» Fags Ye ON tia a CA 7 Vee " arate : CAS he 4h. apy) Ava hes Uae Mame Mee tn 22 PERL Hl 4 ae AS) AAA R pi | Wak Nees re 1% pee ) i + we. Hat te ) iN a i wae t Habit) r) oe a a ea a geek ON wine es oN i ah AN PANE ty he ni Ae ita Ww ie eles a % ti } iy! i; oR “ala tN eu Wale Yih eed nk PC MEA ee mrt, RAGA ahd a Ateie \ ls aulblac ne fea me AY Wap a ea ge CF fy i) Cifvett 4 i | "sabes Gayep ey oy eat ace a MN a ‘Aga fia ha, i A igtigish ig ote chen rae : : K ie ' RM i, Ne - vb ahs a aS) en PRS ; : heyy Pav any F \ J fiat. sua uD al ae ie aint aK 0°" bi ‘' HG h Oy # f) i a sina Aare pt Mi nae Ea SU RY Nee ah: Tinta KG 5 , is ? py WO)h -, pers Date isu Nd eorwanin he Rta eae : be ‘ ¥ - iY, i 13 ey J s “st Haram ae ht mL NES a MA OCCT Pedsdbis, $4 HRC Rute cuty vite: ON Oe 9 . iN Bh Pat ee ad % UJ eee Oe Bd NA ta yt we Cte A * ’ y Pe ye dave *3 Xe am) y Aras i JOA cy RAS ah Le jt 5 Sigh ies Ss in Bae UL ee ie ‘ We ee AT AAA ay LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN! LIBRARY NEW YOD2. _- YANICAL GARDEN, rg ij TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. LimoT.-COLONEL F. BAILEY, FE. RSE, HONORARY EDITOR, ROBERT GALLOWAY, SS.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. WOOL] XV LI. EDIN BU RG EE: ERONTHD FLOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. 1904. LIBRARY NEW YORK 22... AL GARDEN. = os lA ti t THO: scree Pai y 1th . " tht i vi I pai | r fas jay y, +4 scp ewet ve | CONTENTS OF VOL. XVII. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers, PAGE I, Departmental Committee on British al ee by the Board of Agriculture, . 3 : : 1 IJ. Ropert Harrie on the Larch Disease, . ‘ : : 19 III. Larch and Spruce Fir Canker. By Grorcre Masses, F.L.S. [With Plates I., II., III. ], ‘ é 3 A ‘ 25 IV. Note on the Larch Disease. By A. W. Bortuwick, B.Sc., Hon. Consulting Cryptogamist to the Society, : 4 : 37 V. Larch Disease—Investigation by the English Arboricultural Society, . : : ; ° . c : 43 VI. The Larch in German Forests. By Forstmeister Franz BopEn, 47 VII. Report on the Excursion of the Society to Sweden in 1902. By GrorGce U. MAcponatp, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy, . - 56 VIII. Excursion of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society to Sweden in 1902. By Fraser Story, The Glen, Innerleithen, . 5 68 IX. The Utilisation of Waterworks’ Gathering-Grounds by Afforesta- tion. By W. G. Smiru, Yorkshire College, Leeds, . - 86 X. Creosoting Timber for Estate Purposes. By GEoRGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchencruive, Ayr. [With Plan and Photograph], . 93 XI. On the Distribution of certain Forest Trees in Scotland, as shown by the Investigation of Post-Glacial Deposits. By WALTER N. Niven. [With Map], ° ; - . . 97 XII. The Forests of the Basses Pyrenées, By GrorGE CADELL, late Indian Forest Department, : ; : ; >) 104 XIII. Botanical Geography and Biological Utilisation of Soil. By Marce, Harpy, * - 2 5 ; + oe LO XIV. The Origin and Development of Heather Moorland. By Dr W. G, SMITH, ; - a ‘ - 5 Be alle XV, The Injurious Effects of Smoke on Trees. By Jonn Boyp, el22 lv CONTENTS. XVI. On Thinnings in Planted Spruce. By Ch. BrorLuiarp, XVII. Note on the Collection and Preservation of Entomological Speci- mens, with a Description of the Methods to be employed in the Study of Life-Histories of Insects. By E. P. SrEBBING, F.L.S., F.E.S., Instructor in Entomology at the Forest School, Dehra Dun, India, XVIII. The Twenty-fifth Annual Excursion—Sweden, 18th July to 3rd August 1902. [With Photograph—Frontispiece], . XIX. Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Aberdeen, July 1902, Reports BY Honorary SCIENTISTS:—Report by A. W. Borru- wick, B.Se., Honorary Consulting Cryptogamist, Notes AND QUERIES:—Pathological Specimens for the Society’s Exhibition at the Highland and Agricultural Show—The Civil Engineers on British Forestry—Treatment of Canker in Trees —A New Danger for the Larch—Timber of the Silver Fir and of the Spruce—Larch on Sakhalin—Department of Woods and Forests for West Africa—The Douglas Fir-—-Damage by Squirrels—The Problem of the Unemployed, REVIEWS OF Books— Wood: A Manual of the Natural History and Industrial Appli- cations of the Timbers of Commerce. By G. 8. BouLGEr, ELS; BO Ro se cael Timber: A Comprehensive Study of Wood in all its Aspects, Commercial and Botanical, showing the Different Applica- tions and Uses of Timber in Various Trades, etc. Translated from the French of PAUL CHARPENTIER by JOSEPH KENNELL, . A Manual of Indian Timbers. By J. S. GAMBLE, M.A., C.L.E., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Webster’s Foresters’ Diary and Pocket Book for 1903, . Utilisation of Wood Waste. By Ernest Hupparp. Trans- lated from the German by M. J. Sacu, F.1.C., F.C.5., ProckEDINGS oF THE RoyaL ScorTrisH ARBORICULTURAL Socrery, 1902. [With Appendices. } PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoyaL ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL Socrery, 1908. [With Appendices. } List or Memeers, corrected to March 1903. PAGE 129 135 146 149 153 163 XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. Oe XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. CONTENTS. The Condition of Forestry in Britain. By Professor ADAM ScuwaAppacH, Eberswalde, Germany. Translated by FRASER Srory, The Glen, Innerleithen, An Address delivered at the Inauguration of the New Chair of Forestry and Estate Management at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. By Dr Scuuicu, C.I.E., Ph.D., F.R.S., The Management of Fire Protection Lines in Scots Fir Forests. By Dr Krenirz. Note by A. C. Forses. [With Plan], Forestry at the University of Edinburgh. By Colonel F. BAILEY, ; : : 5 : Our Forestry Problem. By Dr Scuuicu, C.I.E., Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Forestry at Coopers Hill College, Afforestation of Waterworks Catchment Areas. By JosEPH Parry, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer-in-Chief of Liverpool Water- works, . John, Duke of Atholl, his Larch Plantations (1774-1830), and the Larch Disease. By JoHn Booru, Gross-Lichterfelde, near Berlin, Our Imported Coniferous Timbers. By A. D. RicHarpson, Edinburgh, Notes on Forestry in Finland. By Jonn F, ANNAND, Hay- stoun Estate, Peebles, . The Forest Resources of Australia available for British Com- merce. By E. T. ScamMMeE.t, F.R.G.S., formerly Com- mercial Representative for the West Australian Government, Humus as a Geographical Agency. By MArcren, Harpy, Uni- versity College, Dundee, The Altitude of Forest Trees on the Cairngorm Mountains. By Hvuen Boyp Watt, The Douglas Fir Plantation at Taymount, Diseases, Insects, and Animals Injurious to Forest Trees. By GILBERT Brown, Forester, Beaufort, . Notes for Planters. By G. U. Macponatp, Raith, The Rapid Ageing and Fireproofing of Wood, The Twenty-sixth Annual Excursion, July 1903, PAGE 169 198 213 232 238 243 249 256 vi CONTENTS. PAGE XXXVII. Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society's Showyard at Dumfries, July 1908, . , . 5 eile! Nores AND QUERIES:—Forest Fires—Railway Rates—Re- Afforestation in Italy—Forestry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester—The late Mr Hanbury on the Depart- mental Committee’s Report—The President of the Board of Agriculture on Forestry—Forestry Instruction at the Forest of Dean—The Preservation, Seasoning, and Strengthening of Timber—Prevention of Sparks from Railway Engines— Water-Supplies: Afforestation of Catchment Areas—The Canadian Forestry Association—Notes on Co-operative Agricultural Credit in Germany and Switzerland—The Japanese Larch and the Larch Disease—The Larch and the Moth—All Russian Timber Society—Reafforesting the Black Country—Teaching of Forestry in the Provinces—Foreign Plants: Japanese Larch—British Forestry Exhibition—Prize Essay on Forestry—Systematic Management of Woods— Sweden—Proposed School of Forestry for Wales—On the Principal Advantages of using Chloride of Barium for the Impregnation of Railway Sleepers, and for the Preservation of Wood in general, 5 : : : oe culls; Notices or Booxs— The Gardener’s Assistant, by the late RopErT THomson, of the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens,’ Chiswick. New Edition, edited by Wm. Warson, Curator, Royal Gardens, Kew, , A : c ; . 341 Webster’s Foresters’ Diary and Pocket Book for 1904, . 342 Government Publications, . 7) one ; . 342 REPORTS BY THE HoNnorARY SCIENTISTS— teport by the Honorary Cryptogamist, : - 343 Report of Honorary Consulting Entomologist for Session 1903, . : : < : : » 345 PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoyAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL Soctery, 1903. TRANSACTIONS ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. VOL. XVIIL—PART L. RAN RR eee himuT:-COLONEL F. BAILEY, ERS, HONORARY EDITOR. ROBERT GALLOWAY, S§8.8.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. RAIA PRP < PARRA a oe = : 3 ae . EDINBURGH: PRINT ED FOR, ES si Oe eher ye: ie SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. V7 MCMIII. eee. eT x : PERS) 5 Yr nv BRary ee a am 1 By Royal Warrant. THOMAS METHVEN & SONS, NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN, lich the attention of intending Planters to their large Stock of Seedling and Transplanted Forest and other Trees and Shrubs. They are this season in a healthy and vigorous condition, and well suited for successful transplanting. Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs. Shrubs for Game Covert, and Underwood. Trees and Shrubs for Sea=Side Planting. Thorn and other Hedge Plants. SPECIMEN ORNAMENTAL TREES tor producing immediate effect on LAWNS and AVENUES. RHODODENDRONS—all the Best Varieties. + FRUIT TREES of the Best Kinds. # ROSES—all sorts worthy of cultivation. SAMPLES ON APY LICATZIe2 SPECIAL PRICES FOR LARGE QUANTITIES. Seed Warehouse: 15 PRINCES STREET. Nurseries: LEITH WALK, WARRISTON, and BANGHOLM. EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS. DOUGLAS & FOULIS. LIBRARY g Castle Street, Edinburgh NEWEST and BEST ENGLISH and FOREIGN BOOKS, delivered in town, or sent to all parts of the country by railway at reduced rates, or forwarded by parcel post TERMS and LATEST LISTS post free on application SUBSCRIPTIONS MAY COMMENCE AT ANY DATE. BOOKSELLING DEPARTMENT :— STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY Priced List Free on Application DOUGLAS & FOULIS’ Catalogues of Surplus Library Books sent gratis and post free to any address at home or abroad FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES. HEDGE AND UNDERWOOD PLANTS. DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS. FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. Holding a LARGE STOCK, in excellent condition for Transplanting, we offer them at very moderate prices, which will be quoted, including Free Delivery, on learning the Sorts and Numbers required. Catalogues post free, EDWARD SANG & SONS, Wurserymen and Seed Mercbants, KIRKCALDY, ADAM WILSON & SONS, bome Timber Merchants and SawzMillers, AUCHINLECK, TROON, and DAILLY, AYRSHIRE. Every description of Round and Cut up Home Timber supplied for Collieries, Cartwrights, Coachbuilders, Boatbuilders, &c. a ADVERTISEMENTS, Telegrams— “Preibhaus, London.” ‘* Hothouse, Edinburgh.” Telephone— Central 474, Edinburgh. MACKENZIE & MONCUR. LTD, hothouse Builders, theating and Ventilating Engineers. LONDON—8 Camden Road, N.W. GLASGOW— Victoria Road. EDINBURGH—Registered Office and Works, Balcarres Street. HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS of every description erected either in Wood or Iron, in any part of the Kingdom. All Latest Improvements adopted. Teakwood Houses a Speciality. Conservatory Erected at Free Chase, Sussex. Public Buildings, Churches, Schools, Mansions, H e atin g Warehouses, Coach Houses, Harness Rooms, etce., heated in the most efficient manner on the Low and High Pressure Systems, or with Steam. ADVERTISEMENTS. FOREST, FRUIT, a AND ALL OTHER “OL TREES AND PLANTS. EKVERGREENS, ROSES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 3% HERBACEOUS PLANTS &. —_— = a A a An ln Ae STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS, SEEDS ror FARM anp GARDEN, JOHN DOWNIE, mee F*RINCES STREE®, EDINBURGH. Nurseries: Beechhill, Murrayfield, and Belgrave Park, Corstorphine Telegraphic Address—‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Established 1801. SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES. A Large Stock of =a ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS ROSES and FRUIT TREES. Special Prices for Larye Quantities, and Estimates given for Planting. JAMES DICKSON & SONS, 32 HANOVER STREET and INVERLEITH ROW, EDINBURGH. