LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 5363 a Cah sso ly i 7 ie Fee ea DEC. 23 1921 PE ANSAcC TIONS NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. (New Series.) VOL. V. LONDON : WILLIAMS and NORGATE, ¥4, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, 1918-1921, i YRehG a nn call 30, 4 ie i iw 4JO¥ lane fi j 3 + AAWIKOD i heal MA 2 * 1 CONTENTS CONTENTS OF VOLUME V, (NEw SERIES). Report on the Field Meetings of the Natural History Society for 1913. By EDWIN BuRNUP ae 000 se 900 Terrestrial Acari of the Tyne Province. By the Rev. J. E. Hutu, M.A. (Plates I-III.) 500 a8 ; A Survey of the Lower Tees Marshes and of the Reslined Areas adjoining them. By J. W. HeEstop Harrison, D,Sc. (illustrated). : aoe ins On Sections in the Lower Permian Rows at Cine and Down Hill, Co. Durham. By D. Woonacort, D.Sc., F.G.S. (Plates [V.-VIT.) 003 aa rat aie ine A valuable Addition to the British Lichen-Flora, By the Rev. W. JOHNSON. Report of the Field Mbennee of the Ried eee Sosy op HOW, IBW Vo Vo lolita oS o5c doe eb 056 The Siphonaptera (Fleas) of Northumberland and Durham. By RICHARD S. BAGNALL, F.L.S. oe S00 Reports on the Field Meetings of the Natural sora Society : For 1915. By Hucu P. ANnGus For 1916. By RICHARD ADAMSON, F.R.H.S. For 1917. By NICHOLAS TEMPERLEY Be 06 Professor George Alexander T.ouis Lebour, M.A, D.Sc., F.G,S. By D. WootacoTt, D.Sc. (with portrait) 6 00 Canon Alfred Merle Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S. By Prof. ALEX. MEEK, D.Sc. (with portrait) 55 The Genus Rosa, its Hybridology and other Genetical Peoulene By J. W. Hestop Harrison, D.Sc. (Text-figs. 1 and 2; Plates VIII. to XXII.)... Miscellanea, 1917-1921 .. : : ae Report of the Natural History Society ie 1913-1914 : Reprint of Circular appealing for Donations to the Endowment Sood Reports of the Natural History Society : 1914-1915... 1915-1016... oe sis 680 00d [Roman numeral paging repeated by mistake. ] 1916-1017... so i 500 bn sels 1917-1918... 500 ise 506 te oe bid 1918-1919 .. 200 606 il PAGE XXXV li iV CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES, Vou. V. (NEw SErrgs). Plates illustrating the Rev. J, E. Hull’s paper on the Terrestrial Acari of the Tyne Province : Plates I. and II. New Gamaside. Plate III. New Thrombidiide. Plates illustrating Dr. D. Woolacott’s paper on Sections in the Lower Permian Rocks : Plate [V. Photograph of Claxheugh. Part V. Photograph of details in Claxheugh section, Plate VI. Photographs of details in sections at Claxheugh and in quarry. Plate VII. Photographs of sections at Down Hill and West Boldon. Plates cages Dr. J. W. Heslop Harrison’s paper on the Genus NOSA Plates VIII. to XV. Figures of Rose Hybrids, Plates XVI. to XXII. Figures of Fruits of Hybrid and other forms of Roses. List OF OTRER. ILEUSER ATION S: Illustrations to Dr. J. W. Heslop Harrison’s paper on the Lower Tees Marshes : Fig. 1. Sketch Map of the Area. Fig, 2. Hewitt’s Chart (1832) of Tees Bay and the Fleets. Fig. 3. Billingham Bottoms. Fig, 4. ‘Trollius Marsh, Billingham: eastern half, Fig. 5. rollius Marsh, Billingham: western half. Fig. 6. Greatham Creek and Saltmarsh with the adjoining Fleets, Fig. 7. Sketch Map to illustrate Pan Formation, Illustrations to Dr, D. Woolacott’s paper on Sections in the Lower Permian Rocks : Fig. 1. Diagram of the Section at Claxheugh. Fig. 2. Diagram of the Section at Down Hill. Illustration to Curator’s Report on Museum Work, 1914-15 : Figure, p. xxxix., from drawing by Mr. A. Heslop, of the Fossil Tree from Crawleyside. Illustration to Dr. D, Woolacott’s obituary notice of Prof. Lebour : Portrait of the late Prof. G. A. L. Lebour, D.Sc. I]lustration to Prof. A, Meek’s obituary notice of Canon Norman : Portrait of the late Canon A. M. Norman, F.R.S, Illustrations to Dr, J. W. Heslop Harrison’s paper on the Genus Rosa: Text-fig. I (p. 255) Figures of the two types of stigma-heads. Text-fig. 2 (p. 261). Pollen grains of three kinds of Roses, to show degrees of abortion of the pollen, TRANSACTIONS OF ‘THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY ey, OF | NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, MeWeAST LEU PON-TYNE. CONewzr Series.) VOL] V—PART. 1: LONDON : WILLIAMS Anpd NORGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, 1918. Price Six Shillings. OSM OO Cy SOTHO! WG NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, AND NEWCASTLE- UPON-TYNE REPORT ON THE FIELD MEETINGS OF THE NATURAI HISTORY SOCIETY FOR 1915. READ Marcu 18TH, 1914, BY Mr. EpwiIn BurNnup, CHAIRMAN OF THE FIELD MEETINGS’ COMMITTEE FOR 1913. Mr. CHAIRMAN, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,—When your Committee a year ago elected me chairman of the Field Section of the Natural History Society I felt they had conferred upon me an honour I little deserved, and it was with very great diffidence I undertook the responsibility of presiding at your Field Meetings. In presenting my report of the six meetings held during 1913 (all of which I was able to attend) I am able to state that we were favoured on the whole by fine weather ; the attendance of members was fairly good, but I should have liked to have seen a larger number of the younger ones present, because it is upon them we have to depend to carry on the work of this Society in after years. On Saturday, July 12, by the kindness of the Vale of Derwent Field Club, our members were invited to join their meeting at Blanchland, and six of our members were present. Un- fortunately I have no report of the proceedings. From October to February five informal evening meetings have been held at the Museum for the examination and dis- cussion of interesting specimens, &c, These meetings have not been as well attended by the members as was hoped. The First Fretp MEETING of the season was held at Mitford on Saturday, May 3rd. It was a half-day excursion and was favoured with fine weather. A party of 24 in all 2 MR. EDWIN BURNUP’S REPORT OF (including seven members of the Vale of Derwent Field Club) met at Morpeth Station and walked by way of the Stanners to Springhill. Here, through the kindness of Mr. Geo. Renwick, they were permitted to inspect the gardens and also the ruins of Newminster Abbey. Founded about 1139, this abbey was frequently raided by the Scots, and in 1335 the monastery was dissolved and the buildings almost entirely destroyed. After having spent some time in examining the ruins and extensive excavations which are at present being carried out, the party proceeded to follow the beautifully wooded banks of the Wansbeck, where many of the plants of spring and early summer were in bloom; amongst them being lesser celandine, garlic, water avens, butterbur, white and red dead-nettle, common arum, ground ivy, sweet cicely, adoxa moschatel, coltsfoot, wood anemone, wood sorrel, wood sanicle, dog mercury, primrose, cowslip, dog violet, lesser spearwort, herb caris, barren strawberry, greater stitchwort, cuckoo flower, golden saxifrage, horsetail, marsh marigold, gorse, blackthorn and wild cherry. The following birds were seen or heard: tawny owl, jackdaw, mallard, curlew, cuckoo, sandpiper, dipper, house martin, swallow, missel thrush, song thrush (with young and eggs), willow warbler, whitethroat, wren (nesting), blue and great titmouse, tree sparrow and chaffinch. Arriving at Mitford, the Vicar, Rev. R. C. MacLeod, most kindly conducted the members over the church, its fine Norman nave, early English chancel, old sedilia and aumbry being greatly admired. By permission of Captain Mitford the Jacobean Manor House and the ruins of the Castle were visited. After a refreshing tea provided at the Plough Inn, and a short stroll up the Pont, the members returned by road to Morpeth in time forthe 7.46 p.m. train to Newcastle, having spent a pleasant and instructive afternoon. The Seconp Firtp Meerinc was held on Wednesday, June 4th, at Rothley. Having to make a rather early start on a dull grey morning only nine members were present. On arriving at Scots Gap and leaving the train the party pro- ceeded by the beautifully wooded road to Rothley. Permission FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1913 2 having been kindly granted by Mrs. Clayton, they then struck over the moors. Beds of wild hyacinths were most luxuriant just below the crags. ‘The outcrops of the Whinsill, the lower carboniferous deposits and the coarse Inghoe grits make the district of much geological interest. Gradually climbing the crag, we eventually arrived on the top, the site of Rothley Castle, from which on a clear day a most extensive view of the country is obtained. Unfortunately, owing to heat haze and threatened thunderstorms, the view was much curtailed. A kestrel’s nest was pointed out just below the edge of the crag. After resting for some time and partaking of lunch, a move was made across the moors, where numbers of golden plovers were seen, evidently with young. Following what is known as “The Lady’s Walk” we proceeded to the lower Rothley Lake, along the edge of which large beds of bulrushes were noted and a water hen’s nest with eggs was found. Arrived at the upper lake the members were cordially received by Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Coxon and hospitably entertained to tea. After having thoroughly explored the woods bordering the lake, the party were most reluctantly compelled to proceed to Longwitton Station in order to join the last train, due about five o’clock, to return to Newcastle. The following plants were found : water avens, winter-green, yellow pimpernel, tormentil, wild strawberry, germander and common speedwell, milkwort, gorse, broom, dog violet, pansy, primrose, cowslip, lady’s smock, bugle, marsh marigold, pasture lousewort, marsh valerian, eyebright, knotted figwort, bulrush, mouse-eared chickweed, lesser spearwort, forget-me- not, field scorpion grass and wild hyacinth. ‘The birds noted were: kestrel, snipe, curlew, golden plover, willow wren, swallow, stock dove, wagtail, cuckoo, whinchat, stonechat, corncrake, black-headed gull, water hen (nest and eggs), mallard, great and blue titmouse, thrush, blackbird, grouse, redstart, heron and swan. It is with great regret I have to report that our kind friend Mr. Herbert Coxon, after a short illness, passed away in 4 MR. EDWIN BURNUP’S REPORT OF September, and I am sure our deepest sympathy is with Mrs. Coxon and her family. The Tuirp Firtp MEETING was held in Upper Teesdale on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, 24th, 25th and 26th of June. On Monday evening the party, consisting of 10 members, all having assembled at our head-quarters, Langdon Beck Hotel, the proposed excursions were carefully considered and decided upon. They were successfully carried out as follows :— Turspay, Cronkley Fells—A wet morning, but when the party started it looked like clearing up, which unfortunately it did not do until well on in the afternoon. Following the road towards High Force for about two miles and crossing the river by Cronkley Bridge (the river then being very low) we turned up the Tees-side and along the swampy ground. Here curlew, sandpipers and whinchats were seen, and large beds of mountain pansy, red rattle, early and purple orchis, viviparous bistort were noted. Sheltering here and there from the heavy showers of rain and taking our time, we gradually worked up the steep side of Cronkley Scar, until we arrived on the top. Here our lunch was demolished, although under difficulties, owing to the heavy rain and strong wind. _ After- wards, intent on finding the sandy patch where some of the rarities grow, we tramped the moor hither and thither until the search was crowned by success. In the grey sand, the beautiful rosette of the mountain avens, and in close proximity the white-twisted whitlow grass, vernal sandwort, rock rose and shrubby cinquefoil were found. Striking across the deep heather and swampy bogs of the moor, a very steep and rough track was followed which led down to the banks of the Tees, now in full flood, roaring and dashing over the boulders in its rocky bed. Keeping along the rugged base of Cronkley Scars and passing the old Pencil Works and again crossing Cronkley Bridge, we returned to our head-quarters, decidedly wet, but well pleased with the finds we had made. FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1913 5 WEDNESDAY was a perfect day for Cauldron Snout. A start was made up Harwood Beck, where in a tuft on the banks a pied wagtail’s nest with five eggs was found. The meadows all round were most beautiful, owing to the quantities of Geranium sylvaticum, globe flowers, orchis, birdsfoot trefoil and earthnut, &c., which were growing in such wonderful profusion. Crossing the beck, the course of a small stream was now followed, a happy hunting ground for the botanist. Unfortunately the flowering time of the Geztiana verna was over. Primulu farinosa was still in bloom, yellow mountain saxifrage, Scotch asphodel, alpine bartsia, butterwort, orchis, blue, purple and white milkwort, all growing most luxuriantly. Over the swampy ground, curlew, golden and green plovers were circling, and a redshank’s nest and three eggs was found by one of the party. Crossing the lower spur of Widdybank Fell, we followed the track alongside the Tees, until the impressive basaltic cliffs of Falcon Clints loomed high above our heads. ‘There the path was very rough and required careful walking. Passing round the screes the meeting of the Maize Beck with the Tees came in sight. A dull thundering noise now greeted our ears, and as we rounded the bend, Cauldron Snout was seen, where the Tees plunges with sudden leaps, dashing from point to point and descending some 2oo-ft. in about half a mile. We rested at the foot of the fall for some time, admiring the grand effect of falling water and fine formations of the surrounding rocks. After lunch, having climbed to the top of the falls, we obtained beautiful views over the Weel and higher stretches of the Tees and mountains around—Cross Fel], Dufton Fell, Mickle Fell, &c. As time was now getting on we crossed Widdybank Fell and rejoined the stream we had followed earlier in the day, and~ thus returned to our temporary home. THuRsDAY.— Unfortunately some of our party were obliged to leave. ‘The remainder decided to visit the Tees above the High Force and down as far as Winch Bridge. Crossing Cronkley Bridge and following down the meadows and then striking across the heather, the White Force was visited, but 6 MR. EDWIN BURNUP’S REPORT OF unfortunately there being little water in the Merrigal Beck it was not seen at its best. Here green spleenwort and brittle fern were found, and in crossing the moor some white rattle. It was a warm day with bright sunshine, and on arrival at the side of a clear little stream overshadowed by juniper bushes we were glad to rest and enjoy our lunch; after which, following the course of the Tees, we soon came in sight of High Force, always grand and impressive, with its 60-ft. clear drop and imposing cliffs finely wooded. Passing through the fir plantations, a path was taken along the lower meadows. Quantities of shrubby cinquefoil were noticed on an island, and on the banks of the river many of the other plants before seen. Arriving at Winch Bridge a halt was made to admire the fine falls just above and the grand formation of the rocks and bed of the river. Returning by retracing our steps to the bridge near High Force, a friendly lift bore us to Langdon Beck in the neighbourhood of which the evening was spent. On Friday morning Harwood Beck was explored, and after an early lunch the party most reluctantly broke up, having spent a most successful and enjoyable time. Amongst the plants and ferns found during the meeting WAS o— Globe Flower, Zrollius Europeus. Marsh Marigold, Caltha palustris. Hairy Rock Cress, Arabis hirsuta. Scurvy Grass, Cochlearia officinalis, Twisted Whitlow Grass, Draba tncana. Vernal A Draba verna, Rock Rose, Helianthemum vulgare. Mountain Pansy, Viola tricolor. Dog Violet, Viola arenaria, Sundew (round-leaved), Drosera rotundifolia. Milk Wort, Polygala vulgaris. Red Campion, Lychnis diuria. Ragged Robin, ,, /tos-cucult, Vernal Sandwort, Avenaria verna. Small St. John’s Wort, Hypericum pulchrum. Square Ay Ly quadrangulumt. Wood Cranesbill, Geranium sylvaticum. FIELD MEETINGS FOR IQ13 Shining Cranesbill, Gerandum lucidum. Herb Robert * Robertianunt. Bird’s Foot Trefoil, Zo¢zs corniculatus. Lady’s Fingers, Anzthyllis vulneraria. Horse Shoe Vetch, Alippocrepis comosa. Milk » Astragalus glycyphillos. Mountain Avens, Dryas octopetala, Water 6 Geum rivale. Herb Bennett, Getz urban. Cloudberry, Rubus Chamemorus. Dog Rose, Rosa canina. Shrubby Cinquefoil, Potentilla fruticosa. Tormentil, Zormentilla officinalts. Biting Stonecrop, Sedum acre. Hairy Stonecrop, Sedum villosiunt. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage, Saxifraga aizoides. Mossy Saxifrage, a hypnoides. Golden Saxifage, Chrysosplentune oppositifolium Masterwort, Peucedanum Ostruthiunt, Sweet Cicely, AZyrrhis odorata. Earth Nut, Bunium flexuosum. Woodruff, Asperula odorata. Marsh Valerian, Valertana dioica. Marsh Hawk’s Beard, Crepis paludosa. Mountain Cudweed, Aztennaria dioica. Scorpion Grass, AZyosotis arvensis. Forget-me-not, AZyosotis palustris, Knotted Figwort, Scrophularia nodosa. Eyebright, Luphrasia officinalis. Foxglove, Digatalis purpurea. Red Rattle, Pedicularis palustris. Yellow Rattle, AAinanthus Crista-galli. White Rattle. Alpine Bartsia, Bartsia alpina. Cow Wheat, Aelampyrum pratcuse. Wild Thyme, Viymus serpyllune. Bugle, 4 juga reptans. Bog or Buck Bean, Alenyanthes trifoliata. Butterwort, Pz2gwicula vulgarts. Yellow Pimpernell, Lys¢machia nemorum. Thrift, Armeria maritima. Bird’s Eye Primrose, Primula farinosa. Snakeweed, Polygonum bistorta. 8 MR. EDWIN BURNUP’S REPORT OF Viviparous Bistort, Polygonum viviparune. Spotted Orchis, Orchis maculata. Marsh fs », latifolia. Purple 55 3, mascula. Sweet-scented Orchis, Gymmnadenia Conopsea. Twayblade, Zistera ovata. Scottish Asphodel, Zofieldia palustris. Blue Grass, Sesleria cerulea. Lerns. Adder’s Tongue, Ofphioglossum vulgatum. Moonwort, Botrychium lunaria. Common Spleenwort, A splenium trichomanes. Wall 5 +5 Ruta-muraria. Green a5 a viride. Brittle Bladder Fern, Cystopteris fragilis. Oak Fern, Polypodinm Dryopteris. Beech ,, 39 pheyopteris. Polypody Fern ,, vulgare. Blechnum, Alechnwum spicant. Shield Fern, Aspfidium aculeatum. Malemien. 3 filix-mas, Female ,. normal ae ae a ob w. Dinychus. CILLIBANO, von Heyden, 1828. Type: casstdea, Herm. 1. Elliptic oblong So oie 500 an ane catula, Circular or sub-circular _.... 00 06 as 2 2. 4 bacillar setze on dorsum, ina transverse row ... virgata. Dorsal setze all minute, hardly visible... Pa cassudeds Halbert records C7//. vegetans, Duges (from Geotrupes stercorarius)—the nymph of some fimicole species -unknown. The name, I suppose, is taken from Oudemans, who is inclined to be arbitrary in such 44 REV. J. E. HULL ON matters. As a matter of fact, there is no such species; Dugés writes “vegetans Latreille,’ and gives no figure nor any specific character. 1. Cillibano cassidea, Herm. 800-1,0o00p. 66, 67, 68. Perfectly circular (the outline often slightly flattened in front), with the disk of the dorsum conspicuously pitted, as also is the ventral scutum. I have recorded a form with pitted genital valve as C. minor, Berl., but I now think that the presence or absence of this local pitting is of no significance. In well developed specimens the dorsal scutum will be found to be beautifully reticulate, the meshes polygonal with a pit in the centre of each. Quite general everywhere, in moss, under stones, &c. 2. Cillibano virgata, sp.n. 750p. 67. Sub-circular, smooth, claret brown. Dorsal shield divided by a very shallow median furrow forked behind the middle and curved backward on each side to the margin, leaving a transverse part behind which bears a pair of clavato-pectinate setee. ‘Two similar setee stand in a line with these on the lateral margin. Epigyne oval, rounded at both ends, apiculate in front. Ventral shield reticulate. West Allendale, Leicestershire. Usually on wood. 3. Cillibano catula, sp. n. 370p. iy. Broad oblong-ovate, yellowish brown. Dorsal shield finely and densely punctate, margin narrow. Marginal sete hardly projecting over the rim. Epigyne narrow oval, round in front, straight behind, deeply punctate. Ventral shield not punctate. In moss and manure, West Allendale. Cheshire, Westmoreland. > TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 45 4. Cillibano dinychoides, sp. n. 655. 67. Sub-circular, smooth, shining reddish brown, uni- formly convex. Leg-grooves exceedingly faint. Male genital aperture between coxe iv rather large (width 85). Femur ii with a stout conical acute spine underneath. A clavate seta on each side of the anus, projecting beyond the posterior margin. Ninebanks, in manure, male only. 5. Cillibano littoralis, Trou. Margin setate, without scutum. Ireland (under stones between tide-marks). UROSEIUS, Berl., 1888. Type ; acuminatus, Koch. 6. Uroseius acuminatus, K. 67. Cilliba vegetans, Halbert ? West Allendale on Pterostichus niger and other beetles not specialised in habitat. I have never met with the adult acarus (my specimens are of course “pedunculate nymphs”) but evidently it does not frequent manure or carrion. Ireland ? 7. Uroseius novus, Oud. 67. A pedunculate nymph exactly like the preceding, but with a pair of bacillar sete on the hind margin. West Allendale, on Vecrophorus mortuorum. Evidently the adult acarus is a carrion feeder, but my carrion “traps” have failed to attract it. DISCOPOMA, G. & R. Can., 1882. Type: splendida, Kramer. 8. Discopoma integra, Berl. 440p. Ireland, in sphagnum and under bark. 9. Discopoma pulcherrima, Berl. Ireland, with Hormica fusca. 46 REV. J. E. HULL ON 10. Duscopoma splendida, Kramer. Delamere Forest, among dead leaves (nymph). I have not seen the adult which is included by Berlese among myrmecophiles. TRICHOCYLLIBA, Berl. As Cillibano, but with large curved spiny dorsal sete. Type: comata, Berl. 11. Zrichocylliba comata, Berl. Myrmecophile, at least in part. (Donisthorpe). GLYPHOPSIS, Mich. (Uvotrachytes, Berl.) Type: formicarie, Lubb. 12. Glyphopsis formicarie, Lubb. 66, 67. Usually with Zaszus flavus. Lancashire (R.S.B.). Cornwall (Michael). Isle of Wight, Surrey, &c. (Donisthorpe). Scotland, Ireland. TRACHYUROPODA, Berl., 1888. Type: festiva, Berl. (South American). All the species are myrmecophiles, red; dorsum rough and sculptured. 1. Dorsal ridges interrupted by a transverse furrow ... 2 Median ridge continuous 300 ss 000 onc 3 2. Rim of the transverse furrow densely setose .. bostockit, Transverse furrow broad, shallow, nude... ... trogulotdes. 3. Marginal scutum interrupted in front 200 ... Wasmanniana. 39 continuous all round 500 400 4 4. Lateral indentations of dorsal ridge closed within ... coccinea. 5 53 open on both sides within we EG CAUAE, 13. Trachyuropoda coccinea, Mich. 66, 67 This is the red Uropod usually occurring in the nests of Lormica rufa and F. fusca—at any rate in the north of England; also east of Ireland, but not in the west. Lancashire, Yorkshire. TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 47 13a. Zrachyuropoda excavata, Wasm. 14. ie 16. With Zastus spp. Notts and South of England (Donisthorpe). Trachyuropoda trogulotdes, C. & F. T. lamellosa, Halbert. Ireland, with Zaszus flavus and L. niger. Trachyuropoda wasmanniana, Berl. See Donisthorpe’s British Ants for this and other myrmecophiles. Lrachyuropoda bostockit, Mich. The largest of the red Uropods. Usually with Lasius umbratus. Lancashire (Ainsdale-R. S. Bagnall). URODINYCHUS, Berl., 1903. Type: carinatus, Berl. Dorsum obovate ; smooth and unpunctured ... canipomolendinus. Dorsum wide, elliptical or oval... a8 600 2 Dorsum not pitted ... 600 900 605 000 3 Dorsum pitted ane Sie p60 Hee ays 4 Bay-coloured, shining, uniformly convex... see kramerit. Gray and dull, with longitudinal ridges... we. = Minusculus, Dorsum studded with scaly hairs ... 900 6a8 Janetit. Dorsum without scaly hairs Bae oe boo 5 Dorsum rosy pink ... ia 500 a 000 roseus, Dorsum usually brown 606 o00 Ge 506 6 Four stout setz in a transverse row on dorsum Toate! aoa 500 006 s00 000 Be thorianus. No such setze preseut 900 =. 006 006 000 7 Dorsal pitting spare and coarse ... aes ie ovalis. a fine and dense a sige ... Punctatissimus, Urodinychus kramerii, Can. 66, 67. In barn and stable refuse chiefly, often in countless myriads, like small reddish brown seeds. Lancashire. I have no other record, but no doubt it is similarly abundant elsewhere. 48 18. IQ. 20. 21. NO Ny 23. 24. REV. J. E. HULL ON Urodinychus janetii, Berl. 66, 67. With Formica rufa and F. fusca. Rather dingy looking. Lancashire, Yorkshire (J.W.H.H.) Urodinychus campomolendinus, Berl. Ireland (“commonly under bark’’— Halbert). Urodinychus punctatissimus, Halb. Ireland (Achill Island, one 2 in moss, Halbert). Urodinychus roseus, sp. nov. OF. Length 500u. Form of body and dorsal scuta as in Janetii, but cuticle quite smooth and rather glossy, and -the punctures are finer and farther apart. Median scutum with three series of fine longish hairs on each side. Genital valve of 2 a broad ellipse truncate behind, very broadly rounded in front : this and the whole ventral scutum punctured like the dorsum. Ninebanks, 2 females: note of habitat lost, but almost certainly from manure. Urodinychus ovalis. Koch. 67. Claret brown. West Allendale, usually in manure, but once or twice on damp boards laid out as traps. Urodinychus thorianus, Berl. 66, 67. Like the preceding in form, size, and colour, and described by Berlese as a variety of it. The habitat is quite different so far as my observations go. Under bark of standing trees, Ninebanks, Birtley; also in moss occasionally. Ireland, under bark. Urodinychus minusculus, Hull. Grange-over-Sands, in a mole’s nest (R. 5. B). Not very happy in this company, but cannot be included in Zyrachyuropoda (which it resembles very closely). TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 49 25. Urodinychus tectus, Krameur. 67. If this really is Kramer’s species, he deserves to lose the honour of discovery on account of his mis- leading figure of the epigyne. In our species it is narrow oval, broadest in the posterior half; he draws it oblong with broadly rounded fore margin. Dorsum ridged as in the preceding, but polished and glossy. On account (apparently !—no diagnosis being given) of the presence of a small posterior dorsal scutum, Berlese has recently (1916) made Kramer’s species type of Urodiaspts. Moss and dead leaves, Ninebanks. Cumberland (Penrith, Varty-Smith). Ireland, (Wick- low, in fungi). 26. Urodinychus [reticulatus, sp. nov.] 6504 (Nymph). 67. Dorsal shield reticulate, mesh 8—r1opu, with three longitudinal series of short bristly sete. Similar on the lateral scutum, not passing the margin. Peritreme sinuous running forward and outward, then directly forward, terminating on the margin. West Allendale. 27. Urodinychus luctdus, sp. nov. 550p. Dorsal shield divided as in Ci/tbano virgata, but by a glabrous band, not a furrow ; sparsely punctate ; two series of short spiny setee on each _ side. Margin narrow with fairly long projecting spiny sete. There are four longer rodlike sete behind, extending well beyond the margin. Epigyne long, narrow, straight behind, and tapering to an acute point in front; smooth, the rest of the venter pitted. Ainsdale (R.S.B.); female only. 50 REY. J. E. HULL ON 28. Urodinychus [pontianus, sp. nov.] | 480m. (Nymph). 67 Oblong oval, well shouldered. Margin very narrow with strong spiny sete projecting beyond the rim, 9 or 10 on either side; two similar frontal sete. Ninebanks, in moss. PHAULODINYCHUS, Berl. Type: znterruptus, Halb. 1. Marginal scutum not reaching the end of the dorsal, interruptus. aA just reaching the posterior end of dorsal Maritime species. minor. 29. Phaulodinychus interruptus, Halb. goop. 68. Plentiful under stones, Budle Bay, North Sunderland, Warkworth. 30. Phaulodinychus minor, Halb. Ireland ; habitat same as that of the preceding. Not yet found elsewhere. URODISCELLA, Berl. Type: ricasoliana, Berl. 1. Dorsal median scutum with shallow punctures 00% signata. Without punctures above dae 2 2. Ventral plates quite smooth and shining philoctena. a more or less pitted ricasoliana, All the species are myrmecophilous. 31. Urodiscella philoctena, Tr. Ireland (with Zaszus flavus). 32. Urodiscella ricasoliana, Berl. See Donisthorpe’s British Ants. 33. Urodiscella signata, sp. nov. Length 485. Scuta both above and below finely and pretty densely pitted. Hairs of dorsum as in ricasoliana. Marginal border narrow as in that species, but set with tiny spines as in phdloctena ; not interrupted in front. Colour pinkish. Lancashire (Ainsdale, R.S.B.) with Laszus flavus. 34. Sir 36. 37: 38. TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 51 UROPLITELLA, Berl. Type: paradoxa, C. & B. Body oval; peritreme very slender ~... ... ovatula, Sub-circular ; peritreme normal ... 306 we Minulissima. All the species are myrmecophilous—pink, rather hirsute. Uroplitella ovatula, Berl. Lancashire (R.S.B.) with Laszws flavus. Uroplitella minutissima, Berl. 66, 67. Whitfield, Birtley, Fatfield: with Zaszus flavus and L. niger. UROBOVELLA, Berl. Type: obovata, C. & B. Length about 500p ... bd 200 as 50 obvata. 750fL ++ wes 000 as 500 WOAH OS. Myrmecophiles ; pink and glossy. Urobovella obovata, C. & B. 67. Ninebanks, with Formica fusca, at 1,200 feet. Urobovella notabilis, Berl. Ireland, with Formica fusca. UROPOLYASPIS, Berl. Type: hamultferus, Mich. Uropolyaspis hamuliferus, Mich. 66, 67. The specific name isa misnomer. Michael apparently studied the species as a balsam mount, and Berlese has never seen it alive. I was quite sure my specimens were of a different species till I had mounted one and found that the peculiar trichomes had collapsed into the hooked form delineated by eglesew, Mite mtneyarappean tonspemspelluciad globules when viewed vertically ; in profile they are seen to taper into a curved stalk, which is indented on one side. Berlese is mistaken in say- 52 I. 39: 40. REV. J. E. HULL ON ing that the trichomes are absent on the ventral plates (of the adult). They appear even on the genital valve of the female. Nymphs—not known to Michael or Berlese—do not present any notable feature. ‘The characteristic trichomes are present but less numerous than in the adult. West Allendale, Penshaw; with Zastus niger and L. flavus. Lancashire (Ainsdale—R. S. B.) UROPODA, Latr. Type: obscura, Koch (according to Berlese !) Median scutum divided transversely behind... TAU NOUSCHLET.G, *r undivided oats 550 an Sad Sartor. Whatever Latreille’s Uvopoda vegetans may be it is certainly not obscura, Koch, and the use of the generic name here is fechnically indefensible. Uropoda obscura, Koch. Ireland (Nymph, in moss, Dublin county). Uropoda sartor, sp. nov.* 66, 67. Length goo-1,z00n. Outline a long oval; dorsum strongly arched; colour dark reddish brown ; surface slightly scabrid. ‘The median scutum merges into the marginal in front, where there is a very slight pseudo-cephalic prolongation of the dorsum. The whole dorsal surface is pretty densely and rather coarsely punctured ; but as usual there is a median strip with modified cuticle—smoother and more finely punctured. ‘This strip is broad behind, tapering gradually forward, bounded on either side by the two innermost rows of sete, and runs to the extreme edge of the scutum behind, thus including the area which in obscura is cut off by a transverse furrow. ‘There are three rows of setze on each side of the median scutum, and one * Should have been included under Urodinychus. TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 53 on the marginal. All the sete are of the same length (about equal to the breadth of the marginal scutum), stout, straight, rodlike. The under side is irregularly punctured, less densely than the dorsum (except the genital valve of the female, where the punctures are more numerous), ‘The outline of the epigyne is rather narrow oval, truncate behind, rounded in front where the rim is produced forward into a long subulate point which just reaches the sternal margin. The epigyne is small for the size of the species, lying almost wholly between the coxz of the third pair of legs. Abundant in manure. I have specimens from West Australia. Nymphs were found swarming on asters at Chopwell. The protonymph travels on beetles but is not pedunculate. DINYCHUS, Kramer, 1886. Type: perforatus, Kr. (= tnermis, Koch). 1. Median dorsal scutum without thick posterior sete... z#zermiis. 2 or 4 stout setee near posterior margin of median scutum 60 000 000 000 00 2 2. Posterior sete 2 Mee Ae aes saa Sie 3 3 4 a es Be ae sae 4 3. Marginal scutum continuous ... 300 008 . vartismithit, se interrupted in front... on: se bisetis. 4. Posterior setze less than their own length apart ... fetraphyllus. -s much farther apart... 500 ais fossor. 41. Dinychus inermis, K. 66, 67. Fairly plentiful in manure ; also under loose boards, &c. 42. Dinychus vartismithi, sp. nov. A very well-marked species. Narrow oval, with elongate pseudo-capitulum, which runs to a rounded point. It is formed by an extension of the marginal scutum, acutely 54 43: 44 45; REV. J. E. HULL ON triangular, and bordered by an _infra-marginal ridge as in Zyachyuropoda. Dorsum smooth, con- cave along the middle line, with a ridge on either side, smoothly rounded. Median strip outlined by sete. Posterior setz close together, acute. They overlooked a small detached scutellum, narrow transverse. Lateral margins beset with short curved spines ; 3 or 4 nearest to the posterior margin short, straight and farther apart than the rest. Just within the posterior margin are the four characteristic short foliate sete. Genital aperture of male circular, its fore .margin opposite the interval between coxee 11 and coxe 111. Two males sent from Newton Moss, Penrith, by J. C. Varty-Smith. Dinychus bisetis, sp. nov. 67. Very like zvzermis and similarly pitted, closely and deeply : but— the pseudo-capitulum is much larger with two frontal setee and the marginal scutum is not continued upon it; the two posterior setz correspond to the lateral two of ¢etraphyllus ; they overlook a broad indentation in the marginal scutum, but it does not include a definite scutellum as in the preceding species. In manure heaps, not uncommon. West Allendale. Dinychus tetraphyllus, Berl. 66, 67. Fairly plentiful; usually on dead wood, or under bark. Ireland, in moss. Dinychus fossor, sp. nov. 67. Much like ¢e/vaphyllus in general appearance, but the four large sete are placed as in Cvllibano virgata. Moles’ nests, West Allendale. TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 55 B.—Sub-family Zerconine. Here I include Celaenopside, Berlese, Rhodacarine, Oudemans, and TZhinozerconide, Halbert ; also the genus Dendrolaelaps, Halb. Some or all of these sub-families may be justified by-and-by, but at present it seems to me that the available material is hardly sufficient to fix the comparative value of the characters on which the divisions have been based. The dorsal plate may be entire or divided, but if divided the parts are contiguous so that always the whole dorsum is covered, and the covering plate may be, at least in part, con- tinuous with ventral plate. The ambulacrum of the first pair of legs is always reduced, but never, I believe, wholly lacking. The genital aperture of the male is always in the sternal scutum but sometimes lies close to the fore margin, thus approximating to the Gamasine position. The epigyne is always post-sternal. In the adult stage there is never any unchitinized expansible skin (except in some species of Setodes). 1. Body elongate, dorsum quite smooth 200 500 2 Body broader, dorsum more or less rough ... Re 3 Body oval convex, dorsum smooth ... nef ... Celaenopsis. 2. Rostrum large and conspicuous 000 000 ... Rhodacarus. », Of normal size see 900 600 ... Dendrolaelaps. 3. Peritreme dorso-lateral aa ae Ae w. Lhinozercon. Peritreme absent ase Bes ae 560 ooo. |) MeUG OOS Peritreme normal nee ee a 500 S06 4 4. Dorsal scutum not transversely divided tae 500 5 3 divided transversely in the middle ... 6 5. Body trigonous, broad behind abe po .. Lrachytes. 50 oblong or oval sk se 506 Setodes. 6. Dorsum with a diverse margin and posterior spines Sets. 35 with only a serrate and setate margin... Zercon. SEIODES, Berlese, 1877. Type; wrsznus, Berl. I. Dorsal setze obtuse, dorsum rounded in front ... Atstricinus. 3 slender acute, dorsum truncate in front.. fetnctatits. 56 REV. J. E. HULU ON 46. Seiodes histricinus, Berl. 67a. The undivided dorsal scutum is oblong, leaving a pretty wide nude margin (an exception in this group). Ninebanks, in manure. 47. Seiodes punctatus, sp. nov. 67. Body oblong oval, yellow brown. Dorsal scutum concave in the middle, but with a median ridge (narrow in front, expanded behind). The margin is flat, of uniform width, and bears on each side a series of fine sete. The outer edge bears a series of similar sete. The hollow part is con- spicuously punctate, but the ridge and margin are smooth and shining with a very few faint punctures. Ventral plates strongly punctate. West Allendale, in moss on the fells. TRACHYTES, Mich., 1894. Type: piriformis, Koch. 48. Trachytes piriformis, K. 66, 67. Gibside, Chopwell; Allendale. In moss. General, but records are lacking. RHODACARUS, Oudemans, 1902. Made the type of a new sub-family by Oudemans, mainly because it was supposed to havea “true cephalothorax and abdomen.” On the strength of this he says the genitalia are placed exactly as in spiders—which might be said of the female but certainly not of the male. As a matter of fact, the division seems to be merely the usual division of the shield, which is just like that of Dendrolaclaps, placed by Halbert among the Gamasine. Type: voseus, Oud. 49. Rhodacarus roseus, Oud. ¢ 385 p. 66, 67. Silksworth, Gibside, Chopwell; West Allendale. In moss usually. Rosy pink. TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 57 Lancashire (Grange-R. S. B.) Westmoreland (Varty-Smith). Ireland. 50. Rhodacarus pallidus, sp. nov. 4 440 p. 67. Translucent white with the appendages tinted with brown. Considerably larger than vosews. Epistome with a simple acute tapering process without terminal plume or basal teeth ; otherwise resembling voseus. West Allendale, under deeply embedded stones with Pergamasus hamatus. 1 have seen two males only. DENDROLAELAPS, Halbert, rors. Very like the preceding genus but with less con- spicuous rostrum, and the male has a dorsal spur on tarsus 1, as well as a ventral spur on femur i1. Type: oudemansi, Halbert. 51, Dendrolelaps oudemansi, Halbert. Ireland, under bark. 52. Dendrolaelaps bicornis, sp. nov. $2 500 p. 67. The female of this species differs only in size from that assigned to oudemansit by Halbert, so far as I can see. The male also is of the same general form, but the dorsum is excavated behind, and on the forward rim of the hollow there is a pair of very stout lateral spines, conical and obtuse. This excavation is present in male nymphs also, but the spines are acute and no longer than broad, and there is another similar pair between them. Adults hyaline with brownish legs. Nymphs and larve milky white. West Allendale, abundant under bark of fallen trees with Zerconopsis remigera. THINOZERCON, Halbert, rors. Type: michael, Halb. Halbert makes this species the type of the new sub- family ; but I think a solitary genus should not be 8 REY. J. E. HULL ON so isolated without very strong reasons. With much more hesitation I also include Celaenopsts here: 53. Lhinozercon michaeliz, Halbert. A Zerconotd species living between tide-marks ; as yet recorded from Ireland (east and west coasts) only. CELAENOPSIS, Berlese, 1886. Type: cuspidata, Kramer. The most striking feature of this genus is the three marginal scuta of the ventral surface. 54. Celeenopsis cuspidata, Kramer. 66. Gibside (R. S. B.) Ireland. ZERCON, Koch, 1842. Type: ¢zangularis, Koch. 1. All the dorsal setze similar acute... 000 a 3 Some of the setee thickened rodlike .. op0 one 2 2. All the dorsal sete thick Bao B00 50 ... trigonus. Twelve plumose setze in the posterior half ... .. triangularts. 3. Posterior dorsal scutum regularly pitted... ... perforatulus. ef Ay finely reticulate... ws caudatus. 55. Zercon triangularis, K. 66, 67, 68. General, and fairly frequent. Cheshire, Ireland. 56. Zercon caudatus, Berl. 67. (?= pellatus, Koch). Westmoreland (Varty-Smith). Lancashire. 57. Zercon perforatulus, Berl. 67. Ninebanks ; particularly plentiful in nests and runs of Sorex vulgaris. ) 58. Zercon trigonus, Berl. 67. West Allendale ; few, mostly in sphagnum. Westmoreland (Patterdale, R. 5S. B.) Ireland. TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 59 SEIUS, Koch, 1842. Type: czogatus, Koch. 59. Seius togatus, Koch. 66, 67. Holywell Dene; Chopwell ¢R. S. B.) BPICRIUS, Ciéc1b) 1877. Type: geometricus, C. & F. 60. Epicrius geometricus, C. & F. 67. Holywell Dene (R. 8S. B.) West Allendale, under stones. Cheshire, Flintshire. Lincolnshire (Dr. George). Ireland. Scotland (Evans. Also £&. mollis, which Berlese says is only a sub-adult form of geometricus. I have seen only one example of Z. mo//is—taken in West Allendale—and cannot give an opinion). C.—Sub-family Antennophorine. ANTENNOPHORUS, Haller, 1877. Type: whlmanni, Haller. 1. (2) Sternal scutum undivided wea aa 680 SJorelt. (2) $5 divided into 2 parts... es 2 2. Coxe denticulate above aoe 50 fp .. whlmannt, », not denticulate above ... ae BAG 500 B 3. Central dorsal scutum present 50 Shi 000 SRE HEPS: No central dorsal scutum oe 90¢ ... pubescens. Myrmecophiles, characteristically broader than long The fore-legs are antenniform, without ambulacrum, wholly or distally darkened. 61. Antennophorus uhlmanni, Hall. | Donisthorpe]. 62. @ oudentansit. 2 3 27a. horridus. 66, 67. 67. Commonly on Jus 78 REV. J. E. HULL ON 140. Haemogamasus horridus, Mich. 67. In West Allendale, I have seen this on Mus stlvaticus only. Scotland (Hebrides, Shetland—Hirst). 141. //aemogamasus oudemansit, Hirst. On the common rat (Hirst). EURYPARASITUS, Oud. Type: ¢erribilis, Mich. 142. Euryparasitus terribilis, Mich. 66, 67. A regular inmate of moles’ nests, and found occasion- ally on various rodents. [GAMASOIDES, Berl. Gamasoides bispinosus, Halbert. Ireland, in moss. If correctly diagnosed, this should be the ‘coleoptrate’ nymph of some species of Gamasus, known or unknown]. GAMASELLUS, Berl. Type: falciger, Can. 143. Gamasellus alienus, sp. n. 67. 