellus (Lin.). — Gen. dist. and mod. c. Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli). — Widely dist. and not very unc. (R. I, 85). Porcellio scaber, Latr. — C. and gen. dist. P. pictus, Brandt. — Cumbrae (R.) : Ayrshire (Smith) : nr. Campbel- town, 1896 (S.). Cylisticus convexus (De Geer), — Kilwinning (Smith, vide R. I, 88) : Lanarkshire : Rothesay (S.). Armadillidium vulgare (Latr.). — Mouth of Garnock (Smith, see R. I, 88). * Catalogue of the Amphipoda and Isopoda of the Firth of Clyde. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 2, pp. 9-99, 1888. + Brit. Assoc. Handbook of the Natural History of Glasgow, 1901. Isopoda. pp. 335 336. TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS. 81 Feeling, therefore, that something more might be done to increase our knowledge upon this subject, I have devoted some considerable time during the past few months in further study- ing the distribution of these forms within this area, and propose to set forth here, briefly, the results I have obtained, with the hope that some other naturalists might be led to pursue the subject further; for I have but little doubt that careful in- vestigation in the right places will reveal many of these interesting forms. While engaged in this work many opportunities, which I gladly accepted, were kindly offered to me for investigating hothouses, orchards, cultivated and other private grounds, to which entrance could be obtained only by express permission. I am now able, therefore, not only to note the occurrence of three additional species, but also to record a much more extended distribution for most of the rarer species already known to exist within this area. Terrestrial Isopods, or, as they are commonly called, " Wood- lice," are of retiring habits, and are generally to be found beneath stones, decaying timber, vegetable matter, in manure heaps, and in moss-grown places — in fact, generally in situations where they obtain a certain amount of moisture, which seems to be necessary for their existence, their breathing organs being to some extent branchial in character. But I have found a number of species of the genera Onisous, Porcellio, Cylisticus, and Metoponorthus living in considerable numbers in the hothouses which I have been allowed to examine, especially in tomato-houses, where the food is both choice and abundant, where there is usually a sufficient amount of moisture — at least for these species — due to the regular watering of the plants, and where the warmer temperature is evidently appreciated by these organisms. The species belonging to the family Trichoniscidae, however, do not seem to find the conditions of hothouse life at all agreeable, and consequently seem to shun these situations. In all probability the amount of moisture is quite insufficient for these smaller wood-lice, and in almost all the oases where I have found them inhabiting greenhouses, the temperature was not much higher than that which obtained outside. It might be necessary to state here that all the species I have met p 82 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. with living in hothouses I have also found in quite open situations. These wood-lice do considerable damage to the plants, how- ever, evidently enjoying the food offered by the roots of the young plants, among which I have found them often in clusters. They receive, in consequence, but scanty consideration from the fruit-grower. But they are not always strict vegetarians, and will not hesitate, should the necessity and opportunity arise, to sacrifice some near relation. While keeping a number of in- dividuals of Cylisticus convexus (De Geer) in captivity, I found that they had no scruples in making a meal, occasionally, of some of the weaker members of the family, and once, having occasion to put together in a tube an individual of this species and one of Trichoniscus roseus (Koch), I found, on returning to examine the creatures some time afterwards, that all that remained of the latter was a little bit of his outer coat. One fact which struck me while observing these wood-lice in the hothouses and elsewhere was the apparent associating of certain species with others. In some places I found Porcellio dilatatus Brandt, mixing freely with Cylisticus convexus, both species being present in considerable numbers. In a small green- house in Camphill Gardens, Glasgow, I met with some individuals of Trichoniscus pygmaeus, G. O. Sars, and T. pusillus, Brandt, in company with hundreds of T. roseus, and no other wood-lice near. In one hothouse Metoponorihus pruinosus, Brandt, seemed to hold the place to the almost total exclusion of all others. P. dilatatus being found very sparingly inside, though they were in fair numbers in the grounds in the neighbourhood ; while in another hothouse C. convexus was the oYily species in evidence, and there they were present in considerable numbers. In open situations I have found the three species, Oniscus asellus, Lin., Porcellio scaber, Latr., and Cylisticus convexus, generally in company. New Records. Genus Trichoniscus, Brandt, 1833. Trichoniscus pygmaeus, G. O. Sars. — This is one of the smallest of the land-isopods, the adult female measuring about 2.1 mm. It may be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the three-articulate flagellum of the antenna?, by the lateral parts TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS. 83 of the segments of the mesosome being armed with small spines, and, in the male, by the conspicuous copulative organs. These latter I have dissected out, and they agree with the details given by Sars — " Inner ramus of first pair of pleopoda greatly produced, with the terminal joint narrow knife-shaped; that of the second pair bi-articulate, proximal joint very short, distal joint long and slender, styliform." I have met this species in company with T. roseus in two localities (3, 4). While moving about it cannot very readily be distinguished from the young forms of that species of approximately the same size (about 2 mm.), as the difference in colour is not discernible, although, by watching closely, the movements of one of the species (T. roseus) are seen to be appreciably quicker. Under the microscope, however, the following differences are revealed : — In T. roseus the colour, as a rale, in these young specimens is uniformly light orange, while in T. pygmaeus it is whitish, with a few light-red pigmentary ramifications across the seg- ments of the mesosome. The eyes in T. roseus appear to consist of a single visual element, while in T. pygmaeus there are three visual elements, which are arranged in a triangular form. The tubercles of the dorsal face are more prominent in T. iwseus, and the flagellum of the antennse is usually quite distinctly four- articulate, even at this early stage of growth. Length of adult male, 2 mm. ; of female, about 2 h mm. Occurrence. — (1) Field near Carntyne Road, Glasgow; (2) field, Cumbernauld Road, Glasgow; (3) conservatory, People's Palace, Glasgow; (4) Camphill Gardens, Glasgow; (5) field, Poplar Park, Lanark ; (6) road near Wemyss Bay Station. This species is apparently new to Great Britain. It has been recorded by Sars for the vicinity of Christiania, Norway. Genus Porcellio, Latr., 1804. Porcellio dilatatus, Brandt, is closely allied to the common form, P. scaber, Latr., but may be readily distinguished from that species by its unusually broad body and by the shape of the last segment of the metasome, which is rounded at the tip and is not dorsally grooved. It is not so strongly tuberculated as is P. scaber. The colour is dark slaty-grey, but somewhat 84 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. lighter than the last-named species, and it is slower in its movements. I observed the young escaping from the brood- pouch of the female during the months of June, July, August, and September. Length of adult male, 12 mm.; female, 13 mm. Occurrence. — (1) Poplar Park, Lanark; hothouses, in con- siderable numbers; sparingly in grounds in neighbourhood; (2) Clachranehill, Ayr; hothouses and grounds, though not in abun- dance; (3) Toadhills, Kilwinning; hothouses and grounds, not very common ; (4) Millbrae, Chryston ; hothouses, considerable numbers; grounds, few; (5) Queen's Park Gardens and Camphill Gardens, Glasgow, few. Genus Metoponorthus, B. Lund, 1879. Metoponorthus pruinosus, Brandt, may be distinguished from the species of the genus Porcellio by the almost straight frontal margin, the slight development of the lateral lobes of the cephalon, and the narrow metasome. The antenna? are long and slender, and are banded with white. The colour of the dorsal face is dark reddish brown, but when the animal is alive and moving about it exhibits a uniform violet grey, which gives to the animal a rather striking and beautiful appearance. This is due to a substance which easily comes off when the animal is handled. It is one of the most agile of the wood-lice. Length of adult male, 9 mm. ; of female, 10 mm. Occurrence. — (1) Poplar Park, Lanark ; hothouses and grounds, not uncommon ; (2) Clachranehill, Ayr ; hothouses, considerable numbers ; grounds, sparingly ; (3) Toadhills, Kilwinning ; grounds, few; (4) Millbrae, Chryston; hothouses and grounds, few; (5) Botanic Gardens and Queen's Park Conservatory, Glasgow, few. Notes on the other species. TricJioniscus pusillus, Brandt. — Common and widely distri- buted; very sparingly in hothouses examined. In open situations sometimes in considerable numbers. Principal Localities. — (1) Several places in Great Cumbrae; (2) near Rothesay; (3) near Langbank; (4) near Wemyss Bay TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS. 85 Station; (5) several places, Stonebyres Estate, Lanark; (6) near Kilwinning; (7) near Ayr; (8) Millbrae, Chryston; (9) near Inveraray; (10) near Girvan; (11) many places round Glasgow. Trichoniscus roseus (Koch). — Widely distributed, and some- times found in considerable numbers. This species is very attractive in consequence of its beautiful colour, which I have found to range from light orange to blood red. Some specimens from locality (1) are almost quite white. They were in com- pany with T. pusillus under a decayed log of wood. The situation was in quite open ground, and I cannot, therefore, account for the abnormal coloration. Females with ova during the months of July, August, and September, and many young individuals during these months. *& Principal Localities. — (1) Near Karnes Bay, Cumbrae; (2) Stonebyres Estate, Lanark ; (3) near Ayr ; (4) near Lochgilphead ; (5) Garelochhead ; (6) near Campbeltown ; (7) some fields, White- inch, Glasgow; (8) Botanic Gardens, Glasgow; (9) Camphill Grounds, Glasgow; (10) conservatory, People's Palace, Glasgow. Porcellio pictus, Brandt. — This beautifully marked species is evidently rare. I have never found more than one or two individuals together. It seems to affect drier situations than any other species of wood-lice3 all my specimens being got about dry-stone dykes. Localities. — (1) Clydesbrae, Lanark ; (2) King's Cross, Arran ; (3) Toadhills, Kilwinning; (4) Carntyne Road, Glasgow; (5) Langbank; (6) Rothesay, Bute; (7) Garelochhead. Cylisticus convexus (De Geer). — Common and widely distri- buted, and in some places in considerable numbers. Principal Localities. — (1) Many places, Stonebyres Estate, Lanark; (2) Toadhills, Kilwinning; (3) Clachranehill, Ayr; (4) Millport, Cumbrae; (5) Wemyss Bay; (6) West Kilbride; (7) Garelochhead ; (8) Minard, Loch Fyne; (9) near Greenock; (10) Millbrae, Chryston; (11) conservatories, Botanic Gardens, Alex- andra Park, and Queen's Park ; (12) many open situations around Glasgow. 86 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. C. convexus, var. — This colour variety is almost pur© white, relieved by a narrow, irregular, dark-brown band on the median line, running from cephalon to tip of last segment of metasome, with a few small patches of the same colour on both sides of mesosome. Occurrence. — (1) Two specimens in a hothouse in Poplar Park, Lanark, where, I am informed, they have been frequently seen; one specimen from hothouse, Clachranehill, Ayr. Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli). — Widely distributed, but never found in great numbers. This species bears some resemblance to Metoijonorthus i^ruinosus, but may be readily distinguished by the tri-articulate antennal flagellum. Armadillidium vulgare (Latr.). — I have never met with this species. The only record of its occurrence in this area is on the authority of the late Dr. Robertson, Millport, from specimens taken at the mouth of the Garnock, and sent to him by Mr. John Smith, Kilwinning. Note. — Since this paper was read before the Society, I have found the following additional species in various localities in the Clyde faunal area : Trichoniscu* t>cebbingi, n.s. (described in the Linnean Society's Journal — Zoology, Vol. XXX., pp. 42-44, pi. 7, May, 1907) ; Trichoniscas spiuoaus, n.s. (described in '"The Annals of Scottish Natural History," pp. 85-88, pi. III., April 1907); Trichoniscoides albidus, B. Lund; Trichoniscoides, species (?) Haplophthalmus danicus, B. Lund ; H. mengii (Zaddach) ; Armadillidium nasatuyn, B. Lund; and A. vulgare (Latr.). The six latter species, however, will form the subject of another paper. Reports on Excursions. Hunterston and Fairlie, 2nd September, 1905. — Mr. D. A. Boyd, conductor. This excursion was arranged jointly with the West Kilbride Natural History and ArchaBological Society, but owing to unpromising weather the attendance only numbered thirteen. Leaving West Kilbride, the party proceeded direct to Hunterston by way of Highthorn, the Ayrshire home of Lieut.- General Sir Archibald Hunter, K.C.B., D.S.O. Through permission kindly granted by Mrs. Hunter- Weston, access was obtained to the gardens and policies at Hunterston, where some REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. CW time was pleasantly spent. Numerous fungi, mostly common species of Russida, Lactarius, « «o (M i— i i— i CO »— i — * o © i— i i— i i— i Ol ©o> © I— I COOOh i— I l-H (MMrt «5 co CI CO ©(N t* i— i 01 o -♦3 co O o to < O O O O lO (M O 05 © < © Si fl co ■n si 00 I 1 (-a - o g Q • "M 8 pa a ED V ■J: Pi © ~ K O Si 08 r ©fe SO a Si O o i—i to UO CO t-H — 02 « ft co O 8« £© So^g*? © co S3 TJ p} •: © o i— i l-H © 05 S . cc bo -a <; cd tdOSiD© r* Si ^H a © 13 ° £3 — &H S-p it s- 2 £ffl-S H Sj" O bfl Cg -»3 +3 -^ S3 fi «a O Si Si to • -< O >> „ „ „ „ . 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H PH^P Tf iO £ ° SH O O 41 >» — si X •n co 5S e e ft o o 1 41 COiC 35 <» 3« sS o — OS t- o ^§ CO (M i-H o «4 09 c "S 03 o :«£ 03 © Si © © CO OT Si © © p) O © > "© Si © 43 > © ^ © © CI S 2 3 ft » * 13 02 si t3 ft co S co O &D o a 13 ^c co ^3 « 02 jg © < C r- O 4J ft © © C3H | if $ c -« Si © S ►T 02 < c3 i ® ^h ^3 ^ 02 S^ CO o © "*° Si CO o l-H o ^a §^ 13 S co co o IS ^H > PH &H 1-3 Mm © S3 H ROCK-SAMPHIRE. 115 On the occurrence of the Rock-Samphire, Criihmum mariiimum, L., and the Marsh Helleborine Orchis, Epipactis palustris, Crantz, on the West of Scotland. By Alex. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. [Read 26th March, 1907.] It is of interest that we are able to bring before the Society two plants, neither of them minute or inconspicuous, one of them tall and striking, which, during the past summer, were met with on the Island of Colonsay, one of the South Inner Hebrides, where they proved to be practically additions to the known flora of the West of Scotland. Of these, one is an Umbelliferous Dicotyledon, and the other an Orchidaceous Monocotyledon. We shall refer in the first place to the former, the Rock- Samphire, Crithmum maritimum of Linnaeus, which has been known as British since 1548, or for 360 years, a plant whose habitat is rocks and rocky cliffs by the sea, and which has been recorded hitherto from 26 out of the 112 vice-counties of Greut Britain, only a single addition (that of East Suffolk) having been made to their number since the issue of Topographical Botany in 1883. Crithmum is a plant well distinguished by its long entire fleshy leaflets, which are glaucous in appearance, cold to the touch, and have an aromatic scent. The young leaves, gathered in May, make, when sprinkled with salt and preserved in vinegar, the well-known pickled condiment. From this we can gather that though Crithmum belongs to the Hemlock Order, it is not in itself poisonous. The inflorescence, or arrangement of the flowers on the flower- stalk, is, as will be seen from the specimens shown, a compound, niany-rayed, flat-topped umbel, consisting of an assemblage of small, stalked, yellowish-white flowers, with numerous bracts and bracteoles; the fruits, known as cremocarps, having thick primary ridges and many vittse; the whole plant differing much from all the other British Umhelliferce, of which there are about seventy. A 116 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. In Scotland, Crithmum is both rare and local. It comes near the truth to say that it has of late been much restricted to a part of the Wigtownshire coast — the Rinns of Wigtown, that long, narrow peninsula which stretches south and ends in the headland known as the Mull of Galloway.* By Professor Trail, in his Topographical Botany of Scotland, two East - Coast counties are given for Crithmum — Midlothian and Fife — but they are double-queried in both cases, indicating decided doubts as to the correctness of any East-Coast records. Coming west, the counties named both by Hewitt Cottrell Watson and by Professor Trail are Kirkcudbright, Wigtown, and Ayr. From Watson's Topographical Botany of Great Britain (1883) we know that a Kirkcudbright specimen was shown to Watson by Boswell Syme, editor of Sowerby's Botany, 3rd edition, and as regards Ayrshire, that Crithmum is included by the late Rev. James Duncan (died 1861), whose Catalogue of Ayrshire plants was treated by Watson as reliable, no Ayrshire station, however, being given for Crithmum. Mr. Ewing, in his Glasgow Catalogue of Plants, includes Crithmum for Ayrshire, but does not say where or by whom it was found. That our plant should have made its way so far north as to Colonsay, where, on the western side of the island, it was last year met with, growing in a compact mass two square yards in extent, just at high-water mark, and among very savage, large, broken rocks, was interesting, as it extends the plant's geo- graphical range a good way further up the British coast, indi- cating that there is room for the discovery of other plants with which the higher latitude would not disagree. There is but one species of the genus Crithmum known to science, this of ours, and its distribution, according to Bentham, is the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Northern Africa, extending along the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. It is abundant in Southern and Western England, and, as Mr. F. H. Davey states in his new Tentative Flora of Cornwall, it occurs all round the Cornish coast. It is to be found also in Ireland, principally in the south, and the author of this paper met with it in 1901 on the Kenmare River, on the coast of County Kerry. * It has been found, however, at Burrow Head, across Luce Bay from tho Rhinns, by Messrs. Paterson, Mackenzie, and Robertson, Glasgow, about ten years ago. ROCK-SAMPHIIIE. 117. To other two British plants the name of Samphire has been given, namely to the Glasswort, Salicornia herbacea, called the Marsh-Samphire, a succulent, shore-loving plant known to most of us; and secondly, to the Golden Samphire, Inula crithmoides , a rather striking composite, occurring along the English Channel and in the Channel Islands, and, somewhat remarkably, recorded also as having been met with, in years past, in the South of Scotland, in Wigtown and Kirkcudbright. The plant under notice, the Rock-Samphire, is distinguished by having been named in Shakespeare's Play, King Lear (Act iv. 6. 15), and up till not many years ago used to be gathered on the Dover Cliffs, on what was known as Shake- speare's Day. The poet supposes that Edgar is leading Gloucester along, and says — " Come on, sir ; here's the place : stand still. How fearful And dizzy 'tis, to cast one's eyes so low ! The crows and choughs that wing the midway air Show scarce so gross as beetles : half way down Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade ! " In many Scotch Libraries, private as well as public, there is to be found a former " Flora " of this northern division of the kingdom. I refer to the Flora Scotica of Lightfoot, published in 1777, now 130 years ago. In this work we are informed of the finding, in Kilmuir Parish, in the Island of Skye, in bogs near Duntulm Castle there, of that distinguished-looking plant among botanical aristocrats, the Marsh Helleborine Orchis, Epipactis palustris of Crantz, known previously as Serapias longifolia, to which we are now to refer. The only record of the plant from the West of Scotland seems to have been this of Lightfoot's, and we do not learn that anyone has found it since his time, or at least has recorded it as occurring in that quarter. To the satisfaction of the valued botanical referee, our Cor- responding Member, Mr. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., this plant was, at the end of July last, met with growing in an evidently suitable situation in the south-west corner of the Island of Colonsay, on damp, almost marshy, sandy grass-land, well back from undulating dunes lying along the sea-coast. There were 118 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. altogether some ten specimens, several not being likely to flower that year. In the immediate neighbourhood were large quantities of the greater Twayblade, Listcra ovata, R. Br., and abundance also of Orchis pyramidalis , L., with which we in Scotland have but little acquaintance, together with the more widely-distributed Fragrant Orchis, Gymnadenia Conopsea, Benth., with its rich pungent odour. The circumstance of this striking plant (the Epipactis) appear- ing where it did is, as Mr. Bennett remarks, odd, when one comes to look at its European, and especially its Scandinavian distribution, and I cannot help thinking, he adds, that it will be found in one of the other isles between Colonsay and Skye; and, judging from analogy, I should have said it would be more likely to occur in the West of Scotland than in the East. That Epipactis palustris is but a rare plant with us may be gathered from the fact that Professor Trail, in his Topo- graphical Botany of Scotland, is only able to give it for three lowland counties on the east — Berwick, Haddington, and Mid- lothian; from Fife also, and from the three divisions of Perth- shire, in all of which I believe it is a scarce plant. In England it is widely distributed, and recorded as occur- ring in 59 of the 71 vice-counties. In Ireland, Mr. Praeger describes it as a characteristic plant of the Central Plain, thinning out in the north and east. There are five British species of the genus Epipactis, several of them much alike ; palustris, whose habitat is marshy ground, is about a foot high, with stem leafy, flowers few, the outer leaves of the perianth green, striped with red. Orchis plants most commonly rise from ovate or palmate tubers. Of Epipactis, however, and some other genera, e.g., Cephal anther a, the rootstock is a fibrous and creeping one, well seen in Cephalan- thera ensi folia, of which an Arran specimen is shown for comparison. MICK0FUNG1 OBSERVED IN ISLAY. Hi) Microfungi observed in Islay. By D. A. Boyd. [Read 28th May, 1907. J During the month of July, 1905, I spent about twelve days in Islay. Although a considerable amount of time each day during my visit was occupied in cycling from place to place, or in viewing archaeological remains and other objects of interest, I was also able to devote some attention to the botanical features of the island. In the course of my rambles I had often the privilege of being conducted by Dr. Thomas F. Gilmour, Port Ellen, whose keen enthusiasm and ready stores of scientific information rendered these occasions much more pleasant and profitable than they would otherwise have been. When contrasted with the other islands of the Hebridean group, Islay is seen to possess features peculiarly its own. Although it lacks the grandeur of outline characteristic of Arran and Skye, its scenery is so varied, and affords so great a diversity of conditions favourable to plant life, as to render its exploration a source of unfailing enjoyment. Besides pre- senting the general features common to most of the larger islands of the group, Islay is notable for the comparatively great extent of ground which has been put under cultivation, cropped regu- larly from year to year, and brought to a state of fertility highly creditable to the intelligent skill of the local farmers. The flora is therefore more varied, by the occurrence of a larger number of weeds of cultivation, than is usual among the other western islands. Besides the places where my observations were chiefly made, there are many others which would doubtless yield a rich and varied harvest of cryptogamic plants if carefully explored, especially in late autumn. Among such places which await examination may be mentioned the moist woods around Kildalton, Bridgend, and Port Askaig; the extensive tracts of peat moss and stretches of sandy shore between Port Ellen and Bowmore; and the numerous lochs and marshes which occur throughout the island. 120 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. As very little information regarding the mycology of the Hebrides has been placed upon record, the following fragmentary list of Microfungi observed in Islay is offered, in the hope that it may not only possess some interest as a first contribution to the subject to which it relates, but may have the effect of stimulating further research in the same and kindred direc- tions : — Cystopus candidus (Pers.) Lev. — On Capsella Bursa-jxistoris ; Port Ellen. Bremia lactucce, Regel. — On Senecio vulgaris ; The Ard. Peronospora urticce (Lib.) De Bary. — On Urtica wrens; Port Ellen. P. vicice (Berk.) De Bary. — On Pisum sativum ; Ard beg. P. alta, Fckl. — On Plantago major ; Port Ellen, tfec. Ustilago avenai, Jensen. — On Avena sativa ; Port Ellen, tfec. Tilletia decipiens (Pers.) Winter. — On Agrostis vulgaris; Kilbride, Kildalton, alustris ; Port Ellen, Upper Killeyan. P. violce (Schum.) Winter. — On Viola Riviuiana ; Middle Cragabus. P. primnlce (D.C.) Winter. — As Uredo ; on Primula vulgaris; Kildalton. P. rubigo-vera (D.C.) Winter. — As Uredo; on IIolcus lanatus ; Kilbride. P. poarum, Nielsen. — As /Ecidium ; on Tussilago Far tar a ; Port Ellen, ifcc. MICROFUNGI OBSERVED IN ISLAY. 121 P. suaveolens (Pers.) Winter. — As Uredo ; on Ciiicus arvensis ; Port Ellen. P. C CO l— CO OC o C ^"M « - "t rH CI •+ -1 -t ■+ K 1— 1 CO Botanic Gardens. +3 o 1 S « c t- co i- :i ■- -f io cc o o •= O TT Ti a -t -1* c: O !•- C (» o c ■* CI CO — i CO — ■ — ' iQ ^h l~ CO CO co hi M o D o CI S O O ■— i >C r— -h IQ O O t^ O '-' c ■* CI CO ^h 4* ^ CI iO Ol O "f -* 1— 1 j °2 >J o 00 -SOO-*CO»OCOCOCSQOCOCOlO SlflCCWrH-f- CJT^^HIO^CO OS l v. < o ■J fr" « 2 O CO SrH oj co a. 01 o oo cc o o in ei -ocortoooieiMFHtt^ao C*rtMC'*HCNUiH'tCO« l-H OS CO £ . o - <5° «*H CO S CC t^ O C5 •<* IC >H if i- i 00 CO ~* fl CO lO I- O O'O in O CN rH •* CD crJ<01C0tHTt*'HCliOWOifM os o M2 35 «3 ■+3 i— 1 S t^ © i- os co t— co co co o cs r- ~-^>o9ocotO'*!»9'^'*co n ■* ji eo h Tf ^ oi •* o o ■* co co o CO M CO CO Sos©iaiOCCCO>OCS-"fC0COTt< il»-IMrHtCOC)CC[^(MOCO = CO Ol CO «— i CO >— i— it^i— I t* ■>* CO CJ CO CO CO 2« S3 E — C5 00 S-^oc^-tr-cO'-'^x-ft^Os -nio-t-H^iocc-Oit/JON o cq cs CO M +3 OS CO 5 >o os cs — i >o co >o as oc ci oi r— .C CS © C I OS ■— iTjHI^CiOi— 'COCO sT* S^wi>iH«fC5t»a^wt-rH ^t^cocooicocococ— io c-tfOlCC — CO^OIO— <<0"<*iCC — o ^£ 1 Jg 5s i-a - » = 5^ £ S h-s ct, ^ -5h,7 Willi regard to the temperature, it has to be noted that the monthly averages are again high on the whole, and the mean temperature for the year is similar to that of the previous year. There was again an absence of very severe frosts. The ther- mometer in shade was at or below freezing point (32°) on 73 days, though actual frost was only registered on 57 days to the extent of 287°, as compared with 226° on 55 days in 1905. The lowest readings for the year were on the 14th March, when 18° of frost were registered, and on the 16th December, when 16° were noted. Perhaps the most notable feature regarding temperature was the absence of frost during November, while the month of October with only 8°, and January with 9°, are somewhat abnormal conditions. The warmest months were June, July, and August. The average maximum and minimum temperatures wrere respectively 65° and 50°, 64° and 50°, and 64° and 53°; while September, with 62° and 47°, followed closely. The hottest days of the year were, however, in September, when on the 2nd the reading was 80°, and on the 3rd, 82°, in the shade, the thermometer being 4 feet above the ground. It must be remembered, how- ever, that these figures always apply to the preceding 24 hours at 9 a.m., when the daily readings are noted. The maximum thermometer in the shade was only at or above 70° on 4 days in June, 2 days in July, 7 days in August, and 3 days in September. In regard to the barometric readings, the range was exactly 2 inches — the highest, 30' 50 inches, on the 9th April, and the lowest, 28*50 inches, on the 10th February — whereas in 1905 the range was 2 '40 inches. In regard to the winds, though none were specially destructive, there were many gales of some severity. As usual, there was a preponderance of westerly winds. Excluding the direct north and south points, the winds from the western direction prevailed on 278 days, and from the eastern on 80 days. In the previous year the figures were 284 and 81 respectively. The following table regarding temperature may be of interest for comparison: — 138 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 1906. Quern's Park. Maxwell Park. Kelvingrovr Park. Springbuen Park. Alexandra Park. Thermometer (in shade, 4 feet above ground level). Highest reading) of year, .../ 82° on 3rd Sept, 88° on 2nd Sept. 89° on 2nd Sept. 85° on 2nd Sept. 85° on 2nd -Sept. Lowest do. 14° on 14th Mar. 15° on 26th Dec. 14° on 14th Mar. 13° on 14th Mar. 16° on 14th Mar. Number of days^ on which ther- mometer fell V to freezing 73 days 74 days 113 days 86 days 81 days point (32°), ...J Number of days^ on which ther- J mometer did 1 not rise above J 2 days 4 days 7 days 3 days 6 days freezing point J (32°),... .J Degrees of Frost registered — January, 9° on 4 days 13° on 4 days 25° on 7 days 24° on 8 days 45° on 13 days February, . . . 92 .. 19 „ 64 „ 15 .. 130 ii 23 ii 130 .. 24 „ 97 ii 18 n March, 60 M 10 M 41 ,. 9 ii 99 ., 20 ,. 69 .. 15 .. 54 H 14 ii April, 12 m 6 ii 29 ,. 9 „ 67 .. 16 .. 18 ii o H 17 .. 7 ii May, 4 .. 2 ii 6 ii 3 n 17 ii 1 " 7 .. 3 - 2 ii 2 ii June, ... • ... ... ... July, ... ... ... ... ... August, ... ... ... ... ... September, ... ... ... ... ... ... October, 8° on 2 days 13° on 4 days 13° on 3 days 6° on 2 days 5s on 3 days November, ... * > • 12 „ 4 „ 23 .1 8 ii 1 ii 1 day 4 H 4 n December, ... 102 m 14 .. 114 H 13 ., 130 H 18 „ 105 ii 14 days 63 .. 12 n Total frost re- ) gistered, ... ) 287° on 57 days 292° on 61 days 504° on 99 days 360° on 72 days 287° on 73 days NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 139 Glasgow Gkkkn. Bellahouston Park. Tollcross Park. Ruchjll Park. Botanic Gardens. George Square. 90° on 3rd Sept. 80' on 2nd Sept. 89° on 2nd Sept. 89° on 3rd Sept. 89° on 2nd Sept. 81° on 2nd Sept. 17° on 14th Mar. 14° on 14th Mar. 10° on 14th Mar. 13° on 14th Mar. 18° on 26th Dec. 19° on 14th Mar. 46 days 94 days 77 days 84 days 98 days 59 days 3 day 8 3 days 3 days 4 days 5 days 3 days 6° on 3 days 20° on 7 days 24° on 6 days J 8° on 5 days 20° on 6 days 10* on 4 days 59 ,i 14 „ 131 „ 23 n 53 ii 13 ii 87 .. 18 I. 70 .. 19 .. 55 ii 14 ii 40 ii 6 „ 81 ,. 14 „ 65 n 13 ii 91 .1 16 ,, 33 n 11 ii 43 ,. 9 ii 6 ii 3 it 22 „ 8 „ 32 „ 10 „ 23 ,. 6 „ 24 ,, 11 „ 16 „ 7 .. ... 4 ., 2 ,, 7 ii 3 H 9 ., 3 „ 6 ii 3 ii 9 9 r-1 «! H W < (/J H H > P-i o - W *»! 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Fckl. — In woods. Ascophore springs from an externally black sclerotium attached to rhizome of Anemone nemorosa. S. trifoliorum, Eriksson. — Ascophore springs from a small black sclerotium on dead leaves and roots of cultivated clover and other allied leguminous plants. *S. sclerotiorum (Lib.) Massee. — Ascophore springs from a black sclerotium formed in stems of potato, cabbage, beet, and other plants. S. Candolleana (Lev.) Fckl. — Ascophore grows from a small black sclerotium on fallen leaves of chestnut and oak. S. filipes (Phil.) Sacc. — Ascophore developed from a wrinkled, black, nearly globose sclerotium amongst vegetable frag- ments in a damp situation. *S. Curreyana (Berk.) Karst. — Ascophore grows from Sclerotium roseum, Kneiff, in dead culms of Juncus communis. III. CONIDIAL FORM ONLY KNOWN. S. fructigena, Rehm. — Conidia (Monilia fructigena, Pers.) are developed on the fruit and leaves of apples and pears ; and thick, black, wrinkled sclerotia are produced in the fruit. S. Douglassi, Massee. — Conidia (Botrytis Douulassi, Tubeuf) and minute black sclerotia are produced on living twigs and youngest internodes of seedling Abies Douglasii and Sequoia gigantea. S. galanthina, Ludwig. — Conidia (Botrytis galanthina, Berk.) are developed on bulbs and leaves, and minute black sclerotia are produced in decaying leaves and outer bulb-scales, of Galanthus nivalis. S. paionioe, Massee. — Conidia [Botrytis pazoniaz. Oud.) are developed on the stems, and minute black sclerotia are produced in the tissues, of living pseonies. S. parasitica, Massee. — Conidia (Botrytis parasitica, Cavara) are developed on leaves, stems, and flowers, and sclerotia are produced in the parenchyma of the bulbs, of cultivated tulips. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIPTEROUS FAMILY PHORID^E. 153 The following have been found on species of Vaccinium on the continent. They have not yet been observed in Britain, but may possibly occur in Scotland. In each case, conidia of the type of Oidium are produced on the host-plant ; while sclerotia are formed in the berries, and the ascophores appear in spring. S. umula, Rehm. — Conidia developed on the surface of dark- brown blotches or spots on leaves and young stems of Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea. S. oxy cocci, Wor. — Conidia on the leaves and young branchlets of V. Oxycoccos. S. megalospora, Wor. — Conidia on the nerve of the under-side of leaves of V. uliginosum. Some Observations on the Dipterous Family Phoridae. By J. R. Malloch. |Read 27th January, 1908.] The Phoridce have been much neglected by dipterists until quite recently, possibly owing to the small size and minute distinctions of the species. The recent monograph by Becker on the group, gave an impetus to the study of these insects, and at present Dr. J. H. Wood, of Hereford, is engaged in working out the numerous British species. In the last published list of British Diptera 40 species are given, one of which, Phora jlorea, F., is a synonym of P. abdominalis, Fin., and several others are included as doubtful. At present I have 52 species taken in this locality (Bonhill). These include three species, viz., P. cubitalis, Beck., P. costalis, von Ros, and P. sordida, Ztt., which I recorded for the first time as British in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, and a large number of species that are still undescribed. One species, P. pubericornis, I took here in October, 1907, and described in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine for January, 1908. 154 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. To prevent the following notes being of an uninteresting and formal nature, I purpose to give them as nearly as possible in accordance with the time of the insect's appearance, and not with the order of its sequence in the list of species. The insects are to be found during the whole year, and in almost all situations, but in this as in other genera, some species have their particular habits. Where any particular species is found, in general it occurs commonly. The food of the species is very varied, and though the great majority of the species are unknown in the larva stage, from those that are known it may be inferred that they mostly feed upon carrion, putrid matter, fungi, snails (P. maculata), :- Fucomyia Jrigida, Fin., - June — Augt. Cardross;Gailes; Troon. April. Dunure. Fam. Helomyzid^e. * Helomyza rufa, Fin., *H. similis, Mg., H. Icevifrons, Lw., *H. Zetterstedtii, Lw., *H. Jlavifrons, TAX., - *Allophyla ati'icomis, Mg., *CEcothea fenestralis, Fin., * Eccoptomera longiseta, Mg., * Blepharoptera inscripta, Mg., B. serrata. L.. - *i?. modesta, Mg., * Heteromyza commixta. Coll., *Tephrochlamys canescens, Mg. ritfiventris, Mg., *T.jlavipes, Ztb., June — July. Mill Pin., Cadder ; Mount Stuart. Augt. — Sept. Finnich Glen ; Gorge of Avon. J uly — Sept. Luss Glen ; Woodend Loch ; Glen Massan ; Craigallion Loch ; Blairmore ; Frankfield. July — Sept. Glen Massan ; Gorge of Avon; West Kil- bride. June, Inch Connachan. June — July. Inverkip ; Mount Stuart. June. Monkd. CI. July. Mount Stuart. May — July. Glen Massan ; Gorge of Avon ; Monkd. CI. March — July. Murroch Glen ; Dennistoun (indoors); Frank- field ; Mount Stuart. April. July — Oct. Erskine ; Blair- more. July — Sept. Gorge of Avon ; South Bute. Oct. Garscube Est. Fam. Sciomyzid^:. *Actora cestuum, Mg., *(Edoparea buccata, Fin., - Augt. Gailes. July — Augt. Mount Stuart; South Bute ; Cardross. 166 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Dryomyza flaveola, F., D. decrejrita, Ztt., Neuroctena anilis, Fin., *>Sciomyza cinerella, Fin., - *JS. pallidiventris, Fin.. S. albocostata, Fin., - Phceomyia fuscipennis, Mg. Tetanocera elata, F.. T. IcBvifrons, Lw., T. sylvatica, Mg., *T. unicolor, Lw., T. ferruginea, Fin.- — robusta, Lw., I7, coryleti, Scop., ^. umbrarum, L., *^ZT. punctulata, Scop., Limnia unguicornis, Scop., *L. oblitera, F., Elgiva albiseta, Scop., E. dorsalis, F. *E. lineata, Flu., */?. cucularia, L., Gen. dist. Gen. dist. Gen. dist. July. Mt. Stuart. July. Mt. Stuart. Augt. Gorge of Avon. June — July. Glen Massan ; South Bute ; Blairmore. Gen. dist. Gen. dist. Gen. dist. June — July. Murroch Glen ; Frankfield ; Possil M. ; Kil- chattan Bay. Gen. dist. June — July. Possil M.; Holy Loch; Mill Pin., Cadder; Cambuslang ; Glen Massan. July. Glen Massan. June — July. Troon. July. Mount Stuart. July. Kilchattan Bay. J une — August. Frankfield ; Glen Massan; Murroch Glen; Monkd. CI. June — August. Bowling ; Frankfield ; Possil M. : Langbank. July — Sept. Glen Massan ; Bishop Loch ; South Bute ; Holy Loch. April. Stepps Wood. Psila fimetaria, L., P. rufa, Mg., - P. pallida^ Fin., Fam. Psilid^e. - Gen. dist. - June. Hawkhead Est. - July. Cambuslang. THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 167 P. rosce, F., *P. nigricornis, Mg., P. atra, Mg., Loxocera aristata, Pz., *L. albiseta, Schrk., Augt. Dennistoun (indoors) ; Frankfield. June — July. Bowling ; Mount Stuart. June. Frankfield ; Erskine ; Possil M. ; Northfield Moor, Alexandria. July. KilchattanBay; Monkd. CI. ; Glen Massan ; Loch Eck. July. Holy Loch. Fam. Micropezid^e. Calobata petronella, L., - June. Cambuslang ; Massan. Glen Fam. Ortalid^e. *Tetanops myopina, Fin., - - June. Gailes. Rivellia syngenesis F., - - June — July. Luss Glen; Troon; Blairmore ; Holy Loch. Seoptera vibrans, L., - - - July. Strone. Fam. Trypetid^e. *Acidia cognata, W. A. heraclei, L., - *Spilographa Zoe\ Mg., *Trypeta lappce, Cedj., *Tephritis tessellata, Lw., - T. leontodontis, Deg., July. Mill Pin., Cadder; Possil M. Augt. Crookston. J une. Bowling. July. Mount Stuart. July. Mount Stuart. June. Murroch Glen. Fam. Lonch^eid^e. *Lonchcea vaginalis. Fin., - - June. South Bute. *L. tarsata, Fin., - June. Frankfield. *L. cenea, Mg., - June. Northfield Moor, Alexandria. *L. laticornis, Mg., - July- Mount Stuart ; Loch Eck. 168 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. *Palloptera saltuum, L. P. umbellatarum F., *P. trimacida, Mg., June — July. Mount Stuart ; Possil M. ; Murroch Glen. June — Augt. Troon; Giffnock; Crookston. Gen. dist. Earn. Sapromyzid/e. *Sapromyzadecempunctata, Fin., July. Luss Glen *S. pallidiventris, Fin., S. obsolete,, Fin., S. rorida. Fin., - S. prceusta. Fin., *S. anisodactyla, Lw., *Lauxania cenea, Fin., M. June — Oct. Gen. dist. July — Augt. Possil Cardross ; Holy Loch. Com. and gen. dist. Com. and gen. dist. Oct. Erskine. June — Sept. Hawkhead Est. ; Northfield Moor, Alex- andria ; Dougalston (North) Wood, Milngavie. Fam. OpomyzidtE. *Balioptera tripunctata, Fin., *B. combinata L., Opomyza germinationis, L., *O.Jlorum, F., - April — August. Cardross. June — Sept. Bardowie Loch ; Possil M. ; Murroch Glen ; Hawkhead Est. ; Holy Loch. Com. and gen. dist. Augt. -Sept. CraigallionLoch; Monkd. CI. Fam. Sepsid^ Sepsis cynipsea, L., - X< ii/oj/oda cylindrica, F., - Themira jmtris, L., - *ri T. pilosa, Dsv., Com. and gen. dist. Gen. dist. Julv — Aucjt. Cardross; South Bute. June — August. Northfield Moor, Alexandria ; Dun- donald Glen. Fam. GEOMYZiDiE. *Anthomyza gracilis, Fin.,- - July. South Bute ; Mount Stuart. THE DIPTEKA OF CLYDE. 169 * Paranthomyza nitida, Mg., *Dia$tat<< u nipu aetata, Ztt., *D. inomata, Lw., - June. Erskine. March — August. Dundonald Glen ; Mount Stuart. Sept. West Ferry Wood. Langbank. Fam. EPHYDRID^E. *Notiphila uliginosa, Hal., *iV. riparia, Mg. Le>'> N. cinerea, Fin., Hydrellia griseola, Fin., *H. chrysostoma, Mg., *H. nigripes, Ztt., * Philhydria punctatonervosa. *Parhydra fossarum, Hal. , *P. quadr {punctata, Mg., - *Ilythea sjnlota, Curt., *Camia palustris, Fin., *ScatelIa quadrata, Fin., *S. sorbillans, Hal., - *S. cestuans, Hal.. *S. stagnalis, Fin., - July. Holy Loch. - July. Kilchattan Bay; South Bute; Monkd. CI. - June — Sept. Frankfield; Possil M. ; Bishop Loch. - June. Hawkhead Est. ; Possil M. - Gen. dist. - July. Glen Massan. Fin., July. Mount Stuart. - Feb. — Sept. Bishop Loch ; Cathkin Quarry; Dundonald Glen. - Feb. — July. Cathkin Quarry ; Mill Pin., Gadder ; Murroch Glen ; South Bute. - Sept. Bishop Loch. - May— Sept. Mill Pin., Cadder; Bishop Loch. - Augt. Frankfield. Augt. Cardross. - March — July. South Bute ; Mount Stuart. - April — Septr. Murroch Glen; Bishop Loch ; Cardross ; Frankfield ; Erskine. Fam. Drosophilid^e. *Scaptomyza Jlaveola, Mg. *S. graminum, Fin., July. Mount Stuart. April — Sept. Gen. dist. 170 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. * ' Drosophila transversa, Fin. *D. phalerata, Mg., - *D.fenestrarum, Fin., *D. cameraria, Hal., * Aul 'acig aster rufitarsis. Mcq. June — July. Glen Massan ; NorthfieldMoor, Alexandria; Mount Stuart. Sept. Gorge of Avon. April — June. Murroch Glen. Sept. Dougalston (North) Wood, Milngavie. June. Erskine. Fam. *Meroniyza pratorum, Mg., *M. nigriventrisj Mcq., *Centor cereris, Fin., *C. myopinus, Lw., - *C. nudipes, Lw., *Diplotoxa messoria, Fin., *Chlorops puncticollis, Ztt. *C. speciosa, Mg., *C. lateralis, Hal. — scutellaris, Ztt., *6Y. minuta, Lw., *n» Oscinis frit, L., *Elachyptera cornuta, Fin. CHLOROPIDyE. - June. Troon. - Julv. Mount Stuart. - July. Possil M. ; Holy Loch ; Glen Massan. - July. Possil M. - July — Augt. Holy Loch ; Cardross ; Blairmore ; Kil- chattan Bay. - July. Holy Loch. - June — July. Hawkhead Est.; Mount Stuart. - June — Augt. Monkd. CI. ; Loch Eck ; Possil M. ; Glen Massan ; Cardross. - July. Holy Loch ; Loch Eck. - June — Augt. Holy Loch ; Glen Massan ; Possil M. ; Troon. - Augt. — Sept. Cardross; Bishop Loch. - March. Cadd. Wild. Fam. Agromyzid^e. *Ayromyza reptans, Fin., - - June — Sept. Erskine; Hawk- head Est. - May — June. Carubuslang ; Gorge of Avon. A. nigripes, Mg., THE DIPTERA OF CLYDE. 171 *A. flaveola, Fin., *A. cui'vijjalpis, Ztt.. *A. geniculate,, Fin. — capitata, Ztt.3 *Ceratomyza denticomis. Pz., *Ochthiphila poly stigma, Mg., *0. geniculata, Hal., - *0. Jlavipalpis, Hal., *Schmnomyza litorella, Fin. — fasciata, Mg., July — August. Monkd. CI. ; Blairmore ; Mount Stuart. Juno — July. Mount Stuart; Hawkhead Est. July. GlenMassan; PossilM. July. Holy Loch. July. Mount Stuart. July. Mount Stuart. July— Augt. Mount Stuart ; Gailes. June — Sept. Cardross; Mount Stuart ; Bishop Loch ; Inch Tavannach. Fam. Phytomyzil\e. * Phytomyza notata, Mg., - *P. rufipes, Mg., - . *P. Zetterstedtii, Schin., - Chromatomyia obscurella, Fin. *G. affinis, Mg., *C. albiceps, Mg., May — Sept. Gorge of Avon ; Possil M. ; Hawkhead. August. Possil M. April — June. Possil M. ; Murroch Glen ; Erskine ; Calderwood Glen, E. Kil- bride ; Bowling. April — Octr. Frankfield ; Gorge of Avon ; Erskine ; Monkd. CI. ; Cambuslang ; Hawkhead Est. ; South Bute ; Mount Stuart. July — August. Blairmore ; Murroch Glen. June — July. Possil M. ; Blair- more. Fam. B0RBORID2E. *Borborus nitidus, Mg., *B. niger, Mg., May — Octr. Gen. dist. May. Troon ; Helensburgh Moor ; Gorge of Avon. 172 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. *B suillorum, Hal., - B. equinus, Fin., *B. nigrifemoratus, Mcq. B. geniculatus, Mcq., *S]>hcerocera subsultans, F., *S. pusilla, Fin., *Limosina fontinalis, Fin. , *L. lutosa, Stnh., *L. limosa, Fin., *L. pumilio, Mg., *L. sylvatica, Mg., *L. crassimana, Hal., Feb. — March. Stepps Wood ; Cadd. Wild. Feby. — Novr. Gen dist. July. Mount Stuart. June — Sept. Possil M. ; Dougalston (North) Wood. Milngavie ; Frankfield. June. Erskine ; Monkd. CI. Sept. Murroch Glen. Feb. — Aug. Stepps Wd. ; Cadd. Wild. ; Busby ; Mur- roch Glen ; Rutherglen (T.W.); Frankfield. Sept. Bishop Loch. Sept. Bishop Loch. Feb. and Sept. Cathkin Quarry ; Bishop Loch. Feby. — Sept. Hawkhead Est. ; Monkd. 