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. JAMES DICKSON & SONS received the highest awards for ‘‘ Conifers’’ and ‘Hardy Plants” at the International Chrysanthemum Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1889; and again at the great Chrysanthemum Exhibition of 1890, ADVERTISEMENTS. DAVID W. THOMSON'S POREST.. TREES: An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees, comprising SCOTS FIR, LARCH FIR, SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, ABIES DOUGLASII, and other trees in great variety, and in good condition for Removal. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS and TREES in all Sizes. Rhododendrons, Ponticums, and Hybrids, ALSO FINEST NAMED SORTS. HOLLIES, YEWS, LAURELS, PRI and other Game-Cover Plants in fine condition for Removal. GATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS. See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1903, Post Free on application. WMurseries—WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD. Seed Warebouse— 24 FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. Leaving in May for larger and more commodious premises at 113 GEORGE STREET. Telegraphic Address—‘‘LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Blythswood Sq., Glasgow. STAFF. PRINCIPAL—Proressor R. PATRICK WRIGHT. PROFESSORS. Agriculture, - - R. Patrick WriGut, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E. Agricultural Botany ead Forestry, - A, N. M‘Atping, B.Sc.(Lond.), Assoc. R.C.S. Agricultural Chemistry, - - Joun W. Paterson, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.H.A.S. LECTURERS. Agriculture and Dairying, - - Daniev Ross, N.D.D., F.H.A.S.; James M‘CuTcHEon, F.C.S.; and GzorGE G. EssLemont, B.Sc. Agricultural Emcomtolony,) - - James J. F. X. Kine, F.E.S. Bacteriology, - - - - R. M. BucHanan, M.B., C.M. Veterinary Science, - - - - James M‘Catt (Principal of Veterinary College), and Joun R. M‘Catt, M.R.C.V.S. Book-keeping, - - - - - Danrev Ross, F.H.A.S., Ne Agricultural Engineering, - - Harry Bamrorp, M.Sc., A.M.I.C.E. Agricultural Surveying, - = - RicHArD HENDERSON, BEHCASS., es Awss le Poultry and Poultry-keeping, - - Epwarp THomas Brown, Assoc. of W.R.C. Bees and Bee- Epi - - _ —— Horticulture, - - - - Joun Mutr, F.R.H.S. Bacon-curing, - - - - - T. Howarp STEVEN. ASSISTANTS—Gerorrrey S. Henperson, N.D.A., N.D.D., and Harry GREEN. DAIRY SCHOOL. Instructor in Cheesemaking, - - R. J. DrRummonp. Assistant in Cheesemaking, - - JoHN StTEveEN, N.D.D. Instructress in oe ecoaeIne, - - Exiza J. Freeman, N.D.D. Dairymaid, - - - JEANIE GRAHAM. Secretary and Treasurer—JOHN CUTHBERTSON. ClerkK—CaTuHERINE ScoTrT. Janitor—Wwm. CAMERON. The classes of the college, in conjunction with those of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College and the University of Glasgow, afford a complete Course of Instruction in Agricultural Science, and qualify for the B.Sc. Degree in Agriculture, for the National Diploma in Agriculture, and for the Diploma of the Surveyors’ Institute. Complete Courses of Instruction in the Science and Practice of Dairying are also given, which qualify for the examinations for the National Dairy Diploma. Session—For General Agricultural Classes, October to April; and for Classes in Dairying, April to October. Prospectus (gratis) and full information on application to the Secretary. THE STANDARD ATLAS FOR THE LIBRARY. THE VICTORIA REGINA ATLAS. Second Edition. Thoroughly Revised to Date. Royal 4to, 123 by 10 inches. Containing 200 Coloured Plates, Political, Physical, and Astronomical ; Frontispieces. illustrating the lime of all Nations ; Arms of Great Britain and her Colonies ; National Arms ; the Flags of all Nations; and Complete Index to 100,500 Places Named. Prices :—Half-Bound Persian Morocco, Gilt Top, 21s. Full-Bound French Morocco, Gilt Edges, 28s. Full-Bound Morocco, Extra Gilt, Gilt Edges, 45s. Sent, carriage paid, on receipt of full-price remittance. W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., Edina Works, Easter Road, and 20 South St. Andrew Street, EDINBURGH; 7 Paternoster Square, LONDON, E.C. ADVERTISEMENTS. A. & J. MAIN & CO, L7. TRON ano WIRE FENCING SPECIALITIES. Main’s “Special” Continuous Bar Fencing. EARTH ar eee oo PLATES 1 is ts 3 es peeat This Fence, as now made on MAIN’S ‘ Break-Joint” system, and with Flanged Standards and Patent Earth-Plates, is undoubtedly the best bar fence in the market; it is also the cheapest if its durability is taken into account. WIRE FENCING with tron Standards and Patent Earth-Plates. Main’s Corrimony Wire Fencing. Ornamental Iron and Wire Garden Fences. Wrought-Iron Entrance and Field Gates, &c. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. Main’s Galvanized Iron Roofing, FOR ALL PURPOSES. Specifications and Estimates on Application. Best Quality Galvanized Wire Netting. Made from HERES ee OH For Rabbits, Superior Se Sises eee Poultry, etc. Wire, well ho secee Resear ase es galvanized, estes +2 Special wos ; : of full gauge | ey eS Se Bias steer, Quotations and correct cae eee a 5 tak ee Ets for mesh. Pa | i ed eo Quantities. GLASGOW Clydesdale Iron Works, Possilpark. EDINBURGH—Corn Exchange Buildings. LONDON—49 Cannon Street, E.C. DUBLIN—11 Leinster Street. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. anv u ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. a ee ee This old-established and well-known business, having been purchased as a going concern by Messrs J. M. Munro, Lrp., is now conducted at 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. Advertisements of every kind are received for insertion in all the Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Publications throughout the United Kingdom. Particular attention is devoted to Agricultural and Estate Advertisements, such as Agricultural Shows, Estates for Sale, Mansion Houses, Shootings, Farms to Let, Etc.; and Messrs J. M. Munro, Lrp., having been appointed Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, and to the : HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, Agents and Factors can have every confidence in placing their advertising in the hands of the firm. One copy of an advertisement is sufficient for insertion in any number of newspapers, and the convenience of having only one account, instead of a separate one with each newspaper, is not only more economical, but a great saving of both time and labour to the advertiser. REGISTRY for Servants (Male and Female) of all Classes. Entry Fee, 2s. 6d. No further charge. KEITH & CO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS. IF YOU WANT HARDY TREES, P L A N T S, universal consent the Remember that by Best and Strongest S H R U B S, ever grown are those ETC., ETC.. which come from the bracing mountain air of the Scottish Highlands. Millions are sent annually from the great ELGIN NURSERIES, and they will thrive vigorously under climatic circumstances that would deteriorate plants grown and_ reared under less hardy conditions. OUR CATALOGUE is sent free on application, and will offer you the choice of the biggest range of ae a ae A EL G ROWN yefore the public. — de IN OUR OWN SPECIAL ESTIMAT LARGE QUANTITIES, NURSERI ES. Co oe CONTRACTORS TO THE BRITISH AND BELGIAN GOVERNMENTS. 4 LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS: E L I ““WISEMAN, ELGIN.”’ G N, N. B. TELEPHONE NO. I. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telephone : 984 CENTRAL. 9 Telegrams : ‘““RURALNESS, LONDON.” 9 The Country Gentlemen's Association Limited 16 Cockspur Street, Pall Mall, S.W. THE above Association, popularly known as the ‘‘C.G.A.” is a society of Land- owners, Land Agents, Farmers, and others interested in the land, numbering many thousands, and residing in all parts of the kingdom. Its object is to apply the principle of combination in every possible direction for the benefit of its Members. The work of the ‘‘C.G.A.” covers the following :— The Country Gentlemen’s Club. Now in course of formation, the object being to provide comfortable, homelike accommodation for members whilst in London, and a centre for the discussion of all matters affecting the landed interest. Expert Advice and Assistance. Professional expert advice is provided for members on all subjects connected with estate management. Sale and Letting of Estates and Farms. Complete registers are kept of properties in all parts of the kingdom, and business is transacted on a reasonable commission basis. Sale of Live Stock, Timber, and other Produce. Markets are found, when possible, for produce of all kinds. Employment Register. Very complete registers are kept of situations vacant and wanted, and introductions between employer and employed are frequently brought about. Purchase and Supply of Fstate Requisites. The ‘‘C.G.A.” forms a centre for the combined purchase on wholesale terms of all kinds of estate requisites for building, farming, gardening, water supply, fencing, etc. Members by purchasing in this way obtain the lowest possible terms, and protect themselves against adulteration and other frauds. Publishing. THE CoUNTRY GENTLEMEN'S EstaTE Book (annually) and the EstaTe BooKLet (monthly) form the official publications of the ‘‘C.G.A." In addition, other books on estate matters are issued from time to time in the Estate Library Series. District Secretaries. Gentlemen representing the interests of the ‘‘C.G.A.” are appointed in all districts throughout the United Kingdom. There are a few vacancies yet to be filled, and applications are invited. Deposit Accounts. Deposit Accounts are opened with Members and others upon very favourable terms as to with- drawal and interest (which at the present time is 5 per cent. per annum), particulars of which will be sent on application. Membership. The subscription for Membership is 6s. 6d. per annum, which includes the official publications and all members’ privileges. There is no further liability. Members may also become share- holders with limited liability. Applications for Membership and all Correspondence should be addressed to— WILLIAM BROOMHALL, 16 CocksruR STREET, PALL MALL, S.W. Managing Director. ADVERTISEMENTS. Established for over 45 Years. The ONLY AWARD for TREE PROTECTIVE COMPOSITION at the FORESTRY EXHIBITION, Edinburgh, 1884. N hi e) eB or ONY Zs y FonestaY exhtari10N € 5+ CELEBRATED _ g, TREE PROTECTIVE ” COMPOSITION _ eae M ee I ST Reg. No. 52544. N. AHLBOTIN & CO”., <>. EDINBURGA. na RSS aye The attention ef Fornsrers al others is called to the above Celebrated Composition, which effectually prevents Hares, Rabbits, Cattle, and all Graminivorous Animals and Insects from damaging young Forest or other Trees, and keeps Creeping Insects off Fruit and other Bushes. It is free from any poisonous substance, encourages the growth, is easily applied, and is strongly recommended by all parties who have used it. Messrs DICKSONS, The Nurseries, Chester, say that Miss Ormerod specially mentions the Composition in her remarks upon the destruction of the Apple Moth; and Mr WM. GREEN, Forester to the Right Hon. the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, says that young trees dressed with the Composition are free from the (American Blight) Mealy Bug. To be had in 56-Ib. Casks, ae igen 3; 1 cwt., at Pe: per eran direct from the Manufacturers, or from the principal Nurserymen and Seedsmen. ADVERTISEMENTS. THE NEW LARCH. No Planter can afford to overlook Larix leptolepis, the Japanese Larch. ITS ADVANTAGES : Rapidity of Growth. Hardiness. Immunity from disease and the ravages of Insects. Adaptability to almost any situation. Rapidity with which it recovers from an injury. Highly ornamental appearance. Quality of Timber. DICKSONS & CO., The king’s Wurserymen, 1 Waterloo Place, EDINBURGH, Hold the finest stock of it in Europe, and invite correspondence. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and Garpben. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. The Cenrrat Crassks in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to W. Scorr SrEvENson, Secretary, India Buildings, Edinburgh. OWE Besa [ih 4/8 4 res i ah ¢: Tinh Mi “uit F j (faa ABRIDGED PROSPECTUS. Membership. HE Roll contains the names of over 950 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention ; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results, no fewer than 397 Medals and Money Prizes having been presented, School of Forestry. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair 2 of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £584, 3s. rod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model Forest for Scotland which might serve the above- named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the recent Departmental Committee on British Forestry ; and in their Report, which has now been issued, they have recommended the estab- lishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. Excursions. During the past twenty-five years, well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895, a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, and last summer a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere ; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to Norway, France, and Southern Germany. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pitwood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. 2 vo The Society’s Transactions. The TZvransactions of the Society are published annually, and issued gratis to Members. = = ‘4 J = __- I= e een aie — L — =: —— = - —_—_— =e mae —— a oe is SS = ———= — “ — ae ee = = = Sa SSSS— ‘mopsury eyy Jo yavd Auwv ut pozooto uorydiuosep Aioav JO GONTC TING TVWALTAOLLYOH es y aa “SUI 94} aie ge. SIH ‘SIODUISUT SUE LUO Y SUIvoT ‘SOplIng snoopy “O11 UNONOW ® FIZNIVOVIN MOZ88[D “FON ‘9bb ‘ON STVQION,, ees ‘SLb ‘ON [814099 ,,—oU0ydo7a7, , WOpuoT ‘sneyqqiery,,, pu» .{ysinquipy ‘esnoyqyoH ,, —swasha)a7, 0} rusiinuindie jeineds Ag ADVERTISEMENTS. FOREST, FRUIT, 0 AND ALL OTHER “5X TREES AND PLANTS. EVERGREENS, ROSES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. aA. 2 a2 2 2 -¥ HERBACEOUS PLANTS &. ee ee er re STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS, PEED FoR FARM anp GARDEN. JO H N D Oo" w N IE, f2aeeND 7/ SHANDWICK PLACE, EDINBURGH. Nurseries: Beechhill, Murrayfield, and Belgrave Park, Corstorphine. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155. Established 1801. SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES. A Large Stock of » FENCING a4 iq SPECIAL litle: §] QUOTATION 305 ca tsteteteta tes, as Sais FOR QU ANTITI es 0 wx wiese Res Sat AAAA ANAT AA AAD AAR | Soe 7 i Ss 7 RENCE. ¥ Y Se ~~ STEEL &IRON Vdd ESS BUILDINGS FOR AGRICULTURAL GUE FENCING CATATION E ‘a SENT ON APE ZL Ll Y Ym Z — Y)) CORN Excy,NGE BDGs mh EDINBURGH ° ADVERTISEMENTS, MEITH & OO) usd, ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. This old-established and well-known business, having been purchased as a going concern by Messrs J. M. Munro, Lrp., is now conducted at 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. Advertisements of every kind are received for insertion in all the Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Publications throughout the United Kingdom. Particular attention is devoted to Agricultural and Estate Advertisements, such as Agricultural Shows, Estates for Sale, Mansion Houses, Shootings, Farms to Let, Etc.; and Messrs J. M. Munro, Lrp., having been appointed Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, and to the HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, Agents and Factors can have every confidence in placing their advertising in the hands of the firm. One copy of an advertisement is sufficient for insertion in any number of newspapers, and the convenience of having only one account, instead of a separate one with each newspaper, is not only more economical, but a great saving of both time and labour to the advertiser. REGISTRY for Servants (Male and Female) of all Classes. Entry Fee, 2s. 6d. No further charge. KEITH & COQO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS, Grown from Seed collected in the = North of Scotland, on high-lying grounds, and under the exposure of Deen a a rigorous climate. Hardy Ornamental Conifers, Evergreen Trees and Shrubs, Plants for Game Coverts, Hedges, &c. All are Fibrous-Rooted, Robust, and Grown Unsheltered. SENT TO ALL PARTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Special Offers for Large Quantities, and Carriage Rates Reduced. CATALOGUES POST FREE. BENJAMIN REID & CO., LTD., Forest-Tree Nurseries, ABERDEEN. Vide Loupon’s ‘‘ ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING” (5th Edition, published in 1827).—‘‘The Aberdeen Nursery, Messrs Reid, an old and respectable establishment, chiefly devoted to the culture of Forest Trees, and especially to Seedlings of Scotch Pine, Larch, Fir, and Thorns.” FOREST PLANTS Seedling and ‘Transplanted. MILLIONS in Stock of Alder, Maple, Birch, Hornbeam, Hazel, Thorn, Beech, Ash; also American White Ash, Poplar; Oak, also palustris and rubra; Acacia, Dogrose (Sweet Briar), Linden, Elm, Douglas Fir, Balsam Fir, Norway Spruce, Blue Spruce, Sitka Spruce, White Pine, Scotch Pine, Northern Sand Pine, Larch; also Japanese Larch, etc., ete. Op a SPECIAL PRICES FOR LARGE QUANTITIES. CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION. NURSERIES, 300 ACRES. LLL J. HEINS’ SOHNE, HALSTENBEK (HOLSTEIN), Near HAMBURG, GERMANY. ADVERTISEMENTS, TO COUNTRY GENTLEMEN AND OTHERS. The “Estate Book,” Published Yearly, Contains about 600 pages of most useful tnforma- tion on all phases of Estate Management, The .. “Estate Magazine,” Published Monthly, and Is an interesting up-to-date Journal on the same lines. They are the Official Publications of an Association which every Country Gentleman should join. The Subscription is 10s. 6d. per annum, which includes the publications for the year, post paid, as well as many other members’ privileges. There is no further liability. Bona fide Estate Employés may become Subscribers to the Estate Magazine on payment of 5s. per annum. Applications for further particulars should be addressed, COUNTRY GENTLEMEN'S ASSOCIATION LIMITED, 2 WATERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL, S.W. b ADVERTISEMENTS. Established for over 45 Years. The ONLY AWARD for TREE PROTECTIVE COMPOSITION at the FORESTRY EXHIBITION, Edinburgh, 1884. BE CELEBRATED . . . TREE PROTECTIVE COMPOSITION . . rine Mark —S|Y\wr Reg. No. 52544. N. AHLBOTIN & CO*., >. DALKEITA. INTERNATIONAL iy » FORESTRY EXHIBITION 67 . EDINBURCH Lo The attention of Foresters and others is called to the above Celebrated Composition, which effectually prevents Hares, Rabbits, Cattle, and all Graminivorous Animals and Insects from damaging young Forest or other Trees, and keeps Creeping Insects off Fruit and other Bushes. It is free from any poisonous substance, encourages the growth, is easily applied, and is strongly recommended by all parties who have used it. Messrs DICKSONS, The Nurseries, Chester, say that Miss Ormerod specially mentions the Composition in her remarks upon the destruction of the Apple Moth; and Mr WM. GREEN, Forester to the Right Hon. the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, says that young trees dressed with the Composition are free from the (American Blight) Mealy Bug. To be had in 56-Ib. Casks, at 18s.; 1 cwt., at 36s. per cwt., direct from the Manufacturers, or from the principal Nurserymen and Seedsmen, ADVERTISEMENTS. THE NEW LARCH. No Planter can afford to overlook Larix leptolepis, the Japanese Larch. ITS ADVANTAGES: Rapidity of Growth. Hardiness. Immunity from disease and the ravages of Insects. Adaptability to almost any situation. Rapidity with which it recovers from an injury. Highly ornamental appearance Quality of Timber. DICKSONS & CO.. Che king’s Murserpmen, 1 Waterloo Piace, EDINBURGH, Hold the finest stock of it in Europe, and invite correspondence. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forrest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. _ The Cenrran Crasses in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to W, Scorr SrEvENsoN, Secretary, India Buildings, Edinburgh. Special Notices to Members. THE READING OF PAPERS. Members are invited to read short papers on any subject connected with Practical Forestry at the Annual Meeting in January, or at the General Meeting to be held at the time of the Excursion. Members who may desire to do this are requested to intimate the title of their subject, in writing, to the Secretary, not later than 1st June or 1st December 1904, and to state the time they require for reading the paper. THE SOCIETY’S CABINET OF LANTERN SLIDES. The Council has resolved that the Society’s Cabinet of too Micro-Photographic Slides—illustrative of the Structure of Timber, and suitable for the purpose of Lectures with Lantern Exhibitions—may be lent to any applicant who is willing to comply with the printed Conditions, copies of which can be obtained from the Secretary. ILLUSTRATIONS FUND. The Council begs to draw special attention to this Fund, the object of which is to defray the expense of illustrating the Society's Zvansactions. THE SOCIETY’S ALBUM. The Council wishes it to be known that the Society has an Album of Photographs of Members, and that the Secretary will be glad to receive contributions. NEW MEMBERS. The Council has printed a Memorandum containing particulars regarding the past and present work of the Society, which, it is hoped, may lead to the introduction of New Members. The Secretary will send copies of this document to any Member who may ask for them, and will forward a copy to any person likely to join the Society whose address may be sent to him by a Member. The Secretary will receive applications for Membership at any time. See Form of Proposal and Conditions of Membership at end of accompanying Prospectus. 