2 950m (breadth Soon). Clavate setae 8-2 humeral, 2 posterior, 2 on each scutum, each about troop in length. The nymph appears to be Asca affinis of Oudemans. West Allendale ; moles’ nests, and in moss. 143a. Gamasellus rubicundus, sp. n. 67. Differs from a/zenus in size (2 800n) ; in colour, which is vinous red; and the epistome ends in two little incurved horns. Ninebanks ; females only, under a dead fowl. TERRESTRIATL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 79 OLOGAMASUS, Berl. Type: calcaratus, Koch. 1. Sternal shield divided by a transverse line .., .. tnornatus. ap not so divided ... od 30 sh 2 2. Fermur ii (3) with long acute spur ... 500 ... pollicipatus. 59 short obtuse spur ... 500 .. calcaratus. 144. Ologamasus calcaratus, K. 66, 67, 68. Red-brown. The female (of all three species) is similar to O/olaelaps, the male narrower. Quite general, in moss. 145. Ologamasus pollicipatus, Berl. 66, 67, 68. Yellow-brown. Apparently very variable, and Berlese tabulates several varieties which at present I cannot undertake to identify with any certainty. Abundant everywhere, in moss. 146. Ologamasus inornatus, Berl. 67. Not difficult to separate from the preceding; but whether it is really specifically distinct, I do not know. Like Berlese I have failed to turn up a male. West Allendale, moss in woods, rare. Cumberland, Ireland. PERGAMASUS, Berl. Type: crassipes, L. A miscellaneous assortment, but only one sub-genus (Amblygamasus, Berl—type: septentrionalis, Oud.) has been put forward, while a/festris, hamazus, and robustus are each typical of a group of at least equal value. There should therefore be 4 sub- genera—or none. gi. Amblygamasus, Berl. Body of both sexes piriform, rostrum very prominent, cuticle polished and smooth. Femur ii of ¢ crassate but spurless. Colour ruddy brown. The only British species is septentrionalis. 80 REY. J. E. HULL ON gi. Pergamasus, proper. Body of both sexes piriform, cuticle conspicuously reticulate and rather rough. Femur ii crassate with a strong falcate spur: patella ii with a prominent apical spur or branch projecting inwards and forwards. Colour ruddy brown, rather dull. 1. Epistome 5-dentate ... ae ae Aiba soo GAURI APD. i 3-dentate ... sae 000 ans ee 2 2. Patella ii (¢) with thick L-shaped process below... alpestris. 99 without this process ... ond we = CON LE. Also, probably, processiferus, diversus, lapponicus. gil. Paragamasus. Body oblong, more or less parallel-sided in both sexes. Ped. 11 as in section ii, but without the patellar spur. Colour pale yellowish brown. 1. Main spur of femur ii (¢) very large truncate .... robustus. ‘a ne not truncate 500 pre 2 Accessory spur of femur ii (¢) as long as the main spur 200 ca¢ minor. . . shorter 1c oad 5 3. Accessory spur of femur ii (@) truncate... 2 UNCLE. acute slender ... runcatellus. Siv. Plesiogamasus—type: hamatus. Body of male narrow oblong, of female rather piriform. Ped. i1 of male only slightly crassate, all the spurs more or less cylindrical. Colour very pale. 1. Body of male constricted in the middle nbc ... parvulius. 5 without constriction ... soe ... Aamatus. 147. Pergamasus crassipes, L. 66, 67, 68. Ubiquitous ; of Gamasids found at large, by far the most frequent. Var. longtcornis, Berl., with elongate patellar spur is very common in the north of England. Also two or three other forms with variations of the patellar 148. 149. 150. I5I. 152 153: 154. jis 156. Lae TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 81 spur, especially a small spring form (g 1 mm.) in which this spur is hardly visible from above. Pergamasus alpestris, Berl. 66, 67. The local form is var. alpinus, Berl. Common. Ireland, a single ¢ in moss. Pergamasus coniger, Hull. 66, 67. Exceedingly near a@/gestris : perhaps only a variety. Yorkshire, Lancashire, Flintshire. Pergamasus processiferus, Halb. 742 p. Ireland, in moss. Pergamasus lapponicus, Tras. Ireland, frequent in moss. Pergamasus adiversus, Halb. Ireland, under stones. Pergamasus robustus, Oud. 66, 67, 68. A very common species. Ireland, common. Pergamasus runciger, Berl. 66, 67, 68. Common, gregarious. Ireland (also var. armatus, Halb.) Pergamasus runcatellus, Berl. 66, 67, 68. Birtley, Hylton, Waldridge Fell, West Allendale, Newham Bog. Yorkshire, Cumberland. Ireland (apparently not common). Lergamasus minor, Berl. Lancashire. Pergamasus parvulus, Berl. 66+ Gibside; West Hartlepool. Ireland (also var. dilatatellus, Berl.) 82 159. Oo REV, J. E. HULL ON Pergamasus hamatus, Koch. 67. Under deeply embedded stones, West Allendale ; males and females in March. The long narrow body of the male makes it very conspicuous. It is extremely probable that the @ described by Berlese is not the 2 which I find with hamatus @. The habitat is peculiar, the only other Gamasid found there normally is Rhodacarus pallidus. Pergamasus septentrionalis, Oud. 66, 67, 68. Usually in moss of woods. Cheshire. Ireland (var. norvegicus, Ber).) GAMASUS, Latr. Type: coleoptratorum, L. Si. Gamasus, proper. Labial cornicles on a tubercular base. ‘Tarsi not spined. Species: coleoptratorum, kemperst, lunaris, consanguineus, fimetorum, hortivagus, anglicus, bombianus, stygius. Si. Lugamasus. Labial cornicles sessile. ‘Tarsi with at least one spine. Species: zmmanis, kraepelint, magnus, cornutus, trouessart., oudemanst, nidicolens, fucarius. Epistome with many teeth (laterally at least) 2 5 undivided, or 3 lobed, or with 2 or 3 or 5 teeth ... ae ies sie B00 re ae 5 Epistome with a long central spine ... 3 Central spine similar or sub-similar to the rest... 4 Femur i (¢) with bifurcate axillar tubercle .. = anglicus. i with undivided axillar tubercle ben (PULOIUS Length exceeding 2 mm. on coe 208 we = tmants. ap Wbatelese BMS O04 590 hers £5 ... trouessartt. Body piriform, dorsal setze thickened 40¢ 900 6 Body elliptic or more or less parallel-sided ... Sac 4] Dorsal setze uniformly rod-like 500 wee) RCOMILILELESs op short, deflexed, distally ieneeolate .- nidicolens, Setze of posterior scutum equal and similar ... tee 8 A a dissimilar (obviously) ... II Io. We 12. 160. 161. 162. OB 164. 165. 166. TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 83 Epistome 5-dentate ... soc ss og ... hortivagus, i. 2-dentate ... vie en ise .. wasmannit. “4 3-dentate é site 9 Epistome constricted behind the lobes 500 ... kraepelinit. A not constricted B66 Bap bod ee 10 Humeral spines obtuse 000 pod 000 ... coleoptratorium. “0 acute ... seis p00 oo 000 MALNUS. Some clavate setze on hind margin ... i .. hempersit. No clavate setee anywhere... ase 300 68t 12 Epistome 3-lobed oa S00 aie 30 ... bombianus. Epistome deeply 3-dentate ... 508 560 500 13 Setze of vertex 2, fairly long ... 600 500 .. fumetorunt. Setze of vertex 4 short... is ae ape woe CONSANLUINEUS. Gamasus kempersii, Oud. 68. Seahouses, on the rocks. Treland. Gamasus lunaris, Berl. 66, 67. Usually in manure. Cheshire. Ireland (coast). Gamasus fimetorum, Berl. 66, 67, 68. Common everywhere ; not confined to manure heaps. Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Ireland. Gamasus consanguineus, Can. 67. West Allendale; a few from a stack-bottom. Gamasus coleoptratorum, L. 66, 67, 68. Common everywhere; adults usually on manure, nymphs at large or passengers on beetles (especially Geotrupes spp.) Gamasus hortivagus, Berl. 67. West Allendale, adult in barn refuse. Nymphs on beetles. Ireland (Gamasozdes spinipes, Halbert). Gamasus anglicus, sp. nov. 1,200 p. 66, 67. g. Second leg very thick ; femoral spur long, tapering blunt, axillar tubercle bifid; a small patellar 84 REV. J. E. HULL ON process, and a large conspicuous one on the tibia, wedge-shaped. Yorkshire (W. Falconer). Lancashire (Rev. S. G. Birks). 167. Gamasus nidicolens, Hull. 1,700 p. 67. 9. Body piriform; anterior scutum triangular with long sete ; posterior rounded, leaving a very narrow border all round: no space between the scuta. Spines of posterior scutum and margin short flattened lanceolate. Nests of Bombi, West Allendale. 168. Gamasus bombianus, Hull. 1,500 p. 67. Found in nests of Bombus smtthianus and JB. pratorum in West Allendale. d. Hirsute with spiny sete. Second leg very thick, with stout femoral spur and short broad patellar process ; tarsus with two strong spines within, one basal, the other near the middle. 9. Body oval; anterior scutum pentagonal, concave before and behind the shoulders, with ten long spiny sete ; posterior scutum oblong, short haired, leaving a wide margin. 169. Gamasus wasmannii, Oud. 67. West Allendale, two females on separate occasions under stones. 170. Gamasus loricatus, Wankel. Middlesex ; nymph on the brown rat (Hirst). Scot- land. A species unknown to me. 171. Gamasus magnus, Kr. 66, 67. Appears to be local. Fatfield, Birtley; West Allen- dale. Ireland, in moss, 172. ig iee 174° 175. WIZ TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE 85 Gamasus immanis, Berl. 68. Littoral. Bamburgh (Bagnall). Lancashire (Furness, Bagnall). Ireland, Scotland (King). Gamasus trouessartii, Berl. 68. Littoral. North Sunderland, Budle Bay. Lancashire (Bagnall). Gamasus kraepelinii, Berl. 67, 68. Ninebanks, on a dead fowl. Bamburgh, on a dead rabbit. Ireland, on decayed fungi. Scotland (Isle of May, Evans.) Gamasus cornutus, Can. 66, 67, 68. General and common in grass, &c. Pale yellow- brown, piriform, with many rod-like sete. Ireland (one ¢ only, under bark). Scotland (Evans). Gamasus oudemansii, Berl. 67. West Allendale, in moles’ nests. Gamasus stygius, sp. n. 67. Length of both sexes about 1,100 ; nymph very little smaller. Colour of body and scuta dull whitish. @ broad elliptic oval, not shouldered; posterior scutum leaving a narrow margin all round, anterior strongly convex in the middle behind, both evenly covered with rather spiny setze of uniform length, as also is the exposed body margin, the two humeral setze only about twice as long. é narrower ; dorsal setze longer and denser ; epistome with one ligulate lobe rounded at the apex minutely denticulate at the base and with one or two lateral denticles; setz of the legs (both sexes) spinous and long, especially on the proximal joints. 86 TERRESTRIAL ACARI OF THE TYNE PROVINCE Nymph similar in form to the 9; but with posterior scutum shorter and straight in front, not con- tiguous to the anterior; dorsal sete longer, especially the humeral pair; scuta red brown. Epistome (like that of the 2) of three acute lobes, the median much the largest. This nymph is in all probability the Poecdochirus carabi of Canestrini. It travels in a fasting state on Vecrophorus, spp., but feeds rapidly on reaching carrion, becoming considerably distended. Adults appear within twenty-four hours of the arrival of beetles carrying the nymphs. Ninebanks, on dead birds and mammals exposed as traps. 178. Gamasus fucarius, sp. n. 67. Of the same size and general appearance as G. nidicolens, but the dorsal sete are simply spinous and not flattened. The two occur together with various species of Lombus, and in spring the female bees almost invariably carry a considerable number of nymphs. All bee-borne nymphs are doubtless included under the fucorum of De Geer and most subsequent authors, but the form named bomborum by Oudemans probably belongs to nidicolens, and his saublerraneus (ex Muller) to bombianus, while the remaining form (with tri- angular posterior scutum) may be assigned to the present species ; but I have no definite proof of these collations. Fucarius &@ is much smaller than the female. The femoral stridulatory spur is very stout, and con- stricted at the base without accessory tubercle, unless that is represented by a branch on the distal side. ‘Tarsus ii has two strong inferior spines, one basal, the other about midway (see fig. 37). Noe O OWT ANA w IO. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PLATE I, Cillibano dinychoides, dorsum. ” On) posterior margin of venter, virgata, dorsum. 50 8 ventral plates and epigyne. Urodinychus reticulatus, dorsum. a9 90 6 peritreme. an luctdus, dorsum. a »» peritreme. be) 59 epigyne. a roseus, dorsum. 5 = epigyne. Cillibano catula, dorsum. 30 » Outline of epigyne. Urodinychus minusculus, dorsum. sa x outline of epigyne. “3 sartor, dorsum. Urodinychus tectus, epigyne of British example. on » epigyne, according to Kramer. Dinychus bisetis, dorsum. ss vartismithit, dorsum. Dendrolaelaps bicornis é, posterior margin of dorsum. BS 5 é nymph, posterior margin of dorsum. PLATE II. Macrocheles superbus, dorsum. » , dorsum. Re Serhan tansiseien an », 6, Stridulatory spurs of second leg. 3 Jucarius 8, dorsum. » 9 2, dorsum. 4, stridulatory spurs. 99 99 Pergamasus coniger @, mandibles, fe) ; mandible. 99 99 4, stridulatory spur. 99 20 60. 61. SI. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES Pachylaelaps fossorius, epistome. 56 5 Q, ventral and anal plates. Hypoaspis nitidissimus, 9, genital and anal plates and lateral scutella. Cyrtolaelaps humilis, dorsum. Ameroseius ingens, dorsum. Seiodes punctatus, dorsum. PLATE III. Rhinothrombium inopinum, dorsum. Achorolophus porcinus, dorsum. 96 falconerii, dorsum. oA 55 dorsal trichome. 50 0 trichome of leg. 59 o extremity of palp. Rhyncholophus regalis, extremity of palp, a phalangioides, extremity of palp. Pe penminus, extremity of palp. BS regalis, dorsal trichome. 55 phalangioides, dorsal trichome. se penninus, dorsal trichome. Be pachypus, dorsal trichome. Belaustium vittatum, dorsum. 5 harrisonti, dorsum. 55 5 dorsal trichome. Ap tardum, dorsal trichome. 8 scopularium, dorsal trichome. 33 A fore-leg. <5 miniatum, fore part of crista. i PA posterior margin of dorsum. a0 rubripes, fore part of crista. 9 », posterior margin of dorsum. Rhaphignathus sphagneti, dorsum. 5 * dorsal trichome. BS a aredations of dorsum. Eupodes clavifrons, Can., dorsum. re a humeral trichome. aS 3: frontal trichome. Bdella lignicola, Can,, dorsum and palp. >» 9 palp. », wiulgaris, var. maritima, palp. ,, capillata, mandible, according to Kramer. 5 lacustris, mandible. Rhagidia muscicola, dorsvm and legs. OHM Olan Vege Lela aL C., ew Ti / eons Vat. L7st. Soc. NV. D. & 1 ue yu? a 2 oP) 29 gas %. E. Hill del. L D NEW GAMASI Pe = i \ : il A be het = A bse x ~ 1 - , y . - 7 - - 7 . ¥. BE. Hull del. : NEW GAMASID. maaseNate fiist. soc, V., D. & VC. New Sere LOA, Jb, SLL ¥. BE. Hull del. NEW THROMBIDIIDA. Die tare ee ny A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES 89 A Survey of the Lower Tees Marshes and of the Reclaimed Areas adjoining them. By J. W. HEsLop Harrison, D.Sc. l—INTRODUCTORY. The work outlined in the present paper was undertaken for a variety of reasons, but none was more pressing than the obvious need of determining the salient features of the existing Flora and Fauna of this section of South East Durham before the projected industrialisation of much of the area had exterminated everything. Of great importance, too, was the necessity of comparing the present vegetation with what had been recorded a century ago in such works as Brewster’s History of Stockton (1829) and Sharp’s History of Hartlepool (1818). When first planned, the work was intended to follow ecological lines, both experimentally and otherwise. This plan had to be abandoned immediately owing to the necessary restrictions placed upon photography and map-making when war broke out. Now, I have left the district permanently, and all hopes of continuing my labours in brighter days have vanished. From this it will be seen that, whilst offering many facts of value to the ecologist, my work will prove more interesting to the student who approaches the subject purely from the floristic standpoint. I1—GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF THE AREA. Topography, etc. As a whole, the drainage basin of the river Tees has an extent of some 760 square miles, but of this only the com- paratively small area lying immediately to the north of the river near its mouth, and extending inland to Billingham has been surveyed ; this area covers 14} square miles. Geologically, this nook of South East Durham is of Post Glacial origin, and briefly its development took the following course. Soon after the close of the Glacial Period, the Tees go DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON and many minor streams emptied themselves into a broad and rather complex common estuary, extending far inland, and including the valleys now traversed by Billingham Beck and others adjacent ; it is even possible that some of the low-lying flats of Mid-Durham formed part of the same system. Be that as it may, with the freeing of the North Sea from ice, far reaching changes took place. Owing to the southward trend of the tidal stream in the North Sea, in conjunction with the inability of the somewhat sluggish Tees to carry away the silt borne inward by the sea, enormous deposits of marine warp, which form no inconsiderable part of the sandy and muddy flats surrounding Tees Bay, were laid down as well as small portions further up the river. Aided by the impeding action of these deposits, a gradual backward filling up of the arms of the old estuary occurred, thus originating the tremendous stretch of alluvial soils now present; these are composed of sandy clays, heavily impregnated with magnesium and calcium carbonates washed down by the streams from the Magnesian limestone. In thickness, these clays, and any boulder clay present, average a hundred feet. Beneath these lie Red (and occasion- ally Grey) Marls and the New Red Sandstone which share between them somewhat irregularly a further thickness of 1,000-1,500 feet. In the vicinity of Middlesbrough, and ex- tending under the river to Greatham, these are further followed by a layer of roo feet of rock salt which, however, does not exist far inland as it appears to form a saucer-like deposit, thinning out rapidly in all directions; borings indicate its complete absence under Billingham and Norton parishes. It must not be supposed that with the cessation of the greater silting-up movements just described that the flats assumed characteristics approximating in any way those of to-day; such a view is far from harmonising with the facts. Various borings near Middlesbrough, revealing the presence of peat beds, tell us very emphatically of far reaching changes, the causes of which we can only guess at, and the magnitude A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES gi of these changes is confirmed by the presence of enormous sub-fossil oaks of (geologically speaking) recent age. Further, physical changes acting in the reverse direction from these, are hinted at by the great masses of somewhat recent oyster, mussel, and cockle shells lying at no great depth and even on the surface in Greenabella Marsh. Two hundred years ago, the sandyestuary, with the mud flats known locally as “slems,” had an area approaching fourteen or fifteen square miles. If attempts had previously been made to reclaim portions of this tract they were of no significant extent. The first really valuable reclamation attempted was that of Saltholme and Cowpen marshes in 1740, this being brought about by building a solid earth wall skirting Greatham Creek, aided by one striking in a southerly direction from it. Over a hundred years later, the erection of a massive slag wall has completed the good work, resulting in all, in the gain of about 26,000 acres of former salt marsh, now utilised* as a valuable grazing ground for numerous cattle, and in part as the site of valuable iron and salt works. Although the salt industry in its modern guise only dates from 1862, when Bolckow and Vaughan, in boring for water, struck the rock salt, it 1s a very ancient one locally, as the name Saltholme indicates. Moreover, in documents dating from the 14th and rsth centuries, frequent references point to the manufacture of considerable quantities of salt here; very probably brine springs and sea water were used as sources. Relics of the old salt works are visible on all of the marshes in the form of more or less irregular mounds which, until I had grasped their precise import, puzzled me not a little. If one glances at Hewitt’s (1832) Chart of Tees Bay, these reclaimed tracts are represented as being intersected by numbers of small streams; even at that early date this was incorrect, as the earth wall had completely deprived most of these of direct access to the sea. Obviously, for the landward * This year (1918) extensive portions are being ploughed up in order to grow grain and other food crops, g2 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON section of his chart, Hewitt was relying on some earlier one. By this barrier great bodies of water, infinitely greater than one would suspect from the chart, bearing the aspect of long narrow lakes came into being. These are the several “ fleets ” which form an interlacing system of channels so intricate as to render it difficult for the uninitiated to extricate himself, and render Saltholme and Cowpen Marshes so interesting. They are the home of countless birds and dragon flies. More com- plete study of these and their ultimate passage into “stells ” will be reserved until Saltholme Marsh is considered in detail. North of Greatham Creek, the erection cf the slag wall has had parallel effects in isolating sheets of water in Greenabella Marsh ; these, however, are neither so deep as the Saltholme Fleets nor have they lost their original saltiness for, by perco- lation through the slag wall or otherwise, they still obtain constant supplies of salt water. Striking across the marshes, now passes the new road to Hartlepool; certain portions of this, however, are of some age. For long stretches on the Saltholme side, this is followed by a drainage ditch or lode into which drain secondary lodes which in turn are fed by “ stells,” sometimes, but not always, continuous with the main fleets. When first surveyed, the new road, where it struck the earthwall, followed it. Now it swings somewhat abruptly to the east to cross Greatham Creek by a substantial iron bridge, thence traversing Greena- bella Marsh and on to Seaton Carew. Enclosed between the abandoned section and the road as it actually exists, is a triangular patch of ground of some botanical importance as will appear later. Between the Creek and the wall with its westward con- tinuation, is the saltmarsh proper, displaying all the phenomena of primary and secondary marsh with their more or less active or decadent sets of “pans.” A similar wall cuts off another ' salting on the north side of the creek, although this is not so perfect in its development, and further, is hopelessly spoilt by the picturesque “house boats” of the numerous “ gunners” who live here during the week-ends. A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES 93 Greatham Creek itself is a deep cutting (with steep slimy sides which render it very dangerous) driven through the boulder clay by the tidal drive. As we walk up its banks, it gradually assumes the appearance of an ordinary beck ; as it does so, the vegetation loses its halophytic nature by degrees, and we see instead the ordinary plants of the streamside. Leaving now the saltmarshes and the adjacent areas, we must consider the other ground included in the survey. This is that portion of Billingham and Norton parishes enclosed in the small square in Fig. 1, and shown on a larger scale in Fig. 3, representing alluvial flats formed by the filling up of the old valley of Billingham Beck and now known as Billimgham Bottoms. Here, as elsewhere, man has stepped in and by his interference changed all. Instead of enormous stretches of fenland differing in little from that of East Anglia, such formations are restricted to a few score of acres which, fortunately enough, retain to some degree their primitive con- dition. These, however, do not comprise the only ground to be studied for we have the beck itself, fringed by the many water meadows which arose after the cutting of the first drainage lodes ; all of these meadows lie at an average height of 10 feet above sea level. On their south side there is a sharp sudden rise to the 25 foot contour line along which stagnates (I almost wrote flows !) the old mill race which used to feed Norton Mill. This, as well as the marshy slopes, are not without interest. Intersecting the Bottoms runs the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway line, to the east of which flourishes a productive osier bed locally termed the “ Willow Garth.” This is of great age as it is referred to in Brewster’s History of Stockton. Portions of this “ holt” (whether by reversion or as an original feature I know not) still display fen characteristics. Much of the land adjoining the Beck is capable of being flooded, and is so treated deliberately when there are prospects of long continued frosts and the consequent skating. 94 DR. Je W. HESLOP HARRISON ON Climate, etc. As is usually the case on the north-east coastal area, the coldest months are January and February, the warmest July and August. In the first-named month the average mean maximum temperature for the last ten years has been 45'5° F., and the average mean minimum 33'8° F. Similarly, over the same period, the average mean maximum for July has been 67°7° F., and the average mean minimum 51°9° F. The rain- fall for the area is surprisingly slight, the average for the past ten years having been 24:92 inches per annum. The average number of rainy days per annum has been 175, the yearly totals varying between 165 and 214, and most of them very near the former figure. 11.—BILLINGHAM BOTTOMS. The Trollius Bog. Description—The name “ Trollius Bog” was, in default of a better, bestowed upon it by myself as indicative of the (for such a low lying area) unusual plant dominating its vegetation over considerable sections ; as most of us who have worked in, and learned to love the locality call it nothing else, the name will suffice. Whether the appellation “bog” is justified is quite another maiter, for the low annual rainfall, combined with a water supply rich in calcium salts, is not such as con- duces to the development of true bogs; the fact remains that we use it. The soil is a clay very rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates with a slightly higher percentage of iron than the usual. As was to be expected, the water content is always very considerably above the average. Still one must note that we have every stage of transition between soils no wetter than those of a fairly well drained pasture and those constantly under water. With such a choice of moisture conditions one cannot wonder at the excessive richness of the vegetation and the unexpected stragglers derived from diverse sources. In shape, the “ bog” is a long narrow strip lying just north of Billingham Beck toward the western boundary of Billingham A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES 95 parish ; its limits may be regarded as the 25 foot contour line on the north, and on the south, as a lode or runner following more or less exactly that of 12 feet. This lode, which I call the South or Upper Lode, falls into the Lower Lode, and this, in turn, runs into the Beck. Crossing the marsh almost due north and south, are one or two traverse drains, too narrow to be dignified by the title “lode,” and of too little capacity to be of great value in drain- age. Linking these up east and west, is a further small ditch, likewise of no value as a drain, but of great significance in dividing the marsh into two sections, a high level marsh and a slightly lower one, the dividing line following the contour line of 18 feet. North, east and west of the marsh, we pass abruptly into cultivated land, whilst on the south the break of the lode merely separates us from the rich water meadows, which, although intersected by the Lower Lode, stretch right down to to Billingham Beck. Winter and summer, viewed from a distance, the Zrol/ius Bog bears a dull uninteresting aspect owing to the obtrusive- ness of the predominating Monocotyledonous components of the plant communities. However, when the reeds flower, the gently swaying heads of the purple-flowered Phragmitis are not without a certain sombre beauty which becomes even striking when the reeds, massing themselves in an isolated “island” tower high above the various Funcz and their associates. Nor do the seasonal colour changes appear great from a distant viewpoint ; in winter the tall dead reeds with their yellow brown tints blot out everything just as successfully as the yellow green of the leaves, mingled with the brown of the dying tips, do in summer. But a closer approach alters everything; even the swaying reeds, with their streamer-like leaves waving to and fro under the influence of the prevalent easterly winds, present a novel and pleasing sight to us dwellers in the North Eastern counties 96 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON where reeds are very far from being familiar factors in the landscape. And their novelty becomes only the more vivid as their setting gradually passes from the gold of the spring- time Marsh Marigold and Celandine to the lemon of the Globe flower, yielding in its turn to a tangle of blues, pinks and purples derived from Orchids, Scabious, Valerians, Willowherbs, Ragged Robin and the like. These are succeeded for one only too brief week by the delicately moulded Grass of Parnassus with its greeny white, replaced in the end by the yellow of the Fleabane. Hours could be spent in describing all these changes, which I have followed week by week as the year swung round, without exhausting them, so I must hasten to a more particular description of the plant communities. The Flant Communities. An accurate mapping out of the various associations quickly forces itself upon one as being of an intricate, nay even impossible, nature, a state of affairs brought about by two sets of circumstances. In the first place, owing to varied choice of moisture conditions offered, coupled with the effects of periodic human interference in the way of firing and cutting the reeds, in many places other than the reed beds, dominant species occur in every possible proportion mingled with associates of diverse types and in equally baffling percentages. The second disturbing factor arises from the fact that the deep water of the lode is so sharply cut off from the marsh by the embankment that one is at a loss in deciding whether we are to regard the whole as one, z.¢., the MARSH FORMATION, or to look upon it as two, the reeds forming a definite element of the Aquatic Formation. Although in all probability the Reed Swamp is truly transitional, it seems advisable in view of its standing constantly in a fair depth of water, added to the obvious connection with the vegetation of the lodes, to treat it as an essential feature of the AQuATIC FORMATION. We have therefore to deal with two formations (1) The Aquatic FormaTion, (2) The MarsH Formation. A SURVEY OF THE LOWER THES MARSHES 97 @) THE AQUATICY FORMATION. The Upper Lode provides us with a closed shallow water association of no great complexity for, probably owing to repeated efforts to clear it, rendered nugatory by the small fall and consequent stagnant nature of the water, we find generally an association of the following* composition domi- nated by Lemna minor and L. trisulca:— LSTA, TONUITVOTP — Gaocoosoandooobaea0ne cad Apium nodiflorum...........0065 0 Lig (HAISTKOE, 26:1500500000 6000000 paanand cul Nasturtium officinale ......... if Scirpus lacustris ........+4. abuonbo FF No SIANTVESWHE codecdpsoocos0cc0b0K0 r Callitriche spp. ......... soouepob0Gen jf Alisma plantago-aquatica ... 0 Phragmitis vulgaris ,...... 00000000 ld Potamogeton pusillum......... 0 The Reed Swamp. Following this, and isolated from it by an embankment (the vegetation of which will be considered below), we encounter a reed swamp association of a well developed type occupying a band of varying width throughout the length of the “bog.” Viewed from the slope to the north, this Pragmztzs transition association seems to bear the aspect of a sharply defined homogeneous community—a view not inconsistent with the facts to a large extent. Closer examination, however, demonstrates that fairly successful attempts have resulted in the infiltration of forms, more at home in the typical marsh associations, even to the very midst of the association in its purest form. Whilst Phragmitis vulgaris remains dominant throughout, the debatable border between the attacking marsh and the (probably) decadent reed swamp seems more properly to appertain to the marsh, and will be treated as an integral portion of such. As one examines this swamp, one cannot but wonder at the marvellous way in which Caltha palustris and Ranun- culus Licarta complete their life history before the reeds * The symbols for frequency are :—d, dominant; sd, sub-dominant ; cd, co-dominant ; f, frequent; 0, occasional; a, abundant; 7, rare; ur, very rare; la, ld, lsd, etc., locally abundant, locally dominant, locally sub-dominant, etc. ; 77, rather rare. G 98 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON interfere. They flower before the latter commence to grow, and Ca/tha ripens its seed before the spreading leaves cut off the hght supply. Ranunculus Ficaria rarely, if ever, seeds, but increases vegetatively in a very vigorous fashion. A further source of wonder to one is the marvellous manner in which Oenanthe fistulosa maintains itself. Its first leaves are necessarily produced in water, and consequently are very finely segmented. Before typical aerial leaves can appear, the plant is completely shaded by the Phragmitis leaves ; yet it flowers and ripens seed almost destitute of foliage ! Of the association the following is the average composition : Phragmitis vulgaris .............. @ Rumex Hydrolapathum ...... r @althaypalustaSmmeeeeaecerascers a Iris pseudacorus ...,..,0s0008 0 Ranunculus Ficaria ..... ......... a Carex riparia........ eeeucen ane va Syouraca, Willamenaes, adoascassecoan oot IE) Ko WESICATE), © coacoascanctooad0080e 0 Oenanthe fistulosa ..........04... eG iteraciliseenee nou oonseh sade » Oo Mentha aquatica ..... Sad spsco0e6 4 @ C. paludosa ...... de) Sodudhjopue Gaye Epilobium hirsutum........+...... 0 Equisetun limosum ............ 0 Myosotis palustris........ seteoootsod jf Hypnum cuspidatum ......... Wa Polygonum amphibium ..... ... f Hypnum aduncum Galiumppalusivemeestaieracrertsr a var. pseudofluitans ..... Waa up pUnis MVM SATIS ae yecce eee la Aulacomnium palustre,........ i At one station in the reed swamp, a slight elevation surrounded by an intensified depression occurs; here a sub- association dominated by Phalaris arundinacea holds posses- sion. So like the association just described is it, that it tempts one to classify it as a consocies rather than an association. However, slight though important differences are manifested and justify the latter classification. The following is the list of associated plants :— Phalaris arundinacea ............ a Myosotis caespitosa ........+... 0 Spiraea Wilmariaeenesa) aes teneeee ld Iirisipsendacanusmyssse eee ee r Calthaypalustiaste.nvebweersceneataee Fe) (Garexicracilis eawerceseen , Cardamine pratense............... ff Equisetum! palustresinsssmatsaey Mentha aquatica ......0+..0-ccs0 Wf Hypnum cuspidatum ......... / Myosotis palustris,...,...seseceeers 0 Mnium affine, var. elatum ... /a A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES 99 (2) THE MARSH FORMATION. To disentangle the crowded mass of species encountered in the marsh and classify them in associations is, for the most part, beyond one’s powers owing to what presents itself to much more than the casual glance as a heterogeneous layer of closed perennial vegetation. In the main, one could describe the whole as a Juncetum, but by listing the various species one would give a fictitious idea of uniformity very far indeed from squaring with the actual facts, it being possible definitely to refer the extreme east of the main marsh to the fen association, and equally satisfactory to assign the western extremity to a Juncetum glauci. These two associations glide imperceptibly into one another in the body of the marsh, and thus give rise to the confusion alluded to above, the causes of which will be apparent when we amplify the meagre details concerning the area given previously. To begin with, it must not be forgotten that to the east we have a small detached marsh cut off by a hedge and a deep lode or ditch, bounded on three sides by rich meadows and ending abruptly on the sonth at a fence separating it from the first of the water meadows. ‘This, in many features, differs markedly from the area comprising the main part of the marsh. Jumping over the eastern lode (a matter of considerable difficulty) we discover that the Z7o//ius marsh proper is divided into two by the feeble North Lode at the 18 foot level, so that, for about one half of its total length, we have a narrow high level marsh differing widely in many ways from the more extensive lower marsh. ‘These two divisions offer widely diverse conditions of moisture, since the upper one is much wetter to the east and becomes drier as it thins out ; besides, it undergoes greater vicissitudes in its fortunes as a marsh, inasmuch as it has to blend with the zone of cultivation which, however, it does more or less abruptly. The lower marsh, on the contrary, becomes. wetter southward, and to a less significant extent westward, until the next transverse I0o DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON drainage cutting is reached, where we have a definite bank- side. ‘Throughout its southern front, the lower marsh battles with the reed swamp vegetation. West of this embankment, the tendency to separate into marshes of two distinct levels progressively diminishes until, to all extents and purposes, no distinction exists. Conditions become much drier until the site of an ancient Sa/7x associa- tion comes into view. Again to the west, a region very manifestly drier than any hitherto considered is evident, which, by virtue of this dryness, merges almost insensibly into the neighbouring meadows. Finally, the whole narrows into a finger-like angle, main- taining a coterie of lush-growing plants of even opposed affinities. With such emphatically different environments, it would be an ill-judged procedure to treat the formation as a whole, and we shall therefore endeavour to divide it into recognisable units and to point out the peculiarities of the Floras. The Detached Eastern Angle. Concerning the vegetation of this nook, there is no possibility of doubt; it forms emphatically a Junco-caricetum, although not of uniform character throughout, owing to the configuration of the land. In the centre, this is gently elevated, and from this slight eminence it falls slowly enough away to the east and south, but even less definitely to the north. In consequence, a sort of zonation of the vegetation displays itself, and as we pass inward we proceed from an almost pure Caricetum paludosae to a Junco-caricetum in which the co-dominants are the same Carex and Funcus effusus. At all times the latter approaches in its general aspect the fen associations owing to its high percentage of dicoty- ledonous plants, of which one, Valeriana sambucifolia, practi- cally attains dominancy in July in.the centre. Round this is a zone in which Angelica sylvestris and Lotus uliginosus become very plentiful, but as we proceed outward the ground becomes very wet, and the Junco-caricetum gives place to a A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES Iot society of which Phalaris arundinacea is the predominant feature. To the north, until cultivated land is reached, ‘Yunc¢ remain dominant, but, to the eye, the vegetation is more a matted collection of miscellaneous perennials than anything else. Strange to say, despite the apparently suitable situations the nook has to offer, Z7ol/ius europaeus almost fails, one plant representing the species. For this deficiency one has to blame the absence of the mole-worked ground which seems to favour the germination and future success of the seedlings. A second prominent plant almost an absentee is Parnassius palustris, but this causes little surprise when one compares the habitat with stations at Wolsingham, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Nine- banks and Blackhall Rocks where sturdy seedlings abound. There we have a light soil clad with vegetation of an exceed- ingly open character. Appended is a list of the plants found here :— Carex paludosa.. .......... oo AE (UE) diritoliuma pratense Siar... sse 0 Juncus effusus ..........66... mene ca Myosotis caespitosa ......606 i - Phalaris arundinacea .’......... ld Parnassius palustris ............ r Valeriana sambucifolia............ ld INIGITTE, SID\D> casocacdcecboop second i Ranunculus Ficaria ............... J SCAMORA, SUC, géansocooc0b 008 if Ranunculus repens ........ goa000d rr IRUNINE BVOSKORE, ccodonod0s00000000 if Caltha palustris.............- acim @ R. conglomeratus.............. tye Trollius europaeus......... One plant R. Hydrolapathum ............ r Cardamine pratense......... scooco | @ Rhinanthus cristagalli .......... 7 @BHeKUOSA see weies essisndeteeess 10 Salix caprea ...... sodecoood000G9 ur Lychnis Flos-cucull .............+ la (CaineR SADIE 6. 555 500ndc000000000 0 Lye, GUIGHCEI:., oascbandn senneoEDAeEbEoeace 0 Carex Goodenowii ............ r Cerastium viscosum............... 0 Co Svullanings — ssocsesceusdadoceo66e if Sjowaice, OMEN, agccosscsoconance a JCMCWS GIEWMEWS coccc0000004 500000 0 Epilobium hirsutum..............- Jae excouglomeratusi ne ecererren 0 Ie JORIIOSIE. | pecnensoncudeaseonuBOHOD 0 Jo EOUAGOTAWS scso00c08c0n000 Sess) ff Angelica sylvestris ............... @ Orchis maculata ........ NAGOBSC EN A Galiumiypalustreye.y-- IDIRONIEHEL Gon ceipaccdosocansdonsco r Jj. JamprocanpuSir.s:-masee-ernaezs Nasturtium officinale ......... .. a We ABIES epoeranecoccnene covsseee Lad Cochlearia officinalis ... o (on mud) Scirpus fluitans........ sae ciate umn ne Epilobium hirsutum............ oY S. compressus ..... aedeesieattee 0 By PAMUISELC cece ats Aotiagor soadt0o cdc 0 Sh SEEKS oo nocanna: raesesaeesevle Gf AtHiplexmpatilan(!)\erescsdenestee JS. Tabernaemontani ......... la Rumex conglomeratus........+... if Eleocharis palustris faceels eres ya Fe SAD CUINEUSHsacroaensaieees weit? Carex vulping) gahaqshesspeeeneieeene A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES IT5 Myosotis caespitosa.sseseeeee 0 Gticistanisystrsanseanndneestentiaes Ur Glaux maritima........0.sc1-r.00.. la Alopecurus geniculatus ...... 