01. ; Cadder Wild. ; Rutherglen (T.W.) ; North- field Moor, Alexandria. Feby. — Aug. Bishop Loch ; Frankfield ; Cadd. Wild. Fam. PiiORiDiE. *Trinuera aterrima, F. stictica, Mg., *T. velutina, Mg., *T. Schirieri, Beck., *Phora rujipes, Mg., *P. projecta, Beck., June — August. Helensburgh Moor; Frankfield; Mount Stuart. June. Hawkhead Est. ; Stepps Wood. A pril — May. Stepps Wood ; Frankfield. Feb. — March. Stepps Wood ; Dennistoun (indoors). March — Oct. Stepps Wood ; Erskine : Frankfield. AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OP THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 173 Fam. HiPPOBOSdDiE. * Melophagus ovinus, L., - - Feb. —March. Carntyne; Riddrie. Note. — Additional species occurring in ''Clyde" will be found in Mr. J. R. Malloch's contributions ("Diptera in Dumbartonshire) to the Ent. Mo. Mag., viz., vol. xvii. (second series), 1906, pp. 41, 233, 257, and 276; and vol. xviii., pp. 43 and 86. Erratum. Ante, vol. viii. (N.S.), part I. — Page 19, line 1, for "tarsalis, Schum.," read "discimanus, Lw." Autumn and Winter Bird-Life of the Fairlie Shore. By Robert W. S. Wilson. [Read Slst March, 1908.] Unlike some other parts of Ayrshire, notably Lendalfoot and Beith, the Fairlie district has never been fortunate in possessing a resident historian of its avifauna, and consequently but little has been published on this subject. The recently published "List of the Birds of Ayrshire-' by the Glenfield Ramblers' Club, Kilmarnock, does not contain any information regarding this district, but remarks, when speaking of Mr. Charles Berry's observations at Lendalfoot, that "It is much to be regretted that a similar series of notes is not available from some locality near the other end of the Ayrshire seaboard, where the different nature of the shore is more attrac- tive to certain types of birds." The following notes refer principally to the period from 1901. and are the result of the many visits I have paid to this district 174 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. during that time. As these visits have always been in the months from August till February inclusive, I have been unable to deal with the bird-life of the spring and summer months. In preparing these notes, I have confined myself to those species of birds which have been observed on the line of shore between the villages of Fairlie and Portincross, taking in the fields and woods which lie within a hundred yards of it, and also part of Fairlie Roads. The number of species recorded is 114. To Mr. John Paterson and Mr. John Robertson, and also to Mr. Robert Millar, gamekeeper at Hunterston, I am indebted for much valuable information. Between Fairlie and Brigaird Spit the receding tide lays bare a vast area of sand and mud, which proves very attractive to the wild-fowl that annually visit this locality, but does not help the observer, as birds are easily passed by when scattered over so large an area. I have found that from about an hour before high-water to an hour after then is the best time to see what waders and ducks may be present ; and if the observer takes his stand at Brigaird Point at a suitable time, the best being when the tide is beginning to ebb about an hour before sunset, he will often see almost the whole feathered population of the Fairlie Sands pass before him. Mistle Thrush, Turdus viscivorus, Linn. — Common, especially during hard frost. Song-Thrush, Turdus musicus, Linn. — Abundant in autumn, and not uncommon in winter. fBoth species occur in winter, PvEowing, Turdus iliacus, Linn. — , , ,-,. , -, „ , . ,, ' ... i the field tare being the more Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, Linn. — i j ,,, r \ abundant of the two. Blackbird, Turdus merula, Linn. — The most abundant of all the thrushes here. Wheatear, Saxicola oznanthe (Linn.). — Numerous in August and September, but all have disappeared by the 7th October. Whinchat, Pratincola rubetra (Linn.). — A few to be seen in the autumn. Stonechat, Pratincola rubicola (I jinn.). — Rather rare; I have seen it in the months of September, October, and December. AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 175 Redstart, Ruticilla phcenicurus (Linn.). — This species has only come under my observation on one occasion, namely, on 6th August, 1906. when I observed two at the Burnfoot Point, Fairlie. Redbreast, Erithacus rubecula (Linn.). — Common. Wiiitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein). — Common in August among the tangled vegetation ; few are seen after mid- September. Golden-crested Wren, Regulus cristatus, K. L. Koch. — Occurs in the Hunterston Woods. Willow Wren, Phylloscojjus trochilus (Linn.). — An abundant species in August and beginning of September. Sedge- Warbler, Acrocephahis phragmitis (Bechstein). — Not common, owing to the scarcity of suitable resorts ; a few mav be seen in a marsh at Brisraird Point. Hedge-Sparrow, Accentor modularis (Linn.). — Common. Dipper, Cinches aquaticus, Bechstein. — Always a few about the burn-mouths ; and I once saw one flying over the house-tops in Fairlie, which is rather a peculiar place for this bird to be seen in. Long-tailed Tit, Acredula rosea (Blyth). — Observed occasionally on the trees at Poteath, and Mr. John Robertson has seen it near Portincross. Great Titmouse, Parus major, Linn. — Common. Coal Titmouse, Parus ater, Linn. — Occurs at Hunterston. Marsh-Titmouse, Parus palustris, Linn. — Mr. John Paterson saw several at Ardneil Bank, near Portincross, on January 1st, 1897; and he mentions that it was recorded on the authority of Mr. Walter Brown on 4th April, 1892, on the occasion of an excursion of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society to this district. Blue Titmouse, Parus cwruleus, Linn. — Common. Wren, Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. — A common bird about the dry-stone dykes along the shore. Tree-Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Linn. — Mr. John Robertson has seen this bird within a short distance of the shore near Goldenberry. Pied Wagtail, Motacilla lugubris, Temminck. — Abundant along high-water mark from August to October ; rare in winter. 176 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOAV. White Wagtail, Motacilla alba, Linn. — A regular autumn visitor, occurring in small parties at the end of August and throughout September, being most numerous in the latter month. They resort chiefly to the high-water mark, the attraction being the abundance of flies there. Grby Wagtail, Motacilla melanope, Pallas. — Not uncommon about the mouths of the various burns along the shore. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla raii (Bonaparte). — This local species is common in August and September, occurring singly and in small parties. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis (Linn.). — Fairly abundant. Rock-Pipit Anthus obscurus (Latham). — An abundant bird from autumn till spring. Spotted Flycatcher, Musclcapa grisola, Linn. — A few to be seen in autumn. Swallow, Hirundo rustica, Linn. — Common in autumn. House-Martin, Chelidon urbica (Linn.). — Common; many pairs nest in Fairlie. and the young birds are frequently not out of the nest in the beginning of October. Sand-Martin, Cotile riparia (Linn.). — Rather a scarce species on this shore. Greenfinch, Ligurinus chloris (Linn.). — Common. House Sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linn.). — Abundant. Chaffinch, Fringilla cozlebs, Linn. — Common. Linnet, Linota cannabina (Linn.). — Occurs in small parties in the autumn, and sometimes in winter. Lesser Hedpole, Linota r uf escens (VieiWot). — Common in autumn, and often seen in winter. Twite, Linota Jlavirostris (Linn.). — Common; 50 or 60 birds are frequently seen together. A more abundant bird than the Linnet hereabouts. Bullfinch, Pyrrhula europo3a, Vieillot. — Have only once observed this species on the shore here ; on 23rd November two were seen on the roadside near Southannan. Corn-Bunting, Emberiza miliaria^ Linn. — Not uncommon in autumn. Yellow Bunting. Emberiza citrinella, Linn. — Common. Reed Bunting, Embcriza schocniclus, Linn. — Occasionally seen. AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 177 Snow Bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). — Occurs occasionally in small parties in winter, November 1st being the earliest date I have of its arrival. Starling, Stumus vulgaris, Linn. — Very abundant. In the warm days of autumn the shore often swarms with Starlings hawking after flies, in the same manner as the more agile Swallows. Magpie, Pica rustica (Scopoli). — I have seen this bird on one occasion near Hunterston, and believe it to be a scarce species hereabouts. Jackdaw, Corvus monedula, Linn. — Abundant, the cliffs north of Portincross being a favourite resort. Raven, Corvus corax, Linn. — On September 1st, 1907, Mr. John Robertson saw a pair flying inland near the Black Rock ; and Mr. Millar tells me he has, on several occasions, observed a pair flying in the same direction. Carrion-Crow, Corvus corone, Linn. — Often seen on the flats, generally in pairs. Rook, Corvus frugilegus, Linn. — Abundant ; numbers cross Fairlie Roads from the Great Cumbrae every morning, returning in the late afternoon, when they often have a rough passage if the prevailing winds from the south- west and west are blowing strongly. Skylark, Alauda arvensis, Linn. — A few are always about the shore, but after a fall of snow inland they become very numerous. On the morning of the great blizzard of wind and snow on 26th December, 1906, I watched a great move- ment of this species in a westerly direction (see Annals of Scottish Natural History, 1907). Swift, Cypselus apus (Linn.). — Abundant in August, but rarely seen after September 1st. In the fine September of last year (1907), however, a few remained rather later, the last being observed on the 22nd September, a late date. Nightjar, Caprimulgus eurojXBus, Linn. — Mr. Robert Millar has heard this bird in August at Hunterston. Kingfisher, Alcedo ispida, Linn. — Mr. Robert Millar tells me of one occurrence of this bird at the Green Point. Barn-Owl, Strix flammea, Linn. — On 22nd October, 1904, Mr. Knox Whyte shot one in Poteath Bay as it was hovering 178 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. over his dog at flight time. In September, 1907, Mr. John Robertson drew my attention to the note of an Owl which he believed to be this species, and since then I have frequently heard the same note behind Fairlie, but never have been able to trace the bird. Mr. Millar is quite familiar with this bird at Hunterston. Long-Eared Owl, Asio otus (Linn.). — In the fine evenings of early autumn I have frequently seen this species hawking about the shore. Tawny Owl, Syrnium aluco, (Linn.). — Fairly common ; several may be heard hooting to each other on a still evening. Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter nisus (Linn.). — A frequent visitor to the shore, where it finds abundance of spoil among the small birds. Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, Tunstall. — This bird is now but an occasional visitor, and the famous eyrie at Ardneil, where, from time immemorial, the Peregrine had its home, is now deserted ; but the estate of Hunterston must ever be associated with this falcon. I have observed it on three occasions onlv. On 25th December, 1901. one was seen at the Black Rock ; on 4th October, 1902, while lying up at Brigaird, waiting for the flight of Curlews from Fence Bay, I was startled by the sudden swoop of a fine blue-backed male at a small wader standing in a pool of water within 20 yards of where I was concealed ; and on September 30th, 1905, two, in brown immature plumage, were noticed at Poteath Bay. One October evening in 1906, at Poteath, a Peregrine made a dash at the Tam-o'- Shanter worn by a well-known Fairlie wild-fowler, who was snugly ensconsed in the heart of a whin bush, from which projected his conspicuous head-gear ; but for what queer kind of fowl the falcon mistook the latter, I am not prepared to say. Merlin, Falco cesalon, Tunstall. — Frequently seen in autumn, and occasionally in winter. It preys chiefly on Dunlins and small birds ; these it fairly flies down, not pouncing unex- pectedly on them, as that feathered sneak, the Sparrow Hawk, does. Swallows give it considerable trouble to take ; and I have seen several long-continued flights out over AUTUMN AND WINTEft BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 179 Fairlie Roads after these birds, the hawk making repeated stoops, and just as often missing its intended victim, until the latter became tired out, and was then easily taken. Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, Linn. — Not uncommon. Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). — A common bird here. Many follow the flounders which come in with the rising tide. As can readily be imagined, they find this fish some- what difficult to swallow ; one Cormorant which I watched took about ten minutes over the operation. Gannet, Sula bassana (Linn. ). — Common in Fairlie Roads until the end of October, when it disappears ; and few, if any, are seen until the end of February, when it reappears. Common Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn. — Frequents the shore all the year round. There is a small heronry of at least a dozen occupied nests in Kelburne, behind Fairlie, from whence the birds flight down to the shore at sunset with great regularity. Grey Lag-Goose, Anser cinereus, Meyer. — Gaggles of Grey Geese on the wing are not an uncommon sight in this district ; but, as they rarely alight on the flats in the day- time, I have, so far, been unable to determine to what species they belong. On 13th November, 1908, Mr. Knox White shot a young Grey Lag at flight-time at the Black Rock, and saw another in its company (see Annals of Scottish Natural History , January, 1907). Barnacle-Goose, Bernicla leucopsis (Bechstein). — In October, 1903, a small gaggle of this species remained for a few days, and three were shot ; this is the only occurrence I know of. Brent Goose. Bernicla brenta (Pallas). — This is a well-known species at Fairlie, and varies greatly in numbers in (afferent Years; and the old wild-fowlers tell me that the Bernacle. as they call it, came in much greater numbers in former days. They usually appear at the end of December, but I observed one on 2nd September, 1905 — a very early date. Bewick's Swan, Cygnus bewicki, Yarrell. — On 1st January, 1907, T saw three wild Swans in Fence Bay, which I took to be of this species, but I could not get near enough to them to make sure of their identity. E 180 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Common Sheld-duck, Tadorna cornuia (S. G. Gmelin). — In the beginning of August, broods of young, accompanied by their parents, are common about the shore, where they remain till the end of October, and then depart ; but some reappear in January, and many in February, when bunches, containing up to 50 birds, are to be seen in Poteath and Fence Bays. Mallard, Anas boscas, Linn. — A few parties of local birds are usually about in August and September. In October it becomes more abundant by the arrival of others from the north ; and this month sees an alteration in their habits, as they become almost entirely night-feeders, and are not so often seen on the flats in the daytime as they were earlier in the season. They generally go inland at night when the the weather is open, and resort to the small sheets of water among the hills, and also to the potato-fields ; but in frosty weather they betake themselves to the burns running through the Zoslei^a-heds when the tide is low. Teal, Nettion crecca (Linn.). — Fairly common in September and October, and only numerous in winter, when hard weather prevails inland. Wigeon, Mareca penelope (Linn.). — The most abundant of all the ducks here. Small parties make their appearance in September, the earliest date I have being the 1 2th ; and their numbers gradually increase in October and November reaching the maximum in December. At first they mostly feed in Poteath Bay, but with the turn of the year Fence Bay becomes more popular with them. If the tide happens to be out about an hour after sunset, when they flight in from the sea, they alight on the beds of Zostera, far out from the shore ; but as the night wears on, they approach the shore edges, and may then be seen, if the moon is shining, within 50 yards of the public road bordering Fence Bay. No bird is perhaps better known here than the Wigeon ; and although the main object of pursuit of a number of keen wild-fowlers, I very much question if 10 per cent, of their numbers are shot in a season. Tufted Duck, Fuligula cristata (Leach). — Rather rare here, but occasionally a solitary bird is observed. I have only once come across a number together, namely, one frosty morning in November, when about 40 were noticed at the Black Rock. AUTUMN AND WINTER BTIID LTFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 181 Scaup-Duck, Fuligula marila (Linn.). — On 16th February, 1907, after a spell of stormy weather, Mr. Alexander Ross and I saw a party of six in Fence Bay — the only occurrence I know of. Golden Eye. Clangula glaucion (Linn.). — Not very common ; a few about Brigaird Point from October onwards, generally adult males. Red-Breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator, linn. — A common bird here all the autumn, and slightly less so in the winter. Many young birds, unable to fly, are regularly seen in August and September. Ring-Dove, Columba palumbus, Linn. — Not so common as it used to be, owing, I am told, to the farmers having ceased to sow rape after the potato crop ; but it still remains numerous enough for all concerned. Stock-Dove, Columba oenas, Linn. — Only within recent years has this species become common here, as it was entirely unknown fifteen years ago. It is now well known, and flocks of 15 to 25 birds are often seen feeding in the fields. Together with the Ring-Doves, they come down to the shore shortly after sunrise, to pick gravel and drink the brackish water, and are frequently seen crossing Fairlie Roads to the Cumbraes. Rock-Dove, Columba livia, Gmelin. — On 2nd January, 1905, I flushed one from the shore at the Green Point. Red-Grouse, Lagopus scoticus (Latham). — Although I never actually observed this bird on the shore, it occurs very close to it, and may be heard from there. The Black Grouse is to be met with further inland. Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, Linn. — Frequently visits the shore. Partridge, Perdix cinerea, Latham. — Common close by the shore. Corn-Crake, Crex pratensis, Bechstein. — I have heard this bird calling at Hunterston as late as the 6th August. Water-Rail, Rallus aquaticus, Linn. — I know of only two occurrences of this species. One was shot by Mr. Neilson on 7th November, 1903, at Poteath; and another was obtained by Mr. R. Garry in February, 1907, at Fencefoot. 182 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Moor-Hen, Gall inula chloropus, (Linn.). — Not uncommon in the small marshes close by the shore. Kinged Plover, Jfigialitis hiaticola (Linn.). — Very common. Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. — Flocks of these birds appear with great regularity in September and October. In winter, when the weather is open, few are to be seen ; but a change to frost or snow never fails to bring them down to the shore with a rush. Grey Plover, Squatarola helvetica (Linn.). — Appears to be a regular autumn visitor in scanty numbers, October or November being the months in which it is usually observed. I have seen it as early as 6th September, and as late as 2nd February. First noticed in 1904, it has occurred every year since. Lapwing, Vanellus vulgaris, Bech stein. — A very abundant bird here ; sometimes in October and November the shore simply swarms with them. During continued frosty weather they disappear, but with the return of open weather they re- appear, though always in lessened numbers. They become very lively at dusk, when they come trooping down to the flats, turning and twisting about, and calling loudly to each other. Turnstone, Strepsilas interpres (Linn.). — From the middle of August till the end of the season, a few frequent the rocky shore about Brigaird Point ; but they never occur in such large numbers as in some other parts of the Clyde area. Oyster - Catcher, Hcematopus ostralegus, Linn. — About 200 Oyster-catchers spend the winter on the Fairlie sands, feeding when the tide is out, and crossing to the Little Cumbrae at high water. Some evidently nest on this shore, for I have seen the young, still in down, at Brigaird Point in August. Woodcock, Scolopax rusticula, Linn. — Common enough in several parts of this district, I am told ; but it is not often seen on the shore, and I have only come across it on two occasions. Common Snipe, Gallinago ccslestis (Frenzel). — Generally a few occur in certain favoured spots, always becoming more numerous during hard weather. Many come out to the flats AUTUMN AND WINTER BIRD-LIFE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 183 after dark, and even in the day-time some are to be seen about the tangle covered rocks, where I have noticed them retreating before the advancing tide. Jack Snipe, Gallinago gallinula (Linn.). — Not abundant on the shore ; I have seen an odd one now and then from October onwards. Dunlin, Tringa alpina, Linn. — This is a species which varies much in numbers in different years, being very abundant in some seasons and quite the reverse in others. Last season (1907-8) they were very scarce ; during August and September, only solitary birds were noticed • and although they became much more numerous after October, they did not occur in anything like their usual numbers. Purple Sandpiper, Tringa striata, Linn. — Evidently a rare bird here. Mr. John Paterson observed three on the rocky shore at Portincross on January 2nd, 1899. Knot, Tringa canutus, Linn. — A regular autumn visitor, arriving from the 16th of August onward, and remaining till about the middle of November, when all have passed on ; but they are again observed at the end of February, on their way north. Thev are the most numerous of the Arctic waders here, 50 or 60 birds being frequently seen together, and are usually very tame. I have but rarely heard this bird utter its note, and think it one of the most silent of ail the waders. Common Sandpiper, Totanus Kypoleucus, (Linn.). — Occurs in August and September in small numbers. Redshank, Totanus calidris (Linn.). — Abundant. Often at full tide I have seen a large flock of these birds, numbering from two to three hundred, flvinsr about the Black Rock. This is quite contrary to the experience of a well-known wild- fowler, who denies the fact, often alluded to, of the Redshank gathering into large flocks. Greenshank, Totanus canescens (Gmelin). — A regular autumn visitor, occurring sometimes as early as August 4th, and frequently seen till October. In winter it is rare, and I have only observed it in December on one occasion. No bird is more wary than the Greenshank, in my experience, not even excepting the Curlew, which has acquired a great and well-merited reputation in this respect. 184 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Bar-Tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica (Linn.). — Fairly common some seasons and in others rare. It is most frequent in the three autumn months, but an odd bird occurs now and then till the end of February. Sixteen is the largest group I have seen together. Common Curlew, Numenius arquata (Linn.). — A very abundant species from autumn to spring. During August and September they go inland at high water, and begin to return to the flats about two hours after the beginning of the ebb, flighting down in flocks from twenty to one hundred strong. As nearly all use the same route, it is possible at this season to form an estimate of their numbers. After observing them closely for the last seven years, I would say that the average autumn Curlew population of the Fairlie sands is between six and seven hundred indi- viduals. After October they do not go inland so much, and it is therefore not so easy to judge what the winter population is. From this change of habit, and their perceptibly increased tameness in this month, when they will fly over certain parts which, owing to the attentions of the shore-shooters, were shunned weeks before, I believe that the birds present in autumn depart about the middle of this month (October), and are replaced by others from the north. Curlews seem to depend on their great powers of sight for their protection, and not on any sense of smell. One very hot day in August, a Curlew alighted,, and com- menced to bathe itself in a pool of water, within three feet of a stone butt within which I was concealed : and although I watched it for nearly ten minutes ducking its breast in the water, and allowing the latter to trickle over its shoulders, it was not until I showed myself that a much- startled Curlew flew shrieking away. Whimbrel, Numenius j^hreomis (Linn.). — A few are seen up till October every year, generally solitary birds. They appear with great regularity in the first week of August. Common Tern, Sterna Jiuviatilis, Naumann. — Common in flocks in August and the first half of September. Though con- stantly on the outlook for its near relative, the Arctic Tern, I have not yet managed to identify it here. AUTUMN AND WINTER BlRD-LlPE OF THE FAIRLIE SHORE. 185 Black-Headed Gull, Larus ridibundus, Linn. ( Both very com- Common Gull, Larus camis, Linn. I mon birds here. Herring-Gull, Larus argentatus, Gmelin. — By far the most abundant gull on this shore, very large numbers being con- stantly seen. On their daily journey from the inland fields to the flats, this and the preceding two species use the same route with such great regularity that the part of the shore over which they pass has become known as the "Gulls' Walk." Lesser Black-Backed Gull, Larus fuscus, Linn. — Common till October, when they depart, and are not observed till the return of spring. Great Black-Backed Gull, Larus marinus, Linn. — One or two of these fine birds are generally to be seen beating along the margin of the tide in search of flotsam and jetsam. Kittiwake Gull, Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). — Common in Fairlie Roads. Pomatorhine Skua, Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Temminck). — On February 17th, 1904, Mr. Robert Godfrey picked up a dead example of this bird at Hunterston (Annals of Scottish Natural History for 1904, page 192). Richardson's Skua, Stercorarius crejridatus (Gmelin). — Since November 1st, 1902, when I obtained one at Brigaird Point, I have seen it on some half-dozen occasions, once as early as August 13th, 1904. All the birds seen were in the dark phase of plumage. Razorbill, Alca torda, Linn. ( Both common species in the autumn Guillemot, Uriatroile (Linn.). I months in Fairlie Roads. Addenda. Since this paper was read to the Society, two additional species have come under my notice. On September 25th, 1909, I observed a Common Buzzard, Buteo vulgaris. Leach, soaring over the rising ground behind Poteath Bay, just outside our limit; and in the same month I obtained a Puffin, Fratercula arctica (Linn.). — a bird of the year— off Brigaird Spit. The Common Buzzard is a rare species over the most of Ayrshire; but the Puffin no doubt occurs frequently with the Guillemot and the Razorbill in Fairlie Roads. 186 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Notes on Leaf-sections of Polytrichum. By John R. Lee. [Read 23rd June, 1908.] The Polytrichacea? represent the highest type of organisation amongst Mosses ; and, in fact, present us with the most highly organised form of the gametophyte or sexual generation in plants. Not only is there a robustness of aspect in most of the species, which is almost unique, but the histology of the stems and leaves presents a complexity of structure far surpassing that of any other group of the Bryophyta. Although it cannot be said that there is anything quite comparable with the elaborate ribro-vascular tissues of the plant-body in Phanerogams and Pteridophytes, yet there are present in the conductive system of the Polytrichacese elements which recall the fibres, vessels, and and sieve-tubes of the higher plants, and have, in fact, been regarded as analogous structures by some observers. Connected with this highly-specialised conductive system, it is not surprising to find a type of leaf-structure more elaborate than is usual amongst the other groups of mosses. Although, in general, the central mib-rib or " nerve " of the leaf presents a certain amount of complexity, yet in the great majority of mosses the leaf is extremely simple in structure, the greater part usually consisting of a simple plate of cells, filled with chloroplastids. In the Polytrichacese, on the other hand, the " nerve,'"' which is unusually large, bears, on it ventral surface, a number of plates, or "lamelke," running j)arallel to each other in a longitudinal direction, and appearing in transverse section as a series of upright rows of cells. In the genus Catharinea, these lamellae are few in number — not more than four or six — and are compara- tively narrow, the broad lamina of the leaf considerably exceeding the lamellae in extent of surface ; while the ceils of the lamella?, as well as those of the leaf-blade itself, contain abundant chloro- phyll. In the genus PolytricJium, on the other hand, the lamella? are very numerous — as many as sixty in P. commune — and are the only chlorophyllose parts of the leaf, the lamina being in many cases reduced to a very narrow wing at the extreme edge of the extended i; nerve." NOTES ON LEAP-SECTIONS OF POLYTRICHUM. 187 The position of the lamellae, when the leaves are expanded in the moist condition, is evidently an adaptation to their function as the assimilatory tissue-system of the plant. They then stand vertically upon the expanded leaf, with their surfaces in line with the incident light-rays. The arrangement, in fact, strongly recalls the " palisade cells " in the ordinary bifacial leaf of dicotyledons. Like all mosses, the species of Poly trichum are liable to loss of water during dry weather, and are well adapted to endure desiccation. Their elaborate leaf-structure presents some inter- esting points of adaptation to such conditions. In all the species there is a broad sheathing leaf-base, from which the lamellae are for the greater part absent, the lamina being here expanded, and consisting of thin-walled hyaline cells. In some species — as, for example, in P. juniperinum — this sheathing base is not very extensive ; and, in that case, the marginal ring is broader, and folds over the lamellae in the dry condition. In other cases, the leaves become closely adpressed to the stem, thus affording a similar protection to the lamellae. This movement of the leaves is due in large measure to contraction of the sheathing base, owing to the withdrawal of water from the thin-walled tissue of which it is composed, but also in part to contraction of the lamellae them- selves from a similar cause. The cells of the lamellae are mostlv thin-walled, and readily absorb moisture, both in the liquid form and as atmospheric vapour ; but the external walls of the cell-row which form the upper free edge of the lamellae are strongly and characteristically thickened. When the leaves dry up, the lamellae became closely packed together, the only part exposed to the air being thus this thickened upper edge. The thickening of the outer row of cells in the lamellae differs in form in the different species. Thus in P. urnigerum the wall is covered with wart-like papillae. This is also the case in P. alpinum. In P. juniperinum there is a strong ridge, of cellular thickening on the upper edge of the cell-row, and two lateral ridges less strongly marked, giving the appearance of a roughly cruciform cell, as seen in section. P. piliferum agrees in form with P. juniperinum, but the lateral ridges are almost obsolete. In P. commune the edge of the lamellae is grooved longitudinally, giving the appearance of a bicuspidate cell in section. 188 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year 1907, with its General Effects upon Vegetation. By James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow. [Read 31st March, 1908.] In order to preserve the continuity of the series, these notes have been compiled, as in former years, from the records kept at Queen's Park, Glasgow. January. — The new year was ushered in with weather con- ditions of an unpleasant nature. The morning was dull and cold, while at night a storm of wind and rain set in, which continued throughout the following day. After a slight touch of frost on the 3rd and 4th, rain, intermixed with hail and sleet, again occurred on the evening of the latter, and continued irregularly for a few days. Then the weather moderated, and for about a fortnight it was unseasonably open and mild, the 17th being a remarkably fine, spring-like day. After the 18th it was more wintry in character, with some sharp frosts, 14° being registered on the 24-th, while on the same day the first fall of snow of the season occurred. The wintry conditions lasted until the 27th, when a strong, fresh wind sprang up, which quickly dispelled all the snow from the ground. On the 28th a severe gale, which lasted over the 29th, sprang up, and was accompanied with thunder, lightning, and rain. A considerable amount of damage was caused throughout the country by this storm. The last two days of the month were diy and frosty. The barometrical readings show a Avide range. On the 1st the atmospheric pressure indicated was 29*10 inches; on the 2nd it was down to 28'70, from which point it rapidly rose to 29*90; on the 4th, with four exceptions, the pressure was over 30*00 inches daily until the 27th, when a sharp depression set in, followed by the gale of the 28th and 29th. The readings for these days were 29*30 and 29'10 inches respectively. The highest NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 189 reading for the month was 30*75 inches on the 23rd. After the -9th there was a sharp rise to 3005 on the 31st. Frost was registered on ten occasions, these being chiefly during the latter half of the month. The amount registered was 55°. This is a greater amount than what was registered in January of the three preceding years, especially that of January, 1906, when the total was only 9C ; in 1905 the amount was 33°, and in 1904, 28°. While the average maximum temperature (43°) was the same as that of January, 1906, the average minimum (35°) was 2° lower. The rainfall was 2*12 inches, which is slightly under that of the same month of 1906, when the amount was 2' 62 inches. On no occasion was the dav's rainfall excessive, while there were 13 days on which no rain fell. • With the open and comparatively mild weather, vegetation early showed signs of activity. The buds on Willows and Elders swelled up considerably, and Narcissi and Snowdrops were show- ing through the surface' of the ground during the second week of the month. Grass lands were remarkably bright and green for the season, and birds were in song prior to the period of frosts. February. — Sharp frosts were experienced during the first week, with a fall of snow on the 4th, while on the 5th and early part of the 6th the city was enveloped in a dense fog. A change to fresh set in on the 7th, but the thaw did not last long, and, with the wind veering back from S.W. to N.E., there was a recurrence of the wintry weather. A brilliant display of the aurora was witnessed on the evening of the 9th. From the 1 5th until the 20th very stormy weather was experienced, with heavy, cold rains. Thereafter till the end of the month the weather was seasonably fine and settled. The barometrical readings were much lower than those of the preceding month, and, in consonance with the weather, some- what erratic. The pressure was above 30*00 inches during the first five days and last four days of the month ; the highest point was 30*35 inches on the 5th. The main range of pressure was between 30*00 and 29*00 inches, and only on one occasion was it below the latter point, when during the stormy period it touched 28*40 on the 20th. There were 15 dry days, and the rainfall (including melted snow) amounted to 2*68 inches, which quantity is about the 190 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. average for this month. On two occasions the fall for twenty- four hours was over half-an-inch, 0*65 inch being registered on the 17th and 0*55 inch on the 20th. Frost was registered on 12 days, the total amount being 76°, which was less than in the corresponding month of 1906, when a total of 92° was registered for 19 days. The average maximum temperature was 41° and the average minimum 32°, compared with 42° and 30° respectively for February, 1906. The lowest readings were 19° on the 1st, 21° on the 5th, 21° on the 6th, and 23° on the 23rd, after which no frost was registered for the month. Consequent on the wintry character of the weather, vegeta- tion made little apparent progress in the early half of the month. The first Snowdrops observed in bloom were on the 10th; but as soon as the frosts gave way they bloomed profusely, and were in their glory during the last week of the month. The Winter Aconite (Era nth is liyemalis) began to bloom during the third week. March. — With the exception of heavy rain on the night of the 1st and morning of the 5th, the weather during the first week was comparatively mild and dry. The afternoon of the 7th was wet and stormy, which conditions prevailed throughout the 8th. On the 9th frost set in, and snow began to fall during the afternoon; and on the morning of Sunday, 10th, it lay to a depth of fully 4 inches. Under the influence of bright sunshine and a strong westerly wind, which began about mid-forenoon of that day, the snow rapidly disappeared, and by 8 p.m. very little was left on the ground. Several fine days were experienced, and were followed by a week of changeable weather, with occasional heavy rains. From the 20th until the end of the month the weather was fine and bracing, with several bright days of sunshine. Though somewhat irregular during the early half of the month, the atmospheric pressure was fairly high throughout, ranging between 30*10 inches on the 1st to the same point on the 12th, wlien there was a steady depression during the period of change- able, squally weather to 29*20 on the 16th, with a remarkably quick drop to 28*50 on the 1 7th, which presaged the heavy rainfall registered on that date. After the storm the pressure quickly increased till it reached 30*25 inches on the 23rd, and NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 191 remained over 30'00 for a week, dropping a few points on the three last davs of the month. Rain fell on 16 days, the total amount registered being 3'94 inches, which is slm-htlv above the average for March. There was an abnormal amount registered on the morning of the 17th, when the o-auo-e showed 1*05 inches. The amount of frost registered was only 15°, occurring on 5 days. In March, 1906, there was a total of 60°, occurring on 10 days. Owing to the absence of severe frosts, the average temperatures — maximum, 49°, and minimum, 37°— were in each case 4° higher than those for the previous March. With the freedom from hard frosts and openness of the weather, combined with the lengthening days and growing power of the sun, vegetation rapidly showed signs of awakening. By the 10th the Snowdrops, which had bloomed well, began to pass, to be succeeded by Crocuses and other spring flowers. During the third week the Crocuses were in their glory, while Daffodils were showing colour in their buds, and before the close of the month the Common Daffodil ( Narcissus pseudo-narcissus) was in full bloom. In the last week Dog-tooth Violets, Squills, and Hepaticas were also in flower. Amongst trees the advance was equally great, Elms showing the rosy red of their buds more brilliantly than usual. Catkins on Willows, Hazels, and Alders were also striking; and the buds on Thorns, Lilacs, Roses, and many other shrubs showing green too freely for the period of the year. Daphne Mezereum was beautifully in bloom, along with Rhodo- dendron Nobleanum in sheltered places. Grass lands were also very fresh and bright. April. — The fine weather which prevailed during the latter part of March continued for a time. A slight thunderstorm occurred on the 2nd, and there was a heavy fall of rain during the evening of the 3rd. Thereafter, though fine on the whole, the weather became colder, with a tendency to frost in the mornings, On the 10th another thunderstorm, accompanied by heavy rain, was experienced, the afternoon being very wet. With easterly winds, the weather kept dry and cold until the 20th, when, with a change of the wind to the S.W., rain fell. The weather thereafter, though somewhat changeable for several days, was fine, on the whole, until the end of the month. 192 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The atmospheric pressure was within a moderate range, though somewhat erratic in course. From 29*70 inches on the 1st, it fell to 29*00 inches on the 3rd, rising again to 29*50 on the 5th, while on the 6th it was again down to 29'00 inches — the only occasions during the month when that point was touched. The rise was steady, but only on one occasion did the pressure reach 30*00 inches, this occurring on the 25th. A steady decline followed, and on the 30th the barometer indicated 29*40 inches. For the third year in succession the rainfall for this month was low, the amount registered being 2*30 inches, and there were 18 dry days. In the corresponding months of 1906 and 1905 the rainfall was 1*21, with 19 dry days, and 1*79 inches, with 15 dry days, respectively. In regard to the temperature, while the average maximum (52°) was 2° lower than that of April, 1906, the absence of frost accounts for the higher average minimum, which was 39°, or 4° above that of the previous April. Though the freezing- point was approached on several occasions, only on one morning (the 18th) was frost registered, and that only to the extent of 2° — a somewhat remarkable record for April. The move which vegetation had made in the latter part of March continued vigorously during the first week, but the cold easterly winds and lack of moist, genial conditions considerably retarded its development during the month. Those trees which naturally leaf early, and which had made some progress, were severely checked by the touch of frost on the 18th, the young- shoots and leaves of Chestnuts and Sycamores, as well as the flowers of Rhododendrons — R. Nobleanum, R. Jacksoni, and R. prcecocc — being badly browned. The effects of the frost were not so apparent on Lilacs, Thorns, Spira?as, but all wrere retarded. The frost, however, did not harm the early hardy flowers, such as the Narcissi and their spring congeners, and the display of Daffodils was fine during the month. Field crops were planted under satisfactory conditions generally, and grass lands were in excellent order for the period of the year. May. — Opening with a cold, dull, wet day, the weather until the 13th was changeable, rain and sunshine alternating, with perhaps more of the former than of the latter. A severe gale of wind was experienced on the 2nd, while on the 8th and 11th NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 193 thunderstorms occurred. The third week was cold and dry, with a prevalence of easterly winds. Rain was registered on the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, but, with these exceptions, dry weather prevailed until the last two days, both of which were extremely raw and disagreeable. With the exception of the change which occurred from 29*60 inches on the 1st to 28" 80 inches on the 2nd, when a gale of some severity was experienced, the range of atmospheric pressure was moderately high, with no outstanding feature of variation. The range was chiefly between 29 "40 and 30' 00 inches, the latter point being only slightly exceeded on the 17th, 18th, and 19th, and again on the 28th and 29th, with the pressure rapidly declining on the 30th and 31st, when it was down to 29*50 inches. Rain fell most frequently in the early part of the month, the total amount registered being 3 '63 inches, which is slightly under what was registered in the previous May. There were 13 diy davs. The absence of sunshine and the prevalence of cold winds had their natural effect on the day temperature. The average maximum consequently is low, only 53°, which is 1° lower than that of May, 1906. In the case of the average minimum, which was 43°, it is 1° higher than that of the previous May, while the figures were 4° and 2° respectively lower than those of May, 1905. While the rains of the early part of the month had a vivifying effect on vegetation, the gain was counterbalanced by the un- seasonably cold, sunless weather experienced during the latter part, consequently growth was slower and later than usual. The gale on the 2nd sadly mutilated the young 9 soft foliage of Acers and Chestnuts, also destroyed much of the bloom on Rhododen- drons. The display of bloom on most deciduous trees and shrubs was more irregular than usual, some specimens being profuse and others sparsely flowered. Pears, Cherries, and Plums in some places were fine, and in others under the average, though it may be noted that the most profusely bloomed plants do not usually set fruits so well as those more moderately flowered. While the leafing of trees was later than usual, the absence of " May frosts " permitted the development without injury, and the foliage of the later species was fully above the average in size and quantity. 