1854-56. James Brown, Wood Commissioner to the | 1879-81. The Earl of Seafield. | 1857. The Right Hon. Tur EArt or DuctE, | 1882. 1858. The Right Hon. Tue EArt oF Srair. | 1859. Sir JoHn HAtt, Bart. of Dunglass. | 1860. His Grace Tue DuKke or ATHOLL. | 1883-85 1861. Joun J. CHauMeERs of Aldbar. | 1862. The Right Hon. Tue EArt or ArRLig. | 1886-87 1863. The Right Hon. T. F. KENNEDY. | 1864-71. Roperr Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S. EK. | 1888-89. 1872-73. Hucu CLecHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., | of Stravithie. | 1890-93. 1874-75. Joan Hutrron Baurour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. & E. Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1894-97. 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blair- | 1898. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Soctetp. INSTITUTED 1854. Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assume the title ‘‘ Royal” was granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. FORMER PRESIDENTS. adam, M.P. 1899-02. Most Hon. LoTHian, K.T. ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. THe Marquis oF 85. Hucu CLecHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 37. The Right Hon. Sir Hersert Eustace MaAxweE tL, Bart. of Monreith, M.P. The Most Hon. THE MARQUESS LINLITHGOW. Isaac BaynEy Batrour, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., LL.D., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. R. C. Munro Fereuson, M.P. Colonel F. BarLry, R.E. The Right Hon, THE EARL oF MANSFIELD. OF OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1903. President. W. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Vice=Presidents, JAMES COOK, Estate Office, Arniston, Gorebridge. Tuy Riaut Hon. LORD LOVAT, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. THE isan Hon. THE EARL OF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, -erth. JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. | ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, Forester, Jeanie Bank, Scone. Council. G. U. MACDONALD, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville Castle, Lasswade. JOHN BOYD, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow. JAMES FORGAN, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry. D. P. LAIRD, Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield. WILLIAM MACKINNON, Nurseryman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh. aan CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. JOHN HAY, Overseer, Dollars Estate, 2 The Glebe, Riccarton, Kilmarnock. : GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchencruive, St Quivox, Ayr. Str KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Sm JOHN STIRLING MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollok- shaws. A. He Deteeree ee Marionville, Sciennes Gardens, Edin- burgh. EDWARD P. TENNANT, Yr., of The Glen, 31 Lennox Gardens, London, S.W. JOHN ANNAND, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Peebles. COLIN CHISHOLM, Forester Lundin and Montrave Estates, Hattonlaw, Lundin Links. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. ROBERT FORBES, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumberland. JOHN W. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. D. F. MACKENZIE, F-.S.1., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Mid- lothian, W. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Hon. Secretary. R. GC. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., Raith House, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Hon. Editor. * * * * * * * * Secretary and Treasurer. ROBERT GALLOWAY, §.8.C., 12 York Buildings, Edinburgh. Auditor. JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. 1) Membership. HE Roll contains the names of about tooo Members, compris- ing Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. ‘The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention ; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results, no fewer than 403 Medals and Money Prizes having been presented, exclusive of those awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair 2 o of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of 4584, 3s. tod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model Forest for Scotland which might serve the above- named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the recent Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in_ their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. Excursions. During the past twenty-five years, well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895, a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, and in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. + The Society’s Transactions. The Zyransactions of the Society are published annually, and issued g7atis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Copies of the Transactions, which now extend to sixteen volumes, are to be found in the principal Libraries of the United Kingdom, as well as in those of the British Colonies and of America. Honorary Consulting Scientists. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Scientists appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—Isaac BAYLEY BALFour, LL.D., WRID Ga sien! DE Professor of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ANDREW PEEBLES AITKEN, M.A., Scr Professor of Chemistry, Royal Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. Bortuwick, B.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist. ROBERT STEWART MAacDoucatl, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., Royal Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—JOHN SMiTH FLETT, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., C.M., Geological Survey, 28 Jermyn Street, London, S.W. Consulting Meteorologist. ROBERT COCKBURN MossMan, F.R.S.E., F.R. Met. Soc., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Counties. Aberdeen Argyle, . Ay?, Banff, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan, . Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, West Lothian, Wigtown, ou LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Joun Micute, Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. WALTER EttioT, Manager, Ardtornish. JoHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean, Maybole. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. JoHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. Wm. Miune, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Inauis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick, JAmES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RoBeRT ForseEs, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Rosert Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss. D. CrapseE, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. Joun Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie. Joun Newsiccine, Nurseryman, Dumfries. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wm. Gitcurist, Timber Merchant, Ladybank. EDMUND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. R. Cairns, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Panmure House, Carnoustie. JAMES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JoHNn Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, JOHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. * * * * * * * % W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy. W. A. Mackenzir, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry. ALEX. PITCAITHLEY, Jeanie Bank, Old Scone, Perth. JOHN ScrimcGEour, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. JoHN J. R. MEIKLEJONN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JoHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. MarueEr, Nurseryman, Kelso. JAMES F, Harpikg, Factor, Skibo Castle, Dornoch. Donatp Robertson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES SmiTH, Hopetoun Gardens, South Queensferry, JAMES HoGarra, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Waker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, Berks, Bucks, Cheshire, Derby, Devon, Gloucester, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, 6 England. JOHN ALEXANDER, 43 Ampthill Street, Bedford. FRANCIS MITCHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Stori£, Whitway House, Newbury. * * * * * * * * Wm. ExvpEr, Cholmondeley Park, near Malpas. * * * * * * * * JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Wo. Srorts, Forester, Gulworthy, Tavistock. GEORGE HANNAH, Over House, Over Almondsbury, Bristol. * * * * * * * * JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THoMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Hamiiron, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor Bouncer, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. GEORGE CADELL, c/o The Secretary, Surveyor’s Institution, 12 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. JAMES Ropesr, Forester, Morton Hall, Ringland, Norwich. Northumberland,JoHN Davipson, Secretary, English Arboricultural Society, Notts, Salop, Stafford, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, . Dublin, . Galway, . Kildare, Kilkenny, King s County, Tipperary, Wicklow, Haydon-Bridge-on-Tyne. W. Micuik, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson ToMLinson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. Frank Hutt, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. Rorert T. Cotirins, Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent. ANDEEW Boa, junior, Agent, Great Thurlow. Puitie PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford. A. D. Curisti£, The Gardens, Ragley Hall, Alcester. A. C. Forses, Wood Manager, Longleat, Warminster. Wo. Forses, Forester, Swinton, Masham. Apam Matn, Forester, Rose Cottage, Loftus. D. Tart, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Ireland. JAMES WILSON, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Tuomas Ropertson, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Rosert M‘Kerrow, Manager, Carton, Maynooth. A.Ex. M‘Rakg, Forester, Castlecomer. Anco. HENDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davip G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. ADAM JOHNSTONE, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh. PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST. A. D, RicHarpson, Marionville, Sciennes Gardens, Edinburgh, Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, §&.8.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 12 York Buildings, Edinburgh. ( Full Name t} Designation, Degrees, etc., Candidates < Address, Life, or Ordinary Member, Signature, . Signature, . Proposer’s ees, dy Mesreeoe ce Signature, . Seconder’s Address, [CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— I. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually : . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed £500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, subscribing annually . : ; > . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, sub- scribing annually : ; : : . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : ; : ; . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zransactions. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for three years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till all his arrears are paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a ZLz/e Member of the - Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, é . | {30 ove 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and oiiers : oy 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, . : eh ey (© VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zzfe Member on payment of Zzwo-thirds of the sum payable by ew Life Members. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made on the Form provided for the purpose, which must be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the next meeting of the Council. The Proposal shall lie on the table till the following meeting of the Council, when it shall be accepted or otherwise dealt with, as the Council may deem best in the interests of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member's first Subscription. CONTENTS. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV, XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXII, XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. by the authors of papers. . The Condition of Forestry in Britain. By Professor ADAM ScHWAPPACH, Eberswalde, Germany. Translated by FRASER Story, The Glen, Innerleithen, An Address delivered at the Inauguration of the New Chair of Forestry and Estate Management at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. By Dr Scuticu, C.I.E., Ph.D., F.R.S., The Management of Fire Protection Lines in Scots Fir Forests. By Dr Kienitz. Note by A. C. Forbes. [With Plan], Forestry at the University of Edinburgh. By Colonel F. BAILEY, : ; : , , Our Forestry Problem. By Dr Scuticu, C.I.E., Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Forestry at Coopers Hill College, Afforestation of Waterworks Catchment Areas. By JosEPu Parry, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer-in-Chief of Liverpool Water- works, . : : : ; : John, Duke of Atholl, his Larch Plantations (1774-1830), and the Larch Disease. By JoHN Boorn, Gross-Lichterfelde, near Berlin, : Our Imported Coniferous Timbers. By A. D. RicHARpDson, Edinburgh, Notes on Forestry in Finland. By Joun F. ANNAND, Hay- stoun Estate, Peebles, . The Forest Resources of Australia available for British Com- merce. By E. T. ScAMMELL, F.R.G.S., formerly Com- mercial Representative for the West Australian Government, Humus as a Geographical Agency. By MArcent Harpy, Uni- versity College, Dundee, The Altitude of Forest Trees on the Cairngorm Mountains. By Hues Boyp Wart, The Douglas Fir Plantation at Taymount, Diseases, Insects, and Animals Injurious to Forest Trees. By GILBERT Brown, Forester, Beaufort, . Notes for Planters. By G. U. Macpona.p, Raith, PAGE 169 198 238 243 249 256 266 269 277 287 ul CONTENTS. . The Rapid Ageing and Fireproofing of Wood, . _ The Twenty-sixth Annual Excursion, July 1903, . Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society's Showyard at Dumfries, July 1903, Nores AND QueERIES:—Forest Fires—Railway Rates—Re- Afforestation in Italy—Forestry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester—The late Mr Hanbury on the Depart- mental Committee’s Report—The President of the Board of Agriculture on Forestry—Forestry Instruction at the Forest of Dean—The Preservation, Seasoning, and Strengthening of Timber—Prevention of Sparks from Railway Engines— Water-Supplies: Afforestation of Catchment Areas—The Canadian Forestry Association—Notes on Co-operative Agricultural Credit in Germany and Switzerland—The Japanese Larch and the Larch Disease—The Larch and the Moth—All Russian Timber Society—Reafforesting the Black Country—Teaching of Forestry in the Provinces—Foreign Plants: Japanese Larch—British Forestry Exhibition—Prize Essay on Forestry—Systematic Management of Woods— Sweden—Proposed School of Forestry for Wales—On the Principal Advantages of using Chloride of Barium for the Impregnation of Railway Sleepers, and for the Preservation of Wood in general, Noricres oF Books— The Gardener’s Assistant, by the late RoBERT Tuomson, of the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick. New Edition, edited by Wm. WATSON, Curator, Royal Gardens, Kew, : ; ‘ - : ‘ Webster’s Foresters’ Diary and Pocket Book for 1904, Government Publications, ; j Reports By THE Honorary SCIENTISTS— Report by the Honorary Cryptogamist, , : Report of Honorary Consulting Entomologist for Session 1903, . PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL ScoTTisH ARBORICULTURAL SocrETy, 1903. PAGE 291 301 314 316 341 342 342 343 345 28TH JULY 1908. ) Zz oc =) faa) O = S E EB oO (©) (e9) | x c >) = =| =) 2 co e) jaa] cc O cc Ww a= = TRANSACTIONS ~ OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XX. The Condition of Forestry in Britain. By Professor ADAM ScuHwappacH, Eberswalde, Germany. ‘Translated by FRASER Story, The Glen, Innerleithen. After an interval of six years, I again took the opportunity, in September 1902, of visiting a number of Scotland’s most famous parks and woods. This I did at the invitation of the Board of Agriculture in London. An official tour of the Committee on Forestry in which I was able to take part, and the kindness of several landed proprietors, made it possible for me to make a further study of the condition of forestry in England and Scotland. From the standpoint of landscape gardening and arboriculture, the beautiful parks of Great Britain are unsurpassed in Europe. Landowners in Britain have not only devoted every attention to the arrangement and treatment of their grounds, but they have for long taken advantage of their connections with foreign lands to gather together, under glass and in the open, plants from every part of the globe. Consequently the country is exceptionally interesting to the dendrologist, and particularly Scotland, where examples of exotic conifers may be seen of an age nowhere else to be found in Europe. With the greatest delight I wandered again through the charming grounds of Mr Steuart Fothringham at Murthly Castle, where hundreds of Douglas firs, between fifty and sixty years of age, show wonderfully fine growth. At Lyndoch, upon the estate of the Earl of Mansfield, I had the pleasure of seeing Scotland’s oldest Douglas fir. It has a height of 95 feet at sixty-eight years of age. A plantation of the.same species at Scone Palace, heavily thinned prior to my first visit, has since developed with surprising rapidity. The wood is about 8 acres in extent, and the trees are now forty-eight years old. I found 7'suga mertensiana and Tsuga Pattoniana in large numbers, and of most excellent growth at VOL, XVII. PART II. M 170_ TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. thirty years, upon the estate of Colonel Harris in Pertishire. It would lead me too far were I to deal with, or even make mention of, all the exotics that in these parts grow with vigour and in an arrangement that has added beauty to their naturally fine effect. To see them thus, compensates for many grumbling critics, and lends fresh courage in the pursuit of their cultivation. In the north, conifers are most in evidence; but in the south of England, under milder weather conditions, species are represented that are quite out of the question for Germany. There, Welling- tonia gigantea, Sequoia sempervirens, Cedrus Deodara, and numerous species of broad-leaved trees that have their home in warmer climes, are found growing freely. I must mention particularly the property of the Earl of Ducie at Tourtworth Court, near Bristol; the collection of broad-leaved trees there brought together may indeed serve as a standard to strive after. As regards the appearance of the rarer species, these grounds contrast favourably even with the renowned Kew Gardens. The condition of British parks is one picture, that of British woodlands quite another. The afforested area is small—in Great Britain 2,726,116 acres, and in Ireland 309,741 acres; so that the United Kingdom and Ireland, according to statistics taken in 1895, have 3,035,857 acres under trees. Practically the whole of this area is in private hands, for the State forests of England amount to only 66,758 acres. Large, closely-grown forests are entirely wanting even upon those estates which have a considerable acreage under wood. Plantations interspersed in heathland and meadow are certainly seen, but they are generally in small plots of only a few acres extent. Exact statistics as to the extent of the country’s woodlands are difficult to collect, because it is frequently hard to tell whether certain areas partake more of the nature of heath, field, or forest. The southern and central parts of England present, as regards the distribution of their woods, an aspect somewhat similar to Holstein. There is the same division of the fields and pastures by means of hedges and narrow belts of trees. The farther north one goes, the less does one see of agriculture, or at least this becomes more confined to the fertile valleys and coast districts ; whereas the higher parts are bare pastures, with an occasional sparse growth of trees. From the forester’s point of view, the most unfavourable impression of the country is obtained in that otherwise charming district of the Highlands between Perth and the Caledonian Canal. This broad strip of land is uniformly THE CONDITION OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN. ed hilly. Ben Nevis occurs in it, and the main valleys le at a height varying between 800 and 1500 feet. Extremely little wood is carried upon this wide tract of land. For hours one travels through it seeing nothing but heather-covered hills and perhaps a few black-faced sheep; no tree, no shrub, no road—waste land in the strictest sense of the word, Farther north, again, the land assumes a less mountainous character; it is more densely popu- lated, and near the East Coast is in part very fertile. South of Carlisle and Newcastle broad-leaved trees, particularly beech and oak, predominate ; whereas to the north of this line, Scots pine, alternating with old larch, is more plentiful. In the Perth district, broad-leaved species practically find their northern limit, except on the sheltered lower-lying lands of the east. Most of the present practically treeless regions of Scotland have been well wooded at one time. In the peat moors there are tree stumps and other fragments of primeval forest. The original woods have obviously been despoiled largely in the feuds between Scottish clans and in the greater wars. Immediately they had become the refuge for a scattered army, the hand of destruction was laid upon them. Undoubtedly this accounts in great part for their disappearance ; but another cause, more gradual in its effects, is found in the extension of pasturage and the utilisation of the timber, unfollowed by restocking. It appears to me, further, that peat bogs, which in valleys and depressions are seen to be increas- ing, have had their influence upon forest vegetation. Before their advance, the area under trees has receded, a fact that I think has not received sufficient attention. In the Scots pine woods owned by the Countess of Seafield, where there is an area of about 25,000 acres under trees, the very capable forest manager, Mr Grant Thompson, who has been upon the estate for forty-three years, informed me that in consequence of the growth of heath plants, natural regeneration of the pine, on many parts where it was formerly carried out with ease, is now effected with great difficulty, or is wholly impossible. It would seem that this must have occurred to a much greater extent on the ancient virgin forest lands. Under such circumstances, the practice of driving in sheep, immediately before regeneration is about to take place, appears a very proper one. The sheep keep the heather short, and by their treading action, the formation of thick layers of raw humus is checked. It cannot be said that British woods make a very favourable impression upon the visitor. The stamp of systematic forest - . 