0 Triglochin palustre ....... Ap000000 eee Gly Geniagi uitansivepa- ce sce. ce a ‘TP, sean AhtaaKeHAD Gogeodge | AbobDOG0dRcN ur JOSE, BOVE) Gocnoonnoasnconooe if Juncus bufonius .. . ...........0+0 r Fontinalis antipyretica......... 0 ARSED DUS erste sein aieieelets=wicle-teeysstelses r Independent of the main zone system, a somewhat different association occupies a small arm sent off southward just where the Fleet is contained by the earth wall, This is dominated by a mass of Sczrpus marttimus, which yields in deeper water to Glyceria continuous with that lining the Fleet. The Reed- swamp here is of different composition and comprises one plant especially making it worthy of mention; that plant is Potamogeton compressus :— Glyceria aquatica.................. ca | LyeioaNnvey mmulinvoNe — “goedoovsdccs cdc a Seinpus maanitimusy) Je.) .-eese-=- cd Wo THSUIIEE, poo oboncnnoenooccHanD 00 i Myosotis palustris ...........0-++ jf Alisma plantago-aquatica ... / @alliachelsppasccesrssecesere: a Potomageton compressus ... if Myriophyllum spicatum ......... a Cliy.cerasiuitansiecareeeescsccs 0 As the Fleet penetrates more remotely into the “ Marsh,” it breaks into stells, some broad and deep, others shallow and often dry, and still others with a mud bank in the centre. Those perpetually supplied with water are far from uniform in the vegetation they support, but an example, specially selected for study, possessed a dense central column of Eleocharis palustris of an exceptionally luxuriant form, behind which stretched on both sides a band of Glyceria aquatica two yards wide; succeeding this was vegetation approximating that in the transition zone to the rear of the Reedswamp. Toward the Fleet, the “/eocharis merged into the pure growths of Sczrpus maritimus which alternate with the G/ycervza there. Very rarely, Scirpus Tabernaemontant plays the part of Eleocharis, and then the association is of a characteristically open type. Passing away from their confluence with the Fleet, the stells, deep and shallow alike, meander in an aimless path across the broad open expanse until, often enough, all the 116 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON water left occurs in irregular muddy hollows overgrown with grasses. Such would seem ideal habitats for Junceta yet here, as elsewhere in Saltholme, Yuncz are feebly represented in individuals. An average florula of such a grass-grown stell would be :— Ranunculus lenormandi ......... l Carexavullpinaleeeeteeeseeaeen oc UA Glausqmanitimasreeee eect ere ee l C. pallescens......... pagaoloan Juncus bufonius ........... se... la Go idistans yee oscts eee eedeeeeeeee ur J/>5 SUBS sodoosccoecoce she neean deel - jf Alopecurus geniculatus ..... 7 @ Jenvarfuitans! eer eeener cece 0990000 0 Glyceria fluitans ..... snsoneccan LEA Jecanclomencatusieecresreeereeea: vr SCINPUS| Seta CEUS sl eean aoe Almost unnoticed, the lesser stells glide into the general level of the former marsh which now forms a coarse pasture wholly devoid, not only of all salt ‘marsh plants, but also of many others we look upon as necessary constituents of the Flora of an ordinary field. In addition, there is a great scarcity of other plants commonly abounding there, a prominent defaulter being the common daisy (Led/7s perennis). The predominant elements everywhere are provided by different species of the coarsest of grasses. On the mounds, except for Galium verum, exactly the same plants appear. An houtr’s careful search yielded the following list :— Jvanun culMssre Pen Sigesssace seer ret c 3ellis perennis ..... padoosuanaod r IRs, AUCTAS conse, o> cooonaon0 ceogede0b0r r Taraxacum vulgare ......... Seay? Cardamine pratense ...........--- c Grepis}bicnnisiees sete sanders r Cerastium VISCOSUM .,..06.. sees. ta Leontodon autumnalis. ...... ¢ Lathyrus pratense ......... ....- r Primula veris........... No sep so aie 2 Trifolium repens ......+++...s0+s08 c Holeus mollisyyeeuss eee esetee ii Lotus corniculatus .. ........06 mae Ei lanatusiyiaessdeeseee eae ff RUIMEwsACeLOSaleee ees seeseneel cere UC Dactylis glomeratus....., Ps 1019 Vik Revacerosellaveerrsissceceacates less ¢ Poa pratensis.....-...... EOS, A R. crispus ....- Bechisertexapierdaneeee 5 @ Bromus hordeaceus .......... 0 CarduusmpUtanSsersceseeaecesctacte- 0 Arrhenatherum elatius......... 0 Cirsium ALVENSE) eee eeese eee s-+0 le lees Eh ecdonsnccd S ooon C. lanceolatum <...........00-- Faved vO, Juncoides campestris ......... re Achillea millefolium ........-...... ip Swallow, Mucky and Todlers Fleets. After discussing such a magnificent expanse of water as Holme Fleet, Swallow and Mucky Fleets come as a great A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES ey] disappointment. Both, although originally as wide as the first-named, are now almost silted up and thus contain sheets of shallow water standing over soft muddy bottoms. In con- sequence, they are fitted for no great range of vegetation, and even if they were so, their greater brackishness would prove a hindrance to its development. To tell the truth, whilst Swallow Fleet does manage to support a little JZyriophyllum spicatum i the clear central channel, both are otherwise overgrown by a thick continuous mass of Sc7rpus maritimus var. monostachys and var. conipacta. The total absence of type Sczrpus marttimus is exceedingly curious in itself, but it is combined with two or three other equally striking features. At no time do the two varieties exceed in height three quarters that of the normal form, and this I have verified even in Swallow Fleet where type and variety grow side by side. When I visited the main Fleets on September 22nd, 1917, the Sczrfus in Swallow and Mucky Fleets was quite brown and dying back, whilst that in Holme Fleet was in full vigour; further, although the type was fruit-— ing freely, the variety bore little, and in most cases no fruit. Of Todler’s Fleet one can say very little so completely has it silted up; and depending on this fact, it has been drained by means of a deep cutting. Naturally, therefore, all of the aquatic forms have disappeared, leaving us with the usual fresh water plants of the various marsh and stell associations except that Glaux maritima and Spergularia marginata, breaking into the harmony, form a discordant element and remind us of past conditions gone never to return. The Main Drainage Lode. With but unimportant interruptions this lode or ditch skirts the road and earthwall on the landward side for fully three miles. Throughout its length, its depth varies between six and eighteen inches. Just south of Saltholme Farm, it appears to be nothing but a ditch full of stagnant, but nevertheless, fresh water ; as it proceeds towards Greatham Creek, owing to its 118 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON acting as an outlet for the Fleets, it loses its stagnant character toa great extent although it never manifests any definite current unless the locks are open—an event of little frequency. By virtue of a slight tidal backwash on such occasions, it becomes somewhat brackish near its exit; this quality it loses by degrees as we proceed from the locks toward Holme Fleet. Its Flora, whilst lacking in wealth of species, amply makes up for the deficiency by the rapidity with which it responds to the changing conditions; it thus deserves our closest attention. Westward, of the plants of taller growth, Glyceria aquatica assumes dominancy, quickly to be replaced by Sczrpus maritimus as we advance towards the Fleets; this position the latter plant maintains for great distances only yielding, and that seldom, to Carex vulpina. Whether Glyceria or Scirpus is paramount they are alike enveloped in summer by a green mantle of Lemna minor, locally displaced by Cadllitriche. The other associated plants are few; Zz ee ~ a a y ee em a fm ef ye sly il mus i JW wroqsoay = savy sniypory, ‘yjepy usayseq jo dey ves sjoquds paurejdxoun 104 A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES L49 ar ee i +100 LEY MORE if ceSSRESRR so EGS Sa 3 ae “Sok ode hae earl a % 3 2-5 3 . 0 \ | a ae ri oa AY: : Eva! & : “| aes ies 4) ae een ih ely sll tVel aT by dhe Ld tired lh fll | e | aig [fe | ml le iy x aes le \3 i fer! |! my le pel J. | ! = Se ele Hy Sl by S Pet eke! ell) fy ol a| fe ne cee ee let “ee Fe, ar Wrssae FoR Pe eRe i] ed ey BP FEELERS tle fone |e Fd! lel = EETP Poly spl | EF ret | ig rs i Sry aan ry a 1} ! G E Chie yan eter id epee TN F* @- eee meal Pita i tl A PUR TRALRear ae Sy ae lap yal igs ris jl el « ‘ fF FT Lis ie ol i b| ne Q rae in ie x = 2 : ; = Seoem 2 1e Rie I Te Cm ae Banat Sg Dae MU : ‘i f t i A SURVEY OF THE LOWER TEES MARSHES I5! Greenabella Marsh Fig. 6. Greatham Creek and Saltmarsh with the adjoining Fleets. ad i - i ee = My BS sme com 5 j “J 7 " ‘i ‘ Toe ~ 5 appealed vk es ¥ . ti)» | * le iv. : ’ a ae) yy Teta Seva SG! ha Pi > j . . f » yr oh Th , @ i i ; ; A, J ’ > r w f ; r i 1 ' A i ii ia é iy PREV IMENT forerTOn Cr UL oe a a a a te a A a i SD eG STH DE AT TE a UL IO a ST oT BATT SR a TED = 777 a Sy oan ae ee Th $$$ =a RUGS ieee eee ee } Oe eee, i 7 ses Sy Sey So eee aay oF, VL ey a f 1/4 Vie / i f , vA i Wy Wit ye VID er V4 7 WY If pores EY) as // / ( pels NM | oD = Horizontal lines = Armerietum. Oblique lines = Staticetum Broken lines = Glycerietum or the Succeeding Association, ota qe tiene On Sections in the Lower Permian Rocks at Claxheugh and Down Fill, Co. Durham. By Davip) WooLracory, DSc. E:G:s; The purpose of this paper is to describe two interesting areas of disturbed Lower Permian strata occurring on the escarp- ment of the Magnesian Limestone near Sunderland. The section at Claxheugh is seen along the south side of the River Wear about two miles west of Sunderland, while the exposures on Down Hill, near West Boldon, occur on the hill north of that river immediately opposite to Claxheugh. Both of these areas are worthy of study by geologists and by members of the Natural History Society ; as they present exposures of the lower divisions of the Permian, of the Bryozoa Reef or Fossili- ferous division of the Limestone, of disturbed rocks and breccias, and give a clear indication of the nature of the dis- turbances to which the Lower Permian rocks of north-east Durham have been subjected. In a former paper in these Transactions I gave a detailed description of the section at Claxheugh* and while the account given is accurate, the explanation suggested is not a correct onet. When I wrote that paper the exact nature of the movements which had taken place in the Permian were not understood, but since then it has been shown that horizontal pressures acting on these rocks have produced a series of thrusts in them and so caused many of the structural peculiarities which form such an interesting feature of the * Trans. of Nat. Hist. Soc , Vol. XIV., Pt. 2, 1903. + It is there explained as being due to a cavern that had collapsed Horizontal movement was shown to have occurred, but it was suggested that the roof of the cavern had moved in this way on settling down. Howse had explained the section as being an unconformable junction of the Yellow Sands and Limestone series some years before. 156 ON SECTIONS IN THE LOWER PERMIAN ROCKS district*. In this paper I desire to add some features of interest to the description of the Claxheugh section, and to give an explanation which is more in accordance with the evidence obtained from the study of the rocks of the district. Dr. Trechmann has shown that a thick bed of anhydrite is interbedded with the main mass of the Magnesian Limestone at Hartlepoolt, and suggests that anhydrite and gypsum were interstratified in other areas with that bed from which it has been subsequently removed. This would lead to a collapse of the rock, and thus some of the disturbance and _ brecciation of the Limestone, especially in its upper layers, may be due to that cause. It is alsa probable that the removal of the sulphates would enable the horizontal pressures that subsequently acted to produce much greater disturbances and brecciation than they would have on a rock that had not been rendered cavernous in that way. In my paper on “The Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Permian” I state that sulphates and other salts were probably laid down with the main mass of the Magnesian Limestone, but as there was no direct evidence in the North of Durham of such deposition, and as I knew that Dr. Trechmann was working on the anhydrite deposit near Hartlepool, it seemed to me best not to lay too much stress on the probability of sulphates having been originally present in the Middle and Upper beds of the Limestone, until their occurrence at Hartlepool had been definitely proved in these horizons. The breccias occurring in the Permian of the North of England have been produced in various ways, among which are:— (a) The Brochrams of the Vale of Eden were screes probably * Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society—On a case of thrust and crush brecciation, Memoir No. 1, 1909, 20¢@ 1912, Stratigraphy and Vectonics of the Permian of Durham (Northern area). Proceedings of Geologists’ Association, London, 1912—-Geology of North- East Durham and South-East Northumberland. + Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1913. + Beds of anhydrite and gypsum haye since been proved to occur in the Permian of South Yorkshire by borings through it. AT CLAXHEUGH AND DOWN HILL, CO. DURHAM. 157 washed down by torrential streams and mainly deposited under continental conditions. The breccias of Cumberland (Whitehaven district) were also deposited on a land surface*, (6) The fossiliferous breccias at Blackhall Rocks are com- posed of blocks that have rolled down the eastern edge of the Reef, z.¢., Vorreef tT, (¢) Some of the breccias were produced by thrusting (crush breccias) e.g., those so well exposed at the south end of Marsden Bay, (@) others may be due to the removal of beds and intercalations of gypsum and anhydrite, as those exposed on the coast of Durham near Easington, (ec) while the breccias at Raisby Hill Quarry appear to have been produced by hard calcareous beds (bluestones) becoming changed into soft cellular dolomite (the magnesia being derived from the dolomite above) and then the layer breaking up. The last three would be associated with disturbance in the strata, the two former would not. It is thus clear that the causes of the brecciation and of the disturbed strata in the Magnesian Limestone are many, and that the evidence from each exposure must be carefully examined before an explanation of their mode of formation can be elucidated. The disturbances at Claxheugh and Down Hill occur beneath the level at which sulphates were laid down (they affect the Yellow Sands, Marl Slate and Lower Limestone) and afford clear proof of having been produced by horizontal movements, and cannot be directly due to the Magnesian Limestone having contained gypsum or anhydrite, nor to the removal of beds of Limestone, Marl Slate and Yeliow Sands by solution or underground mechanical action of running * Dr. Trechmann and I have lately examined both of these beds and agree as to their mode of formation. {+ In Thuringia a Bryozoa reef occurs in the Lower Zechstein, similar in nature and fossiliferous contents with that of Durham, and a Vorreef is present also. Geologisches Wanderbuch fiir Ostthiiringien und West- sachsen by E. Kirste, page 141. Dr. ‘Trechmann and I who examined the Thuringian beds in 1913 were struck by their resemblance to those of Durham. 158 ON SECTIONS IN THE LOWER PERMIAN ROCKS water as stated in my former paper. They present many of the features that JI have described as occurring in the Marsden district, and are specially interesting because of the masses of rock which can be shown to be thrust out of position. That the thrusting, of which the rocks of Claxheugh and Down Hill give such clear exposures, took place over large areas is evident from the sections of the Permian in Cullercoats Bay, Marsden, etc., and from the exposures of the Coal Measures along the south coast of Northumberland™®. The rocks seen in the two areas are in descending order (1) The Shell or Fossiliferous division forming the Bryozoa Reef, which runs in a series of knolls from the north to south of Durham (2) The Lower or regularly-bedded Limestone (3) The Marl Slate and (4) The Yellow Sands resting unconformably on the Coal Measures. It is not proposed to describe these beds here as their features have been fully given in the papers referred to, but to give a short description of the structural features of the two areas. The Claxheugh section will be understood from the photo- graph and detailed drawing of itf. It affords evidence at the western end of the exposure of the thrusting of the Lower Limestone (3a) over the unbedded limestone of the Reef. These disturbed beds are seen in the railway cutting immediately above Claxheugh rock. Howse and Kirkby collected Lower Limestone fossils from this place some 50 years’ ago. At the eastern end the Marl Slate and Lower Limestone are entirely thrust out of the section, and at X the Yellow Sands have been sheared and dragged up over a mass of breccia from west to east, thus affording evidence of the direction of the thrust movement. Between Y and D the base of the Fossiliferous Limestone is slickensided and grooved by being I have lately observed evidence of horizontal movement in the Coal Measures exposed in the river bank opposite to Claxheugh. + Further details can be seen in the photographs and section given in my former paper in these Transactions, 1903. *mooo W souvid rvoys [e]UOZTOY JO satias & paq }eYy} Ul puw “(Cy pu A UddA\JOq PaAOOIS pUue PoplsUEyYoI[S SI FUOJSOUITT SNOIJITISSOY IY} JO eseq OY, ‘yyevauaq spoq oY} PUB oUOJSAUMIT [[EYS oy} UsoMJoq salt oueTd ysn1zYQ UTE OY T, “*WOT}DaS ay} JO pUd U1a}saA\ oy} WOIJ JNO ysNIY} Usdq savy OsTe ABUT JooY oY} JO SIOAY] IOAOT VY} JO puv sUOJSaWUIT JAMO’; DY} JO SSOUYOTY} giqeiepisuoo W ‘gq yw pesayond aie spueg Moljag oy} pu “7y ye AN990 dUOJsaUII'T JOMO'T OY} JO SaddIg “BINIeIq OY} JOAO dn uaeip pue Xx }¥ porvoys ov spurs MOT[aA 94} pue ‘gq BIO00IGq B PU (J YOOI 10} LI 9Y} JO sossBUT pajeINde1q pue peqiny -stp Jo satias e Aq popassons are ynq ‘Aqjdnaqe pus jou Op jsoM ay} Woy padvsy Suteq UO syoor osayy, “spurs MoOT[IA ay} UO JOUULU AL[NSOUL UB UL S}SOI QUO}JSOWUT I[PPIPL VY} PUL JUOSqL 91 DUOJSOUNI'T IOA\O'T pUv 9}RIS [ABI OY] Pua ys¥a oY} SpreMO T, ‘soanssy ‘FJ WNBA ‘QUOJSOLUNT UVISAUSRIY IPP oy Jo Jooy, vozoArg ey} Jo uoniod wv Suleq ‘euojsowN’y [[eYS 410 snosdjIIssoy poppequy (+) *(Sunqno Avayres ul posodxa) “7, ouryd ysnaqy routUt Suope suojsauIr’y [[aYS 19Ao ysn1Yy} 9UOjsouI'] JaMO'T JO uo (eE) 2 "}JOI ‘auOjsoUY JaMOo'T peppoq-Aprvjnsoy (£) ‘YE ‘air[S [avy (Zz) “yoo ‘spueg MolfeA (1) ‘soInseay| [20D "JO —aie posodxa syood oly, "Yonoyxryy 4 uonses “Tg HONAZHXB ID ‘(v) Aepo Japjnog Aq pat9aod atv samsodxa yog mage ei ‘QUOSOWUVT IOAVO7] BY} UL SoANSsty (J J) 2 “BIo001g (ef) ‘QUOJSOLUI'T IAMO'T poqinjsip puw peinjowig (p) ‘JNO SpRIM og JOUULD SUON[OA JOUXE SIL sv AT[RONBUIWIBAISVIP UMOYsS A[UO st YOIA\ *aUO}SeWII'Y popped Jo ssvul paquystq” {q) ‘JOO\] 9] JO AUOWSOWUITY] UBISOUSPY SNOOJiI[ISsOy peppequy (f) ‘OUOJSOUNT IOMO'TY (7) —:o91v AVN?) ay} ul pasodxa asoy J “SOUOJSOUN'T UBISOUSVTY SNOIOJI[ISssO poppequy (£) DUOJSOUIVT JAMO] PUY 9}B[G [IVP JO sseul BNSuvny ypeuy (z) ‘spueg AMOTeA (1) —: 918 Hig puvs ay} ut posodxe syso1 oY T ‘TIMET UMOC] Iv Wotudivosa uvittIag ay} SUOTe HW puvg pur Aren() euojsewy ur pesodxa uonseg “2 “OIF _—— aa 433400! fa) pe ee Lid GNVé Sie eee RT| ‘) A] Pp y 4 "Rh TUL NMOG N Z, IN Gx INGE (‘Siig Vit Vay Tet SH? No & I. Photograph of Claxheugh looking East. (4) Unbedded Limestone of the Reef, some of the horizontal planes in it referred to in the paper can be seen. (3) Lower Limestone. (2) Marl Slate. (1) Yellow Sands. The landslip of 1905 is well shown. The house in the distance stands on the Coal Measures, \ 4 as | Dns ats ELESEA S064 LNs, 2D: Lvans. Nat. Hist. Soc. N., D. & NC., New Ser., Vol. V., Pl. V. Photo. D.W. 2. Disturbed Beds of Lower Limestone and breccia with fFossiiferous Limestone above. The Yellow Sands are sheared at X and drawn up over the top of the breccia from the west. (See section Fig. 1. Claxheugh), My 4 i Nae, ne terect te ee = a ene Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. N., D. & NC., New Ser., Vol. V., Pl. VI. 3. Grooved and slickensided base of Fossiliferous Limestone at Claxheugn. The direction of the grooves is WS.W. to E.N.E. and the movement was in that direction. 4. Minutely faulted and brecciated Limestone in quarry, south of Claxheugn. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. NV., D. & N'C., New Ser., Vol. V., Fl. VIZ, Go SORal Seis, IDowa JEW. The Yellow Sands are here overlain by a small triangular mass of Marl Slate and Lower Limestone M, all of which are covered by unbedded limestones of the Reef. The rest of the Marl Slate and Lower Limestone have been thrust out of position. i Po de eG Ce eek, oe ee 6. Intrusion of Middle Limestone Breccias into regularly- ; bedded Lower Limestones. These beds are disturbed and contorted (near the hammer). Small quarry, east of Church, West Boldon. oe Le f f 4 ie iy by ee OY 5 i heaton, WORT» Yigal amelneaiee Wl ce rkaieh | ; JN et seme tag art f et + ‘ _ rhe ts i \ AT CLAXHEUGH AND DOWN HILL, CO. DURHAM. 161 forced along the Lower Limestone. In the unbedded lime- stone a series of horizontal division planes have been produced, dividing this bed into a number of lJens-shaped masses. From exposures of the Lower Limestone in the immediate neighbourhood many feet of this rock may have been thrust out of the western part of the section, and from a study of the fossils Dr. Trechmann thinks part of the Fossiliferous Limestone is missing. Unfortunately at the present time owing to the landslip which occurred in 1905*, some of the features described cannot now be so clearly seen as when I first described this section. In the old quarries in the Claxheugh district there are good exposures of the Lower Limestone, of minutely faulted beds, of breccias, and of a very fossiliferous portion of the Reef, from which a collection of Magnesian Limestone fossils can be made. Several quarries have been worked on Down Hill, and this area affording evidence similar to Claxheugh is worthy of a short description. It is only by comparison with the features of the latter and other exposures that the details of the sections on the flanks of these hills can be understood. The detailed section given is of two quarries on the western face of the Permian escarpment near Down Hill House. The principal feature to which I wish to refer is that in the sand pit a small triangular mass of the Marl Slate and Lower Limestone, resting on the Yellow Sands is overlaid by the unbedded limestone of the Reef, while in the limestone quarry some 50 yards away the Lower Limestone is 4o feet thick. It is evident that a considerable thickness of Lower Limestone has been thrust out of position in the exposure at the sand pit. There is also evidence of movement’in the limestone quarry in the fissuring of the Lower Limestone and in the disturbance of the upper beds of that division. Near Hylton Castle on the south side of the hill about one mile away highly tilted and displaced beds of Lower Limestone occur, from a study of which it is possible to understand the way in * Described in these Transactions, New Series, Vol. 1, Part 3. 162 ON SECTIONS IN THE LOWER PERMIAN ROCKS. which the lower beds have been thrust out at Claxheugh and from the sand pit*. On the opposite side of the hill in a small old quarry to the east of the Church at West Boldon (in a field immediately behind the school) breccias belonging to the Middle Limestone have been thrust into the beds of the Lower Limestone, which are disturbed in a peculiar way (photograph No. 6). On the top of the hill near West Boldon non-fossiliferous calcareous breccias occur, which originally . formed part of the highly-magnesian limestone of the Reef. They are pecuiliar in being cut into blocks by a series of sloping fissures. Both of the areas described are fossiliferous. Fish remains can be obtained from the small exposure of Marl Slate in the Down Hill sand pit, one of the few fossiliferous exposures of Lower Limestone in the district occurs in the railway cutting at Claxheugh, while from the unbedded limestones of the Bryozoa Reef excellent collections of the typical fossils of that formation can be made. * A general section of this hill is given in the paper on the Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Permian of Durham, page 260. 103 A valuable addition to the British Lichen—Hora. By the Rev. W. JOHNSON. It was my good fortune to discover recently an interesting addition to our British Lichen—Flora. I have beside me considerable lichen-material gathered years ago, and which, up to the present I have not found time to work up. But being confined to the house I have recently turned my attention to this material, and in a gathering from St. Bees, Cumberland, I found on examination, what turned out to be not only a new lichen to Great Britain, but a new genus also, which is that of Sarcopyrenta Ny]. This genus only contains one species which is named Sarcopyrenia gibba Nyl. It is a very distinct and interesting lichen, having a sort -of double clavate sporidia, unlike the sporidia of any previous British species. Dr. Nylander records this lichen as previously found in Algiers, Switzerland, and Germany. It grows on arenaceous and limestone rocks. In growth my specimens are associated with Lecanora vitellina Ach., the yellow thallus of which must not be confused with that of Sarcopyrenia. 1 found this new lichen on the shore rocks St. Bees, and on the Whitehaven side of those rocks from the entrance from St. Bees Village. The rocks were large and flat, and almost on the sand level. I sent a specimen of this lichen to the British Museum, where Miss A. L. Smith, F.L.S., confirmed my discovery, a notice of which appears in her new volume which completes the New Monograph on British Lichens; published under the direction of the Trustees of the B.M. I may also say, that this new lichen is included in the 13th Fascicuous of my “* North of England Lichen-Herbarium.” L 5 164 MR. J..J. HILLS REPORT OF REPORT OF THE FIELD MEETINGS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY FOR 1914. READ Zone) MARCH, Tors, By) MR ia|pei|ee eines CHAIRMAN OF THE FIRLD MEETINGS COMMITTEE IN IQT4. LapIES AND GENTLEMEN, With the exception of the September Coast Meeting, which was cancelled during the early stages of the war, the whole of the Meetings indicated on the year’s programme were success- fully carried out. The weather, which is such an important factor, was particularly kind to us, and it is pleasing for me to report what I believe is something in the nature of a record, namely, that at each and all of our Meetings, we were favoured with excellent weather, and’ without a drop of rain on any occasion. During the season, the following ladies and gentlemen attended our Meetings :— Mr. Richard S. Bagnall, F.E.S., F.L.S., Penshaw Mr. W. EB. Beck, Newcastle Miss Beddows, B.Sc., Newcastle Mr. W. J. Bellerby, Newcastle Mr. C. C. Cadman, Barrasford Mr. Isaac Clark, Newcastle Mr. R. B. Cooke, Corbridge Master M. Davidson, Heaton Mr. W. Dixon, J.P., Rowlands Gill Mr. Dixon, jun., Rowlands Gill Miss Edmunds, Newcastle Mr. P. Gordon, Newcastle Mr. Newbey Green, Newcastle Mr. W. Guthrie, Rowlands Gill Mr. J. J. Hill (Field President, 1914) Heaton Miss Doris Hill, Heaton Mr. C. Ismay, Newcastle Mr. J. Jeffreys, B.Sc., Newcastle FIELD MEETNGS FOR 1914 165 Mr. John Losh, Newcastle Mr. J. Ford Maling, Saltwell Mr. Edward Potts, Cleadon Mr. R. Pyle, Whitley Bay Miss Roberts, Blaydon Mr. C. E. Robson (Hon. Secretary) Newcastle Miss Joyce H. Robson, B.Sc., Newcastle Mr. George Sisson, Hexham Mr. Nicholas Temperley, Low Fell Mr. W. Leonard Turner, Low Fell Master C. Waite, Newcastle Mr. J. D. Walker, J.P., Newcastle Rev. Arthur Watts, F.G.S., Witton Gilbert Misses Wilson, Rowlands Gill Mr. Cuthbert B. Wilson, Newcastle Our Opening Meeting was held at BarRasForD, on the North Tyne, on Saturday, the znd of May, 1914. We had an excellent attendance, many of our members taking this their first opportunity of engaging in actual field work after the somewhat inactive months of winter. From the very beginning circumstances combined to make this Meeting a thoroughly enjoyable one. Friends met at the station who had lost sight of each other for many months, and now showed an eagerness to once more link up companionship in the pursuit of their favourite studies. The weather was gloriously bright and the scenery on the west line, interesting at any time, to-day provided the party with ample material to discuss during the short time spent in the train. After getting well away from the town and beyond Blaydon, one could not help but admire the glorious array of colour on either side of the track. The earlier trees had already got their new foliage, while others were just budding and in that interesting half stage which so delights the eye. Not only in the woodlands but in the meadows too the spirit of early summer was abroad, and features which in an ordinary way might be con- sidered commonplace were on this bright May morning transformed into objects of beauty and interest. In this way, a 166 MR. J. J. HILL’S REPORT OF familiar meadow patch skirting a farm near Hexham station delighted the eye with its fresh greenery of deep luscious grass, starred with the brilliant yellows of the dandelions. On arrival at Barrasford, the party spent a pleasant hour or two ina woody dingle on the banks of the Swin Burn, after which they made their way down to the Fish Hatcheries, where, by the kind invitation of Mr. C. C. Cadman, the establishment for the rearing of trout was inspected. We were fortunate in having Mr. Cadman himself as guide, and he conducted us through every branch of the establishment, and explained carefully every detail of the rearing and manage- ment of the stock, from the egg to the mature fish. First the eggs were viewed on their trays in the spring run water ; later the frail young life was seen emerging from the egg; then in the open garden ponds, graduated in accordance with age, fish in thousands were disporting themselves, in all sizes from the mere brown streak of early youth to the goodly fish of several pounds, which in natural surroundings must be the envy of every angler. Every stage was highly interesting, the ponds containing the myriads of “ yearlings” particularly so. Here the water seemed almost to vibrate with life, and when food was thrown in, the surface simply “ boiled” with the voracious youngsters scrambling for their food. After leaving Barrasford, the party crossed the Tyne by the ferry, passing the imposing pile of Haughton Castle, and made their way down the west side of the river to Chollerford. The walk was a delightful one, though somewhat hurried, and the only incident worthy of note was perhaps the finding of a robin’s nest with young, ingeniously concealed beneath an old spade in a wayside wood. Here the young birds seemed to be in happy security, safe from the eye of the ordinary passer-by and well sheltered from possible storm. On reaching Chollerford, tea was partaken of at the “George Hotel,” where the events of the day were reviewed, notes compared, and lists drawn up of the day’s finds. Later, a pleasant hour was spent in the evening’s cool by the river, while some of the more adyenturous of the party pushed on FIRLD MERTINGS FOR 1914 107 and inspected the remnant of the Roman Bridge on the ‘l'yne banks below the ‘ Chesters,” thus completing a very full and interesting programme before train time. Flowers in Bloom. Wood Anemone Marsh Marivold Globe Flower Hairy Cress and Bitter Cress Lady’s Smock Dog Violet Mountain Pansy Red Campion Greater Stitchwort Wood Sorrel Whin Water Avens | Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil Golden Saxifrage Wood Meadow Saxifrage SS Moschatel Sweet Cicely Beaked Parsley | Yellow Crosswort Birds. Sandpiper (numerous, nests and eggs) Dipper (nest and young) Willow Warbler Curlew Swallow Sand and House Martin Blue and Great Tit Lapwing Carrion Crow Pied and Grey Wagtails Coot Waterhen Green Finch Starling (with eggs) Mallard Leopard’s Bane Butterbur Wood Forget-me-not Germander Speedwell Ground Ivy Purple Dead Nettle Horse Mint Primrose Cowslip Oxlip Spring Orchis Garlic Hyacinth Cuckoo Pint Great Woodrush Sedge Wall Rue Brittle Bladder Fern Black-headed Gull Wood Pigeon Spotted Flycatcher Pied Flycatcher (3 males) Grasshopper Warbler (heard) Ring Ouzel (nests and eggs) Wheatear Whinchat Stockdove (2 young) Wren (and eggs) Tree Creeper Tree Pipit = Robin (and. young) Swift Ring Dove Sedge Warbler (seen and heard) 168 MR. J. Je HILL’S REPORT OF Our Second Meeting was held in the district between AYCLIFFE and Brappury, in the county of Durham, on Saturday, June the 6th, and again the members were favoured with good weather, the somewhat cloudy conditions of the morning changing to sunshine as the day wore on. Out beyond the village of Aycliffe the river Skerne winds on a reedy bed through luxuriant meadows varied by marsh and scrub, providing in all a happy hunting-ground for the field naturalist. Here the river was gay with a deep margin of bright yellow rocket in full bloom, backed by dark-green thorns and other shrubs. The placid surface of the water was broken at intervals with patches of outgrown reed, amongst which, here and there, were seen just out of harm’s way occasional waterhens’ nests with their tempting clutches of browny-speckled eggs. Birds generally were somewhat scarce, and nothing of special interest was observed, with the exception of the reed-bunting with his black cap and con- spicuous white collar, and in the later day a few pairs of red-shanks on the flats of Morden Carrs. A delightful walk of a mile or more by the flower-fringed stream led to the mill, in the neighbourhood of which the botanists had rather a good time; including among their finds blooms of that somewhat rare plant in the north—the water violet (ottonza palustris). It was hereabouts also, on a marshy patch, that our botanists discovered something in the nature of a puzzle; which on later investigation proved to be one of the creeping yellow cresses, either Vasturtium sylvestre or Nasturtium palustre. Following a strenuous scramble over a colliery railway, we found ourselves in a quiet retreat by the river which was splendidly isolated by high embankments and other obstacles, _ affording just the sort of place for natural history research. It was here that a number of orange-tip butterflies were found flitting along the river banks in the bright bursts of sunshine. The orange-tips are most difficult to locate when at rest, the mottlings on the undersides of their wings harmonising FIELD MEETINGS FOR I9Q14 169 exactly with the greenery upon which the butterflies alight, Here it was we had lunch, after which we followed the stream and Carr to Bradbury, which was the real goal of the day’s excursion, where there is an ancient disused railway embank- ment clad with a great variety of interesting wild plants. After leaving Bradbury the party followed the road to Sedgefield, where they were excellently catered for by Mrs. Walton of the “ Hardwick Arms.” During the day the party was somewhat hampered by want of a definite programme and proper guidance over the district, as the ground was new to us all. The uncertainty of new ground fraught with all kinds of possibilities is attractive to the rambler with unlimited time and no trains to catch; but our experience on this occasion, with the knowledge of a big day’s mileage ahead, was rather disconcerting, particularly on the wide stretches of the Carr, where we might have fared much better with a guide. Apart from the disappointment of the Carr, however, the remainder of our ramble was enjoy- able in the extreme. The botanical finds of the day included :— Meadow Lady’s Smock Bitter Lady’s Smock Globe Flower Water Figwort Great Burnet Water Violet Lady’s Mantle Water Avens Brooklime Yellow Rocket or Winter Bistort or Snake Weed Cress Bugle Garlic Mustard (white) Goatsbeard Red Campion Marsh Marigold Jagged-leaved Geranium Wild Mignonette Creeping Yellow-cress Water Crowfoot | Marsh Valerian Wood Geranium and others Meadow Rue The Midsummer Meeting consisted of a three days’ sojourn in NorrH NORTHUMBERLAND on the 23rd, 24th and 2sth of June, with BELFORD as a centre; when, escaping the storms that prevailed further south, the party were favoured with delightful weather throughout. 