194 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. The leafing of the Oak on the 13th and the Ash about the 25th was similar in time to the previous year. Seeds in garden and field generally made a good start in growth, but many of the more tender sorts developed imperfectly, or failed entirely in growth afterwards, on account of the want of genial weather conditions. The Cuckoo was heard on the 14th, and House-Swallows observed on the 16th. June. — There was no improvement in the weather conditions with the advent of what is usually one of the most pleasant months of the year. Rarely indeed do we experience such a prolonged spell of cold, cheerless, sunless weather in June. Heavy showers of rain, and occasionally hail, fell on most days of the month, while local thunderstorms were somewhat frequent. On the 29th, which was a remarkably pleasant day, during the prevalence of one of these storms, there were parts of the city deluged for a short time at different periods of the day, whilst in some parts not a drop of rain fell. The barometric readings do not show either a wide range or any notable change in the atmospheric pressure. On the 1st it was at 29'60 inches, varying only a few points up and down till the 17th, when it touched 29'90 inches, falling about four points the following day, and keeping very steady thereafter till the 24th, when it fell to 29'30 inches, rising slowly afterwards to 29-90 inches on the 30th. The character of the weather may be gauged by the fact that only on 6 days was no rain recorded. The total amount of rainfall registered was 3*99 inches. In June, 1906, there were only T69 inches of rain and 17 dry days. With an abnormal rainfall and absence of sunshine the temperature was low, the average maximum being 57°, and the average minimum 47°, compared with 65° and 50° respectively for the corresponding month in 1 906. In that year the maximum thermometer in shade was above 70° on four occasions, and above 60° on twenty-six, whereas in the year under review it was only six- times above 60°, the highest reading being 63° on the 11th. Consequent on the somewhat abnormal conditions, vegetation made but slow progre--. Hawthorns were but bursting info bloom during the second week, and flowered very irregularly. NOTES AND REMARKS UrON THE WEATHER. 195 This was also a marked feature with Laburnums and other subjects which usually make a gay display in garden and wood- lands in June. In fact, the majority of what are termed flower- ing shrubs were below the average in bloom. There was, how- ever, a compensating gain in growth, as the young shoots and leaves developed more fully than usual, Rhododendrons especially being exceptionally good. Considering the amount of rainfall the fields of cereals looked well. Potatoes were somewhat patchy, and turnips irregular, as on wet soils the seed was not sown under good conditions; in fact, in many places it was not sown at all, on account of the impossibility of working the soil. July. — Although a considerable amount of rain fell during the first two weeks, the tendency was towards improvement. This was very marked after the 13th (Glasgow Fair Saturday), which was a wet, dull, depressing day. From the 14th to the 26th the weather was ideally fine, and enabled our citizens to enjoy their " Fair " holidays under delightful atmospheric con- ditions. Indeed, the fortnight was probably the best, so far as weather is concerned, throughout the year. The conditions were exactly the reverse of what was experienced during the "Fair" holidays of 1906, when the proverbial bad weather was perhaps more pronounced than usual. During the dry weather the winds were chiefly from the S.E., with a change of the wind to the S.W. on the 27th. There was some rain for a few days, but not so heavy as to cause much discomfort. The atmospheric pressure was somewhat irregular for the first ten days. From 29*80 inches on the 1st and 2nd, it steadily fell to 29*35 inches on the 6th, recovering three points the following day, then dropping to 29*40 on the 8th, after which the pressure steadily increased, and the highest reading for the month was on the 16th, when 30*40 inches was indicated. After that date the pressure declined steadily, and was at 29*70 inches on the 31st. The rainfall amounted to 3*38 inches, occurring on 16 days. The rainfall for July, 1906, was 2*37 inches, with 9 dry days; and in the corresponding month of 1905, 2*81 inches, and 12 dry days. Regarding the temperature, the average maximum (63°) was 1° lower and the average minimum (50°) the same respectively 19G TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW as those of the previous July. The maximum thermometer in shade was at or above GO0 on twenty-three occasions, and above 70° on four occasions, the highest reading being 78° on the 18th. In July, 1906, the highest reading was 72° on the 5th, and only twice was it above 70°. The continuous wet weather having chilled and soddened the soil, vegetation was in a stagnant state until the dry, sunny period came on, after which the change was remarkable, and a fine healthy colour was assumed by annual crops. Haymaking was in full swing by the 20th, and many farmers got their hay crop secured in a satisfactory condition. Trees and shrubs com- pleted their annual growth very fully, and garden plots of summer plants, which were in a languishing state, revived and grew vigorously. August. — The month opened fine, but unfortunately the weather broke down, and the conditions were by no means pleasant, as these were very changeable, with heavy rains and high winds at times, while towards the end of the month hail showers were too frequent for the season. While the barometric readings do not show a wide range, they indicate a somewhat unsteady line of atmospheric pressure. The pressure rose a point from the 1st to the 2nd, when it was at 29*80 inches, then varying a point or two up and down daily till the 10th, when the lowest reading for the month (29*30 inches) occurred. On the 13th it was at 29 '80 inches, and for a week several points lower, rising steadily after the 17th, till on the 22nd it indicated 30'00 inches. During the last week it varied between 29*55 on the 25th and 29*90 inches on the 30th, with a downward tendency on the 31st. As in the previous August, which had an amount (5'28 inches) above the average, the rainfall was again heavy for this month, the amount registered being 4*65 inches, with only 7 dry days. The heavy rainfall and absence of sunshine had again a marked effect on the temperature, consequently the averages are low for the month, the average maximum being 60°, and the average minimum 49°, in both cases lower than those of the previous August. In August, 190G, the maximum thermometer in shade was five times above 70°, and only twice below 60° ; whereas in the month under notice it was sixteen times below and but fifteen times above 00°, while the highest reading was 67° on the 21st. NOTES AND REMARKS UPOX THE WEATHER. 197 Owing to the changeable, wet weather, field crops made little progress towards ripening. Cereals certainly made plenty straw and looked well, but few fields were showing change of colour towards the end of the month. Root crops were soured and sickly, except on favoured spots. In late and high-lying parts the hay crop, where uncut or unsecured, got much wasted in colour and quality. Towards the end of the month the defolia- tion of the Lime and Elm trees in the city parks became some- what pronounced, though fully ten days later than usual. September. — During the first week the weather was somewhat variable, several days being fine till evening, and then becoming wTet. The tendency, however, wTas towards more settled conditions, and after the 5th very little rain was registered; in fact, after the 17th there wras not any. The weather became warm and dry, though somewhat hazy at times, and the atmospheric conditions were of a very delightful description. With the variable weather of the first week the atmospheric pressure was erratic. From 29*85 inches on the 1st it fell to 29" 20 inches on the 2nd. Thereafter it increased, till on the 8th and 9th it was at 30' 30 inches, the highest reading for the month. For several days the pressure declined slightly, then rose a point or two and kept steady until the 22nd, when from 30'25 inches it gradually eased off to 29'50 inches on the 26th, then rising as the month closed. The rainfall was low, only 1'24 inches being registered. There were 18 dry days. These conditions were somewhat similar to those of the previous September, when the rainfall was 1'41 inches, with 21 dry days. Though there was a slight tendency towards frost in the first week, no frost was registered, except by the radiating thermo- meter on the surface of the grass. No damage, however, was caused to plants. The average maximum temperature was 60°, and the average minimum 48°, the former 2° lower and the latter 1° higher than the respective figures of the previous September. The warm, genial weather rapidly brought cereals to ripeness, and harvesting operations were in full swing by the second week. Unfortunately, owing to the absence of wind, most mornings were too dewy to admit of cutting or leading in the grain until mid- day, therefore harvesting operations were much hindered, The 198 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. warm weather, however, was, after the long period of cold and wet, very much welcomed. Towards the end of the month the trees in the city parks defoliated rapidly. Though later than usual in beginning to fall, the leaves of Limes, Elms, Sycamores, and Beeches were all off about the same period as in former years. The display of autumn flowers was above the usual, and made up for the meagre display made by their summer congeners. October. — The warm weather which prevailed during the greater part of September did not continue beyond the first few days of this month. Towards the end of the first week the weather became dull and cold, with slight showers, which were the precursors of a very prolonged period of heavy rains. On the 6th the rain fell almost continuously, and by 9 a.m. on the 7th over an inch was registered. With a day's respite rain again set in, and for about three weeks it fell more or less continuously, one day's fall being somewhat phenomenally heavy. After the 26th the weather was more settled and colder. Though the barometric readings are within a moderate range, the changes in the atmosjDheric pressure indicate pretty clearly the variable nature of the weather. From 29 '35 inches on the 1st the pressure fell to 29*10 inches on the 2nd, then, rising sharply, it was at 29*70 inches for two days — 4th and 5th. A sharp depression on the 6th and 7th brought it down to 29*20 inches. A gain of several points followed, and the pressure kept fairly steady until the 14th, when another sharp fall occurred to 29*00 inches on the 15th. Rising slightly for two days another quick, depression was noted, the pressure indicated on the 18th and 19th being 28*90 inches. The recovery was sharp, and the pressure kept within two points of 29*50 inches without any notable variation until the end of the month. Rain was registered on 27 occasions, there being thus only 4 dry days. The total amount was 6*67 inches, an abnormal amount for one month. Nearly half of the amount fell on two days — the 6th and the 15th. The total for the twenty-four hours ending at 9 a.m. on the 7th was 1*01 inches, and for the twenty- four hours ending at the same time on the 16th, 2*27 inches. In the corresponding month of 1906 the rainfall amounted to 5*33 inches, with 5 dry days, so October has been an excessively wet, month two years in succession. .NOTES AND UEMAKKS UPON THE WEATHER. 199 The prevalence of easterly winds, combined with an excessive rainfall, kept the temperature low, so that the average maximum (52°) is 3° lower than, and the average minimum (4.3°) the same as, the figures for October, 1906. No frost was registered during the month. The prevalence of so much wet weather was most disastrous to grain crops in the later parts, and harvesting operations were practically suspended during the month, even where the situation was more favourable. The defoliation of deciduous trees was very complete ere the month ended, and vegetation generally had a very bedraggled appearance. November. — The weather during the first week was mild and pleasant. Heavy fogs enveloped the city on the 6th and 7th. Thereafter it became colder and more unsettled — rainy, disagree- able days alternating with fine, mild ones. On the 12th heavy rain fell, accompanied by a strong wind at night. Several days afterwards the weather was fine and settled, and frost occurred on the 15th, with the usual accompaniment of fog in the city, and the day following was wet and disagreeable. The next week was one of better weather. After a heavy rain on the 22nd colder weather prevailed, with dense fogs on the 25th and 30th, when frosts again occurred. The 26th was a very stormy day, with showers of sleet. The changeable nature of the weather is well shown by the erratic line of atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer readings. On the 1st it was at 29*90 inches. After a slight fall on the 2nd the pressure steadily increased to 30*10 inches on the 6th, then fell rapidly to 29*40 inches on the 9th, recovering five points on the 10th. Three days later it was back to 29*40 inches, while, after a sharp rise, it was at 30*10 inches on the 18th. With a little variation it was about 30*00 inches until the 21st, when a steady depression set in, and by the 27th it was down to 28*90 inches, A very sharp rise followed, and 30*30 inches was indicated on the 30th. The rainfall was below the average for November, the total being 2*31 inches. There were 12 dry days. In November, 1906, there were also 12 dry days, but the rainfall was 4*17 inches. Regarding the temperature, frost, totalling 28°, was registered on seven mornings. The average maximum temperature was, 200 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 48°, and the average minimum 38°, these being 1° and 3° lower respectively than those of the previous November, which, how- ever, were higher than usual on account of the absence of frosts. Until the occurrence of frost on the 15th many plants kept blooming out of season. Dahlias, for example, were quite fresh and in better condition than in October, and that precocious blooming plant, Jasminum nudiflorum , had many flowers open during the month. Farmers who had fared badly in the gathering in of their crops made the most of the few opportunities to stack grain, while the uncommon and undesirable sight of fields of grain in stook in November was too frequently met with. December. — After the 1st, which was a dry, frosty day, the weather was very changeable, with a considerable amount of rainfall. These conditions prevailed for the first fortnight. A few fine days with frost at the middle of the month were followed by several wet days, but after the 23rd the weather was dry but dull, with cold easterly winds. In regard to the atmospheric pressure, the readings again show a wide and erratic range. On the 1st the pressure was 30'00 inches; after a rapid fall it was 28*70 inches on the 5th; on the 7th it w^as up to 29*30, but on the following day it was back to 28*60 inches, which point was also indicated on the 10th. A rapid rise to 29*20 inches on the 12th followed, then falling again to 28*80 on the 14th. On the 15th it was up to 29*70 inches, and kept near that point until the 19th, when another depression began, and the reading on the 21st was 29*30 inches. A steady recovery followed, and on the 24th and 25th the pressure was 30*00 inches. During the next four days the readings were four points lower, rising again to 30*00 inches on the 30th, witli a falling off of a point on the last day of the year. The amount of rainfall registered was above the average, it being 5*58 inches. On five occasions the rainfall for the twenty- hours exceeded half-an-inch, while on other four days over one quarter of an inch fell. There were 11 dry days. In the previous December the rainfall amounted to 3*51 inches, with 15 dry days in the month. Consequent on the abnormally mild and open weather the temperature was high for the season of the year. Frost was registered only on five mornings, while the amount was but 19° NOTES AND REMARKS UP6N THE WEATHER. 201 in all. The average maximum temperature was 44°, and the average minimum 36°, compared with 42° and 33° respectively for December, 1906. Owing to the absence of hurtful frosts and the heavy rains vegetation at the close of the year was cleaner and brighter than usual. Too frequently at this season shrubs in the vicinity of the city are heavily coated with a sooty deposit which is inimical to their well-doing in every sense. Grass lands were also remarkably fresh and green. The wet conditions, however, were against the working of arable lands and the securing of root crops. Comparing the records with those of previous years we find the amount of rainfall (42*49 inches) is above the average com- pared with 39'75 inches in 1906, which was also over the average. Curiously, despite appearances to the contrary, the average monthly rainfall was normal in the aggregate up to the end of September. The heavy rainfall of October and December, how- ever, made up the difference. The driest month of the year was September, with a rainfall of 1*24 inches and 18 dry days. The driest month during 1906 was April, with only 1*21 inches of rain and 19 dry days. The wettest month was October, with a rainfall of 6' 67 inches and only 4 dry days. In 1906 October was also the wettest month, with 5' 33 inches and 5 dry days, though August had nearly the same amount, with 5" 28 inches. The greatest amount registered for twenty-four hours was 2 *27 inches at 9 a.m. on the 16th October, which was a very abnormal quantity; while on the 7th of the same month l'Ol inches were registered, and on the 17th March, T05 inches. Only on one occasion in 1906 was the inch exceeded, and, strangely, that was on the 17th March, when the amount was 1'08 inches. There were 147 dry days against 152 in the previous year. The following table of rainfall recorded in those parks where gauges are placed is of interest as showing the variations in the different parts of the city. Due allowance must always be made for local conditions, as the exposure, altitude, and surroundings are different in each case : — 202 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. < Ph O t— i PQ Ph w o i— i P3 P Q I— < o - o ° < a " CO o ° O 55 < a < - a s CO fc a a « as ** a «=i is 00 a a & C +3 o o CI CM UO CO o CO +3 co CO CO OS .sf-c Mt^COCDT^CCCOCCCCClClCO-H K 6l 01 CO ^ CO CO CO -* -^-i O C>1 "-O .= "1 CO -y CO -? O. CO Oi Ol rf -7- M cckoico^cococoTft.-HcboiTr1 ,S 00 >p 7H ip X CO >p cp -* co -* 00 C Oi (fl t* -— 1 CO "* CI UO 1— I CO 01 »0 "nxMOHtTfCOMMLOMl^ 5 t^ 9 O O O K O 1- -f M f. CC POcpr-t-iQOOcpc>lcpcpC5 c^<^cOf-HCOTfco-+~Hcbc-iTt< * tJ( rH 1> O o 10 o ^ Ol O O -f S ■* CS Ol ^ Ol CI IO CO Tt< Ol t- 05 ^ipaoajipTt^r^ccipcor-icp SckcMCO^CC^dl^'^CCOlTh S(Maa)cKl(M0050I^OI> .3p»p'*oc>icppcpocoo0'-i C W CI -+ -I CC *t CO C fH C rH -* ScM^cococir-co^ocor^Ci x >o o 9 t-~- -+ 9 onp cc to 9 9 c Oi CO Tj< ^h co co co 4* 4h co 01 *# S C5 iO t> CO O) 01 — ' CO O — C5 t- p !>■ OS CO CI ^H f— 1 Ol p— I »p t-- CO CO CH-HCC-HCO'fCClO'HffiClO ^ix-tcccc:coo-ti-«x ,C —1 CO C5 CO CO Ci CO CO 0 1 "p ep 'p C 0-1 Ol CO CM CO CO CO Th -^ cb 61 o i,ss M.d . • • S n H ^ ioS - T rf ~ 7t ~ ^ZZ — - -^ ' — — o -- o ^ 0) ■"' -D O ao 00 CO 1- OS CO - X CO -r CO Ol OS co TjH CO CO Oi co ip i-H cr. o") eg o H NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 203 In regard to the temperature, for the third year in succession the monthly averages have been high on the whole, and the mean temperature is similar. Again we have to note the absence of severe frosts. Though the thermometer in shade was at or below freezing point (32° Fahr.) on 52 days, actual frost was registered only on 40 occasions, totalling 195°, as compared with 2$7° on 57 days in 1906. After 18th April, when 2° were registered, no frost was registered until 15th October — a some- what unusual occurrence for the district to escape frosts in May and early in September. There was only one occasion during the year when the thermometer did not rise above freezing point in the twenty-four hours, this being noted on 24th March. The greatest amount of frost for one day was 18° on 24th January. The highest reading was on 18th July, when the thermometer in shade reached 78°. While the months of July, August, and September show the highest averages, the day or maximum wTas in each month lower than the corresponding months in 1906. The following table regarding temperature may prove of interest for comparison : — 204 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 1907. Thermometer (in shade 4 feet above ground level.) Highest read- f ing of year, ( r Lowest do., I Numberofdays^ on which ther- J mometer fell t to freezing point (32°), J Numberofdays- on which ther- mometer did not rise above freezing point I (32°), ..J Degrees of Frost registered — January. ... February, March, April, May, June, July, August, ... September, October, ... November, December, Total frost re-\ gistered, ...J Queen's Park. 7S° on 18th Julv 18° on 24th January 51 days 1 day 55° on 10 days 76 „ 12 ., 15 it 5 n 2 " 1 day 28° on 7 days 19 ,. 5 „ Maxwell Park. 84° on 18th Julv 11° on 24th January 62 days 3 days 111° on 14 days 113 ., 15 M 17 ii 6 ii u _. ii 5° on 2 days 57 ii 10 ii 27 ii 6 .. 195° on 40 days 336° on 55 days Kelvingrovr Park. 88° on 17th July 16° on 24th January 98 days 3 days 99° on 16 days 136 .. 20 .. 51 H 11 ii 28 ., 10 ii 1 n 1 day 2° on 1 day O II 1 II 68 H 14 days 16 n 6 ,i 404° on 80 days Springbcrn Park 83° on 18th July 15° on 1st February 74 days None 96° on 14 days 112 „ 19 „ 18 H 8 ii 20 ,, 6 m 2° on 1 day 20 ii 6 days 28 „ 13 „ 296° on 67 days Alexandra Park. 84° on 18th July 15° on 24th January 79 days 3 days 65° on 10 days 112 .. 17 .. 24 ,. 6 „ 16 n 6 ii 1° on 1 day 5 ii 3 days 43 ii 9 n 33 ii 7 ii 299con59days NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 205 Glasgow Gkkkn. Bellahouston Park. Tollcross Park. Rughill Park. Botanic Gardens. George Square. 86° on 18th 87° on 18th 84° on I 7th 89° on 17th 87° on 18th 81° on 18th July July July July July July 18° on 24th 14° on 24th 12° on 6th 12° on 25th 18° on 24th 19° on 24th January January February January January January 40 days 90 days 65 days 71 days 80 days 48 days 1 day None 1 day None 3 days None 54° on 9 days 96° on 13 days 69° on 10 days 108° on 12davs 69° on 15 days 49° on 8 days 68 n 10 ii 140 „ 18 ., 107 ,. 15 „ 123 H 16 „ 92 „ 15 „ 64 - 10 „ 4 „ 3 „ 44 ., 10 ii 16 n 6 H £} ii 8 H 24 ,- 7 .. 14 „ 5 „ ... 10 .. 6 .. 6 „ 3 .. 12 „ 4 „ 4 ii 1 day 1 ii 1 day ... • • • 1 ti 1 day • • • • • • • • 1° on 1 day • • • • • 1° on 1 day ... 4° on 3 days 1° on 1 day 2 ,, 2 days 2 ii 1 n 17° on 6 days 42 ii 8 „ 35 ,i 8 days 26 „ 6 „ 37 ii 9 days 16° on 6 days 14 „ 4 „ 51 ., 13 „ 23 „ 5 „ 20 „ 7 ,. 25 „ 9 „ 18 ,. 7 n 157°on32days 387° on 71 days 257° on 48 days 320° on 57 days 254° on 58 days 162' on 37 days 206 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Iii regard to the atmospheric pressure, the range was wTider and the readings more varied than those of previous year. The two extremes were 30*75 inches on 23rd January and 28' 40 inches, on 20th February, or a range of 2*35 inches. In 1906 the range was exactly 2 inches, the highest reading being 30' 50 on 22nd January and the lowest 28'50 inches on 13th February. In regard to the winds, there was a greater preponderance than usual from an easterly direction. Grouping them in two divisions, the western is credited with 245 days and the eastern with 120 days. In 1905 and 1906 the eastern had only 81 and 80 days respectively. Summarising the weather conditions for the year, the out- standing features are the absence of severe frosts, an abnormal rainfall in the latter part of the year, and an unusual prevalence of easterly winds. Unfortunately, not having any sunshine recorders in our parks, we are unable to tabulate the number of hours the sun shone during the season. There is no doubt what- ever that the comparative absence of sunshine was a most notable feature of the weather of 1907. This want of sunshine was very evident on vegetation in the spring and early summer months. Growth was slower than usual, and from 10 to 20 days later. The flowrering of most trees and shrubs wras of an unusually erratic and of a meagre description in many cases, though as the season advanced the development of shoots and foliage w-as satisfactory enough. Still the absence of sun heat is evident, as there is a decided lack of flower-buds on the majority of trees and shrubs, and the promise of a display of bloom in garden, orchard, and woodland is poor indeed. Rarely have farmers had such a trying season. While cereals were sown under fairly satisfactory con- ditions and the growth steady and good, the want of dry, sunny weather retarded the ripening. This resulted in a late harvest- ing, further aggravated by the heavy rains during October, which caused serious delay and much damage to the grain. In many districts, while the grain crops were above the average, the inability to get them secured discounted the gain, and the autumn of 1907 will long be remembered by agriculturists. Root crops likewise suffered from the same causes, but of the two leading crops turnips suffered most. There was the initial difficulty in getting the seed sown, on account of the wTet con- dition of the ground, especially on clay soils. The after-growth was slow and unsatisfactory. Seldom indeed have turnip crops NOTES AND REMARKS UPON THE WEATHER. 207 been seen in such a state, and in many districts the amount of '' shot ,! or " bolted '; turnips in the fields was phenomenal. Potatoes, having- been planted under more satisfactory conditions, did better, but, owing to the want of heat, were generally below the average also. Despite the difficulty in getting it secured, the hay crop proved, on the whole, a satisfactory one. We can only express the hope that better conditions will prevail during the coming season. Subjoined is the abstract of the record for the past three years as kept at Queen's Park. JAS. WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks. City Chambers, Glasgow, February, 1908. 208 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW o o < ^ I— I P3 Ph D o Oh O o 02 r1 o P-i PQ ft o o o I— I o o o pi o in - o <5 Ph CO K J- OS < s H 00 5 < > < *p3J9JSl29.I JSO.IJ JO S33.lS3(I rHSOlOONC10COC01>»0 coders — i CI O 05 O CI -t «o ^ CO X iO X O N ^ CO © CO COOX-iO-HOiQ'+CiCiCI COTTCO^rfCOCOiCCOfMCO^ ■S.IB3J^ C 1- X Gi O h CI CO ^ O 5C l> C^OOCSOOOOOOOO X X)00Q0O5O3c3}O)O5ClOiOJ Aver- ages, 1907. CO O lO X CO O lO N X t(* CI ih r— ( i— t i— h i— 1 ^-i t— 4 t— i r-H r-H i 2 si S H 9} <5 o a> x co x co cocococOi'*'^iCTr-^-^coco COHOJC1COSCOOOC1X'* gg SO 3 C1X-*OCOO)X1D^1>-HX HOJiCOOOJCOOClOCOlO (M CI CO CI CO CO CO -^ rH CO (M O OS CI CO o 05 H «3 XOrHOJt>NOXHlQC10 r-H CI i — 1 i — I CI r— 1 r— 1 CI 1 63 as n a tc 3 t- < NOCOlOCIOOCONCOHCO COCOCOW^lOOiO^^^CO oj COCliO^THiO^^CliOOJfM •<*-^^lOiO x co ci x © co ci t(< co h io ■^ClCOrlCOHlMlO-HlO^CO >o co m o 05 H lO h CD 1Q N CI CI CI CI X O O i— ir— 1 i— I i— 1 (M r- i r— 1 i— I i— lr— < } — i o CO 3 83 z > < lO^I-CD^OCOOOCDlOOi COCOCOCO^lOOiO^OOCOCO C0i0 33HX-*NC1XO^»0 -r^TfiOiOcotOCOKOiO'*'* CO CO *3 1— 1 00»-(MrHlHpHNOiO MO -i N O X X ?D H iQ CI lO riClCOHrHOClCOCIClCOCO CI CI X o a January, February, March, ... April, ... May, ... June, July, ... August,... September, October, November, December, BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK, GOVAN. 209 Notes on the Birds frequenting* Elder Park, Govan. By William Bennie. [Read 28th April, 1908.] In bringing before the Society some notes on the birds frequenting the Elder Park, Govan, from March, 1906, to March, 1908, I do not profess either to give a complete list, or to indicate the actual dates of appearance or disappearance of the various species, as the time at my disposal for observa- tion lias been very short. Elder Park, which is situated on the Lands of Fairfield, at the west end of the burgh of Govan, was the gift of Mrs. John Elder, and was opened on 25th June, 1885. It has an area of 37 acres. The frontage to the Renfrew Road is 1,550 feet, and the width from north to south is 800 feet on the east side, and about 1,200 feet on the west. The trees are quite similar in character to those usually met with in such places. Most of the higher trees are situated on the boundary, and are principally Elms, Poplars, and Willows, with an occasional Beech. The avenues are formed of Willows and some Poplars. The shrubs consist mainly of Elder, Privet, Lilac, Laurel, and Rhododendron. Scattered through- out the park are Hawthorn, Beam, Laburnum, Holly, and some fruit-trees. These last have not borne fruit during the period included in my observations, though they have blossomed freely. The south-west corner of the park is pleasantly situated and quiet, with very little traffic passing through it. This is the place where most of the rarer visitors are to be seen, and to it the greater part of my time was devoted. As regards the supply of food for birds, the winter of 1906 presented a striking contrast when compared with that of 1907. In 1906 the Beam-trees and Hawthorns were covered with their red berries, and the Hollies gave a good display. In 1907, however, there was no blossom on the Beam-trees, and consequently no berries; and although there was a fair display of Hawthorn-bloom in the spring, haws were very scarce, while the Hollies were practically without berries. 210 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. There was therefore in 1906 a plentiful supply of food for the birds, while in 1907 they had almost none. Along with that fact, we have also to take into consideration the climatic- conditions which prevailed during the winter season. The weather in 1906 was more severe than in 1907, and was notable for keen frosts and severe snowstorms, as compared with the continuous rains and open boisterous weather which prevailed during the latter season. Last winter the Missel Thrush, Redwing, and Fieldfare merely put in an appearance and went elsewhere, owing to the mildness and openness of the weather and the scarcity of food. At different times, through stress of weather, many birds were driven into the park for food and shelter. This enabled me to add to the list a few which otherwise might never have been noted. Missel Thrush (Turdus viscivorus). — About the middle of November, 1906, during keen frost, a flock of about a dozen Missel Thrushes visited the park, but they began to dwindle off as the weather became more open. The Missel Thrush could be seen daily up till the breeding season. By the end of March, 1907, all had left, and they did not make a reappearance till 13th September. An occasional bird was seen during the next few weeks, when they again left the park. A pair made a reappearance on 11th January, 1908. Since then thev have been seen almost daily. On 25th March a second pair were seen about the south end. Song Thrush (Turdus musicus). — Common all the year round. This year the Song Thrush started to sing as early as 23rd January, probably owing to the mildness of the weather. In April, 1907, I watched a pair of birds carrying building material, but was unable to locate the site of the nest. After a while the birds were seen carrying food for their young ones; and on 6th May a pretty sight could be observed near the gardener's house, as the old birds were then teaching their four young ones to fare for themselves. During the first week in December, 1907, the weather was very stormy, and a large number of Song Thrushes came into the park for a few days. BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK. GOV AN. 211 Redwing (Turdus iliacus). — A winter migrant. I observed the Redwing for the first time about the end of October, 1906. At no time was it common, and it was usually seen in company with the Song Thrush. After careful watching, I noticed that the birds got nearly all their food on the ground. The Hawthorn was the only tree of which I saw them touch the berries. The Redwings were seen up till 8th March, 1907, and reappeared on 28th November. From that date onward no sign of them could be seen until during the stormy weather of the last week of January. On 31st Januarv five were noted amongst the shrubs at the south-west corner of the park. These were quite tame, and one of them approached to within 6 feet from where I was standing. Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris). — Another of our winter visitors. Fieldfares were common during the winter of 1906, and arrived about the same time as the Redwings, but were more inclined to frequent the trees, and were very seldom seen on the ground. They remained very wild up till their departure on 29th March. They reappeared on 11th December, which was the only time when I saw the Fieldfare last winter. Blackbird (Turdus merula). — A resident. It starts to sing at the beginning of February. I am under the impression that a few pairs nest annually in the park, as young birds are common during summer. About the middle of April, 1907, I had daily the pleasure of watching a pair of Blackbirds during their love-making. They seemed to prefer one tree in particular, on which they afterwards built their nest. The nest, which took about a fortnight to build, was unfortunately placed in an exposed position, and was damaged twice before completion. Having taken my stand about twelve feet from the nest, I could watch, through the shelter of a shrub, the building operations. The female bird sat inside and laboured at the construction of the nest, while the male bird supplied her with the materials. She kept beating her breast against the inside of the nest, so as to give it its rounded shape, while she adjusted the outside with her bill. On 10th May, a day or two after the nest had been completed, I found that the whole structure had been torn down. The birds then gave g 212 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. up the attempt to build. About the same time another pair started building ojDerations. After a few days' labour had been expended upon it, the nest, which wras likewise in an exposed position, was also destroyed. Wheatear (Saxicola oenanthe). — The Wheatear may be con- sidered one of the rarer summer visitors to the park, as I have only been able to see it on twro occasions, viz., in June, 1906, and again in July, 1907. Robin (Erithacus rubecula). — The Robin is one of our common residents, and begins to sing when the mornings become frosty (28th August, 1907), continuing till well on in spring. Up to the present time I am not certain of its nesting within the park, although I have seen Robins about the rubbish-heap with what appeared to be materials for building. Golden-crested Wren (Regulus cristatus). — On 24th February, 1908, after a wild w7eek-end, this interesting bird made its appearance at the south-west corner of the park. It is not only the smallest bird in this country, but also the most diminutive species in Europe. I was sorry that I had not more time to follow its restless movements amongst the trees, as it searched for insects, &c, and uttered its usual cheery notes. Willow Wren (Phylloscopus trochilus). — The Willow Wren is a regular summer visitor to the park, and arrives about the beginning of May. A most persistent songster, its loud clear notes are heard throughout summer. It prefers to sing during the heat of the day, wmen other birds are quiet. The Willow Wren arrived on 15th May, 1907, and occurred very plentifully during the season. On 15th August as many as a dozen birds could be seen together near Mrs. Elder's statue. Nothing more wTas seen of them till 21st August, when a pair appeared. This was their last occurrence for the season. Hedge-Sparrow (Accentor modularis). — The Hedge-Sparrow is one of the resident species. At no time, however, can it be said to be common. It is seldom seen during summer. BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK, GOV AN. 213 During 1907 I noticed a Hedge-Sparrow on different days with food (worms and insects), evidently for feeding its young ones, but I was unable to find the nest. I had suspected it to be located in one of the small clumps of trees; and accordingly, at the end of the year, when the trees were bare, a nest could be seen in a small Hawthorn, surrounded by Laurel and other shrubs which completely hid it from view. On examining the nest, I was fully convinced that it had been built by the Hedge-Sparrow. Long-tailed Titmouse (Acredula caudata). — On 24th February, 1908, which was a clear day after some stormy weather, a Long-tailed Titmouse was seen feeding amongst the tall branches of the trees at the south-west corner of the park. Its mate was calling near it, but could not be distinguished owing to the sun shining directly on the trees at the time. Great Titmouse (Parus major). — Usually seen during the winter, but never more than a pair at a time. It occurs at the south or west end of the park. I have seen it about six times this year (1908). Coal Titmouse (Parus ater). — Only seen once, viz., on 22nd March, 1907, at the south-west corner. Blue Titmouse (Parus cceruleus). — Occurs all the year round. One of the most attractive sights of the park is to witness these gay-coloured little birds flying from tree to tree, and to watch their antics in searching the branches for insects and larvae. Wren (Troglodytes parvulus). — This is one of the shyest birds that visit the park. It is interesting to watch the timid little fellow, with his short cocked-up tail, hopping about amongst the shrubs, while he utters his loud clear notes. The Wren seems only to wander in occasionally, for although I observed it at different times of the year, I have never seen or heard it on two consecutive days. Pied Wagtail (Motacilla lugubris). — The three Wagtails which occur in the park can only be called occasional visitors, and are at no time common. The Pied Wagtail is the most 214 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. frequent species, and visits the park for a few days in spring, reappearing in the month of November. During the first fortnight of November in 1906 and 1907, Pied Wagtails were to be seen daily. They probably made the park a halting- place on the line of their migration. White Wagtail (Motacilla alba). — I observed this bird on 29th April, 1907, and saw it again during the first week of May. During the spring of 1906 I had seen a Wagtail on more than one occasion, but was not quite sure as to the species. I am now satisfied, however, that it was the White Wagtail. On 30th March, 1908, during a gale from the south- west, a Wagtail was seen flying from north to south, but I was unable to determine the species. This was the first time that a Wagtail had been seen since the previous November. Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope). — This bird made its appearance one day during the summer of 1906, and seemed quite at home as it flitted about the edge of the pond. Swallow (Ilirundo rustica). — Swallows were very scarce during the summer of 1906; but in 1907, from 21st May onward till 7th September, they were to be seen almost daily near the pond, always in groups of two or three. House Martin (Chelidon urbica). — This species was observed on a few occasions during the month of June, 1906, but I failed to see it in 1907. This, I believe, was a common experience of ornithologists last season. Greenfinch (Ligurinus chloris). — The greenfinch is common from autumn till spring, and starts to sing about the beginning of March, Sometimes small flocks of about a dozen may be seen. In 1906 and 1907 they were very plentiful at harvest time. I have not been able to find out whether the Greenfinch breeds within the grounds; but about the middle of June, 1906, a pair with three young ones were observed on two occasions. House Sparrow (Passer ' domesticus J. — A very common resident and a prolific breeder, building its nest between the brackets of the band-stand columns, and amongst the tall trees that border the Renfrew Road. BIRDS FREQUENTING ELDER PARK, GOV AN. 215 Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs). — The Chaffinch is to be found nearly all the year round, except during the hottest period of summer or in very cold weather. At no time, however, is it very plentiful. It begins to sing at the end of February. Last year (190T) a pair of Chaffinches built a lovely little nest in a Hawthorn. The outside was covered with the silver bark of the Birch (Betula alba), of which there are many small trees within the grounds; but alas! the branch was broken off on 23rd April, the day of the Naval Volunteer Review. This is the only occasion on which I have observed the Chaffinch attempt to build its nest within the grounds. Brambling (Fringilla monti fringilla J. — Whilst Br amblings were being reported as common all round the city, nothing was seen of them in the park till 15th March, 1907, when, after a slight fall of snow, a pair were noted amongst the tall tiees on the west side. Want of time prevented my making further search. Linnet (Acanthis cannabina). — On 12th December, 1907, a small flock of Linnets visited the south side of the park. As many as nine could be seen at once, while, on the other side of the road from the park, quite a number could be seen on the hedge. Seven were observed on the following day, after which they seem to have left the district, as the weather at that time was wet and boisterous. On 31st January, 1908, which was very stormy, a small flock of Linnets was seen at the south-west corner. As these birds were very common in Bellahouston Park at that time, they may possibly have come from there to the Elder Park. On 6th February — an ideal spring morning — a Linnet was heard pouring forth its sweet song amongst the tall trees near the gardener's house. Lesser Redpoll (Acanthis rufescens). — A pair of Redpolls were seen on 11th March, 1907, amongst the tall trees in the south-west corner. Yellow Bunting (Emberiza citrinella). — The Buntings are only occasional visitors. One Yellow Bunting was seen in the month of May, 1906, and the species was again noted three times during June and August, 1907. 216 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Reed Bunting (Emberiza scho&niclus). — An occasional bird was seen during the spring and autumn of 1906 and 1907. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). — A common resident. Although not very numerous during the summer months, as many as sixty birds have been seen together during the months of winter. Magpie (Pica rustica). — This can only be looked upon as a rare visitor. It was seen amongst the trees at the south-west corner, where one occurred on 2nd February and two on 4th February, 1907. Jackdaw (Gorvus monedula). — Jackdaws were seen on two occasions during the spring of 1906, at which time these birds were not uncommon at one of the " coups ' or rubbish- heaps near the river. On 17th January, 1908, a solitary Jackdaw was seen near the flagstaff. Rook (Gorvus frugilegus). — These birds are common all the year round. They are to be met with all over the park, but particularly inside the deer-run, which is the place they most frequent. Skylark (Alauda arvensis). — One morning, during stormy weather in the spring of 1906, four Skylarks were seen on one of the grass lawns near the band-stand. The bird may occasionally be heard singing outside the limit of the park, but only on that one occasion have I seen it inside. Swift (Cypselus apusj. — I have only seen the Swift on two occasions at the west end of the park, viz., one bird on 1st June and two on 9th August, 1907. Sparrow-Hawk (Accipiter nisus). — In the course of the severe weather in November, 1906, during the week when so many Missel Thrushes came into the park, my attention was attracted by an unusual chattering of the small birds. After a little I noticed a Sparrow-Hawk perched on one of the trees near the greenhouse, but through want of time I was unable to wait to see how its visit ended. birds Frequenting elder park, govan. 217 Lapwing (Vanellus vulgaris). — A few odd birds were seen during the spring and autumn of 1906. I have no records for 1907. On 13th January, 1908, three Lapwings came in overhead, and were in the act of alighting on the south side of the park, but having been disturbed they immediately flew outwards again. On 8th February a flock of about thirty, and another of thirteen, passed over the park from south to north, rlying very low. On 30th March, during a gale from the south-west, a pair of Lapwings crossed the park in a westerly direction. Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus). — This bird can be seen daily at the pond, except during the breeding season, when it only occurs occasionally. During the months of summer one is almost sure to see at least one pair about the pond; but in winter, especially during stormy weather, they are very common, and may be watched skimming over the pond and whirling up to a great height. On 14th November, 1907, during stormy weather, as many as a dozen could be observed at the pond. Common Gull (Larus canus). — During the summer this species may sometimes be seen on the grass patches, and is not uncommon in the fields outside the park. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus). — This is the commonest of the Gulls, and can be seen almost daily, especially during the months of winter and spring, passing and repassing across the park. Very seldom do they alight, although an occasional bird may be seen about the pond during summer. In the winter time the Gulls frequenting the pond are usually young birds in immature plumage. Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus). — Single birds have been seen on the grass lawns a few times during summer. To this^list of forty species a fewT more might doubtless be added by careful observation. I have been informed by Mr. Angus M'Leod, who has also devoted some attention to Elder Park, that he has seen the Tree Creeper (Certhia familiaris) 218 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. and Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicaya grisola) within its bounds. ADDENDUM. Since the foregoing was written, the following summer migrant falls to be added : — 14th August, 1908. Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla raii). — This bird is not uncommon in the district, and nests in the vicinity. Bryum Duvalii, Voit., in Lanarkshire. By D. A. Boyd. [Read 23rd June, 1908.] So far as the south-western counties of Scotland are concerned, this moss has as yet been recorded only for Dumfries and Lanark. Its discovery in Lanarkshire was due to Mr. John R. Lee. who obtained specimens on Tinto at the Society's excursion to that mountain on 3rd June, 1905.* On 30th May last, when visiting the Lowther range of hills, I was so fortunate as to discover another Lanarkshire station for this species. It grew on the north eastern slope of Durisdeer Hill, in the Parish of Crawford, on boggy ground beside a spring which formed the source of a branch of the Potrail, one of the head-waters of the Clyde. It occurred in numerous patches, which were conspicuous by reason of their bright pink colour. In colour and general habit, B. Duvalii bears considerable resemblance to slender and elongated forms of B. pollens, Sw. • from which common moss, however, it may be readily dis- tinguished by its more conspicuously decurrent leaves, shorter nerve, and almost plane leaf-margin, bordered with two rows of narrowly elongated cells. In B. pollens the leaf-margin is dis- tinctly thickened, brownish, and revolute. Having thus been found in two localities in Lanarkshire, B. Duvalii may be expected to occur elsewhere throughout the Clyde area, if carefully searched for in the more hilly regions of our district. * Tram. Nat. Hist. Soc, Glasgow, Vol. VII., p. 305. OCCURRENCE OF THE WATER BETOXY IN ISLAY. 219 Occurrence of the Water Betony (Scrophularia aquatica, L.) in Islay. By Thomas F. Gilmour, L.R.C.P.Ed. [Read 26th October, 1907.] Though by no means a rare plant, this species is, I think, sufficiently uncommon in the West of Scotland to be worthy of notice by the Society, especially as it seems to be quite new to Vice-County 102. In the course of my botanical rambles I have not hitherto met with it in Islay ; but this year it has appeared in great plenty along the banks of the Cornabus Burn, for the last half-mile of its course, and not higher up the stream. As that is a part of the parish which I have been over many times, it is almost impossible that the plant if present could have been overlooked by me. The clumps are broad and striking, and catch the eye readily, even at a distance. As a matter of fact, I was two fields away when I first noticed them this summer, and felt sure that here there was something new. How, then, are we to account for the sudden irruption of this plant 1 I venture to suggest that it is a chance introduction. The farmer, through whose land the Cornabus Burn flows, came from Ayrshire, and that county appears to be the only one in the West of Scotland from which Scrophularia aquatica has been recorded. It may possibly, therefore, have come with grain or other material. All the plants occur on the banks of the lower part of the stream, between the farm and the sea. It is also worth noting that some years ago this burn was badly torn up by floods of a prolonged and destructive character, and it is quite certain that the plants have only appeared since then. List of Bute Plants. By J. Ballantyne. [Read 30th October, 1906.] Along with Arran, the two Cumbraes, and the small islet of Inchmarnock, Bute is included in the group of islands known in topographical botany as the " Clyde Isles," or Vice-County 100. 220 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Owino- to its well-known popularity as a health resort, Pvothesav, the county town, is visited annually by thousands of persons who come in search of health and holiday enjoyment, many of whom are interested in natural history pursuits. For some reason not easily explained, there does not appear to be at present any reliable list of either the fauna or flora of the island. To meet in part this felt want, I have prepared the following list of plants, and although it is by no means exhaustive, it may help as a preliminary contribution towards a more complete catalogue in the near future. Owing to the mild and equable climate of Bute, its variety of soils, and its numerous lochs and marshes, a large number of plants are to be found on the island, many of which are com- paratively rare so far as the West of Scotland is concerned. The mildness of its climate has contributed in no small degree to a number of garden escapes and other alien plants, many of which have their home much further south, establishing them- selves in various spots, and becoming quite naturalised. Among these may be mentioned Claytonia sibirica, Linn. ; Ribes Grossularia, Linn. ; Peucedanurn Ostruthium, Koch ; Anthemis nobilis, Linn. ; Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. ; Linaria repens, Mill. ; and Mimulus luteus, Linn. Others, again, such as Papaver Argemone. Linn. ; Meconopsis cambrica,Yig. ; Chelidonium majus, Linn. ; Iberts am ;ra, Linn. ; Fceniculum vulgare, Mill. ; Scabiosa arvensis, Linn. ; Hieracium aurantiacum, Linn. : V it tea major, Linn. ; Polemonium cceruleum, Linn. ; and Plautago media, Linn., can only be considered as casuals, and have either been intro- duced with farm-seeds or have recently escaped from cultivation. Although all these are found occasionally in the island, they have apparently failed to find a congenial home in the soil of Bute, and cannot be said to have established themselves in any part of it. [ have been careful to enter no plant in this list unless I either have a specimen of it, or know where it is to be found in the island. For this reason, a number of fairly common plants do nut appear in the list ; but it is better that they should mean- while be omitted than that any doubt should be raised regarding them. No attempt has been made in the meantime to deal with the LIST OF BUTE PLANTS. 22 1 many forms of roses, brambles, hawkweeds, willows, and other critical genera, although these appear to be well represented throughout the island. The species of Carex noted are those only which have been examined by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S. There are a number of others which are not included, owing to the doubtful character of the specimens in my possession, and I have not been able as yet to obtain others suitable for identifica- tion. Mr. Somerville also very kindly had a number of my specimens submitted to Mr. A. Bennett, F.L.S., for confirmation. Callitriche autumnalis, Linn., was found and identified by the Rev. E. S. Marshall when on a visit to Bute a few years ago, and when I had the pleasure of taking him to some of the favourite haunts of plants. I am also indebted to Mr. Robert D. Whyte, Town Clerk, Rothesay, and a member of the Bute Physical and Natural History Society, for information regarding a number of plants which he has found. He is preparing a collection of Bute plants for the Rothesay Museum, which is being reorganised by the Buteshire Natural Historv Societv, so that all who are interested in the plants of the district may be able to obtain at the museum any information desired regarding them. The Island of Bute is divided into three parishes, viz., (1) North Bute, (2) Rothesay, and (3) Kingarth ; and reference to these parochial divisions, affords a convenient method of indicating the local distribution and comparative frequency or rarity of each species. The respective parishes in which each plant has been found are indicated by the numerals appended to the specific name, and these correspond to the above enumeration of the parochial divisions of the island. Anemone nemorosa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Trollius europa3us, Linn. 1. Ranunculus trichophyllus, Chaix. 3. Berberis vulgaris, Linn. 2. R. peltatus, Schrank. 2. Nymphsea lutea, Linn. 2. R. heileraceus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Castalia speciosa, Salisb. 1, 2. R. Flammula, Linn. 1, 2, 3. b. minor, D.C. 2. R. acris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Papaver Argemone, Linn. 3. R. repens, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. 2, 3. R. bulbosus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Glaucium navum, Crantz. 3. R. Ficaria, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Chelidonium majus, Linn. 2, 3. b. incumbens, F. Schultz. 1,2,3. Neckeria clavieulata, N.E.Br. 3. Caltha palustris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Fumaiia officinalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3, 222 TRANSACTION'S. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Nasturtium officinale. 11. Br. 1, 2, 3. Arabis hirsuta, Scop. 2. Oardamine pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. C. hirsuta, Linn. 1, "2, 3. C. rlexuosa, With. 1, 2, 3. Erophila vulgaris, D.C. 3. Cochlearia officinalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Sisymbrium Thalianum, J. Gay. 1. ' 2, 3. S. officinale, Scop. 1, 2, 3. Brassica Rapa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. B. monensis, Huds. 3. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. 1, 2, 3. Bursa Bursa-pastoris, Weber. 1,2,3. Lepidium hirtum, Sm. 3. Iberis amara, Linn. 3. Cakile maritima, Scop. 3. Raphanus Raphanistrum. Linn. 3. R. maritimus, Sm. 3. Viola palustris. Linn. 1, 2, 3. V. Riviniana, Reich. 1, 2, 3. V. tricolor, Linn. 1, 2. 3. V. arvensis, Murr. 1, 2, 3. V. Curtisii, Forster. 1, 2. 3. Polygala vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Silene maritima, With. 1, 2, 3. Lychnis alba, Mill. 2. L. dioica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. L. Flos-cuculi, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Cerastium tetrandrum, Curtis. 3. C. glomeratum. Thuill. 1. 2, :!. < ' triviale, Link. 1, 2, 3. Stellaria media, Cyr. 1, 2, 3 S. Holostea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. graminea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. uliginosa, Murr. 1, 2, 3. Arenaria trinervia, Linn. 2. A. serpyllifolia, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. peploides, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Sagina procumbens, Linn. 1, 2. 3. S. nodosa, Fenzl. 1, 2, 3. Spergula arvensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Buda rubra, Dura. 1, 2, 3. 15. media, Dum. 1. Claj^tonia sibirica, Linn. 2, 3. Montia fontana, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Hypericum Androsaemum, Linn. 1. H. dubium, Leers. 1. 2, 3. H. cpuadratum, Stokes. 1, 2, 3. H. pulchrum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. H. elodes, Linn. 2, 3. Malva sylvestris, Linn. 3. Tilia vulgaris, Hayne. 1, 2, 3. Radiola linoides, Roth. 2, 3. Linum catharticum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Geranium sanguineum, Linn. 3. G. pratense, Linn. 1. G. molle, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. dissectum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. Robertianum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Er odium cicutarium, L'Herit. 3. Oxalis Acetosella, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ilex Aquifolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ulex europseus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. C3Ttisus scoparius, Link. 1, 2, 3. Ononis repens, Linn. 3. Medieago lupulina, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Trifolium pratense, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. medium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. procumbens, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. repens, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anthyllis Vulneraria, Linn. 3. Lotus corniculatus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. L. uliginosus. Schkuhr. 1, 2, 3. Vicia Cracca, Linn. 1, 2, 3. V. sepium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. V. sativa, Linn. 1. 2, 3. V. angustifolia, Linn. 3. Lathy r us pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Prunus spinosa, Linn. 3. P. Padus, Linn. 3. Spinva Ulmaria, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Rubus Idseus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. R. fruticosus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Geum urbanum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. ( i. rivale, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Fragaria vesca, Linn. 3. Potcntilla Fragariastrum. Ehrh. 1, 2, 3. P. silvestris, Xeck. 1, 2, 3. P. Anserina. Linn. 1, 2. 3. P. palustris, Sep. 1. 2. 3. LIST OF I JUTE PLANTS. 223 Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. i. 2, 3. A. vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn. 3. Rosa pimpinellifolia, Linn. 3. R. mollis, Sm. 2. R. rubiginosa, Linn. 2. R. canina, Linn. 2. a. lutetiana, Leman. 2. Pyrus Aucuparia, Ehrh. 1, 2, 3. Crataegus Oxyacantha, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Saxifraga ai/.oides, Linn. 1, 2. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Parnassia palustris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ribes Grossularia, Linn. 1. Cotyledon Umbilicus, Linn. 3. Sedum Rhodiola, D.C 3. S. Telephium, Linn. 2. S. anglicum, Huds. 1, 2, 3. S. acre, Linn. 1, 3. Drosera rotund if olia, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Hippuns vulgaris, Linn. 2. Myriophylluin alterniflorum, D.C. — , o. Callitriche stagnalis, Scop. 1, 2, 3. S. autumnalis, Linn. 2. Peplis Portula, Linn. 2. Lythrum Salicaria, Linn. 2, 3. Epilobium hirsutum, Linn. 2, 3. E. parviflorum, Schreb. 1, 2, 3. E. montanum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. palustre, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Circsea lutetiana, Linn. 2. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Eryngium maritimum, Linn. 3. Sanicula europtea, Linn. 2. Conium maculatum, Linn. 3. Apium inundatum, Reichb. fil. 2, 3. zEgopodium Podagraria,Linn. 1,2,3. Pirnpinella Saxifraga, Linn. 3, Conopodium denudatum, Koch. 1, 2, 3. Myrrhis odorata, Scop, 1, 2. Chrerophyllumtemulum, Linn. 1,2,3. Anthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm. 1 , 2, 3. Fceniculum vn]Lrare. Mill. 1. CEnanthe Lachenalii, C. Gmel. 3. CE. crocata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ligusticum scoticum, Linn. 1. Angelica sylvestris, Linn. 1, 2. 3. Peucedanuni Ostruthium. Koch. 2. Heracleum Sphondylium, Linn. 12 3 i, -, o. Daucus Carota, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds. 1, 2, 3. Hedera Helix, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Adoxa Moschatellina, Linn. 1. 2, 3. Sambucus nigra, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lonicera Per iclymenum, Linn. 1,2,3. Galium verum, Linn. 2, 3. G. saxatile, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. palustre, Linn. c. Witheringii, Sm. 1, 2, 3. G. uliginosum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. G. Aparine, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Asperula odorata, Linn. 2. Sherardia arvensis, Linn. 1, 2. Valeriana Mikanii, Svme. 2, 3. Valerianella olitoria, Poll. 3. Scabiosa succisa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. arvensis, Linn. 2 Eupatorium cannabinum, Linn. 3. Solidago Virgaurea, Linn. 1. 2, 3. Bellis perennis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Aster Tripolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Filago germanica, Linn. 3. F. minima, Fr. 3. Antennaria dioica, R. Br. 1, 2, 3. Gnaphalium uliginosum, Linn. 1,2,3. G. sylvaticum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Bidens tripartita, Linn. 1, 2. Achillea Millefolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. Ptarmica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anthemis nobilis, Linn. 2. Chrysanthemum segetum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. C. Leucanthemum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Matricaria inodora, Linn. 1,2, 3. Artemisia vulgaris, Linn. 1, 3. Tussilago Farfara, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Petasites officinalis, Mcench. 1, 3. Senecio vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. sylvaticus, Linn. 3. S. Jacobiea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. 224 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. S. aquaticus, Huds. 1, 2, 3. Arctium minus, Bernh. 1, '2. 3. Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. 1, 2, 3. C. palustris, Willd. 1. 2, .!. C. arvensis, Hoffm. 1. 2. 2. Centaurea nigra, Linn. 1. 2, 3. Lapsana communis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Crepis virens, Linn. 1, 2, 3. C. paludosa, Mcench. 1, 2, 3. Hieracium Pilosella, Linn. 1, 2, 3. H. aurantiacum, Linn. 2. H. vulgatum, Fr. 1, 2, 3. Hypochceris radicata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Leont ;donautumnalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Taraxacum officinale, Web. 1, 2, 3. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn. 1, 2. 3. S. arvensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Tragopogon pratense, Linn. 3. Lobelia Dortmanna, Linn. 1, 2. Jasione montana, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Campanula rotundifolia, Linn 1,2,3. Vaccinium Myrtillu.s, Linn. 1. 2. Calluna Erica, DC. 1, 2, 3. Erica Tetralix, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. cinerea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Armeria maritima, Willd. 1, 2, 3. Primula acaulis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lysimachianemorum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Glaux maritima, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anagallis arvensis, Linn. 3. A. tenella, Linn. 1 , 2, 3. Centunculus minimus, Linn. 2. Samolus Valerandi, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Fraxinus excelsior, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ligustrum vulgare, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Vinca major, Linn. 3. Erythraea Centaurium, Pers. 1, 2, 3. Gentiana campestris. Linn. 1. Menyanthes trifoliata, Linn. 2. Polemonium caeruleum, Linn. 3. Symphytum officinale, Linn. 2. S. tuberosum, Linn. 2. Borago officinalis, Linn. 2, 3. Anchusa sempervirens, Linn. 2, 3. Lycopsis arvensis, Linn. 2, 3. Pneumaria maritima, Hill. 3. Myosotis caespitOsa, F. Schultz. 1, 2,3. M. palustris, Relh. 2. M. repens. G. Don. 1. 2, 3. M. arvensis. Lam. 1, 2, 3. M. versicolor, Reichb. 1, 2, 3. Volvulus sepium, Junger. 1. Solanum Dulcamara, Linn. 2, 3. Atropa Belladonna, Linn. 3. Verbascum Thapsus. Linn. 3. Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. 1, 2, 3. L. repens, Mill. 2, 3. L. vulgaris, Mill. 3. Scrophularia nodosa, Linn. 2. 3. Mimulus luteus, Linn. 2, 3. Digitalis purpurea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Veronica hederaefolia, Linn. 1, 2, 3. V. agrestis, Linn. V. arvensis, Linn. 1, 2. 3. V. serpyllifolia, Linn. 1, 2, 3, Y. officinalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. V. Chamasdrys, Linn. 1,2, 3. V. scutellata, Linn. 2. V. Anagallis -aquatica, Linn. 3. V. Beccabunga, Linn. 1. 2, 3. Euphrasia officinalis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Bartsia Odontites, Huds. 1, 2, 3. a. verna (R.eichs). 1, 2, 3. B. viscosa, Linn. 2. Pedicularis palustris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. sylvatica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn. 1,2,3. Melampyrum pratense, Linn. 2. Utricularia vulgaris, Linn. 2. Pinguicula vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. lusitanica Linn. 1, 2, 3. Mentha hirsuta, Huds. 1, 2, 3. M. sativa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. M. arvensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lycopus europaeus, Linn. 2. 3. Origanum vulgare, Linn. 3. Thymus Serpyllum, Fr. 1, 2, 3. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. 1, 2, 3. Scutellaria galericulata, Linn. 1,2,3. S. minor, Huds. 2. Prunella vulgaris, Linn. 1, 2. 3. Stachys palustris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. sylvatica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. arvensis, Linn. 3. Galeopsis versicolor, Curt. 1, 2, 3. G. Tetrahit, Linn. 1,2, 3. Lamiura amplexicaule, Linn. 1, 2, 3. LIST OF BUTK PLANTS. 9 Oft L. purpureum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Teucrium Scorodonia, Linn. 1,2,3. Ajuga reptans, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Plantago major, Linn. 1, 2, ,3. P. media, Linn. 3. P. lanceolata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. maritima, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. Coronopus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Littorella juncea, Berg. 2 Sclei'anthus annuus, Linn. 2. Chenopodium album, Linn. 2, 3. Atriplex patula, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. Babingtonii, Woods. 3. A. laciniata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Salicornia herbacea, Linn. 1. Suseda maritima, Dum. 2. Salsola Kali, Linn. 3. Polygonum Convolvulus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. aviculare, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. Raii, Bab. 3. P. Hydropiper, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. Persicaria, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. lapathifolium, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. amphibium, Linn. 2. b. terrestre, Leers. 2. P. Bistorta, Linn. 1. Rumex conglomeratus, Murr. 1. R. sanguineus, Linn. 3. b. viridis, Sibth. 3. R. obtusifolius, Linn. 1, 2, 3. R. crispus, Linn. 1,2, 3. R. Acetosa, Linn. 1, 2, 3. R. Acetosella. Linn. 1, 2, 3. Hippophae rhamnoides, Linn. 3. Euphorbia Helioscopia, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. Peplus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Mercurialis perennis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ulmus montana, Stokes. 1, 2, 3. Urtica dioica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. U. urens, Linn. 3. Myrica Gale, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Betula verrucosa, Ehrh. 1, 2, 3. Alnus glutinosa, Medic. 2, 3. Corylus Avellana, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Quercus Robur, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Castanea sativa, Mill. 2, 3. Fagus sylvatica, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Salix alba, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Empetrum nigrum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Linns sylvestris, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Juniperus communis, Linn. 2, 3. Elodea canadensis, Michx. 2, 3. Listera ovata, R.Br. 3. L. cordata, R.Br. 2, 3. Orchis mascula, Linn. 1, 2, 3. 0. incarnata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. 0. maculata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Habenaria conopsea, Benth. 1, 2, 3. H. albida, R. Br. 2. H. bifolia, R.Br. 2, 3. H. chlorolsuca, Ridley. 1, 2, 3. Iris Pseudacorus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Allium ursinum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Scilla festalis, Salisb. 1, 2, 3. Narthecium Ossifragum, Huds. 1, 2 3 Juncus bufonius, Linn. 1, 2, 3. J. squarrosus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. J. effusus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. J. conglomeratus, Linn. 1. 2, 3. J. maritimus, Lam. 1, 2, 3. J. supinus, Mcench. 1, 3. .1. lampocarpus, Ehrh. 1, 2, 3. J. acutiiiorus, Ehrh. 1, 2, 3. Luzula vernalis, D. C 2. L. maxima, D.C. 1, 2, 3. L. campestris, D.C. 1, 2, 3. L. erecta, Desv. 1, 2, 3. Typha latifolia, Linn. 3. Sparganium ramosum, Huds. 2, 3. Arum maculatum, Linn. 3. Lemna minor, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Alisma Plantago-aquatica, Linn. 2, 3. A. ranunculoides, Linn. 2, 3. Triglochin palustre, Linn. 1, 2, 3. T. maritimum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Potamogeton natans, Linn. 1,2, 3. P. polygonifolius, Pour. 1, 2, 3. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. 2. P. nitens, Web. 3. Ruppia rostellata, Koch. 3. Eleocharis palustris, R.Br. 1, 2, 3. E. multicaulis, Sm. 1, 2, 3. Scirpus fluitans, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. pauci floras, Light. 1. 2, 3. S. cnespitosus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. S. lacustris, Linn. 2. 226 TRANSACTION?. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn. 1 . 2. 3. E. angustifoliuni, Roth. 1. 2, 3. Rhynchospora alba. Valil. 1. Zustera marina, Linn. 3. Schoenus nigricans, Linn. 1, 2. 3. Cladium jamaicense, Crantz. 1. Carex puliearis, Linn. C. arenaria, Linn. C. vulpina, Linn. C. echinata, Mnrr. C. ovalis, Good. C Goodnowii, J. Gay. C flacca, Schreb. C. pilnlifera, Linn. C. sylvatica, Huds. C tiava, Linn. C hirta, Linn. C. acutiformis, Ehrh. C. rostrata, Stokes. Phalaris canadensis, Linn. 2, 3. P. arnndinacea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Anthoxanthnm odoratum, Linn. 1, 2,3. Alopecurus geniculates, Linn. 1,2,3. A. pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Phlenm pratense, Linn. 1, 2. 3. Agrostis canina, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. palustris, Huds. b. stolonifera, Linn. 1,2,3. c. maritima, Mey. 1, 3. A. vulgaris, With. 1. 3. pumila. Linn. 1, 3. Aramophila arundinacea, Host. 1, O Q -, O. Aira caryopln Ilea, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. prsecox, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Deschampsia casspitosa, Beauv. 1, 2,3. 1). flexuosa, Trin. 1, 2, 3. Holcus mollis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. H. lanatus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. 1,2,3. Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh. 1, 2, 3. Phragmitcs communis, Trin. 1 , 2, 3. Cynosurus cristatus, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Molinia varia, Schrank. 1, 2, 3. (Jatabrosa aquatica, Beauv., b. littor- alis, Para. 3. Melieauniflora. Retz. 1, 2. 3. Dactylis glomerata, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Poa annua, Linn. 1, 2. 3. P. pratensis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. P. trivialis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Glvceria fluitans, R. Br. 1. 2. 3. G. maritima, Mert. and Koch. 1, 3. Festuca ovina, Linn. 1. b. capillata, Hackel. 1. F. elatior, Linn. 1, 2. 3. Bromus ramosus, Huds. 1, 2, 3. B. sterilis. Linn. 1, 2, 3. B. mollis, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Bracby podium gracile, Beauv. 1. Lolium perenne, Linn. 1, 2, 3. c italicum, Braun. 3. Agropyron caninum, Beauv. 1, 2, 3. A. repens, Beauv. 1, 2, 3. A. junceum, Beauv. 1, 3. Nardus stricta, Linn. 1, 3. Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, Sm o H. unilaterale, Bory. 2. Pteris aquilina, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Lomaria Spicant, Desv. 1, 2, 3. Asplenium Aiiantum-nigrum, Linn O Q -, O. A. marinum, Linn. 1, 3. A. Trichomanes, Linn. 1, 2, 3. A. Ruta-muraria, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Ath}Trium Filix-fcemina,Roth. 1,2,3. Scolopendrium vulgare, Symons. 3. Polystichum angulare, Presl. 3. Lastram Oreopteris, Presl. 1, 2, 3. L. Filix-mas, Presl. 1, 2, 3. L. dilatata, Presl. 1, 2, 3. Poly podium vulgare, Linn. 1, 2, 3. Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee. 1, 3. Osmunda regalis, Linn. 1. Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. 2. 10(^uisetum arvense, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E sj'lvaticum, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. palustre, Linn. 1, 2, 3. E. limosum, Sm. 2, 3. Lycopodinm Selago, Linn. 2. L. clavatum, Linn. 2. L. alpinum, Linn. 2. Selaginella selaginoides, Gray. 2, 3. Isoetes lacustris, Linn. 2. IN MEMORIAM. 227 In Memoriam. — Alexander Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S. Died 5th June, 1907. Alexander Somerville was born in Glasgow in the year 1842. He was the eldest son of the Rev. A. N. Somerville, D.D., minister of the Anderston congregation of the Church of Scotland, and afterwards, for many years, of Free Anderston Church, Glasgow. He was educated at the Glasgow Academy, and subsequently attended for three sessions at the old college in High Street. After leaving college he entered upon a business career. Several years having thus been spent in the house of Messrs. J. H. Young k Co., merchants, Glasgow, he went to Calcutta as a merchant in the well-known house of Messrs. Mackinnon, Mackenzie, & Co., but, after fifteen years of exposure to the trying climate of India, his health became impaired and he returned to Scotland. At this period of his life his literary and scientific tastes seem to have strongly asserted themselves. He once more matriculated as a student in the university (now established in its stately range of new buildings at Gilmorehill), where he attended science classes, and in due course obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science. To the pursuit of natural history, which had formerly engaged his attention in boyhood, he applied himself once more with increased devotion. His two favourite departments of research were Marine Zoology and Systematic Botany, both of which were studied by him for many years with characteristic enthusiasm. His marine investigations led him to make many dredging excursions, in which he was often accom- panied by naturalist friends who possessed tastes similar to his own. In this way he explored the whole of the Clyde Sea Area and the greater part of the western coast of Scotland. He was accustomed to preserve manuscript records of these excursions, in which the most exact information was noted as to the places where the dredging was conducted, the depths from which the respective hauls were taken, and the species of organisms and number of specimens so obtained. As the marine mollusca attracted his special notice, he corresponded with the most eminent British conchologists, and soon became a recognised H 228 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. authority on the subject of British shells. In 1886 he published a List of British Mollusca and Brachiopoda, which was accepted as the standard catalogue until superseded in 1900 by the official list of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. His appointment by that society as one of the three referees for marine shells may be regarded as indicating the high estimation in which his attainments as a conchologist were held. In the department of Scottish Topographical Botany, particu- larly in the investigations for working out the flora of the Watsonian vice-counties, his important researches — carried on chiefly in the West of Scotland, but occasionally extended to Orkney and other remoter regions — have led to the acquisition of much valuable information relating to plant-distribution, including many interesting records of the occurrence of species in districts where they were not previously known to exist In the course of this work he entered into correspondence with the recognised authorities in various departments of botany, to whom he was likewise accustomed to submit specimens of the plants upon which his records were based, thus greatly enhancing the value of the information due to his individual researches. He also formed an herbarium of British Flowering-plants and Ferns, upon which he expended so much careful labour as to render it one of the finest in the country. After returning to Glasgow from India, he became connected with various scientific institutions. One of the earliest to be joined was the Linnean Society, of which he was a Fellow. He was elected a member of the Natural History Society of Glasgow on 13th September, 1881, and a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh on 11th February. 1886. He was a member of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and for a number of years held office on the council of that institution, and was for a period of three years its president. He was also a member of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow, and a member of the West of Scotland Marine Biological Association. He was deeply interested in the movement which resulted in the establishment of the .Marino Biological Station at Millport, and took an active part in obtaining the funds necessary for its equipment and maintenance. His persona] efforts were instru- mental in obtaining many valuable gifts, alike from private IN MEMOEIAM. 229 individuals and public institutions. One of the most notable of these was the collection of Reports of the Challenger Expedition, now contained in the library at the Millport Station, which has proved very helpful to students and others in the course of their biological researches there. But his sympathies extended over a much wider field than was embraced in those departments of science which specially attracted his notice. As an elder and Sabbath -school teacher he took a prominent part in congregational work, while many philanthropic objects, both at home and abroad, received his hearty support. There is reason for believing that every society and institution in which Mr. Somerville became actively interested derived benefit from his keen enthusiasm, clear business insight, unflag- ging energy, and unfailing perseverance When convinced of the goodness of a cause which appealed to his sympathies, or the advantages of a policy which he desired, he was seldom daunted by difficulties or dismayed by obstacles in the way of its attain- ment. His personal enthusiasm was itself instrumental in persuading others to arrive at his own way of thinking ; while those who were frequently brought into contact with him know how unsparing were his efforts, how voluminous his correspond- ence, how importunate his appeals, in seeking to further a desired end. As a Society we must gratefully remember how often such efforts were successfully made by him on our behalf, and how largely they have resulted in the attainment of benefits of which we are now in the enjoyment. Besides rendering many services as a contributor of specimens and papers at the meetings of this Society, he occasionally held office in the Council. He acted as a Vice-President from 1888 till 1891, and in 1899 was elected President for a full term of three years. During his tenure of office as President, a special meeting was held on 4th December, 1901. for the purpose of celebrating the Jubilee of the Society, and its success was in great measure due to his personal efforts to render the proceedings worthy of the occasion. Although, owing to his failing health, a considerable period had elapsed since his last appearance at the meetings of the Society, many indications were from time to time received of his 230 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. continued interest in its proceedings and unabated desire for its welfare. Mr. Somerville was twice married, and is survived by his widow, two sons, and four daughters. To them must be accorded the sympathy of a very wide circle of friends, united together in mourning the loss of a fellow-worker, counsellor, and companion, whose memory will be cherished alike for his high attainments and personal worth. Auchendrane and its Trees. By John Renwick. [Read 25th June, 1907.] Two hundred years ago, in 1707, the Parliaments of England and of Scotland were united and became the Parliament of Great Britain. One of the members of the Scots Parliament who voted in favour of the Union was John Muir of Blairstoun or Middle Auchendrane, who represented the burgh of Ayr. He had been a magistrate of the "aulcl toun " as early as 1672, was provost before 1688, and in 1690 was elected provost and com- missioner of Parliament for the burgh. He was elected the first representative of the burgh in the new Parliament of Great Britain, and died in 1709 or 1710 at a great age, "having been engaged in the trade and public business of Ayr during a period of nearly 60 years, remarkable for civil commotions and great events" (Paterson, History of Ayrshire, vol. II., p. 363). In honour of the Union, John Muir planted in 1707 a row of "Norwegian Pines," now called Silver Firs, which have since been known in the family as " The Union Trees." They are six tall and stately trees, rising to a height of over 100 feet, with a girth of from 16 ft. 5 in. downwards. Other trees planted about the same time are a Silver Fir now 110 ft. high, and two Scots Firs respectively 90 and 1)2 ft. high, with girths of 10 ft. 5 in. and 11 ft. 6 in. From an old document, Miss Cathcart, the present proprietor of the estate, learns that in 1698 John Muir sold £300 worth of fine Oaks. AUCHENDRANE AND ITS TREES. 231 John Muir's great grandson, Robert Muir, studied medicine in London, and graduated as M.D. He was born in 1736, and apparently on coming of age in 1757 he planted a Silver Fir. which in memory of him is known as "The Doctor.' It has nourished well, its height being over 101 ft., girth 15 ft., and annual rate of increase in girth (1-22 in.) for whole life greater than that of any of the other trees. Dr. Muir was survived by a daughter, Mary, who married David Cathcart of Alloway, afterwards elevated to the Bench, under the title of Lord Alloway. During their time many Oaks were taken away, and many trees planted to replace these. Their son, Elias Cathcart, graduated as LL.D. in the university of Ley den in 1815, was married to Miss Dunlop in 1818, succeeded to the property in 1829 on the death of his father, sold Alloway in 1830, and in the same year, "under the old name of Auchen- draine, united his estate of Blairstoun, with the adjoining barony of Auchendraine which he acquired from the parliamentary trustees of Sir James Fergusson of Kilkerran " (Paterson, Hist. Ayrshire). This barony had been disponed by Hugh Mure of Auchendrane in 1741 to Sir James Fergusson, second baronet of Kilkerran. Hugh Mure was a descendant of the " Grey Man of Auchendrane." Elias Cathcart had a family of two sons and three daughters, of whom the only survivor is the eldest daughter, the present proprietor of the estate, Miss Jane A. Cathcart.* At the time of her marriage, Mrs. Elias Cathcart, or Miss Dunlop, planted a Birch on the lawn in front of the house. In looking over some old letters last year, Miss Cathcart discovered that the Birch had been brought, with other rare plants, in the year 1818. from Booth's gardens in Hamburg, as "The cut-leaf Weeping Birch." It exhibits the pendulous habit to a slight degree, but only in some of the young leaves does it show any traces of cut leaves. It is now probably the finest tree of the species in Scotland, and nearly the largest. It has a height of 67 feet, spread of 60 feet, girth 10 feet 8| inches, bole 13 feet. Another tree that seems to be one of the best of its kind in the United Kingdom is a Western Arbor Vitae, Thuya occidentalism L. In the first volume of The Trees of Great * I regret to note that Miss Cathcart died on 25th January, 1909, when in her eighty -ninth year. — J. R. , Jan., 1911. 232 TRANSACTION'S, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. Britain and Ireland, by H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., and A. Henry, F.L.S., the former writes (p. 194), " Thuya occidentalis never attains to a considerable size when planted in this country. There is a specimen at White Knights, near Reading, of great age. which is now dying at the top. According to the gardener there, it has not made any growth for the last thirty-five years. It measured in 1904, 41 feet in height by 4 feet in girth. At Stratton Strawless, Norfolk, there is also a specimen of consider- able age, remarkable for the pendulous habit of the branches, which is 35 feet in height. There are more large specimens at Belton Park than at any other place I know in England, the largest I have measured being 41 feet by 3 feet 9 inches. Henry, however, in 1904 measured one at Arley Castle as tall, which divides into three stems near the ground, where it measures 7 feet 6 inches in girth At Auchendrane, Ayrshire, Renwick measured a tree in 1902, — which, according to a specimen procured by him in 1906, was Thuya occidentalism — as 42 feet high, by 6 feet 8 inches in girth, with a bole of 12 feet." Another remarkable tree is the True Service-tree, or Sorb, Pyrus Sorbus, Gaertn., or P. domestica, Ehr. It has a height of 57 ft., a girth of 5 ft. 7 ins., with a bole of 9 ft. The forester has not observed it in fruit. Unfortunately the description of this species by Messrs. Elwes and Henry was printed before I sent a specimen. They give no measurements for Scotland, but it is likely that the Auchendrane tree is equal to any in this country. They say that the largest now living in the United Kingdom seems to be one in Co. Kilkenny, 77 ft. high by 10 ft. 8 in. in girth ; that Loudon mentions a tree in Dorsetshire 82 ft. high, diameter 3 ft. 4 in. ( = girth 10 ft. 6 in.), which, if a true Sorb, must have been the largest on record, but it has long been dead. They record several in England, such as one at Wetherby 65 ft. high by 9 ft. girth, and one at Arley Castle 55 ft. high by 7 ft. 4 in. girth. The tree at Arley Castle was a seedling from the single specimen which grew in a remote part of Wyre Forest in Worcester- shire, on whose existence as a native the species was admitted to the British Flora. This tree in Wyre Forest was mentioned in the Philosophical Transactions as far back as 1678. It was burnt down in 1862 by a fire kindled at its base by a vagrant. The species is not now considered as a native. (Elwes and Henry, Vol. I. p. 147.) AUCIIBNDRANE AND ITS TREES. 233 Still another good tree i.-> a specimen of the Golden Birch, Betula Intra. Micheux, 57 ft. high, bole 15 ft., girth 5 ft. 21 in. Dr. A. 1 lenrv. V. L.S., to whom I am indebted for the name, states that it is a remarkably fine one -for the British Isles. It agrees with an excellent specimen at Tortworth, but has smaller leaves. The leaves have a peculiar white or pale colour beneath, which does not occur in any Kew trees of the species. The taste of the 1 >ark of the young branchlets is peculiar and exactly that of B. lutea. In addition to those already mentioned, and those contained in the appended table of measurements, the following trees and shrubs have been observed, and quite likely others exist which have not been noticed : — Tulip Tree. - Three-petaled Magnolia, Spindle-tree, Norway Maple, - Ohio Buck-eye, or Smooth- leaved Horse Chestnut, - lied Horse Chestnut, - Mahaleb, Goat's Beard, Willow- leaved Pvrus, - Cockspur, - Hawthorn, - Liriodendrou Tulipifera, L. Magnolia tripetala, L. Euouymus europceus, L. Acer platanoides, L. Jlsculus glabra, Willd. ,, camea, Hayne. Primus Mahaleb) Mill. Spircea Aruncus, L. Pyrus salicifolia, L. Craliegus Crus-galli, L. ,, Oxyacantha, L. One with " witches' broom" — a somewhat uncommon occurrence. Curly-leaved Ash, Smooth Elm, Fringe-leaved Aldei , Cut-leaved Hornbeam, Ked Oak, Silvery Oak, Copper Beech, Oriental Plane, - Wellingtonia, var. iricisa. Fraxinus excelsior, L., var. crisjia Ulmus glabra. Mill. Aluus glutinosa, Gaertn., var. laciniata. Carpinus Betulus, L. Quercus rubra, L. ,, pedunculata, variegata. Fagus sylvatica, L., var. cuprea. Platanus orientalis, L. Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne. Ehr. var. Some time ago Mr. William Kelso of Ayr gave me a list of "a few of the more uncommon plants found near Auchendrane." 234 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. It includes Ranunculus auricomus, L., which Mr. John Smith (Botany of Ayrshire, p. 7) states has been recorded for Monkton by Mr. Duncan, and for Craigie by Mr. Borland, but he himself has not seen it in Ayrshire ; Nuphar luteum, Sm. ; Nytnphata alba, L. ; Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. ; Chrysosplenium alter nifolium, L., recorded by Mr. Smith for only three parishes, Kilbirnie, Dairy, Loudoun ; Adoxa Moschatellina, L. ; Solanum Dulcamara, L. ; Salix fragilis, L. ; Neottia Nidus-avis, L. \ Allium ursinum, L. ; Asplenium Trichomanes, L. ; Scolopendrium vulgare, L. ; Poly podium Dryopteris, L. ( = Phegopterxs Dryopteris, Fee) ; also Symphoricarpus 7'acemosus, Mx. Auchendrane has something still to show on the bonnie holms and banks of Doon ! Measurements of Trees at Auchendrane. Supplementary to Table in Transactions, Vol. VII. (n.s.), p. 270. Species. Date. Girth, at Bole. Height. Tilia platyphyllos, Scop. var. pt. in. Ft. Ft. Ft. aspleniifolia ; Cut-leaved Lime Tree, - - -July, '07 2 1 If 3 9 42 Acer platanoides, L. var. laciniatum ; Eagle's-claw Maple, - - - - „ „ 3 2 J 5 7 48 Pyrus Sorbus, Gaertn. ; True Service Tree, - - June, ,,575 9 57 Prunus serotiiia ,Jjoi. ', Ameri- can Gean, - July, ,, b 8 2 3 42 Prunus Mahaleb, Mill., - Sept., ,. 