172 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. management is absent. Working plans are unknown, or at least are in the hands of but few. Mr Munro Ferguson’s woods of Raith and Novar have for some years been placed under a scheme of management. But such regulated work is quite the exception. In this connection I may make mention of a certain estate with over 100,000 acres of woodland, where timber to the value of £1000 is sold annually. The timber represented by this sum is taken quite without regard to the interests of the general manage- ment of the forest; apparently fellings are proceeded with simply where timber of the type desired is most accessible. In countries where forest management is primitive, one usually finds great stocks of old timber; this is not so in Britain, chiefly in consequence of the want of large State woods. A few estates are exceptional in this respect, particularly that of the Duke of Atholl, where there are splendid woods of old larch. One of Lord Lovat’s Scots pine woods was interesting to me as providing an example of “two-storied High forest,” in which both the older and younger trees were pines—certainly a rare and curious condition. The really fine timber of the older portion is at least one hundred and fifty years old. It was heavily cut into about fifty years ago, and through natural reproduction a second growth has sprung up which now stands between and among the former crop. About forty very large pines, having an average content of fully 50 cubic feet, are found per acre, and between them the slim poles of the younger pines. The question now is as to the future of the wood ; it is more than time that the old pines were felled—some of them are already failing—but one cannot utilise them without sacrificing the younger generation. To fell and remove the mature trees would now quite break up the plantation. Altogether the wood presents an absurd picture, and one that it would be difficult to equal. In the north of Scotland many middle-aged and younger woods are in a sad plight. They are largely composed of Scots pine and larch, partly as woods of one species, partly also in mixture together. Two heavy calamities beset these woods—squirrels and larch disease. The squirrels strip the bark from pine, larch, and spruce, but the pine is the most severely damaged. Woods in the pole stage suffer most ; bands of bark are peeled in rings from the trees, which con- sequently either die, become suppressed, or are broken down by snow. Side branches frequently take the place of a lost leader only to meet with the same fate, so that bushy-headed, malformed trees result. Only those who have seen the extent of the damage THE CONDITION OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN. 173 done can possibly conceive how really grievous it is. While in the Countess of Seafield’s pine woods, I wished to show those who were with me the system of thinning as it is carried out in Germany; but this was not possible, for nowhere could I find any extent of normally developed young trees. Some effort of course is made to dispose of the squirrels, and, just as in northern Russia, use is made of dogs specially trained for squirrel hunting. An idea of the extent of the pest may be gathered by my stating that Mr Munro Ferguson’s forester, with the assistance of his dogs, shot forty-one squirrels in one morning. A certain sum (commonly threepence) is usually paid for each tail. Upon the Seafield property, the expenditure in this way for squirrel killing during the year 1901 amounted to £80! Com- bined action, it is felt, must be taken against this dangerous animal, and for this purpose an attempt is being made to form ‘squirrel clubs.” But bad though squirrels are, the damage done by larch disease is still worse; there is at least some possibility of overcoming the squirrel attack. For the last forty years, larch disease has spread in the most disastrous manner through the British woods. Its presence is universal. It varies only in the degree of severity with which it attacks different localities. The canker extends rapidly or slowly in certain years, as the weather favours or retards its development, but it is never absent. The evil wrought by the disease is felt with all the greater force because the quick growth and valuable timber of the larch have caused that species to be largely planted. Trials with seed from many different parts have been made, but so far without result. Larix leptolepis aud Larix sibirica are also being dealt with experimentally. Up to the present, the Japanese species (at most sixteen years old) has grown well, but what its future will be we have still to learn. After going through larch woods of forty to sixty years old, that have suffered both from squirrels and disease, one can under- stand the difficulties of the owner in knowing what to do with his woods, and can more readily appreciate how it is he gives up thought of timber, and turns his plantations into game coverts. One thing is clear, that a change from the too extensive planting of larch is necessary, and that pure woods of that species should be specially avoided. The excellent growth of North-West American conifers on the policies of many estates should encourage the adoption of some of these as timber crops. I am quite convinced that they should be 174 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. in great part the trees of the future. Where there is shelter from wind, the Douglas fir can be planted; in exposed parts, Picea sitchensis; upon low-lying ground, Thwa gigantea; while several of the Abies genus will also succeed well. Upon the shallow, calcareous soils of the south of England, the black or Austrian pine is now being more largely planted. In Britain, thinnings, especially in the younger woods, are conducted with rash severity. This is done partly to encourage the remaining trees to increased growth, but chiefly out of regard to the interests of game. The planting material used, and the methods of planting adopted, quite shock a German forester. Apart from the few cases where, as already mentioned, natural regeneration is made use of, the establishment of woods is by planting, not by sowing. Artificial sowing is not possible, owing to the universally strong growth of grass or heather, and the damage done by rabbits. In planting, very large transplants (often four to six years old) are used, and all that Continental foresters demand in regard to root- form is held in high disdain. The transplanting of seedlings is effected in this way: a shallow trench, ahout a couple of inches deep, is formed; into this the plants are laid closely together (about 2—2} inches apart) in such a manner that their roots are bent quite to one side. The little trench is filled in with soil, firmed with the foot, and the operation is finished. The conse- quence of such treatment is, that instead of the roots taking a vertical direction, they grow at right angles to the stem, and the root-collar is buried too deeply. In schooling transplants, the same operation is repeated. These unnaturally crippled plants are admirably suited to “notching”—the method by which conifers are customarily planted in Britain. With a spade two incisions are made into the soil, either in the form of an L or a T. The corners of the sod are raised somewhat with the spade; the plant, with its hori- zontally-lying roots, is slid into the opening, and the flap of sod is allowed to fall back. With a tread of the foot the young tree is considered as planted! Certainly an easy and expeditious system! The results, of course, soon show themselves. In spite of other- wise favourable circumstances,—productive soils, absence of spring drought, and frequent rainfall,—a very considerable number of the plants miscarry. I saw an area in Peeblesshire, for instance, where 60 per cent. of the plants were dead, and a further number had not developed their buds; many more will obviously die in the THE CONDITION OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN. 175 ensuing year. Were we to employ such a planting method upon light soils in Germany, probably not 5 per cent. of the plants would remain alive ! In later growth, the effect of this notch-planting is very frequently seen in stems that are bent near the ground, and in the delayed development of the plants. The roots acquire a fairly normal form only after a protracted period. Professor Schlich informed me that after thirty years the results of this cultural practice are still recognisable. The ever-ready excuse for notch- planting is that it is cheap. But this I contend is not the case, because the ultimate result is not attained without further cost. To adopt a surer method, and to use smaller plants, would, without doubt, be an economy. The most serious enemy of the young plantation is the rabbit. In England and Scotland rabbits have become a national scourge. Generally plantings can be raised only when protected by very costly wire-netting fences. In the north of Scotland, hares, particularly Lepus variabilis, cause much damage. This description will no doubt be sufficient to show that the condition of the wooded area is, according to German views, far from being satisfactory. Still less favourable, however, is the general picture when one considers the great stretches of land as a whole. The northern part of the country has but a limited area under tillage: most of it lies waste, or is only used for grazing, while the woods are poor and ill-arranged. To fully discuss the origin of this state of affairs would quite exceed the limits of this article. . It is quite impossible to go into the question of agrarian policy which is so intimately associated with the question—the conditions of the ownership of land, and the returns from farming. I must here confine myself to forest policy. The reason of the poor development of forestry is attributable first of all to the absence of a large connected area of State forest. In other countries the State has led the way in the transition from primitive forest utilisation to systematised management of woods. Methods of treatment and general guidance towards the better handling of woods were effected in past times by the aid of regulations issued by the State. More recently, intervention has rather gone along the lines of providing technical instruction; but private forest owners learn the broad principles of forest treatment, and the practices which it is best to follow, most effectively from well managed State woods. This is not possible in England. The existing State property is too small and too scattered to be 176_ TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. treated as economic forests should be. Besides, most of the Crown woods are much burdened with communal rights, tenaciously held to by the people. They yield a very low return, and for the purpose of demonstrating the results of forestry work are not at all suitable. In the country, sylviculture plays an exceedingly small part. The facilities for forestry instruction are very incomplete, and the few landowners who desire to see their woods