170 MR. J. J. HILL’S REPORT OF On leaving Newcastle a typical Race-week rainstorm was raging, the whole place being in a deluge; but as our train sped north we ran into better weather, and on arriving at Belford we were delighted to find that the district had escaped the rains altogether. After the drenched conditions under which we left Newcastle, the balmy evening air in the Belford lanes was a pleasant contrast, and as we drove leisurely to the village, we conjured up all sorts of pleasant possibilities for the days to come. The first day was devoted to Spindleston and neighbour- hood. Warren Mill nestling at the corner of the peaceful bay, the bridge, the rippling burn with its darting trout, the rugged crag of Spindleston towering from a base of close-clad wood, all combine in forming a most charming picture. From the tops of the crags an extensive view is obtained, with Holy Island away in the north, like a jewel set in an ever-changing sea. Leaving the beetling crag of Spindleston with its clamouring daws, the party wended their way homewards by the fields, passing the stately Hall of Belford in its woods and parks; thence by a quiet meadow stream decked with silver-flowered cress and yellow flag, and so on to the village while the black- bird sang his mellow evensong. The programme for the second day included Ross Links, ‘Budle Bay, and the heights of Chesterhill, and although perhaps not quite so picturesque as Spindleston the ground was highly interesting, and produced a number of welcome additions to the botanist’s list. That corner of coast by the bents of Ross and the flats of Budle Bay, though wild and weird, is a fine setting for the bird life of the district. Here the party were treated as unwelcome intruders, and the scolding note of the disturbed redshank, the pipe of the ring plover,, and the wail of the uneasy lapwing were a constant accompaniment until the party were well beyond the jealously-guarded haunts of these wary birds. The mellow pipe of the curlew was heard on every hand as FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1914 bq ss small parties settled down to probe the soft ooze by the margin of the bay ; out on the water a number of gulls were resting, and every now and again a group of shell-duck would rise and file out to sea with their clean-cut plumage flashing in the sun. . By special permission, the party were enabled to spend the third day in the neighbourhood of Craggyhall and Swinhoe, a country presenting a most delightful variety of field, wood. lake and crag. The Lake with its sun-lit waters and encircling woods was the centre of attraction, and here the hours sped pleasantly along. On the waters’ surface the white lilies lav open to the sun; by the margin the rosy flower-spikes of the amphibious persicaria stood bravely amid its floating leaves, the ruddy flowered marsh cinquefoil flourished on the banks, and a profusion of other plants bloomed and fruited in all directions. The crags were ablaze with the purple bell heather or fine-leaved heath, enlivened with the brilliant yellow flowers of the rock-rose. Ripened gorse-pods crackled in the sun, and butterflies, tiny heaths and blues, flitted here and there. Over a moory spot close by an anxious curlew hovered and piped to its young, and a little search revealed the long-legged youngsters striding away to security. At the close of day, in the cool rooms of the ‘ Blue Bell Inn,” Belford, where the party were excellently catered for, notes were compared, specimens identified, and the three days’ list drawn up, which in addition to the commoner finds, included :— Plants. Watercress Smooth Heath Bedstraw Acrid Buttercup Stonecrop Goatweed Field Madder Greater Celandine Nipplewort Meadow Vetchling | Yarrow ‘Tufted Vetch | Kyebright Bush Vetch Wild Sage Woundwort Scorpion Grass Bugloss Coinfrey Mallow Sea Milkwort Sow Thistle Seaside Plantain ~I LS) MURS So. Ue HILL'S REPORT OF Hemlock and Sea Storksbill Herb Robert White and Bladder Campion Red Campion (masses) Dog Rose (masses) Wild Thyme Tormentil Yellow Iris Dyer’s Rocket Hop Trefoil Fumitory Scurvy Grass Dyer’s Weed Wild Pansy Milkwort (blue, white and variegated) Corn Spurrey Prickly Saltwort Dwarf-tufted Centaury Seaside Sandwort Spurrey Greater, Lesser and Wood Stitchworts Goatsbeard Black Medick Silver-weed Glasswort Wheatear Whinchat Blue Tit Rook Jackdaw Carrion Crow Curlew Redshank Ring Plover Dunlin Lapwing Skylark Meadow Pipit Yellow Bunting Black-backed Gull Birds. Sweet Gale or Bog Mvyrtie Burweed Marsh Cinquefoil Scarlet Pimpernel Yellow Pimpernel Amphibious Persicaria White Water Lily Water Crow Foot Speedwell Mountain Veronica Foxglove Herb Bennet Sweet Briar Square-stalked St. John’s Wort Wood Sage Rock Rose Sun Spurge Wormwood Wood Sanicle Early Spring Orchis Ivy-leaved Toadflax Marestail White Field Pansy Juniper Wood Geranium Black-headed Gull Mallard Shellduck Owl Corncrake Waterhen Coot Sandpiper Rockdove Wood-pigeon Sparrowhawk Heron Magpie Pied Wagtail FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1914 172 Our Field Section was courteously invited by the Vale of Derwent Field Club to join them in their Meeting at BLANCHLAND on Saturday, July 11th, and a few of our members availed themselves of the opportunity to visit this interesting neighbourhood. The drive was of course one of the chief features of the day, but although enjoyable in the extreme it did not afford much opportunity for close field work, except at those points where the party were compelled to alight to relieve the horses at the heavy hills. Perhaps the most successful collector during the day was one of our entomologists, who simply revelled in the wide stretches of moor, beating here and there with his net, and capturing all sorts of unexpected specimens. So interested did our friend become on these little by-excursions, that eventually the party lost him altogether and he had to complete the distance to Blanchland on foot, while the remainder of us proceeded by brake in the orthodox manner, On our return journey from Blanchland, a pleasant incident at Edmond Byers might be noted. Here we met quite unexpectedly little Miss Mamie Richardson, aged 12 years, who a short time previously had submitted to our Society a notable nature essay, accompanied by wonderful drawings, for which she was awarded the Hancock Junior Prize. ‘To-day at Edmond Byers her father showed us a further collection of recent drawings executed by her, from subjects taken locally in the moors and by-ways; and these works certainly reflected the greatest credit upon the young artist, both in the matter of line and sense of colour. Our Fourth Meeting was held on the 15th July at Howewns’ GILL, county Durham, when we were fortunate in having as our guide the Rev. Arthur Watts, F.G.S., who has made a special study of the district. The beginning of our walk led through the works-grounds of the Consett Iron Company, which, though unattractive from a naturalist’s point of view, were interesting in other ways. Just before leaving the grimy precincts of the works, we had a pleasant 174 MR. J. J. HILL’S REPORT OF surprise in the discovery of a huge bed of viper’s bugloss on the cindery waste of a railway embankment. The plants were at their very best, the striking blue of the blooms arresting one’s attention from a considerable distance. Just a little way from here our route led us through a sheltered railway cutting, which was profusely clad with a variety of wild flowers which thrived in the shelter of the deep banks. In addition to many common plants, there were one or two species of St. John’s wort, and a patch of an unusual convolvulus with small white flowers. Following the railway track we arrived at the viaduct which spans the head of Howens’ Gill, and from the rail level of which a most charming view of the countryside is obtained. From this point of vantage the history of the Gill was explained by Mr. Watts, who described the leading features and outlined the geological history from the glacial periods onwards, giving a most lucid account of how the various strata had been formed and how the retreating ice had left a deposit of some 4o feet or more of alluvium in the bed of the now deserted watercourse. He explained how stones of such widely different character as the Cheviot porphyry and the Shap and Criffel granites were borne by the moving ice from different directions and left as a deposit when the ice receded, and how the then river in the Gill was fed by the melting ice in the highlands until a later time when the Derwent Valley became the natural channel for draining the area, and the ancient river in the Gill ceased to exist. Leaving the railway track we wound our way down the steep slopes of the Dene, and finding a shaded spot in the shadow of the great piers of the bridge, rested awhile. Here Mr. Watts gave us the history and a number of interesting details connected with the erection of this noble viaduct. One of the outstanding features from a constructional point of view is the successful use of the inverted arch in the foundations of the piers. By this means the stupendous load of the bridge is taken and distributed over a great area, in a FIELD MERTINGS FOR 1914 175 manner admirably adapted for binding together the whole foundation, correcting eccentric stresses, and dispersing the weight uniformly over the soft deposit of alluvium below. Standing about a quarter of a mile from the bridge, one obtains an admirable view of the structure, which is graceful in the extreme, spanning the Dene with thirteen arches at a maximum height of some 150 feet from rail level to the bed of the Gill. A short stroll from the Viaduct brought us to the Caves, which are really old quarries worked from the face, but which in their decay and rustic setting, have all the beauty of natural caves. Down in the depths of the Gill there was a noticeable change in temperature from the highlands above, and this, due to the shelter afforded by the winding banks, partly explains the profusion of wild plants for which the Gill is famous. In parts it is a veritable garden, the marshy bed luxuriant with a multitude of tall grasses, meadowsweet and ragged-robin ; the hidden runner silvered with the white blooms of cress and bedstraw; the broader stream tinkling over a gravel bed with the bright yellow mimulus nodding on its half dry margin: all enfolded and sheltered by the high wooded slopes of the Dene. Gradually as we emerged from the deep-cleft Dene into the gentle wealds of more open country, we were able to appreciate Mr. Watts’ description of the ancient river, the now dry bed of which was easily discernible. Hereabouts was plenty to engage the attention of the botanist, from the sub- stantial rich blooms of the marsh cinquefoil in the hollows, to the delicate flowers of cow-wheat on the banks. ‘The pro- ceedings were enlivened by a spice of adventure, for the regular foot tracks were obliterated by the luxuriant greenery ; and it was not without sundry wadings through marsh and leapings over streams, that we were able finally to recover the beaten track of the ordinary pedestrian. In the meadows, a pleasant diversion was afforded by the tracking of one or two redstarts among the thorns, while one 176 MR. J. Je HILL'S REPORT OF of our party attempted a little primitive trout-fishing with his hands among the boulders of the shallow stream. Leaving the meadow-lands we passed the old mill, and so on to the highway. After tea, Mr. Watts exhibited two remarkable prehistoric weapons of the Stone Age, an axe-head and a hammer-head, which had been discovered during recent excavations in the neighbourhood ; and an instructive account followed by general discussion brought a most successful meeting to a close. The finds of the day were :— Plants in Bloom. Milkwort Goatsbeard Ragged Robin Mouse-eared Hawkweed Bladder and White Campion Nipplewort Lesser Stitchwort ‘Tansy Wall Lettuce Golden Rod Common and Marsh Ragwort Cathartic Flax Wood Geranium Herb Robert Kidney Vetch Ox-eye Daisy Tufted Vetch Harebell Hop Trefoil Small White-flowered Meadow-sweet Bindweed Marsh Cinquefoil Cow-wheat Great Burnet Knotted Figwort Lesser Willow Herb Enchanter’s Nightshade White Heath Bedstraw Water Bedstraw Yellow Bedstraw Greater Valerian Field Scabious Small Scabious Carrion Crow IXestrel Grey Wagtail Jay Willow Warbler Birds. Yellow Mimulus Foxglove Wood Sage Self-heal Viper’s Bugloss Yellow Pimpernel Spotted Orchis Yellow-hammer Blue Tit Missel Thrush Redstart FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1914 177 Butterflies and Moths. Meadow Brown Spotted Burnet (numerous) Small Blue Brimstone Moth Tortoise-shell Sweep Cabbage White Hawk Moth Yellow Underwing The Closing Outdoor Meeting of the Session was held on Wednesday, October 7th, in the neighbourhood of BAMBuRGH, where the party were again favoured with fine weather. Starting from Belford station, the first mile or so of the road was quickly covered, and Waren Mill reached well before noon. The hamlet here, always a restful spot, was particularly so on this quiet October morning, and a long pause was made at the bridge, from which was viewed that picturesque corner of the burn where it winds past the mill and the old boats, away over the broad flats of Budle Bay. Birds were plentiful, and the tide being low, an excellent opportunity was afforded the party of examining at close range a variety of sea and shore birds, mingled with the waterhen and other familiar forms of the burn side. Leaving the highway beyond the mill, the south shore of the Bay was skirted, and a number of interesting finds noted. Far out on the mud flats groups of birds kept coming and going, and although most of these were out of range of the field-glass, yet the conspicuous shellduck was easily dis- tinguishable among the number. Nearer at hand on the ooze were numbers of gulls with a sprinkling of waders and wheeling groups of restless dunlin; and it was here that the find of the day, a pomatorine skua, was made. Well out of harm’s way stood a lonely group of heron spaced at almost regular intervals, erect and motionless, like so many sentinels on guard. Rounding the rocky point that divides the shaly shore of Budle Bay from the firm sands of the coast proper, the party were fortunate in catching both tide and sun at a happy stage for displaying the beauties of the place. Fringed by golden sand, the quiet river merged into the livelier waters of the sea ; - 178 MR. J. J. HILL'S REPORT OF dark greens and blues mingled with the whites of the breakers, and the bright sun of noon tempered by a slight haze, gave a delightful opalescence to the picture. Within the bar on the deep water of the river, a cormorant fished ; and just outside beyond the breakers a number of gannets ranged and dived for their prey, emerging from the water with their dripping plumage flashing brilliantly white in the sun. Along the rocky part of the coast approaching Bamburgh, several groups of eiders were seen close to the shore, and further out a number of other duck, including scoter. On the inner fringe of the rocks an occasional wagtail was seen, together with a few stonechats in their handsome array of chestnut and black. Just on entering Bamburgh, the discovery of masses of an unusual plant in full bloom on the dunes somewhat non- plussed us. One’s first impression was that the plants might have been escapes from a neighbouring garden ; and although our botanists were unable to determine the origin of the plants, they were satisfied in identifying them as soap-wort, Saponaria officinalis. Only a short halt was made at Bamburgh, after which the party crossed the sand-dunes, and regaining the shore traversed the firm stretch of sands to Seahouses, where en route numerous flocks of autumn shore birds were encountered, wheeling and settling in their characteristic fashion just a little way ahead of the wayfarer. Seahouses reached, tea was partaken of at Mrs. Cuthbert- son’s, the events of the day reviewed, and a pleasant Meeting brought to a close. Birds. The birds noted were :— Waterhen Herring Gull Coot Pomatorine Skua Redshank Shellduck Curlew Eider Lapwing Scoter FIELD MEBTINGS FOR 1914 179 Oyster-catcher Kook Dunlin | Jackdaw Ring Plover Heron Turnstone | Cormorant Godwit | Gannet Knot | Rock Pipit Kittiwake | Stonechat Black-headed Gull Pied Wagtail Black-backed Gull | Wren Plants tn Bloom. The flowers noted were : — Sow Thistle | Yarrow Hogweed | Sea Aster White Nettle Sea Sandwort Spurrey Red Campion Ragwort White Campion Rough Hawkbit Hedge Woundwort Sheep’s Bit Scabious Common Veronica Scurvy Grass IXnapweed Centaury Mugwort Soapwort Viper’s Bugloss Sea Buckthorn, in fruit. In addition to our Outdoor Summer Meetings, we have held informal “ Round Tables” during the winter at the Museum on the last Wednesday evening of each month. ‘The object of these meetings 1s to provide members with an opportunity for exchanging notes and discussing field matters of current interest, the intention also being that members should, it possible, bring some object of interest upon which to base the evening’s discussion. I think the idea of the Winter Evening “Round Table” is capable of still further development, and I hope we shall have a more numerous attendance as time goes on. This report would not be complete without reference to the work of our excellent Secretary, Mr. C. E. Robson, upon whom falls the whole of the administrative work of our Field Section, namely, negotiations for permission to visit the various places, arrangements for trains and teas, circulars and the like. As your chairman for the year, therefore, I would here place on imeXe) FIELD MERTINGS FOR I914. record our sincere appreciation of the courteous and ever- attentive services of our esteemed Secretary, Mr. Robson. I believe it is customary fora Field President at the con- clusion of his year of office to offer in his report any suggestion which he may consider useful for the general welfare of the Field Section of the Society. In matters of programme, system, or routine, I have nothing to add to what my predecessors in office have already set forth; but I think that the question of membership, and the source from which we expect to recruit new members is one that is worth some consideration. True naturalists do not compose a very large section of the community, and one rarely discovers a ‘ grown-up” who makes an enthusiastic supporter of our Society, unless that ‘‘ grown-up” has, in his youth, been in some way associated with the study of natural history. It seems to me, therefore, that to ensure the success of our Society in the years to come, we ought to offer some encouragement to the young people of to-day, who in the natural course of things will become the members of to-morrow. Let us invite them to our Field Meetings occasionally, give them opportunity— opportunity which might reveal qualities which in course of time would develop to their own good, and fit them for useful membership of our Society in the days to come. I should be very sorry indeed to introduce anything in the way of an innovation which might disturb the more quiet proceedings of the “ grown-ups”; but I think it quite possible to encourage the young folk a little without interfermg with the regular programme of the older members. _ For instance, we might have one or two additional outdoor meetings in the summer, say on Saturday afternoons, when it would be under- stood that the young folk were especially welcome. These could be held at short inexpensive distances, and I venture to predict that not only would such meetings be of the greatest value to juniors, but that they would give peculiar pleasure to many of our older members, who, in turning awhile with the young people to the simpler stages of nature study, would revive many pleasant reminiscences of their own youth, . CONTENTS. PAGE Report on the Field Meetings of the Natural History Society for 1913, By EDWIN BURNUP ..,. ers fas a, via I Terrestrial Acari of the Tyne Province. By THE REy. J. E. HULL, M.A. (Plates I, II, and III.) Fe as fe ane Le A Survey of the Lower Tees Marshes and of the Reclaimed Areas adjoining them. By J. W. Hestop Harrison, D.Sc. (Figs, I'toVIT) =... a 6 tee he ree oh ene pe OO aaa - On Sections in the Lower Permian Rocks at Claxheugh and Down Hill, Co. Durham. (Plates IV, V, Vi, and VII.) ... Pepe A Valuable Addition to the British Lichen—Flora. By THE Rey. W. JOHNSON =e we se Ste 3 Ppa (oe) Report on the Field Meetings of the Natural History Society for LOIAS DY soe tethers ope aa Fas acs poe eR OH Report of the Natural History Society for 1913-14 ... «.. ee i Report of the Natural History Society for 1914-15 a ce xxx The volumes of the present and preceding series of Transactions may be obtained through the publishers, or direct from the Hon. Secretaries, Hancock Museum, Barras Bridge, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Where brevity is desired in directing exchanges, etc., the following is a sufficient address : NATURAL History SOCIETY, NEWCASTLE-ON* TYNE, ENGLAND, PRINTED BY J. KEI, AND CO., RAILWAY LANE, PILGRIM STREET, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOIE!Y,, Maing j = On oat | NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. (Newr Series.) VOR. V.-—PAR EM. LONDON : “WILLIAMS anp NORGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, 1921. Price Six Shillings. — THE SIPHONAPTERA OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM 181 The Siphonaptera (Fleas) of Northumberland and Durham. By RicHArRD S. BAGNALL, F.L.S. a. General and Historical sie iy A 55) JO WS 6, Literature o08 ee neo 508 be Axe #. Records of our Local Fleas .., 500 p. 190. a@. GENERAL AND HISTORICAL. The flea, as a type of insect, is perhaps more familiar to the non-entomological public than members of any other obscure group. Moths have continually been misnamed butterflies, and butterflies and caddis-flies loosely called moths; the loathsome cockroach, belonging to the Order Orthoptera, is > covers a widely known as a beetle, whilst the name ‘ bug multitude of sins. But the flea is known as a flea throughout the country ; therefore a general description is unnecessary, the name alone conjuring up the image to the reader. Recent researches, however, have shown that fleas are very important insects indeed, bearing, as they do, a large and unenviable part in. the carrying and dispersion of the Bubonic Plague bacillus.* So we must raise the creature’s status, and lift it beyond the pale of unseemly merriment and indelicate jokes ! Some years ago I attempted to lay the foundations ofa catalogue of our local species. Until 1911, when I received the warm co-operation of my friend Mr. Wm. Hall of Fatfield, * There were 7,000,000 deaths between 1896 and 1911 from bubonic plague in India alone. 182 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA my collecting was of a very haphazard nature, but in*that year great strides were made and the following records will show how much I am indebted to Mr. Hall for his enthusiastic collaboration. I am also very grateful to other friends, whose names appear in the following list, for the trouble they have taken in forwarding me material in the shape of mammals and birds or their nests and occasionally tubes of fleas. Such assistance 1 am glad to say has swollen our list appreciably ; without it Ceratophyllus columbe and the two bat fleas Lschnopsyllus octactenus and JL. simplex would not have been known to us. For various reasons my list was never published, and in going over these old records in preparing them for pub- lication my mind dwells upon the many pleasant excursions I made in search of fleas and other ecto-parasites ; to the Farne Islands with Messrs. Gill and Hall, under Mr. Paynter’s kindly guidance and hospitality, and later with members of our Natural History Society ; to Bradbury with Messrs. Gill, Wallace and E. L. Turner in search of moles’ nests which we brought home in sacks to the distress of my household, and to Stocksfield with Mr. Walton, and Corbridge with Mr. Walton Lee in quest of house martins’ nests and bats. And lastly and more recently, a visit to Mr. George Bolam at Alston, where we examined some living examples of the whiskered bat for its treasures. Here I should also gratefully acknowledge the, numerous parcels of moies’ nests that Mr. Noble so kindly collected for me in the Irthing district. At this time there was no comprehensive literature on the subject, only odd papers in various entomological magazines, etc., and mostly from the pen of the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, the chief authority on the S7phonapfera ; and the whole of my material has been very kindly examined and identified by Mr. Rothschild. Without his help and friendly encouragement this work could never have been undertaken, and I am grateful to an extent that is difficult toexpress but which I feel sure he will realize, for his unfailing patience and courtesy in dealing with my material. OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM 133 b. LrreRAYTURE. Now things are changed. Mr. Rothschild has published a “Synopsis of the British Siphonaptera ” in the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine” (1915, pp. 49-112) with very useful tables and 8 plates; Mr. Harold Russell has published in the “Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature” series aevolumenventitied) “Ihe HleaZ (rom), and) Mr.) James Waterston is responsible for a brochure published by the British Museum (1916) on ‘Fleas as a Menace to Man and Domestic Animals, their life-history, habits and control.” For a student of the plague flea the researches of Bacot and Martin (which one feels will be regarded as classic) will be found in the Journal of Hygiene. ¢. BUBONIC PLAGUE. Waterston’s brochure epitomises these researches, and though the literature above cited is accessible to all, I make no excuse in quoting him as follows : — “The greatest danger of the flea’s attack, however, is that through it plague may be contracted. Bubonic plague is a kind of blood poisoning, characterised, among other features, by an enlargement of the glands (buboes). This disease, caused by the presence of a specific organism (Bacillus pestis) in the victim’s blood, is more or less always to be found in certain parts of the world. From these regions, underconditions as yet imperfectly understood, plague becomes virulent and spreads over the world (e.g., 1894-1900). Rats and fleas are the chief factors in the propagation of the disease, the insects conveying plague from rat to rat, and from rat to man. While it is impossible to give here the detailed evidence on which these statements rest, one may state shortly the ways in which the plague bacillus is con- veyed by the flea. The problem has proved to be by no means a simple one. (1) Arguing from the analogy of malaria, etc., the earliest efforts were made to find plague bacilli in the salivary glands 184 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA of the flea. All attempts have signally failed, however, to establish such a connection. (2) It also appeared that, except just after a flea had been feeding on a plague-stricken animal, no bacilli could be detected in the alimentary tract between the mouth and the gizzard. The bacilli were numerous, so numerous as to prove that multiplication had taken place, within the stomach, but the valve formed by the gizzard is so tight that no one believed in the possibility of bacilli /vo0m the stomach entering the host va the mouth parts of the flea. (3) It was noticed that during a meal the contents of the gut were discharged from time to time. These foecal drops contain numerous bacilli, and experiment showed that infection might be brought about either by the movements of the flea itself, on the completion of its meal, or by the host’s - rubbing at the angry spot. This first method of infection received a very qualified support, even by its discoverers, because in spite of the evidence from dissection, infection by bite alone appeared to be taking place. (4) Recently (1914) a new light has been shed on the matter by the discoveries of Messrs. Bacot and Martin, of the Lister Institute. In experimenting with X. cheopis and C. fasctatus a certain number of the insects were found to be suffering from obstruction of the alimentary canal. Further investigation showed that, in such cases, the plague bacilli had multiplied so excessively in the gizzard and stomach as to form an impassable jelly-like mass. Fleas affected in this way were thirstier and more reckless than normal individuals. When placed on a host they sucked vigorously for a time, but the blood taken up failed to pass into the stomach. Then, when the sucking effort ceased, the blood which had been imbibed, now contaminated with plague bacilli, was forced back into the wound, and infection took place. The first two methods—the first comparable to vaccination, the second to inoculation —are amply sufficient to explain how fleas convey OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM 185 plague. It is only necessary to add that the flea, in all cases, becomes infected itself by feeding on an infected animal.” @. Lir— CycLe AND Nove ON REARING FLEAS. Fleas are not true parasites; they undergo a distinct metamorphosis and the earlier stages are not attached to the host. The life story is a short and simple one, the cycle embracing the four distinct stages—egg, larva, pupa and the perfect insect. In suitable climates the eggs are laid through- out the year, being deposited, a few at a time, indiscriminately on floors of buildings, or in the nest, burrow or haunt of the host-bird or animal. The eggs, which are ovai or elongated oval in shape, translucent, and, as. regards texture, smooth and wax-like, are large when compared to the insect laying them. The larva, a very active creature, is of a dirty white colour, blind, bristle-set and legless, and exists on the varied organic debris of its larval home. The first-stage “ grub” is furnished with a special knife-like spine on the head, which it uses to break through the egg-shell. There appear to be but two larval moults, and at tne end of the third stage the larva spins a cocoon in which it pupates, and in due course emerges as a perfect insect. Such, then, isa brief outline of a typical life-history—occupying in all perhaps a month, perhaps six weeks. : Hints on collecting and preserving fleas are given by both Rothschild and Russell in the above-cited memoirs. Apart from the securing and examining of the various mammals and birds, their nests should be taken and placed in glass-topped boxes, when, by keeping the nest slightly damp the fleas can be reared, and “ will frequently keep emerging from their pupz in the nests for six weeks or two months after the nest has been taken.” Scrapings from the burrows of animals, and the dung of bats (wherein the larve of bat-fleas live) should be similarly treated. : Often a number of quite different animals harbour the same species of flea, whilst predaceous animals acquire the fleas of their prey, a fact that is illustrated more than once in the 186 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA records hereafter, such as in the occurrence of the hedgehog and rabbit fleas on foxes, and those of other creatures upon the stoat or weasel. In my list I have quoted, under each species, from Roth- schild’s “Synopsis,” and I have also given a list of those species we have not yet met with as a guide and incentive to others. | é. DisTriputTionaL Nore. As regards the occurrence of the various species from rodents, etc., it will be noticed that a very large proportion indeed have not been recorded from Ireland. In most obscure groups such a statement would imply that such part of the British Isles had not received attention—in fact, the geographical distribution of the members of most obscure groups is represented by the geographical distribution (and opportunities of travel) of the workers in that group! But the distribution of ecto-parasites is also naturally limited to the distribution of the host-animals, and in this connection we must remember the peculiar paucity of the Irish mammalian fauna, due to the earlier separation of that island from the European Continent and the consequent isolation from the later migratory flows of mammals, more especially the Siberian element. I do not remember having met with any account of the occurrence of fossil species of fleas in my researches into the literature of fossil arthropods, and in the nature of things the discovery of such fossils was scarcely to be expected. In 1910, however, Dampf described a species of VPaleopsylla (P. klebsiana) found fossil in Baltic amber. fj List oF BrivisH Fras. ée An asterisk denoting those known from Northumberland and Durham, PAMiny PUIG TDS, 1. NXenopsylla cheopis Roths. 2. Lulex trritans LL. *3. Archeopsylla erinacet Bouché. OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM Ctenocephalus canis Curtis. 5 felis Bouché. Spilopsyllus cuniculi Dale. Ornithopsylla laetitie Roths. Famiiy CEWATOP LT YEEID As. Ceratophyllus gallinule Dale. = sfvx Roths. rolhschildi Waterst. “d hirundinis Curtis. ¥ rusticus Wagn. Hs farrent Roths. 5 garet Koths. % columbe Gerv. ‘ vagabunda Boh. BF borealis Roths. 5 galling Schr. : fringille Walk. . SJasciatus Bosc. * londiniensis Roths. e sclurorum Schr. A pentcilliger Grube. a walkert Roths. Ps mustele Dale. Hy melts Walk. Crenophthalmus agyrtes Heller. ‘ btsoctodentatus Kolen. Rhadinopsylla isacanthus Roths. 55 pentacanthus Roths. Je AWM ISP ORS Ww IGIEIUD As, Doratopsvila dasycnemus, Roths. Palaeopsylla sorecis Dale. ss kohauti Dampt. x minor Dale. Leptopsylla muscult Duges. 5 spectabilis Roths. 188 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA RAMILY: ENVSTRICE@RS Wire DZEy 37. Typhloceras poppet Wagn. *38. Hystrichopsylla talpe Curtis. FaMitw ISCHNOPRSY PEMD AR: 39. Lschnopsyllus elongatus Curtis. 40. . intermedius Roths. SANT Pe octactenus Kolen. 42. a simplex Roths. 43. i, hexactenus Kolen. 44. LMycteridopsylla longiceps Roths. 45. a lusarca major Roths. g. SPECIES TO LooK For. It will be observed from the above list that we now record 32 out of the 45 known British species. More attention and research—especially amongst sea-birds, small rodents and bats —will still further increase our list and probably add to our knowledge of the Order. It is therefore advisable briefly to review the 13 species we have not yet succeeded in securing locally :— BIRD-FLEAS, 3 species. Ornithopsylla laetitie Roths. (1908). “Only recorded from the Scilly Islands, where it frequents the nests of sea-birds. The real host is probably the Manx shearwater (Puffinus anglorum). Not yet observed on the Continent.” Ceratophyllus rothschildi Waterst. (1910). “ A very rare species apparently confined to Great Britain. A few examples were found by the Rev. James Waterston in the nests of the house martin (Chelidon urbica), in Kin- cardineshire.” Ceratophyllus borealis Roths. (1907). “ A rare species, apparently confined to Great Britain, and so far only recorded from Scotland from the nests of the rock pipit (Anthus obscurus), the gannet (Sw/a bassana), and some other birds.” OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM 189 MAMMAL-FLEAS (other than Bat-fleas), 5 species. Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. (1903). The plague flea. “A scarce vagrant to the British Isles, introduced by port-rats. Occurs on the black rat (Zprmys rattus) and the brown rat (£. norvegicus). Recorded from Plymouth and London.” Ceratophylius londiniensis Roths. (1903). Allied to C. fasciatus. “‘ A rare Mediterranean species, probably introduced by port-rats; has occurred on the house mouse (M/s musculus) and possibly on the brown rat (Zpzmys norvegicus), in London, Dover and Aberdeen.” Rhadinopsylla isacanthus Roths. (1907). “‘ Very rare, and not recorded from Scotland or Ireland. A few examples were taken at Lyndhurst, New Forest, from the bank vole (£vofomys glareolus), and a few at Abinger Common, near Dorking, from the same host, and from the mole (Za/pa europea).” Paleopsylla kohauti Dampt (1907). “ A rare species in England and Scotland, not recorded from Ireland. It occurs on the mole (Za/fa europea).” On the Continent another species, P. szmz/is Dampf, occurs on the mole, and may be expected to be found with us. Typhloceras poppet Wagn. (1903). “* A rare species in England and Scotland. Also found in Ireland. The usual host is the long-tailed field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus); but it has been found on the house mouse (AZus musculus) in the Shetlands.” BAT-FLEAS, 5 SDpecies. Tschnopsyllus elongatus Curtis (1832). Has occurred in Yorkshire. ‘“ Apparently confined to the noctule bat (Vyctalus noctula). It is common in England, but unrecorded from Scotland and Ireland.” 190 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA Lschnopsvllus intermedius Roths. (1898). ‘* \ rare species, probably confined to the serotine bat (Lplesicus serotinus). Only recorded from England, not from Scotland or Ireland.” Lschnopsyllus hexactenus Kolen. (1856). Has occurred in Yorkshire on the long-eared and Natterer’s bats. ‘“ A common species in England and Ireland, but not recorded from Scotland. ‘The chief host is the long- eared bat (Plecotus auritus), but specimens have been found on other species of bats.” Nycteridopsyla longiceps Roths. (1908). “An uncommon species, unrecorded from Scotland or Ireland. Specimens have been taken from the pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), and the long-eared bat (/%ecotus auritus), in several localities in England.” Nycteridopsylla eusarca major Roths. (1908). “A rare species not recorded from Scotland or Ireland. Has been found at Cambridge, and at Yalding in Kent on the noctule (Vyctalus noctula).” ‘Two European species, 4V. pentactenus Kolen., and J. untpectinata Vasch., the latter of which occurs commonly on the Continent on the horse-shoe bats (2/znolophus), have not yet been found in the British Islands, whilst it is almost certain that an examination of the rarer species of British bats would add to our known flea fauna. h. RECORDS OF OUR LOCAL FLEAS. OrDER SIPHONAPTERA. I Sus-Orper INTEGRICIPITA. Famiry PULICIDZ. Grnus PULEX L. Pulex irritans L. Common flea. Common. “Common on man, and often found on the badger; also on the fox.” OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM Ig! Genus ARCH AXOPSYLLA Dampf. Archeopsylla erinacei (Bouché). On hedgehogs (ZLyrinaceus europeus), Swalwell, Winlaton, Lintz Green, Wylam-on-Tyne and Fatfield. One specimen on a fox ( Vulpes vulpes) with Spilopsyllus cuniculi, Fatfield. “Common on the hedgehog and occasionally on the fox.” Genus CTENOCEPHALUS Kolen. Ctenocephalus canis (Curtis). Common on dogs and cats, but, according to Rothschild, much rarer than C. fedzs. Ctenocephalus felis (Bouché). Also common on dogs and cats; the first specimens I ever took of this species were found in a box of foreign stamps. Genus SPILOPSYLLUS Baker. Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale). =gontocephalus ‘Vasch. _ In rabbit burrows (Oryctolagus cuntculus), Gibside, Win- laton, Corbridge and Seahouses. Common on rabbits and once from a hare (Lefus europeus) at Fatfield (W. Hall). On foxes, Fatfield (W. Hall) and Houghton-le-Spring. “Common on the rabbit and the hare, especially on the ears. Also found on the wild cat (Fedzs silvestris), and rarely on the cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo).” Famity CERATOPHYLLIDZ. Genus CERATOPHYLLUS Curtis. A.—BIRD-INFESIING SPECIES. Ceratophyllus gallinule Dale. =newsteadt Rothsch. In nests of tree creeper ( Certhia famtliarts), 1 2, Gibside ; and wren (Anorthura troglodytes), Holystone, Northumber- land. In yellow hammer’s (Zmberiza citrinella) nest, Fatfield (W. Hall). Other records have unfortunately been lost. ‘“‘Widely distributed in the British Islands in the nests of birds such as the wren, grouse, the moorhen and many others.” 192 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA Ceratophyllus styx Roths. (1900). Swarming in nests of sand martins at Winlaton Mill, Blaydon, Wylam, Hexham, Blanchland and near Harbottle. “Very common in the nests of the sand martin (Cofzle riparia); occasionally found in numbers in the nest of the dipper (Cizclus aguaticus). Not recorded from Ireland.” Ceratophyllus hirundinis Curtis (1826). In nests of the house martin. Well over a hundred specimens in a nest from Stocksfield, August rith, rgr1, and about two hundred examples from another nest taken at Dilston Farm, near Corbridge-on-Tyne, in the same month, and from which latter nest two to three hundred further examples were reared in the following September and October. This nest, in addition to three other species of flea, also harboured several well-grown larvee of the Dermestid beetle Attagenus pellio and a few examples. of the curious Hippoboscid fly Stenopteryx hirundints. This flea has also occurred at Stanhope and Edmund- byers. “Common and widely distributed in the nests of the house martin (Chelidon urbica). Not recorded from Ireland.” Ceratophyllus rusticus Wagn. (1903). =palumbi Dale (partim); dalez Rothsch. (1903). 29 examples, both sexes, from a nest of the house martin, Dilston Farm, Corbridge, August 1911, and others reared later. “A more or less rare species found in the nests of the house martin. Not recorded from Ireland.” Ceratophyllus farreni Roths. (1905), Also from house martins’ nests ; 37 in a nest from Stocks- _field, and only 4 in a nest from Dilston Farm where this species seemed to be replaced by C. rusticus. “* A fairly common species in the nests of the house martin. Not recorded from Ireland.” OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM 193 Ceratophyllus garei Roths. (1902). t g and 2 9? in haystack refuse on the moors near Hunstanworth, county Durham; 3 in a puffin’s (/vatercula arctica) burrow (W. Hall), and 1 in nest of eider duck from which numerous examples were bred later, Farne Islands, July, roit. “Very common all over England and Scotland in the nests of birds. Among the many hosts may be mentioned the lark, the bearded tit, and several gulls. Also found in Ireland.” Ceratophyllus columbae Gervais (1844). Newcastle, 1 @ taken by Mr. E. Leonard Gill from the body of a domestic pigeon. * Not uncommon both in England and Scotland in the nests of both the wild and domestic rock dove ( Columba livia). Not recorded from Ireland.” Ceratophyllus vagabunda Boh. (1866). =digitalis Wahlg. (1903). =insularis Roths. (1906). Farne Islands, 5 examples, 4 in a nest and 1 on the body of the cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), July 1911, both Sexes. ** A rare species found in the nests of seabirds, such as the kittiwake and the herring gull in Scotland. Of doubtful occurrence in England and not recorded from Ireland.” Ceratophyllus gallinge Schrank (1803). Common on fowls. In numbers under bark of beech trees at Hylton, and by sweeping a cruciferous plant, May 1900, (2 g and 3 9), Gibside. In nests of house martin, Stocksfield and Dilston ; golden crested wren (Regulus cristatus) Gibside, 1 2; black-headed bunting (Lmberiza schoeniclus), Hexham; robin (£7ithacus rubecula), Winlaton, 1 ¢; swift (Cypselus apus), Newcastle, and hedge sparrow (Accenlor modularis), Penshaw. Common in nests of the common house sparrow (Passer domesticus), Gibside, Winlaton, Fatfield and Penshaw. In nests of stock dove (Columba enas) 1 9; mistle thrush 194 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA (Zurdus visctvorus) and yellow hammer (Zméertza citrinella), Fatfield (W. Hall). Several records without data. Rothbury on dipper ( Czvclus aguaticus), July 1906 (in coll. Rothschild). “Very common in England and Scotland in the nests of most birds, and in hen-houses. Not recorded from Ireland.” Ceratophyllus fringillae Walker (1856). In nests of the house sparrow and hedge sparrow, Win- Jaton, Fatfield, Penshaw. On a man (!) Fatfield. Two examples in a swift’s nest from Newcastle submitted by Mr. Alaric Richardson. “ Fairly common in the nests of the house sparrow, also on other passerine birds. Not recorded from Ireland.” B.—MAMMAL-INFESTING SPECIES Ceratophyllus fasciatus Bosc. (1800). Common in a rat’s nest, Fatfield (W. Hall); also at Gib- side, infesting rats and house mice. “Generally common in the British Islands. The chief hosts are the Norway rat (Zpimys norvegicus) and the house mouse (J/us musculus). More rarely examples have been found on several species of field mice and on the weasel (Mustela nivalis), as well as the stoat (AZustela erminea).” Ceratophyllus sciurorum Schr. (1803). One specimen on a stoat, Wylam-on-Tyne (Douglas Clague); one on a fox, Houghton-le-Spring, and common on squirrels, Gibside. Presumably common on squirrels through- out the area. “Common in England, Scotland and Ireland on the squirrel (Sczurus vulgaris), the dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), and occasionally on the pine marten (JZazr‘fes murtes), the stoat, and the weasel.” Ceratophyllus penicilliger Grube (1852). In small rodents’ nests, Gibside, Hollinside and Fatfield. In moles’ nests, Bradbury, and on the Irthing. “ A common species in England and Scotland; not recorded from Ireland. Has been found on many hosts.” OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM 195 Ceratophyllus walkeri Roths. (1902). From nests of various small rodents in the Derwent Valley (Winlaton, Gibside, Hollinside and Blanchland) ; Stocksfield and Hart. On two occasions from specimens of the field vole (Zvotomys agrestis), Fatfield (W. Hall). “ A common species in England and Scotland, not recorded from Ireland. Chief hosts are the stoat, the weasel, and the bank vole (Zvofomys glareolus). C. walkeri has not been recorded from the Continent.” Ceratophyllus mustelz Dale (1878). Two examples from the field vole (Zvotomys agrestis), Fatfield (W. Hall). “Common in England and Scotland, not recorded from Ireland. Occurs on many hosts; amongst which may be cited long-tailed field mouse, bank vole and the stoat.” Ceratophyllus melis Walk. (1856). Two or three friends have reported having seen a largish flea upon badgers in the Derwent Valley (Spen Banks and Ebchester), in one case swarming. I think this can only be C. melis, but have not seen actual specimens. There are specimens in Mr. Rothschild’s collection from Middlesbrough, 6. vill. 1903. “ A rare species, recorded from England and Ireland. The host is the badger (AZe/es meles).” Genus CTENOPHTHALMUS Kolen. Ctenophthalmus agyrtes Heller (1896). Common in moles’ nests at Bradbury, county Durham, near Hartlepool and on the western borders of Northumberland. One example in a rodent’s nest, Harperley in Weardale. Common on rats, once in nest of shrew (? water shrew Cvossopus fodiens Wagl.), once on a house mouse and several on a field vole, Fatfield (W. Hall). Numerous examples in a rat’s nest, Gibside. 196 MR. RICHARD S. BAGNALL ON THE SIPHONAPTERA “Perhaps the commonest species in England and Scot- jand, also received from Ireland. It occurs on the brown rat and the house mouse living in fields, and on the bank vole, the common shrew and others.” Ctenophthalmus bisoctodentatus Kolen. (1863). Common in moles’ nests with C. agyrfes as recorded above, and once in a rat’s nest, Gibside. One on a field vole, Fatfield (W. Hall). “Not common in England and Scotland, and unrecorded from Ireland. Occurs on, and in the nests of, the mole (Zalpa europea). Very rarely examples are found on the weasel and the polecat (Putorius putorius).” Genus RHADINOPSYLLA Jord. and Roths. Rhadinopsylla pentacanthus Roths. (1897). On moles and in their nests, but apparently rare. A few, Bradbury, near Hartlepool and on the Irthing. “ Fairly common in England and Scotland. Not recorded from Ireland. ‘The chief host seems to be the weasel; it also occurs on the long-tailed field mouse, on the mole, and some other small mammals.” SuB-OrDER FRACTICIPITA. Famity LEPTOPSYLLIDZE. Genus DORATOPSYLLA Jord. and Roths. Doratopsylia dasycnemus Roths. (1897). Not uncommon in moles’ nests, Bradbury, and on the Irthing. “Common in England and Scotland. Unrecorded from Ireland. ‘The host is the common shrew (Sorex araneus).” Genus PALAZXOPSYLLA Wagn. (1903). Paleeopsylla sorecis Dale (1878). =vracilis (partim). One @ example on a shrew (Sorex araneus), Fatfield (W. Hall). Another on the same host (H. S. Wallace) and also at Winlaton. OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM 197 “Common in England and Scotland. Unrecorded from Ireland. Occurs on the common shrew.” Paleopsylla minor Dale (1878). =gracilis (partim). In moles’ nests, Bradbury, near Hartlepool, and on the Irthing. “Very common in England and Scotland, on the mole. Not recorded from Ireland.” Genus LEPTOPSYLLA Jord. and Roths. Leptopsylla musculi Dugés (1832). Once from a house mouse with C. agyrtes, Fatfield (W. Hall); Newcastle-on-Tyne (E. L. Gill) and Gibside. “Common in the British Islands on the house mouse (Mus musculus).” Leptopsylla spectabilis Roths. (1898). 