3 7 1*5 3 20 Bettda lutea, Mx. ; Yellow Birch, - - - - „ „ 5 2J 5 15 57 Ulmus glabra, Mill. ; Elm (not " Zelkoiva crenata " as in table loc. cit.), - July, ,, 5 10J 5 12 63 Fagus sylvatica, L. ; Beech, to west of house, Sept., ., 10 1U 5 25 67* Thuya occidentalis, L. ; Western Arbor Viue, - June. „ 6 10^ 5 12 42* * Height in 1902. NOTES ON RICHARDSON S SKUA. 235 Species. Date. Girth, at Bole. Height. Ft. Ft. Tit uya plicata, Don (gigautea, Nut.); Giant Thuya, - June, '07 5 2 Abies pectinata, DC. ; (Silver Fir. No. 1 of " The Union Trees," planted Ft. In. Ft. 5 July, „ 16 H 1707, Do., on stable path, April, 06 12 2j Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carr; Douglas Fir, ?) J5 D 5 5 10J 5 Picea excelsa, L. ; Spruce, - July, '07 5 1 1 \ 5 Cedrus atlantica, Manetti \ Atlas Cedar, - - „ „ 5 2J 5 Pinus sylvest?'is,Jj.[ Scots Fir, in flower garden, planted 1707, - - - - „ „ 10 5 5 Larix europcea. DC. ; Larch, near bridge, - - - June, '07 8 2h 5 . * Height in 1902. 104 60 21 87 * Notes on Richardson's Skua (Stercorarius crepidatus, Gm.), By Robert W. S. Wilson. [Read 23rd June, 1908.] Richardson's Skua belongs to the small group of parasitic gulls, of which we have four species in this country, namely, the Great Skua (Megalesti'is catarrhactes, L.), Pomatorhine Skua (Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Temminck), Richardson's Skua [IS. crepidatus, Gmelin), and the Long-tailed Skua (S. parasiticus, L.), the first and third being nesting species here. Richardson's Skua is the most abundant of the genus, nesting in plenty on the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and more sparingly on the Hebrides and in some parts of the North of Scotland. In the Clyde Area, it occurs in spring and autumn in most years. At Fairlie I have observed it from the beginning of August till November. 236 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. It is a bird of rather curious habits. When intent on feeding, it may be seen flying about, watching the Common Gulls and K it ti wakes in their attempts to catch fish. Whenever one of the latter manages to secure a fish, the Skua immediately gives chase, and buffets the poor bird with such violence as to compel it to drop the fish, which the Skua catches before it reaches the water. On 4th June, 1904, when on the Island of Yell in the Shetlands, I had for the first time an opportunity of seeing this species inland. We were walking over to West Sand wick at the time, and on catching sight of the bird we at once followed it, and found it perched on a mossy knoll. It then flew away, and disappeared behind a distant ridge. Having followed it, we came upon the pair of birds on a patch of flat mossy ground behind the ridge where the first Skua had disappeared. They speedily showed by their actions that they had a nest close at hand, as they began to swoop at us, always making the attack from behind. When we approached more closely, the birds alighted on the ground, sat on their tails, and propelled themselves along the surface by flapping their wings, as though they had been wounded and were unable to fly. We soon found the nest, which was but a slight hollow scooped in the moss, and lined with a fewr bits of grass. It contained two eggs. Next day we visited a colony of these birds. This was in a wild stretch of country, studded with lochs, in the north part of the island. They were not nesting close together, but each pair had a patch of ground reserved for themselves ; and whenever this area was intruded upon by either a gull or another skua, the occupants gave battle, attacking the intruder with such force as to cause feathers to fly. The impact of the two birds' bodies meeting in mid-air was quite perceptible to the ear. Their note.^, which they constantly uttered, resembled the mewing of a cat. They had two distinct types of plumage, one with light throat and breast, and the other sooty all over. A pair of Great Skuas had also taken up their quarters in this locality, and it was interesting to observe the different manner in which the two species showed their resentment of our intrusion in their haunts. The Great Skuas always made a frontal attack, sweeping down from a height and coming at the intruder in a horizontal ON TWO NKW FORMS OF CARBX. 237 direction, at a height just sufficient to clear his head. The velocity of the swoop being very great, and the "swish" of the wings growing louder as the birds approached, made one involuntarily duck the head to avoid their onslaught. On the other hand, the attack of Richardson's Skua generally came from behind, or sometimes from the side, but never from the front. It was made by the birds dipping down in a vertical direction from a height of from fifteen to twenty yards, but they never actually touched us, as their larger and bolder relatives some- times did. On Two New Forms of Carex. By Peter Ewing, F.L.S. [Read 23rd June, 1908.] Carex saxatilis Linn., forma glomerata mihi. Despite the number of described forms of Carex saxatilis L., I wish to direct attention to another which is so distinct as to be well worthy of special recognition. It occurs on Ben Lawers and Beinn Heasgarnich, and has all along been apparently over- looked as a small form of C. alrata L., to which in facies it closely approaches, as may be seen from the following description : — Rootstock shortly creeping, with light-brown and bright- purple coloured sheaths, the barren shoot and the following year's barren shoot curved upwards from the base. Leaves narrow, strict, slightly keeled, revolute, with angular points, edges rough, shorter than the stems. Stems stout, 20-30 cm. high, bluntly triangular, scarcely rough at the top. Spikes 3-4, bluntly ovate-oblong, upper spikelet very shortly stalked, next sessile at its base, next shortly stalked, lowest on a long stalk, terminal spike may be all male or all female or partly both, and stamens are often seen on the other spikes. Lower bract leaf-like, not sheathing. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, dark-purple with a lighter tip, midrib slender, only visible on some of the glumes. Perigynia yellowish at the base, purple above, broadly ovate, slightly inflated, veinless except at sides, neck and bifid beak distinct. stigmas two. 238 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. This form has a good deal in common with C. airata, but the influence of that species is questionable. As with all other deviations from the type, it is difficult to find a plant so fully developed in all its parts as to enable all questions of affinity to be definitely settled. C. saxatilis Linn., forma intermedia mini. This form should come under C. vesicaria L., as it seems inter- mediate between C. Grahami Boott, and C. saxatilis L., but differs from the former in being 15-30 cm. high, not growing casspitose. and having leaves much shorter and natter ; from the latter it differs in having 1-3 female spikelets, the lower one cylindrical on a long hair-like peduncle and hanging when mature ; lower glumes longer and upper as long as the perigynia, subulate, blackish-brown with a light-coloured midrib and white tip, perigynia as in C. Grahami but darker coloured, stigmas three, style not so geniculate as in the type. This is the form which the artist had before him when he drew plate 1684, and also the perigynia at the foot of the plate, in the 3rd edition of English Botany. In the young state, dried plants of this are so like small plants of C. Grahami that they are liable to be confused with it ; in fact, there are a few specimens mixed with the small form of C. Grahami in the Royal Herbarium at Edinburgh. Some authors regard this as the form alpigena Fr., thereby causing the difficulty experienced in trying to diagnose that form. Only on one of the Breadalbane mountains does this occur at all plentifully, and there it grows in company with C. saxatilis and C. Grahami, being to all appearance a hybrid between these forms, of which C. Grahami is the male parent. Reports on Excursions.* Dalry to Fairlie, loth September, 1906. — Mr. D. A. Boyd reported that this excursion, which was arranged jointly with the West Kilbride Natural History and Archaeological Society, took place during very unfavourable weather, and the attendance was accordingly small. Having met at Dairy railway station, : The Lists of Musses, ELepatics, and Microfungi noted at Excursions in 1907 and 1908 have been incorporated as a Supplementary Report (see p. 263). REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 239 the party visited the old manse, which is situated near the centre of the town, close to the churchyard, and dates from the seven- teenth century. In the neighbourhood of Dairy were observed Polygonum Bistorta, L. ; Ilygrophorus calyptrceformis, B. & Br. ; Marssonia populi, Lib., on leaves of Populus ; and Ovular ia si>liairoidea, Sacc, on leaves of Lotus uliginosus, Schkuhr. ; with various other plants. During the descent towards Fairlie, beautiful views were obtained of the shores and islands of the Firth of Clvde ; but the wet condition of the lone: herbage interfered with botanical pursuits. Hawkhead, 29th September, 1906; and Torrance (East Kilbride), 13th October, 1906. — Mr. R. B. Johnstone, conductor. Messrs. Johnstone and Boyd reported that these excursions were arranged jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists' Society, and took the form of Fungus Forays. The attendance on both occasions was satisfactory, At Hawkhead the species noted did not include any which are worthy of special mention, but at Torrance numerous interesting forms were obtained. Among the Hymenomycetes, the most notable species observed in the latter locality were Mycena pterigena, Fr., M. capillaris (Schum.) Fr , Pleurotus dryinus (Pers.) Fr., Lactarius pallidus, Fr., and Poria sanguinolenta (A. & S.) Fr. The Microfungi found at Torrance included Ciborialuteovirescens (Rob.) Sacc, which grew on dead petioles of Acer Pseudo-platanus ; Cyathicula coronata (Bull.) De Not., on a dead herb-stem; Ascobolus vinosus, Berk., on rabbit-dung; Torula ovalispora, Berk., on dead wood; &c. South Bute, 1st April, 1907. — Mr. John Robertson, conductor. This excursion took place in favourable weather, and was attended by eighteen members and friends. After landing at Kilchattan Pier, the party proceeded behind the village to the road which passes through Suidhe Plantation, and visited the Standing Stones in Blackpark Plantation. These consist of three upright blocks, of the history of which nothing authentic is known. Returning to the road, the party walked by Largizean and Lubas to the seashore at Dunagoil Bay. All clambered to the top of Dunagoil ("the fort of the stranger"), a boss of trap rock which marks an ancient headland, and has several sea-worn caves at its 240 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. base. Dunagoil was a vitrified fort, of which part of a wall still remains. Whether the vitrification was merely accidental, caused by strong wind blowing up from the sea so as to occasion fierce combustion with great heat, or whether it was produced inten- tionally, is a subject upon which authorities do not seem to be agreed. After having rested and enjoyed the beautiful view obtainable from the fort, the party proceeded to St. Blane's Chapel, also known as Kilblain and Kingarth. This is a ruin of uncertain age, which nestles in a delightful and sheltered hollow. The style of architecture is mainly Norman, with some early Gothic windows. The Norman portion, however, seems to cover a building of an earlier date, while the Gothic windows mark a third stvle, of date still later than the Norman. The Rev. Dr. Hewison, in his book entitled Bute in the Olden Time, considers that the original edifice, which is still the framework of the present building, was erected under the supervision of St. Blane, who died about the year 630. From the chapel the hill-path over the flank of Suidhe Chatain was followed. This hill is 517 feet high, and from its summit a series of magnificent views present themselves in every direction. From no other coign of vantage can so fine a prospect of the Arran mountains be obtained. The list of Birds observed in the course of the day was not a long one, but some members of the party, who had been down at Kilchattan Bay over the week-end, had noted 63 species — a record which at that early season could hardly be excelled elsewhere in the Clyde Area. Only a few of the early Flowering- plants were seen in bloom. Among the Microfungi noted were Pseadophacidium callunca, Karst., and C oniothyrium Boijdeanum, A. L. Smith. The former was added to the British List from specimens discovered at West Kilbride, Ayrshire, in March, 1892,* and the latter was described as new to science from specimens obtained in that district in October, 1899.f So far as can be ascertained, no additional I British records of these species have as yet been reported, and they accordingly form interesting additions to the fungus flora of Bute. * Journal of Botany, May, 1898; Transactions of the British Mycoloyical Society, 1897-98, p. 73. t Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1900, p. 423, pi. 3, fig. 3; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc, 1899-1900. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 241 Lochwinnoch, loth April, 1907. — Mr. Charles Scott, conductor. During line weather a party of about thirty, consisting of members of this and the Andersonian Naturalists' Societies, visited the south-east side of Castle Semple Loch, between Loch- side and Howwood railway stations. Few Flowering-plants were observed in bloom, and these were all common species. Fifty- two species and varieties of Mosses were noted. Calderwood Glen, 27th April, 1907. — Mr. John Middleton, B.Sc, conductor. This excursion was arranged jointly with the Hamilton and District Field Club and the Uddingston Literary Society. The rendezvous was Calderwood Estate, near High Blantyre, which was visited by permission kindly granted by the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, into whose hands the property has recently passed. The party proceeded through beautiful sylvan paths to the castle, where they were joined by Mr. Thomson, estate manager, who gave an account of the historical facts and legendary traditions connected with the glen. Among the plants observed were several specimens of Tooth wort (Lathrcea squamaria, L.) in fine flower, and Chrysosplenium atiernifolium, L., which was found in considerable abundance. Under the leadership of Mr. John K. Lee, some of the party explored the glen in search of Mosses, of which several interesting species were obtained. Cartland Crags, 18th May, 1907. — Mr. John Paterson, conductor, reported that this excursion took place during favour- able weather, and was attended by eighteen members and friends. Cartland Crags is classic ground for Clydesdale naturalists, and has often been visited by the Society. On this occasion attention was chiefly directed to two aspects of the life of the region, viz., its ornithology and botany. Cleghorn Woods and Cartland Crags present almost unrivalled opportunities for observing sylvan bird- life. There are two rookeries of moderate size in Cleghorn Woods, while the steep banks and cliffs afford shelter to many Jackdaws. The stream yields the Dipper and Grey Wagtail, and here, also, the Chaffinch as flycatcher is a prominent feature. While most of our sylvan summer visitors were common enough, it was observed that the Garden Warbler was neither seen nor heard. As this species had been found to be quite common on 242 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. previous visits, the explanation of its apparent absence was perhaps the somewhat ungenial conditions obtaining at the time of the excursion. A Roe-Deer was seen in Cleij'horn Woods. Mr. D. A. Boyd reported that specimens of Trichoniscus pusillus, Brandt, one of the terrestrial Isopoda, and Tomocerus tridentiferus, Tullb., one of the Collembola, were observed under rotten wood in moist places. Most of the rarer plants recorded at former visits to the district were again observed. Among the Mosses obtained were specimens of Hypnum Schreberi, Willd., with capsules. Thirty-five species of Fungi were noted, among which were Polystictus radiatus, Fr., found on dead branches of Alnus glutinosa ; P. abietinus, Fr., on a dead trunk of Pinus sylvestris ; and Grandinia granulosa, Fr., on dead wood. The Microfungi are included in a separate report. Loch Riddon, 23rd May, 1907. — Mr. Alexander Ross, conductor, reported that probably the threatening nature of the weather had accounted for the small number — four in all — who took part in this excursion ; but the smallness of the company in no way detracted from enjoyment of the beautiful scenery for which the district is famed. From Colintraive for about a mile and a-half on both sides of the road are plantations of young trees, mainly oak, the varying colours of whose opening foliage make a fine picture. Further on. birch is the prevailing species. Just where the road turns up Loch Riddon, the highest elevation in this part is attained. A splendid view of the Kyles of Bute is here obtainable. Right below, and stretching southward, are the narrows, where the water makes its way between low-lving and dangerous-looking islands. Extending northward, in all its grandeur, is Loch Riddon, a narrow gulf shut in by rugged and precipitous mountains. Attention was directed to a small and inconspicuous island, Eilein Dheirrig, or Eilein Dubh, situated near the mouth of the loch, which recalls the unsuccessful rebellion of 16S5, and the part played therein by Archibald, ninth Earl of Argyll. At the head of the loch, and towards the roadway on the west side, are some fine specimens of Beech and Fir. Ormidale was reached in time to allow of the exploration of Craig Burn, which tumbles down a rugged, rock-strewn course. REPORTS ON EXCURSIONS. 243 Some of the boulders in the bed of the stream were completely clad with the Filmy-Fern, Hymenophyllum unilaterale, Bory. Forty-one species of Birds were noted, ten of these being summer visitors. The song of the Willow Wren accompanied the party during the whole journey. Less common, but still frequent, was the tremulous "shiver" of the Wood Wren, while the call of the Cuckoo was occasionallv heard. Near Colintraive the Spotted Flycatcher was seen, and shortly afterwards the Wheatear. The Whinchat was frequent towards the head of the loch, where also the Tree-Pipit was noted in the trees. The Dipper was seen hurrying up a small stream, while Common Sandpipers frequented the River Ruel, and were also seen along the shore. About half-way up the loch, the monotonous call of the Chiff-chaff was listened to for some time. Standing on some mud-flats, in the midst of Oyster-catchers and one or two Curlews, were no less than seven Common Herons. As no heronries have been reported to exist on Loch Riddon, it would be interesting to know from what quarter these birds had come One pair of Shell-ducks, and several Red-breasted Mergansers, were the only representatives of the duck tribe observed. A Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis, Linn.) was captured at the head of the loch. Entomologically the day was almost barren, probably owing to high wind and want of sunshine. At the head of the loch a brief interval of sunshine brought out several insects, among which were a specimen of Bombylius major, L., an uncommon species in the Clyde district, also Melanostoma mellinum, L., Rhingia campestris, Mg., and a species of Anthomyia. Tipulidse were scarce, the species netted being Dixa metadata, Mg^ . Ptychoptera albimana, ¥., Limnobia nubecnlosa, Mg., Dicranomyia chorea, Mg., Bhypholophus noelulosvs, Mcq., Empeda nubila, Schum., Erioptera tamionota, Mg., Limnophila aperta, Ver., Amalopsis immeiculeita, Mg., and Tipula plumbea, F. During the excursion many Flowering-plants were observed, but none sufficiently rare to call for special mention. Reference may be made, however, to the beauty of the masses of Marsh-marigolds and the abundance of Primroses. Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., a large foliaceous Lichen, grew luxuriantly on many of the trees. Eighteen Mosses and six Hepatics were noted by Mr. John R. Lee, and are separately reported on. i 244 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Auchans and Dundonald, 1st June, 1907. — Mr. D. A. Boyd reported that, owing to the unpromising state of the weather, the attendance, so far as this Society is concerned, was very small. The party travelled by rail to Drybridge. where they were joined by several members of the Irvine Ramblers'' Field Club. They then walked to Auchans, where some time was spent in exploring the finely- wooded grounds and visiting the old castle. The latter is now uninhabited, and is fast falling into a state of decay and ruin. It was for some years the residence of Susanna, Countess of Eglinton, where, in 1773, she was visited by Dr. Samuel Johnson after his return from his tour through the Hebrides, as has been duly chronicled by his biographer, Boswell, who has given an interesting account of the interview between the countess and her distinguished guest. From Auchans the party proceeded through the woods to Dundonald Castle, and afterwards had tea in the village before dispersing. Among the plants observed in the course of the afternoon were Anemone nemorosa, L., Ranunculus bulbosus, L., Cardamine amara, L., Saxifraga granulata, L., Conium maculatum, L., Veronica montana, L., Listera ovata, R Br., Arum maculatum, L., and Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. Several Mosses and numerous Microfungi were also noted. Auchendrane, 15th June, 1907. — Mr. John Benwick, con- ductor, reported that a small party of this Society, consisting of eleven members and friends, visited Auchendrane to examine the trees and plants growing there. They were courteously enter- tained by their fellow member, Miss Cathcart. The afternoon was wet, with dry intervals. Many of the largest and most interesting trees were measured,* and a number of photographs were taken. In the woods the BiixTs-nest Orchis (Neottia Nidus- avis, Rich.) Mas very plentiful, and the Cuckoo-pint (Arum maculatum, L.) was frequent. The former is recorded by Mr. John Smith, in his Botany of Ayrshire, for only six parishes, and the latter for only four. Neither species is recorded for Maybole parish, in which Auchendrane is situated. In 1896, Mr. R. M'Kay and Mr. Renwick found Neottia in Culzean policies, thus * For Historical Notes on Auchendrane, and Measurements of Trees, Ci i Q> Ci CO CO CO I CO O O o CO Si to ao« t>- oo go go t- t* ■<* o — h si —> cm (MOC •^ X — < r-H (M O i-h co co c co oi r— I I— ( I— I OO O -— I t— I O O O O O O ^c "< O -*3 :o O CO co ~ CO Ph .1 to CO * C+J -tci T1 lO O >-0 OS o 00 CO CO S"" o^ - c O CD .2 » s-< C a> ^ 3~ -P? a CO co Si CO Pi a 53 pq < 55 C SO Cg 03 o CO bi is 2 8 ^ v « 2 §,1° £?§>>» c6 -p? -p> •- c3 co .P .p Si _o O 5* ti e3 VP P_iPhP_iO J co «-i „ ?< CO «2 .p ^ S r^ CO ^ I P o a> ^ t* p P a 3 ~ s »-h 55 O s5 c ~^ co 43 -g "S <~pq£ o CO ,_, -pa co "P 2 B e w CO i> ~ a « ® CO P ' >> b c3 ?-• p o 5j 02 -i c8 .3 co <-4 ' rQ Si c ^B o ^^ l-t X -^ CO O g t> ^3 cS B C pq Ji ri »-^ 55 ^ pq — o <3 o o r— ( O r-H GO t- o •V 1 0> Hi o «o O t^ t^ 00 CO UO t) (M O O h (N a CO -HOOCMOiO^O o co '^ r CO , . , . . , I .- o GO CO iO IO CO -P2 s 2 S •2j 8 • 5 S H « to-1 CO — • CO i p3 O LO ►^ c3 c3 |8 ^ Si CO Si a ~ o s o «^i +3 CO LO Si . _ CO co ^2 02 CD o • 1 eS P Si O C5H.O •H CO . co Ipq o O 2 =3 ?< 05 - Si CO CO Si **! CD cc S a co C u*^ co o O ^ 2H - CO SCJ co co -pi e8 'o o CO CO >i Si •> s- q £ 3" p^ =! A o ci ^-t C3 «y co "o o^ « ^P»HH ' Or, «Cl O ^ S -p» ■2-2 oo 4_> \j "o /-, » 8 s.2 © «C 0(J -P « S .v. o ^^ s ^P^^^Q co o >. I — I 'S « 55 CO Si © -P3 CO o pJ pJ r— I P> PS ^ GO CO " •d S M e co o C o 3 ci c3 CO -p S » '■d CO C C3J0 O Pi o H 3 CJ o CO ^ 03" ■+-TC! ■d 5 • pi CO § £ CO CO C3 H * c •2 I o co o • z! co co Si Si o o 5 •o o ^^ o< c CNCC o ^ o - w 2? *5 .— J -p> Si s CO CO GO 'Z PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY. 287 SESSION 1907-1908. 24th September, 1907. Mr. D. A. Boyd, President, in the chair. The chairman referred to the death of the Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D., Fearn, Brechin, one of the Corresponding Members of the Society, who was distinguished for his researches in Scottish Botany, especially in the departments of Bryology and Mycology. Reports were submitted on Excursions to Dairy (page 246), Finlayston (page 247), and Glen Douglas (page 251). Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Gar ex filiformis, L., from Loch Lydoch. Mr. D. A. Boyd submitted specimens of Amblystegium fluviatile, B. and S., a Moss obtained at the excursion to Finlayston on 10th ultimo, and not previously recorded for Vice-County 76; Hypnum crista-castrensis, L., from the woods at Inveraray Castle; and Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fckl., from Montgreenan, Ayrshire. He stated that the last-mentioned species had been discovered by Mr. R. B. Johnstone at the Fungus-Foray on 21st instant, and had not been previously recorded for the Clyde Area. Dr. Robert Brown read a paper descriptive of the district of La Lautaret, in Dauphiny, S.-E. France, with special reference to its plant life. He stated that he had spent a holiday in that district last year, and had again returned this year to renew his acquaintance with the place and its flowers. La Lautaret stands 6,790 feet above sea level. The only house in the district is an old Hospice, with a number of wooden annexes which form the hotel accommodation ; and the district itself is composed of wide-spreading prairies, gradually rising upwards to the various mountain ridges which stand like sentinels all around. The Hospice occupies the summit of the pass, which runs from Bourg d'Oisans to Briangon near the Italian Frontiers, and is traversed by a very good road. The peaks above Lautaret rise to 10,000 and 11,000 feet, some being composed of slaty rocks, many of lime- stone, and others of granite. All the district is clad with a marvellous wealth of vegetable life. One may spend days 288 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. within an hour's walk of the Hospice, and gather armfuls of gay flowers worthy of any garden in the land; while up the higher slopes, among the stones and loose rocks, rare and interesting creeping alpines abound. In the ascent of the streams from the valleys to the highest ridges may be found an unlimited wealth of comparatively rare species. By the side of the Hospice a very well-kept Rock and Alpine Garden has been made. It was first begun about the year 1898, by the University of Grenoble, and has been kept up by jardinier botanists from the Botanic Gardens of Lyons. Here one may see growing, and carefully named, many of the rare and ornamental native plants, as well as many brought from other districts of France. The garden is an endless source of interest to the travellers who stay in passing for a break in their journey. In connection with this garden, a room is set apart in one of the annexes for a botanical laboratory, where work goes on all the season, and botanists who may visit the district are courteously invited to use the room, with its materials. Many noted botanists visit Le Lautaret, and a book is kept with their autographs and written testimonies to the interesting nature of the district as a field for botanical work. A very striking feature of the flora of the prairie or undulating meadow-land in Lautaret is the vigorous growth of the vegetation. Although at a minimum altitude of 7,000 feet, the great mass of the plants are tall and strong, many from two to three feet in height — an exceptional condition in so lofty a situation. With this, however, there is an equally extraordinary growth of root. Even with the lower-growing alpines, roots are found measuring two and three feet in length, these long root-fibres straggling among and under the looser rough surface and stony ground. Another feature cf the strong development in plant life is the tendency to the formation of woody stems, especially near the roots. Many of the mountain plants in Lautaret are strikingly marked by the hard, almost stony condition of their stems, elsewhere soft and easily crushed. Another peculiarity in the plant life of this district is the presence in the open prairie of species generally found in woods or gorges. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 289 But although the plant life of Lautaret is thus vigorous and exceptionally robust, it is no less remarkably varied, and possesses many of the rarer species which occur on the mountains running along the Italian frontiers. It is interest- ing to find some of our own native plants intermixed with some of the rarer forms of Southern Europe, both equally at home in these highlands. Around the Hospice, and forming, no doubt, the basis of the rich soil on which this luxuriant wild garden exists, are jagged peaks rising up to 9,000 feet, composed almost entirely of dark slaty rock. This substance lies on edge, and a constant process of surface crumbling is going on. Near the rocks the material broken down is in larger pieces, but lower down the slopes it gradually assumes finer division, until at last it forms the rich basis of a soil deep, porous, and cool, in which the plant world seems to luxuriate. To this fact is attributable the extraordinary growth of this high-placed flora. Farther afield, especially southwards, are ranges of limestone rocks, which also give splendid results in their meadows below, and have a distinctive bias in the variety of their rock plants; while at other points granite rocks pre- dominate, and there the flora gradually shrinks into compara- tive smallness, both as to varieties and size. This variation in soil material gives to the observer a very good demon- stration of the important influence exercised by physical con- ditions in the life-history of plants growing within large and small areas. A striking feature of the district is the entire absence of trees, the only representative being a shrubby Alder which on some slopes forms dense masses that can scarcely be penetrated. A very interesting method of botanizing the district is to take in rotation the different levels and work them apart. Thus, the lower prairie land, with its com- paratively level and often swampy surface, yields a flora completely different from that of the higher mountain slopes, while the rocky peaks, in their varied construction, each afford interesting species for examination. In the course of the paper, Dr. Brown referred to many of the rarer and more interesting alpine plants which he had observed in the district around Lautaret, and submitted for 290 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. exhibition a fine series of illustrative specimens. He stated that while many of the rarer species had only been obtained after some hard climbing and strenuous exertion under trying circumstances, the great majority were found and secured with much more ease than he had ever before experienced in any other alpine centre. In that respect, and on account of the marvellous floral display which could so easily be seen and enjoyed on its widespread prairies in July and August, the district might be truly described as altogether unique for such an elevation. Mr. Robert Dunlop presented to the Society's Library a copy of (e New Zealand Neuroptera," by G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. 27th October, 1907. Mr. John Cairns, jun., Vice-President, in the chair. As this was the Society's Fifty-sixth Annual Business Meeting, the usual Reports were submitted. Meetings, Excursions, &c. — The Hon. Secretary (Mr. Alexander Ross) read the Report of the Council, which stated that during the past session ten Meetings of the Society had been held, at which the attendance was up to the average of several years past. While most of the papers read related to botanical subjects, the specimens exhibited at the meetings were varied and interesting. Seventeen Excursions were projected, and a list of these was issued to the members in the form of a booklet containing a synopsis of the various interesting features to be met with in places proposed to be visited. This new form of excursion programme was greatly appreciated by the members. With the exception of two, the Excursions were all carried out. Four were held jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists' Society, three with the West Kilbride Natural History and Archaeological Society, one with the Hamilton and District Field Club, one with the Airdrie Natural History Society, and two with the Geological Society of Glasgow. The attendance varied, but was mainly good, this being specially the case with the Fungus Forays held jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists' Society. PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY. 291 British Association. — At the Leicester meeting the Society- was represented by Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S. Membership. — During the session, 6 new Members were added to the roll of the Society, 8 Ordinary Members and 3 Associates resigned, 7 were struck off for non-payment of subscription for several sessions, and 7 were removed by death. Among the last were Mr. Alexander Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S. , Life Member, and Rev. John Fergusson, LL.D., Fearn, Cor- responding Member, of whom obituary notices were brought before the Society. The membership now stands as follows : — Honorary Members, - - - 16 Corresponding Members, 34 Ordinary Members, - 206 Associates, - - - - - 10 Total, 266 Finance. — The Hon. Treasurer (Mr. John Renwick) sub- mitted an audited Statement of Accounts (see page 306), which showed a balance of £124 5s. 5d. at the credit of the Ordinary Fund, and £157 10s. at the credit of the Life Members' Fund. Library. — The Hon. Librarian (Mr. James Mitchell) reported as follows : — " During the past year the interest of the Members in their Library has been fully sustained. The returns for the year show a slight falling off in the numbers of volumes issued to members. These are 190, as compared with 200 in preceding year. This is about an average issue, taken over the past few years. During the month of February, Part 3 of Vol. VII. of our Proceedings was issued to the members, and this part has also been sent to the various institutions and British Societies with whom we exchange publications. The usual number of exchanges have been received during the year. These now include nearly all the Scottish Societies of importance who issue Transactions. Five volumes have been gifted to the Library by members and friends, to whom we owe our thanks. Fourteen volumes have been added by purchase during the session. The Foreign and Colonial Transactions received during the year have been placed in the Mitchell Library. Members are reminded that the Trans- M 292 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. actions housed there can be consulted or borrowed during the open hours of the Library. Books can also be borrowed from our own Library during the open hours of these rooms. The books in the Library are all in good condition. The Trans- actions and Magazines are all bound up to date.'1 Transactions. — The Hon. Editor (Mr. John Pater son) reported on the progress of the work of printing the papers and other material relating to Sessions 1905-6 and 1906-7. The Reports were all approved and adopted. Vacancies among the office-bearers were filled up by the election of Mr. Robert Henderson as a Vice-President, and Messrs. Thomas Beath Henderson, M.D., Robert W. S. Wilson, John Cairns, jun., and T. Thornton Mackeith, as Members of Council. Messrs. James Jack and Joseph Sommerville were re- appointed as Auditors. Mr. Cameron Davidson, Windyhill, Kilmacolm, was elected an Ordinary Member. A Report on an Excursion to Dunure was submitted by Mr. John Smith, Corresponding Member (page 252). Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., the Society's representative at the recent meeting of the British Association at Leicester, sub- mitted a report on the business discussed at the two meetings of Delegates from Corresponding Societies, at both of which he was present. Special reference was made to the address delivered at the first meeting by the president, Mr. H. J. Mackinder, on the advancement of geographical science by local societies, and to the subject of correlation of work by such societies. At the second meeting, the principal speaker was Mr. Carleton Rea, Worcester, who urged that fungi should receive much more attention from provincial societies than had hitherto been bestowed. The subject of rainfall records was also introduced by Dr. H. R. Mill, who recommended that the number of observing stations throughout the country should be largely increased. Mr. Ewing offered some practical suggestions indicative of how the Society might take an active and useful part in these and other kindred investigations. Dr. Thomas Beath Henderson exhibited dried skins of Bitis gabonica, D. & B., and B. nasicornis, Shaw, two species of PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 293 Puff-adder from Rhodesia. These he stated to be viperine snakes, having- the head very distinct from the neck and covered with imbricated scales. The nostrils are directed upwards, or upwards and outwards, while the body is thick, and the tail very short. These snakes are remarkable for possessing enlarged horn-like scales between the supra-nasals. B. gdbonica has a single enlarged scale above the supra-nasal, in contact with its fellow, while B. nasicornis has two or three, which are usually separated by small scales. Mr. Henry M'Culloch showed a specimen of the Glossy Ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (L.) shot near Kilmarnock, this being the first record of the occurrence of the bird in that neighbour- hood. Dr. Thomas F. Gilmour sent for exhibition some specimens of Water Betony (Scrophularia aqvatica, L.) found growing plentifully on the banks of the Cornabus Burn, Islay, and he communicated some notes on the probable causes which had led to its sudden appearance in that locality (see page 219). 26th November, 1907. Mr. D. A. Boyd, President, in the chair. Messrs. W. L. Chadwick, 2 Beechwood Terrace, Albert Road, Langside, and G. C. Cossar, M.A.(Oxon.), East Craigs, Corstorphine, were elected ordinary members. By favour of Mr. G. Graham, Girvan, Mr. John Robertson exhibited a nest and egg of the Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricnpiUa, L.), from Glendoune, Girvan, with photographs of the bird sitting on the nest. He described the circum- stances under which the nest had been found, and stated that this species has only recently been added to the list of birds which breed in the Clyde Area, three instances of nests observed at Glendoune since 1901 by Mr. Graham and others being the only records known. Mr. Alexander Ross exhibited specimens of Eristalis sepul- chralis, L., one of the Syrphida?, captured in the Ard, Port Ellen, Islay, on 1st August last. The insects were flying abundantly about a quantity of decaying sea-weed which had evidently been collected for purposes of kelp-making and left 294 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. to rot. They were flying very low, and were extremely difficult to capture. The insect is not uncommon in England, but all Verrall's localities are south of the Midlands, except one, based on a single specimen taken in Warwickshire. Wingate does not record it from Northumberland or Durham. In the West of Scotland it has only been recorded for Possil Marsh, where it was taken by the late Mr. George W. Ord, Mr. Robert Henderson, and Mr. Ross. Reference was made to the characteristic features which distinguish this fly from E. ceneus, Scop., its nearest ally. Mr. Ross also showed several botanical specimens, including Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlecht., in fruit; Acacia melanoxylon, R. Br., with phyllodes and true leaves; and Camellia theifera, Griff., var. assamica, the Indian Tea-plant, in flower. On behalf of Mr. John Smith, Corresponding Member, Mr. Ross submitted several zoological and botanical specimens from Ayrshire. These included cocoons of Meta menardi (Latr.), a Spider which haunts the dark recesses of caves on the Carrick Coast, where its nests, spun of a fine, white, gossamer fabric, may be found hanging from the roof by an attachment of about a score of threads. Besides frequenting caves, this species sometimes occurs in the vaults under old castles. Mr. Smith also sent a specimen of Rock-Samphire (Crithmum maritimum, L.) from the Carrick Coast, where it grows in certain of the more inaccesible places; a plant of Wild Beet (Beta maritima, L.), with fasciated stem, from the same district; and Ahnfeltia plicata, Fries, a marine alga also obtained on the Carrick shore. It was stated that the two last-mentioned specimens had respectively been submitted to Messrs. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., and A Gepp, M.A., F.L.S., for identification. Mr. William Stewart showed a specimen of Auricularia mesenterica, Fr., from Olton, near Birmingham, and described the distinctive features of the genus and species. Mr. D. A. Boyd read a paper entitled " With the Crypto- gamic Society of Scotland at Inveraray " (page 143). Mr. Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., gave a short address on " The Present Position of the Local Collections in the Kelvingrove Museum,'1 with special reference to natural PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 295 history. By diagram he indicated the intended arrangement of the Natural History Section, and the methods which were to be chiefly adopted in the building up of complete educational and scientific collections in the museum. He referred to the large masses of material lying in the institution which required to be classified and named, and appealed to the members of the Society to come to the aid of the curator and his assistants in arranging and making available this accumu- lated store. A discussion then took place on various aspects of the subject dealt with in Mr. Macnair's address, particularly with reference to material collected by members of the Society and placed in the museum, and to the best methods of arrang- ing that material so as to enhance its utility for purposes of reference and insure its preservation. 