better managed have neither the necessary knowledge themselves, nor are they in the position to procure capable wood managers. The strongest factor, however, that is working against forestry is the game interest. It is well known how great the desire for sport in Britain is: I would only remark here that the love of shoot- ing has outgrown the love of the chase. The great object is the filling of the game-bag—so many head of game. On this account, those animals are preferred which may be killed in great numbers in a very short time—pheasants, grouse, and rabbits. For the rais- ing of these, large, close woods are not required, indeed, they are scarcely consistent with the production of game in large numbers. Large tracts of waste land remain without forest out of considera- tion for the grouse. Red deer in Britain are not present in the same quantity as in Germany, owing to the well wooded state of the latter country. But on the great unpeopled areas of heather moor in Scotland, where occasional poor remnants of former forests exist, deer find the necessary food and quietude. The development of their antlers remains, of course, far behind that of German stags from the forests, but then it is possible in a few weeks to shoot a hundred head! The extent to which consideration is given to sport was shown by a landowner in the south-west of England. I asked him why, having a great many isolated patches of wood, he did not bring these together by afforestation into one proper forest. His reply was that his neighbours would be too much incensed at the spoiling of the fox hunt which such action would entail. The landowners are either wealthy enough to make use of their game facilities themselves, and renounce any income from forestry, or they let the shootings at such enormous prices that it appears to them that timber crops could not bring more. This alone would account for the want of interest taken in forestry. The woods should, properly speaking, be called only game-coverts. It has already been remarked that the young woods are much too heavily thinned. Very frequently this is done simply at the wish THE CONDITION OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN. ICT of the gamekeeper, in order to suit the convenience of the ‘“beaters.” Nearer the residences, one very often finds all manner of shrubs and small trees in wonderful mixture together. A glance at these is sufficient to show that neither arboricultural nor xsthetic considerations have determined their choice, but that they are there simply to provide shelter for pheasants. However little, either as forester or political economist, one may agree with this state of affairs, it must be admitted that, from the private owner’s standpoint, the system has its advantages. The revenue from game is so considerable, and so sure, that the proprietor often finds it the most profitable on his estate. On the average, ls. 6d. to 2s. per acre is paid as shooting rent, and sometimes as much as 5s. per acre is obtained. One case is known to me in which the latter sum was paid for rabbit shooting. For each grouse killed ten shillings is usually reckoned. With red deer the sum paid is generally calculated according to the number shot, it varies for each stag from about £20 to £40. Rents of £2000 to £5000 are quite common for single shootings, though certainly the tenancy of a prettily situated shooting-lodge may be included with this. When one considers that the shooting season averages only two months ; and that, in addition to the rent, keepers and beaters must be paid, while the cost of an expensive establishment has to be maintained, it is seen what a costly pleasure this kind of sport isin England. In some parts it has indeed become too expensive for many Englishmen, and rich Americans are stepping in, finding they can shoot more and live with greater comfort in Britain than in their own country. To undertake afforestation on a large scale, proprietors must not only forego this rent or the highly valued pleasure of shooting, but they must expend much money for the establishment and tending of the woods. In return, they usually reap nothing themselves; their sons receive perhaps only a moderate share, while the sustained yield may only become available to the third generation. Along with this, it must be considered that in England, in contrast to Germany, Austria, and other countries, a knowledge ot the profit-bringing capabilities of forestry is wanting. For the most part, the landowner sees only the results of mismanaged woods which return a sum poor in comparison to that yielded by game. Besides which, the certainty of the latter income, and the ease with which it is obtained, must be placed in the balance. 178~ TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. On the other hand, the conditions for forestry in Britain are by no means unfavourable. The prices for timber are from twice to three times as high as in Germany. Larches of about 15 to 30 eubic feet bring at least 10d. per foot, and other better timbers 1s. 3d. to 1s. 6d. per foot in the forest. Good, strong soils are common. In the south the soils are produced from weathered chalk, in the north from greywacke, granite, new red conglomerate, basalt, and morain formations. Any considerable tract of sand is nowhere to be found, the poorest soils being those from gneiss, or where great masses of morain boulders occur. For the growth of timber, the climate can be described as excellent, because precipitations, especially in the form of rain and mist, are frequent, while periods of drought come only very exceptionally. Strong winds are common, and of course unfavourable, particularly in the western districts upon the high peat moors of Scotland. The unsatis- factory condition of the woodland roads tells against the selling price of timber. These, if improved, would not only enhance the value of the timber produced, but would also facilitate the more systematic treatment of the woods. The vast extent of waste land capable of afforestation is deserving of the first attention. The great area which lies at disposal for this purpose is shown by the following table.! Toran AREA.| AREA UNDER Woop. WASTE LAND. | Country. a (Se eee ie " Per cent. Per cent. AGres. Acres. of the Acres. of the Total Area. Total Area, England, . | 32,550,698 | 1,665,741 5-1 2,305,823 fail Wales, . .'.| 4,776,779 | 181,610 3°8 1,250,813 26 °2 | Scotland, . .| 19,458,470 | 878,765 | 4:5 9,374,512 48°1 | Great Britain, .| 56,785,947 | 2,726,116 | 4:8 12,931,148 | | a. 4,804,428 2 Ireland, ... .| 20,333,344 309,741 1°5 83°3 | b. 12,188,500 3 United Kingdom,| 77,119,291 | 3,035,857 3°9 29,874,076 38°7 ‘From the Agricultural Returns for Great Britain, 1901 (London, 1902); and Agricultural Statistics of Ireland, 1901 (Dublin, 1902). “ Moorland, waste land, and water. ® Grass land. THE CONDITION OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN. 179 Attention must be drawn to the fact that what is designated as waste land in Great Britain is considered differently in Ireland. For Great Britain, according to the statistics, waste land is “mountain and heath land,” whereas for Ireland, the figures are divided into two distinct categories, namely, waste land proper and pasture land. A portion of the latter corresponds to the mountain and heath land of Britain, and might be afforested, but another portion will be better left to serve its present purpose. Still, nearly one-half of Scotland and Ireland can be designated waste land, and probably 18 million acres suitable for timber growing could be found in the United Kingdom. The country, with about 20 million acres under forest, including the present wooded area, could produce the 600 million cubic feet which, roughly speaking, must now be imported annually from abroad. The annual importation of timber for constructive purposes is at present about 350 million cubic feet in converted form, and this has a value of over £23,000,000. If one reckons that only 60 per cent. of the wood which might be raised in Britain could be used as such timber, even then about 360 million cubic feet would be available. An additional incentive to proceed energetic- ally with planting lies in the fact of the slow but certain decline of the world’s timber supply. Apart from this, there are found both in England and Scotland many bare steep slopes which are being completely denuded of soil owing to their unprotected state. That the damage has not been greater is explained partly by the nature of the precipitations, These seldom take place with much suddenness, and melted snow from higher ground is rarely injurious. On the other hand, the usually moist air, even when circumstances are otherwise un- favourable, gives rise to a covering of moss and weeds which again and again bind together the loosened earth. The beginnings of dangerous formations are everywhere to be found, and it appears to me that later a very great deal of harm may proceed from this cause. Through the want of forests and systematic wood manage- ment, the peat bogs are becoming larger, and are rendering a better utilisation of the ground difficult. If any improvement is to be made in forestry, the interest of the land-owning class must first be awakened. They must be con- vinced that good sylviculture pays, and that to plant will increase the value of their estates. British proprietors need not think that well-reculated forestry is inconsistent with the keeping of game. 180- TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Within certain limits, and in a modified form, the two are indeed well associated one with another. In regard to grouse shootings, much land may be afforested and yet enough may remain for purposes of sport. Pheasants may be raised in great numbers in properly managed woods, as Germany and Austria can sufficiently show. Red deer would enormously benefit from the presence of forest, and if rabbits must be held more in check, so will their damage to tillage crops and pastures be lessened, to the material advantage of ayvriculture. To effect an improvement in forestry is not easy, because it rests upon scientific and technical hypotheses; but in Britain it is specially difficult, because of the deep-rooted views of the land- owning class, with whom the forestry problem rests. In this connection, as already remarked, the absence of large State forest property is sadly felt. Until little more than a year ago, forestry had no official repre- sentative within the administration. The Office of Woods and Forests is not of this nature. It conducts the management of State domains in general; to it belong, of course, the Crown woods, but the yearly revenue of about half a million sterling comes from quite different sources—chiefly coal-mines and London property. Until the Committee was appointed by the late Mr Hanbury to inquire into the present state of matters, British forestry was almost exclusively fostered by two large associations—the Royal Scottish and the English Arboricultural Societies. These names are themselves significant, the word arboriculture being distinct from sylviculture or forestry proper. The published Z’ransactions of these Societies show, however, that in spite of their names, they struggle zealously and successfully for the benefit of forestry. The present facilities for technical education in forestry must be regarded as quite insufficient. The subject is taught in the following places. In the University of Edinburgh! there is a lectureship for forestry: the lectures—yearly one hundred hours—are delivered chiefly to students who will later become estate factors or farmers. In Edinburgh also, evening classes in forestry are held at the Botanic Garden for gardeners and foresters. The cost of forestry instruction in Edinburgh is only in part borne by the State, the Highland and Agricultural Society paying a considerable portion of 1 See ‘‘ Forestry at the University of Edinburgh,” p. 206.