2 99 on a field vole, Fatfield (W. Hall), “‘A fairly common species in Scotland, rare in England, and unrecorded from Ireland, perhaps confined to the British Islands. Specimens have been taken from the bank vole, the stoat and other hosts, at Cheddington, Bucks, and in several Scotch localities.” FamMity HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDZ. Genus HYSTRICHOPSYLLA Taschenb. Hystrichopsylla talpze Curtis (1826). The giant mole flea. In nest of long-tailed field mouse, etc.. Gibside, Winlaton and Spen Banks. Common in moles’ nests, Bradbury, near Hartlepool, in Teesdale, Wear- dale, Team Valley and on the Irthing. In nests of brown rat, Gibside. “Commonly found in the nests of the mole (Zalpa europea), and on the bank vole (Zvotomys glareolus). It also occurs on shrews and other small mammals.” Famity ISCHNOPSYLLIDZK. ’ All the species of this family are attached to various bats. B 198 THE SIPHONAPTERA OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM Genus ISCHNOPSYLLUS Westw. Ischnopsyllus octactenus Kolen. (1856). On a pipistrelle bat (Pipzstrellus pipistrellus), taken by Mr. Walton Lee at Corbridge-on-Tyne. “A common species,-recorded from England, Scotland and Ireland. The usual host is the pipistrelle, but it also occurs on the whiskered bat, Daubenton’s bat and the hairy-armed bat.” Ischnopsyllus simplex Roths. On a whiskered bat (A/yotis mystacinus) taken by Mr. George Bolam 11 Hexhamshire, 1916. In a letter dated September 25th, 1916, Mr. Rothschild says:—‘‘ The four fleas you were good enough to send me from the whiskered bat are /. semplex, the species generally found on Natterer’s bat. This is very interesting as it is a new host.” “A rare species, unrecorded from Scotland and Ireland. Has been found in several localities in England and Wales, always on Natterer’s bat (AZyotis natterer’), apparently its only host.” FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1915 199 REPORT ON THE FIELD MEETINGS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY FOR 1915. RraD 23RD Marca, 1916, BY Mr. HucuH P. ANGus, CHAIRMAN OF THE FIELD MEETINGS COMMITTEE IN 10915. War conditions are unfavourable to natural history pursuits and especially to organized field work, and there was con- sequently some hesitation in regard to arranging a programme of field meetings for the summer season of 1915. A pro- gramme did take shape, however, and it has happily proved possible to carry out practically the whole of it with a fair measure of success. The experiment was tried of holding a special meeting for young people, apart from the ordinary series, and the result was certainly encouraging enough to make further experiments in the same direction worth while. The First Firtp MEETING of the season was held on _May 13th, at Dipron, when a party of about twenty members assembled. Leaving Corbridge station, we made our way by the foot- path up to High Town, where we were joined by Mr. Randle Cooke, who acted as guide. Owing to the lateness of the spring, botanists missed many flowers that would otherwise have been seen on our leisurely walk through the woods. A halt was made halfway through the wood for lunch, at a spot where we had a magnificent view of the surrounding country After a short rest we continued our way and came out on the Slaley road ; following this for a short distance we again turned into the woods. MHere the fine larch trees were a striking feature. The course of the Dipton Burn was then followed to the Falcon Crag. After a stiff climb away from the burn we made our way back through the wood, coming out close to where we entered in the morning. Subsequently we were most kindly entertained to tea at Kilbryde by Mrs. Cooke. After tea we inspected the garden, where the surprise of the day awaited us in the wonderful collection of rock plants. After spending some time in admiring these we had to make our way to the station and so home. 200 MR. HUGH P. ANGUS’S REPORT OF The weather was beautifully fine and in the shelter of the wood quite warm, but in the open there was a bitterly cold wind. Among the birds seen were the heron, curlew, green plover, redstart and tree creeper. The plants found in bloom included :— wood anemone broom marsh marigold wood bitter vetch lesser celandine strawberry-leaved cinquefoil lady’s smock lady’s mantle Jack-by-the-hedge bilberry dog violet golden saxifrage marsh violet ground ivy milkwort bugle greater stitchwort Omphalodes verna wood sorrel | primrose whin cowslip needle whin dog’s mercury Of the trees, the birch, larch, bird cherry, and wild cherry or gean were in flower ; and the following ferns were noticed : oak fern, hard fern, male fern and bracken. The Seconp Mretinc was held, by kind permission of Mr. Hugh Richardson, at WHEEL BirKs, on 5th JuNE. At first the weather was rather threatening, but it improved as the day went on. Leaving Stocksfield we took the foot-path up the burn, where we noticed the sandy cliff riddled with sand-martins’ holes, now apparently tenanted by starlings only. It would be interesting to know if the starlings had turned the martins out. Leaving the foot-path at the ford by Ridley Mill, we followed the road up-hill to Apperly Bank and thence to ~ Wheel Birks. Here, after having lunch, the party divided ; some went round the gardens, glasshouses and woods, con- ducted by Mr. Richardson (the fruit houses being particularly interesting) ; others followed their own particular bent. After a most enjoyable afternoon we returned to Stocksfield by the FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1915 201 road past Hindley, where the colour effect of the bluebells in the woods was most striking. After having tea at Stocksfield we returned to Newcastle by train. Among the birds seen were the swift, house-martin, swallow, whitethroat, redstart and curlew. The following were some of the flowers found in bloom :— wood geranium jagged-leaved geranium wild hyacinth sweet cicely evergreen alkanet red campion white campion bird cherry wood sorrel water avens wood loosestrife common arum lady’s mantle common moschatel early purple orchis cow- wheat tuberous bitter vetch TuirD FreLtpD MEETING, Hoty IsLanp, 26th JUNE. For the third outing it was originally intended to hold a three days’ meeting from June 25th to 28th at St. Bees, but as no members could be sure of being able to attend, it was decided to change it to a day-meeting at Holy Island. Unfortunately I was unable to attend. The weather was most unfavourable, heavy rain falling all day. My best thanks are due to Messrs. R. Cooke and I. Clarke for supplying me with interesting lists of plants and birds respectively. Plants seen in flower on Holy Island, 26th Fune, rors. sea bladder campion common mallow round-leaved mallow slender thistle welted thistle thrift henbane houndstongue dyer’s rocket water forget-me-not dove’s-foot cranesbill hemlock-leaved storksbill goat’s-beard sea spurrey buckbean lesser spearwort common beaked parsley water crowfoot watercress rest harrow yellow bedstraw biting stonecrop common bugloss scarlet pimpernel thyme cathartic flax hop trefoil eyebright mouse-ear hawkweed 202 MR. HUGH P. ANGUS’'S REPORT OF common hemlock good King Henry viper’s bugloss (this was very fine) Birds seen on Holy Island, Fune 24-25, IQIs. Mistle Thrush (3) Blackbird (5) Stonechat (1) Willow Wren (1) Pied Wagtail, several pairs Greenfinch, a few pairs Rock Pipit ‘. Meadow Pipit Tree Sparrow, three pairs. These were about the castle. There are probably many more than were seen Wheatear, at least twenty pairs with young on the-wing Linnet, several pairs Corn Bunting, several pairs Starling, numerous Jackdaw, several pairs Carrion Crow Rook, numerous Skylark ,, Swift (3) Gannet (5) Heron (6) Mallard (3) Shoveller, 2 males Eider, 15 pairs Teal (1) Shield Duck, about 30. One pair had 5 young, two pairs 6 each, and one pair had 13 chicks, One of the broods appeared about a month old, the other much older Ring Dove (3) Stock Dove (2) Domestic Pigeon (8) in wild state ; none very much like stock dove (rock dove not seen) Partridge, several pairs Ring Plover, about 30 pairs ; no evidence of young. Eight nests had 4 eggs, and I in another. All appeared fresh. Lapwing, about 10 pairs. One nest with 3 fresh eggs Turnstone, 4 birds Oystercatcher, in flocks of 3 to 10; about 40 altogether Curlew, about a dozen Redshank, a few single birds Black-headed Gull, numerous Herring Gull, small flocks Kittiwake, chiefly single birds The FourrH MEEt1ING was held on 22nd JuLy at FELTON. Leaving Acklington station we at once struck into the large pine wood through which runs the path to Felton. Here the entomologists were soon at work beating the bushes and hunting under stones and logs. At the far end of the wood a marshy opening gave the botanists a busy time, some of the best flowers of the day being secured here. FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1915 203 We now made our way through the fields to the banks of the Coquet, beloved of anglers. In a copse that we passed through a squirrel was seen, and we caught sight of two king- fishers up the course of a brook. A halt was made for lunch, after which a short walk brought us to Felton. Here, by kind permission of Sir R. Lord, we entered the grounds of Felton Park. On the way up the avenue of stately trees we stopped to examine the church of St. Michael, one of the party giving its history and explaining its altered outline. Making our way through the park in front of the Hall we entered the woods which here clothe both banks of the Coquet. Fine beech trees were a notable feature of these woods. A pleasant hour was spent wandering about, here and there catching a glimpse of the river below. After tea at Felton we returned leisurely to Acklington by the same path that we had followed in the morning. Some time was spent by the entomologists at this meeting in the examination of galls caused by various insects, a study which has not received much attention from local naturalists. Galls caused by midges (Cecidomyide) were found on the ash, hawthorn, rose, meadowsweet, bracken and different species of willows ; galls caused by mites on birch, alder and willow ; and other mites were associated with witches’ brooms. ‘The pineapple-like galls caused by Chermes abietis on spruce were very noticeable. ‘Thrips were taken from elm, pine and alder. Various species of froghoppers were also taken. On JuLy 31st a SpectaL MEETING FOR YOUNGER MEMBERS was held at LockHaucH, near Rowlands Gill. A most interesting afternoon was spent in the large marshy haugh by the river. Here botanists had a very good time, one young lady finding no less than 64 different flowers. Some meadow brown and green-veined white butterflies kept another young enthusiast busy with his net. After tea there was an examination of and general discussion on the various specimens collected. 204 MR. HUGH P. ANGUS’S REPORT OF The success of the meeting was in a great measure due to Mr. Hill, who kept the young members interested in every- thing seen and found. Among the birds seen were the magpie, kestrel and heron. The flowers included three species of St. John’s wort, wild rose, meadowsweet, field madder, tansy, marsh ragwort, lesser skullcap. FirtH FIELD MEETING, NORTHUMBERLAND LAKES, On September 4th the expedition was to the Northumberland Lakes. Much to my regret I was unable to be present, and I have to thank Mr. Robson for the following account. A short walk from Bardon Mill station soon brought us to a point whence one could leave the high-road and strike the field paths, the hedgerows in passing showing their autumn beauty of golden ragwort, purple knapweed and lavender scabious. Once inside the upland meadow it was seen to be decked with rich display: deep-tinted devil’s-bit scabious, starry tormentil, field gentian and delicate eyebright ; dotted in the background here and there the graceful towering golden rod and St. John’s wort, and the brown-purple of the burnet. Here, too, was gathered the burnet saxifrage, one of the less common members of the umbelliferous group. As the path led upwards to the wooded ravine where the Chinley Burn comes down its rocky bed, a few belated specimens of fox- glove and red campion were to be seen, and under the shady trees our route took us past Chesterholme, built largely with stone from the adjacent Roman camp, near which is still seen one of the milestones standing in its original position on the grass-grown Stonegate. Not far from here was found the sheep’s-bit, a distinctive member of the bell-flower family, and then the hare-bell itself suggested that the hilly pasturage had been reached. Soon after, the rugged outline of escarpment was spread before our eyes, which were directed towards the wooded fringe behind which lies Crag Lough. After the stiff climb it was decided to rest and discuss lunch here, the party then dividing, one section going along the FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1915. 205 Roman Wall to Borcovicus, the remainder working the swampy edges of the lough, or scrambling along the foot of the beetling crags. A duck was seen to rise from the water, too far off to identify, and in the bushes of the cliffs numerous wrens — possibly a family party—were flitting in and out. The short swampy grass was starred with scabious and the delicate grass of Parnassus, while the ragwort was visited by many tortoiseshell butterflies ; meadow browns and blues were also seen, and the rapid darting flight of one or two dragonflies. The long fringing grasses and reeds, touched by the hand of approaching autumn, had assumed a bright orange tint under the brilliant sunshine ; along the cliffs several varieties of fern were nestling, and in the water more than one species of potamogeton or pond weed ; the reed mace rearing its stately head at the far end of the lough. , A few of the fresh-water shells were collected, and then a halt was called to examine the plants, of which neariy fifty were found in bloom, and identify them. The party was then reunited and an adjournment made to Hot Bank Farm, where an excellent tea was provided by Miss Pattinson. Round the farm buildings were a number of wagtails, the quaint antics of which were watched with interest ; and then the homeward journey was begun, but with lingering steps, the charm of the evening sun over the crag and the lough bringing out its beauty of form and colour. Dipping down by Bradley Hall, the route led a short distance along the cross road, where the martins were hawking merrily and the starlings gathering in flocks, until a stile gave entrance to the heather-clad hill of Borcum. As we crossed the summit a heron flew overhead in leisurely flight; the sun cast its dying rays over the purple heather, shedding a beauty over the scene as our last steps brought us back to Bardon Mill after a day of interest and enjoyment in the open country. Our thanks are due to Sir Hugh Blackett of Matfen and Mrs. Clayton of the Chesters, who so kindly granted facilities for the holding of the meeting in the district. 206 FIELD MEETINGS FOR I9QI5 The Sixtu and last FirLp MEETING of the season was held at Dunstanburgh on OcrospeR 5TH. The weather was gloriously fine. Leaving Embleton, the party made their way northward by the beach, round Newton Point to Beadnell Bay. The usual shore birds were seen, and a few eider duck some distance from land. Having had lunch, the party returned by the links to Dunstanburgh, and then back to Embleton by Dunstan Steads, concluding a most enjoyable day’s outing. Among the birds seen were :-— Wheatear Redshank Bullfinch | Turnstone Swallow Dunlin Lark (in song) | Partridge Lapwing Heron Ring Dotterel Comorant Curlew Eider Duck In conclusion I wish to thank those members who have supplied me with lists and other information, and especially Mr. Robson who has done so much to make things easy for me. FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1916 207 REPORT OF THE FIELD MEETINGS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY FOR 1916. Reap By Mr. RicHarD ADAMSON, CHAIRMAN OF THE FIELD MEETINGS COMMITTEE FOR 1916. LaDIES AND GENTLEMEN.—I very reluctantly accepted your kind offer of the Presidency of the Field Section for the second time. In spite, however, of ill-health and of the greater demands on my leisure time made by my professional duties, several considerations assisted me in giving a favourable reply : the meetings of the ensuing season were all to be Saturday appointments and were all to take place more or less locally, whilst pleasant recollections of bygone outings and the opportunity of revisiting some of my lifelong haunts in your company, were further inducements. The following were the Meetings appointed for the 1916 Session :— 1. 20th May—Sheepwash and Bothal. 2. 3rd June—Riding Mill. 3. 24th June—Warkworth. 4. 8th July—Lockhaugh (for young people). 5. 22nd July—Gibside. I attended the whole of the series, and at each of the meetings the weather, which was delightfully fine, added greatly to the enjoyment of the outing. On each occasion there was a good attendance of enthusiastic naturalists. MEETING AT SHEEPWASH AND BOTHAL ON May 2oTH. A large party detrained at North Seaton, where a commencement was made in proceeding towards Sheepwash. Immediately after starting, the day’s pursuits began at a pond by the way- side, rank in vegetable growth, of which the water crowfoot {Ranunculus aquatilis) was greatly in evidence with its masses of floating white blooms. Its two-fold form of leaves was noticed, the submerged, finely dissected ones, and the oval or kidney-shaped kind floating on the surface. Some of the members who were anxious to obtain aquatic forms of animal 208 MR. RICHARD ADAMSON’S REPORT OF life took samples of the contents of the pond for investigation at leisure. Traversing by a footpath the length of several fields, specimens of plants in bloom were collected for identification. Amongst these the following were often seen :— Cuckoo Flower, Cardamine pratensis. Lesser Celandine, Ranzzculus Ficaria. Greater Stitchwort, Stellaria Holostea. Lesser Stitchwort, S¢el/aria eraminea. Vernal Sandwort, Arenaria verna. Danish Scurvy Grass, Cochlearia danica, The songs of many of the commoner birds were frequentiy heard. Skylarks especially were numerous and tuneful. The chaffinches also seemed very happy. On reaching the wood- land path a halt was made to partake of home-prepared luncheon. ‘The botanists had a good time at this stage of the ramble in noticing some of our commonest spring flowers of woodland habitats, a few of which may be enumerated :— Primrose, Primula vulgaris. Wild Hyacinth, Scel/a nutans. Golden Saxifrage, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. Ramsons, Adium ursinum. Ground Ivy, Mepeta Glechoma. Red Campion, Lychuis diurna. Wood Anemone, Azremone nemorosa. Marsh Marigold, Caltha palustris. Water Avens, Geum rivale. Lady’s Mantle, Alchemilla vulgaris. Wood Sanicle, Sanicula europea. Sweet Cicely, AZyrrhis odorata. Wood Sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella. A footpath close to the stream was followed through fine woodland scenery, consisting chiefly of a sturdy growth of beeches, elms, ashes, oaks and alders, almost to the village of Sheepwash, which is situated about 23} miles east of Bothal. After noticing the bridge of four arches, by which the Wansbeck is crossed at Sheepwash, the party hastened through the village and proceeded through some pasture land, and then down hill through a very fine avenue of trees, chiefly FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1916 209 beeches, to the main road. This soon brought us to Bothal, which came into view quite suddenly owing to its surroundings forming a spot of great seclusion. A short time was spent in visiting the Church, which stands amidst a great variety of shrubs, many of which were in full bloom. The older masonry of the church that had been spared on restoration appeared to be of the Early English style. Afterwards a hurried visit was paid to the park grounds and arboretum of Bothal Haugh, by kind permission of the Hon. and Rev. J. W. Ellis. Here a veritable paradise was offered to the naturalist. Intermixed with almost all kinds of British trees were seen growing a very large assortment of foreign trees and shrubs, deciduous and evergreen. _ The various kinds of azaleas, some in full flower, were greatly admired, as was the common barberry as well as several foreign relations in full golden bloom, and weigelias in many varieties and shades of blossom. Two or three shrubby varieties of veronicas were in fine foliage. Vincas (periwinkles) of the major, minor and variegated kinds seemed to flourish in a great many situations. Brooms of exotic varieties had been carefully planted in special spots. Several sorts of hawthorn (some in bloom) were very fine and showy. In addition to the common elm, the Scotch, golden and Cornish elms were seen in fine foliage. Lilacs in great variety, and some of tree-like proportions, all showed a healthy growth, and the various kinds of rhododendrons received much attention. The hollies, both plain, spiny and variegated, all showed vigorous growth. Much admiration was expressed at the handsome white bloom of the snow-drop tree (/falesza tetraptera). Various kinds of pine trees appeared to be in flourishing condition; and there were some fine lime trees of large growth. Some of the oaks appeared to be of a great age. The ornithologists were interested in the discovery of the nest of a mute swan; the mother swan was sitting on a very large nest, consisting of dried stems of aquatic plants, pro- cured in the neighbourhood of the nest, which was built near 210 MR. RICHARD ADAMSON’S REPORT OF the water’s edge. The male bird was gliding up and down on the water near the nest, apparently keeping sentry. The mute swans live in a semi-wild state on the Wansbeck owing to the immunity from molestation extended to them by the people dwelling near the river. Leaving the Bothal grounds and re-crossing the river, the party started for Morpeth through the Bothal woods, by a winding footpath which in places almost touched the river. As there was no time left for leisurely rambling along this beautiful sylvan walk, the remainder of the outing became a kind of walking competition until Morpeth was reached, where the members partook of refreshments previous to entraining. Murriné av Dipron Woops, 3rd JUNE, 1916. The weather during the early morning, as well as that ot the previous day, was unfavourable, but a decided improve- ment took place which induced a good number of members to join in the day’s proceedings. Travelling by the 9.50 train from Newcastle the party gained an early start from Corbridge station. A long and circuitous path, in a southerly direction, uphill, was followed through fields and country lanes in a leisurely and enjoyable manner, till the woods were reached. During the early part of the ramble the visitors had opportunities of seeing a number of late spring plants in bloom, a few of which may be mentioned :— Bush Vetch, Vicza sepium. Spring Vetch, Victa lathyrotdes. Common Comfrey, Symphytum officinale. Karly Orchis, Orchis mascula. Archangel, Lamium album. Lesser Spearwort, Ranunculus Flammula Awlwort, Subularia aquatica. Wintercress, Barbarea vilgaris. Pansy Violet, Viola tricolor. Dovesfoot Geranium, Geranium molle. Petty Whin, Gentsta anglica. Water Avens, Geum rivale. Water Forget-me-not, AZyosotis palustris. Field Veronica, Veronica agrestis. FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1916 211 Of the above, the Petty Whin was by far the rarest plant observed. The discovery of an Adder’s Tongue fern in the pasture field before entering the wood was noteworthy, as owing to its growth amongst the grass, this fern often goes unnoticed. Among the birds seen or heard during the walk through the fields were skylarks, lapwings, green linnets, Starlings and corncrakes. On entering Dipton woods, the trees and shrubs were the first objects of study. From a botanist’s point of view, how- ever, the visit was much too late to see the most interesting stage of the majority of our forest trees, when the copious showers of pollen are wafted by the March winds to pistils separately borne on branches of the same tree, or to pistils growing on other trees of the same species. The ant hills, which were found chiefly in the neighbour- hood of the pines, proved a great attraction. Many of the hills are from 4 to 6-ft. in circumference and 2 to 3-ft. or more in height, each hill being inhabited by a very large population of ants which consist of the red ant (Formica rufa). Their homes are built chiefly of chips of bark from the pine trees, placed together on the roofs in a very methodical manner, like the slates on the roof of a house, thus defying the storms of all seasons. On disturbing the habitation rudely with a stick the crowded community became greatly agitated and seized the pupz or baby ants, which they carried instantly to a place of greater safety. Next a large area of very damp land was visited, bearing young birch timber trees in an advanced stage of decay, and more or less covered with the growth of a large destructive fungus, the ‘Birch tree Polypore’ (Polyporus betulinus). No doubt these young birches became weak and diseased owing to the marshy state of the soil, which would render them liable to attacks of this destructive fungus, as plants can only defend themselves against these most deadly foes by maintaining a healthy growth. To meet the destructive attacks of their hosts of fungoid foes (the spores of which are omnipresent) our 212 MR. RICHARD ADAMSON’S REPORT OF woodland trees are naturally provided with various weapons of defence, as gums, resins, oils, poisonous juices, tough skins, corky barks and the like. It is greatly to be deplored that there are so few mycologists amongst our local naturalists, as the study of the fungi is most interesting and important. In passing down a long boggy road we had many opportunities of observing marsh plants growing in damp spots. The following are a few of these we noted :— Ivy-leaved Crowfoot, Ranunculus hederaceus. Pilewort, Ravzznculus Ficarta. Common Watercress, Vasturtium officinale. Water Avens, Geum rivale, Yellow Pimpernel, Lystmachia nemorum. Spotted Orchis, Orchis maculata. Common Rush, Frercws communis. Lesser Jointed Rush, F2scus wliginosus. Toad Rush,! Fucus bufontus. Separate-headed Sedge, Carex dioica. Wood Melick Grass, MWelica uniflora, Wood Meadow Grass, Poa nemoralis. Wood Horse-tail, Aguisetum sylvaticum. © At the end of this long but very interesting walk, a halt was made at the brink of a precipitous bank, where a home- prepared luncheon was enjoyed. Afterwards the party descended the very steep slope to the Devil’s Water, the course of which was followed for a considerable distance. The vegetation was exceedingly rank and luxuriant. Amongst the plants in bloom were the following :— Marsh Violet, Viola palustris. Wood Stitchwort, Ste//aria nemorum. Mountain Ash, Pyrus Aucuparia. Moschatel, Adoxa Moschatellina. Water Bedstraw, Galinm palustre. Sweet Woodruff, Asperula odorata, Bilberry, Vaccinium Myrtillus. Cuckoo Pint, Arum maculatum. Great Pendulous Sedge, Carex pendula FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1916 213 On both banks of the burn several kinds of ferns were growing in great profusion. Some of these were— Oak Fern, Poly podium dryopteris. Common Polypodium, Polypodium vulgare. Shield Fern, Polystichum spinulosum. Buckler Fern, Zastraca thelypteris. Male Fern, Zastrea Filix-mas. Lady Fern, Athyrium Pilix-foemina. Hard Fern, Blechnum boreale. The Oak Fern, which was growing in large tufts and patches, was greatly admired. Bird life was rather scarce. The wood wren was heard sometimes ; song thrushes and blackbirds were seldom in song, but the willow wren, whitethroat and chiffchaff were heard more frequently. INOLNIT “MVA — =< (ae — —-- TUPLAGU"AVA VOOVTD e epvul yun0D ou 2S J a1 Wey yay ST 91 Z VNVILULIOAT apell Janos ou : : * = : 81 Ty yay 1g coms a UdAL VSOLNGICOL laa See (6 JO PDRIOAY ) = (TleF FOF TLV) ‘INOLNI'T “WLVA &@ (T19F 45 TLV) 0 (GT JO osvi0Ay) G6 YSSINO VaTOUW) “UVA SITION (ZT JO esvioAy) adAL SITIOW ‘VSOMOD "UVA VSONIDIG AY VSSELO ‘Van UMO ‘AVA SITION “fA AT, SITIO “SLNHUVd GHYS SLENUUVYd NATIOD ——— "sasso49 pup saisags a.ing uinz1ao us gins cag paas poos fo staquinu SuUm2oys—"}] A VAVI, THE GENUS ROSA 269 unassailable, and occurs in regions so far asunder as to place the original crossing, explanatory of the present segregation of the type, far back in Miocene and Pliocene times. Thus the hybridity, the existence of which we have almost certainly proved, whilst capable of explaining some of the peculiarities of the persistent species-type, cannot account for all. The species-type idea is absolutely independent of hybridity, although that phenomenon may tend to its perpetuation. Hidden hybrids as the roses would seem, some at least are to be reckoned within the ranks of those classified under normal conditions as true-breeding. Excluding proved apomictical forms, Rosa omitssa, R. mollis, R. vinacea, R. flexibilrs, R. Linton, R.frutetorum, R. pimpinellifolia and R. rugosa have all been shown to reproduce their kind with reasonable fidelity ‘within the permissible limits of. fluctuating variation known for the group—an observation which, regarded in the light of the behavour of Burbank’s many “ compounds,” cannot exclude their basal hybridity. Granting then that hybridity such as postulated here is rampant throughout the Aose, they seem to me to afford exceed- ingly unsafe material upon which to erect any fundamental theory in genetics ; so, therefore, would the £p7/obza which are in exactly the same critical state, as a very casual examination of a specimen of £pilobium hirsutum will show. An extension of the argument to the related Oenothera, which produces a similar wealth of allied species in America, and likewise displays bad pollen to a considerable degree, becomes then quite natural. Inevitably, we are bound to take up the position that, in all probability, the phenomena studied with such detail in Oenothera Lamarckiana, instead of being those of mutation, are rather those of hybridity, and the elaborate structure erected on them falls to the ground—a conclusion likewise drawn from other considerations during experimental work in Lepidoptera. Pollination in the Rose. Investigating as I was the possible effect of cross- 270 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON pollination in the roses, I was compelled to study the matter in the field, when some very interesting and illuminating evidence was secured. Very early indeed I discovered that, to say the least, pollination in Rosa was conducted under peculiar circumstances. _ Every morning at 7 a.m. practically every young flower, no matter what its species, provided that its stigmas were mature enough to receive pollen, was already pollinated, and this maturity, since the roses are homogamous, was almost always shown at that hour. Thus it appeared almost certain that, if pollination was effected by insects, it could only be through the action of Noctuide flying at dusk and dawn, or through Diptera and Hymenoptera busying themselves at daybreak. To determine which was responsible I paid special attention an hour or so after sunset to the blossoms of the day, and to those just ready to burst. At that time, as if by magic, every flower young and old was folded up for the night. Unless then brought about by casual day- fliers hike the Noctuids of the genus A/zana the agency of moths must be ruled out. There remained then the operations of Diptera and Hymenoptera to be considered. [ therefore got up earlier, at 4 a.m. (G.M.T.), before any insects were at work, when I found that even then every newly. expanded R. pimpinellifolta had its stigmas powdered with pollen from its own overarching stamens. At the same time those of 2. mollis, R. omissa and R. Lintont were quite untouched. A little later even their anthers dehisced, after which, unless insect guests performed the necessary operation, on the maturing of the innermost stamen whorls they curved over and deposited their precious dust. In many cases indeed even this curving motion as a mode of self-pollination proved superfluous, for almost without exception, as the flowers mature, several stamens are locked between the stigma heads so that their ‘ pollen, as it is shed, of necessity falls on the adjacent stigmas. By one method or another, therefore, in default of outside agencies, self-pollination is automatic. Independent of this definite mechanism for utilising their own pollen, the same effect is frequently brought about in THE GENUS ROSA 271 diverse ways by insect visitors. Firstly, every flower bears its own colony of the widely distributed Zaenzothrips primule —an insect, contrary to the indications of its name, very impartial in its predilections. This Thrips rarely leaves its own particular flower, but spends its time in wandering indis- criminately amidst stigmas and anthers, and thus unavoidably carries pollen from the latter to the former. Secondly, insects from elsewhere, whilst in some measure rendering cross- pollination possible, since they are always pollen eaters and not nectar* gatherers, crawl at random from anther to anther, touching the stigmas as they pass, and deposit strange as well as adjacent pollen with the same result as before. ‘Thus, to a very unexpected degree, the roses prove autogamous; that cross-pollination can occur, and in a manner likely to secure hybridity, the following journeys of the bees Bombus pratorum and Andrena trimmerana will give adequate proof. (1) Journey of a worker Bombus pratorum:—Rosa mollis var. caerulea, R. pimpinellifolia, R. omtssa. (2) Journey of a second worker B. pratorum:-—R. mollis type, &. mollis var. caerulea. (3) Journey of a female Andrena trimmerana:—R. pim- pinellifolta, R. mollis var. caerulea, R. mollis type, Saxifraga lingulata, Rubus tdeus, Aquilegia canadensis. How generously the roses are patronised by insects, and therefore some degree of cross-pollination possible, can be determined from the table on pages 272 and 273. With such a crowd of guests as this, and guests of such cosmopolitan tastes, could one be surprised, even where autogamy and apomixis to a greater or less extent prevail, if hybridity became exceedingly frequent ? Cletstogamy. In such a genus as Hosa one would scarcely anticipate the occurrence of cleistogamous flowers, so little need does there * Unless the shining secretion on the exposed disk of the Lucanine, Agrestes and Tomentos@ is nectar the ose do not secrete that substance. HESLOP HARRISON ON DR. J. W. i2 Se ee le XVU94 SITVISLIG StuBur suydtsg SnuvUliq(y “gq snyzeqjpad snaryoA4yet BOIUBULIO.S . BUBIOTIGVT *snjnpued een sidiouvg | SI[lquLiva snypVsd SLPPAMTS | STLSattey suquog snr dopoyy sdrarqgoruagy, sITRuINnp vsOy snortpurpso snqolyeH ‘ds vl19050¢ mn.10zvAId *{ SNUVUIIG |B UIM.104.L0TT SNQTLO snayo Agri awa! ROUTT[vUL Sid y suerdid B44L1Ag Se VIVSUOTA YAXOIPAOLD tiysevakd suydatg BZOULOMINILLO suvlAquLoq | aTUOVso ‘BTOONIOA. BISNY VOLULLOT Tiseqta snydasg xepuuaTrid VM -UNLOSUT VUVIPL COSIU SNISVT | wvzvaqzsor vidcudyy sdraygovas yp, VUBLYOINE VSO ST.LSO.11o} SQ MO g snuvwiqye TUUCOPVId SIG UO BLUAUITOAAVT —— — a ‘ds snazoudpo TOSTUB OLQIG snuerivd BIIVPALT 8049110 eepnuiitd sntoudpo suetdid vqqgi1ig SdTAYZOMAR J, lUOJUL'T “LBA BSOY suerdid vyq11ts = Sen — — suinpued aepiorrcd snyLydopo x SAIAQJOUBT, |VQVgst1oqus "BA VONBLS USO BUBIOUUUILAY SNUBULIG[? ah id einelpury snanpoAgey | SUBOIG[S BUdIPLY suotdid vqqiadg euiid £ aden slog | Wntoyvad snqutog XVUOF STLRISLUG, sdrayqorues 7, VIpoFTfeurduud Bsoy ‘LV ‘SNAG ae c Goes Oo NT a ‘VUALAOMIA wT ‘Vad LAONATWAR ‘Vad dig ‘VYUALAONVSAR TL, NAIdUONVG ‘ANNDYOUOIPL ASOW ‘dnouy YO WACYO LOUSNTI Ill HIAVL 273 wanivatés WWN.A09.LOT * | SI.1]80.110} SIQULOg ‘dds snydasg BLU VYZYAorsey] eyyoatdg snqejjed snatqoi4e[d IVS VIpION'T Saynpued sniiydojey WuLoyVad snquro gg GENUS ROSA. THE TUNIVLT O98 BSSOLSOAOVIY snotaputtso : SNYOVH TAMABATAS "gf WnLOONT “IVA * | wn104vad snqmog BURIOULUTAY “VW BTM Ve SUBOIqTe VNOIpUy woyiTpou sidy BOLGAATOU VASO A voyrtpou sidy BURAOUIUIL} eueIpuy TUNn10FVAA “_ WN.ALOdNT “IBA SHQWOg snorapurptéo snyoley B}OULOMINO.1O OTP Bsa TAN109.104 snqawmog eoytTfou sidy BUBAIUIUAIAG, euoIpuy SI[var0g VIAULOOL..eg suatdid vq4114g ) ds vit090d0q snjnpued snyitdopoyy snjnpuad snr dole TIseqta sngdaekg SNUBULIGTe SNAIL OAAB] TOGIUL] OLQTE BIIVPAVBL SOYOITOg suotdid 24414040 eequrad sdiacygorme y, VSSTULO VSO BO[NABO “ABA SI[LOUL BSUY einmiad sdrayqomey, SI[TOU Bsoyy SOUL “INA BSOUTSIQuA VSO eqyeaqsor vicudyy XVI} SIPRISTA, sninpued snydopoH SLUBUT *g tysvakd snydasg enuraid Saray ores y, TAN1OJeTINp vsoy 274 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON appear for their existence. Their development in Viola spp., Oxalis acetosella, Lamium amplexicaule and, to a less extent, Drosera rotundifolia and D. anglica is quite understandable. With the rapid growth of the surrounding vegetation in spring these species run grave risks of being overwhelmed and thus prevented from receiving the necessary insects. To avoid this contingency this very specialised method of self-fertilisation has been evolved. No such fate seems to threaten Rosa omtssa, so that the discovery of a considerable number of cleistogamous flowers in that microgene occasioned great surprise. In general structure these were quite comparable with similar flowers of Viola hirta. Their ovate lanceolate sepals were perfectly normal, but the involute petals, of the usual shape when straightened out, were reduced in dimensions to 8mm. by 4mm. _ In colour, they were greenish white. Otherwise, both the male and the female organs were quite ordinary. Most significantly, the amount of fully developed pollen attained the surprising figure of 100 per cent.