19th December, 1907. Mr. D. A. Boyd, President, in the chair. Before proceeding to the business of the meeting, the chair- man referred to the great loss which science had sustained in the death of Lord Kelvin — an event which may be truly said to have cast its dark shadow over the whole civilised world. In that early moment of sorrow it was impossible fully to appreciate the extent of such a loss, or adequately to estimate the worth of the life and labours which had so recently come to an end. But everyone must feel sensible that Lord Kelvin's marvellous insight into the secrets of nature, and inexhaustible fertility of discovery and invention, whereby hidden physical forces have been brought directly into the service of humanity, must earn for him the undying gratitude of mankind. For more than half a century his brilliant intellectual personality shone in and around the University of Glasgow, shedding its lustre far afield, and casting a clear light into many regions of research previously dark and obscure. But in addition to marvellous scientific endowments, he possessed a versatility of mind and a wide sympathy for humanity which rendered him an active and useful citizen, ever ready to take part in any movement for the benefit of mankind, for the alleviation of distress, or for the relief of suffering. For almost twenty years 296 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Lord Kelvin was a member of this Society, and continued to take an interest in its welfare and work. On the motion of the chairman, it was resolved that the Society should place upon record its deep regret at the announcement of the death of Lord Kelvin, and express its appreciation of his great services in the advancement of physical science, and the many and lasting benefits which his brilliant discoveries have conferred upon mankind. The Secretary was instructed to forward to Lady Kelvin an excerpt from the minutes containing the above- mentioned resolution, with an expression of the Society's sympathy with her and the other relatives of the deceased peer in the bereavement which they have sustained. Mr. James J. F. X. King, F.E.S., 1 Athole Gardens Terrace, Kelvinside, was elected an Ordinary Member. Mr. D. M. Wood, 9 Main Street, Bridgeton, was elected an Associate. Mr. John Smith, Corresponding Member, sent for exhibition a specimen of the Cave Spider (Meta menardi, Latr.) from a cavern in the neighbourhood of Dunure, Ayrshire. Its web was placed a few feet above one of the cocoons or nests characteristic of this species, which hung from a dark recess in the upper part of the cave. There were also several old nests, hanging in their original position. One of the spider's webs in the cave measured fifteen inches in diameter, while the extremities of the longest threads were four feet apart, measuring over the web. The remainder of the evening was devoted to an exhibition of lantern slides given by several members, and illustrative of various features of natural history and geology, as well as views of places visited at excursions of the Society. A unique series of slides, showing the protective value of the colour-markings of butterflies and moths, with regard to the sites chosen by them for resting, was exhibited by favour of Mr. A. H. Hamin, Oxford. Messrs. W. R. Baxter, Charles Kirk, T. Thornton Mackeith, and Hugh W. Wilson, showed fine slides, dealing mainly with various aspects of bird life, while those submitted by Messrs. Thomas W. Robertson, J. W. Reoch, and David R. Suniervillc dealt principally with PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 297 botanical, geological, and scenic features of nature. The artistic beauty of the varied pictures made the exhibition a very enjoyable one. 28th January, 1908. Mr. D. A. Boyd, President, in the chair. The chairman referred to the loss which the Society had sustained in the death of Dr. Alexander Frew, one of the Ordinary Members, whose extensive and accurate knowledge of many branches of natural history, as well as his readiness in placing the results of his research at the service of members, were fittingly touched on. Mr. Alexander Patience also paid a high tribute to the scientific attainments of Dr. Frew, who, for several years, had been investigating the marine fauna, not only of the Firth of Clyde, but of the West of Scotland generally, and had added many new records of Mollusca, as well as extended our knowledge of the distribution of many of the rarer forms. It was moved and agreed that the Secretary should express to the widow of the deceased gentlemen the Society's sympathy with her in her bereavement. On the motion of the chairman, it was also agreed that the Society should place upon record its sense of the loss sustained by science in the death of Mr. E. A. L. Batters, LL.B., B.A., F.L.S., one of the foremost authorities on the subject of the British Marine Algye, and compiler of the list relating to that group in the British Association Handbook of the Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area Messrs. George W. Campbell, Ailsa Cottage, Coatbridge, and George A. Brown, 35 Sunnyside Road, Coatbridge, were elected Ordinary Members. On behalf of Mr. J. R. Malloch, Bonhill, Mr. Alexander Ross brought before the meeting some interesting material sent for exhibition. This included a collection of dipterous insects belonging to the family Phoridce, which had been captured in Dumbartonshire, mainly in the neighbourhood of Bonhill. Of the 52 species shown, 3 were new to the British list, and 29 new to science. As these flies are generally very small, Mr. Malloch had prepared accurate drawings of the wings of several species, so as to illustrate their characteristic venation. 298 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. He also submitted a collection of predatious Diptera, along with the prey upon which they were feeding when captured. The former consisted chiefly of specimens of Scatoyhaya stercoraria, L., and S. squalida, Mg., while the insects upon which they were feeding were various species of Chironomidce, Bibionidce, Tipulidce, &c. Mr. Malloch likewise showed specimens of N eottio philum /jrceustum, Mg., a dipteron new to the Clyde Area, which had been bred from pupae taken from the nest of a Greenfinch. On behalf of Mr. Charles Kirk, Mr. John Robertson showed a colour-photograph lantern-slide of eggs of the Razorbill and Common Guillemot. The variation in the colour and markings were brought out very distinctly. It was stated that this was probably the first occasion on which a slide of birds'- eggs photographed by the new Lumiere process had been shown in Glasgow. Mr. Alexander Patience read a paper descriptive of Trichoniscus linearis and Phdoscia patiencei, two new British species of terrestrial Isopoda. A paper entitled " Some observations on the Dipterous Family Phoridce," communicated by Mr. J. R. Malloch (page 153), was read by Mr. Ross. Messrs. R. B. Johnstone and D. A. Boyd submitted a Report on the Fungus Forays in 1907 (page 251). 25th February, 1908. Mr. J. Ballantyne, Vice-President, in the chair. Messrs. J. G. Connell, 13 Ormonde Park, Muirend, Cathcart, and John Muir, 128 Ledard Road, Langside, were elected Ordinary Members. Mr. Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., exhibited a specimen of Petromyzon marinus, L., caught in the Clyde at Uddingston in July, 1907, and a specimen of Gentrina salviani, Risso, from the North Sea. He described the peculiar anatomical features of these fishes, and stated that both species were very interesting — the one for having, during spawning time, come up the Clyde through the Broomielaw in safety, and the other from being for the first time found as far north as the British coast. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 299 Professor Leonard A. L. King, M.A., gave a short lecture, descriptive of the Pycnogonida or " Sea-spiders. " After giving an account of the appearance and habits of these animals, he described the structure and functions of the various segments and appendages of an individual pycnogonid belonging to the genus Nymjjhon, and referred to the characteristic features which distinguish the other genera represented in the fauna of the Clyde Sea Area. These were illustrated by the exhibition of a series of specimens. Mr. R. S. Wishart, M.A., exhibited a specimen of Heather (Calluna vulgaris, L.) found embedded beneath the public road at Stepps, and recently exhumed in the course of operations for laying a drain. As the road was made more than a hundred years ago, the heather had been preserved in a fresh condition in the mossy ground all that time. Mr. D. A. Boyd showed a specimen of Geopyxis coccinea (Jacq.) Mass., from Glen Almond, Perthshire. A " List of Pycnogonida collected in the Clyde Area," com- municated by Mr. Richard Elmhirst, F.L.S., was read by Professor King (page 146). 31st March, 1908. Mr. Robert Garry, B.Sc, Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. Alexander Ross drew the attention of the members present to a letter received from Dr. James Knight, St. James's Public School, in which he stated that Mr. James Pa ton, F.L.S., of the Kelvingrove Museum, and Mr. Thomas Lugton, of the People's Palace, were desirous that arrangements should be made for exhibiting the common wild-flowers of the district as they appear, and for that purpose would provide the necessary tables and glasses. They required, however, the co-operation or some botanical enthusiasts who would undertake to supply, once a week, the specimens needed, and also see that the plants were correctly named. Mr. Ross stated that this appeal had been sent to the Council, who decided to bring it before the Society, with a recommendation that all possible assistance should be given in the manner indicated. Mr. Charles Kirk exhibited a Black-necked Grebe (Podicepes nigricollis, C. L. Brehm), from Helensburgh. He also submitted 300 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. several other interesting ornithological specimens, including examples of the Gadwall, Anas strepera (L.) : Pintail. Dafila acuta (L.); Shoveler, Spatula clypeata (L.) ; Velvet Scoter, (Edemia fusca (L.) ; and Norfolk Plover or Stone-curlew, CEdicnemus scolopax (S. G. Gmelin). Mr. Robert Dunlop showed a Grey Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (L.), which had been shot on the Fifeshire coast. Air. R. S. Wishart, M.A., submitted a series of specimens of Hedgerow Plants from Buckinghamshire. These represented twenty-four species, most of which do not grow as natives in the West of Scotland. Mr. Robert W. S. Wilson read a paper entitled " Autumn and Winter Bird-Life of the Pairlie Shore " (page 173). Mr. James Whitton submitted " Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the year 1907, with its General Effects upon Vegetation " (page 188). 28th April, 1908 Mr. D. A. Bovd, President, in the chair. Mr. James Vincent, Mary hill Public School, was elected an Ordinary Member. Reports were submitted on Excursions to Calder Glen, Loch- winnoch (page 252), and Arran (page 253). Mr. John Paterson exhibited a Great Grev Shrike, Lanins excubitor, L., obtained in Arran, and sent by Dr. Neil Fullarton, Lamlash. Mr. Paterson gave an account of the peculiarities and habits of this bird, and stated that the species had not hitherto been known to occur in Arran. Mr. Alexander Ross exhibited specimens of the Twite (Linota Jiavirostris, L. ) and Storm Petrel ( Procellaria ]jelagica, L. ) from Islay. He explained the characteristic features of these birds, and gave an account of their habits, with a description of their nests and eggs. There were also submitted a photograph of a nest of the Stock- Dove (C lumba amas, L.), found near the Cart in Renfrewshire, and a specimen of the bird itself. Mr. Thomas W. Robertson exhibited a Glass-rope Sponge (Hyalonema Sieholdii, Gray), obtained off Tokio. Japan, from a PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 301 depth of over 300 fathoms, by means of a long line weighted and provided with hooks which were dragged along the sea-bottom. There was also shown under the microscope a slide containing several of the beautifully rayed silicious spicules of this species. Mr. Ross read some notes on the Glass-rope Sponge. He stated that the species was first brought to Europe about the year 1830. It is a solid-looking ovoid body, from the lower end of which arises the long silicious glass-rope, composed of twisted strands of spicules which anchor the sponge in the mud. The upper end of the glass-rope is seen to terminate in a spike in a cavity in the interior of the sponge. An interesting account was given of the life-historv and structure of this and other representatives of the Porifera. Mr. Robertson also submitted a beautiful collection of Diatoms v prepared as microscope slides. These included specimens from New Zealand, Bolivia, California, and Madagascar, with some selected forms from a tin of American oysters. Mr. William Rennie read a paper entitled " Notes on the Birds frequenting Elder Park, Govan " (page 209). Mr. D. A. Boyd read a paper on " Fungus-Parasites on Plant - Stems and Leaves." 26th May, 1908. Mr. D. A. Boyd, President, in the chair. Mr. George Lunam, 14 Wilton Drive, Glasgow, was elected an Ordinary M ember. A report on an Excursion to Campsie Glen was submitted by Mr. Alexander Ross (page 255). A beautiful specimen of the King Eider Duck, Somateria spectabilis (L.), from the neighbourhood of Tayport, was exhibited by Mr. Robert Dunlop. Mr. Alexander Ross made some remarks on the species, and described the features by which it is distinguished from the Common Eider Duck, Somateria mollissima (L.). Mr. James J. F. X. King, F.E.S., exhibited a specimen of Corymbetes ceneus, L., from Glen Callum Bay, South Bute, and stated that there were only two previous records of this beetle in Scotland. 302 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Mr. Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., read a paper on "The Fish Fauna of the Upper Silurian Inlier of Lesmahagow." He referred to the geological features of the ground, and showed that the rocks had been folded into a dome-shaped anticline which roughly coincided with Nutberry Hill. In the centre of the hill occurred the oldest rocks, which are of Wenlock age. and these passed upwards into a thick group of sandstones, mudstones, and conglomerates of Ludlow and Downtonian age. The first announcement of the existence of Upper Silurian fossils north of the Tweed was made in 1855 bv the late Dr. Slimon of Lesmahagow. Within recent years, a remarkable group of fishes was discovered in these rocks, by means of which Dr. Traquair has been enabled to throw a flood of light upon the origin and descent of that highly problematical group of fishes known as the " Ostracodermi ;; or armour-plated fishes. A considerable diversity of opinion has always existed regarding the zoological affinities of these organisms, they having been referred by some to the Arthropoda and by others to the Tunicata. Dr. Traquair, in a series of valuable memoirs, has shown that the fishes from the Upper Silurian rocks of Lesmahagow are probably primitive Elasmobranchs, and that they supply the ancestral forms from which the highly specialized armour-plated fishes were descended through the Psammosteid and Drepanaspid types. Many specimens of Thelodus, Lanarkia, Birkenia, Lausanius, and Psammosteus were exhibited in illustration of the paper. Mr. Robert Henderson submitted a List of Additions to the Diptera of the Clyde Faunal Area (page 156), being the third paper communicated by him on that subject.* It records the species belonging to the families from Anthomyidse to Hippoboscidae whose occurrence lie has observed in the Clyde Area, together with a few unrecorded species belonging to families dealt with in his two former lists. Altogether, in this third paper, he is able to record in these families 308 species, of which 215 are additional to the list of Diptera published in the British Association Handbook of 1901. Many of these species are not yet on our recognised British List, and are but little known. In the course of some remarks on the increasing attention now being * See Transactions, vol. vii., p. 148 ; vol. viii. , p. 7. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 303 bestowed on Diptera, Mr. Henderson referred to the successful work accomplished locally in that department of entomology by Messrs. A. Ross, J. Pv. Malloch, and James J. F. X. King, F.E.S. It is gratifying to know that the Clyde list, which Mr. Henderson now reckons as comprising upwards of a thousand species, is in Britain second only to that list which takes the whole kingdom as its field ; and we may therefore look forward to having, at no distant date, a list of Diptera for the West of Scotland as approximately complete as that of any of the other groups of Insecta which have been so long and so well studied by local entomologists. Mr. D. A. Boyd read a paper on " Sclerotinia baccarum, Rehm, and its Allies'1 (page 149). He also submitted a List of the Phycomycetes. Protomycetes, and Ustilaginese, which occur as parasites on stems and leaves of plants within the Clyde Area. 23rd June, 1908. * Mr. D. A. Boyd, President, in the chair. Mrs. E. L. Hardie, 34 Montague Street, Great Western Road, was elected an Ordinarv Member. Reports were submitted of Excursions from Balmaha to Rowar- dennan (page 255), and from Braidwood to Tillietudlem (page 257). Mr. Robert W. S. Wilson exhibited a specimen of Richardson's Skua, Stercorarius crepidatus (Gmelin), shot at Brigaird Spit, between Fairlie and West Kilbride, on 1st November, 1902. It had previously been observed chasing the gulls on Fairlie Roads, and, when picked up, a small fish was found to be project- ing from its bill. Mr. Wilson made some remarks on the habits of this species (page 235). He also showed a Nightjar (Caprimulgus europceus, L.) which had been killed on 2nd October last by flying against a telegraph wire at Cardonald. In the course of some remarks he stated that the species is not common in the vicinity of Glasgow, but has occurred at Killoch Glen, Upper Pollok, Queen's Park, &c. The Nightjar is a bird of the twilight, and hawks for the moths which come abroad when the darkness is setting in. Its loud jarring note can be heard half-a-mile away when the night is still. The favourite haunts of the bird are the bracken-clad glades of 304 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. sheltered nooks and glens. It makes no nest, but lays its two eggs on the bare ground, which is not hollowed or prepared in any way. Mr. William Rennie exhibited eggs of the Corn Bunting (Emberiza miliaria, L.), from Cadder Wilderness, and, for com- parison, those of Yellow Bunting (E. citrinella, L.), and Reed Bunting (E. schmniclus, L.). A photograph of the nest and eggs of the Corn Bunting, taken at Cadder Wilderness, was submitted by Mr. Hugh W. Wilson. On behalf of Mr. John E. Murphy, Mr. Alexander Ross exhibited specimens of the following species of Coleoptera : — Bembidium quadriguttatum, F. — This was taken by Mr. Murphy at Fairlie, in July, 1907. The capture was noteworthy, as it made the first record for the West of Scotland. Fowler states that the beetle is rare in Scotland, and gives Lowlands, Tweed, and Forth as localities. In the South of England it is common and generally distributed, while in the North it is local but not rare. It belongs to the Ground Beetles, and may be found in moist places by the side of streams, rivers, or ponus, or on the sea-shore — indeed, in damp places, whether the water be fresh or salt. The smooth head has a deep but short furrow on each side; the thorax is remarkably convex in front, and in colour is shining blue-green or greenish- blue ; and the elytra are rather convex, and their colour is similar to that of the thorax, but deepens into violet, which at times appears black. On the shoulder of each elytron is a triangular patch of dull white, and lower down another roundish patch. It is from these spots that the specific name is derived. Notoxns monoceros, L. — This was taken in June, 1900. at Monkton. The beetle belongs to the family Anthicidse, of which two species are recorded in the British Association list. It occurs in sandy places on the coast, and is recorded commonly from the East Coast of Scotland. It has not, however, been noted for the Clyde Area, and Mr. Murphy has so far been unable to trace any record for the West of Scotland. In this little insect the thorax is narrower than the abdomen, and tapers outwards above the head so as to form a sort of horn. The abdomen is blackish, marked with pale yellow spots. The antennae and legs are reddish orange. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 305 Leiopus nebulosus, L. — This was obtained by Mr. Murphy between Craigallion and Blanefield in August, 1906. It is rather interesting to find that Mr. G. A. Hardy, one of the members of the Society, took this rare species at Dumfin in August, 1907. These are the only two known records for the Clyde Area. The beetle is one of the Longicornes, and the larva, like those of all this group, is a wood-borer. It is found where its food-stuff abounds. In Scotland it is not rare in the East, as it has been recorded from woods near Edinburgh, Dalkeith Park, Roslin, and Berwickshire ; while Mr. Murphy has also taken it at Rannoch. The head is vertical, flattened in front, and provided with a pair of long antennae, which, when examined, are seen to present a ringed appearance, as the apical portion of each joint is dark- coloured, while the basal portion is pale-yellowish. The abdomen is long, and is well marked with dull whitish patches. Mr. John Thomson exhibited a specimen of Bactrod dema tiarata. Stal., a stick-insect, from Rhodesia, being the so-called " Kaffir-god " of the natives. Mr. Johnston Shearer showed specimens of Goat's-beard (Tragopogon pratense. L.) from Hundred-acre Park, one of the stations mentioned for the plant in Hennedy's Clydesdale Flora. Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., exhibited and described (p. 237) two forms of Carex, which he considered well worthy of recognition. These he had named Carex saxatilis, L., f. intermedia, and C. saxatilis, L., f. glomerafa. For comparison, he also exhibited a series of specimens illustrative of Carex vesicaria, L., C. saxatilis, L., and C. atrata, L., and their various forms. Mr. John R. Lee showed sections of the leaves of Polytrichum, and read some notes descriptive of their structural features (page 186). Mr. D. A. Boyd showed specimens of Bryura Duvalii, Voit., from the Parish of Crawford, Lanarkshire, and read some notes regarding the same (page 218). Mr. Robert Garry, B.Sc, exhibited specimens of several species of Fresh-water Algse, including Microthamnion Kiitzingianum, Nag., from Ailsa Craig; Spirotwnia condensata, Breb , from Balmaha ; and Desmidium Swartzii (*?). Ag., from Milngavie. Mr. D. A. Bovd submitted a List of Uredinese which occur as parasites on stems and leaves of plants within the Clyde Area. 306 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 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A., on Microfungi observed in Islay, 119; mi the Cryptogamic So- ciety of Scotland's Visit to Inveraray district, 143; on Sclerotinia baccarum and its Allies, 149; on Bryuni Duvalii in Lan- arkshire, 218 ; on Fungi, &c, from Cartland ('rags, 212; on Isopod Crustacea observed in Monkland district, 24(1: on Habrodon Notarisii from Bute, 281 ; on Fungus - Parasites on Plant-stems and Leaves, _ 301, 303, 305 _ British Association at Leices- ter, Report by Deles-ate to, 292 Brown, Robert, M.D., on Zermatt and its Flora, 108 ; on La Lautaret and its Plant Life, 287 Brvum Duvalii in Lanark- " shire, 218 Buchanan, R. M., on the Down of Species of Anatidas, 104 Bunting, Lapland, from Fair Isle, 106 Bute, List of Plants of, 219 ; notes on Antiquities in, 239, 240; occurrence of Pseudophacidium callu- me and Coniothyrium Boydeanum in, 210; occurrence of Habrodon Notarisii in, 281 ; occur- rence _ of Corymbetes aeneus in, 301 Cairns, John, jum, on the Maples, 276 Carex, Two new Forms of, 237 Centrina Salviani from the North Sea, 298 Chelifer cancroides at Glas- g« »w, 283 Coatbridge Naturalists' So- ciety, 245 Coleoptera, Notes on, 108, 301, 304, 305 Colonsay, Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum) and Marsh Helleborine Orchis (Epipactis palus- tris) at, 115 N ( 'oniothyrium Boydeanum in Bute, 210 Corvmbetes aeneus at Glen Ca Hum Bay, Bute, 301 Council Reports, 103, 274, 290 Council, Representative, of Naturalists' Societies, 280 ; Report by Delegate to, 282 ( irangonidaa of Clyde, Notes on the Distribution of, . G4 Crithmum maritimum: its I >istribution in Scotland, 116; its Occurrence in Colonsay, 115, 117 Cup-and-ring Rock-mark- ings at Blackshaw, 95 Dairy, Birds, Mollusca, and Plants observed at, 2 47 Didea alneti : Notes on its Occurrence at Inch Con- naehan, 284 Diptera observed at Loch Riddon, 213; at Loch Lomond, 256; at Bar- dowie, 263; from Bute, 277; from Bonhill, 297, 298 Diptera of Clyde: Second List, 7 ; Third List, 156, 302 Douglas, Glen, Notes on Geology of, 251 Dunagoil, Notes on Vitrified Fort at, 23!) Editor, Reports by, 103,275, 292 Eider-duck, King (Soma- teria spectabilis), from Tayport, 301 Elder Park, Govan, Notes on Birds frequenting, 20!) Ellis, Professor David, D.Sc, Ph.D., on Microbes, 107 Elmhirst, Richard, F.L.S., on I'yenogonida collected in the Clyde Area, 146 Epipactis palustris: its Oc- currence in Colonsay, 115; its Distribution in _ Scotland, 118 Eristalis ameus from Islay, 273 ; E. sepulchralis from Islay, 293 308 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Ewing, Peter, F.L.S., on Variation, 104; on Two New Forms of Carex, 237; on Some New or Little-known Forms of the Genus Carex, 278; on the Leicester Meeting of the British Associa- tion, 297 Excursions — Arran, 253, 264, 300 Ashgrove Loch, 111 Auchans, 244, 264, 284 Auchendrane, 88, 244, 284 Balmaha, 255, 264, 303 Bardowie, 260, 264 Ben Vorlich, 259 Blackshaw, 94, 110 Braidwood, 257, 303 Calder Glen, 252, 264,300 Calderwood Glen, 241, 204, 284 Campsie Glen, 255, 264, 301 Cartland Crags, 241, 264, 282 Craigends, 251, 264 Dalrv, 238. 21i;, 275. 2S7 Doonholm, 88, 110 Doonside, 88 Dougalston, 260, 264 Dundonald, 244, 264, 284 Dunure, 252, 292 Erskine, 251, 264 Fairlie, 86, 102, 238, 275 Finlayston, 247, 264, 287 Gareloch, 95, 110 Garscube, 87 (Men Douglas, 100, 251, 26 J, 273, 287 Glengamock Castle, 97, 111 Harelaw Dam, 94, 110 Hawkhead, 239, 275 Hunterston, 86 Johnstone Castle, 88, 104 Ladyland, 97, 111 Loch Riddon, 212,261,282 Lochwinnoch, 211, 252, 264, 281, 300 Milnga-vie, 100, 275 Monkland, 245, 264, 284 Montgreenan, 25 1 Mountstuart, 96, 111 Perce ton, 275 Rosneath, 257, 264 Rowardennan, 255, 264,303 Sorn, 99, 111 South Bute, 239, 264, 281 Stevenston, 111 Strathblane, 100, 275 Tillietudlem, 257, 303 Torrance, 239, 275 West Kilbride, 102, III) Whistlefield, loo, 273 Woodhall, 245, 264, 284 Fairlie, Notes on Birds of, 101,173,235,276,303 Falcon, Peregrine, Notes on the habits of, 17S Fergusson, Anderson, on Coleoplera from Ran- noch and Paisley, 108 Finlayston, Notes on, 248 Fish Faima of the Upper Silurian Inlier of Lesma- hagow, Notes on, 302 Flowers, Wild, Proposed Public Exhibition of, 299 Flycatcher, Pied (Muscicapa atricapilla), nesting near Girvan, 293 Frew, Dr. Alexander, death of, 297 Fungi, Notes on various, 111 Fungi observed at Gareloch, 95; Inveraray, 143, 144, 146; Ardkinglas, 145; Dairy, 239; Hawkhead, 239; Torrance, 239; Cart- land Crags, 242; Mont- greenan,252 ; Craigends, 252 ; various Excursions, 267 Geological Society of Glas- gow, 251, 253, 274, 290 Gifts to the Society, 101,290 Gilmour, Thomas F., L.R.C.P.Ed, on Occur- rence of the Water Betony (Scroplmlaria aquatica) in Islay, 219 Glengamock Castle, Notes on, 97, 98 Gobius orca: its Occurrence within the Clyde Area, 74 Godfrey, Robert, on Mollusca observed in Monkland district, 216; on Cheiri- dium museorum and various Mollusca ob- served at Dairy, 247 ; on Chelifer cancroides, Lin- otamia maritima, and Polyxenus lagurus, 283 Gonactinia prolifera : its Occurrence in the Firth of Clyde, 27 Govan, see Elder Park Grebe, Black-necked (Podi- cepes nigricollis), from Helensburgh, 299 Habrodon Notarisii in Bute, 281 Hamilton and District Field Club, 290 Henderson, Robert, on the Diptera of Clyde (Second List), 7 ; on Some House- hold Flies, 109; on Dry- niia hamata, .110; on the Diptera of Clyde (Third hist), 156,302 Henderson, T. Beath, M.D., on vanous Snakes and other Reptiles, 107, 108, Id'.i. 110, 111, 275, 276, 277, 284 Hepatics observed at various Excursions, 266 Hyalonema Sieboldii, Notes on, 300, 301 I [ybrids — Black ( Irouse and Red Grouse, 106 ; Caper- caillie and Blackcock, 107 Idothea negle.cta and I. viri- dis : their Occurrence within the Clyde Sea Area, 42 Idothea, Remarks on Clyde Species of, 42 Irvine Ramblers' Field Club, 211 [slay, Notes on Plants of, 71, 72, 219, 293; on Micro- fungi of, 119; Eristalis asneus from, 273 ; E. sepulchralis from, 293 Isopods observed at Gare- loch, 95; in Monkland district. 246 Esopods, Terrestrial : Species new to the Clyde Faunal Area, 80, 82,' 83, 84, 86 ; Notes on Distribution of Rarer Species in Clvde Area, 84, 85, 86; Two new British Species, 298 Johnson, Dr. Samuel: his Visit to Auchans, 244 Johnstone, R. B., on Fungi observed at Hawkhead and Torrance, 239; at Montgreenan and Craig- ends, 252 Kelvin, Lord, death of, 295 Kelvin, River: its Course changed after Ice Aye. 87, 262 Kelvin grove Museum, On the present position of t lie Local Collections in, 294 Kerr, Professor J. Graham, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., on the Pelagic Fauna ob- served off the West Coast of Arran during the Months of August and September, 1905, 1 ; on certain Zoological Specimens exhibited, 5; on the Sphere of Work of Marine Biological Sta- tions, 278; on "A Natur- alist in Sotith America," 279 King, James J. F. X., F.E.S., on Corymbetes aeneus from Glen Galium Bay, Bute, 301 King, Professor Leonard A. L., M.A., on the Pycno- gonida or Sea-spiders 299 Ladyland, Notes on, 99 Landsborough, Rev. David, I.I..D., on a Campbel- town Palm-lily (Cordy- line australis), 60 I .aniem-slides, Exhibitions of, 107, 276, 281, 296, 298 INDICES. 309 Laurie, Professor Malcolm, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., mi Scorpions and their Allies, 107 Lautaret, La : Notes on its Physical Features and Botany, 287 Lee, John R., on Cornus suecica from Ben Vbr- lich, 111; on Leaf-sections _ of Polytrichum, 18(5 Leiopus nebulosus from be- tAveen Craigallion and Blanefield, 305 Lesmahagrm- : Notes on its Upper Silurian Fish Fauna, 302 Librarian, Reports by, 103, 275, 291 Lily-Palm (Cordyline aus- tralis) Notes on, GO Linotsenia maritima: its occurence at Rough Island and Locli Fvne, 283 Macnair, Peter, F.R.S.E., on the present position of the Local Collections in the Kelvingrove Mu- seum, 294 ; on the occur- rence of Petromyzon marinus in the Clyde at Uddingston, and* Cen- trina salviani in the North Sea, 298; on the Fish Fauna of the Upper Silurian Inlier of Lesma- hagow, 302 Malloch, John R., on the Dipterous Family Phori- daj, 153, 297 ; on Neottio- philum proeustum, 298 Membership, Statistics of, 103, 274, 291 Meta menardi from Dunure, 296 Meteorological Notes for 1905, 30; for 1906, 122; for 1907, 188 Mollusca observed in Monk- land district, 216; at Dairy, 247 Monkland District, Notes on, 245 ; Isopod Crustacea, Mollusca, Flowering- plants, &c, observed at, 246, 264 Mosses observed at Loch Long, 101, 102 ; at various Excursions, 265 Myriapods, Notes on, 283 Notoxus monoceros Monkton, 304 from Obituary — Batters, E. A. L., LL.B., B.A., F.L.S., 297 Brown, Hugh, 27 1 Fergusson, Rev. John, LL.D., 287, 291 Obituary— continued. Frew, Dr. Alexander, 297 Gloag, Rev. P. J., D.D.,274 Kelvin, Lord, 295 Murdoch, danics Barclay, 110 Smith, \V. Anderson, 274 Somerville, Alex., B.Sc, F.L.S., 227, 283, 291 Tennant, vSir Charles, Bart., 274 Thorn, R. Wilson, 274 Office-Bearers, Election of, 103, 101,275,292 Paislev Naturalists' Society, 94, 100, 274 Palm-Lily (Cordyline aus- tral is), Notes on, 60 Paterson, John, on the Occurrence of the Black Redstart (Ruticilla titys) at Glasgow, 106 ; on a Great Grey Shrike (La- nius excubitor) from Arran, 300 Patience, Alexander, on the Occurrence of Idothea ueglecta and I. viridis within _ the Clyde Sea Area,with Notes on other Clyde Species of Idothea, 42 ; on the Distribution of the Clyde Crango- nidse, 64; on the Occur- rence of Gobius orca within the Clyde Sea Area, 74; on some Ter- restrial Isopoda new to the Clyde Faunal Area, 80; on the Local Distri- bution of certain Terres- trial Isopods, 84 ; on Further Additions to the Crustacea of the Clyde Sea and Faunal Area, 285 ; on two new British Species of Ter- restrial Isopoda, 298 Pelagic Fauna observed off West Coast of Arran, Notes on, 1 Petromyzon marinus in Clyde at Uddingston, 298 Phoridse, Notes on, 153 Photographs, Exhibition of, 285, 300, 304 Piezodorus lituratus from Port Bannatyne, 277 Plover, Grey (Squatarola helvetica) : Notes on its reported Occurrences in Clyde, 105 Polytrichum, Notes on Leaf- sections of, 186 Polyxenus lagurus at Rough Island and Kintyre, 283 Protomyces bellidis at Gare- loch, 95,96 Pseudophacidium calluna? in Bute, 240 Pycnogonida of Clyde, List of, 146 Rainfall during 1905, 40; 1906, 135, 136, 112; 1907, 201,202,208 Ranunculus auricomus from Barwharrie, Ochiltree, 284 Redstart, Black (Ruticilla titys): on its Occurrence at Glasgow, 106 Rennie, William, on theBirds frequenting Elder Park, Govan, 209; on Birds observed at Dairy, 247 Renwick, John, on Auchen- drane and its Trees, 230 Reports, Annual, 103, 271, 290 Riddon, Loch, Notes on Physical Features of, 212; Birds and Diptera observed at, 243 ; Mosses, Hepatics, &c, observed at, 264 Robertson, John, on the Nesting Dates of some of the Waders, 62 ; on the Little Stint (Tringa minuta) at Balgray Re- servoir, 76; on the Com- mon Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus), 77 ; on Local Occurrences of the Green Sandpiper (Totanus ochropus), 106; on the Nesting of the Tree-Sparrow (Passer montanus) in Bute, 277 ; on the Nesting of the Pied Flycatcher (Musci- capa atricapilla) at Glen- doune, Girvan, 293 Rosneath, Notes on, 25!) Ross, Alexander, on Diptera observed at Loch Rid- don, 243; at Loch Lomond, 256; at Bar- dowie, 263; on Eristalis reneus from Islay, 273; on Piezodorus lituratus from Bute, 277 ; on Bombylius major from Loch Riddon, 282; on Didea alneti from Inch Connachan, 284; on Eristalis sepulchralis from Islay, 293; on the Glass-rope Sponge, 301 ; on a King Eider Duck (Somateria spectabilis) from Tayport, 301; on Bembidium quadrigut- tatum from Fairlie and Notoxus monoceros from Monkton, 304; on Lei- opus nebulosus from between Craigallion and Blanefield, 305 Russell, E. S., on the Occur- rence of Gonactinia pro- lifera in the Firth of Clyde, 27 Sandpiper, Common (To- tanus hypoleucus), Notes on, 77 310 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW Sandpiper, Green (T. ochro- pus): Noteson its < >ecur- rence in Clyde Area, 106, 107 ifraga oppositifolia: its Occurrence in Islay, 71 ; iis I (istribution in Scot- land, 72, 73 rotinia baccarum : < in- currence of phores at ( lamp ir,n. 255 rotinia, Notes on British and Scottish Species of, 151, 152 Scorpions, False, Notes on, 243,283 Service, Robert, on the Waders of Solway, 16 Shrike, Great Grey (Lanius excubitor), from Arran, 300 Silybnra, Notes on. 284 Sinm erectum from near Abington, 110 Skua. Richardson's, Notes on. 235 Smith, John, on a Cave- Spider (Met a menardi), from Dunure, 296 Solway, Waders of, 46 Sonierville, Alex., B.Sc., F.L.S., on the Occur- rence of Saxifraga oppositifolia on the Sea- coast of Islay, 71 ; on the Occurrence of the Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum), and Marsh Helleborine Orchis (Epi- pactis palustris), on the Wrest of Scotland, L15 ; Memorial Notice of, 227, 283 n, Notes on, 99 Spider, Cave : Notes on its Occurrence at Dunure, 296 Sponge, Glass-rope, Notes on, Stewart, William, on various Fungi, 111 Stint, Little (Tringaminuta) at Balgray Reservoir, 76 Thermometer Records for L905, II : for L906, 137, 138, 139, 142; for 1907, 203, 204, 205, 208 Tooihwort 1 1 ,athra?a squa- maria): its Distribution in Ayrshire, 90, 91 Treasurer's Statements, 103, 275, 291 . Measurements of Arbor-Yitae, Western, 231, 232,234 Beech, 87, LOO, 234, 261 Birch, 90,231,261 Birch, Golden, 233 ( iastaneasativavar.heti n i phylla, 249 < ledar, Atlas, 235 < iedrus atlantica, 235 Cedrus deodara, 90 Cedrus Libani, 250 Elm, 263 Elm, English, 100 Fagus sylvatica, 249 Fir, Scots, 230, 235 Fir, Don -las, 92, 235 Fir, Silver, 92, 93,230, 231, 235; 258 Fraxinus Ornus, 249 < rean, American, 234 Larch, 235 Lime, 89,259 Lime, Cut-leaved, 234 Maple, Eagle's-claw. 234 Oak, 90, 93,261 Oak, American. 87 Poplar, Black, 87 Prunus Mahaleb, 234 Quercus Cerris, 249 Rohiuia, 100 Service-tree, True, 232, 234 Sorb, 232 Spruce, 235 Sycamore, 93, 258 Thuya occidentalis, 232, 234 Thuya plicata, 235 Ulmus glabra, 234 Ulmus montana, 249 Yew, 250, 257, 261 Trees, Notable, at — Arley Castle, 232 Auchendrane, 91, 92, 230, 231,232,233,234, 235 Baldernock, 263 Tree-. Notable, continued — Behun Park, 232 Blair •Drummond, 92 Doonholm, 89, 90 l toonside, 93 Dorsetshire, 232 I >ougalston, 261 Dropmore, 92 Finlayston, 217, 248, 249, 250, 251 ( rarscube, s, Kilkenny. 232 Laverstoke Park, 92 Ne-wton Don, 91 Rosneatb, 257, 258 Sorn, 100 St ration Rtrawless, 232 Wetherby. 232 White Knights, 232 Wyre Forest, 232 Waders, Nesting Dates of Some, 62 Waders of Solway, 46 Weather of 1905, Remarks on, 30 ; of 1906, 122 ; of 1907, 188 West Kilbride Natural His- tory and Archaeological Society, 86, 88, 95, 97, 100, 238, 246, 274, 290 Whitton, James, Meteorolo- gical Notes by, 30, 122, 188 Wilson, Robert W. S., on Local Occurrences of the Grey Plover (Squatarola helvetica), 104; on the Autumn and Winter Bird-life of the Fairlie Shore, 173; on Richard- son's Skua (Stercorarius crepidatus), 235, 303 ; on Birds from Fairlie and Langbank,276; on Night- jar (Caprimulgus euro- pseus) from Cardonald, 3(13 Wishart, R. S., M.A., on Appleringie (Artemisia Abrotonum), 22 Witches-broom on Silver- Fir, 92, 111); on Haw- thorn, 233 Woodhall, Notes on, 245 TOPOGRAPHICAL, Aberdeen, 26 Aberdeen Bay, 67 Aberdeenshire, 25, 26, 73 Aberdeen, 26 Aberdeen Bay, )',, Aberdour, 73 Aherdour, 73 Abington, IK) Africa, Northern, 1 1 G South, 276, 282 Tropical, 7 Ailsa Craig, 99, 305 Airdrie, 2 15 Alans, 1 1 Alexandra Park, 85, 136, 138, 202,20 1 Alexandria, 15, , II',",, 164, 167, L68, 170, 172 Allander, 261 Alloway,88, 251 Almond, Glen, 299 America. 73 mil. L11.279 Anderston, 225 Andes, 280 Annan, The, 19, 55 AoidJi Rock, 11, 67 Arctic Regions, 73, Ard, The, 120, 121, 293 Ardbeg, 120, 121 A rddarroch, 101,102 Arden, 160 Ardentinnv, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20,22,158, 161 Ardgartan, 101 A rdkinglas (L. Fyne), 145 Ardkinelas (L. Lone:), K)l Ardlui,260 Ardmore Point, 164 Ardneil, 178 Ardneil Bank, 175 Ardrossan, 99 INDICES. 311 Argyll's Bowling Green, 101 Argyllshire, 12, 106 Aoidh Rock, II. 67 Ard,The, 120, 121,293 Ardbeg, 120, 12] Ardentinny, 9, 13, II, 15, 16,20, 22,158, 161 Ardgartan, mi Ardkinglas ( L. Fyne), 145 Ardkinglas l L. Long), 10] Ardrhore Point, LG I Argyll'sBowling< lreen,10] Arthur, Ben, 101, 2H0 Benmore, 16, 18, 19,21, 160 Blairmore, 9, 10, I I, 15, 17, 21, 157, 158, L60, L61, 16 !, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 17] Blindman L- ick, 15 Bowmore, 1 19 Brack, The, ml Bridgend, 119 Bullwood, 70 < 'airndow, I 15 ( larupbeltown, 1 1, 60, 6 , 80, 85, 106 Carradale, 68 ( 'oilessan Bum, 101 Coilessan Farm, 1 01 ( 'oilessan < den, 251 ( '< iregrogain, Allt, 200 Cokntraive, 8, 21, 242, 243 Colonsay, 115, 116, 117 C'omabus Burn, 219, 293 Craig Burn, 242 Cragabus, Middle, 120 ( 'rarae, 10 doe, Glen, 101 Dalmally, 1 II I >avaar Island, 15 Dubh Loch, 1 15 Echaig River, 9 Eck, Loch, 9, 11, 15, 157, 161, 162, 167, 170 Eilein Dheirrig, 212 Eilein Dubh, 212 FinartGlen, 157, 164 Furnace, 10 Fyne, Glen, 251 Fyne, Loch, 44, 46, 07, 68, 69, 76, 78, 85, 1 16, 283 ' hireletter Point, 8 Holy Loch, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,166,167, 168, 169, 170, 171 [me, Ben, 260 Inveraray, 45, 85, 143, 144, 145, l 16, 294 Inveraray < lastle, 287 Islav, 71, 72. 7:;, 109, 119, 120,219,273,293, 300 Ard,The, 120,121,293 Ardbeg, 120, 121 Bowmore, 119 Bridgend, 119 Cornabus Burn, 219, 293 Cragabus, Middle, 120 Kilbride, 120, 121 Kildalton, 119, 120, 121 Kilieyan, Upper, 120 Lagavulin, 121 Machrie Sand-dunes, 71 l )a. Mull of, 72, 7:; Porfc-Askaig, 119, 121 Port-Ellen, "119, 120, 121, 293 Argi llshirb, continued — Kilbride, 120, 121 Kildalton, L19, 120, 121 Kilieyan, Upper, 120 Kilmorich, 1 15 Kilmun, 16,20,21, 157, 160 Kintyre, 15, 72, 73, 106, 283 Kintyre, Mull of, 72 I -agavulin, 121 I .ran, ' Hen, 14 Liath Eilein, 78 Lochfyneside, 107 I iOchgilphead, 85 Lydoch, Loch, 287 Machrie Sand-dunes, .1 • Massan, Glen, 9, 10, 12, 13, 21, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171 Minard, 85 Minard Bay, II, 16, 70 Narnain, Ben. 101,260 ( irmidale, 212 Otterard Rock, 1 1 Port-Askaig, 119, 121 Port-Ellen, 119, 120, 121, 293 ■ Puck's Glen, 9,15,19,157 Riddon, Loch, 10, 117,212, 2-13, 264, 282 Ronachan, 283 Ruel, River, 243 St. Catherines, 107, 145 Sanda, 45 Sandbank, 14,161, 161 SgatMohr, 78 Shira, Glen, 145 Shirvan, 284 Skate Island, 68 Strachur, 107 Striven, Loch, 08, II, Strone, 15, 19, 100,161,167 Tarbert,8,9, 10 Tarbert, East, 80 Tarbert, East Loch, 44, 69 Taynuilt, 157 Tiree, 71 Arley Castle, 230 Arran, 1, 2, 13, 68,73,85, 102, 107, 118, 119,157,219,210, 253, 264, 300 Arran Basin, 68, 70 Arran, Cock of, 68, 75 Arrochar, 15, 100,260 Arthur, Ben, 101,2(10 As] i, grove Loch, 111 Asia, Central, 73 Atlantic, 3 Auchans, 244, 264, 284, 2 Auchendrane, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 231,232, 233,234,244, 258,284,285 Auchendrane, Middle, 230 Auchendrane, < >ld, 104 Australian Coast, i Ayr, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91,230, 233 Ayr, Heads of, I 17 Ayr, River, 99, loo Ayrshire, 7:;, 80, 93, 107, 108, 116, 150, 17.",, 185, 219, 234, 240, 252, 254, 281, 287, •".il 296 Ailsa' Craig, 99, 305 Alloway, 88, 231 Ardneil, 178 Ayrshire, continued— Ardneil Bank, 175 Ardrossan, 99 Ash. grove Loch, 111 Auchans, 211,201,281, 285 Auchendrane, 88, 91,92, 93 94,231, 2:52, 233,234, 211, 258,284,285 Auch, ndrane, Middle, 230 Auchendrane, Old, L04 Ayr, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 230,233 Ayr, Heads of, 1 17 Ayr, River, 99, 100 Ballantrae Lank, 68 Lallochmyle, 99 Barganv, 93 Barr, 281 Larwharric, 284 Beith, 17:; Blackshaw, 94, 95, 110 Blairston, 90, 230,231 Brigaird Point, 105, L I, 175, 178, 181, 182, 185 Brigaird Spit, 105, 174, 185, Broadlie, 247 Brown Carrick Hill, 89 Carrick, 91, 94, 294 ( latrine, 99, 100 I 'lachranehill, 84, 85, SO Clavens Hill, 91 < 'leuch Glen, 91 ( Iraigie, 234 ( 'ulzean, 244 ( 'uninghame, 98 Oaljarrock, 107 Dairy, 102, 150, 234, 238, 239, 246,247,275,281,287 Dairy Road, 95 Dairy Eoad, Old, 95 Dickie's Burn, 270 Doon, 88, 91, 234 1 )oon, Auld Brig o',S9 Doon, Brigs o', 89 Doonholm. 73, 88, 89, 90, 91,93,94,110 Doonside, 88, 94 I Oyhridge, 2 1 1 Dundonald, 20, 90, ill, 244, 201,281 Dundonald Castle, 214 Dundonald Glen, 20, 21, 163, 164, 168, 169 Limine, 163, 164, 252, 292, 296 Faii-lie, 86, 87, 102, 104, 105, 172,, 175, 176,178,179,235, 2:18, 2:i!), 275, 276, 500, 303, 304 Fairlie Roads, 17 1, 177, 179, 181, 185, 303 halt lie Sands, 75, 1 17, 174, 182, 181 Fence Bay, 178, 179, 180, 181 Fencefoot, 181 Gailes, 157, 158, 161. 162, 163, 165, 167, 171 < larnock, Liver, 97 Garnock, Month of, 8", 86 Giffordland, 284 Gii-van, 62, 85, 293 Glendoune, 293 Glengarnock, 98 Glengarnock Castle, 97, 98 111 312 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Ayrshire, continued — Goldenberry, 175 Green Point, 177, 181 Gull's Walk, 185 Hailie Shore, 46, G7 Highthorn, 86 Hunterston, 86, 87, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 185 Hyndog Glen, 246, 247 Irvine, 98 Kelburne, 179 Kilbirnie, 97, 150, 234 Kilbride, West, 85, 86, 94, 95, 96, 102, 150, 157, 165, 240, 303 Kilkerran, 231 Kilmarnock, 293 Kilmaurs, 98 Kilwinning, 80, 84, 85 Kirkoswald, 245 Ladyland, 98, 111 Largs, 46, 67, 107, 150^ Largs Channel, 68, 75 Law Hill, 95 Lendalioot, 173 Loudoun, 234 Maybole, 90, 2 1 1 Monkton, 234, 304 Montgomery Estate, 21 Montgreenan, 251, 252, 264, 287 Newark Hill, 89 Ochiltree, 284 Oliphant, Mount, 94 Perceton, 275 Pinmore, 108 Portincross, 174, 175, 177, 183 Portincross Castle, 45 Poteath, 175, 178, 181 Poteath Bar, 177, 178, 180, 185 Rvefield, 247 Rve Valley, 216 Seamill, 96 Shalloch - on - Minnoch Moor, 281 Sorn, 91, 9!), 100, 111 Sorn Castle, 99 Southannan, 176 Stevenston, 111 Todhills, 81, 85 Tofts Meal Mill, 217 Troon, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21,105,161, 162, 161, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171 Baldernock, 263 Balgray Reservoir, 76, 79, 102 Ballantrae Bank, 68 Ballocli, 256 Ballocliiiivlc. 99 Balmaha, 2.1,"), 256, 2(1 1, 303, 305 Balmaha, Pass of, 256 I Ianffshirb, 7-"> ' ramrie, 73 Bardowie, 260, 262, 263, 264 Bardowie Loch, 15, 168, 261, 262 Bardrane Glen, 161, 161 Bargany, 93 Barnbill, 55 Barnsoul of Lrongray, .11 Barr, 281 Barreman, 95 Barrier Plateau, 65, 68, 70 Barwharrie, 284 Bearsden, 87 Beith, 173 Bellahouston Park, 136, 139, 202, 205, 215 Belton Park, 232 Benmore, 16, 18, 19, 21, 160 Benyellary, 63 Bergen, 28 Bergensfiord, 28 Berwickshire, 91, 118, 305 Newton Don, 91 Birmingham, 284, 294 Bishop Loch, 17, 160, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172 Black Park, 156 Blackpark Plantation, 239 Black Rock, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183 Black Sea, 116 Blackshaw(Ayrsh. ), 94, 95,110 Blackshaw (Dnmfr.). 53 Blackwaterfoot, 2, 3 Blair-Drummond, 92 Blairmore, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 21, 157,158,160,161,163,164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171 Blairston, 90, 230, 231 Blanefield, 305 Blantyre, High, 241 Blindman Rock, 45 Bolivia, 301 Bonhill, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 153, 297 Botanic Gardens, 84, So, 111, 136, 139, 202 Bothwell, 246 Bourg d'Oisans, 2S7 Bowling, 8, 13, 14, 16, 164, 166, 167, 171 Bowmore, 119 Brack, The, 101 Braidwood, 257, 303 Brazil, 280 Breadalbane Mountains, 238 Briangon, 287 Bridgend, 119 Bridgeton, 22 Bricaird Point, 10.1, 171, 175, 178, 181, 182, 185 Brigaird Spit, 10-1, 171, 185, 303 Britain, 21, 17, S3, 115, 151, L53.284, 303 British Isles, 23, 80, 111, 11.1 Broadlie, 217 Brodick, 2.13, I'll Brodick Pier, 2.1:'. Broomielaw. 298 Brown Carrick Hill. 89 Buckinghamshire, 300 Budapi st, s Bullwood, 70 Busbv, 172 Bute, 62, 63, 73,78,85, 96, 105, 156, 21!), 220, 221,276, 277. 2S1 Bute, Kvlcs of, 212 Bute, North, 221 Bute, South, 156, 157, 158, 1.19, Kill, 162, 163,161, 16.1, 166, 167, 168,169, 171, 239,261, 281,285,301 Buteshire, 73 Alans, 44 Arran, 1, 2, 13, 68, 73, 85, 102, 107, 118, 119, 157, 219, 240, 253, 26 1, 300 Blackwaterfoot, 2, 3 Brodick, 253, 254 Brodick Pier, 2.13 Clauchlaud Hills, 253, 256 Clauchlaud Point, 253, 254 Cock of Arran, 68, 75 Corriegills, 253, 254 Dun Dubh, 253 Dun Fionn, 253, 254 Goatfell, 157, 254 Inverclov, 254 King's Cross, 44, 45, 46, 66,85 Landash, 300 Lamlash Bav, 3, 44, 45, 46, 66, 69, 70 Rosa, Glen, 102 Whiting Bay, 157 Arran Basin, 68, 70 Black Park, 156 Blackpark Plantation, 239 Blackwaterfoot, 2, 3 Brodick, 253, 254 Brodick Pier, 2.13 Bute, 62, 63, 73, 78, 85, 96, 105, 156, 219, 220, 221, 276, 277, 281 Black Park, 156 Blackpark Plantation, 239 Bute, North, 221 Bute, South, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 239, 264, 281, 285, 301 Dunagoil, 239, 240 Dunagoil Bav, 156, 23!) Ettrick Bav, 41, 45, 46, 69 Glen Callum Bav, 301 Kilblain, 240 Kilchattan Bay, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, .240 Kilchattan Golf-course, 156 Kilchattan Pier, 239 Kingarth, 221, 2 Jo Largizean, 239 Lubas, 239 Mountstuart, 96, 111, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Port-Bannatyne, 277 Rothesay, 80, 84, 85, 96, ')•)() 091 St. Blane's, 156 St. Blane's Chapel, 240 Scalpsie Bav, 7.1 Suidhe Chatain, 240 Suidhe Hill, 156 Suidhe Wood, 156,239 Castle Bay, 27, 28 Clauchland Hills, 2.13 254 Clauchland Point, 253, 254 Cock of Arran, 68, 75 Corriegills, 253, 2.1 1 INDICES. 313 Bi TESHIRE, continued — Cumbrae, 28,44, 45, 46, 17, 68,80,84,85, L77,181,219 Alans, 11 Garrison Bay, 14,46,67,69 Karnes Bay, 66, 85 Keppel Pier, 75, I IS, 149 -Millport, 44, 16,66,67, 69, 85, 147, 279 -Millport Bay, II -Millport Marine Station, 1, 44, 228, 229, 278 Cumbrae, Little, 27, 28, 44, 107, IS2 Cumbraes, 148 Dunagoil, 239, 240 Dunagoil Bay, 156, 239 Dun Dubh, 253 Dun Fiona, 253, 251 Ettrick Bay, 44, 45, 46, 69 Garrison Bay, 44, 46, 67, 69 Glen Callum Bay, 301 Goatfell, 157, 251 Inchmarnock, 70, 78, 219 Invercloy, 254 Karnes Bay, 66, 85 Keppel Pier, 75, 148, 1 19 Kilblain, 240 Kilchattan Bav, 156, 157, I. 7.), 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 240 Kilchattan Golf-course, 156 Kilchattan Pier, 239 Kingarth, 221, 240 King's 'Cross, 44, 45, 46, 66, 85 Lamlash, 300 Lamlash Bav, 3, 14, 45, 16, 66, 69, 70 Largizean, 239 Lubas, 239 Millport, 44, 46, 66, 67, 69, 85, 147, 279 Millport Bay, 44 Millport Marine Station, 1, 44, 228, 229, 278 Mountstuart, 96, 111, 156, L58, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 161, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Port-Bannatvne, 277 Rosa, Glen, 102 Rothesay, 80, 84, 85, 96, 220, 221 St. Blane's, 156 St. Blane's Chapel, 240 Scalpsie Bay, 75 Suidhe Chatain, 240 Suidhe Hill, 156 Suidhe Wood. 156,239 Whiting Bay, 157 Cadder, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 169 Cadder Wilderness, 11, 14, 17,19,20,161,170,172,304 Caerlaverock, 54 Cairndhu Point, 259 Cairn do w, 145 Cairnsmores, 52 Calcutta, 227 Calder, 253 Calder Glen, 150, 252, 300 Calder Water, North, 216 Calderwood Estate, 2 1 1 Oalderwood (lien, 17, 21,171. 211, 264, 281 California, 17, 301 Cambridge Museum of Zoology, 6 Cambridge University, 250 Cambuslang, 8, 9, 13, 11, Hi, IS, 21, 161, 162, 163, 161, 166, 167, 170, 171 Campbeltown, 44, 60, 61, 80, 85, 106 Camphill Gardens, 82, 83,84, 85 Campsie Glen, 150, 255, 261, 301 Campsie Hills, 255 Canal, Forth and Clyde, 9, 12 Canal, Monkland, 13, 21 Canaries, 50 Cantire, see Kintyre Cape Colony, 276 Cardonald, 303 Cardross, 12, 158, 159, 163, 161, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171 Carmyle, 11 Carntyne, 83, 85 Carradale, 68 Carrick, 91, 94, 294 Carsthorn, 54, 56 Cart, 300 Cart, White, 78 Ca it land Crags, 8, 10, 241, 264, 2S2 Castle Bay, 27, 28^ Castle Douglas, 55 Castlemilk, 14, 19, 161 Castle Semple Loch, 241, 253, 2S1 Cathkin Quarry, 15, 169, 172 Catrine, 99, 100 Chaco, Gran, 280 Channel Islands, 117 Christiania, 83 Chryston, 84, 85, 106 Clachan Burn, 258 Clachan House, 257^ Clachranehill, 81, 85, 86 Clauchland Hills, 253, 254 Clauchland Point, 253, 254 Clavens Hill, 91 Cleddans, 87 Cleghorn Woods, 241, 242 Clench Glen, 91 Clober Dam, 13, 16, 19, 157 Closeburn, 59 Clyde, 42, 44, 63, 70,75,76,88, 105, 109, 114,147, 149, 173, 218, 262, 298 Clyde Area, 7, 80, 86, 106, 107, 108, 112, 150, 151, 182, 218, 235, 210, 213, 217,271, 280, 285, 287, 293, 297, 298, 302, 303, 304, 305 Clyde, Firth of, 1, 4, 27, 43, 45, 65, 68, 71, 75, 76, 106, 239, 278, 279, 297 Clyde Lsles, 219 Clyde Sea Area, 42, 64, 65, 70, 74, 110, 227, 274, 285, 299 Clydesbrae, 85 Clydesdale, 246, 282 Clynder, 95 Cock of Arran, 68, 75 Coilessan Burn, 101 Coilessan Farm, 101 Coilessan Glen, 251 Coiregrogain, A lit, 260 Colintrai vc\ 8, 21, 242, 243 Colonsay, 115, 116, 117 Cornabus Burn, 219, 293 Corriegills, 253, 254 Cornwall, 116 Cragabus, Middle, 120 Craigallion, 100, 305 Craigallion Loch, 158, 165, 168 Craig Burn, 242 Craigendoran, 95 Craigends, 251, 252, 264 Craigie, 23 1 Craignethan Castle, 257 Craigton Wood, 162 Crail, 102, 106 Crarae, 10 Crawford, 218, 305 Cree, Sands of , 53 Crocketford, 51 Croe, Glen, 101 Crookston, 21, 22, 160, 161, 167, 168 Crossford, 257 Crow Road, 255 Culzean, 244 Cumbrae, 28, 44, 45, 46, 47, 68, 80,84,85,177,181,219 Cumbrae, Little, 27, 28, 44, 107, 182 Cumbraes, 148 Cummertrees, 53 Cuninghame, 98 Daljarrock, 107 Dalkeith Park, 305 Dahnally, 144 Dalmarnock, 14 Dairy, 102, 150, 231, 238, 239, 246, 247, 275, 281, 287 Dairy Road, 95 Dairy Road, Old, 95 Dauphiny, 287 Davaar Island, 45 Dee, 49, 56, 59 Dee Area, 150 Dennistoun, 22, 165, 167, 172 Dickie's Burn, 276 Doon, 88, 91, 234 Doon, Auld Brig o', 89 Doon, Brigs o', 89 Doonholm, 73, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 110 Doonside, 88, 94 Dorsetshire, 232 Dougalston, 13, 17, 107, 168, 170, 172, 260, 262, 261 I lougalston Loch, 261 Douclas, Glen, 100, 251, 261, 27:;, 287 Dover Cliffs, 117 Dropmore._92 Drumore, 55 Drumpellier, 245 Drumrv, 87, 88, 262 Drybridge, 244 Dubh Loch, 145 Dumbartonshire, 12, 87, 106, 107, 111,173,260,297 Alexandria, 157, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 172 Allander, 261 Arddarroch, 101, 102 Arden, 160 314 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. I 'I'MBARTOXSHIRE, COIlt. — Ardlui, 260 Arrochar, 15, 100, 260 Balloch, 256 Barreman, 95 Bearsden, 87 Bonhill, 8, 11, 12, 13, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 15:3, 2!) 7 Bowling, 8, 13, 14, 16, 164, 166,167. 171 Cairndhu Point, 259 Cardross, 12, 158, 159, 16:3, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171 Clachan Burn, 258 Clachan House, 257 Cleddans, S7 CloberDam, 13, 16, 19, 157 Clynder, 95 Craigendoran, 95 Craigton \Vood, 162 Dougalston, 13, 17, 107, 168, 170. 172, 260,262, 264 Dougalston Loch, 261 Douglas, Glen, 100, 251, 264, 27:;, 287 Drumry, 87, 88, 262 Duntocher, 87 Ferguston, 87 Fernicarry, 259 Finnart, 101 Fruin, Glen, 12 Gareloch, 65, 70, 95, 96, 110, 262 Garelochhead, S3, 95, 96 Garscadden, 87. 107, 262 Garscube, 87, 88, 165 Helensburgh, 13, 15, 18, 20, 100, 299 Helensburgh Moor, 9, 19, 157, 160,171, 172 Inch Connaclian, 159, 165. 284 Inch Moan, 10,18 Inch Tavannach, 13, 157, 164, 171 Invergroin, 251 Inveruglas Water, 260 Kilbowie, 9, 87, 99 Killermont, 88, 262 Ivihiiardinny. 262 Kilpatrick, East, 260 Kilpatrick Hills, 63, 78 Kilpatrick, New, 260 Lady Loch, 261, 263 Lenzie, 9, 1 1, 21 Litilros, 259 Little Hill. 2oo Long, Locli, LOO, 101 Luss Glen, 13, 16, 161, 165, 167, L68 Mambeg, 96, 259 Mamore, 259 \M.ill Ros,259 Millichen, 87, 262 Milngavie, 13, 100, 107, 157, L60, L62, 168, 170, 172, 200, 275, 305 Murroch Glen, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, IS, I '.I, 20, 21,22. L54, 157, L58, L60, 162, 165, 166, 107, Ills, 169,170, 171, 172 Nbrthfield Moor, 15, 157, 16:;, 161, 167, 168, 170, 1 72 Tori kill, 259 Dumbartonshire, cont. — Rahane, 96 Rosneath, 257, 259, 261 Rosneath, Castle of, 258 Rosneath, Kirkton of, 258 Row, 157, 259 Tullich Hill, 251 Vorlich, Ben, 111, 259 YV histlefield, 100, 101, 273 Dumlin, 305 Dumfries, 50, 57, 144 Dumfriesshire, 51, 53, bo, 56, 218 Annan, The, 49, 55 Blackshaw, 53 Barnsoul of Irongray, 51 Cummertrees, 53 < laerlaverock, oi Closeburn, 59 Dumfries, 50, 57, 144 Jardine Hall, 55 Irongray, Barnsoul of, 51 Kirkmichael, 54, 55 Kirkland, 55 Lochar, 53 Lochmahen, 4S Moffat. 17, 11 1 Nith, 49, 56,57 Nith Estuary, 54 Queensberry, 48 Sanquhar, 47 Dungbyne, 161 Dunagoil, 239, 240 DunagoilBay, L56, 239 Dundonald, 20, 90, 91, 244, 261,281 Dundonald Castle, 244 Dundonald Glen, 20,21, 163, 164, 168, 169 Dun Dubh,253 Dun Fionn, 253, 254 1 >ungeon Loch, 47 Duntocher, 87 Duntulm Castle, 117 Dunure, 163, 164, 252, 292, 296 Durham, 29 I Durisdeer Hill, 218 Eagleshani, 1 I Eaglesham Moors, 63 East Coast, 26, 17, 304 Echaig, River, 9 Eck, Loch, 9, 11, 15, 157, 161, 162, 167, 170 Edinburgh, 238,245, 305 Eilein 1 >heirrig, 242 EileinDuhli, 242 Elder Park, 209, 215, 217, 301 England, 91, 92, 116, L18, 230, 232, 250, 252, 277, 279, 284, 294 England, North of, 73, 304 England, South of, 304 English Channel, 1 17 Erskine, 8, L6, IS, 19, 20, 21, 157, 158, L60, 161, 162, llll, 165, L67, L68, L69, 17o, 171, 172, 251, 252, :'ii] Espevar, . 5 Ettrick Bay, 44, 15, 16, 69 Europe, 7:;, 116, 284, :;oi Europe, Southern, 21, 289 Fairfield, 209 Fair Isle, 106 Fairlie, 86, 87, 102, 104, 105, 173, 175, 176, 17S. 179, 235, 238,239,275,276, 300,303, 304 Fairlie Roads, 174, 177, 179, _ 181, 185, 303 Fairlie Sands, 75, 147, 171, 182, 184 Falloch, Glen, 251 Falmouth, 28, 219 Fame Isles, 63 Fence Bay, 178, 179, 180, 181 Fencefoot,- 181 Ferguston, 87 Fernicarry, 259 Fiddler Gill, 257 Fifeshire, 115, 118, 300 Crail,102, 106 Tavport, 301 Finlayston, 247, 248, 219, 251, 264, 287 FinartGlen, 157,164 Finnart, 101 FinnichGlen, 14, 161, 165 Fintry, 255 Fladsholmen, Island of, 28 Fleet Bay, 49 Florae, 28 Forfarshire, 111 Formosa, 61 Fort Matilda Forth, 251, 262, 304 Forth and Clyde Canal, 72 Forth, Firth of, 07 France, 23, 24, 25, 26, 108, 287, 288 Frankiield, 21, 156, 157 Frankneld Farm, 156 Frankiield Loch, 14, 15, 17, 19, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 161,165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 172 Fruin, Glen, 12 Furnace, 10 Fyne, Glen, 251 Fyne, Loch, 44, 46, 67, 68, 69, 76, 78, 85, 1 16, 283 I Jailcs, 157, L58, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 171 Galloway, 56 ' ialloway, Mull of, 116 Gamrie, 75 Gareletter Point, 8 Gareloch, 6,), 70, 95, 96, 110, 262 Garelochhead, 85, 95, 96 ( larnock, River, 97 Garnock, Mouth of, 80, 86 ( rarrison Day. 1 1. 46, 67, 69 Garscadden, 87, 107, 262 i rarscube, 87, 88, 165 ( J art loch, 13 ( lascoigne, Gulf of, 75 George Square, 136, 139, 202, 21 15 ' fermany, 92 ' riffnock, Kis Giffordland, 284 < lilmorehill, 227 ( :irvan, 62, 85, 293 < ilasgow, 78, 8o, 87, 99, 100, 101, 105, 122, 126, 129, 131, 227, 260,262,276,279, 280, 283, 298 INDICES. 315 i rlasgow, continued — Academy, 227 Alexandra Park, 85, 130, 138, 202, 204 Anderston, 227 Bellahouston Park, 13f>, 139,202,205,215 Botanic Gardens, 81, 85, 111, 136, 139, 202 Bridgeton, 22 Broomielaw, 298 Caiuphill Gardens, 82, 83, 84,85 Carntyne, 173 Carntyne Road, 83, 85 College, 227 Cumbernauld Road, 83 Dennistoun, 22, 165, 167, 172 George Square, 136, 139, 202, 205 Gilrnorehill, 227 Glassford Street, 260 i Ileal Western Road, 106 • oven, 136, 139,202,205 Hangingshaw, lo. High Street, 227 Kelvindale, 88 Kelvingrove Museum, 294, 2!)'.) Kelvins-rove Park, 136, 138, 202, 20 1 Kelvinside, S8 Kibble Palace, 111 Maxwell Park, 13(;,13S, 202, 201 Mitchell Library, 8, 291 People's Palace, 83, 85, 299 Pollokshaws Road, 78 Queen's Park, 84, 85, 122, 136, 138, 111, 112, 188, 202, 204, 207, 208, 303 Ramshorn Churchyard, 260 Riddrie, 173 Rouken Glen, 107 Ruchill Park, 136, 139, 202, 205, 261 St. David's Churchyard, 260 Shawfield, 260 Tollcross Park, 136, 131), 202, 205 University, 5, 227, 278, 295 Victoria Road, 78 ( ilazert Water, 151, 255 Glen Callum Bay, 301 Glendoune, 293 Glengarnock, 98 Glengarnock Castle, 97, 98, 111 Glenlee, 51 ( ; lesvar, 28 Goatfell, 157,254 Goil, Loch, 68, 101, 262 Goldenberry, 17.". Gourock, II, Ids Govan, 209, 301 Gowk Stane, loo Gran Chaco, 280 Greenock, 85 Green Point, 177, 181 Grenoble, 288 Gull's Walk, L85 Haddingtonshire, 118 Ilailie Shore, 46, 67 Hamburg, 92, 231 Hammerfest, 28 Hampshire, 92 Hangingshaw, 107 Hardangerfjord, 75 Harelaw Dam, 91, 110 Harris, 72 Hawkhead, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 78, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 161, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 239, 275 Heasgarnich, Beinn, 237 Hebrides, 3, 115, 120, 235, 214 Hebrides, Outer, 72, 107 Hebrides, South Inner, 71 Helensburgh, 13, 15, 18, 20, 100, 299 Helensburgh Moor, 9, 19, 157, 160,171, 172 Hemisphere, Northern, 73 Hensol, 51 Herefordshire, 281 Hestan, 49 Highlands, Western, 254 Highthorn, 86 Holy Isle, 45 Holy Loch, 8, 12, 13, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 160, 161, 162,163, 161,166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171 Howwood, 241 Hundred-acre Park, 305 Hunterston, 86, 87, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 185 Ilyndog Glen, 216, 247 Ime, Ben, 260 Inch-Connachan, 159, 1(15, 281 Inchmamock, 70, 78, 219 Inch-Moan, 10, 18 Inch-Tavannach, 13, 157, 161, 171 India, 107, 227 Inveraray. 45, 85, 1 13, 111, 145, 146, 294 Inveraray Castle, 287 Invercloy, 251 Invergroin, 251 Inverkip, 157, 165 Inveuness-shike— Duntulm Castle, 117 Harris, 72 Inverness, West, 72 Kilmuir, 117 St. Kilda, L05 Skye, 72, 117, 118,119 Inverness, Wot, 72 [nveruglas Water, 260 Ireland, 93, 116, 277 Ireland, West of, 73 Irvine, 98 Islav, 71,72, 73, 109, 119, 120, 219,273,293, 300 Jamaica, 277 Japan, 110, 61, 300 Jardine Hall, 55 Jerusalem, 25 Johnstone, 161 Johnstone Castle, 88, L0I Kames Lav, 66, 85 Kelburne, 179 Kelvin, River, 87, 88, 261, 262 Kelvindale, 88 Kelvingrove Museum, 291, 299 Kelvingrove Park, 136, L38, 202, 204 Kelvinside, 88 Kenmare River, 116 Kensington, South, 151 KeppSl "Pier, 75, 148, 119 Kerry, Count y, 116 Kew, 233 Kew Gardens, 298 Kibble Palace, 111 Kilbirnie, 97, 150,231 Kilblain, 210 Kilbowie, 9, 87, 99 Kilbrannan Sound, I I, lis, 75 Kilbride, 120, 121 Kilbride, East, 20, 171, 239 Kilbride, West, 85, 86, 91, 95, 96, 102, 150, 157, 165,210, 303 Kilchaltan Bay, 156,157, 159, 160,161,162, 163,164,166, 167, 169, 170, 210 Kilchattan Golf-course, 156 Kilchattan Pier, 239 Kildalton, 119, 120, 121 Kilkenny, 232 Kilkerran, 231 Killermont, 88, 262 Killeyan, Upper, 120 Killin, 102, 111 Killoch Glen, 303 Kilmacohn, 219 Kilmardinny, 262 Kilmarnock, 293 Kilmaurs, 98 Kilmorich, 1 15 Kilmuir, 117 Kilmun, 16, 20,21,157, 160 Kilpatrick, East, 260 Kilpatrick Hills, 63, 78 Kilpatrick, New, 260 Kilwinning, 80, 84, i^o Kindar, Loch, 51 Kingarth, 221, 210 King's Cross, 44, i5, 46, 66,85 Kintyre, 15, 72,73, 106,283 Kintyre, Midi of, 72 Kirkcudbright Museum, 51 Kirkcudbrightshire, 51, 63, 116,117 Barnhill, oo Benyellary, 63 Cairnsmores, 52 Carsethorn, 54, 56 ' 'astle-Douglas, 55 Crocketford, 51 Dee, 49, 56, .V.) I (ungeon, Loch, 17 Pleet Bay, 49 Glenlee, 51 Hensol, 51 Hestan, 49 Kindar, Loch, Til Kirkcudbright Museum, 54 Lochrutton, .>1 Murray Isles, 49 Rockcliffe, 53 1,'oss, 49, 59 Rough Island, 111, 2S3 316 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Kirkcudbrightshire, cont. — Slogarie, .51 Southerness, 49, 52, 53, 51 Southerness Point, 52, 53, 59 South wick, 48 Terregles, 55 Urr, 56 Kirklaud, 55 Kirkmichael, 5 1, 55 Kirkoswald, 245 K vies of Bute, 2 12 Ladyland.98, 111 Lady Loch. 261,263 Lagavulin, 121 Lam lash, .",1)1 ) Lamlash Bav, 3, 11, 15, 46, 66, 69, 7ii Lanark, 83, 84, 85, 86, 285 l.AXARKSHIRE, 80, 218, .'505 Abington, 110 A i nine, 245 Avon, Gorge of, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 157, 158,160,161, 163,164, 165, 166, 170, 171 Bishop Loch, 17, 160, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172 Blantvre, High, 211 Bothwell, 246 Braidwood, 257, 303 Busbv, 172 Gadder, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 161, 162,165, 166, 167, 169 Cadder Wilderness, 11,14, 17,19,20,161,170,172,304 Calder Water, North, 246 Calderwood Estate, 211 Calderwood Glen, 17, 21, 171,211,261,281 Cambuslang, 8, 9, 13, 1 1, 16, 18, 21, 161, 162, 163, 161,166,167, 170, 171 Canal, Monkland, 13, 21 Carmyle, 11 Cart hind Crags, 8, 10,241, 264, 282 Castlemilk, 14, 19, 164 Cathkin Quarry, 15, 169,172 Chrvston, 84, 85, 106 Cleglioni Woods, 211,212 Clyde, 218 ( 'lydesbrae, 85 Craignethan Castle, 257 Crawford, 21 S, 305 ( Jrossford, 257 I »almarnock, 14 Drumpellier, 245 Durisdeer Hill, 218 Elder Park, 209, 215, 217. 30] Fairfield, 209 Frankfield, 21, 156, 157 Frankfield Farm, 156 Frankfield Loch, 1 1. 15, 17, L9, 156, 157, L58, 159, 160, 161, 162. 163, 161,165, ICC. L67, L69, 171. 172 I rartloch, 13 Covan. 209, 301 Kilbride, East, 20, 171,239 Lanark, 83, 84,85,86,285 I lesmahagow, 502 Lochend Loch, 159, 163 Lanarkshire, continued — Lumloch, 21 Maryhill, 87, 261 Millbrae, 84, 85 Mill Plantation. 9, 11, 15, 16, 161,162, 165, 166, 167, 169 Monkland, 245, 264, 28 1 Monkland Canal, 13, 21, 156, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Monkland House, 245, 284 Monkland, New, 215, 246 Monkland, Old, 245, 246 Mouse Water, 286 Poplar Park, 83, 84, 86 Possil Marsh. 9, 11, 14, L5, 17, 21, 22, L58, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167,168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 294 Potrail, 218 Renfrew Road, 209, 214 Rutherglen, 20, 164, 172 Stepps, 102, 299 Stepps Wood, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 172 Stonebyres, 85 Tillietudlem, 257, 303 Torrance, 239, 275 Tinto, 218 Uddingston, 298 Woodend Loch, 165 WoodhaU, 245, 246, 264,284 Langbank, 13. 14, 44, 70,84, 85, 160, 162, 166, 169, 217, 276 ,ancashire, 63 argizean, 239 Largs, 46, 67, 107, 150 L,args Channel, 68, 75 .autaret, La, 287, 288, 289 L,averstoke Park, 92 ,aw Hill, 95 Lawers, Ben, 237 ,ean, Glen, 1 1 Bicester, 291, 292 liendalfoot, 173 _ zerinoxtown, 255 Lenzie, 9, 14, 21 liesmahagow, 302 ,ewis, 273 jath Eilein, 78 iibo, Loch, 160 jtilros, 259 Little Hill, 260 iOchar, 53 iOChend Loch, 159, 163 (Ochfyneside, he iOchgilphead, 85 jochmaben, Is .ui' ! i rutton, 51 ^ochside, 241 /H-hw innoch. 211, 252, 253, 264,281,300 (Omond, Ben, 72, 256 .oinoiid. Loch, in, 160, 251, 256, 262, 2,- 1 .ondon, 23I,29S .on- Loch, S, 68, 100, 101, 2.", 1,262 lOudoun, 23 1 ,owlands, 304 ,owther Hills, 218 .uhas, 239 -uce Bay, 49, 55 Luss Glen, 13, 16, 161, 165, 167, 168 Lvdoch, Loch, 287 Lyons, 288 Machrie Sand-dunes, 71 Madagascar, 301 Mamheg, 96, 259 Mamore, 259 Maryhill, 87, 261 Massan, Glen, 9, 10, 12, 13, 21, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,163,161,165,166, 167, 169, 170, 171 Maxwell Park, 136, 138, 202, 201 .Maybole, 90, 2 1 1 Mearns Moors, 62, 63, 61 Mediterranean, 28, 116 Mekill Ros, 259 Midlothian, 116, 118, 2 15 Edinburgh, 258, 215, 305 Dalkeith Park, 305 Newbattle Abbey, 215 Roslin, 305 Millbrae, 84, 85 Millichen, 87, 262 Mill Plantation, 9, 11, 15, 16, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 169 Millport, 44, 46, 66, 67, 69, 85, 147, 279 Millport Bay, 14 Millport Marine Station, 1, 41, 228, 229, 278 Milngavie, 13, ion. 107, 157, 160,162,168,170,172,200, 275,305 Minard, 85 Minard Bav, 11, 16, 76 Mitchell Library, 8, 291 Moffat, 47, 111 Monkland, 215, 264, 28 I Monkland Canal, 13, 21, 158, 160, 161, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171,172 Monkland House, 215, 281 Monkland, New, 215. 216 .Monkland, Old, 215, 216 Monkton, 234, 304 Montgomery Estate, 21 Montgreenan, 251, 252, 261, 287 Moray Firth, 6* Morlaggan, ltd Mountstuart, 96, 111, 156, 158, 15'.), 160, 161,162,163, 161, 165, 166.167,168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Mouse Water, 285 Muck, Island of, 78 Muggie Point, .0 Murray Isles, 19 Murroch Glen, 11, 13, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 151, 157, 158, 160,162,165, 166, 167, 168,169,170, 171, 172 Naples, .Marine Station, 278, 279 Xarnain, Ben, 101,260 Newark Hill, 89 Newbattle Abbey, 215 Newton Don, 91 INDICES. 317 New Zealand, 61, 111, 281, Nith, 49,56, 57 Nitli Estuary, 51 Norfolk, 232 Northfield Moor, 15, 157, L63, 164, 1(17, L68, 170, 172 North Sea, 3, 47,298 Northumberland, 29 1 Norway, 58, 83 Noumea, 28 Nutberry Hill, 302 Oa, Mull of, 72, 73 Ochiltree, 281 Oliphant, Mount, 94 Olton, 294 ( )rknev, 235 Ormidale, 212 Otterard Rock, 1 1 Paisley, 99 Pampa, 280 Paradise, 2 IS Paraguay, 280 Perceton, 275 People's Palace, 83, 85, 299 Perth, 144 Perthshire, 118, 299 Almond, Glen, 299 Breadalbane Mountains, Falloch Glen, 251 Heasgarnick, Beinn, 237 Killin, 102, 144 Lawers, Ben, 237 Perth, 144 Rannoch, 305 Tay, 26 Pinmore, 108 Pollok, Nether, 70, 106 Pollok, Upper, 303 Poonah, 284 Poplar Park, 83, 84, 86 Port-Askaig, 119, 121 Port-Baimatyne, 277 Port:Ellen, 119, 120, 121, 293 Portincross, 174, 175, 177, 183 Portincross Castle, 45 Portkill, 259 Port-Said, 102 Port-William, 55 Possil Marsh, 9, 11, II, 15, 17, 21, 22, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163,161, 166,167,168, 169, 170,171, 172,291 Poteath, 175, 178, 181 Poteath Bay, 177, 178,180, 185 Potrail, 218 Puck's Glen, 9, 15, 19, 157 Queensberrv, IS Queen's Park, 84, 85, 122, 136, 138,141,142,188,202,201, 207, 20S, 303 Rahane, 96 Rannoch, 108, 305 Reading, 232 Renfrew Road, 209, 214 Renfrewshire, 63, 76, 91, 105, loc, 281,300 Bardrane ( rlen, L61, 161 Busby, 172 Calder, 253 CalderGlen, 150, 252,300 < '.irdonald, 303 Castle Semple Loch, 241, 253,281 Cart, 300 Cart, White, 78 Craigends, 251, 252, 264 Crookston, 21, 22, 160, 161, 167, 168 Eaglesham, 1 1 Eaglesham Moors, 63 Erskine, 8, 16, 18, 19,20,21, 157, 158, 160, Mil, 162, 164, 165, 167, 1 US, 169, 170,171, 172 251 252 261 Finlaysto'n, 247, 218, 249, 251,264,287 Gift'nock, 168 Harelaw Dam, 94, 1 10 Hawkhead, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 78, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 239, 275 Howwood, 241 Hundred-acre Park, 305 Inverkip, 157, 165 Johnstone, 161 Johnstone Castle, 88, 101 Killoch Glen, 303 Kilmacolm, 2 lit Langbank, 13, 14, 41, 70,84, 85, 160, 162, 166, 169, 247, 276 Libo, Loch, 160 Lochside, 241 Lochwinnoch, 241, 252, 253, 264, 281, 300 Mearns Moors, 62, 63, 64 Paisley, 99 Pollok, Nether, 78, 106 Pollok, Upper, 303 Rouken Glen, 107 South Bar, 11, 16,19,20, 21, 160 Waulkmill Glen, 163 West Ferry Wood, 14, 160, 162, 169 Whiteinch, 85 Rhine, 262 Rhodesia, 293, 305 Riddon, Loch, 10, 147, 212, 243,264,282 Riddrie, 173 Rio de la Plata, 280 Rockclift'e, 53 Konachan, 283 Rosa, Glen, 102 Roslin, 305 Rosneath, 257, 259, 261 Rosneath, Castle of, 258 Rosneath, Kirkton of, 258 Ross, 49, 59 ROSS-SHIRE— Lewis, 273 Rothesay, 80, 84, ^, 96, 220. 221 Rough Island, 49, 283 Rouken Glen, 107 Roussillon, 28 Row, 157, 259 h'oAvardennan, 12, 22, 160, 255, 256, 264, 303 Ruchill Park, 136, 139, 202, 205, 261 Ruel River, 213 Russia, 73 Rutherglen, 20, 161, 172 Ryefield, 217 Rye Valley, 216 Sables d'Ollone, 75 St. Blane's, 156 St. Blane's Chapel, 240 St. Catherine's, 107, 1 1.") St. Kilda, 105 Sanda, 45 Sandbank, 14, 161, 161 Sand wick, West, 236 Sanquhar, 47 Scalpsie Bay, 75 Scotland, 23, 2 I, 2."., 26, 60, 61, 62,72,80,93,116,117,118, 144, 149, 153, 218, 227, 230, 231, 232, 250, 301, 304, 305 Scotland, East of, 305 Scotland, North of, 235 Scotland, West of, 67, 71, 72, 91, 115, 117, 118, 150, 219, 220, 228, 250, 252, 273, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 294, 297, 300, 303, 304 Seamill, 96 Seychelles, 108 Sgat Mohr, 78 S h al loch-on-Mi nnoch Moor, 281 Shawfield, 260 Shetland, 6, 67, 235, 236 Shira, Glen, 115 Shirvan, 2S3 Skate Island, 68 Skye, 72, 117, 118, 119 Slogarie, 51 Solwav, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 405, 144, 283 Solway Firth, 47, 49, 50, 54 Sorn, 91, 99, 100, 111 Sorn Castle, 99 Southannan, 176 South Bar, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 160 Southerness, 49, i>2, 53, 54 Southerness Point, 52, 53, 59 Southwick, 48 Stepps, 402, 299 Stepps Wood, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 172 StevL'iiston, 111 Stirlingshire, 106, 107, 150, 260 Baldernock, 263 Balmaha, 255, 256, 264, 303, 305 Balmaha, Pass of, 256 Bardowie, 260, 262, 263, 264 Bardowie Loch, 15, 168, 261, 262 Blanefield, 305 Campsie Glen, 150, 255, 264, 301 Campsie Hills, 255 Craigallion, 100, 305 Craigallion Loch, 158, 165, 168 318 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Stirlingshire, continued — ( row Road, 255 Dumfin, 305 Dumgoyne, 161 Finnich Glen, 1 I, 161, 165 Finny, 255 l Hazerl Water. 151, 255 GowkStane, 100 Lennoxtown, 255 Lomond, Ben, 72, 256 Lomond, Loch, 256 Rowardennan, 12, 22, 160, 255,256, 264, 303 Strathblane, 10, UK), 275 Wright's Well, 255 Rtonebyres, 85 Strachur, 107 Strathblane, 10, 100, 275 Stratum Strawless, 232 Striven, Loch, 68, 1 17 Strone, 15, 19, 160, 161, 1(17 Suidhe Chatain, 240 Suidhe Hill, 156 Suidhe Wood, 156, 239 Suffolk, 115 Surrey, 275 Switzerland, 245 Table Mountain, 282 Tarbert,8, 9, 10 Tarbert, East, 80 Tarbert, East Loch, 44, 69 Tavannach, Inch, 157 Tay, 26 Tay Area, 150 Taynuilt, 1~>7 Tayport, 301 Terregles, 55 Tigh-an-Laoigh, 256 Tillietudleni, 257, 303 Tin to, 218 Tiree, 71 Todhills,'84, 85 Tofts Meal Mill, 247 Tokio, 300 Tollcross Park, 136,139,202, 205 Torrance, 239, 275 Tortworth, 233 Tromsoe, 28 Troon, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 105, 161, L62, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171 TuUich Hill, 251 Tweed, 302, 30 1 Uddingston, 298 II rr, 56 Vorlich, Ben, 111, 259 Wales, North, 105 Warwickshire, 294 Waulkmill Glen, 163 Wemvss Bay, 83, 84, 85 West Ferry Wood, 1J, 160, 162, 169 Wetherby, 232 Whislleti'eld, 100, 101, 273 Whiteinch, 85 White Knights, 232 Whiting Bay, 157 Wigtown, 55 Wigtown, Rinns of, 116 Wigtownshire, 51, 53, 56, 116, 117 Druniore, 55 Luce Bay. 19, 55 Port-William, 55 Wigtown, 55 Wigtown, Rinns of, 116 Woodend Loch, 165 Woodhall, 245, 246, 264, 284 Worcester, 98 Worcestershire, 232, 284 Wright's WeU, 255 Wyre Forest, 232 Yell, Island of, 236 York, 271,283 Zealand, New, 61, 111, 281, 290, 301 Zermatt, 108 NAMES OF PERSONS, Adam, W., 12 Adams, F. O , 13 Ailsa, Lord, 90 Alexander, Claud, 99 Allan, Miss K. Graham, 276 Alloway, Lord, 231 Altham, T., 63 Anderson, 54, .>5 Anderson, Gilbert, sen., 51 Anderson, Mr., 262 Anderson, Thomas, 104, 217 Argyll, Earl of , 242, 258, 259 Armour, William, 93 Austen, E. E., 157 Babington, Professor, 72, 7:; Balfour, O. B., 91 Balfour, Professor, 6] Balfour, Professor J. Ik, 72 Ballantyne, J., 103, 106, 219, 27;C 276. 277, 29S Barclay, Hew, 99 Bartholomew, .James, 109 Bate, 1 1, 45 Batters, E. A. I.., LL.B., B A., FXS.297 Baxter, W. R., 27.1, 276, 285, 296 Bi ddard, 6 Bedford, I »uche ss of, 53 Bennett, Arthur, I'. L.S., 117, 118, 221. 291 Berkeley, 211 Berry, Charles, 105, 17:; Bevins, W.,282 Bishop, Thomas G., 108 Bisset, Miss, 1 11 Blackburn, Lord, 89, 90 Bles, Edward J., B. A., B.Sc, 4,112,281 Blochman, F.,28, 30 Borland, Mr., 90,234 Boswell, 2 1 1 Boyd, D. A., 86, 88, 94, 95, LOO, 103,104,105, 107. 108, L10, 111. 119, 1 13, 149,218,238, 239,242, 244,246,249,251, 253,254,264,274,275, 278, 280,281,282,283,284,287, 293,294,295,297, 298,299, 300, 301, 303,305 Browne, E. T.,2 Brown, < leorge A., 297 Hi-own, Hugh, 2i I Brown, Robert, M.D., 103, H is, 273, 287, 289 Brown, Walter, 17.. Bruce, Mr., 51 Buchanan, Colonel. 2 IS Buchanan, Keith, 108, 275 Buchanan, R., 102 Buchanan, R. .M., 104 Burness, William, 89 Burns, Robert, 89, 94 Burns, William 89, 90 Bute, I (Ord, 9, Cairns, John, jun., 276, 290, 292 Caiman, Dr. W T . 1 17 I 'ampbell, A. W., 110 I ampbell, George W., 21)7 Campbell of Islay, 246 Campbell, .lames, 259 < Jampbell, Hon. John, 258 ( 'ampbell, Lady, 60, 61 i 'arpenter, Professor, 148 Carter, Mr , 13 Cathcart, David. 231 Cathcart, Elias, LL.D., 231 I '.it heart. Miss, Chadwick, W. L ,29 I ( Jhambers, Robert, 89 Charles II. ,99 Charlie, Prince, 260 Christison, Dr. D., 88 Claparede, 3 Clarke, W. Eagle, K.L.S., P.R.S.E.,M.B.O.U., 105, 106 Cochran, William, 99 t 'oeliran-l'at rick, Misses, 98 < lochran-Patrick, Mrs. \. K., 98 • li ichran-Pa1 rick, X. K".. 98 ( 'iiehran - Patrick, R. W., LL.D., F.S.A.,98 < lochran -Patrick, William, 98 ( !< ilquhoun, .\l r. < Jampbell, 107 ( 'olqnhollli of I ;USS, 259 Connel, J. G., 298 Cossar, G. C, MA. 293 Cox, Mr., 106 Culpepper, 23 INDICES. 319 1 u tin jhame, Reginald, 98 ( luninghame, Richard, 98 ( luninghame, sir Jamesj 98 Cuninghame, Sir William, 248 Ciminghame, William, 98 Dale, David, 99 Dalmahoy, William, 50 Davey, 1'. II.. llii Davids. hi, i lameron, 292 Delage, 28, 30 Dohrn, lis Dron, R. W.,261, 262 Duckworth, 5 I Duncan, Mr., 90, 234 I luncan, Rev. James, 11G Dunlop, Miss, 231 Dunlop, Robert, 111, 281, 290, 300,- .301 Dunlop, W. II. , SS Dunsmore, John, 108 Eglinton, Countess of, 244 Elder, Mrs. John, 209, 212 Ellis, Professor David, D.Sc, Ph.D., 107 Elmhirst, Richard, F.L.S., 146, 299 Elphinstone, Baron, 245 Elwes, H. J.,F.R.S.,232 Ewing, Peter, F.L.S., 72, 102, 103, 104,108,110,116,237, 21.3, 274, 277, 283, 284,287, 291, 292, 305 Fenton, Mr., Ill Fergusson, Anderson, 108 Fergusson, Provost, 90 Fergusson, Rev. Jolm,LI .. D., 287, 291 Fergusson, Sir James, 231 Fergusson, William, 8!) Fleming, J., 276 Fowler, 304 Frew, Dr. Alexander, 44, 297 Fries, de, 10 i Fullarton, Dr. Neil, 300 Garry, Robert, B.Sc, 95, 102, 181, 275, 276, 299, 305 Garstang, Mr., 4 Gemmill, James F., M.A., M.D., 106 Gepp.A., M.A., F.L.S.,294 (Jih tiour,Thomas K, L. R.C.S., Ed., 71, 72, 73, 109, 119, 219, 293 Glassford, John, 260 Glencairn, Alexander, fifth Earl of, 248 Glencairn, Countess of, 249 Glencairn, Earl of, 248, 249 Glencairn, James, fourteenth Earl of, 249 Glencairn, John, fifteenth Earl of, 248 Gloag, Rev. P. J., D.D., 27 I Godfrey, Robert, 185, 246, 247, 283 Goldring, Mr., 251 Goodwin, W., 276 < rordon, Mr., 97 Gorham, L08 Graham, < ;., 293 < rraham of Montrose, 260 ( rraham, Robert, 2 18 l rray, 53, 54, 55 Grimshaw, P. II., 7, 13, 19, 21,22, 156 I [amilton, ( laptain William, 99 Hamilton, Gilbert, jun., 110 llaiiiiii. A. EL, 296 Hardie, .Mrs. E. L., 303 Hardy, G. A., Id I, 305 Hardyknute, 98 Hartig, 93 Hastings, 53 I laswell, 7 Hatschek, 3 Henderson, Miss Dorothy Beath, 110, 284 Henderson, Dr. J. R., 65, 68, 70 Henderson, Robert, 7, 9, 10, 22, 108, 109, 110, 15(1,277. 292, 294, 302, 303 Henderson, T. Death, M. I >., 107, 108, 109,110,111,27:., 276, 277, 280, 284, 292 Henderson, W. D., 147 Henry, Dr. A., F.L.S., 91, 92, 232,233,250 Heron, Mr., 97 Ile'rouard, 28, 30 Herriot, George, 270, 277 Hewison, Rev. Dr., 240 Hilger,C.,28, 29, 30 Hodge, 148 Hodgson, T. V., 148 Hooker, 90 Hooker, Sir Joseph, 73 Horace, 23 Hudson, G.V.,F.E.S., 290 Hunter, Alexander, W.S., 90 Hunter, General Sir Archi- bald, K.C.B., D.S.O., 86 Hunter, J. Bruce, 102 Hunter- Weston, Mrs., 86 Hunter, William, 108, 109 Irving, Joseph, 259 Jack, James, 104, 113, 275, 286,292,306 Jamieson, 1 >r., 25 Jardine, Sir William, 48, 54, 55, 59 Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 21 1 Johnstone, R. B., 88,239,251, 252,257,260,275, 2S7, 29S Kelso, William, 233 Kelvin, Lord, 295, 296 Kemp, Stanley, W.J 5. A., 66, 67 Kennedy, James, 88, 98 Kennedy, .Miss Margarel A., 109. Ker, Robert, 261 Ker, T. Ripley, 107, 261 Kerr, Professor J. < rraham, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., I, 5, 106, 107, 278. 279 Kidston, G. J., 2 is King, James J. F. X., F.E.S., 9, 156, 157,296, 301,303 King, Professor Leonard A. Lucas, B.A., 105, 299 Kirk. Charles, L06, 276, 296, 298, 299 Knight, Rev. < '•. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., L03, KM Knight, Dr. James, 299 Knox. Andrew, 99 Knox, John, 248 Koren, 28, 30 Lankester, 7 Landsborough, Rev. David, LL.D., 60,90, 106 Lawrie, Professor Malcolm, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., 107 Lee, John R., 88, 100, 104, 111, 186,218,241,243,251, 252, 23:1,237,23!), 2(14, 273, 303 Ligat, David, 275 Lightfoot, 117 Loudon, 24, 232 Lugton, Thomas, 299 Lunam, George, 257, 301 M'Call, Robert, 56 M'Culloch, Henry, 106, 107, 293 M'Culloch & Sons, 10.3 M'Cutcheon, W., 91 MacGregor, Sir William, K.C.M.G., (I M'Kay, Richard, 93, 110, 244, 247 MacKeith, T Thornton, 273, 276, 292, 296 M'Kenzie, D.,110 Mackinder, H. J., 292 M'Lean, Robert, 276, 277 M'Leod, Angus, 217 -Macnair, Peter, F.R.S.E. F.G.S.,294,298, 302 Macpherson, 54 MacVicar, S. 11., 71, 72 Malcolm IV., 245 Mai loch, John R., 8, 12, 17, 20, 22, 153, 173, 297, 298, 303 Marshall, Rev. E. S., 221 Mary, Queen of Scots. 25, 26 Massee, Mr., Ill, 150, 151 Mendel. 112 Menzies, James R., 275 Middleton, John, B.Sc, 211 Mier, 45 Mill, Hr. II. R. 292 Millar, Robert, 174, 177, 178 Mitchell, 63 Mitchell, James, 103, 101,273, 291 Montgomerie, Alexander, 99 Morville, 1 >e, 98 Motherwell. A. B.,24.3, 246 Muir, John, 298 Muir, John, M.P., 230 Muir, Mary, 231 320 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Muir, Robert, M.D., 231 Murdoch, James Barclay, 1 in Mure, Hugh, 231 Murphy, J. ('., 105 Murphy, John E., 9, II, 110, 164,277, 304, 305 Murray. 55 Murray. James, 27 I Murray, Sir John, 65 Neilson, Mr., 181 Noble, Sir Andrew, 145 Norman, Rev. Canon A. M., F.H.S., in; Norman, l>r., F.R.S., 67, 70 Ord, George W., 10,294 Ostenfeld, 73 Pace, S., 28 Park, Archibald, 100. 101, 251 Parnell, Dr., 72 Paterson, Paterson, John, 103, 104, 105, 100, 174, 175, 183, 241, 275, 292, 300 Patience, Alexander, 12, 64, 80, 102, 104, 10!), 110, 112, 274, 281, 28.5. 297, 298 Paton, James, F.L.S., 299 Paxton, George, 93 Paxton, Messrs., 91 Pelseneer, Dr. Paul, 1 Pliny, 23 Pottie, James, 2.15 Prior, Dr., 26 Prouho, H.,28,29, 30 Ramsay, James, 89 Rea, Carleton, B.C.L., M.A.. I 1 1, 292 Reid, Nicholas G., 95, 275. 285 Rennie, William, 209, 217. 301, 304 Renwick, John, 87, 88, 99, 103,104,106,230,232,244, 217, 249, 257, 260, 275, 284, 285, 291 Reoch, James \V., 253, 276, 277, 296 Rhodes, Henry John, 273 Riddel, Janet, 98 Robertson, Dr. 44,80,86 Robertson, John, 62, 76, 77, 94, 96, 105, 106, 107, 110. 171. 175, 177, 178,239,257, 276, 27 7. 293, 298 Robertson, J. R., 273 Robertson, Thomas W., 296, 300, 301 Robson, George, 50 Ross, Alexander, 9, 10, 20, Id.;, 109, 110, 156, 157, 159, 181,242,253,255,256,263, 273,277,281,282,284,290, 293,294,297,298,299,300, 301,303,301 Russell, E. S., 27, L06 Sars,148 Sars, G. O., 6 Sars, M., 28, 29, 30 Schneider, 5 Scott, Charles, 241, 204 Scott, Dr. Thomas, F.L.S., 43, 64, 65, 67, 69, 80 Scott, Sir Walter, 259 Scott, W. W., 106 Service, Robert, M.B.O.U., 46, 105 Shakespeare, 117 Shanks, Archibald, 246 Shearer, Johnston, 30.5 Sibbald, Sir Robert. 80 Slimon, Dr.,302 Smith, of Monkwood, 90 Smith, John, 86, 90, 110, 234, 214,245,256,281,281,292. 294, 296 Smith, W. Anderson, 274 Smith, W. H. M.,273 Smith, Worthington, 111 Smollett, 260 Somerville, Somerville, A , B.Sc, F.L.S., 71, 109, 115,221,227. 281, 283, 284,291 Somerville, Rev. A. N..D.D., 227 Somerville, David R., 276, 277, 296 Somerville, W., 93 Sommerville, Joseph, 104, 113, 275, 2S6, 292, 306 Stebbing, Rev. Thomas R. R., 45 Stevenson, 111 Stewart, Captain, 61, 62 Stewart, William, 111,291 Susanna, Countess of Eglin- ton, 211 Syme, Boswell, 116 Tennant, Sir Charles, Bart., 271 Thorn, R. Wils,.n, 271 Thomson, John, 305 Thomson, John R., 275 Thomson, Mr., T ra i 1, Professor James W . IT. , M.D., F.L.S.,23, 116, 118 119,150 Traquair, Dr.,302 Turner, Sir William, 6 Vallentin, R., 28, 30 Verrall, 8, 10, 11, 20, 156,284, 294 Vincent, James, 300 Wallace, 258 Wallace, Dr. William, 89 Watson, 3 Watson, Hewitt Cottrell. 7."., 116 Watson, Smellie, 55 Westwood, 44, 45 Whitelaw, Alexander, 2 16 White, Mr.. 97 Whitton, James, 30, 122, 141, 188,207,251,261,275,283, 2S5, 300 Whvte, Knox, 177, 179 Whyte, Robert D., 221 Wilson, Hugh W., 107, 270, 277,296,301 Wilson, Robert W. S, 104, 105,173,235,276,292,300, 303 Wingate, 294 Wishart, R. S., M.A., 22, L02, 106, 299, 300 Wishart, T., 20, 277 Wolt^reck, 3 Wood, D. M., 296 Wood, Dr. J. H., 153 Wordie, William, M.A., 106 Yarrell, 55, 57 Zamorska, Miss, 1 12 POPULAR NAMES. Aconite, Winter, 123, 190 Actinians, 27, 29 Adder, 256, 282 Puff, 292 Agarics, 267 Alder, 191,289 Fringe-leaved, 233 Anemone, 28, 29 Wood, 255 Appendicularians, 5 Apple, 128, 110, 152 A ppleringie, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27,106 Arbor-Vita-, Western, 231, 234 Ascidians, 28 Ash, 34, 128, 191 Curly-leaved, 233 Bananas, 276 Barberry, 24 Beam, 209 Beech, 87, 100, 126, 155, 198, 209, 234, 212, 25.5, 2.5S, 261 Copper, 233 Beet, 152 Wild, 29 1 Beetles, 58, 302, 305 Ground, 305 Bernacle, 179 Betony, Water, 219, 292 Birch, 90, 91, 92, 104, 215, 231, 242, 261 Cut-leaf Weeping, 231 Golden, 233 Yellow, 234 Birds, 40, 46, 209, 240, 241, 253. 255, 256, 257, 301, 302 INDICES. 321 Blackbird, 105, 211, 247, 257 Blackcock, 107 Blaeberry, 149, 150 Blindworm, 283 Blue-bottle, Corn, 263 Bog-bean, 24 Bramble, 90,221 Brambling, 215 Broom, 277 Witches', 92, 110,233 Bryony, Black, 27,7 Bed, 275 Bryophvtes, 186 Buck-eve, Ohio, 233 Bullfinch, 176 Bunting, Corn, 176, 304 Lapland, 10(5 Reed, 176,216,304 Snow, 177 Yellow, 176,215,247,304 Butterflies, 296 Buzzard, Common, 185 Rough-legged, 27G Cabbage, 152 Campion, Red, 05, 9!) Sea, 72 White, 263 Capercaillie, 107 Cedar, Atlas, 235 Centipede, Sea, 283 Chaffinch, 176, 215, 241, 217 Chamomile, 24 Cherry, 140, 193 Chestnut, 34, 126, 128, 152, 192, 193, 258 Red Horse, 233 Smooth-leaved Horse, 233 Spanish, 218 Sweet, 258 Yellow-flowered Horse, 2 11 Chiffchaff, 97, 243 Clover, 152 Cockspur, 233 Cocoanut, Sea or Maldive Double, 108 Coco-de-mer, 108 Conger, 7 Copepods, 6 Coral, 28 Cormorant, 179 Corncrake, 95,181, 217 Cotton-grass, Hare's-tail, 95 Cowslip, 110 Crabs, 59, 281 Creeper, Tree, 175, 217 Crow, Carrion, 78, 177 Cuckoo, 195, 243, 247, 255, 256 Cuckoo-pint, 244 Curlew, 46, 57, 58, 59, 61, 178, 183,184,243,217 Stone, 300 Daffodil, 125, 191, 192 Deer, Roe, 242 Diatoms, 301 Dipper, 175, 241, 243, 255 Dotterel, 46, 47 Dove, Ring, 181, 247 Rock, 181 Stock, 181, 301 Dropwort, Water, 20 Duck, 96, 2 1:1. Common Eider, 302 King Eider, 302 Scaup, 1SI Shell, 180,243 Tufted, ISO, 253 I Muilin, 46, 17, 52, 54, 63, 76, 77, L78, 183 Echinoderms, I Eel, Common, 7 Conger, 7 Elasmobranchs, 303 Elder, 189, 209 Elm, 36, 89, 90, 131, 191, 197, Pis, 209, 2.75, 263 English, 100 Smooth, 233, 2:11 Elver, 7 Falcon, Peregrine, 178 Fern, Filmy, 243 Male, 143 Parsley, 255 Ferns, 24, 155, 158, 228 Fieldfare, 174, 210, 211, 253 Fir, 154, 242 Douglas, 92, 235 Scots, 91, 104, 230, 235, 258 Silver, 91, 92, 110,230,231, 235, 258 Fishes, 74, 299, 302 Armour-plated, 302, 303 Drepanaspid, 303 Psammosteid, 303 Flies, 8, 110, 293, 297 Bee 282 Household, 109 Flounder, 179 Flowering-plants, 228 Flycatcher, Pied, 293 Spotted, 97, 176, 218, 2 13, 256 Furze, 156, 277 Gadwall, 300 Gannet, 17'.) Gean, American, 234 Glasswort, 116 Globe-fish, 102 Glory of the Snow, 125 Goat's-Beard, 233, 306 Godwit, Bar-tailed, 46, 18, 56, 184 Black-tailed, 46, 57 Gold-of-Pleasure, 262 Golden-eye, 181 Golden-Saxifrage, Opposi i e- leaved, 255 Goose, Barnacle, 179 Brent, 179 Grey Lag, 179 Grebe, Black-necked, 300 Greenfinch, 176, 214, 247, 297 Greenshank, 46, 56, 183 Grouse, Black, 106, LSI Red, 106, 181 Guillemot, 185, 298 Gull, Black-headed, 94, 185, 217, 217 Common, 185, 217, 236 Great Black-backed, 185 Herring, 185, 217 Gull, continued — Kittiwake, 185 Lesser Black-backed, 185, 217 Hawk, Sparrow, 17S, 216 Hawkweed, 221 Hawthorn, 125, 129, 140, 194, 209,211,213,215,233 Hazel, 91, 191,255 Heather, 29!) Hemlock, 115 Hepatics, 88, 238, 213, 263, 264 I Irroii, Common, 179, 243 I [olothurians, 4 Holly, 20',) Hornbeam, 244 Cut-leaved, 233 Horse Chestnut, Smooth- leaved, 233 Red, 244 Yellow-flowered, 244 Hyacinth, 33 Blue Wood, 99 Ibis, Glossy, 292 Insect, Stick, 306 Isopods, Terrestrial, 80, 81, 82, !)5, 112 Ivy, 217 Ground, 255 Jackdaw, 177,216,211 Juniper, 100 Kaffir-god, 306 Kestrel, 179 Kingfisher, 177 Kittiwake, 236 Knot, 46, 47, 48, 54, 183 Laburnum, 129, 140, 195, 209 Lapwing, 46, 48, 49, 63, 1S2, 217, 247 Larch, 235 Laurel, 209, 213 Lichen, 243 Lilac, 129, 191, 192, 209 Lime, 36, 39, 40, 110, 131, 197, 198, 248, 257 Cut-leaved, 231 Linnet, 176, 215 Lizard, Australian Stump- tailed, 109 Indian Spring-tailed, 275 Long-tailed, 281 Loven's Larva, 3 Magpie, 177, 216 Magpie Moth, 102 Magnolia, Three-petaled, 233 Mahaleb, 233 Male-Fern, 143 Mallard, 180, 253 Maple, 276 Eagle's-claw, 234 Norway, 126, 233 .Marten, Pine, 105 Martin, House, 176, 214, 247 Sand, 176, 247 322 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Marsh-marigold, 95, 243, 255 Mercury, I tog's, 255 Merganser, Red-breasted, 181, 243 Merlin, 17s Microbes, 1". Mien 95, 238,239,240, 242,244,240,251,252,253, 254, 255,263,264, 283 Mites, 283 Moor -hen, 182 Mosses, 88, LOO, lol, 108, 186, 241,243,244,251,253, 256,263,264,273,281,282, 285 Moths, 110,296 Magpie, L02 Mussels, 59 Myriapod, Pencil-tailed, 283 Myrtle, 24 Bog, 96 Newt, Common, 256 Nightjar, 177, 304 Nullipores, 28 Oak, 34, 87, 90, 93, 128, 133, 152, 194,220,231,242,246, 261 American, 87 Red, 233 Silvery, 233 Turkey, 248, 250 Orache, Narrow-leaved, 262 Orchis, Birds-nest, 244 Fragrant, 148 Marsh Helleborine, 115 Purple, 95 Orpine, 2x ( >wl, 178 Barn, 1 i i Long-eared, 178 Tawny, 1 78 Oyster-catcher, 40, 49, 63, 182, 2 13 Paeon v, 152 Palm, 60,61, 143 Fan, 280 Umbrella, 01 Palm-lily, 60, 61, 62, 106 Parsley, Foul's. 273 Garden, 27 1 Pari ridge, 181 Pear, 128, 140, 152, L93 Petrel, Fulmar, 105 Storm, 301 Phalarope, Grey, 46, 50, 30(1 Red-necked, 46, 50 Phanerogams, 186 Pheasant, 181 Pine, Norwegian, 230 Pintail, 300 Pipit, .Meadow, 170, 2 17. 253 Rock, 170 Tree, 105,243,256 Plane, Oriental, 233 Plankton, 2, 282 Plover, 60 Golden, 10,48, 02, L82, 253, 270 Grey, 16,48, in 1. L82, 270 Norfolk, 300 Ringed, 40, 47, 02, 182 I Plum, 128, 140, 193 Pochard, 253 Polychaete Worms, 2 S i lion id, 3 Poplar, 155,209 Balsam, 125 Black, 87 Potato, 127. 152, 195 Primrose, 243 Privet, 209 Pteridophytes, 186 Puffin, 185 Pyet, Sea, 1. , 50, 51 Pyrus, Willow-leaved, 233 Radiolarians, 2 Acanthometrid, 2 Ragwort, 273 Rail, Water, 181 Raven, 177 Razorbill, 185,298 Redbreast, 175, 217 Redpoll, Greenland, 105 Lesser, 170, 215 Uedshank, Common, 10. 17, 55,50,01, 183,247 Spotted, 46, 56 Redstart, 100, 175, 256 Black, 106 Redwing, 174,210,211 Reptiles, 250 Rhubarb, Turkey, 24 Robin, 212 Roe-deer, 242 Rook, 177,210,217 Rose, 121, 191, 221 Rue, Boar, 27 Ruff, 40, 54 Samphire, 116 Golden, 118 Marsh, 117 Rock, 115, 294 Sanderling, 40, i]\, 77 Sandpiper, Common, 40, 55, 0:3, 77, 78, 79, 110. 183,243, 217,255,250 Curlew, 40, 53 Green, 46, 55, 100 Purple, 40, 53, 183 Sand-snake, Indian, 270 Saxifrage, Purple Mountain, 71, 109 Three-fingered, 71 Scoter, Velvet, 107,300 Scorpion, 107 False, 247, 283 Sea-campion, 72 Sea-pic, 49 Sea-pink, 72 Sea-plantain, 72 Sea-spiders, I 16 Seal, Fur, 6 Sertularians, 28 Service-tree, True, 232, 234 Sheld-duck, Common, 180, 243 Shoveller, 1)1,300 Shrike, Great Grey, 301 Skua, Great, 235, 236 Long-tailed, 235 Pornatorhine, 185, 235 Richardson's, L85, 235, 236. 237, 304 Skylark, 177,216,247 Slow-worm, 2 13 Snake, Coral, 111 Indian, 107 Indian Sand, 276 Indian Shield-tailed, 284 Sea, 109 Water, 108 Snipe, Common, 46, 51, 63, 182 Great, 46, 51 Jack, 46 52, 183 Snowdrop, 32, 123, 124, 125, L89, 190, 191 Sorb, 232 Sorrel, Wood, 95, 255 Southernwood, 25 Sparrow, Hedge, 175. 2 1 2, 21 3, 217 House, 170, 214, 247 Tree 277 Spider', Cave, 294, 296 Sea, 110,299 Spindle-tree, 233 Sponge, Glass-rope, 301 Spruce, 235 Squill, 125, 191 Starling, 177,210,217 Stick-insect, 306 Stilt, Black -winged, 46, 50 Stint, Little, 46, 53, 70, 77, 110 Temnrinck's, 46, 53 Stonechat, 174 Swallow, 170, 178, 194, 214, 247, 252 255 Swan, "Wild, 179 Swan, Bewick's, 179 Swift, 177, 216 Sycamore. 34, 36, 93, 131, 192, 198, 25s Svllids, 4 Tare, Slender, 202 Tea-plant, Indian, 293 Teal, 180, 253 Tern, Arctic, 184 Common 184 Thorn, 191, 192 Thrush, Mistle, 171,210, 210. 257 Song, 174, 210, 211, 247 Thuya, Giant, 235 Titmouse, Blue, 175. 213, 217 Coal, 175, 213 Great, 175, 213, 217 Long-tailed, 175, 213. 217 .Marsh, 175 Toothwort, 90, 110,241 Tsetse, 7 Turnip, 195, 200, 207 Tulip, 33, 152 Tulip-tree, 93,233 Turnstone, 46, 49, 182 Twayblade, Greater, 118, 245 Heart-leaved, 281 Twite, 170, 301 Valerian, Heart-leaved, 257 Violet, Dog-todth, 191 Wood, 95 INDICES. 323 Waders, 46, 62, 105, 107 Wagtail, Grey, 176, 21 1,241. 255 Pied, 17.1, 213,214,247 White,".".. 176, 214 Yellow, 176, 218, 247 Warbler, Garden, 241, 247 Sedge, 175,1' J 7 Wood, 97 Water-lily, White, 262 Weaver-bird, 284 Wellingtonia, 90, 233 Whale, 6 Humpback, 5 Whaup,57, 59 Wheatear, 105, 17 1, 212, 243 Whimbrel, 46,59, lsi Whinchat, 174, 243 Whitethroat, 17.1, 247, 257 Wigeon, 180, 253 Willow, 125, 189, 191, 209, 221 Goat, 123 Wind-flower, 93 Winter-Aconite, L23 Witches'-broom, 92, 110, 233 Woodcock, 46, 51, 63, 182 Wood-lice, 81,82,85 Woodrush, Great ITairy, 255 Wood sorrel, 95 Wood-violet, 95 Worms, Lug, 59 Polychaate, 2 Wren, 175,213,247 Gold-crested, 175, 212 AVillow, 175, 212, 243, 247, 255 256 Wood, 243, 247, 256 Yew, 218, 250, 257, 258, 261 ZOOLOG Y. Mammalia — Megaptera longimana, 5 Mustela martes, 105 Otaria ursina, 6 Aves — Acanthis cannabina, 215 hornemanni, 105 rufescens, 2l5 Accentor modularis, 175, 212 Accipiter nisus, 178, 21G Acredula caudata, 213 rosea, 175 Acrocephalus pliragmitis, 175 ZEgialitis hiaticula, 47, G2, 182 Alauda arvensis, 177, 21 G A lea torda, 185 Alcedo ispicla, 177 Anas boscas, 180 strepera, 300 Anatidse, 104 A user cinereus, 179, 27G Anthus obscurus, 17G pratensis, 17G trivialis, 105 Ardea cinerea, 179 Asio otus, 178 Bernicla brenta, 179 leucopsis, 179 Buteo lagopus, 276 vulgaris, 185 Calearias lapponicus, 10G Calidris arenaria, 54 < 'aprimulgns europseus, Irr rr i)AO Certhia familiaris, 175, 217 Charadriidae, 62, 102, 107 Charadrius pluvialis, 48, ! 62, 182, 276 Chelidon urbica, 176, 214 Cinclus aquations, 175 ( Mangula glaucion, 181 Columba livia, 181 cenas, 181, 300 palumbus, 181 Corvus corax, 177 corone, 177 frugilegus, 177, 216 monedula, 177, 21G Aves, continued — Cotile riparia, 17G Crex pratensis, 95, 181 Cygnus bewickii, 179 Cypselus apus, 177, 216 Dafila acuta, 300 Emberiza citrinella, 176, 215, 304 miliaria, 176, 304 schoeniclus, 176, 216, 304 Erithacus rubecula, 175, 212 Eudromias morinellus, 47 Ealco sesalon, 178 peregrinus, 178 tinnunculus, 179 Fratercula arctica, 185 Fringilla coelebs, 176, 215 montifringilla, 215 ' Fuligula eristata, 180 marila, 181 Fulmarus glacialis, 105 Gallinago ccelestis, 51, 63, 182 gallinula, 52, 183 majoi\ 51 Gallinula chloropus, 182 Haematopus ostralegus, 49, 63, 182 Himantopus candidus, 80 Hirundo rustica, 17G, 214 Lagopus scoticus, 181 Lanius excubitor, 300 Larus argentatus, 185, 217 canus, 185, 217 fuscus, 185, 217 marinus, 185 ridibundus, 84, 185, 217 Ligurinus chloris, 17G, 214 Limosa belgica, 57 lapponica, 56, 184 Linota cannabina, 176 flavirostris, 176, 300 rufescens, 176 Machetes pugnax, 54 Mareca penelope, 180 catarrhactes, 235 O Megalestris Aves, continued — Mergus serrator, 181 Motacilla alba, 95, 176, 214 lugubris, 175, 213 melanope, 176, 214 raii, 176, 218 Muscicapa atricapilla, 293 grisola, 97, 176, 218 Nettion e.recca, ISO Numenins arquata, 57, 64, 184 phseopus, 59, 184 CEdemia fusca, 107, 300 GMicnemus scolopax, 300 Parus ater, 175, 213 cseruleus, 175, 213 major, 175, 213 palustris, 175 Passer domesticus, 17G, 214 montanus, 277 Perdix cinerea, 181 Phalacrocorax carbo, 179 Phalaropus fulicarius, 50, 300 hyperboreus, 50 Phasianus colchicus, 181 Phylloscopus rufus, 97 sibilatrix, 97 trochilus, 175, 212 Pica rustica, 177, 216 Plectrophenax nivalis, 177 Plegadis falcinellus, 293 Podicepes nigricollis, 299 Pratincola rubetra, 174 rubicola, 174 ProceUaria pelagica, 300 Pyrrhula europsea, 176 Rallus aquaticus, 181 Regulus cristatus, 175, 212 Rissa tridactyla, 185 Ruticilla phoenicurus, 100, 175 titys, 10G Saxicola cenanthe, 105, 174, 212 Scolopax rusticnla, 51, 63, 182 S( 'materia mollissima, 301 spectabilis, 301 Spatula clypeata, 94, 300 324 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Aves, continued — Squatarola helvetica. 