—a contrast with the normal flowers of the same bush which yielded 70 per cent. good grains. A pomixts. The defective nature of the pollen in many rose microgenes seemed, at first sight, to constitute a very effective barrier to their reproducing their kind, and therefore stimulated enquiries as to how the affected forms did so. To this end bushes known to have produced very defective pollen were marked in July and visited in September. Without exception, these individuals then bore, if possible, a greater supply of hips than their companions. Further, in one instance, a osa rubiginosa, the plant grew five miles from another member of the genus. Only one explanation seemed to account satis- factorily for the observed facts, and that was that in Rosa ~ some form of apomixis was prevalent. To put this to the proof, in the following season certain blossoms on each of the shrubs transferred to the garden were deprived of their stamens (care being taken to remove those THE GENUS ROSA 275 clasped between the styles) and enclosed in stout paper bags. The roses thus treated comprised representatives of Rosa mollis, ‘R. mollis var. caerulea, R. omissa, R. rubiginosa var. comosa, R. coritfolia var. Lintonit, R. pimpinellifolia, R. rubiginosa, Penzance hybrid Lucy Ashton. Inthe same year, in June and July, a considerable number of forms were similarly castrated in an unfrequented lane running along an old waggon way abandoned a hundred years ago. Remote from the colliery village as this lane is, too many people use it as a short cut to admit of the possibility of leaving the twigs bearing the experimental flowers exposed in paper bags. I therefore very carefully cut the stigma heads off the mutilated flowers. The bushes so dealt with were #. mollis, R. omtssa, R. tomentosa var. sylvestris, R. lutetiana, R. dume- forum, R. coritfolia var. Lintont and &. glauca var. subcristata. In the garden all of the fruit fell save for those on the two Rubiginose and certain of &. var. caerulea. On the waggon way matters did not pursue the same course; by August 8th all of the Villosa forms had fallen, and by August r5th the 2. Zomentosa var. sylvestris and FR. var. Lintont had followed. Only hips of R. dumetorum, R. lutetiana and FR. glauca var. subcristata thus remained. A month later, ofthese, A. Zuzetiana and R. dumetorum alone persisted, accompanied by a solitary &. glauca. In October the surviving gZauca hip had vanished; then, since they were now ripe, the two lots of Eucanine fruits were removed for dissection. When examined, not a single fruit contained anything save a few useless chaffy scales. In the Rosa caerulea from the garden the fruit contained eight seeds on the average against 20 in the case of those pollinated normally ; the two &udiginose supplied perfect seeds not differing widely in numbers from those flowers left exposed to chance pollination, self, insect, or otherwise. The position of the Rosa glauca var. subcristata needs special attention. Unlike what occurred with the Vil/ose, Tomentose and Lucanine, the beheaded fruits began to swell as usual 276 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON and gave every promise of abundant seeds, as was disclosed when examples were opened for examination. The future wholesale failure was far from being suspected, and it was with considerable dismay I beheld the gradual dropping of the hips. The reason, however, was only too apparent after dissection ; on account of the sessile head of stigmas, to ensure their complete removal, I had cut too deeply into the fruit so that decay and insect enemies could work their will un- hindered, thus causing its premature fall with its store of half-ripened seeds. From these experiments we perceive that at least Rosa mollis var. caerulea, R. rubiginosa var. comosa, R. rubiginosa, hybrid Lucy Ashton and &. glauca var. subcristata are apomictical. All of the other microgenes tested would seem, at first sight, to depend for their successful seeding on pollination either by means of their own sound microspores or by foreign pollen conveyed by insects. However, experiments carried out during 1920 prove that all our local rose microgenes examined, save Rosa arvensis and R. pimpinellifolia, are to some extent facultatively apomictical. Although not submitted to experiment, Rosa Lorrert seems likewise to be apomictical. A certain shrub, whose pollen proved wholly defective when put under the ‘microscope in June, was nevertheless decked with a brave array of crimson globes in October. One of these carried at its apex the unopened flower bud. ‘This seems proof positive that in this particular blossom some type of apomixis had taken place, and suggested that the other fruits originated in the same » manner. Of course in this, as in all the other instances, the' apomixis may be of the facultative order. _The proof of apomixis existing in Rosa does not rest solely on my work, for Dingler has proved it to occur in an unnamed Rubiginosa form, whilst Lundstrom demonstrated its existence in varieties of A. glauca and R. coritfolta. THK GENUS ROSA 277 A careful comparison of the degree of apomixis with the position of the affected forms in Table I., giving statistics for pollen abortion, tends to emphasise the very close connection between the two phenomena; almost without the faintest possibility of error they are the coupled effects of a common agency. Now arguing from the analogy of known or patent plant hybrids, either produced artificially or detected in the field, we have urged that pollen abnormalities in Rosa and genera similarly affected depend on hybridity in a latent condition, or at least in a state not readily determined as such. This view was strengthened by the discovery that a dumetorum form, classed as #. var. aciculata, was in reality a cross between &. var. Zinfonz and AR. lutetiana, and that its pollen was exceptionally bad. Carrying the argument to its legitimate conclusion, we are compelled to take up the view that in the Rose apogamy, or whatever form of apomixis they present, is a phenomenon originating in hybridity—an opinion advanced from other data by Ernst. Quite recently Gates has attempted to show that apogamy was intimately bound up with tetraploidy and octoploidy, whilst earlier Strassburger and Rosenberg, formulating the same idea in a cruder form, tried to trace a connection between apogamy and a high chromosome number both in species of the present genus and in those of related genera. In particular, Rosenburg insisted that the osa species with a haploid number of eight chromosomes—A. “vida, R. cinna- momea, and certain 7. cenima forms—were ‘ sexual,” whilst those with 16—R. canina var. persalicifolia and R. glauca —were apogamous. In the first place, Rosenberg’s figures are absolutely fallacious. Every* rose I have examined apper- taining to the Zomentose, Afzeliane, Lucanine and Rubiginose has been endowed with a diploid number of thirty five, and is, therefore, pentaploid, whilst the Vl/ose and Pimpinellifolie possess twenty-eight, and are thus tetraploid, as Rosenberg would have discovered had he pursued their cytology further. © Except a dubious example possibly referable to the Rosa stylosa. G 278 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON These facts support, to some extent, Rosenberg’s conception of the linking of apogamy and high chromosome number but nullify the attempt to correlate apogamy and tetraploidy gud tetraploidy—at any rate in this genus; for within its limits we have on the one hand the tetraploid* Pimpinellifolie microgenes pollinated normally, and on the other the tetraploid Villose apomictical. Except by analogy, since none of the British ose are octoploid species, their evidence neither confirms nor confutes the possible relation which Gates, on the basis of Strassburger’s work, draws between octoploidy and apogamy in Lualchemilla. Returning now to the dependence of apomixis on hybridity, let us attempt to discover how the latter can induce the former. Since the supersection Canine and the allied Sy style include both sexual and apomictical microgenes, and further since the former is the more primitive and normal state in the Rosacea, it is a reasonable assumption to make that the apomictical roses are derived from the sexual types. Moreover, it seems a fair deduction from the foregoing work to regard many rose microgenes as latent hybrids. If they are hybrids they can be between forms whose physiological divergence is slight or between forms where it is great. Suppose a cross of the second type to take place. Arguing from the analogy of the Zinarva hybrids, or, appealing to the animal world, of the two Oporabia adilutata-autumnata hybrids in which in the reduction division few or no chromosomes find partners, we may anticipate similar happenings in the Fir generation of our wide rose cross. Hence, in the pollen formed, in place of the reduced number of chromosomes we have the full somatic number. This pollen, again, if the power of the Zinarta pollen or of the «autumnata-dilutata spermatozoa is any criterion, will be defective and therefore impotent —deficiencies ‘leading to its collapse. In the same way, in megaspore formation we have a similar failure of reduction, so that when the egg nucleus appears finally, even prior to fertilisation, it *7.e, if we regard the haploid chromosome number of seven encountered in A, arvensis and 2, rugosa as the base. THE GENUS ROSA 270 may carry the full unreduced chromosome complement. What is more natural than to assume that, spurred on by the stimulus of heterozygosis, this cell is capable of development just as if it had been normally fertilised? Even were the pollen functionally active the position here is unaltered ; the only difference would be that apomixis would be facultative. Thus an apomictical race would come into being capable of little variation and therefore faithfully reproducing its kind, like the apomictical Rosa rubiginosa mentioned previously, the seeds of which have been planted and from them young shrubs grown. If, however, the cross was between roses of less remote relationship, then in the maturation division of their Fr hybrids dislocation more or less serious of the ordinary mechanism may occur, some chromosomes finding mates, others vanishing and so on exactly as described above. Hence, whilst many microspores will collapse, others will possess nuclei carrying normal or nearly normal chromosome numbers. ‘These latter will be perfectly active, and like the similar sperm of the awtumnata-filigrammaria hybrids differing but little in power from those of a pure species. If events in the female apparatus follow a parallel course the mature embryo sac will, in many cases, contain the egg-cell and egg-apparatus complete and prepared for the advent of the male nucleus. Fertilisation is thus possible, and apomixis unnecessary. If, however, the chromosomes are the heredity bearers, and their distribution in the micro- and mega-spore ’ development anomalous, then the potentialities of the fertilised egg-cells will vary greatly, and thus account for the huge range of variation seen more especially in the fertilised roses. Should this be the correct explanation of the genesis and continuance of apomixis in the roses, then it offers an adequate explanation of constant hybrids in the plant kingdom, and also of the multiplication of “species” in such critical genera as Hieracium, Rubus, Mentha and Salix. 280 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON With dominance in the apomictical forms, and dominance followed by segregation in the sexual microgenes, it is clear that the notion of the species-type remains unaffected. olvembryony. Linked up in some way with apomixis, and depending like it on the presence of unreduced chromosome numbers in the cells of the egg-apparatus, in many roses these cells, as well as the egg-cell proper, develop into embryos. Thus fosa produces for our benefit a further complication, that of polyembryony. Concerning this I cannot say more at this juncture, for work in this direction is not complete. IV.—PHENHYBRIDS OF ROSA. So homogeneous in their traits are the various members of the supersection Cavzme, and so delicately graded are the relations between the sections, that only in exceptional cases could intersectional hybrids be detected as such. If that is true of such wide crosses as those between sections, then the extreme difficulty of distinguishing hybrids of the various microgenes within the same section by ordinary macroscopic features will be plain. — Further, if hybridity between parents so related does exist (and from what has been said previously we know that it does), only pollen conditions under ordinary circumstances will betray it. Nevertheless, even that criterion will fail to give the faintest indication concerning the micro- genes which gave rise to any given plant. Clearly then, this chapter, which will deal with wild plants patently hybrid, cannot in general include inter-Canine crosses; still, as we. shall discover, two* such are brought forward, although their recognition was due to exceptionally favourable conditions. Moreover, since the work described here was carried out in northern counties, where the only other section occurring in quantity sufficient to give a reasonable prospect of hybridity is the Pimpinellifolia, we have to consider, in the main, crosses * Since this above was written Jebe of Christiana has indicated several other similar hybrids, THE GENUS ROSA 281 between it on the one hand, and the Afzeliane, LEucanine, Rubiginose. Agrestes, Villose and Tomentose on the other. To determine hybrids of such origin would, at first sight, seem ‘to present little, if any, difficulty, so sharp is the break between the latter six sections and the Prmpinellifoliz. In spite of this, so used were rhodologists to the gentle way in which their multitudinous species appeared to merge into one another, that even in such cases they followed, without hesitation, their usual proclivities for the erection of new species. Any hybrid on its discovery thus passed with its real nature unrecognised into the wordy chaos which over- whelmed all rose forms—species, microgene, variety and hybrid alike. This being so, before referring to our local forms, we shall endeavour to trace the steps by which the real genetical character of these forms was _ ultimately established. Flistory of recognised Rose Hybrids. Their history may be stated to have commenced with the finding of Rosa hibernica in County Down. This rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the ‘l'rans- actions of the Dublin Society ; independently, Smith followed this by another and only slightly more comprehensive one in English Botany, tab. 2196 in 18ro. Borrer’s detailed description in British Flora III. p. 231 (1833) supplements both but, significantly enough of his attitude towards it, he ends his remark with the following phrase: —“ A satisfactorily distinct species intermediate in habit and in size of leaves between Rosa spinosissima (pimpinellifolia) and R. collina 8. Woods, but in its fruit and in the presence of sete nearer to the former.” As Woods applied the name “ col/ina” to a Eucanine form this was an excellent representation of its relationship in the light of the knowledge of the “ thirties ” of the nineteenth century. Baker in his Monograph (1867) could add little to these descriptions but, nevertheless, brought forward new localities in England, as well as in Ireland, and 282 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON had, moreover, already published an account of his new variety g/abra in his earlier “ Review.” Yet one remark in the “ Monograph” seems, when viewed in connection with later developments, to be very illuminating. He says: “In general habit, when in flower, the ordinary glabrous English form has just the same sort of resemblance to typical canina that Donzana | Sabini|* has to mollissima | mollis|.” Six years later, in 1875, Dr. Christ, the Swiss botanist, once again raised the subject in the Journal of Botany, and deliberately propounded the question ‘‘ What is Rosa hibernica Smith?” To this he supplied the answer, “Ce rosier est un hybride entre le A. canina, L., et le R. pimpinellifolia, L.,” adding as his reasons its mixed characters (armature of spinosissima, fruit of canina, etc.) and, most important of all, its manifest sterility—the then recogriised criterion of the interspecific hybrid. Furthermore, he pointed out that Fries had determined the glabrous form of Rosa hibernica (= var. glabra, Baker) to be Rosa spinosissima X R. canina. At the time these views were not adopted universally, and those contrary to them were never absolutely confuted ; never- theless, no one to-day disputes their validity. Events moved on similar lines with the parallel hybrid to this in which &. spznosessima | pimpinellifolia| and R. tomentosa (sens. latiss.) took part, for in 1809 Smith brought forward in Flora Britannica, as a new species, a Scotch rose which he termed Aosa znvoluta. This was speedily followed by the description of those alleged species by Woods in 1816, Rosa Sabini, R. Doniana and R. gracilis, to wit. In this case, the critical eye of Lindley perceived glimmerings of the truth very early, for, in his “ Monograph” (1821), we find him asserting his doubts as to whether, after all, this is not a product of R. tomentosa var. mollis [|R. mollis|—a remark repeated by Hooker in Flora Scotica. Still more allied forms turned up, Rosa Wilsont erected by Borrer in 1835, “. coronata collected by Crepin in Belgium in 1858, 2. var. Rodertsoni described by * Words in square brackets added by me, THE GENUS ROSA 283 >in 1864, and XR. eracilescens, R. Smithit, Baker in his “ Review’ R. laevigata and #. occidentalis by the same worker in the Monograph in 1869. In none of these cases, save 2. Wilsont, was hybridity suspected. That curious form, however, aroused suspicions in the mind of Borrer, for in speaking of it he asks “Can it be a hybrid product ?” and follows this with the remark, ‘“ Mr. Wilson finds several bushes of it, which discourages such an idea.” Thus a fact that, after due examination by a competent geneticist, would have strengthened his earlier suspicions served to lull them with Borrer. Had the phenomenon of heterosis been recognised then, the remarkable speed with which these hybrid roses spread vegetatively, and in doing so give rise to clumps independent of the parent bush, would inevitably have directed attention to the fact that all the Wilsont bushes occurred along the Menai Strait, and radiated from one centre. Once again Christ supplied the key to the derivation of Rosa involuta and its satellites. By careful analyses of its characters, coupled with other pertinent facts, he proved beyond cavil that it had sprung from a crossing of Aosa spinosissima and R. tomentosa (sens. latiss.) If we remember that in making these decisions the widest view has been taken of Rosa canina regarding it as equivalent to the Afseliane 4+ Eucanine, and of R. tomentosa by looking on it as including the Villose and Tomentose, on the same basis one more combination is possible, and that is osa pimpinellifolia X R. rubiginosa. Precisely as in the other two instances, roses of this parentage had actually been encountered, Rosa biturigensis described by Boreau in 1857, and R. énvoluta var. Moore: by Baker in 1869. Moreover, the relationship of the former plant had already been determined in a fairly accurate sort of way, since Boreau terminates his description with these words, “ Looks like A. pimpinellifolia but nearest rudiginosa in its characters, differing therefrom in to cA a DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON its prickles, earlier white flowers, and smooth peduncles, etc. This form occupied a great area, and if it were a hybrid as — Schultz asserts, one would scarcely anticipate its being more abundant than its parents.” Once again we learn that the stimulus imparted by heterozygosis had sufficed to emphasise an origin correctly determined from other considerations to be hybrid, but that lack of knowledge of such an impulse had caused its indications to support the opposite view. Baker in the same way recognised the true affinities of his plant for he says, ‘I cannot tell whether this is more like Sadznz or rubiginosa. . . . . It comes very near to the French Rosa biturigensis.” Recoilecting that Sadinzis a pimpinellifolia- tomentosa hybrid, we are bound to confess that this closely approximates the truth, although the resemblance to Sadin7 caused its description as an “involuta” form. In spite of all these shrewd surmises, it was left to Crepin to point out 25 years ago the exact value to be attached to these plants, and his opinion was confirmed by Marshall’s discovery of a biturtgensts form in Kent, which could only arise from a crossing between the Audiginose and Pimpinellifolie. A little later, in 1897, Barclay gathered the same hybrid in Perthshire, and further repeated his good luck at Port Seaton, in Haddington, in 1910. In addition, Prof. Traill detected the same plant at Turriff in Aberdeenshire, as did Miss Hayward at Melrose. Here again the powerful stimulus of heterozygosis had played its part, and, to such an excellent observer as Barclay, the fact caused much thought. I cannot do better than quote his exact words in discussing his find. ‘I had the good fortune to fall in with a rich colony of the hybrid, consisting of twenty or thirty great clumps spread over nearly ayes Of te” COdSst. ; .. Jt ‘has ‘often (been remarked. that hybrid plants frequently excel their parents in size and vigour. This was strikingly exemplified at Port Seaton. The hybrid there forms magnificent bushes, THE GENUS ROSA 285 growing to a height of ten to twelve feet, twice the usual height of the sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa), which again is usually a taller plant than the Scotch rose (2. pim- pinellifolia). Like the other hybrids which I have mentioned it forms clumps rather than bushes. In this point we see clearly the influence of A. pzmpinellifolia. Vhis sends out numerous suckers from the roots, which themselves produce roots, and soon produce a thick cluster of daughter plants around the parent stock. All its hybrids partake of the same character, and I have seen a clump of &. czvoluta extending for a distance of 20 yards, the whole evidently having arisen from one single original plant.” Modern Conceptions regarding them. Since Christ made his original determinations the study of roses has been revolutionised, and, in spite of the silly erection of multitudes of “sawdust” species, microgenes which actually exist, and therefore can be recognised in the field, have been described. Further, their systematic positions have been accurately made out. As a result we have the separation of the Afzelcane from the original Zucanine, the Agrestes from the Rudbiginose, and the Tomentose from the Villose. No longer does it suffice to say that Rosa hibernica= R. pimpinellifoliax R. canina. R. canina, when that diagnosis was first made by Fries, was a very comprehensive aggregate. To British authors not obsessed with the splitting mania, it now breaks into four* collective species, R coritfolia, R. glauca, R. canina and R. dumetorum. Each of these possesses numerous microgenes, each of which may be involved in a cross with &. pimpinellifolia. Still, let us note, the oppor- tunities for crossing are not very great; differences in habitat and time of flowering interpose very effective barriers, so that even to this day hybrids of this type remain very rare. They do, however, occur both in the north and in the south of our island. If they appear in the south, since &. glauca (agg.) *JI only admit two, for I regard the first pair and the second pair as each forming an aggregate species. 286 DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON and 2. corifolta (agg.) are boreal groups, the second parent is bound to be either a canzna or a dumetorum form. Should the leaflets be hairy beneath, then dumetorum is the second parent; if glabrous, then cavzna ; which microgene of either is not determinable except under specially favourable conditions in the field, or when very striking features SHeTGle rants any special microgene reappear in the hybrid. Matters in Scotland, Ireland and in the North of England generally are on a different footing. In these localities all four aggregates flourish, so that hairy leaflets simply assert that the plant is either dummetorum x pimpinellifolia, or cortifolia x pimpinellifolia; glabrous leaflets, or the contrary, imply glauca or canina X pimpinellifolia. Fortunately enough, seclusion of special forms in mountainous districts, or in coast ravines, occasionally assists in a diagnosis; so, too, does the almost universal impotency of g/auca pollen. ‘Therefore, whilst the occurrence* of a glauca x pimpinellifolia cannot be referred to as impossible, any glabrous Azbernica, no matter where gathered, is almost certainly the product of a crossing between Le. prmpinellifolia and some canina microgene. Again, but rarely indeed in my experience does any coritfolia form come into contact with pzmpinellifolia, so that the matter is narrowed down to circumstances not differing widely from those in the south. Nevertheless, in one or two ravines on the Magnesian Limestone in Durham, the rose flora comprises only fosa mollis, R. cortifolia var. frutetorum, and &. pimpinellifolia var. spinostssima. Any so-called hibernica there must be generated from the setose-peduncled form of &. pumpinellifolia and LR. var. frutetorum, as in the case of the specimen figured in Plate XII. With Rosa tnvoluta and its allies matters are complicated in much the same way. Christ, as we mentioned, looked upon * On May 29th, 1920, I discovered an undoubted glauca K fimpinelli- folia on a ledge just under a raven’s nest on Faleon Clints, Co. Durham. The only Hose at that elevation (1,600 feet) were A. pimpinellifolia and R. glauca (format). THE GENUS ROSA 287 it as a fomentosa X pimpinellifolia hybrid—a designation now wholly insufficient. The 2. tomentosa of those days, although shorn of the &. mollis, was yet wide enough to cover many microgenes now transferred to the Villose. Even allowing for this far-flung 2. fomentosa it is as certain as any- thing can be that the names zxvoluta, Sabint, Doniana and occidentalis, if not others, were applied to plants of mollis x pimpinellifolia parentage as well as to fomentosa (agg.) X pimpinellifolia. Of course, southward of a line from York- shire to Wales, the latter origin was certain ; northward of this nothing was sure; /ollis, omissa, tomentosa in the guise of any of their segregates might very well enter, although in descend- ing order of frequency ; firstly, because the period of flowering in £. mollis more nearly synchronises with that of A. pempinellifolta; secondly, because those two species, as in the coast denes of Durham, occupy common habitats, and lastly, because tomentosa vera and its microgenes thin out with extreme rapidity northward. In Durham and Northumberland, &. rudiginosa is certainly not a genuine native, and never, as far as I know, comes into contact with &. pmpinellifolia; these counties, therefore, cannot produce &. diturigensis or any of its varieties. For the specimen figured (Plate VIII. A) I have to thank Mr. Barclay, and judging from its general appearance, I have very little doubt but that in this case, and in the vast majority of others, the hybrid had for its parents A. prmpinellifolia and the &. rubiginosa form comosa. In the species-section Agrestes no hybrids have been reported. The only other wild rose phen-hybrids known to me are inter-Canine, and they include the J/udetiana X coritfolia referred to above and the mollzs X canina from Norway. At this juncture I have no intention of going into minute details of these or of the numerous other hybrids I have seen growing naturally, nor indeed do I intend, in general, to give full descriptions at all; whatever remarks I have to offer will be reserved for the concluding portion of the paper, when, for the first time, many of these crosses are figured. 288 _ DR. J. W. HESLOP HARRISON ON Their uneven Geographical Distribution. One very striking feature of the rose hybrids we have con- sidered thrusts itself upon us, and that is the manifest inequality of their geographical distribution. For every single hybrid shrub discovered in the South of England, dozens have been detected in the North and in Scotland and Ireland. As I have explained, this proceeds from the nearness of mollis and pimpinellifolia in their flowering season, and secondly from the lateness of spring in these latter areas tending to mass, as it were, the periods for blossoming of all the forms very close together. Great as this disparity 1s with us, it is still further accentuated on the Continent. There, rose hybrids of the patent type are extremely unfrequent, and this, I think, depends on an exaggeration of the facts governing their occurrence with us, involving a much more sharply marked period of flowering in the earlier pimpinellifolia, aided by the restricted area inhabited by the northern Rosa mollis. With a renewal of northern climatic conditions, as in Norway, hybrids in the genus attain the same frequency as in the northern portions of our island. Nothing could surpass the magnificent set of mollis X pimpinellifolia hybrids I have obtained from various stations in the west of Norway. Their Powers of producing Good Seed. Probably one of the causes leading to the tardy admission of the hybrid nature of the forms discussed above was the erroneous ideas which were current as to their fertility. This fertility was so contrary to the preconceived notions of hybrid sterility which held sway that it served to mask the real state of affairs. ‘Toa very great degree the vogue of the idea, and the failure of books to disclose the almost uniform barrenness of recognised rose hybrids, arise from the fact that, as just ‘ shown, such hybrids are infinitely more prevalent in the north; in consequence, they are usually collected by visiting botanists shortly after the fall of the sepals. Then, owing to the effects of heterosis and the exceptional display of flowers provided by the bushes, everything seems normal. Visit the same bushes THE GENUS ROSA 289 a very short while later, and note the changed scene. Gone is the plentiful promise of fruit, and all that remains for our inspection is a shrub abundantly endowed with leaves and a site strewn with countless shrivelled, immature fruits— at least this has been Barclay’s experience as well as mine. Figs. 28-31, Plate XXII., will illustrate the stage at which the shrubs most accessible to me cast their hips. Personally, I have only encountered two fertile wild hybrids, one the /u¢etiana X cortifolia var. Lintont already mentioned, anda mollis X pimpinellifolia from Corbridge, Northumberland. Fruits of the former are to be seen in Fig. 25, plate xxi., and of the latter in Fig. 30, plate xxii, whilst those of their putative parents appear in Figs. 8, pl. xvil.; 16, 17, 19, iDile Sxiee Mr. Barclay’s experience of fertile hybrids is even more limited than my own. Whilst, favoured by his more northerly home, he has inspected many more hybrid bushes than I, he has only fallen in with one fertile specimen, the parentage of which he was able to ascertain with absolute precision to be R. omissia X KR. pimpinellifolia. Yhe shrub in question, classed as an ¢@volufa form, grows near RORSS gouarajaig ‘juso red § payepyosuog s,Aueduoy s9yeA\ peoyseyed pue eisvomaN O O OOP'I © O 000g TREASURER’S REPORT ‘treseeeeertenstereceeeeese WQQIC goudIajoig “ue0 Jed bs Auedwion Amey UWloIsey-YON O O O06"! tteeeeeeeeseees 1901S QOUaIOJAIg *JUa0 rod $z payepljosuo|D s,AueduioD Avayiey puel[plyy I gi ob6‘z —ysanbag []vyavs9 (oe) 00S eee ve croc nercenceresressacseeseessesssesee 1q9q popun 7 *yuU99 jJod fp UOISSTUIOD) Iva \\ JOATY ra) fe) ooS 0 0 COO'T cities gfqeuleapauy “juao red $€ uoryesodiog apsvomaN O O 000% 7 oS: Fe —ysanbag uiggoD e *ys00 Je UsyeL —: 9161 ‘yJo€ ounf{ ‘Aja1I00G ay} Aq Pfey SjUaUI}SOAUT OY} JO AST] B ST CULMOT[OJ 941, SLNAWLSAANI XV1 XVil NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM AND NEWCASTLE- UPON-TYNE. REPORT OF THE. COUNCIL FOR 1916-1917. For the third successive year the Great European War has dominated the thought and claimed the energy of the nation : the help of every available man and woman has been needed and the resources of the country taxed to carry on the stern struggle in which Britain stands side by side with her Allies. There has been less time to devote to Natural History and the number of workers has been fewer. So far as the Hancock Museum is concerned the time of the staff has been directed upon the conservation of the collections, and it has not been possible to undertake much work of a progressive character. Several of the younger members of the Society, men of promise and ability, have made the great sacrifice during the year under review. Of these, mention may be made of Major J. Leadbitter Knott, who interested himself in the social and political life of Newcastle; Captain Reginald E. Bryant, = member of the Council, a keen sportsman and _ naturalist ; Lieutenant Hugh V. Charlton, a gifted artist and naturalist, whose brush cleverly depicted bird life, and his younger brother, Captain J. M. Charlton, a good ornithologist, who though not actually a member, was a frequent visitor to the Museum, to which he presented specimens from time to time. Other members are serving with the Colours at home and abroad, and it is earnestly hoped that they may be spared to return in safety. Amongst the older members who have been lost to the Society are Professor Daniel Oliver, L.L.D., F.L.S., F.R.S., one of the Keepers of Kew Herbarium, who passed B XVill REPORT OF THE COUNCIL away at the ripe old age of 86. He acted as one of the Honorary Secretaries of the Field Club during 1857 and 1858, and was elected an Honorary Member of the Society in 1864, his connection with the Society extending over 68 years. Mr. Arch. E. Macdonald, a keen observer and writer, who under the name of “ Whist” did much in the local press to enlist — interest in nature. Sir Benjamin C. Browne, D.C.L., who joined as a member in 1876. Mr. C. Harrison of Hexham, a member of 30 years standing; and others, whose loss is deplored. The membership has been reduced by 18 through deaths and resignations, but it is pleasing to record that 22 new members have been elected. The total number of members and associates is 398, and the Council are grateful for their continued loyal support, which has lightened their task of administering the affairs of the Society. One bright and noticeable feature in the life of Newcastle during 1916 was the Meeting of the British Association (after a lapse of 27 years) under the genial presidency of Sir Arthur Evans, D.Litt., Lld., P.S.A., F.R.S., the eminent Archeologist. Under war conditions, which interfered with facilities of travel and accommodation, it was deemed advisable that the social amenities, which usually form a pleasant part of the meetings, should be abandoned and that work and interest be con- centrated on the educational and scientific side. It was agreed at the close of the meeting that, although the number who attended fell short of that of other years, the proceedings were highly successful. This success was largely due to the energy and enthusiasm of the Chairman, Principal W. H. Hadow, M.A., Mus. Doc., the Honorary Secretaries, Dr. P. Phillips Bedson and Mr. E. Fraser-Smith and their local Committees, whose arrangements for the comfort of the visitors and the holding of the sectional meetings surmounted the exceptional difficulties. The Lord Mayor of Newcastle, Councillor Geo. Lunn, also entered heartily into the work of the Association, holding a Reception on Wednesday evening, 13 se . 4 : REPORT OF THE COUNCIL xix September 6th, in the Laing Gallery, which gave those visitors whose sectional work lay in different centres of the city, an opportunity of meeting and exchanging courtesies with their friends. The Hancock Museum was_ thrown open to the visitors, many of whom took the opportunity of studying the various collections which held special interest. In the continued occupation of Armstrong College as a Military Hospital, students attending the Biological and Art Sections have again found temporary accommodation in the Hancock Museum, and the Examinations for the Cambridge Higher Locals were once more held in the Library during the month of June. The number of visitors who passed tbrough the turnstile for the twelve months ending June 30th, 1917, was 22,242, which compares with 17,613 for the preceding year. This is a gratifying record of progress. Soldiers and sailors, stationed in the district and in the hospitals, continue to visit the Han- cock Museum in large numbers, forming the majority of visitors, but there is also an increase in the support given by the public. The number of children from the Council Schools of New- castle, who visit by arrangement, numbered 1,210, practically the same as last year. Until normal conditions again obtain, and the difficulty with regard to teachers and classes is removed, it can scarcely be expected that a systematic plan of teaching Natural History can be formulated and followed with success. Boys from the Grammar School have again come, under the charge of Masters, and during the earlier part of the year had the benefit of short lectures and talks by a member of the Staff. Many of them display-a keen and intelligent interest in the subject. The Curator’s Report contains an account of an interesting experiment made with the object of encouraging children in nature study. XX REPORT OF THE COUNCIL Only such small repairs as were absolutely necessary have been carried out in view of the increased cost of material and the shortage of labour. It should be pointed out, however, that when the times are again favourable, there will be a con- siderable amount of work to be done on the outside of the Museum, for which provision must be made. The Curator, Mr. E. Leonard Gill, M.Sc., is still engaged on Military Hospital work in France. As a temporary measure, his father, Mr. J. J. Gill, was engaged last October, and with Miss Scott, has shared the responsibility of the care of the collections. Mr. H. Fletcher is no longer on the- Staff. H. Stones was appointed in the autumn to look after the grounds, take charge of the boiler-house and the heating of the building. The Wild Flower Exhibit has proved no less attractive and useful than in other years. A modified programme of Field Meetings was again arranged. Owing to lack, of facilities and increased cost of travel, places within easy reach were chosen and_ under the energetic and enthusiastic leadership of Mr. Nicholas Temperley success has been assured. The “Round Table” Meetings were also carried on during. the winter evenings each month; the attendance was small, but considerable interest was shewn, particularly in entomology, and it is hoped that these meetings will attract greater numbers in future and happier times. Much greater interest was aroused in the Hancock Prize Competition than has been the case for some years past. The number of essays submitted was 18; of these 13 were from junior competitors, the quality of whose work was exceptionally good. ‘Thanks to the generosity of a few members, the Council were enabled to award three extra prizes, the success- ful competitors being :— Hancock Prize: Mr. J. E. Ruxton, Blackhill. Second Prize: Mr. P. Charlton, Chopwell. REPORT OF THRE COUNCIL XXI JuNrors. First Prize: Miss W. D. M. Hull, Ninebanks Vicarage. Second Prize: Master F. Baxter, Newcastle. It was no easy task to examine and judge the relative merits of these papers, and the thanks of the Council are accorded to Mr. Geo. Bolam and Mr. Abel Chapman for undertaking the work. Volume IV. Part 2 of the Transactions was issued during the year. The Endowment Fund has been kept open by the generosity of a few friends, and the Council would welcome further donations from any who are inclined to help. This Fund, part of which has been invested in War Loan, has materially helped the financial position and, with the exercise of economy, enabled the Council to carry on the affairs of the Society. In conclusion, the Council realise and appreciate the. interest, industry and effort with which the Curators and the Staff have met the difficulty of working under war conditions. XX11 REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK CURATOR’S REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK. I1Q16-1917. In previous Curator’s Annual Reports much _ progressive work has been commented on, but as I stated in my first Monthly Report to the Council, when I assumed the Temporary Curatorship towards the end of last October, with the present depleted Museum staff, and especially with the absence of the Curator and Assistant Curator, no distinctively progressive work could be looked for. ‘The most we could hope to do, would be to endeavour to preserve the fine collections in some measure of good order and efficiency, and this has been our chief aim during the past year, in which we may fairly claim some measure of success. With this end in view the whole of the Desk Cases in the Zoology Room and most of those in the Bird Room have been cleaned out, damaged specimens repaired, and everything left in good order. A similar work has been done in the Ethnology Gallery. Not much has been attempted with the Wall Cases with the exception of the large Reptile Case, which has been thoroughly overhauled, the inside of the case re-tempered many of the specimens carefully cleaned, and the jars refilled with spirit. The last-mentioned work has been done with most of the spirit preparations in the Zoology Room. Weare much indebted to Prof. Meek for help in naming for us a large number of specimens, chiefly tropical lizards, in the reptile and other cases. The Rock Pool and the Squid Tank have received a good deal of attention, and much re-labelling has been done, especially with the Fish Collection. For the latter work the printing press has been of very great use. | Most of the Store Cupboards have been cleaned out and the contents ‘re-arranged ; and in this connexion I may allude to a much needed piece of work of which a commencement has been made, viz., the collecting together of the very numerous Transactions and other papers received from learned Societies all over the world during recent years. Some of the more REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK XXIll valuable of these will, no doubt, in the near future be suitably bound, for better preservation and easier reference. Much of the above work would have been difficult, if not impossible, at ordinary times, when more progressive work was being undertaken, and we are glad of the opportunity afforded us of doing many things that greatly needed attention. All the books in the Museum Library have been taken down and cleaned, and each checked off with the typed Catalogue. This catalogue is being brought up to date, by entering the large number of books which have been added to the Library for some time past. A valuable addition has recently been made, by the gift of about 150 volumes, chiefly on Natural History subjects, from the Library of the late John Simm of West Cramlington. These have been presented by his daughter, Mrs. J. A. Wilson, in memory of her father, and many of the books are of considerable value, and some have been in constant use by the Staff, since their arrival at the Museum. A pleasing feature last autumn was the meeting of the British Association in Newcastle. Many of the members visited the Museum, and inspected our collections, several of the specialists in two or three departments rendering valuable service in looking over and checking the names on some of the labels. Among these particular mention may be made of Dr. Haddon and Prof. Seligmann, who expressed much delight with our ethnological specimens, correcting some of the labels and giving advice in one or two directions; Dr. Bather, who spent some time examining the crinoids, correcting labels and naming some of the unidentified” specimens ; and Mr. D. M.S. Watson of the British Museum, who has been a frequent visitor to our Museum. Other British Association visitors were very complimentary‘on the excellence of our exhibits in various departments. The show of wild flowers in the’ Entrance Hall has been well maintained throughout the summer. We are greatly XXIV REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK indebted to several friends for kindly supplying these, particularly to Mr. Randle B. Cooke, Mr. Nicholas Temperley, Mr. Clarence D. Smith, Miss Doris Hill, and Miss Joyce Robson. A list of donations appears on another page, but in addition to the gift of books already referred to, special allusion should be made to the very extensive and valuable collections, accumulated during many years of earnest and_ successful research work by Dr. G. S. Brady, F.R.S. of Sheffield (formerly Professor of Natural History in the Armstrong College). These he has presented to the Museum, and they consist partly of a large number of microscope slides and partly of specimens preserved in spirit, illustrating various forms of minute marine life, many of them being the original type specimens described in articles and papers by Dr. Brady, a number of which were published in our Transactions. The specimens are chiefly Ostracoda, Copepoda, Entomostraca and Microzoa of other allied groups, as well as numerous specimens of Diatomaceae, many of these being mounted and named!by Prof. G. O. Sars, the well-known Norwegian scientist. In presenting these collections, Dr. Brady remarks that much work remains to be done on them, which his advancing years preclude his undertaking, but he hopes that in the ‘future some other naturalist may find time and inclination to pursue the study which he has felt compelled to abandon; and in this case the very extensive collection of specimens now deposited in the Museum will furnish ample material for much further research. We had a brief visit from the Curator, E. L. Gill, at home “on leave” during the Christmas week, and he was able to give us some useful hints as to work needing attention. The attendance of the public throughout the past year has been much above the general average, being upwards of 22,000 aS against 17,000 the previous year. ‘This has been notably the case at special’ holiday times, the numbers on Easter Monday, 1562, and on Whit Monday, 725, furnishing REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK XXV a record tor those dates. ‘(he Museum continues to be visited by large numbers of soldiers and sailors, who are admitted free: » One piece of what may perhaps be styled progressive work has been attempted in connexion with our holiday visitors. Large numbers of boys and girls come into the Museum, especially at such times, and I had often wished it were possible to do something to increase their interest in the exhibits. A little before Easter I happened to read in the “Museums Journal” an account of an interesting experiment tried in one of the American Museums, where small cards, each containing a question on the objects in the Museum, were given out to young people. This seemed to me such an excellent idea that I resolved to try it in our Museum, substituting short papers of questions for the cards employed in the Providence Museum, Rhode Island, U.S.A. With the _ assistance of Mr. Hugh Richardson. Prof. Meek and my son, E. L. Gill, Ihave been able to provide several papers, each containing six questions, which were distributed at Easter, Whitsuntide and Race Wednesday. Many of these papers were taken and answered by boys and girls, and the results have: been encouraging for the continuation and further develop- ment of the practice in future. “he questions so far given have been on birds, eggs, fishes and general zoology, and all the questions could be answered from reference to the exhibits in the Museum cases. We may hope that this experiment will help to foster, in some of our juvenile visitors, a taste for Natural History, and, in any case, it cannot. fail to bring out increased powers of observation in those who try to answer the questions. We are very grateful for the kind assistance continually received from the College Staff located in the Museum, from the Honorary Curators, particularly Mr. R. S. Bagnall and Mr. G. B. Walsh, and from Mr. George Bolam, Mr. W. H. Young, Mr. A. M. Oliver and others, whose long continued help in the Museum Is greatly valued. XXV1 REPORT OF MUSEUM WORK I cannot conclude without expressing high appreciation of the way in which my colleagues on the staff have risen to the occasion in their endeavour to carry on with efficiency the work of the Museum, in the continued absence of those, with much greater knowledge and experience, on whose shoulders this work has usually rested. JosepH J. GILL. MUSEUM STAFF. CURATOR tase ES oaset ams oeeeti noes E. LEoNARD GILL, M.Sc. DEPUTY CURATOR ceseceseessseeereesaeeee JOsEPH J. GILL. pe aaa Nae Miss GLADYs Scor?, ADY ASSISTANTS ..ce0+..0 coves sacs , Ty M: HEPBURN, ING MPIDIS DY NIN Pacqgacnos asddnecTOocunOGoooODds0e0 A. E. BENNETT. GARDENER eceeeee SR ea Mae cna ee os ...H. STONES. HONORARY CURATORS Col. C, H. E. Adamson, C.I.E. | Prof. G. A. Lebour, M’A., D.Se. R. S. Bagnall, F.E.S., F.L.S. Prof. Alex. Meek, M.Sc. Harry Eltringham, M.A., F.Z,S. | Prof. M. C. Potter, M.A., Sc.D. Samuel Graham. Geo. B. Walsh, M.Sc. ——_ +. a ON EN ee Oe ee ee ee ea eS OFFICERS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY XXVIl HONORARY OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY Elected at the Annual Meeting, October 27th, 1916. PATRON The Right Hon. Lord Armstrong, M.A., D.C.L. PRESIDENT The Right Hon. Lord Joicey. VICE-PRESIDENTS The Duke of Northumberland. Viscount Grey. Lord Barnard. Lord Ravensworth. The Bishop of Newcastle. Sir Hugh Bell, Bart. Sir Arthur Middleton, Bart. Sir Geo. J. W. Noble, Bart. Sir Lindsay Wood, Bart. Sir G. H. Philipson, M.D., D.C.L. Prof. Sir Thos. Oliver, M.D. _ The Lord Mayor of Newcastle. Col. C. W. Napier-Clavering. Lt.