18, 104, 182, 276 Stercorarius crepidatus, 185. 235, 303 parasiticus, 235 pomatorhinus, 185, 235 Sterna fluviatilis, 18 I Strepsilas interpres, 19, 182 Strix flammea, 177 Sturnus vulgaris, 177, 21(1 Sula bassana, 179 Sylvia cinerea, 175 Syrnium alueo, 178 Tadoma cornuta, 180 Totanus calidris, 55, 6 I. 183 canescens, 5G, 183 i'uscus, 56 hvpoleucus, 55, 63, 77, 110, 183 ochropus, 55, 106 Tringa alpina, 52, 63, 183 canutus, 54, 183 minuta, 53, 76, lit) striata, 53, 183 subarcjuata, 53 temmincki, 53 Troglodytes parvulus, 175. 213 Turdus iliacus, 174, 211 merula, 105, 174. 211 musicus, 171. 210 pilaris, 174, 211 viscivorus, 174, 210 Uria troile, 185 Vanellus vulgaris, 48, 63, 182, 217 Reptilia — Agamidae, 275 Anguis fragilis, 243, 282 Aristelliger prsesignis, 2,7 Bitis gabonica, 292, 293 nasicornis, 292, 293 Boa constrictor, 276 Cerberus rhyncops, 108 Chameleon parvilobus, 276 pumilus, 276 Dactylocnemis granulatus, 281 Draco spilopterus, J 10 Elaps corallinus, 11 1 marcgravii, 111 Eryx conicus, 107 Johnii, 276 Geckinidie, 277 Gecko verticillatus, 277 1 1\ dras platurus, 109 Hypsirhma macleayi, 108 Ilysia scytale, 111 Pelius berus, 282 Platurus colubrinus, 109 Python Sebse, 108 Reptilia, continued — Silybura, 281 brevis, 284 macrolepis, 284 Trachysaurus rugosus, 109 Uromastix Hardwickii, 275 Uropeltidse, 28 I Pisces — Birkenia, 302 Centrina salviani, 298 Gadus minutus, 68 Gobiidae, 71 Gobius, 75 Jeffreysii, 74, 75, 76 minutus, 70, 76 orca, 74, 75, 110 scorpioides. 75 Gymnodontes tetraodon, 102 Lanarkia, 302 Lausanius, 302 Lebetus, 75, 76 Leptocephalus, 7 Merlucius merluccius, 68 Ostracodermi, 302 Pleuronectes flesus, 70 Psammosteus, 302 Raniceps ranimus, 75 Thelodus, 302 Ctclostomata — Petromyzon marinus, 298 Tunicata, 5, 302 Oikopleura dioica, 5 Hemichorda — Cephalodiscus, 7 nigresceus, 7 Mollusca, 4, 228, 297 iEgires punctilucens, 4 Agriolimax agrestis, 246, 217 lsevis, 246 Ancylus fluviatilis, 217 Arion ater, 246, 247 circumscriptus, 246, 217 hortensis, 246, 247 minimus, 246, 247 Balea perversa, 247 Brachiopoda, 228 Clausilia perversa, 217 Cochlicopa lubrica, 246 Helix arbustorum, 217 caperata, 247 hispida, 247 nemoralis, 247 rotundata, 246, 247 Mollusca, continued — Hvalinia alliaria, 2 1(1, 247 cellaria, 246, 247 crvstallina, 246, 247 fulva, 246 nitidula, 247 Limax, 216 marginatus, 247 maximus, 2 i(i Lirimasa stagualis, 246 Mbdiolaria, 28 Pisidium, 246 Pupa cylindracea, 217 Vitrina pellucida, 246, 247 Lepidoptera — Cossus, 108 Morrisonia chlorograpta. 281 chrysorytha, 281 Pieris napi, 20 Saturnia carpini, 20 Diptera, 7, 8, 108, 256, 263, 273, 298, 302, 303 Acidia cognata, 167 heraclei, 167 Actora sestuum, 165 Agromyza capitata, 171 curvipalpis, 171 naveola, 171 geniculata, 171 nigripes, 170 reptans, 170 Agromyzidae, 170 Allaeostylus flaveola, 160 simplex, 160 Allophyla atricornis, 165 Amalopsis immaculata, 243, 256 occulta, 10 unicolor, 256 Amaurosoma brevifrons, 164 fasciata, 164 tibiella, 164 Anisomera aequalis, 9, 156 Burmeisteri, 10 vhtata, 10 Anthomyia, 243 radicum, 162 sulciventris, 162 Anthomyida?, 109, 160, 302 Anthomyza gracilis, 168 Anthracomj'ia melanop- tera, 159 Aphrosylus celtiber, 17, 159 ferox, 159 Ardoptera guttata, 158 irrorata, 15, 158 Argyra argentina. 16 argyria, 16 con finis, 16 diaphana, 16 leucocephala, 16 Ascia podagrica, 19 Asilida?, 12 Atlierix ibis, 12 Aulacigaster rufitarsis, 170 INDICES. 325 Diptbra, continued Azelia cilipes, 163, 263 gibbera, 163 Macquartii, L63 Zetterstedtii, 163 Balioptera combinata, 168 tripunctata, 168 Beris chalybeata, 1 1 fuscipes, 1 1 Morrisii, 11 vallata, 1 1 Bibio Johamiis, '.) lacteipenniSj 9 laniger, 8 leucopterux, 8 nigriventris, 8 pomonse, 8 varipes, 8 Bibionidse, 8, 298 Blepharidea vulgaris, 20 Blepharoptera inscripta, 165 modesta, 165 serrata, 165 Bombvlida?, 157 Bombylius major, 243, 282 Borborida?, 171 Borborus equinus, 172 geniculatus, 172 niger, 171 nigrifemoratus, 171' nitidus, 171 suillorum, 172 Bracbyopa tricolor, 159 Callimyia amoena, L8 Calliphora vomitoria, 22 Calobata petronella,_167 Campsicnemus curvipes,17 loripes, 17, 159 scambus, 17 Caricea exul, 163 intermedia, 163 means, 163 tigrina, 163 Cent or eereris, 170 myopmus, 170 nudipes, 170 Ceratinostoma ostiorum, 164 Ceratomyza denticornis, 171 Ceromasia spectabilis, 159 Chalarus spurius, 18, 159 Chersodromia birta, 158 Chilosia albipila, 18 albitarsis, 18 Bergenstammi, 18 i'raterna, 18 grossa, 18, 159, 277 honesta, 18 intonsa, 18 pnlchripes, 18 sparsa, 18 variabilis, 18 vulpina, 18 Chilotricbia imbuta, 9 Cbironomidse, 298 Chirosia albitarsis, 162 Chloropidse, 170 Chlorops lateralis, 170 minuta, 170 puncticollis, 1 7< t scutellaris, 170 speciosa, 170 I (iptera, continued — I Ihortophila arenosa, 162 Billbergi, L62 cinerella, 162 sepia, 162 t rapezina, 162 Chromatomyia afflnis, 171 albiceps, it l obscurella, 171 Chrysogaster Macquarti, 18 splendens, 18, 159 Chrysops caecutiens, 12 relicta, 12 Chrysotoxum arcuatum, 20 ^ bicinctum, 20 Clirysotus cilipes, 1 6 gramineus, 16 pulchellus, 16 Clidogastra nigrita, 164 Cnemodon vitripennis, 18 Coelomyia mollissima, 163 Coelopa pilipes, 165 Coenia palustris, 169 Coenosia geniculata, 163 sexnotata, 163 Conicera atra, 155 similis, 155 Conopidae, 20 Conops quadrifasciata, 20 Cordylura pudica, 163 Cordylnridas, 163 Criorrbina berberina, 20 Cynomyia mortuormn, 21 Cyrtoina nigra, 13 spuria, 13, 277 Cvrtoneura pabulorum, 22 159 stabulans, 22 Dactylolabis sp., 9 Dexia vacua, 21 Diastata inornata, 169 unipunctata, 169 Dicranomvia aquosa, 9 chorea, 243, 256 modesta, 263 Didea, 284 alneti, 159, 284 Dilophus albipennis, 8 femoratus, 8 Dioctria Reinhardi, 12 Diplotoxa messoria, 170 Dixa maculata, 243 nebulosa, 263 Dolichopodida^, 8, 15, 158 Dolichopus atratus, 15 atripes, 15 _ brevipennis, 16 discil'er, 15 festivus, 16 griseipennis, 16 iepidus, 15 nubilus, 16 pennatus, 15 picipes, 15 plumipes, 15 popularis, 16 rcrpestris, 16 signatus, 16 simplex, 16 trivialis, 16 urbanus, 16 vitripennis, 15 I (iptera, continued — I irosophila cameraria, 170 fenestrarum, 170 phalerata, 170 transversa, 170 I irosopbilidse, 169 Drymia hamata, 110, 161, ' 277 Dryomyza decrepita, 166 llaveola, 166 Ecci iptomeralongiseta, L65 Elachyptera cornuta, 1 7< > Elgiva albiseta, 166 cucularia, X l » * ; dorsalis, 166 lineata, 166 Empeda nubila, 243, 256 Empidse, 13, 157 Empis albinervis, 158 bilineata, 14 borealis, 13 brunueipennis, 14 chioptera, 14 grisea, 14 byalinipennis, 158 lepidopus, 14 opaca, 13 pennaria, 14 punctata, 13 scutellata, 14 vernalis, 158 Ephydridae, 169 Epicampocera succinta, 20 Epiphragma picta, 9 Erigone radicum, 21 strenua, 21 Erioptera tsenionota, 243 trivialis, 256 Eristalis aeneus, 273, 294 sepulchralis, 256, 293 Fucellia fucorum, 163, 277 maritima, 163 Fucomyia frigida, 165 Geomyzida?, 168 Geranomyia unicolor, 9 Glomyzidae, 168 Gloma fuscipennis, 15 Glossina palpalis, 7 Goniomyia, 256 Graphomyia maculata, 22 Gyrnnochseta viridis, 20 Gymnomera tarsea, 1C4 Gymnophora arcuata, 155 Gj'mnopternus eerosus, 16 celer, 16 cupreus, 16 Haematobia stimulans, 21 Haematopoda crassicornis, 157 Heleodromia fontinalis, 15 stagnalis, 15, 158 Helomyza flavifrons, 165 lEevifrons, 165 rufa, 165 similis, 165 Zetterstedtii, 165 Helornvzidse, 165 326 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Diptera, continued — Helophilus hybridus, 19 pendulus. 263 transfugus, 19 trivittatus, 19 Hemerodromia precatoria, 15 Hercostortms a trovirens, L58 nigripennis, 16 Heteromyza commixta, 165 Hilara Beckeri, 158 canescens, 14 chorica. 158 cilipes, 1 1 llava, 14 interstincta, 14 litorea, 14 lurida, 14 manicata. 11 maura, 1 1 pilosa, 14 quadrivittata, 158 spinimana, 14 Hippoboscida?, 173, 302 Homalomyia aerea, 163 canicularis, 162 fuscula, 162 genitalis, 163 hamata, 162 incisurata, 163 pallitibia, 162 serena, 163 sociella, 163 Hyalurgus lucida, 20 Hybos culiciformis, 13 femoratus, 13 grossipes, 13 sp., 13 Hydrelliachrysostoma, 169 griseola, 169 nigripes, 169 Hydrophoria ambigua, 162 anthomyia, 162 caudata, 162 conica, 162 Hydrophorus bisetus, 17 Hvdrota?a albipuncta, 161, 277 ciliata, 161 dentipes, 161 fasciculata, 161 implexa, 161 irritans, 161 militaris, 161 occulta, 161 similis, 161 Hyetodesiabasalis, 160 dispar, 160 errans, 160 erratica, 160 lucorum, 160 marmorata, L60 obscurata, 160 pallida, 160 rufipalpis, 160 scutellaris, Kill semicinerea, 160 rva, 160 signata, 160 umbratica, 160 variabilis, 160 variegata, J 60 I [ypophyllus obseurellus, 16, 158 Diptera, continued — Hylemyia coarctata, 162 lasciva, 162 nigrimana, 162 seticrura, 162 strigosa, 263 Idioptera pulcliella, 256 Ilythea spilota, 169 I schyroscyrphus glauci 1 1 s, 19 laternarius, 19 Isopogon brevirostris, 12 Lauxania senea, 16S Lepidomyia melanoce- phala, 158 Leptidse, 12, 157 Leptis lineola, 12,263 notata, 12 tringaria, 12 Leptogaster guttiventris, 12 Lianealus wens, 17 Limnia oblitera, 166 unguicornis, 166 Limnobia nebeculosa, 243, 256 Limnobida?, 9, 156 Limnophila aperta, 243 sepium, 9 subtincta, 9 Limnopbora solitaria, 161 Limosina crassimana, 172 fontinalis, 172 limosa, 172 lutosa, 172 pumilio, 172 sylvatica, 172 Lonchsea amea, 167 laticornis, 167 tarsata, 167 vaginalis, 167 Lonchaeida?, 167 Lonchoptera fiavicanda, 17 lacustris, 17 punctum, 17 sp., 17 trilineata, 17 Lonchopterida?, 17 Loxocera albiseta, 167 aristata, 167 Lucilia nobilis, 22 sericata, 22 sylvarum, 22 Machserium maritimae, 158 Macquartia affinis, 21 tenebricosa, 21 Macrorchis meditata, 161 Medeterus apicalis, 17, 159, 277 Melangyna quadrimacu- Jata, 19 Melanophora atra, 159 roralis, 277 Melam istoma m.eUinum,243 scalare, 19 Melanota volvulus, 20 Melophagus ovinus, 173 Merodon equestris v. nar- cissi, 20 Meromyza nigriventris, 170 pratorum, 170 Mesembrina meridiana, 22 Metopia leucocephala, 21 Hetopina galeata, 155 "Diptera, continued— ; Microchrysa cvaneiventris, 11 flavicornis, 11 polita, 11 Micropalpus vulp'nms, 21 Micropezidse, 167 Molophilus ater, 9 Morellia curvipes, 22 hortorum, 22 simplex, 22 Mu sea domes tica, 22 Muscidse, 21, 109, 159 Mydeea separata, 161 urbana, 161 vespertina, 160 Myiocera carinifrons, 21 Alyiospilameditabunda, 22 Myopa buccata, 20 Nemopoda eylindrica, 168 Nemotelus nigrinus, 11 Xeottiophilum prseustum, 298 Xeuroctena anilis, 166 Norellia flavicornis, 164 liturata, 164 spinigera, 164 spinimana, 161 Notiophila cinerea, 169 riparia, 169 nliginosa, 169 Ocydromia slabrieula, 15, * 263 Octhiphila flavipalpis, 171 geniculata, 171 polystigma, 171 CEcothea fenestralis, 165 CEdoparea buccata, 165 Olivieria lateralis, 21 Opetia nigra, 18 Opomyza florum, 168 germinationis, 168 Opomyzida?, 168 Oreogeton flavipes, 14 Ortahdss, 167 Orygma luctuosum, 164 Oscinis frit, 170 Oxycera muscaria, 11 pygmaea, 11 Pachyrrhina imperialis, 10 scalaris, 10 Palloptera saltuum, 168 tri macula, 168 umbellatarum, 168 Paralleloma albipes, 161 Paranthomyza niiida, 169 Parhydra fossarum, 169 quadripunctata, 169 Pegomyia betas, 162 bicolor, 162 ephippinm, 162 flavipes, 162 basmorrhoum, 162 latit arsis, 162 nigritarsis, 162 setaria, 162 Phseomyia fuscipennis, 166 Philhydria punctatoner- vosa, 169 Philonicus albiceps, 12 INDICES. 327 Diptera, continued — Phora abdominalis,153, 151 sequalis, 155 albicolella, 151 Beckeri, 155 brevieostalis, 155 ranipestris, 155 cariiiifi'ons, 155 citreiformis, 155 concinna, 155 conformis, 1 •">•"> costalis, 153, 155 crassicornis, 155 cubitalis, 153, 155 curvinervis, 15 1 decreta, 155 femoratus, 155 fennica, 155 flava, 155 tiorea, 153 fusca. 155 fuscinervis, 155 . glabrifrons, 155 bumilis, 155 inrequalis. 154 lugubris, 151 lutea, 155 maculata, 151 Mallochi, 155 minor, 15 1 nudipalpis, 155 opaca, 151 parva, 155 pleuralis, 155 projecta, 154, 172 pubericornis, 153, 155 pusilla, 155 rata, 155 rufa, 155 rufipes, 155, 156, 172 sordida, 153, 155 sublugubris, 156 spinicincta, 154 thoracica, 155 umbrimargo, 155 unispinosa, 155 urbana, 155 vitripennis, 155 Phorbia floccosa, 162 muscaria, 162 transversalis, 162 Phoridse, 153, 172, 207, 298 Phthiria pulicaria, 157 Phycodromida?, 161 Phytomyza notata, 171 rufipes, 171 Zetterstedtii, 171 Phytomyzida?, 171 Pipiza bimaculata, 18 noctiluca, 18 Pipizella fiavitarsis, IS, 159 maculipennis, 159 -virens, 18 Pipunculidre, 18, 159 Pipunculus campestris, 18 confusus, 18, 159 hsemorrhoidalis, 18 sylvaticus, 159 xanthopus, 18 Plagia ruralis, 21 Platychirus podagratus, 159 tarsalis, 19 Platypeza atra, 18 Platypezidas, 18 Poecilobothrus ducalis, 158 I Mr i era, continued — Polietes albolineata, 160 birticrura, 160 Pollenio rudis, 21 vespillo, 21 Porphyrops consobrina, 16 crassipes, 16 niicans, 17 patula, 16 riparia, 17 rivalis, 16 spinicoxa, 16 Pro tocalli phora groenlaa- dica, 22 Psila atra, 167 fimetaria, 166 nigricornis, 167 pallida, 166 rosas, 167 rufa, 166 Psilida?, 166 Psilopus platypterus, 15 Wiedemanni, 15 Ptychoptera albimana, 243 Rhamphomyia anomali- pennis, 13 cinerascens, 13 costata, 157 culicina, 157 dentipes, 13 fascipennis, 157 filata, 157 tlava, 13 gibba, 157 nigripes, 13 plumipes, 13 spinipes, 13 sulcata, 13 tenuirostris, 13, 157 mnbripennis, 157 Rhingia campestris, 2 13 Rhyphida3, 11 Rhyphus f enestralis, 1 1 punctatus, 11 Rliypbolophus nodulosus, *213 Rivellia syngenesia?, 167 Roeselia antiqua, 21 SapromjTza anisodactvla, 168' decempunctata, 168 obsoleta, 168 pallidiventris, 16S praeusta, 168 rorida, 168 Sapromyzida?. 168 Sarcophaga albiceps, 21 atropos, 21 carnaria, 21 Sargus cuprarius, 11 flavipes, 11 iridatus, 11 Scaptomyza flaveola, 169 graminum, 169 Scatella restuans, 169 quadrata, 169 sorbillans, 169 stagnalis, 169 Scatophaga litorea, 164 lutaria, 164 maculipes, 164 ordinata, 164 squalida, 164, 298 stercoraria, 298 villipes, 164 Diptera, continued — Schoenomyza fasciata, 171 litorella, 171 £ ciomyza albocostata, 166 cinerella, 166 pallidiventris, 166 Sciomyzida^, 165 Seoptera vibrans, 167 Sepsidas, 168 Sepsis cynipsea, 168, 263 Sericomyialappona, 20 Siphona cristata, 21 geniculata, 21 Sisyropa acronyctarum, 20 hortulana, 20 lota, 20 Somolia asnea, 15!) rebaptizata, 159 Spania nigra, 12, 157 Spathiophora hydromy- zina, 164 Spbaerocera pusilla, 172 subsultans, 172 Sphegina clunipes, 19 Spilogaster communis, 161 consimilis, 161 duplicata, 161 protuberans, 161, 163 quadrum, 161 tetrastigma, 161 Spilographa Zoe, 167 Stomoxys calcitrans, 21 Stratiomyida?, 11 Symplioromyia crassi- cornis, 12 Sympycnus annulipes, 17 Syntormon monilis, 159 pallipes, 17 sulcipes, 17 tarsatus, 17 Syrphida-, 18, 159,284,293 Syrjmus, 284 albostriatus, 19 annulatus, 19 arcticus, 19 auricollis v. maculi- cornis, 19 bifasciatus, 19 cinctellus, 19 cinctus, 19 compositarum, 19 guttatus, 19, 159 lasiophthalmus, 19 latifasciatus, 19 lineola, 19 luniger, 19 lunulatus, 19 imnctulatus, 19 tricinctus, 19 venustus, 19 vittiger, 19 Tabanida?, 12, 157 Tabanus auUimnalis, 277 sudeticus, 12, 277 Tachinidae, 20, 159 Tachista anniilimana, 158 arrogans, 158 connexa, 158 Tachydromia agilis, 15 annvdata, 158 bicqlor, 15 flavipes, 15 longicornis, 15 pectoralis, 158 Tacbypeza nubila, 15 328 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Diptlf.a. continued — Tephritis leontodontis, 167 tesselata, 167 Tephrochlamvs canescens, 165 flavipes, 165 rufiventris, 165 Tetanocera coryleti, 166 elata, 166 ferruginca, 166 kcvilrons, 166 punctulata, 166 robusta, 166 sylvatica, 166 umbrarum, 166 unicolor, 166 Tetanops myopina, 16< Teucopborus spiniger- ellus, 17 Tbemira pilosa, 168 putris, 168 Thereva annulata, 12 nobilitata, 12 Therevidfe, 12 Tberioplectes luridus, 157 montanus, 157 solstitialis. 157 tropicus v. bisignatus, 157 Tin ypticus bellus, 16 Tipula excisa, 10 oleracea, 2 pabulina, 10 pagana, 263 pictipennis, 10 plumbea, 243 Tipulidae, 10, 243, 256, 298 Trichina clavipes, 158 flavipi s. 14 Trichocera f uscata, 263 hiemalis, 263 regelationis, 263 Trichocerse, 9 Trichopeza longicornis, 15 Tricbopticus cunctans, 161 hirsutulus. 161 pulcher, 161 semipellucidus, 161 Trineura aterrima, 155, 17i' Schineri, 155, 172 stictiea, 172 yelutina, 155, 172 Trixa cestroidea, 21 Tiypeta lappse, 167 Tiypetidae, 167 Verralba aucta . Xipbandrium appendicul- atum, 17, 158 brevicorne, L58 -um. 17 motrichum, 1 7 Xylota floniin, L'O segnis, 20 i varum, 20 Colkoptkka, 58, L08, 282 Acantbocinus sedilis, 108 Antbicidte, 304 Bembiiliiiin quadrigti tui- tion, 304 ptera. continued — Cetonia floricola, 108 Corymbetes aeneus, 301 Lamia textor, L08 Leiopus nebulosus, Liodes castanea, 108 Longicornes, 30 i Notoxus monoceros, 304 Pissodes pini, L08 Rbagium bifasciatum, 151 Steuolophus plagiatus, 10S Thanasimus formicarius, 108 Hemiptera, 277 Notonecta glauca, 246 Piezodorus lituratus, 277 Orthoptera — Bactrododema tiarata, 305 COLLEMBOLA, 242 Tomocerus tridentiferus. 242 aIyriapoda — Linotasnia maritima, 283 Polyxenus lagurus, 283 Arachnida, 1U7 Cbeiri diummuseorum. 247 Clielifer cancroides, 2 : Metamenardi, 294, 296 Nemastoma lugubre, 246 Ptcnogonida, 146, I 17, 299 Ammotbea ecbinata, 149 laevis, 149 Anapbia petiola pygmaea, ; 18 Anoplodactylus, 1 18 Endeis spinosus, J 17 Nymphon, 299 brevirostre, 1 18 gracile, 1 16, 1 18 rabrum, ! 18 Pallene brevirostris, 1 16, ! 18 iducta, 1 18 Pboxicbilidium, 1 Hi. 148 femoratiim. 1 17 longicolle, 1 is Pboxochilus, 117 Podostomata, 147 Pycnogonidaa. L46 Pycnogonidea, 148 Py< mil, 111). Ill, 1 IS littorale, 146, 147 Crustacea, 64, 65, 246, 274, 285 ^Egeon. 66 Armadiilidium nasatura, 86 vulgare, 80, 86 Asellus aqua tic us, 246 Cberapbilus, 66 Crangon, 66 Albnanni. 71 vulgaris, 66, 67, 70, 7 1 Crangonidse, 64. 70, 109 Cybsticus, 81 convexus, 80, 82, 85, 86, 246 Gammarus, locusta. 70 Halimus Hectori. 281 Haplopbtbalmus danicus, 86. mengii, 86 Hippolyte varians, 67 Idotbea, 102 acuminata. 44 baltica, 43, 44, 45 bicuspidata, 45 emarginata, 43, 15 granulosa. 4o linearis. 43, 45 marina, 45 neglecta, 42, 43, 15 pelagica, 43, 45 viridis. 42. 43.44,70 Idotheidae, 42 Isopoda. 42, 242, 298 Ligia oceanica, 80 Ligiidae, 80 Malacostraca, 65, U Metoponortbus, 81, >l pruinosus, S2, 84, 86 Nika edulia, 68 Oniscidae, 80 Oniscus, 81 asellus, 80, 82, 95, 246 Pasiphaea sivado, 68 Pennella, 6 balaerioptera Petrolistbes spinosus, 281 Pbilocheras, 66, 67 bispinosus, 67, 68, 69 ecbinulatus, 68, 7o fasciatus, 69 ueglectus. 69 sculptus, 68, 6 I trispinosus, 66, 67 Philoscia muscorum, 80, 86, 95 patiencei, 298 Pontophilus, 66, 70 spinosus, 68, 70, 71 Porcellio, 81, 84 dilatatus, 82, 83 picius. 80, 85 scaber, 80, 82, 83, 246 Sabinea, 66 Laeroma rugicauda, 70 Sienosoma acuminata, 43 INDICES. 329 ( !ri stace v continued Trichonisdidse, 80, 81 Trichoniscoides albidus, 86 sp., 86 Trichoniscus, 82 albidus, 86 linearis, 298 pusillus, 80, 82, 84, 85, 242,246 pygmaenus, 82, 83, 298 roseus, 80, 82, 83, 85 spinosus. 86 tebbingi, 86 Valvifera, 12 Zenobiana prismatica, 13 Annelida — Autolycus, 3 prolifer, 3, 4 Chaetopterus, 2 insignis, 28 C'yphonautes, 4 compress us, 4 schneideri, 1 Annelida, continued Membranipora pilosa, I Miliaria, ."> skifera, 3 Nemertea, 2 Owenia filiformi >, 3 Phoronidea, 5 Phoronis, 5 australis, 7 hippocrepia, 5 psammophila, 5 I'Uidium, 2 Polvbostrichus, 3 Polychaeta, 2 Pi ilygordius, 3 lacteus, 3 Polyzoa, I Sacconereis, 3 Tomopteris, 3 Et'HINODERMATA — Echinus, 4 Ophiopluteus, 1 Ophiothrix f ragilis, 4 I II INODF.RM.VI A, Cl 'III I n lied — Synapta, I Spatangus purpureus, I < !a l.l. \ I'EH VTA, 2 Actinia prolifera, 28 Anthea cereus, 29 I >iso imedu se, 29 Edwardsia tub< rculata Eudendrixim capillare, 28 Gonactinia, 28, 29 prolifera, 28, 29, 106 Medusae, 2 Phialidium temporarium,2 Sarsia germuifera, 2 Tiara pileata, 2 PORIFERA, 301 Hyalonema sieboldii, 300 Protozoa, 2 Trypanosoma, 7 BOTANY. PH/ENOCAMIA — Abies Douglassii, 152 pectinata, 235, 258 Acacia melanoxvlon, 291 Acer, 126, 128, 193,261 platanoides, 126, 233 v. laciniatum, 234 Pseudo - platanus, 222, 239, 258, 269, 270, 271, 272 Achillea Millefolium, 223 ptarmica, 223 Adoxa Moschatellina, 9.3, 223 23 1 /Egopodium Podagraria, 95, 120, 223, 267, 268, 272 iEsculus carnea, 233 flava, 246, 284 glabra, 233 xEthusa Cynapium, 273 Agrimonia Eupatoria, 223, 234 odorata, 102 Agropyron caninum, 226 junceum, 226 repens, 226 Agrostis canina, 226 palustris v. maritima, 226 v. stolonifera, 226 pumila, 226 vulgaris, 120, 226, 267 Aira caryophyllea, 226 prascox, 226 Ajuga reptans, 143, 225, 272 Alchemilla arvensis, 223 vulgaris, 96, 120, 223, 268 Ph/Enogamia, continued— Alisma Plantago-aquatica, ; 225, 263, 269 ranunculoides, 22.) Allium, 151 ursinum, 225, 23 1 Alnus glutinosa, 225, 242, 269 272 v. laciniata, 233 Alopecurus geniculates, 226 pratensis, 226 Ammophila arundinacea, 226 Anagallis arvensis, 221 tenella, 224 A nchusa sempervirens, 221 Anemone nemorosa, 93, 152, 221, 211, 267 Angelica sylvestris, 223,, 269 Antennaria dioica, 100, 223 Anthemis nobilis, 220, 223 Anthoxanthum odoratuni , 226 Anthriscus sylvestris, 223, 267 Anthyllis Vulneraria, 222 Apium inundatum, 100, 223 Arabis hirsuta, 222 Arctium minus, 224 Arenaria peploides, 222 serpvllifolia, 222 trinervia, 222, 268 Armeria, 72, 120 maritima, 145, 224, 267 Ph.e n og a m ia , co ntinued — Arrhenatherum avena- ceum, 226 Artemisia Abrotonum, 22, 23 Absinthium, 106 maritima, 106 vulgaris, 106, 223 Arum maculatum, 225, 244, 257 Asperula odorata, 223 Aster Tripolium, 223 Astragalus Hypoglotti>, 102 Atriplex angustifolia, 262 Babingtonii, 225 laciniata. 225 patula 225 Atropa Belladonna, 224 A vena sativa, 120 Azalea, 96 Bartsia Odontites, 121, 224, 269 v. verna, 221 viscosa, 224 Bellis perennis, 95, 223 Berberis. 96 vulgaris, 221 Beta maritima. 294 Betulaalba, 121, 215, 268, 272 lutea. 233. 234 verrucosa, 225 Bidens tripartita, 223 Borago officinalis, 224 330 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Ph^xogamia, continued — Brachvpodium gracile, 220 sylvaticum, 121. 268 Brassica monensis, 222 Rapa, 222 Sinapistrum. 222 Briza media, 246 Bronms mollis, 226 ramosus. 226 sterilis. 226, 217 Brvonica dioica. 275 Buda media, 222 rubra, 222 Bursa Bursa-pastoris, 222 Buxus sempervirens, 143 Cakile maritima, 222 Calla, 144 Callitriche autumnalis, 22 1 . 223 stagnalis, 223 Calluna Erica, 224 vulgaris, 269, 270, 299 Caltha palustris, 120, 221, 269 Camellia theifera v. assa- mica, 294 Camelina sativa, 262 Campanula rotundifolia, 221, 269 Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 120, 267 Cardamine amara, 244, 217 flexuosa, 222 hirsuta, 222 pratensis, 222 Carex, 221. 237. 277, 3d:, acutiformis, 226 ampullacea, 100 arenaria, 151, 226 atrata, 237, 238, 305 echinata, 226 liliformis, 287 flacca, 226 flava, 226 Goodenovrii, 226 Grahami, 238 hirta, 100, 226 ovalis, 226 paludosa. 100 . pilulifera, 226 pulicaris, 226 rostrata, 226 saxatilis, 237, 238, 305 i. glomerata, 237. 305 f. intermedia, 238, 305 stricta, 151 sylvatica, 226 vesicaria, 238, 305 f. alpigena, 238 vulpina, 226 Carpinus Betulus, 246 v. incisa, 233 Castalia speciosa, 221, 262 v. minor, 221 Castanea sativa, 225, 258 v. heterophylla, 248, 249, 251 Catabrosa aquatica v. littoralis, 226 Caucalis Anthriscus 223 nodosa, 102 Cedrus atlantica, 235 deodara, 90 Libani, 250 Ph.enogamia, continued— Centaurea Cvanns. 263 nigra, 121,224,268 Centunculus minima.-, 221 • 'ephalanthera, 118 ensifolia, 118 Cerastium alpinum, 260 glomeratum, 222 tetrandrum, 222 triviale. 96. 222 Chaerophyllum temulum, 223 Cheirantlius Cheiri, 22 . Chelidonium majus, 220, 221 Chenopodium album. 225 Chionodoxa Luciliae, 125 Chrysanthemum, Leucanthemum, 223 segetum, 223 Chrysosplenium alterni- folium, 231. 241, 217 oppositifolium, 121, 143, 223 Circaea lutetiana, 223, 269 Cladium jamaicense, 226 Claytonia sibirica, 220, 222 Cnicus arvensis, 121, 221 lanceolatus. 22! palustris, 224, 268. 271 Cochlearia officinalis, 222 Conium maculatum, 223 244 Conopodium denudatum. 96, 223, 268 Cordyline, 62 australis, 60, 106 Cornus suecica, HI. 260 Corylus Avellana. 225, 271 Cotoneaster frigida, 261 Cotyledon Umbilicus, 223, 268 Crataegus Crus-galli, 2 ( (xvacantha. 96, 121. 223, 233, 270 Crepis paludosa. 221, 268 virens, 224 Crithmum, 115. 116 maritimum, 115, 281,294 Crocus, 124,125, 151, 191 Cynosurus cristatus, 226 Cytisus scoparius, 222 Dactvlis glomerata. 226. 271 Dahlia, 200 Daphne Mezereum, 32, 121, 191 Daucus Carota, 223, 262 I teschampsia ciespitosa, 226 flexuosa, 226 Digitalis purpurea, 221. 270, 272 Drosera rotundifolia, 223 Eleocharis multicaulis, 225 l lalustris, 225 Elodea canadensis, 223 Empetrum nigrum, 225 Epilobium, 27l' hirsutum, 22.; montanum, 223 palustre, 121, 223 parviflorum, 223 Phjsnogamia, continued — Epipactis. lis latifolia, 261 palustris, 115, 117, 118, 281 Eranthis hyemalis, 123. 190 Erica cinerea, 224 Tetralix. 224 Eriophorum angustifo- lium, 226 vaginatum, 226 Erodium cicutarium, 222 Erophila vulgaris. 222 Eryngium maritimum. v7. 2:'-; Erythrsea Centaurium. 221 Ervthronium, 127 Eucalyptus rostrata, 2"! Euonymus europa?us, Eupatorium cannabiuum, 223, 252, 269, 271 Euphurbia Helioscopia.22.i Peplus, 225 Euphrasia officinalis, 22 1 Fagus sylvatica, 225. 23 1, 219,270.271, 272 v. cuprea, 233 Festuca elatior, 226 ovina, 226 A", capillata. 226 Fila . nanica, 223 minima, 223 Fceniculum vulgare, 220, 223 Forsythia suspensa, 123 E rag aria vesca, 222 Fraxinus excelsior, 221 v. crispa, .' Ornus, 2 19 i uchsia, 272 Fumaria officinalis, 221 Galanthus nivalis. 152 Galeopsis Tetrahit, 224 versicolor, 224 Galium Aparine, 223, 267 palustre v. Witheringii. 223 saxatile, 121, 223. 268, 269 uliginosum, 223 verum, 120, 223 Gentiana campestris, 221 Geranium dissectum, 222 molle, 222 pratense, 222 Robertianum, 222, 217. 271 sanguineum, 102, 222, 252 sylvaticum, 216, 2 1,, *268 Geumrivale. 222 urbanum, 222 Glaucium fiavum. 221 ( i-laux maritima, 221 < ilyceria lluitans, 226, 267 maritima, 226 Gnaphalium sylvaticum, 223 uliginosum, 223 Gyninadenia Conopsea, 100, 118 INDICES. 331 1'im.mh;.vmia, contin Habenaria albida, 22. > bifolia. 225 chloroleuca, 225 conopsea. 99; Hedera Helix, 96, I 269, 271, 272 Hepatica, 125, 191 Heracleum Sphondj limn, 223, 269 Hieracium aurantiacum, 220, 22 1 boreale, 101 Pilosella, 224 vulgatum, 221 Hippophae rhamnoides, 225 Hippuris vulgaris, 246 Holcus, lanatus, 120, 226 mollis, 96, 226 ! lyacinthus, 151 Hydrocotyle vulgaris, 121, 223 Hypericum Androsagmum, 222, dubium. 222 elode.s, 222 pulchrum, 222 quadratum, 222 Hypochoeris radicata, 224 Iberis amara", 220, 222 Ilex Aquifolium, 96, 222, 269, 2 7.' Inula crithmoides, 117 Iris Pseudacorus, 225 Jasione montana, 224 Jasminum nudiflorum, 135, 2UU Juncus acutiflorus, 225 bufonius. 225 communis, 152, 271 conglomeratus, 225 effusus, 225 lamprocarpus, 225 maritimus, 225 squarrosus, 225 supinus, 225 trifidus, 260 triglumis, 260 Juniperus. 121 communis, '100, 225, 269 Lamium amplexicaule, 224 purpureum, 225 Lapsana communis, 224, 268 Larix europa?a, 235 Latbyrus pratensis, 222 Lathrsea squamaria, 90, 110,241 Lemna minor, 225 Leontodon autumnalis, 224 Lepidium hirtum, 222 Ligusticum scoticum, 102, 223 Ligustrum vulgare, 224 Linaria Cymbalaria, 220, 224 repens, 220, 22 1 vulgaris, 221 Linum catharticum, 121, •>99 I 'i!.i:.noga.mi.\, continued — Liriodendron tulipifi ra, Listera cordata, 225, 281 ovata, 118, 225, 2 1 1. 215 l attorella juncea, 225 Lobelia Dortmanna, 221 Lodoicea callipyge, 108 seychellarum, 108 Lolium perenne, 226 y. italicum, 226 Lonicera Periclymenum, 223 Lotus corniculatus, 222 aliginosus, 222, 239 Luzula campestris, 121, 225, 268 erect a, 225 maxima, 121, 225, 268 spicata, 260 vernalis, 225 Lychnis alba, 222, 263 dioica, 222 Flos-cuculi, 222 Lycopus europaeus, 221,261 Lycopsis arvensis, 224 Lysimachia nernorum. 22 1 Lythrum Salicaria, 223, 261 Magnolia tripetala, 233 Malva sylvestris, 222 Matricaria inodora, 1 15, 223 Meconopsis cambrica, 220, 221 Medicago denticulala, 112 lupulina, 222 Melampyrum pra tense, 22 1 , Melica unillora, 226 Mentha aquatica, 26 arvensis, 221 hirsuta, 224 sativa, 221 Menyanthes trifoliata Mercurialis perennis, 225, 2G7, 269, 270, 273 Milium effusum, 10 l Mimulus luteus, 220, 224, 247 Molinia varia, 226 Montia fontana, 222 Myosptis arvensis, 22 J, 267 caespitosa, 224 palustris, 224 repens, 224 versicolor, 221 Myrica Gale, 96, 225 Myriophyllum alterni- florum, 223 Myrrhis odorata, 95, 225 Narcissus, 33, 123, 125, 127, 189, 192 incomparabilis, 127 Pseii do - narcissus, 125, 191 Nardus stricta, 226 Narthecium Ossifragum, 225 Nasturtium officinale, 222 Neckeria claviculata, 221 Neottia Nidus-avis, 234, 244, 257 Nepeta Glechoma, 143, •)■> 1 979 Nuphar luteuiu, 23d I'll BNOGAMIA, continued — Nymphsea alba, 234 Lutea, 221 CEnanthei rai ata, 96, 223 Lachenalii, 223 Ononis repens, 222 Orchis incarnata, 225 maculata, 2 mascula, ! pyramidalis, 118 Origanum vulgare, 221 1 ixalis Acetosella, 222 Pa p a ver Argemone, 220, 221 Paris quadrifolia, 257 Parnassia palustris, 223 Pavia ilava, 246, 284 Pedicularis palustris, 221 sylvatica, 224 Peplis Portula, 223 Petasites officinalis. 223 Petroselinum sativum, 27 1 Peucedanum Ostruthium, 220, 225 Phalaris arundinacea, 226 canadensis, 226 I'hleum pratense, 226 Phragmites communis, 226 Picea excelsa. 255 pectinata, HO Pimpinella Saxifraga, 225 Pinguicula lusitanica, 221 vulgaris, 224 Pinus sylvestris, 225, 235, 242 Pisum sativum, 120 Plantago, 72 Coronopus, 225 lanceolata, 145, 225 major, 120, 225, 267 maritima, 225 media, 220, 225 Platanus orientalis, 233 Pneumaria maritima, 221 Poa annua, 226 Chaixii, 245, 284 pratensis, 226 trivialis, 226 Polemonium caeruleum, 220, 224 Polygala vulgaris, 222 Polygonum amphibium, 225 v. terrestre, 225 aviculare, 120, 225, 2(17 Bistorta, 225, 239, 210,272 Convolvulus, 225 Hydropiper, 225 lapathifolium. 225 Persicaria, 225 Raii, 225 Populus, 239 tremula, 143 Potamogeton hetero- phyllus, 225 natans, 225 nitens, 225 polygonifolius, 225 Potentilla Anserina, 222 Fragariastrum, 222, 268 palustris, 222 silvestris, 222 Tormentilla, 269, 272 332 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Ph.5nogamia, continued— Primula acaulis, 96, 224 vulgaris, 120 Prunella vulgaris, 224, 269, 271 Prunus Lauro-cerasus, 269 Mahaleb, 233, 234 Padus, i':'-' serotina. 23 I spinosa, 121, 222 Pseudotsuga Douglasii,235 Pyrus Aucuparia, 223 communis. 273 domestica. 232 salicifolia, 233 rbus, 232, 234 Quercus Cerris, 248, 249, 250 pedunculata v. varie- gata. 233 Robnr, 225, 269 rubra, 233 Radiola linoides_, 222 Ranunculus acris, 221 auricomus, 234. 284 bulbosus. 221, 211, 2.17 Ficaria, 95, 221,267, 268 v. incumbens, 221 Flammula, 221 hederaceus. 221 peltatus, 221 repens, 144, 221, 267, 272 sceleratus, 87 trichophyllus, 221 Raphanus maritimus, 222 Raphanistrum, 222 Rhinanthus Crista - galli , 121. 224 Rhododendron, 33. 34, 96, 123. 126, 129, 110, 192, 195, 2b9 Cunninghami, 34 Eugenie. 126 Jacksoni,33. 12(1. 192 Xobleanum, 32, 123, 191, 192 praecox, 32. 123. 192 Rhynchospora alba, 22(1 Kibes Grossularia, 96, 220, 223 sanguinea, 125 Robinia, 100 Rosa, 268, 271, 272 canina, 223, 271 v. lutetiana. 225 mollis, 225 pimpinellifolia, 223 nibiginosa, 225 Kubus fruticosus, 222 Mams, 143. 222, 270 liumex Acetosa, 12(1, 225, 268 Acetosclla, 225 conglomerates, 225 crispus, 225 Hvdmlapathum, 261,284 obtusifolius, 121, 225, 268, 271, 272 sanguineus. 225 v. viridis, 225 Ruppia rostellata, 225 Sagina nodosa, 222 prucumbens, 222 Phjexogamu, continaed- Salicornia herbacea, 116. -)•>■ 87, Salix. 273 alba. 225 aurita, 270 fragilis, 231 Salsola Kali. 225 Sambucus nigra. 225 Samolus Yalerandi. 1 15. 221 Sanicula europsea, 225, 268 Saxifraga aizoides, 225 granulata, 211 bypnoides. 217, 260 oppositifolia, 71, 72. 75. 90, 109. 260 tridactylites, 71, 72 Scabiosa arvensis, 220. 225 succisa. 225, 26 ( iSchoenus nigricans, 226 Scilla, 127, 151 festalis, 225, 268 verna, 252 Seirpus oaespitosus, 225 tluitans. 225 lacustris. 22.) maritimus, 87 pauciflorus, 225 sylvaticus, 100, 247 Scleranthus animus, 225 Scrophularia alata, 284 aquatica, 219,293 Ehrharti, 246 nodosa, 221 Scutellaria galericulata, 221 minor, 224 Sedum acre, 225 anglicum. 225 Rhodiola, 223 roseum, 252 Telephium, 223, 257 villosum, 100 Senecio aquaticus, 221 Jacob;ea. 223. 275 sylvaticus. 223 viscosus 262 vulgaris. 12(1. 223, 268 Si quoia gigantea, 152, 233 Serapias longifolia, 117 Sherardia arvensis, 225 Siegliniria decumbens, 226 Silene. 72 maritima, 222 Sisymbrium officinale, 222 Thalianum, 222 Sium erectum, 110 Solanum Dulcamara, 224, 251 Solidago Virgaurea, 223 Sonchus arvensis, 22 1 oleraceus, 22 1 Sparganium ramosum, 225 Spergula arvensis, 222 Spiraea, 192 Aruncus, 233 l.'lmaria, 96. 222. 268 Stachys arvensis, 22 1 palustris, 221 sylvatica, 221. 272 Stellaria graminea, 222 Holostea, 222 media, 222. 272 uliginosa, 222 Suceda maritima, 87, 225 Phjenogamia, continued — Svmphoricarpus racemo- sus, 251 Symphytum officinale, 221 'tuberosum, 221, 270 Tamus communis, 275 Taraxacum officinale, 141, 221. 267, 268 Taxus baccata, 250, 257, 273 Teucrium Scorodonia. 225 ThaJictrum minus. 102 Thuya gigantea. 235 plicata, 235 occidentalis,231,232. 251 Thymus Serpyllum, 221 Tilia, 110 platyphvllos v asplenii- folia, 234 vulgaris, 222, 257 Tragopogon pratense, 221, 306 Trifolium arvense, 252 medium, 222, 270 pratense, 222 procumbens, 222 repens, 120, 141, 222, 271, 273 striatum, 252 Triglochin maritimum, 225 palustre, 225 Trollius europeeus, 221 Tussilago Farfara, 120, 121, 223, 268, 269 Typha angustifolia, 261 latifolia, 225, 261 Ulex europams, 222 Ulmus glabra. 233.234 montana, 225, 233, 231, 219 Umbelliferae, 115 Urtica dioica. 95, 96, 121, 225, 269, 271. 272, 275 urens, 120, 225 Itricularia vulgaris. 221 Vaccinmm, 153 Mvrlillus, 149, 150, 151, 152. 221. 270, 271 Oxycoccos, 153 uliginosum, 153 Vitis-Idaea, 153 Valeriana Mikanii, 223 pyrenaica, 257 Yalerianella olitoria, 225 Yerbascum Thapsus, 221 Veronica agrestis, 22 1 Anagallis-aquatica. 22 1 arvensis, 224 Beccabunga, 224, 267 Chamnedrys, 221 hederasfolia, 221 montana, 241 officinalis, 96, 221, 270. 272 scutellata, 224 serpyllifolia, 22 1 Vicia angustifolia, 222 Cracca, 222 saliva, 222 sepiunv222 tetrasperma, 262 INDICES. 333 Phjenogamia, continued — Vinca major, 220, 224 Viola arvensis, 222 Curtisii, 222 palustris, 121, 222 Etiviniana, 120,222, 268 sy] vatica, 95 tricolor. 222 Volvulus sepiiun, 22 1 Zelkowa crenata, 234 Zostera, 180 marina. 87, 226 nana. 87 FlLICES — Aspidium aculeatum v. lobatum, 247 A splenium A diantum-nig- rum, 226 marinum, 226 Ruta-muraria, 226 Trichomanes, 144, 226, 234, 217 Athyrium Filix fcemina , 226 Botr.ychium Lunaria, 226 Cystopteris fragilis, 2 17 Hymenophvllum tun- bridgense, 72, 226 unilaterale, 226, 243 Lastrsea rlilatata, 226 Filix-mas, 143, 226 Oreopteris, 226, 247 Lomaria Spicant, 226 Ophioglossum vulgatum, 2 16 Osmtinda regalis, 226 Phegopteris Dryopteris, 2J(i, 23 I Polvpodium Dryopteris, '231 vulgare, 226, 269, 28 J Polystichum annulare, 226 Pteris aquilina, 226, 270 Scolopendrium vulgare, 226, 234 Struthiopteris germanica, 143 Equisetaceje — Equisatum arvense, 226 limosum, 226 palustre, 226 sylvaticum, 226 Lycopodiace^; — Lycopodium alpinum, 226 clavatum, 226 Selago, 226 Selaginellace.e — Selaginella selaginoides, 226 1S0ETACE.E— Isoeteslacustis, 226 Musci, 265 Amblystegium filicinum, 266 ftuviatile, 266, 287 serpens, 266 Ancectangium compac- tum, 265 Aulacoinniuin palustre, Barbula revoluta, 21).") rigidula. 265 rubella, 265 ungiculata, 265 Bartramia ithyphylla, 265 Blindia acuta, 101 Brachytbecium populeum, 266 purum, 266 rutabulum, 266 Breutelia arcuata, 102 Bryum caespiticum, 265 capillare, 265 Duvalii, 218, 305 pallens, 218 roseum, 257. 265 Camptotbecium sericeum, 266 Campvlopus atrovirens, 265 flexuosus, 265 fragilis, 101,265 Catharinea, 186 Ceratodon purpiireus, 265 Cinclidotus fontinaloides, 265, 281 Climacium dendroides, 266 Dichodontiumpellucidum, 101, 265 Dicranella heteromalla, 265 Schreberi v. elata, 108 _ Dicranoweisia cirrata, 265 Dicrauuiu scoparium, 101, 265 Ditrichum hoinomallum, 101, 265 Encalypta streptocarpa, 265 Eurhynchium confertum, 266 myosuroides, 266 myurum, 266 piliferum, 266 prselongum, 266 rusciforrne, 266 striatum. 266 Fissidens adiantoides, 102 265 bryoides, 265 taxifolius, 265 Fontinalis antipyretica. 266 Funaria hygrometrica, 265 Grim mi a apocarpa, 265 v. rivularis, 265 maritima, 102 Musci, continued— Habrodon Notarisii, 266, 281 Hedwigia ciliata, 265 Heterocladium lieten >| • teruin, 266 Hylocomium brevirostre, 266 Loreum, 1 15 splendens, 266 sijuarrosum, 266 triquetrum, 266 Hyocomium liagellare, 266 Hypnum callichroum, 266 commutatum, 266 cordifolium, 266 crista-castrensis. 145, 287 cupressiforme. 266 v. filiforme, 266 v. resupinatum, 266 cuspidatum, 266 eugyrium 266 exanuulatum. 102, 266 giganteum, 266 molluscum. 266 Patientiie. 266 riparium, 266 Schreberi, 242. 266 uncinatum, 266 Leskea polycarpa, 266 Leueobryum glaucum, 265 Mnium affine v. elatum, 265 cuspidatum, 266 hornuin, 266 punctatum, 266 rostratum, 266 serratum, 266 undulatum, 266 Neckera complanata, 266, 284 pumila, 107, 115, 266 < (rthothecium rufescens, 266 Ortbotrichum affine, 265 leiocarpum, 265 Lyellii, 265 stramineum, 265 Plagiotbecium denticula- tum, 266 elegans, 266 undulatum, 266 Polytricbacese, 186 Polytricbum, 186, 187, 305 aloides, 265 alpinum, 187 commune, 186, 187, 265 formosum, 265 juniperinum, 187, 265 piliferum, 187, 265 urnigerum, 187, 265 Pterogonium gracile, 107, 266 Pterygophyllum lucens, 266 Ptychomitrium polyphyl- lum, 265 334 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Musi i, continued — Khacomitrium aciculare, 265 fasciculare, 265 heterostichum, 2(i5 protensum, 265 ihagrmm imbricatum, 273 Swartzia montana, L02 Ten-aphis pellucida, 265 Thuidium tamariseinum, 266 Tortula laevipila, 8< , 265 muralis, 2tio ruraliformiSj 87 ruralis, 265 ta Bruchii, 26.1 crispa, 265 pbyllantha, 265 Webera elongata, 265 polymorpha, 265 Weisia eurvirostris, 265 viridula, 265 Zygodon Mougeotii, 102, 265 viridissimus, 87, -Mi.", Hepatic.*, 266 Aplozia crenulata, 267 Calypogeia trichomanis, Conocepbalus conicus, 266, 270 I >iplophyllum albican.-. 271 ' Frullania Tamarisci, 26i Lejeunia cavifolia, 267 Lepidozia Pearsoni, 267 Madotheca platyphylla, 267 Metzgeria conjugata, 267 furcata,.266 hamata, 267 Pellia epiphylla, 267 Saccogyna viticulosa, 267 Fungi, 87, 96, 267, 292 . Actinonema rosse, 121. 271 cidium, 95, 96, 120, 267. 268 clatimun. 92, 110 grossularia?, 96 urticse, 95 Agaricus cristatus, 111 echinatus, 111 racbod.es, 111 Amanita pantherina, 1 Hi Armillaria mucida, 144 Ascobolus furfuraceus, 270 vinosus, 239 Fungi, continued — Ascomyces potentilla?, 121, 269 Tosquinetii, 269 Asterina veronicas, 96. 270 Asteroma prunellae, 271 Auricularia mesent erica. 294 Belonidium pruinosum, 270 Botryospbaeria dothidea, 271 Botrytis, 151 1 >ouglassi, 152 galantbina, L52 paeoniae, 152 parasitica, 152 Bremia lactucae. 120 Bulgaria polymorpha, 269 1 a i ik! tnercurialis, '!'> Calloriafusarioicles, 96,269 < lantharellus tubaeiormis, 252 1 - rcospora mercurialis, 27:; Ceuthospora phacidioides. 272 ( lhamaeota, 111 Cblorosplenium aerugino- sum, 270 ( liboria luteovirescens, 239 ( 'laudupus variabilis, 1 1 1 Clitocybe clavipes, 1 15 metachroa, 145 odora, 146 Coleosporium campanulas, 269 i uphrasiae, 121. 269 tussilaginis, 121, 269 Collybia tuberosa, l\ 1 Colpoma quercinum, 269 Coniothecium ame titai ram, 273 ConiothvriumBoydeanum, 210. 272 ( ioprinus plicatilis, 257 ( lordyceps militaris, 270 Cortinanus paleaceus, 1 Hi sanguineus, 1 1 1 l loryne sarcoides, 270 i !orj iieum disciforme, 272 ( lyatbicula coronata, 239 i lindrocolla urticaej 96, 273 I '\ topus candidus, 120, 267 Darluca filum, 121, 271 I liaportbe pulla, 271 I (iatrype disciformis, 271 I >iatrypella verruciformis, 271 I licbaena quercina. 269 Didymaria Ongeri, 272 I 'inemasporiumberbarum, 272 Discomycetes, 1 19 Entoloma 146 Batscbianum, Fungi, continued — Entyloma Fergussoni, 267 Henningsianum. 145 microsporum, 267 ranunculi. 267 Trailii, 145 Epbelina prunellas, 255, 269 Epidocbium arabicus, 151 Erysiphe cicboracearum . ' 270 Martii. 270 Flammula sapinea, 252 Fumago vagans. 273 Fusicladium pirinum, 273 pyxis coccinea, 299 Gloeosporium fa,£,i, 272 paradoxum, 272 Gnomonia petiolicola, 271 Grandinia granulosa, 212 1 lelotium marchantiae v. conocephali, 27(> Helvella macropus, 270 Heterosphaeria patella, 269 Hormiscium pithyophi- lum, 273 lluniaria granulala. 270 Hygropborus calyptraefor- mis, 239 Hymenomycetes. 146 Hypbomycetes, 150, 151 Hypocrea rufa, 270 Hypoxylon fuscuin, 271 Inocybe, 111 calamistrata, 146 Godeyi, 146 hystrix, 145 lanuginosa. 145 Lachnea scutellata, 270 Lactarius, 87 pallidus, 239 torminosus, 252 Laastadia faginea, 271 Lentinus cochleatus, Ml lepideus, ill Leotia lubrica, 270 Lepiota, 111 I leptosphaeria acuta, 96,2* 1 agnita, 96, 271 Leptothyrium alneum, 272 Lophodermium juniper- mum, 121, 269 Marssonia populi, 239 Massaria inquinans, 2. 1 MEelampsora betulina, 12J, 268 ._ cerastii, 96 circseae, 269 hypericorum, 268 liin, 121 pustulata, 121 tremulae, 143 Melanconium bicolor, 121, 272 INDICES. 335 l'i NGI, continual Melasmia acerina, 272 punctata, 272 Milesia polypodii, 269 Mitrula phalloides, 257, 270 Mollisia atrata, 96 digit alina, 270 mercurialis, 270 petiolaris, 270 rulii, 270 Monilia, L50, 15] fructigena, l.">2 Mucedineae, 151 Mycena capillaris, 239, 252 Slopes, 145 pterigena, 1 1 1, 239 Naematelia nucleata, Mil Nectria cinnabarina, 270 coccinea, 270 Nolanea pisciodora, 252 Oidium, 150, 151, 153 erysiphoides, 272 leucoconium. 272 monilioides, 12] Omphalia fibula, 252 Ophiobolus acuminatum, 274 Orbilia marina, 145, 255, 269 Otidea leporina, 270, 287 Ovularia bistortae, 272 >:■> obliqua, 2 sphasroidea, 239 veronicce, 272 Peronospora alta, 12(1. 2117 calotbeca, 267 ficarise, 95, 267 grisea, 267 urticae, 120 viciae, 120 Phleospora aceris, 2 . 2 Pholiota spectabilis, 252 Pboma acuta. 271 pulla, 271 Phragmidium fragar ias t ri . 268 rubi-ida?i, 143 subcorticatum, 268 Phycomycetes, 303 PhylJachora graminis, .'71 junci, 271 trifolii, 271 Plasmopara nivea, 20i pygmsea, 267 Pleurotus dryinus, 239 mitis, 252 porrigens, 141, 252 Podi ispluera oxva< -a n 1 1 m -, 96, 121, 27(1 " Polyporus squamosus, 211. "257 Polystictus abietinus, 212 radiatus, 212 Polystigma rubrum, 121 Polytbrincium trifolii, 27.'! Poria sanguinolenta, 239 Fungi, continued — Protomyces bellidis, 95, 96 macrosporus, 95, 120. 267 pachj dermus, 1 1 1, 267 Protomj'cetes, 303 Psaliota, 111 Pseudopeziza alismatis, 263, 269 calthae, 269 ranunculi, 1 1 1 repanda, 269 trifolii, 111 Pseudophacidium cal- Lunse, 240, 269 Puccinia aegopodii, 268 albescens, 95 arenarise, 268 Baryi, 121,268 bunii, 96, 268 buxi, 143 calthae, 120 caricis, 95 centaureae, 121, 268 chrysosplenii. 121. 143 Fergussoni, 121 galii, 120 glomerata, 268 lapsanae, 268 menthse, 2118 oblongata. 121,268 obtegens. 268 pimpinellse, 95 poarum, 120, 268 primula?, 96, 120 rubigo-vera, 96, 120, 268 saniculre, 2G8 suaveolens, 121 taraxaci, 268 umbilici, 25.., 268 valantiae, 121, 268 viola?, 95, 120, 268 Pyrenomycetes, 270 Ramularia ajugse, ]4r>. 272 calcea. 143. 272 epilobii, 272 variabilis, 272 Rhopographus filichm^, 270 Rhytisma acerinum, 209 Russula, 87 Sclerotinia, 151 baccarum, 149, 150. 15], 155,255,270, 303 bulborum, 151 ( 'andolleana. 152 ( 'urreyana, 152 Douglassi, 152 I furiaeana, 151 filipes. 152 fructigena, 152 galanthina, 152 megalospora, 153 oxycocci, 15:! p;eonia?, 152 parasitica, 152 sclerotiorum, 152 trifoliorum, 152 tuberosa, 152 urnula, 15-') Fungi, continued— Sclerotium, 1 19, L50, 151, 1 52 durum, 15 1 roseum, L52 Septoria hydrocotyles, 121 podagrariee, 272 stachj dis, 272 stellaria'. 272 urticae. 121, 272 Solcn ia anomala, 252 Sphacelia ambiens, 151 Sphaerella polypodii, 1 1 1 rumicis, 121, 271 vaccinii, 271 Sphaerobolus stellatus, 25 ' Spinellus fusiger, 267 Steganosporiiimpiriforme, 272 Stegia ilicis, 96, 209 Slid is stellata, 255, 269 Xtigmatea Robert iani, 271 Stilbum tomentosum, 27:; Synchytrium aureum, 1 15 mercurialis, 267 succisae, 267 taraxaci, 2G7 Tapesia fusca, 270 Telamonia, 146 Thelephora antbocepbala, 252 Tilletia deeipiens. 100, 120, 267 Torula ovalispora, 239 Tremellodon gelatinosum, 111 Trichia, 273 Trichoderoialignorum,272 Tricholoma resplendens, 252 Trichothecium roseum, 272 Triphragmium ulmariae, 96, 268 Trochila craterium, 96,269 lauro-cerasi, 269 Tubercularia vulgaris, 121 . 273 Uredinea?, 306 Uredo, 96, 120, 121. 145. 267, 268, 269 oblongata. 271 Urocystis anemones, 267 Uromvces alchemillse, 96, 120, 26S ficaria3, 95, 268 geranii, 268 limonii, 120, 145, 267 J M ).■!', 268 polygoni, 120, !67 rumicis, 120, 268 scillarum, 268 trifolii, 120 Ustilaginea\*:;o:; I 'stilago avenae, 120 longissima. 267 I 'stulma vulgaris, 271 Venturia myrtilli, 271 Vibrissea Guernisaci, 270 truncorum, 270 Xylaria Hypoxylon, 271 336 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. LlCHEXES — Baeomyces rufus, 05, 96 Evernia furfuracea, 95 Lobaiia pulmonaria, l'13 Alg.e, 5, 102, 277 Ahnfeltia plicata, '-'94 Ascophvllum nodosum, 269 , Ai.gje, continued — Batrachospermum monili- forme. 257 Delesseria, 28 Desmidium Swartzii "0") Draparnaldia glomerata, 257 plumosa, 257 Ectocarpus, 5 Fucns vesiculosus, 145 Algje, continued — Microthamnion KUtzingi- anum, 305 CEdogonium, 102 Spirotamia condensata, 305 Tetraspora gelatinosa. 257 Zygnema stellimim. 102 ^I;,^"01 LIBRARY WH IflSS S