-Col. C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E. Lt.-Col. W. M. Angus, C.B. Prof. G. S. Brady, M.D., F.R.S. Clive Cookson. ’ R. Coltman Clephan, F.S.A. Samuel Graham. H. N. Middleton. Principal W. H. Hadow, M.A., Mus. Doc. Prof. M. C. Potter, M.A., Sc.D. J. L Gracie J. D. Walker, J.P. Prof, A. Meek, M.Sc. COUNCIL Hugh P. Angus, G, A. Atkinson. R. S. Bagnall, F.E.S., F.L.S. H. I. Brackenbury, Edwin Burnup. J. D. Challoner. J: J. Hill, M.S. A. T. E. Hodgkin, M.A. Prof. H. J. Hutchens, M.A., M.R.C.S., D.S.O. Hon. J. Arthur Joicey. John Talbot, M.A., B.Sc. © “Ernest Scott. HON. SECRETARIES CE. Robson. | J. Alaric Richardson. HON. TREASURER A. H. Dickinson. HON. AUDITORS Samuel Graham. W. J. Bellerby. XXV1ll LIST OF DONATIONS LIST OF DONATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 3org, 1917. BAsIL ANDERTON, B.A.—A locust, from Egypt; also a copy of- ‘“Phomas Bewick, the Tyneside engraver,’ presented by the author. RICHARD S, BAGNALL, F.E.S., F.L.S.—Some beetles ; also Myriapods in tubes, and a few Ticks. J. S. Bett —A gooseander, from the North Tyne, near Bellingham. Miss A. BERKELEY.—Four boxes of minerals and fossils. GEORGE S. BRapy, M.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.—A large number of specimens of minute marine life, chiefly Entomostraca, Ostracoda, | Copepoda, Diatomaceae, etc., contained in about two thousand microscope slides and spirit preparations in tubes, and forming a portion of Dr. Brady’s extensive collections, accumulated during many years of research’ work. Also several Note Books with illustrations of many of the above specimens, ete. ; and a large number of deep cardboard cells for future use in microscopic mounting. " C. F. Currer.—A photograph of the *‘ General Sherman Tree.” Miss DEAN.—Butterflies, moths and beetles, from the Argentine. Miss A. EDMUNDS.—Some wax moth larve. C. D. ForstTeER —Specimen of ‘‘ Slickensides,’’ from Keswick. H. C. FuLtton (Kew).—Specimen of shell, Ariophanta rosseliana. H. W. GArsurr (Bulawayo).—Gold-bearing Quartz, from Rhodesia, South Africa. / J. J. Gractz.—A copy of G. Bolam’s ‘‘ Birds of Northumberland.” Miss HoOLMSTEAD (per Dr. Hobbs).—A fine specimen of the King Penguin. INDIA OFFICE (Secretary of State for India in Counci]),—The Fauna of British India Series; Coleoptera (Curculionidae, part 1), by G. A. K. Marshall, D.Sc. ; Coleoptera (Lamellicornia, part 2) by G. J. Arrow; Orthoptera (Acridiidze) by W. F. Kirby, F.L.S, ID), MApDpDocK,—Beetles, cockroaches and spiders, from Jamaica and the Canary Islands. Z — ene ee LIST OF DONATIONS XXIX Pror. A. Merk, M.Sc., F.L.S.—A copy of his new book, ‘ The 5:90 Migration of Fish two flying dragons, from Malaya; two lampreys, from Maldon, Essex. Henry Tuke MENNELL, F.L.S. —- Transactions of the Linnean Society ; Zoology, vol. 17, part 2, vol. 11, part 13 ; Botany, vol. 8, part & ; Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Nov., 1915 to June, 1916); Journal, vol. 32, No. 231, vol. 33, Nos. 222, 223, vol. 43, Nos. ‘291, 292, 293; also list of Officers and Fellows, 1916-17. Miss MiLroy.—Models of Sealing Boat and Esquimaux Kayak. GEORGE NICHOLSON. —Fossil shell, Spirifer, from the Limestone Quarries, near Stanhope, Weardale. A. M. Oliver.—Four specimens of shell, Paludestrina jenkinsi, from Basingstoke Canal, Crookham, Hants. Prop. F. W. OLiver.—Two pencil sketches of the Old Hospital at Chibburn, by the late Prof. Daniel Oliver, LL.D., F.L.S., F.R.S., and a photograph of the four Keepers of the Herbarium at Kew, including the late Dr. Oliver. JoHN PROUDLOCK (Seaton Delaval).—Fossil shells (Anthracoptera) from - the Crofton Pit. : 4 “THE RAY SOCIETY (by subscription).—British Marine Annelids, vol. 3, part 2, plates, by Prof. McIntosh, MD., LL.D., F.R:S.; Principles of Plant Veratology, vol. 2, by W. C. Worsdell, F.L.S. J. Arartc RrcHARDSON.—Coke breeze, for furnaces ; also a quantity of _ boarding for shelves. ~~ Miss LAURA RICHA\DSON.—Four dragon flies from Windermere. Miss RICHARDSON (Jesmond),— Model of Indian Temple, from Nagapatam, near Madras. JOHN Roxsson.—A sparrow hawk, from Broomhill, Acklington, ROBERT ROBSON.—Twenty-six local birds, contained in eleven cases. T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc. F.G.S. (Hull Museum).—Some leaves referring to this district, from the ‘‘ Natural History of England,’ 1759-62, and from Dr. A. S. Granville’s ‘‘Spas of England,” 1841. E. W. STAVELEY.—Two young herring gulls, from St. Bees, a yellow hammer and two linnets, for the Aviary. A. H. STRAKER.—A little owl, from Billeston, Leicester. ‘One of Lilford’s Owls.” XXX LIST OF DONATIONS THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HIsTORY).— Catalogue of Freshwater Fishes of Africa, vol. 4, by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S. ; Catalogue of Ungulate Mammals, vol. 5, by the late Richard Lidekker, F.R.S, ; Catalogue of Cretaceous Flora, part 2, by Marie C. Stopes, D.Sc., F.LS.; Guide to Disease Carrying Insects and Ticks, by L. Fletcher; The Louse and its Relation ta Disease, by Bruce F. Cummings. GEORGE B, WALSH, M.Sc.—A green lizard ; also several rare beetles for the large Reference Collection. Mrs. WHITTINGHAM.—A mineral with quartz, and a rock with fossil corals. Mrs. J. A. WILson (Cramlington).—About 150 books, chiefly on Natural History, from the Library of her father, the late John Simm of West Cramlington. The publications received by exchange with British and foreign scientific institutions are acknowledged in a separate list which is published later (in the Transactions) as an appendix to the report. DONATIONS TO THE ENDOWMENT FUND. FrRoM JULY IST, 1915, TO JUNE 30TH, 1917. . saexd: Thomas Reed ©... “ind ar 25, "On.0 B, A. (Grant from Local Committee)... 25 0 O Mrs. M. A. Robson 208 ee 20 0 O Abel Chapman ... cee Sc 5 0 O C. E. 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Go JOSS ; aie yooys Areuipig wnunxeyy yueo rod o1 s Auvdwo 10}¥A\ WJasUOD puR o[RpIVayy O O Og OD CODE) srteeetts ese eeeteseueereererss WQS AIBUIPIO) S,AUBdUIOD JeIBAA PBSYSE3BH PUe s[jSVOMINT O O Cob ((paceaaeerne see Sana: LOTS ainjueqoqd *1U99 jJod + “py “Oy x YJAIOMFTY AA ‘suo sully (0)) 1 (0) oor BI203S) ie Veouaiayon4 ‘yuo0 rad $ payepyosuod s,Aueduioy JolwAy PeeyseyeH pue asBoMeN O O oor ‘1 9 ae y90IS eouareJaig “ques sed F s,Auvdwo) Aempley UsleIseyY-YUON O O 006"1 0 O o00'% ets oe trttttsaererees 90]G aouaIaJoIg “Jueo ied Fz payepyosuo| s,Auvdmoy Avmpey puv[ply I gi oro%e —ysanbag [JVyavs¢7 cece cere cece cer rerecsssscesessasesssessece qo poepun. J Bahocye) qJod £p UOISSIUIULOD) TBI A\ IOAN Oo fe) oo$ Ghssliccsielsnglepelmcisiele vai hoc wa iter serine Dol OMS a[GeulvopolI] *JU99 jod &¢ uorjeiodi09 9TISBOMI NT oO O 0O00°% —ysanbag uidgoD —: £161 ‘yj0€ oun ‘Aya1~W0s ayy Aq pay s}UsISeAUT OY} JO JST] B ST Suraolpoy oy y SLUNAUWLSHANI XXXIV XXXV NATURAL HISTORY SOCLEVY OF NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM AND NEWCASTLE- UPON-TYNE. REPORT OF THE COU NCIE: FOR 1917-1918. THE outstanding feature of the year under review is the great increase in the number of visitors to the Hancock Museum. The turnstile registered this number at 31,640, which com- pares with 22,242 for the year 1917 and 17,613 for the year 1916, and constitutes a record since it was placed in the entrance hall. While therefore the prosecution of the Great War has demanded and claimed the time and energy, and limited the work of those intent on the serious study of natural history, it is pleasing to find that when opportunity _has occurred, such large numbers have found recreation and instruction in visiting and inspecting the collections. Of these visitors a large proportion have been soldiers and _ sailors, convalescent from the local military hospitals or stationed in the district, who have been admitted free. The membership has been well maintained, the total _number on the rell, including associates, being 389. The loyal support given to your Council in these times of exceptional ; difficulty ‘gives them courage to continue their work. By death and resignation there has been a loss of 21, while 12 new members and associates have been elected. Of those whose death is deplored are His Grace the Duke of North- umberland, a Vice-President and Trustee who was elected in 1899, and was ever interested in the affairs of the Society ; Sir Geo. Hare Philipson, another Vice-President, who joined in 1863, and whose genial help at the lectures given for children over which he frequently presided will be missed ; one who will XXXVI REPORT OF THE COUNCIL be greatly missed too by all connected with the Museum is Prof. G. A. Lebour, whose name was a household word to all interested in geology; ever ready to help by his practical advice and closely associated with the Society in earlier years his memory will live in his work; Sir Walter Plummer, Sir Charles Milburn, Bart., Messrs. Wm. Gibson, 1877, W. B. Reid, 1882, Thos. Bowden, 1888, and others. The east and west corridors and library are still being used by the biological and art staffs of Armstrong College, where the students are enabled to carry on their class work ; and the library was again utilised for the holding of the Cambridge Higher Local Examinations. The time of the Curators has been chiefly spent upon clean- ing and painting the insides of the cases and the preservation of the individual specimens, and it is gratifying to find that many visitors during the year have spoken of the excellent condition and display of the exhibits. Many valuable acquisitions have been received during the year, more particularly in the entomological section, and these have entailed careful examination and rearrangement. Children from the Council Schools have continued to come in charge of their teachers under the arrangement made a few years ago. It is greatly to be regretted that the plan of instruction with which this scheme was instituted has been suspended, but when peace is declared an attempt will again be made to set it in operation. Meantime it is a hopeful sign that while class work has not been possible, individual boys and girls have come to the Museum in increasing numbers, and shewn both interest and intelligence in dealing with the papers which have been prepared for them to answer. There has fortunately not been much expenditure necessary in repairs; only what has been absolutely essential has been carried out, but when labour and material are again obtain- able on reasonable conditions, your Council realise that a general overhaul of the buildings must be undertaken, REPORT OF TH COUNCIL XXXVI The exhibit of wild flowers displayed in the vestibule has been well maintained, thanks to the help of Messrs. Randle B. Cooke, Nicholas Temperley, and others. Many visitors come regularly for help in identification. The Field Meetings, under the helpful leadership of Mr. W. E. Beck have been continued, the places visited being all near at hand; much good work has been done, especially in the entomological section. During the winter the monthly ‘ Round Table” meetings were held, and though the attendance in the dark evenings leaves something to be desired, there has been no lack of interest on the part of those who were present. In view of the need for increasing food supply and to help those seeking for information, Prof. Potter, M.A., Sc.D., with his assistants, Miss Cunnington, B.Sc. and Miss Davy, M.Sc, gave a series of four lectures on economic botany in the autumn, which were much appreciated. In furtherance of this work an exhibit of garden pests, illustrating their life history and the method of combating their ravages, has been set up in the Museum, thanks to Prof. D. A. Gilchrist, M.Sc., and Mr. R. A. Harper Gray, M.A., M.Sc. The Hancock Prize Competition only brought_forward five essays. That of the successful candidate, Master Matthew Wright, a boy of 123 years, who took moorland bird life for his subject, showed remarkable promise for one so young. To the examiners who judged the essays, the Rev. J. E. Hull and Mr. George Bolam, our thanks are accorded. Vol. V. Part 1 of the Transactions is going through the press and will shortly be issued. The Financial Statement calls for little comment. Thanks to careful administration the Hon. Treasurer has been enabled after providing for the necessary expenditure to finish the year with a balance in hand. Expenses are increasing, however, especially in the cost of fuel, lighting and maintenance, for which provision must be made. XXXVIll REPORT OF THE COUNCIL The Endowment Fund has been kept open, and while it is scarcely opportune to appeal for donations when the national claims are so great, additional help will be appreciated. Investment in the War Loan to the amount of £200 has been made from donations previously promised and received during the year. Lastly, your Council have pleasure in bearing testimony tothe excellent work so willingly undertaken and so carefully executed by the Curators and Staff, to whom their thanks are given. NEW MEMBERS ELECTED FROM IST JULY, 1917, TO 30TH JUNE, 1918. Geo. Angus, 37, Percy Park, Tynemouth. Lady Browne, Westacres, Benwell. James Cooke, Kilbryde, Corbridge. Rev. Mark Fletcher, M.A., F.G.S.,. The Vicarage, Benton. E. W. F. Fraser-Smith, 2, Jesmond Gardens. W. M. Levins, Ellison Place. Leonard Macarthy, Benwell Park, A. H. May, 15. Athole Gardens, Kelvinside, Glasgow. E. T. Nisbet, Birnie Knowes, Cullercoats. N. S. Robinson, The Willows, Gosforth, F W.N. C. Wilson, National Provincial Bank. ASSOCIATE MEMBER. Herbert Egglishaw, 6, Stanley Street, Houghton-le-Spring. \ REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK XXXIX CURATOR’S REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK. 1917-1918. As was the case last year the Curator’s work in the Museum has been mainly in the direction of renovation and rearrange- ment. It would be quite impossible in any one year to go entirely through the collections, but each year a large number receive needed attention, and we endeavour to ensure that no part of our extensive collections, in so many departments, shall be long neglected. During the past twelve months most of the Store Cupboards have been turned out and their contents examined; the Zoology Wall Cases have been thoroughly renovated, and each object separately cleaned ; the Wingate Collection of Diptera, the Rev. J. E. Hull’s British Spiders, the Hancock Collection of Birds’ Eggs and Nests, the Angas Collection of Shells, the Charlton Collection of Bird Skins and other natural history objects, several collections of Butterflies and Moths, including the splendid Raine Collection and many of Dr. Eltringham’s, Miss Lebour’s large collection of Foreign Shells, Dr. Brady's spirit specimens of Entomostraca, &c., and his large collection of microscopic slides, as well as many other objects in the Museum have all had attention during the year. The Desk Cases in the Geology Room have been gone through, every ~ specimen cleaned, some of the cases rearranged, and much new labelling done. The Library has again been overhauled, -all the books and shelves cleaned, and the books checked off with the Typed Catalogue. The work of looking up and sorting the very numerous Transactions of Learned Societies has been continued, but its completion will be a matter of years, in the very limited time it is possible to devote to it. The attendance of visitors to the Museum has again been encouraging, and the numbers, especially at holiday times, show a marked tendency to increase. Each of the special holidays of the year, Easter, Whitsuntide, Race Week, the August Bank Holiday, the School Holiday in October, and Christmas and xl REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK _ New Year, brought an influx of visitors, in most cases the numbers being in excess of those of previous years. ‘The total attendances show a very great advance, upwards of 31,000 visiting the Museum during the year, as ‘against 22,000 last year, and 17,000 the previous year. Papers of questions for boys and girls have again been given out, the number at the New Year holiday reaching high- water mark, being 124 papers taken and answered during three days of special holiday. As was to be expected the demand for these papers has fallen off for the summer, but a fair number have Since been given out, and in most cases well answered. The display of Wild Flowers in the Entrance Hall has been well maintained, thanks chiefly to the kind assistance of Mr. Randle B. Cooke, who has been indefatigable in bringing specimens, We are also indebted to Mr. Nicholas Temperley and other naturalists for further contributions. Prof. Potter, head of the Botanical Department of Armstrong College, has set out for exhibition a number of specimens illustrating plant diseases, and showing the ravages of insects on potatoes, cabbage, wheat, and other plants. Through the kindness of Mr. Harper Gray, M.A., M.Sc., of the Agricultural Zoology Department of the College we have been able to exhibit a large number of cases of Insect Pests, chiefly those injurious to plant life. Each case shows the life history of the insect, and directions are given for checking its ravages. * In the late autumn a course of four Saturday afternoon lectures on Economic Botany was given in the Museum by Prof. Potter and two of his lady assistants. ‘These were fairly well attended, and dealt with such practical subjects as “A Loaf of Bread,” “Sugar,” “The Potato and its Diseases,” tN east” Another lecture given in the Museum in the early summer, was by Prof. Hatton, Principal of the King Edward VII. School of Art. He dealt with the “Interpretation of Nature, REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK xi by Blake and Turner,” and exhibited a number of beautiful examples of the work of both artists. Many parties of boys and girls from various schools have visited the Museum usually accompanied by masters or lady teachers. A few brief lessons have sometimes been given by the latter, but the regular natural history teaching formerly given by members of the Museum staff is not at present possible. The schools represented have been the Royal Grammar School, Rutherford College, Sandyford School, and several ladies’ schools. The Museum has also been visited by parties of local Field Club members on several occasions. In the difficulties under which we sometimes suffer from the absence of our regular Curators we have again to express our thanks to the College Professors, whose classes are con- ducted under our roof, as well as to Mr. R. S. Bagnall, Mr. G. B. Walsh, Dr. J. W. Heslop Harrison, and others, who have always been so ready to give help and advice when needed. In this connexion I must refer to the late Prof. Lebour, whose cheery presence in the Museum is much missed, and whose help in matters geological was greatly valued. As usual a list of Donations will be found on another page, but it may be well to call special attention to a few of these. Further instalments of Dr. Brady’s extensive collections have been received, and after being carefully examined, cleaned and repacked, have been stored with the specimens previously received, ready for future inspection. Dr. Eltringham of the Hope Department, Oxford University, has presented the whole of the original drawings, made for his work on African Mimetic Butterflies, on which he is the recognised authority. Miss M. V. Lebour, D.Sc., has presented her fine-collection of Foreign Shells, containing specimens from every quarter of the world. These are contained in twenty-eight small cabinets xl REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK of four drawers in each, and one box of shells too large for the cabinets. The very large collection of Butterflies and Moths made by ~ the late John Finlay is a valuable acquisition. They fill three large cabinets with 12, 26, and 28 drawers respectively, most of the drawers containing upwards of one hundred specimens. The two brothers, Capt. J. M. Charlton and Lieut. Hugh V. Charlton, whose death in their country’s service has deprived natural science of two most ardent and promising votaries, have bequeathed to the Museum the whole of their Natural History collections. These consist of over fifty birds and mammals mounted in cases, and a large number of skins, chiefly birds’, and many other natural history objects. The collections form a pleasing memento of two talented young naturalists who had shown great interest in the Museum and the work of our Natural History Society. - JosepH J. GILL. ee ee 4 MUSEUM STAFF, ETC. xliil MUSEUM STAFF RG ORVATORtecdwat sp nisisspn soeerece seameldseine ofc k. LEONARD GILL, M.Sc. AD PPUMVE CURATOR: vinccdseses) seeitsin casas JosErH J. GILL. ; Sie Yh (Miss GLADys Scorv, TAD ANSSTSMAUNIS) “ems niup ye cytes veo 1 |, I. M. Heppurn. JNGRTRIDISTIDVEIN(2Bay, Ggarioog: ocbcdocdusponsonootngonoe A. E. BENNETT. GARDE NERS sosioncnseae deceives on eceee vemeste H. SToNnes. HONORARY CURATORS Cooly ©. E. oe CarEE. Prof. G.- A. Lebour, M.A., D.Sc. R. S. Bagnall, F Fal tal US), Prof. Alex. Meek, M.Sc., F.Z.S eae eae . | Prof. M. C. Potter, M.A., Sc.D. Samuel Graham. Geo. B. Walsh, M.Sc. AFTERNOON LECTURES HELD DURING THE SESSION 1917-1018. 1917. Noy. 24.—Prof. M. C. Potter, M.A, Sc.D.: ‘* A Loaf of Bread.” Dec- 1.—Miss Davy, M.Sc.: ‘* Sugar.’ Dec. eels M. C. Potter, M.A., Sc D.: “ The Potato, and some of its Diseases.” Dec. 15.—Miss Cunnington, B BZSC, 1). Weast.c 1918. June 3.—Prof. R. G. Hatton, A.R.C,A. (Lond.):-‘‘ The Interpretation of Nature by Blake and Turner,” xliv OFFICERS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY HONORARY OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY Elected at the Annual Meeting, November Ist, 1917. PATRON The Right Hon. Lord Armstrong, M.A., D.C.L. PRESIDENT The Right Hon. Lord Joicey. VICE-PRESIDENTS The Duke of Northumberland. Viscount Grey. Lord Barnard. Lord Ravensworth. The Bishop of Newcastle. Sir Hugh Bell, Bart. Sir Arthur Middleton, Bart. Sir Geo: J. W. Noble, Bart. Sir Lindsay Wood, Bart. Sir G. H. Philipson, M-1)., 1): C-L- Prof. Sir Vhos. Oliver, M.D. The Lord Mayor of Newcastle. Col. C. W. Napier-Clavering. Lt.-Col. C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E. Lt.-Col. W. M. Angus, C.B. Prof. G. S. Brady, M.D., F.R.S. Clive Cookson. R. Coltman Clephan, F.5.A. Samuel Graham. H. N. Middleton. Principal W. H. Hadow, M.A., * Mus. Doc. Prof, M..C. Potter spate SCs. J. L Gracie J. D. Walker, J.P. Prof. A, Meek, M.Sc. COUNCIL Hugh P. Angus. R.S. Bagnall, KES F.LS. | W.E. Beck, Edwin Burnup. | Wilfrid Hall. ; ajeme eal MT SAN | T. E. Hodgkin, M.A. Hon. J. Arthur Joicey. Prof. J. A. Menzies, M.A., M.D. John Talbot, M.A., B.Se.. Ernest Scott. George Sisson. HON. SECRETARIES CE. Robson. J. Alaric Richardson, HON. TREASURER A. H. Dickinson, HON. AUDITORS Samuel Graham. W. J. Bellerby. LIST OF DONATIONS xlv LIST OF DONATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 3oth, 1918. THOMAS N. BrEE.—Two stoats in winter dress, Roper’ Biarr, F.S.A.—A number of weapons, a German gas mask, and other objects of interest from the Neweastle Archeological Society, collected by W. H. Cullen. GrorGrE Bo.AM.—A whiskered bat (new species for local fauna). Grorce S. Breapy, M.D., D.Se., Li.D., F.R.S.—Manuscripts and working drawings of Crustacea. : H. ELTRINGHAM, D.Sc.--The original drawings for his work on ** African Mimetic Butterflies,’ arranged in nine frames. HH. Fisuer.—A lily of the valley in fruit. W. H. Fowxes.—A butterfly (Neptis sp.) from Roorkee, N.W.P., India. A. Hume —A small collection of fossils. Mrs. E. L. JAmMeson.—A large snake in case. Miss MariE V. Lexsour, D.Sc.—A large collection of foreign shells, contained in 28 cabinets, of four drawers each, and .a box of specimens too large for the cabinets. STEWART McDonaLp.—A king locust. Mrs. Morrarr —A large collection of British butterflies and moths, con- tained in three cavinets, of 12, 26 and 28 drawers respectively. - The work of the late John Finlay. Miss PowkELL.—A large assortment of rocks and fossils, collected ‘by her father and grandfather. JoHN ProUDLOCK —A_ Dauberton’s bat and a long-eared bat, both mounted by George Bolam. Cot. Rerep.—A white mole, from J. C. Gibson’s Milkhope Farm, Blagdon. J. ALAric RIcHARDSON.—A number of insects from Windermere. Miss ROBERTSON.—A large collection of minerals. CHARLES ROBSON, per George Bolam.—A noctule, caught at Talbot Constable, E. Yorks., and a whiskered bat, caught near Chester-le- Street. ; Miss E. L, Rooke.—A snake bird or darter, shot near Meanee, India. 7“ xlvi LIST OF DONATIONS RoyaAL DuBiin SociETy.—Scientific Proceedings, vol. xy., Nos. 15-23 (Oct., 1916—Aug., 1917); Economic Proceedings, vol. 2, Nos. 12, 13 (Sept., 1916—Mar., 1917). ERNEST ScotTt.—A copy of ‘*The Diseases of Trees,” by Prof. R. Hartig. CLARENCE D. SmiTH.—A dragon fly, an ichneumon, and a pair of giant sawflies (Sirex gigas). L. SmitH.—A branch of the old Mulberry tree blown down in Saltwell Park, Gateshead. [This was planted in our greenhouse and has taken root, and come out in full leaf with several fruits. ] J. STAFFORD.—A very fine blue dragon fly (Aeschna juncea). Mrs. STURGE and Miss S. A. RICHARDSON.—A sprig of the spindle tree (Zuonymus Luropeus) in. fruit. Miss CAMERON SWAN.—A small collection of fossils. J. Ney Tate.—A number of moths. Mrs. J. W. TwInBERROW.—A model passage boat. D. WooLAcortT, D.Sc.—Norwegian rocks from the Scandinavian Drift, found in Warren House Gill, north of Castle Eden Dene, on the Durham coast. The publications received by exchange with British and Foreign scientific institutions are acknowledged in a separate list which is published later in the ‘Transactions as an appendix to the report. DONATIONS TO THE ENDOWMENT FUND. FroM JULY IST, 1915, TO JUNE 30TH, 1918. fase (al Sir Geo. J. W. Noble, Bart. ale i LOOlMOmEG. Sir Hugh Bell, Bart. = fitter soneeet SOMOS Thomas Reed ea ae mite mia 10 0 O £160 0 O xlvil TREASURER’S REPORT ‘SIOUPNY “UOLL { AdwaTiag {mM ‘IoINSvoIT, “UOFT ‘NOSNIMOICL “H “V t- WVHVUSL) “INVS g Oley On Ora ° O OF 96117 ¢ z Riavchetak genve tiemidcrante's : gI61 *y0€ aun( ‘puey ul dourleg ORDO cee eae men LOO ysodacy 0} pasteyjsuvi T, € 9c ——— OL 1 gg citi ieee soupuns fo) IT I ever eceersscese Aya100S kext . 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GF OO8 © { trrsssseeesesescersscrses WoOIS AIVUIPIC Ss Aueduiod IsIVAA PBeYSeIVD pue spiseomayNy O O Sgr treeeseesersers seeeesreoyS ginjuaqaqy ‘yued Jad # “py ‘oD ® yWomYAM ‘suoNsuy oO O OOF 4994S ; souaiajaig “jueo red $ payepyosuod s,Auvduiod JoJeVAA peoyse}ey pue afjseomeNN O O OOP‘! Ne oe) Hr peeoseeetenscesecesserey QS gouatIajaig ‘luso iad Sh s Auedwod AeMIeY Uloseq-yWION O O 006°! serteeesesssees 90S aUeIefaIg ‘jued Jod $z paiepyfosuod s.AuediuoD Avayiey pulpy I gi gr6‘z —ssanbag pjoyarvasay ° S.LNAWLSAANI oOo ooS teeter ease e sce ee ess et ves setessssesesecs 1qaq pepuny *yuo90 Jed aa UOISSIUIWIOZ) Ita \\ IOATY oO 00S fe] ro) 000‘z Hodes o6n00000 40 siohe ee felsic HURST OTS a[qvuloopolly] ‘yuo qed £ &C uonei0dio7 apsvomoNn ra) re) o00‘z ¥ ‘DiecSion 7 —ysanbag uiggop *JSOD Je udye], —: 9161 ‘yjo€ aunf ‘AyaI00g |y} Aq pey sJUsUT}SPAUT AY} JO JsI| B St SutMoyjoy ayy NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, AND NEWCASTLE- UPON-TYNE REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1918-19. In the history of the world there has been no such terrible war, or one involving such grave issues and entailing such great suffering and sacrifice of life, as that which began on August 4th, 1914. he forces, human and mechanical, which have been drawn upon were so manifold as to arrest normal activities throughout the British Empire. It was therefore with deep’ feelings of relief that the news of an armistice was received in November of last year. More than six months elapsed before the full conditions of peace were settled ; this has necessarily been a period of anxiety and uncertainty re- tarding the general resumption of normal conditions of work. Armstrong College, used as an hospital during the war, is being released by the military authorities, and it is expected that the staff and students of those sections who have been working at the Hancock Museum since 1914 will return to the College during the October term. The arrangement under which the work has been carried on has been in every respect a happy one, and the Museum staff will miss their guests no less for their pleasant association than for their co-operation and ready help in work of kindred nature. The Council were pleased to welcome the release and return from active service abroad of the Curator, Mr. E. Leonard Gill, in the early part of 1919. While the general work at the Hancock Museum has been carried on so well in his absence hi REPORT OF THE COUNCIL by a comparatively inexperienced staff, there is much of a progressive character which will now be pushed forward under his technical direction. ; A great loss to natural history—not only locally but*in a wider sphere, where his work on marine zoology, and especially crustacea, was, well-known and appreciated—was felt in the death of the Rev. Canon Norman... An obituary account of his life and work by Professor Meek will appear in the next volume of Transactions. Another gifted naturalist, Mr. Frederic Raine, who, like Canon Norman, was an honorary member of the Society, has been lost by death during the year. Mr. Raine was hardly known to the present generation of local naturalists, because he was compelled by ill-health to remove many years ago to the south of France. Previously, when he lived at Durham, his zeal as a field naturalist, collector and taxidermist brought him into close association with all the leading members of the Society who shared his tastes. A remarkable perfection of workmanship and finish characterised all that he did; it is strikingly shown in the very valuable collections with which he enriched the Museum. These include collections of British birds’ eggs and British butterflies and moths, as well as of the butterflies and flowering plants of the French Riviera. Of other members who have passed away may be mentioned Mrs. Spence Watson, the literary and social work of whose husband brightened New- castle life; Lord Barnard, whose interest in museum work left its mark ; Dr. Clement Stephenson, who devoted much time to the breeding and improvement of cattle; Mr. Richard Welford, local historian ; and others, the loss of whom leaves the district poorer. . The roll of members remains almost the same at the end of each year. New members join the Society but death and resignation prevent any permanent increase in numbers. During the year under review 13 valued members have passed away, 6 have resigned, and 24 members and associates have been elected. ‘The membership stands at 396. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL hii Members can materially help the Society by the introduction of new subscribers, and are earnestly asked to co-operate. On the other hand, the growing popularity of the Museum may be gauged by the increase in the number of day visitors. The turnstile shows that 43,340 entered the building. Of these 1,812 were from the Council and other schools. There are still many soldiers and sailors amonwst the visitors, though naturally the number is decreasing. Question papers have been again arranged for boy and girl visitors, and these have been answered with intelligence. Owing to many of the lecturers, who have in the past so cheerfully and voluntarily given their help, being engaged on important research work, and to the lighting restrictions, it was again impossible to afrange a course of winter lectures. The only exception was an interesting “talk” on “ The Birds of France” given by,the Curator shortly after his return, which drew a good audience and was much appreciated. Several causes contributed to prevent the “ Round Table” meetings held in the winter evenings being well attended. The experiment was therefore tried of holding them on Satur- day afternoons, and this has been attended by considerable success, the attendance becoming larger and drawing forth discussion which has been instructive and interesting. A list of subjects dealt with will be found in the Report. Supplies of fresh wild flowers have been received regularly from Mr. Randle B. Cooke; others have also contributed and thus helped to keep up the exhibit, which assistance has been welcome. That the exhibit continues to fulfil a useful purpose is proved by the frequent and regular visits of those who come to study and identify. Guided by the experience of the last few years under war time conditions, a programme of Field Meetings within a near and limited area was arranged ; these under the able leader- ship of Mr. Geo. Sisson are shewing by the increased attendance of members that outdoor work is such as should be continued. liv REPORT OF THE COUNCIL VoleaVi.,jpant.2 (of the Transactions is now in the press, and will be issued in due course. It is hoped now that better conditions are returning, those papers and reports which have necessarily been standing over may be shortly published. While the competition for the Hancock Prize was distinetly encouraging a couple of years ago both as regards number and quality of essays, there has since been a distinct falling off. Only five essays were received this year, the work of which, with two exceptions, was moderate. ‘The prize was awarded to Mr. F. E. Johnstone of Blackhill for an excellent paper dealing with the bird life of the Upper Derwent district. To the examiners, the Rev. J. E. Hull and Mr. Geo. Bolam, the thanks of the Council are offered for their careful report. The Endowment Fund has been augmented by a legacy of 41,000 from the late Dr. Clement Stephenson. Economy has been studied with regard to finance in the face of increasing expense ; this expense is chiefly by way of salaries, wages and fuel. Thanks to careful watchfulness the Hon. Treasurer is enabled to present a satisfactory balance sheet. Although the quantity of fuel granted under the Coal Control was limited, the price has been greater. A scheme for improving the heating of the Museum and reducing the quantity of fuel required is under the consideration of the Council. In view of the great increase in the cost of labour and material the question of the insurance of the buildings against fire has had the careful consideration of the Council, and it was decided to increase the amount to £30,000. From time to time during recent years the collections have been ‘augmented by various accessions; many of these are now unique and could not be replaced, while it is scarcely possible to assess their value. Asa precautionary measure, therefore, the insurance on the contents of the Museum has been raised to £40,000. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL lv The Council were fortunate during the last two and a half years in having the help of Mr. Gill, sen., as Deputy Curator, and on the termination of this arrangement they desire to put on record their appreciation of his services, as well as to express their thanks to the other members of the staff, who have, with him, so willingly and efficiently carried out their various duties. NEW MEMBERS ELECTED FROM ISL JULY, 1918, YO 301TH JUNK, 1919. Alfred Appleby, Stotes Hall, Jesmond. William Carter, 145, Pilgrim Street. William Deans Forster, Park House, Morpeth. F, C. Garrett, D.Sc., F.C S.. West Croft, Elvaston Road, Hexham. Major F. W. Gardner, 59, Meldon ‘Yerrace, Heaton. Stanley S. Haggie, West Jesmond Villa, Osborne Avenue. B. P. Hill, B.Sc., 37, Holly Avenue, Jesmond. Miss May Hume, 11, Bellé Grove Terrace. Fred O. Kirkup, The Manor House, Medomsley. H. B. Lockhart, Arcot Hall, Dudley. Sir Leonard Milburn, Bart., Guyzance, Acklington. W..C. Mountain, 8, Sydenham Terrace. His Grace The Duke of N orthumberland, Alnwick Castle. Percy Parmeter, The Union Club. ie H. Pickering, 13, South Parade, Whitley Bay. R. Morris Richardson, The Union Club. Benjamin F. Simpson, The Cottage, Bucklebury, Berkshire. W. E. Stephenson, Vhrockley House, Newburn. G. Grey Turner, The Hawthorns, Osborne Road. W. 5. Vaughan, he Poplars, Gosforth. Frank R. Watts, Wingrove, Clayton Road. Henry B. Watson, Felton Park, Acklington. J. R. R. Wilson, M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S , 4, Park Terrace. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Francis R. Main, 25, Highbury. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc., Secondary School, Scarborough. Alastair S. Watson, 31, Osborne Road, lvi REPORT OF MUSEUM WORK CURATOR’S REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK 1918-1919. During the past two or three years the work done in the Museum has necessarily been confined for the most part to what may be called maintenance work, as distinct from pro- gressive work; and I should like to say that-it is a great satisfaction to me to find on my return that the collections have been kept in such excellent order. A good deal of work of this character has been done during the year under review. The Hancock and Raine collections of British birds’ nests and eggs have been examined and put into good order, as have also the large Pallas collection of Russian plants and some other sets of herbarium material. ‘The-birds and cases on the gallery of the bird room have likewise been overhauled, to the great improvement of their appearance. Similar work has been done on some recently acquired collections, for example on the shells.presented last year by Miss M. V. Lebour, D.Sc., and on the Finlay collection of local butterflies and moths recently presented by Mrs. Moffatt. (Incidentally it should be stated that the Finlay collection is well worth any work that may be involved in its preservation. The late John Finlay was one of the best of the earlier Northumbrian lepidopterists, and his records are constantly quoted in our catalogue of the local butterflies and moths.) The very numerous minerals and fossils presented by Mr. H. Cooper Abbs (see list of donations) have been worked through and sorted, and the spiders from the Rev. J. E. Hull have been embodied in the reference collection with which he has provided us by instalments in previous years. A valuable piece of work of a different kind which was - carried out by the ‘war-time’ staff was the preparation of an inventory of the contents of the Museum. ‘This was in part undertaken for purposes of insurance, but in order to serve museum purposes as well the inventory was considerably elaborated. With a view to adequate insurance, dimensions REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK lvil and particulars of all the show-cases were included, while for museum purposes my father has added an alphabetical index to the contents of the store cupboards, and another section which is particularly valuable, an alphabetical list of all the genera represented in the zoology room, with references to their position and nature. Work of the progressive sort has also been going on during the year. Miss Scott has been getting together from various sources material for the remaining show-cases of insects which we hope shortly to complete, especially those illustrating the Orthoptera and Neuroptera. A large proportion of the specimens have had to be relaxed and re-set. | The two chief kinds of work now in hand are labelling, and work on the geology room. Labels of several kinds are being drawn up and printed ; large-type heading labels for the cases, smaller labels for individual specimens, and descriptive or explanatory labels for certain groups. These explanatory labels are designed to make the exhibits intelligible to ordinary: visitors and to bring out points of special interest. The present work in the geology room has a similar object. I am trying to finish up the series of introductory cases that I began a_ long time ago in that room, and with Dr. Woolacott’s help I have also made a beginning upon the large geological sections _ which I intend to put up above the wall cases. The geological collections are now very much the most backward section of the Museum. They comprise a wealth of good material, but it is still in the roughed-out state of thirty years ago—far too much stuff on view and none of it so treated as to mean much to the public. Undoubtedly a gradual transformation of the geology room ought to be a main element in our work for some years to come. A few other portions of the year’s work should be briefly referred to. Inthe library Miss Hepburn has done a good deal of sorting and re-arrangement, chiefly of unbound periodical literature. The tank in which the giant squid is shown has been cleaned out and the glass top refitted on a Ivill REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK new system. On the wild-flower counter we have usually had during the summer a good show of the more conspicuous flowers of the season; for supplies we have been indebted principally to Mr. Randle B. Cooke. The greatly increased attendance of visitors to the Museum, both on public holidays and at ordinary times, is a noticeable and pleasing change as compared with the years before I went away. It gives further encouragement to those parts of our work which are designed especially for the benefit of the public. In this connexion my father’s very successful experi- ment in getting boys and girls to answer papers of questions has been a valuable development and one that should certainly be continued. Some noteworthy acquisitions have been made during the year by donation or bequest. Col. Adamson has given us de Nicéville’s work on the butterflies of India, and also the icterine warbler shot twenty years ago in his garden at North Jesmond the most important bird, from the point of view of local ornithology, in the beautiful collection left by his father, the late Charles Murray. Adamson. From-the Rev. J. E. Hull we have received 135 fresh tubes of spiders for incor- poration in the reference collection with which he has provided us. A gift from Lord Armstrong which has attracted a good deal of attention is a clever reproduction of the dodo made by Messrs. Rowland Ward. Dr. C. T. Trechmann ‘has given us a large number of insects, British and exotic, of various groups; some of them will be particularly useful in fitting up the show-cases that are still to be prepared. The largest and in many ways the most remarkable acquisition of the year has come to us by bequest of the late Miss M. R. Dickinson, of Norham, a lady who retained to an advanced age a boundless energy and unusual versatility. The bequest includes a great series of beautifully executed water-colour drawings of wild flowers, in itself a remarkable life-work ; good collections of flowering plants, mosses, fresh-water algae and seaweeds, some shells and other remains of shore life, a small microscope REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK lix and some useful books. To the geological department Mr, John Jeffrey, B.Sc., has contributed some graptolites from the Skiddaw Slates (a formation in which fossils are hard to find), and some unusually good trilobites from local limestones ; a large number of fossils, rock specimens and minerals collected by the late Rev. George C. Abbs, of Cleadon, have been presented by his nephew, Mr. H. Cooper Abbs ; and Mr. L. F. Richardson has allowed us to select some specimens from the similar collection formed by the late David Richardson. Among the accessions to the ethnological department are some poisoned arrows from North-Eastern India, together with papers on the poisons, presented by Sir Thomas Oliver ; and a fine example of the hand harpoons formerly used in whaling, presented by Mrs. Bewicke Dowell. Dr. Woolacott and the Rev. Mark Fletcher have kindly given their help in sorting through some of the geological material referred to above, and, as already stated, Dr. Woolacott is also helping with the large sections for the geology room. Another member of the College staff to whom we have been indebted for constant help is Dr. Harrison. I should like to conclude this report with what I may call some suggestions for benefactions. Much has been done for this and other museums by spontaneous generosity on the part of those who happened to know of special needs. The following list of some of the present needs of the Hancock Museum is given in the hope that, if they are made known, some one or more of them may appeal to those who are will- ing to help us. Most of them are unlikely to be met in any other way for a very long time :— Cases and Fittings: Separate cases, small and large, for special groups of birds and for other objects up to the size of big-game animals. Book-form sets of frames for drawings ahd pressed plants. Photographs and frames for the ethnology gallery - to illustrate the types of mankind whose productions are shown. Top-cases for the mineral gallery, to complete the series begun some years ago. Ix REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK Reflectors for the zoology room—to throw light into the new insect cases on the dark side. New fronts for wall cases in the zoology room—to replace the old- fashioned fronts which unnecessarily obstruct the view. Specimens : Injurious insects—cases illustrating life-histories and damage caused. Fur-bearing animals—contributions towards as nearly complete a set as possible. . Big game animals, E. LEONARD GILL. MUSEUM STAFF GURATOR cravaccatsecesesessscesneecseunces sees E. LEONARD GILL, M.Sc. IDG (CURNGTOR soccddectantecneosoocber JosEPH J. GILL. ANSSISAVAN Til G UIRVATORGaeepereaeecneetenicace Miss GLADYS SCOTT. Ione AAGEIISTONISTE CSoncasqosopneo 60050000 Miss I. M. HEPBURN. ZASITSENIIDAUN Teteieretetoisisioutet tetalselerseioeteranisisisisttcretaiee! A. E. BENNETT. GARDENER 65). dcJcseccccegsesceedsecsoeteseces H. STONEs. HONORARY CURATORS Col. C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E. | Prof. Alex. Meek, M.Sc., F.Z.S. Re SaBacnall peBSS areas: | Prof. M. C. Potter, M.A., Sc.D. H. Eltringham, M.A.,D.Sc.,F.Z.S. | Geo. B. Walsh, B.Sc. Samuel Graham. REPORT ON MUSEUM WORK }xi INFORMAL SATURDAY AFTERNOON MEETINGS 1918, Nov. 9. ‘’ Growth and Structure of Fungi’—Mr. W. H. Wheldon. Dec. 31. ‘* Classification of Fungi’’—Mr. W. H. Wheldon, 1919. Jan. 11. ‘* The Structure of Insects’”—Mr. C. E. Robson, Feb. 8. ‘‘ Pollination’’—-Mr. E. Potts. Mar. 8. ‘‘ The Life History of an Early Spring Flower ’’— Mr. R. Adamson, F.R.H.S. CURATOR’S “MUSEUM TALK.” 1919. Mar. 26. The Birds of France. Private Evening Meeting of the Society, 19th March, 1919: Report on Field Meetings of 1917 by Mr. W. E. Beck, Chairman of Committee. Reading of the Hancock Prize Essay by Mr, F. FE. Johnstone, Blackhill. Ix OFFICERS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY PATRON The Right Hon. Lord Armstrong, M.A., D.C.L. PRESIDENT The Right Hon. Lord Joicey. VICE-PRESIDENTS The Duke of Northumberland. Viscount Grey. Lord Ravensworth. The Bishop of Newcastle. © Sir Hugh Bell, Bart. Sir Arthur Middleton, Bart. Sir Geo. J. W. Noble, Bart. Sir Lindsay Wood, Bart. Sir W. H. Hadow, M.A., Mus. Doc. Prof. Sir Thos. Oliver, M.D. The Lord Mayor of Newcastle. Col. C. W. Napier-Clavering. Lt.-Col. C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E. Col. W. M. Angus, C.B. Prof. G. S. Brady, M.D., F.R.S. Clive Cookson. R. Coltman Clephan, F.S.A. J. L Gracie Samuel Graham. Prof. A. Meek, M.Sc. H. N. Middleton. Prof. M. C. Potter, M.A., Sc.D. J. D. Walker, J.P. COUNCIL G. A. Atkinson. W. E. Beck A. J. Haggie, J.P. Wilfrid Hall J. J. Hill, M.S.A. Hon. J. Arthur Joicey. Prof. J. A. Menzies, M.A, M.D, A. M. Oliver. Ernest Scott. George Sisson. Nicholas Temperley, J.P. | Clarence Smith. HON. SECRETARIES C. E. Robson. J. Alaric Richardson. HON. TREASURER A. H. Dickinson. HON. AUDITORS Samuel Graham. | Frank Richardson. ARIS IMIPISS) TMCAR AMEN, SOLA A We Elected at the Special General Meeting held on the 13th of December, 1905, His Grace the I)uke of Northum- berland, K.G, F.R.S. The Rt. Hon. Viscount Ridley. The Rt. Hon, Lord Ravensworth. ‘The Rt. Hon. Lord Armstrong. ‘The Rt. Hon. Lord Joicey. Sir Hugh Bell, Bart. Sir Andrew Noble, Bart. F.R.S. | Sir John I). Milburn. Bart. Lt -Col. C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E E. J. J. Browell. N. C. Cookson. Clive Cookson. G. E. Henderson. Edward Joicey. i J. H. B. Noble. T. E. Hodgkin (elected Oct. Ist, 1917). LIS! OF DONATIONS xiii a LIST OF DONATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 3078, 1919. H Cooper ABss.—l.arge collection of rocks, minerals and fossils left by the late Rev. Geo. C. Abbs of Cleadon. Lr.-Co1. C. H. E. Apamson, C.1I.E.—De Nicéville’s ‘‘ Butterflies ot India,’’ 3 vols. The icterine warbler (yfolais icterina) shot in the donor’s garden at North Jesmond, 2oth June, 1899. HueGuH P. AnGus.—Female example of Andrena fulva (a bee) from the donor’s garden at Low Fell. Cot. W. M. AnGus, C.B.—Large snake (‘mamba’) killed by the donor in South Africa. RigHt Hon. Lord ARrMSTRONG.—Reproduction of the dodo (Didus ineptus), the work of Messrs. Rowland Ward. R. S. BAGNALL, F.E.S.—Specimens, mounted for the microscope, of two Collembola added to the British fauna by the donor, viz.— Tetracanthella pilosa, Schoett. (Cheviots), and TZ: oxoniensis Bagnall (Oxfordshire, paratype). Also copies of many recent papers by the donor on Protura, Thysanura, Collembola, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Gall-Midges and Gall-Mites, Myriapods, ete. Rothschild’s ‘ British Siphonaptera,’? South’s ‘‘Synonymic List ? of British Iepidoptera,”’ and other papers. Miss 1. M. BAUMGARTNER.—Skin of a platypus, Ornithorhynchus paradoxus. D. Brown (Shieldfield).—Fox, a large specimen, stuffed and mounted in case. J. D. Brown (Consett).—Leaf-cutter bee, M/egachtle circumcincta, from Consett, with nests and larvee. R. Burr.—Fine specimen of toothwort, ZLathrea squamaria, from Shotley Bridge ; complete plant with rootstock F. J. Cortety. Male giant sawfly, Szvrex gigas. W. A. Davison.—Some eggs of British birds. Miss M. R. DICKINSON (the late).—By bequest : fine series of water- colcur drawings of flowering plants ; herbarium of flowering plants, mosses, freshwater and marine alge ; small microscope, with slides of fishes’ scales, algze etc. ; some shells and insects; a number of books, including Muirneads’ ‘‘ Birds of Berwickshire.” xiv LIST OF DONATIONS Mrs. M. E. BEwicKE DowELL.—Hand harpoon as formerly used by whalers, in fine preservation; skull of albatross, sperm whale’s teeth, etc. M. DraAxke,—Living female poplar hawk moth. Rev. Mark FLetcHer, M.A.—Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, series from 1895 to date. STANLEY S. HAGGIE.—Large adder (23 inches) from near Otterburn. Mrs. HArDING.—Shale with fern fronds etc., from Woodhorn Pit, near Newbiggin. Dr. J. W. HeEsLtop HArRRISON.—Piece of ‘dogger’ from the Inferior Oolite, Roseberry Topping, composed of leaves of Thtnnfeldia. Rev. J. E. Hurt, M.A.—Further batch of spiders, 135 tubes, chiefly local, to add to the reference collection previously received from the same donor. CHARLES JANET (Paris).—Paper by the donor on ‘‘La Phylogénése de ’Orthobionte.”’ ; JOHN JEFFREY, B.Sc.—Unusually good series of graptolites and a few other fossils from the Skiddaw Slates, collected by the donor ; and two unusually well preserved trilobites from local Carboniferous limestones. JANE LoncsraFr, F.L.S.—Paper by the donor on ‘*‘ New Lower Carbo- niferous Gasteropoda,” in which specimens from the Hancock Museum are described. Dan MapDpock.—Specimens from Jamaica: a living pair of cockroaches, a fresh centipede and a large Helix. Henry T. MENNELL, F.L.S.— Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany, vol. 44, nos. 296-8; Zoology, vol. 34, nos. 225-6. Proceedings, Oct. 1918, nos. 353-6. Str THOMAS OLIVER.—Three poisoned arrows from North-Eastern India, obtained through Sir Thomas Frazer, of Edinburgh, with papers by Frazer on the poisons. Lewis F. RicHARDSON, D.Sc.—Selection of fossils and minerals from the collection left by the.donor’s father, the late David Richardson. _ ERNEST Scorr.—Copy of British Museum ‘‘ Instructions for Collectors : No. 7—Blood-sucking Flies, Ticks, etc.,’’ by E. E. Austin. JosEerH Scotr.—Masked crab, Corystes cassivelaunus, alive. J. W. THompson.—Perfect cast of interior of wooden pipe, made by cal- careous deposit from water at East Holywell Colliery, Shiremoor. LIST OF DONATIONS Ixv Dr. C. T. TRECHMANN.—Large number of insects left by the donor” father, the late Dr. C. O. Trechmann ; British and Foreign Lepid- optera, bees, wasps, ants, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, etc. H. S. WALLACE.—Newt with forked end to tail, from near Hexham Scorpion fly (Panorpa sp.) from Galloway. Several exotic insects, including an oleander hawk moth from Egypt. The publications received by exchange with British and foreign scientific institutions are acknowledged in a separate list which is published later (in the Transactions) as an appendix to the report. DONATIONS TO THE ENDOWMENT FUND FROM JULY IST, 1918, TO JUNE 30TH, 1919. Ih Ck Dr. Clement Stephenson 1,000 0 O Thomas Reed 10 0 O Richard S. 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AUAONION(O) S Auedwos Jo}BA\ Pesysojey) pue opswomoxNy 0 O Sgr Bona terestees cesses ygoyS ginjuaqad ‘yueo red b “py “OD 2 YyWOMPTYM “Suojsuty O O OOF aouarajaig “jue Jed § pajepyosuog s,Aueduiod s0xeA\ peeyseye pue afjseoMaN O O OOF‘! Dott s setsserstesesrrsrego ie gouadajaig ‘juss sed $p s.AuedmoD Avmrey usojseq-yWON O O O06°! Sos eC Roy Y90}S vouesajorg *jueo red $z poyeprjosuoy s,AuvduioD Avmjley pux[pl 1 gi gh6‘c —ysanbag [JvYyavsz7) trreeeeeeeees QQQq papung “jueo Jed €h uolsstMIMIOD IvaA\ JeATY O O OO$ tre eyQ0}G g[qeulaapaly “jueo rod €€ uoneiodiog asvomeN O O 0007 F —ysanbag uiggoD —: 6161 ‘yo eunf{ ‘AjaID0G ay} Aq P[eY s}USUIJsOAUT AY} JO JST] B SL SULAOTIOJ, YL (ee ( 3203S ee SLNAWLSHANI Ixx LIST OF MEMBERS LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, anp NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE REVISED TO JUNE 3orn, 10918. »*, Except where otherwise stated, the addresses given are in Newcastle- upon- Tyne. «*, The letters F.C. in place of the date of election indicate that the member joined the Society in 1903 under Rule 3 as a former member of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club. ELECTED. Adamson, Lt.-Col. C. H. E., J.P., C.I.E. (V.-P.), Crag Hall, North Jesmond 1896 Adamson, Miss C. T., Crag Hall, North Jesmond 1903 Adamson, Richard, F.R.H.S., Winlaton, Blaydon-on-‘Tyne F.C, Addison, J. G., The Grange, East Boldon, S.O. F.C. Allan, Edward, Osborne Villas 1903 Allden, W. F., Elmfield Road, Gosforth 1906 Allendale, Right Hon. Lord, Bywell Castle, Northumberland IQII Anderson, Dr. Robt., 4, Gladstone Terrace, Gateshead 1910 Angus, Col. W. M., J.P. C.B. (V.-P.), Benwell Cottage 1884 Angus, Jos. G., Westover, Low Fell . 1902 Angus, Hugh P., Eslington Villa, Low Fell (902 Angus, Geo., 37, Percy Park, Tynemouth 1917 Appleby, Alfred, Stotes Hall, Jesmond 1918 Armstrong, J. H., 5, Windsor Terrace 1890 Armstrong, The Right Hon. Lord, J.P., M.A., D.C.L. (Patron), Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland 1889 Arnott, Spencer L., Woodlands, Killingworth 1904 Atkinson, F. Buddle, J.P., Gallowhill, Morpeth IQII Atkinson, Geo. A., Williton, Riding Mill-on-Tyne 1899 Atkinson, T. H., Eilans Gate, Hexham 1906 LIST OF MEMBERS Backhouse, IT. W., West Hendon House, Sunderland Bagnall, Richard S., F.E.S., F.L.S., Rydal Mount, Blaydon Bainbridge, Geo, B., Espley Hall, Morpeth Baumgartner, Mrs. J. R., Ambleside Beavan, Frederick, Dene Brow, Jesmond Park West Beck, W. E., 30, St. Mary’s Place Bedson, Prof. P. P., M.A., D.Sc., F.C.S., Armstrong College Bell, C. L., J.P., Woolsington, Newcastle Bell, G. F., 55, Highbury Bell, Sir Hugh, Bart. (/.-P.), Rounton Grange, Northallerton Bell, John G., 49, Osborne Road Bellerby, W. J., 4, Kensington Terrace Belt, Thomas, Bigg Market Benson, Harry, Denehurst, Jesmond Park East Blair, Robert, F.S.A., Harton Lodge, South Shields Blayney, R. O., West Sand Ends, Haydon Bridge Boocock, J. T., 80, Falmouth Road, Heaton Bowes-Lyon, Hon. Francis, Ridley Hall, Haydon Bridge Brackenbury, Hereward I., Seaton Burn House, Dudley, S,O. Browne, Lady, Westacres, Benwell Browne, B. C., Fawdon House, Newcastle Bullerwell, R. G. A., M.Sc., 2 Millbank Crescent, Bedlington Bulman, H. F., Morwick Hall, Acklington Burdon, Col. Rowland, J.P., Castle Eden, Co. Durham Burn, J. H., Dipton House, Riding Mill Burnup, John, Brantwood, Gosforth Burnup, Edwin. 2, Wentworth Place Burnup, Miss Winnifred E., 2, Wentworth Place Ixxi ELECTED, 18 (Cr 1905 Igi2 IQII 1912 1889 18858 1903 1913 1905 1899 1910 1907 1896 12°C. 1903 1913 1905 1905 1918 IQII 1910 1905 1903 1916 1884 1904 1910 Burt, Right Hon. Thos., P.C., D.C.L., M.P., 20, Burdon Terrace 1885 Burton, W. S., 2, Elmfield Villas, Gosforth Cackett, Jas. T., 113, Osborne Road Cadman, Chris. C., North of England Fish Hatchery, Barrasford, Northumberland Carrick, F., The Elms, Elmfield Road, Gosforth Carr, Wm. Cochran, Lower Condercum, Benwell Carr-Ellison, H. G., 15, Portland Terrace Carter, William, 145 Pilgrim Street Challoner, John D., 15, Framlington Place Chapman, Abel, Houxty, Wark-on-Tyne Chapman, Francis, Lynton, Graham Park Road, Gosforth Charlton, Chas. F., 21, Claremont Place Chaston, Ed. C., 36, St. George’s Terrace IQII 1901 1906 1916 1904 1908 1919 1898 1908 1916 1912 IQT5 Ixxll LIST OF MEMBERS ELECTED. Clark, Isaac, 12, Clayton Road Ene Clay, Mrs. (in memory of the late T. R. Clay), 5, Haldane Ter. 1894 Clayton, Major Ed., Walwick Hall, Humshaugh 1907 Clephan, R.Coltman, F.S.A.(V.-P.), Marine House, Tynemouth 1887 Cochrane, A. H. J., Jesmond Dene House IQII Cochrane, Mrs. Alfred, Jesmond Dene House IQII Cochrane, Cecil A., Oakfield House, Gosforth 1903 Cochrane, Henry H., Eshwood Hall, near Durham 1915 Cohen, Charles, 32, Osborne Road 1908 Cooke, Randle B., Kilbryde, Corbridge 1905 Cookson, Clive (V.-P. ), Nether Warden, Hexham 1903 Cookson, Kenneth oe oa 1904 Cookson, Harold, Birchwood, near Malvern 1906 Cooper, R. W., 2, Sydenham ‘Terrace IQII Corder, Percy, Collingwood ‘Terrace IQII Corder, Walter S., J.P., Rosella Place, North Shields IQII Cowen, Joseph, Stella Hall, Blaydon-on-Tyne F.C. Cowper, J., 7, Framlington Place 1914 Coxon, Herbert, St. Mary’s Mount, Jesmond Dene Koad 1917 Cruddas, Miss Dora, Haughton Castle, Humshaugh 1904 Cruddas, Miss Eleanor 55 a 1904 Cutter, C. F., Fountain Cottage, Low Fell 1916 Dalgleish, R. S., 7, Grosvenor Villas 1916 Dendy, F. W., D.C.L., Eldon House, Osborne Road 1905 Devey, Dr. Thos. V., Muker, Richmond, Yorkshire F.C. Dickinson, A. H., 52, Dean Street (Hon. Treasurer) 18384 Dickinson, Robert, Underwood, Riding Mill-on-Tyne 1910 Dinning, Mrs., 43, Eldon Street 1894 Dixon, J. Askew, Ramshawe, Corbridge-on-Tyne : 1905 Dodd, D. Mainland, 3, Fenham Terrace 1902 Dove, Ed. J., J.P., Oaklands, Riding Mill 1912 Drummond, D., M.D., Saville Place 1902 Dunn, N., Sunnybrae, A'’nmouth 1902 Durham, The Right Hon., The Earl of, Lambton Castle, Fence Houses, Co. Durham 1903 Eeles, Robt., Jesmond Dene Hall 1914 ' Elphick, Geo., M.R.C.V.S., 1, Brandling Park 1894 Eltringham, H., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., 8, Museum Road, Oxford 1902 Fenwick, J. C. J., J.P., M.D., Long Framlington, Morpeth 1896 Ferguson, John, South View, Hexham 1885 Ferguson, William, 2, St. Thomas’ Place 1905 LIST OF MEMBERS Finlay, Rev. W., Seaton Burn Fletcher, Rev. Mark, M.A., F.G.S , The Vicarage, Benton Forster, John J., J.P., Oakfield, Ryton-on-Tyne Forster, Fred. E., 32, Grainger Street Forster, C. D., Burradon, Rothbury Forster, J. H. B., Whitworth House, Spennymoor Forster, W. Deans, Park House, Morpeth Fowkes, W. H., 32, Marine Avenue, Whitley Bay Fraser-Smith, E. W, F., 2, Jesmond Gardens Frazer, I. Burdon, Woodside, Lindisfarne Road Gardner, Major F. W., 59 Meldon Verrace, Heaton Gardner, John, F.E.S., Laurel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool Garrett, F.C., D.Sc., F.C.S., West Croft, Elvaston Road, Hexham Gibson, Wm. W., 7, Grey Street Glendenning, G. H., 13, Eslington ‘Verracc Goodger, Chas. W. S., 18, Market Street Gordon, Percy, 64, Osborne Road Gowans, Dr. T., Lochlibo House, Adderstone Crescent Gracie, John L. (V.-P.), 11, Sydenham Terrace Graham, Samuel (V.-P.), 107, High Park Road Green, Newbey S., 29, Brandling Park Greenwell, Winship, Bothal, Morpeth Grey, Right Hon. Viscount, Falloden, Northumberland Gurney, Miss H. M., M.D., The White House, Grainger Park Road Hadaway, George, 75, Howard Street, North Shields Hadcock, Major A. C., Benton Lodge, Longbenton Hadow, Principal, Sir W. H., M.A., Mus. Doc. (V.-P.), Arm- strong College Haggie, A. J., J.P., The Manor House, Long Benton Haggie, Stanley S., West Jesmond Villa, Osborne Avenue Hale, R. E., The Hermitage, Chester-le-Street Hall, Wilfrid, Prior’s Terrace, Tynemouth Hand, T. W., Public Library, Leeds Hardie, W. J., Stalheim, Graham Park Road, Gosforth Harle, W. A., 8, Osborne Avenue Harrison, ‘The Misses (in Mernoriam A. P. H.), 9, Osborne Terrace, Jesmond Harrison, Thomas, Eastburn, Hexham Havelock, John, Eastwood, Jesmond Park East Henderson, G. E., Framlington Place Ixxill ELECTED, E.G. 1918 1854 1901 1906 IQI7 1918 1G IQIS IQII 1919 IQII 1918 1909 1913 1898 1913 1QII 1896 1835 1907 BC. 1905 Igi2 18 C5 190! 1909 1914 1919 1916 1903 EC. IgI2 1904 1906 1905 1907 1886 Ixxlv LIST OF MEMBERS ELECTED. Henderson, W. F., Moorfield, Claremont 1884 Henderson, J. C., Clifton Mount, Grainger Park Road 1917 Henderson, Mrs. J. C., ,, a 1917 Herd, T. S., 11, Grey Street 1912 Heron, J. P. Maxwell, 65, Eldon Street 1912 Heslop, Jas., South Close, Riding Mill 1914 Hick, Rev. J. M., M.A., Springfield, Elphinstone Road, Southsea F.C. Higginbottom, A. H., Simmondley, Adderstone Crescent 1914 Hill, B. P., B.Sc., 37, Holly Avenue 1919 Hill, J. J.. M.S.A., Runnymede, Ponteland 1909 Hobbs, A. Holmested, M.D., 24, Ellison Place 1903 Hodgkin, T. E., M.A., Old Ridley, Stocksfield 1903 Hodgkin, Mrs. T. E., % 55 1905 Holmes, Stephen, 10, Osborne Villas 1903 Holmes, Ellwood, Wyncote, Jesmond Park East IQII Holmes, J. H., Wellburn, Jesmond Dene Road I9II Holmes, Miss, 35 aa Pr IQII Holmes, William, Woodhurst, Moor Road, Gosforth 1914 Holzapfel, Max, Kenton Lodge, Gosferth 1905 Horsley, Wm. F., St. Helen’s Terrace, Low Fell 1913 Howden, Prof. R., M.A., F.R.S.E., 14, Burdon Terrace 1903 Hull, Rev. J. E.. M.A., Ninebanks Vicarage, Whitfield E.G, Hume, Miss May, 11, Belle Grove Terrace 1918 Hunter, Edward, Wentworth, Gosforth 1902 Hunter, Sir G. B., D.Sc., J.P., The Willows, Clayton Road 1902 Hunting, Chas. S., Slaley Hall, Riding Mill 1917 Hutchens, Prof. H. J., M.A., M.R.C.S., D.S.O., Corbriage 1907 Irving, J. A., West Fell, Corbridge-on-Tyne 1906 Jackson, Joseph, 10, Leazes Terrace 1888 Jeffreys, Harold, B.A., M.Sc., St. John’s College, Cambridge 1917 Jenkins, Geo., Burley Orchard, Chertsey, Surrey 1896 Johnson, Rev. W., Brookfield, Rossett Drive, Harrogate HG: Joicey, The Right Hon. Lord (President), Ford Castle, Ford, Northumberland 1388 Joicey, Hon. Hugh Edward, Ford Castle, Ford, Northumber- land I9IO Joicey, Hon. Jas, Arthur, Longhirst, Morpeth 1906 Kirk, William, J.P., Norton Hall, Stockton 1903 Kirkup, Fred O., The Manor House, Medomsley 1918 LIST OF MEMBERS Kirkup, Austin, Manor House, Penshaw, Fencehouses Knothe, Rudolph, 3, Haldane Verrace Knott, Sir James, Close House, Wylam Knowles, W. H., F.S.A., 25, Collingwood Street Laidler, G. G., Jun., 38, Northumberland Street Laidlaw, P. O., Stonecroft, Fourstones, R.S.O. Lamb, Edmund G., M.A., Borden Wood, Liphook, Hants Lawson, Wilfrid H., Lindisfarne, Ryton Leach, C. C., Seghill Hall, Northumberland Leathart, T. H., Low Angerton, Hartburn, Morpeth Livens, W. M., Ellison Place Leighton, Miss M., 39, Waverley Avenue, Monkseaton Lisle, George, Bentham Buildings, Side Literary and Philosophical Society, Westgate Road Lockhart,-H. B., Arcot Hall, Dudley Logan, Jas., 10, Eskdale Terrace Lord, Sir Riley, J.P., Highfield Hall, Gosforth Louis, Prof. Henry, M.A., D.Sc , A.R.S.M., 4, Osborne Terrace Lunn, Sir Geo., Moorfield, Gosforth Macarthy, Leonard, Benwell Park Maling, E. A., J.P., Blackwell Hall, Darlington Maling, John Ford, 25, Eslington Terrace Manson, Jas. McD., Hillcroft North, Low Fell Marshall, Frank, Claremont House Martin, Dr. W., West Villa, Akenside Terrace May, A. H., 15, Athole Gardens, Kelvinside, Glasgow McLean, John S., Rannoch Lodge, Lindisfarne Road Meek, Prof. Alex., M.Sc., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Armstrong College (V -P.) Meikle, Jas. Ed., Beauclere, Riding Mill-on-Tyne Mein, M. M., 49, Percy Gardens, Tynemouth Mein, N., Beechwood, Clayton Road Menzies, Prof., J. A., M.A., M.D., 3, Fenwick Terrace Merz, Chas. H., The Ems, Gosforth Middleton, Sir Arthur E., Bart., J.P. (V.-P.), Belsay Castle, Northumberland Middleton, H. N., J.P. (V.-P.), Lowood, Melrose (N.B.) Milburn, Sir Leonard, Bart., Guyzance, Acklington Mitcalfe, J. Stanley, 60, Percy Park, Tynemouth Mitchell, Mrs. E. H., Jesmond Towers Mountain, W. C., 8 Sydenham Terrace Ixxv ELECTED. 1916 1854 1907 1893 IQI5 1892 1891 iC. 1903 1904 1918 1916 1906 1916 1918 1912 1887 1902 1912 1918 nAGs 1903 I9IO 1887 1914 1Qi7 IQI7 1895 1907 1902 1917 1915 I9IO 1884 1884 1918 EEG. 1904 1918 Ixxvl LIST OF MEMBERS Morris, F. W., Wantage, Beltingham, Bardon Mill-on-Tyne Napier-Clavering, Col. C. W., (V.-P.), Axwell Park Newall, F. S., J.P.. Castle Hill, Wylam-on-Tyne Newcastle, Lord Bishop of ( V.-P.), Benwell Tower Newbigin, E. R., 4, Tankerville Terrace Newton, Edward, Thirston House, Felton Nicholson, Geo., 26, Lancaster Street Nisbet, E. ‘T., Birnie Knowes, Cullercoats Noble, Lady, Jesmond Dene House Noble, Miss, Jesmond Dene House Noble, Major Sir Geo. J. W., Hornton Lodge, Camden Hill, London, W. 8. Noble, S. W. A., Kent House. Knightsbridge, London, W. Noble, J. H. B., Ardkinglas, Inverary Noble, Philip E., Manor House, Whalton, Morpeth Northbourne, The Right Hon. Lord, Betteshanger, Dover ELECTED. 1915 1908 1896 1908 1916 1889 1917 1918 IQII 1887 1877 1887 1904 1903 Northumberland, His Grace the Duke of, (V.-P.), Alnwick Castle Oliver, Arthur Moule, Thorney Close, Fenham Hall Drive Oliver, Prof. Sir Thos., M.D., F.R.C.P., Ellison Place Ormond, John G., Bywell, Stocksfield Park, A. B., Holly Lodge, Gosforth Parmeter, Percy, The Union Club Parrington, M. W., Hill House, Monkwearmouth Parsons, Hon. C. A., J.P., F.R.S., M. Inst. C.E., Holeyn Hall, Wylam-on-Tyne, (and 6, Windsor Terrace) Pattinson, Hugh Lee, 13, Mosley Street Pease, Howard, J.P., Otterburn Tower, Northumberland Pease, J. Beaumont, J.P., Pendower, Benwell Pease, Mrs., Pendower, Benwell Peile, Henry, Duke’s House, Hexham Peverley, R. B., Bellear, Stocksfield Philipps, Mrs. Bertram, 34, Hyde Park Gardens, London, W. 2 Pickering, H., 13, South Parade, Whitley Bay Potter, Prof. M. C., M.A., Sc.D. (V.-P.), Armstrong College ‘Potts, Edward, Whitburn Road, Cleadon, Sunderland Priestman, Francis, Shotley Park, Shotley Bridge Proctor, J H., Ravenswood, Westgate Road Pumphrey, Mrs. T., Summerhill Grove Pumphrey, Bernard, 115, Osborne Road Pumphrey, Joseph, Hindley Hall, Stocksfield LIST OF MEMBERS Ixxvil ELECTED. Punshon, Mrs., Ingleby House, Northallerton 1906 Pybus, Major F. C., F.R.C.S., Windsor House, Jesmond Road 1913 Pybus, W. Mark, Milburn House, Dean Street 1884. Ramsay, N. F., 131, Osborne Road 1912 Ravensworth, The Right Hon. Lord (V.-P.), Ravensworth Castle, Co. Durham 1904. Reed, Col. Joseph, Horton Grange, Dudley 1916 Reed, Thomas, C.A., 1, High West Street, Gateshead IQI7 Reid, Sidney, 26, Claremont Place IQII Renwick, George, J.P., Springhill, Morpeth 1902 Rich, F. W., 6, Jesmond Gardens 1886 Richardson, Edmund R., Monkton Lodge, Jarrow LQII Richardson, Frank, Clifton Cottage, Clifton Road IQII Richardson, George Bs M.A., Lindum, Jesmond Park 1903 Richardson, Miss Laura, Sandysike, near Brampton IQII Richardson, J. Alaric (Hon. Secretary), Anster, Grainger Park Road 1897 Richardson, John H., J.P., Kensington Terrace 1881 Richardson, Lawrence, Stoneham, Beechgrove Road 1903 Richardson, R. Morris, The Union Club 1918 Richardson, Miss S. A., Ashfield House, Elswick Road 1831 Richardson, W. G., M.D., 10, Claremont Place 1903 Ridley, C. A., 6, Ellison Place IQI5 Ridley, Viscountess, Blagdon, Cramlington, Northumberland 1917 Ritson, U. A., J.P., Jesmond Gardens 1587 Ritson, W. H., J.P., Springwell Hall, Durham 1902 Robson, C. E. (Hon. Secretary), Priorsdale, Clayton Road 1903 Robson, John S., Sunnilaw, Claremont Gardens 1887 Robson, Jos. T., Beetholme, Osborne Gardens, Monkseaton 1917 Robson, Mrs. M. A., 6, Collingwood Terrace 1905 Robson, Robt., 13, Framlington Place 1884 Rodgers, Major R. M., 21, Oaklands, Gosforth 1908 Rogerson, John E., J.P., Mount Oswald, Durham 1880 Rollin, Charles, Bilton Hall, East Jarrow 1917 Ross, Charles, Fairfield, Westoe, South Shields IQI5 Runciman, Rt. Hon. Walter, M.P, Doxford Hall, Chathili 1912 Ryott, W. H., 8, Windsor Terrace 1884 Sanderson, Thos., Woodhill, Ponteland 1913 Sanderson, W. J., J.P., Eastfield, Warkworth 1889 Scott, Ernest, 5, Colbeck Terrace, Tynemouth 19OI Ixxvill LIST OF MEMBERS Sharp-Naters, John G., Stelling Hall, Stocksfield-on-Tyne Sharp, Wm., Blythswood South, Osborne Road Simpson, J. B., J.P., Bradley Hall, Wylam-on-Tyne Simpson, Thos., The Crofts, Hepscott, Morpeth Simpson, Benjamin F., The Cottage, Bucklebury, Berkshire Sisson, George, West Oakwood, Westgate Road, Sisson, J. Arnott, 4, Fenham Terrace Smart, G. S., Corchester, Corbridge-on-Tyne Smith, Clarence D., Lough Brow, Hexham Smith, John, 128, Rye Hill Smith, Lancelot, Piper Close, Corbridge-on-Tyne Smith, Mrs., Hencotes House, Hexham Smythe, Dr. J. A, 10, Queen’s Gardens, Benton Spain, Col. Geo. R. B., C.M.G., 7, Tankerville Place Spence, R. F., Backworth Spence, Philip, Mellbreak, Elmfield Park, Gosforth Spencer, Ralph, Netherwitton Hall, Morpeth Squance, H.S , South Hill Vhe Cedars, Sunderland Stephens, Rev. T., Horsley Vicarage, Otterburn Stephenson, W. E., Throckley House, Newburn Storey, Samuel, J.P., Southill Strachen, R. A., 16, Ivy Road, Gosforth Straker, F., J.P., Angerton Hall, Morpeth Straker, John C., J.P., The Leazes, Hexham Straker, Jos. H., Howden Dene, Corbridge Straker, Chas. E., High Warden, Hexham Sutherland, A. Munro, Thurso House, Fernwood Road Sutherland, James, Summerhill, Alnwick Swan, C. V., Singleton House, Jesmond Swan, E. W., The Pele Tower, Corbridge Swan, Mrs. A. S., Daneswood, North Avenue, Gosforth Swanston, William, 7, Sydenham Terrace Talbot, John, M.A., B.Sc., 10, Eslington Terrace Taylor, Thomas, J.P., Chipchase Castle, Wark-on-Tyne Temperley, Henry, 1, Fenham Verrace ‘Temperley, W. A., 1, Osborne Avenue Yemperley, Nicholas, J.P., 4, Carlton Terrace, Low Fell Thompson, Miss Jessica, lhe Cottage, Whickham Thompson, J. W., Holywell Grange, Shiremoor Thompson, T. W., 117, Pilgrim Street Thompson, R. J., 38, Eldon Street ELECTED. 1883 1883 1903 1838 1919 1899 1902 1902 1909 1908 1909 1907 1913 1907 F.C. 1912 IQII 1917 iP (Ce 1918 F.C. F.C. 1888 1903 1885 1912 1904 1884 1909 IgI2 1913 1902 1912 1903 1909 1904 1914 1889 1917 1906 1913 LIST OF MEMBERS Thomson, Miss M. H., 22, Wentworth Place Thomson, James, M.A., 22, Wentworth Place Trevelyan, F. B. T., 11, Windsor Crescent Turner, G. Grey, The Hawthorns, Osborne Road Turner, G.B., 74, Warrington Road Turner, W. Leonard, Heatherlea, Stocksfield Vaughan, W. S., The Poplars, Gosforth Waddilove, Geo. H., J.P., Brunton, Hexham Waggot, Jas. B., 19, Percy Park Road, Tynemouth Wallace, Thos., 42, Mosley Street Wallace, H. S., F.E.S., 6, Kayll Road Villas, Sunderland Walker, John D., J.P. (V.-P.), 21, Pilgrim Street Walther, P., International Comp. Co., Ltd., Factory Union, Union Co., New Jersey Walther, W., Eastfield House, 15, Granville Road Ward, Percy F., 27, Mosley Street Ward, Miss I. V., 44, Jesmond Road Watson, Henry B, Felton Park, Acklington Watson-Armstrong, Hon. W., Cragside, Rothbury Watts, Rev. Arthur, F.G.S., The Rectory, Witton Giibert Watts, John, Wingrove, Clayton Road Watts, Frank R., Wingrove, Clayton Road Welch, Geo., 4, Devonshire Terrace White, Mrs. W. H., Knaresdale, Slaggyford Wilson, Henry B., 11, Osborne Avenue Wilson, W. N. C., National Provincial Bank Wilson, John, 12, Pilgrim Street Wilson, J. R. R., M. Inst. C. E., F.G.S., 4 Park Terrace Wilson Cuthbert B., 49, Grey Street Winstanley, R. H., 18, Oaklands, Gosforth Wise, Frederick, Heddon Hall, Wylam Wood, J., J.P., Coxhoe Hall, Coxhoe, Durham Wood, James Scott, 90, Falmouth Road, Heaton Wood, Sir Lindsay, Bart. (V.-P.), The Hermitage, Chester-le- Street Woodcock, Alfred, M.Sc., 23, esbury Road, Heaton Woods, Jas. E., J.P., Swarland Park, Felton Woolacott, D., D.Sc., 3, The Oaks West, Sunderland Wright, Jos., 7, St. Mary’s Place Young, W. H., F.Z.S., F.L.S., 10, Marden Road, Whitley Bay Zollner, Louis, 6, Osborne Terrace Ixx1x ELECTED. 1906 IQII 1908 1919 1909 1914 1918 1904 IQII 1912 1913 1888 1906 1912 1907 IQI5 1918 1912 1903 1917 1918 1912 EG 1907 1918 1887 1918 1908 1917 1914 1903 eC. 1875 1907 1896 F.C. IQII 1901 1904 Ixxx LIST OF MEMBERS HONORARY MEMBERS. laymaaly, yor, (CG Seg Ma!Do, Ill !D),. IDS Gag URS ((VASIF, are ... Park Hurst, Endcliffe, Sheffield. Bakery) Gas) Len Sasa Se ene .. Kew Gardens, London. Bidwell, Edward, M.B.O.U. ... ... I, Trigg Lane, London. Garwood, Prof. E. J., M.A., F.G.S.... University College, London. Jackson, A. Randell, M.D., D.Sc. ... 67, Hoole Road, Chester. Mennell, Henry T., F.L.S. ..: ... Park Hill Rise, Croydon. Perkins, V. R. ee ae ... Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucester. Wright, Rev. R. Stewart, F.R.G.S , 1D RGSS. dos abe ... Haydon Bridge. ASSOCIATES, Bulman, Thomas, 40, Wingrove Avenue 1907 Clague. Chas. Ernest, White House, High Heworth, Felling 1909 Clague, Wm. Douglas, ,, 50 9p ” Py 1909 Edmunds, Miss Annie, The High School 1909 Egglishaw, Herbert, 6, Stanley Street, Houghton-le-Spring 1918 Harrison, J. W. H., D.Sc., The Avenue, Birtley IQI5 Heslop, Miss Mary K., M.Sc., 20, Framlington Place 1907 Jeffrey, John, B.Sc., 59, Grove Street 1912 Main, Francis R., 25, Highbury 1919 Patterson, J. E., 2, East Avenue, Benton 1906 Peacock, A. D., M.Sc., F.E.S.. Armstrong College IQII Richardson, Wm., 35, Newlands Road, High West Jesmond 1914 Rosie, David, 224, Ellesmere Road 1898 Stephenson, J. W., 98, Biddlestone Road, Heaton 1907 Walsh, G. B., B.Sc., 166, Bede Burn Road, Jarrow 1918 Watson, Alastair S., 31 Osborne Road 1919 INDEX INDEX To Vou. V. (NEW SERIES.) Acari, terrestrial bee vee Achorolophus falconerit, sp. nov. Achorolophus porcinus, sp. nov. Adamson, Richard. Report on Field Westines TE Te Alichinze Amerosetus INLENS, sp. nov. Angus, Hugh P. Report on Field Miestines foie IQI5 Antennophorinze Apomixis in Roses a SOU si . Armstrong, Lord. Camberwell Beauty at Rann Axwell Park, field meeting ... Aycliffe, field meeting Bagnall, R. S. Sunn (Flea Bamburgh, field meeting Barrasford, field meeting Bdellinze 000 000 Belaustium harrisonit, sp. nov. Belaustium scopularium, sp. nov. Belaustium vittatum, sp. nov. Belford, field meeting Billingham ... 6c 200 Blackcap BS cdng ir in N orthumberland Blanchland, field meeting Bothal, field meeting Bradbury, field meeting Bubonic Plague 0-6 ae aa shh Burnup, Edwin. Report on Field Meetings for 1913 Camberwell Beauty at Rothbury ... Charlton, Peter. Rooks and Sparrows Cheyletinze Chopwell Woods, field ee Cillibano catula, sp. nov. Cillibano dinychotdes, sp. nov. ‘Cillibano virgata, sp. nov. Claxheugh, Section at 900 Cleistogamy in Roses Convolvulus Hawk Moth Ixxx1 ) Gy) i) Go WN G2 Gs Go i) iol Ny Oo Ixxxil INDEX Curator’s Reports, 1913-14... Ap 1914-15... 3 1915-16... *5 1916-17... S 1917-18... ar IQI8-19... Cyrtolelaps humilis, sp. nov. Dendrolalaps bicornis, sp. nov. Dermanyssinze nas Derwent Valley, field meetin Dinychus bisetis, sp. nov. Dinychius fossor, sp. nov. Dinychus vartismithit, sp. nov. Dipton, field meeting Donations, list of, 1913-14 ... a5 1914-15... a IQI5-16 ... on IQI6-1I7 ... by 1917-18 ... as IQIS-19 ... Down Hill, Section at Dunstanburgh, field meeting Ecology of Lower lees Marshes Edlingham, field meeting Endowment Fund Erythreeinze Eupodinee Felton, field meeting... ns Field Meeting, Axwell Park , a Aycliffe and Bradbury <5 Bamburgh v Barrasford 35 Blanchland ... Bothal 99 Chopwell Woods * Derwent Valley (Sneap) ... 99 Dipton ie Dunstanburgh Edlingham ... Felton Gibside Holy Island PAGE vil XXXVI vi bis Xxll bis XXx1x bis ly 199, 4 . XXVil i bis 75 57 60 228 54 54 5a) 210 XVll xlv i bis 1 bis xlv bis lv i bis 155 206 89 8 i, xxli, xxiv, xlix, lil 199, 232, a INDEX Field Meeting, Howen’s Gill Howick Lockhaugh ... Marsden ee Mitford North Saat Northumberland Lakes Plessey Woods Rothley Sheepwash ... Upper Teesdale Waldridge Fell Warkworth ... sn Wheel Birks ; sfot Fleas (Siphonaptera) of Northumberland an Suchen... 23 93 Frogs, high mortality Gamasellus alienus, sp. nov. Gamasellus rubicundus, sp. nov. ... Gamasidze Gamasinz Gamasus anglicus, sp. nov. Gamasus fucarius, Sp. NOV. Gamasus stygius, Sp. nov. Georgia, gen. nov. Gibside, field meeting Gill, E. L. Blackcap wintering in ioe wee Goodyera repens Gorse, destroyed by frost Greatham Marsh Mle att S00 Soe sie 000 Harrison, Dr. J. W. Heslop. A Survey of the Lower Tees Marshes and of the reclaimed areas adjoining them ... — The Genus Rosa at Hill, J. J. Report on Field Vieeinee for 1914 Holy Island, field meeting ... ts aes Ce hicen Howen’s Gill, field meeting Howick, field meeting Hull; Rev. J. E- enestvell Acari Ao the sa Province Hybrids, wild Roses Hy poaspis nititdissimus, SD. WOW, 900 600 Johnson, Rev. W. A valuable conn to the British ee Flora Leelaptinee Ixxxill PAGH 173 9 203, 215 2 ie) I 169 Ixxx1v INDEX Lebour, Prof. G. A. L., Obituary Lichen, a new British Lockhaugh, field meeting Lower Tees Marshes, Survey of Macrocheles gladiator, sp, nov. Macrocheles mininius, sp. nov. Macrocheles plumipes, sp. nov. Macrocheles superbus, sp. nov. Marsden, field meeting B08 60 Melanozetes cambricus, sp. noy. Miscellanea, 1917—1921 Mitford, field meeting Museum, see Curator’s Reports Norman, Canon A. M., Obituary ... North Northumberland, field meeting Northumberland Lakes, field meeting Oribatidze a6 000 000 Orthogenesis in Roses Pachylelaps fossortus, sp. nov. Permian Rocks, Sections in Plessey Woods, field meeting Pollen in the Roses Pteroptine ... 6 Se Report on Field Meetings for 1913 » 1914 os IQt5 a 1916 ” 1917 Reports of Council, 1913-14 ms 1914-15 zs 1915-16 9 IQ16-17 99 1917-18 c 1918-19 Reports of Curator, 1913-14 se 1914-15 » 1915-16 56 IQI6-17 5 1917-18 Hr 1918-19 Rhagidia muscicolor, sp. nov Meek, Prof. A. Obituary of Canon A. M. Norman PAGE 234 163 203, 215 89 XXX1 i bis xvii bis Xxxv bis li bis Vil XXXVI vi bis xxil bis Xxxix bis lvi bis 35 INDEX Ixxxv PAGE Rhaphignathinze 608 300 900 abe S00 bet ec 30 Rhaphignathus sphagnett, sp, nov. 000 200 000 6 20 Rhinothrombium tnopinum, sp. nov. 50% 506 508 a 22 Rhodacarus pallidus, sp. nov. ono 00% se 900 : 57 Rhyncholophinz 000 nes 000 ono spo 000 22 Rhyncholophus pachypus, sp. nov. ... C00 900 P ie 25 KRhyncholophus penninus, sp. nov. ... 06 wat ee 24 Robson, C. E. Convolvulus Hawk Moth 330 Rooks destroying caterpillars 331 Rosa hybrid promissa, new hybrid... 295 Rosa, the Genus, its Hybridology, etc. ... 660 sa ae 244 Rothley, field meeting 000 sae ae $00 ies as 2 Saltholme Marsh _... app “BS 560 500 ele ae III Sarcopyrenta gibba, Nyl. ... xe “ihe we as bee 163 Setodes punctatus, sp. Nov. ... oe aes 800 rae ots 56 Sheepwash, field meeting... 900 600 300 ae 586 207 Shotley, field meeting a Sie 5: 228 Siphonaptera (Fleas) of Aortianbe tana and Dae oa es 18 Sneap (Derwent) field meeting... 58 aS ne ins 228 Sparrows destroying injurious insects aisle ws wae es 332 Sphinx comvolvult ... sts a: ie abe 580 aah 330 Teesdale, field meeting ys see z oe fe BE 4 Tees Marshes, Survey of Lower... es 89 Temperley, Nicholas. Ancient inion © oe in Aeron side as 328 3 High Mortality among Frogs ... ade 327 es Report on Field Meetings for 1917 es 223 Thrombidiidze one 66 ae 6 ae Ree age 14 Thrombidiinz Be a: nee aes Bae ues aot 15 Treasurer’s Reports, 1913-14 ae S00 ade ins Bae XXVil na 1914-15 600 aoe aa ee hoe ] AG 1915-16 ae Ron AG 500 “lee xlli_ bis 50 1916-17 Se one 550 oe eeEXXXTLS 35 1917-18 os s/s sae : ... Xlvii bis 6 1918-19 its ag Seis gee ... _ Ixvi bis Tydeus roses, sp. NOV. ... 300 aes 300 000 p00 35 Upper Teesdale, field meeting 00 580 ee Sep sss 4 Urodinychus lucidus, sp. nov. 66 aes ee hs Ge 49 Urodinychus pontianus sp. nov. ... obo 200 500 sop 50 Urodinychus reticulatus, sp. nov. ... agi “eis ar she 49 Urodinychus roseus, Sp. nov. et 560 sles 66s ss 48 Urodiscella signata, sp. nov. 200 ois a ach Sie 50 Uropoda sartor, sp nov. ... 508 aes ae sae 500 52 ]xxxvl INDEX Uropodinze Vanessa antiopa is Waldridge Fell, field meeting Warkworth, field meeting a Wheel Birks, field meeting ... ia ae Whin ( U/ex exropeus), destroyed by frost Woolacott, Dr. D, Obituary of Prof. G. A. Lebour i On Sections in the Lower Permian Rocks at Claxheugh and Down Hill, Co, Durham bal Zerconinz Zerconopsis, gen, NOV. ae ae: 60 500 sa0 ae