—Ep. THE CONDITION OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN, 181 it. The teaching in the Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural College is practically of no importance, and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, is similarly situated.1_ The lectures delivered in Durham College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and at the University of Cambridge, are of greater value. The students at these classes are chiefly prospective estate agents, though, in Cambridge, the sons of landowners also take part in them. Then there is the Royal Indian Engineering College at Coopers Hill, where, under the direction of Dr Schlich, the forest officials for service in India receive their education. Even for this last- named institution, the money allowed by Government is inadequate. To a German this is the more surprising, because, to him, India always suggests golden riches. As far as Britain is concerned, the sylviculturists who have qualified at Coopers Hill are available only at the end of their period of service, or when they return “invalided home.” It would seem that these gentlemen are administrators rather than foresters whose inclination is to inquire into the details of cultural work—so important a qualification for British forestry at present. Apart from the last-mentioned college, there remain in Great Britain, only Edinburgh, Newcastle, and Cambridge for students of the more highly educated class. The forestry know- ledge of most of these men, owing to the limited scope of the lectures, and the entirely insuflicient practical training, is very deficient. Moreover, students usually attach but little import- ance to the subject beyond its bearing upon examinations. The greater number of those who have studied at the above colleges become factors or are engaged in agriculture, having too little inducement to follow out the forestry profession. Of the few students who give more attention to forestry, the majority find their way to the colonies, so that the number of sylviculturists with scientific knowledge remaining at home is exceedingly small. It is the “forester” who in reality has charge of the woods, and he is without systematic training either in the scientific or practical direction. A few only have taken the evening course while working at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. Foresters are partly drawn from the better forest workers, partly from gardeners, or gamekeepers, or from occupations still more remotely connec ed with sylviculture. Granting, certainly, that a number of these 1Since the above was written, a lectureship in Forestry and Estate Management has been created at Cirencester.—Tr. 182 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. men possess most excellent qualities through the observation of nature, and by diligence and self-culture, just as in Germany one hundred and fifty years ago, men like Beckmann and Kapler did much good work; still, the foresters in general must be described as inefficient. The small economic importance of woodlands, and the insufficient education of those in charge of them, find expres- sion in the social position of the forester. The fact that the condition of British forestry can be improved, as much to the benefit of the private owner as for the good of the country in general, is not yet fully realised. Still, a certain section, and particularly those who have studied the subject in Germany and France, candidly acknowledge the situation. An effort to obtain some idea, at least, of the result of good forest management was made by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society in 1895, when a party visited North Germany. ‘The effects of that tour have been important and far-reaching. With a like purpose in view, this Society made an excursion to Sweden in 1902, and the English Society visited France. Not resting satisfied with these efforts, these associations have long striven to obtain a State area such as may serve as a model forest, and during the past seven or eight years fresh endeavours have been made to improve education. Those directing the affairs of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society are especially deserving of praise. Standing at the head of this movement are Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., Dr Somerville, Assistant Secretary to the Board of Agriculture, who studied and took his degree at Munich, and our own countryman, Dr Schlich, formerly Inspector-General to the Government of India The delay in obtaining a State forest has been the more protracted because, as the Minister of Agriculture in 1896 explained to a deputation of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, there was not enough support from private individuals—exactly the class who should have been most directly interested. A suggestion brought before the above Society, to establish a joint stock company, owning a forest area, has not been acted upon. The movement for the furtherance of sylviculture is now pro- ceeding more briskly however. The late Minister of Agriculture, Mr Hanbury, appointed Dr Somerville as Assistant Secretary to the Board of Agriculture in 1901. That position entails a great variety of work, inclusive of forestry. As already mentioned, the Crown woods are under the control of the Office of Woods and THE CONDITION OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN. 183 Forests. It seems to me that these would be better under charge of the Board of Agriculture. The woods are of small importance as they are, but they might be so handled as to provide useful instruction, On the 26th of February 1902, the late Mr Hanbury appointed a Departmental Committee of Forestry to consider the claims of sylviculture.! Of the Committee’s recommendations, attention may be drawn to the following. Owing to the absence of State woods of a kind which can serve for demonstration, such should be created. With this in view, suitable estates ought to be purchased and converted into well-regulated forests. The purpose of these model forests is threefold: they should serve technically for—(1) showing how woods may best be treated ; (2) proving what returns economically managed forest is able to give; and (3) providing instruction for the working class of foresters. In addition to these so-called model forests, ‘instruction woods” (Lehr-reviere) in connection with the higher forestry institutions, are extremely useful; but the difficulty of acquiring very large extents of land has led the Committee to advise that ‘‘ example plots” only be attached to the colleges. These may partake some- what of the nature of the forest plot at Giessen, but they ought to be larger—100 to 200 acres, so that the several sections may grow under conditions more closely resembling those met with in the forest. lt should be possible to utilise the model forests as “instruction woods,” not only for experimental purposes, but by making them accessible to students of forestry. This will best be attained by having one area at least within convenient distance from Edinburgh. Itis thought to dispense education as follows :— (a) Higher Grade—The Coopers Hill establishment should be attached to one of the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge. Better teaching facilities ought to be given to Edinburgh, and both the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge should have lectureships in Forestry. (6) Lower Grade—in connection with the model forests, after the manner of the German and Austrian forest schools. Those being trained would take part in all kinds of forest work, while the scientific side would be looked after and lectures delivered by the director and his assistant. 1 Professor Schwappach details the recommendations of the Forestry Com- mittee, but as these have already appeared in Part 1 of Volume XVII. of the Transactions, this part of the article has been omitted.—Tr. 184. TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. (c) At all agricultural schools forestry should become an obliga- tory subject of study. (d) In the better wooded districts, courses of a few weeks duration should be held. These may resemble those given to landowners, forest managers, and others in Switzerland and ? Germany. It is evident that before the above recommendations can be given effect to, much time will necessarily elapse. During this period matters must remain unimproved. On this account the suggestion which I made in a memorial laid before the Committee, that ‘‘forest advisers” might be appointed, has been favourably received. From these men, proprietors would receive skilled advice upon the management of their woods and in the practice of forestry. It is a system ‘that has worked excellently in con- nection with several Prussian Chambers of Agriculture and in the United States. Looking to the present condition of British forestry, it appears to me to be absolutely necessary that those who are called to take up the management of the model forests, teachers, and advisory experts, must first have made themselves acquainted with forestry on the Continent, especially Germany. Their training there should be thorough and practical, similar to that gone through by Dr Schlich’s students. For the rest, one can only express entire agreement with the recommendations of the Committee. Should their proposals be carried out, as I hope they soon will be, the most favourable results will undoubtedly ensue. INAUGURATION OF NEW CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CIRENCESTER. 185 XXI. An Address delivered at the Inauguration of the New Chair of Forestry and Estate Management at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. By Dr Scuticn, C.LE., Ph D., F.R.S. The Council of the Royal Agricultural College has done me the honour of appointing me Honorary Professor of Forestry at the College. It is an honour which I highly appreciate for several reasons. Apart from the acknowledgment of my humble efforts in the cause of extended afforestation and amelioration of existing methods of managing woodlands in this country, I value the appointment, especially because it shows that the authorities of the College fully recognise the importance of forestry. After all, forestry means the employment of land for a specific purpose, and it forms, therefore, part of agriculture in its wider sense. Indeed, it represents an essential part in the management of almost any estate in this country. The Council have, therefore, acted wisely in taking A New Departure by appointing a special Professor of Kstates Management and Forestry. I had the pleasure this last summer of seeing a good deal of your new professor, Mr F. M‘Clellan, and I feel sure he will give a good account of himself. There is yet another matter of great importance to which I must refer. The Principal has alluded to the fact that this College is situated close to Lord Bathurst's estate, a great portion of which is under wood. I cannot claim an intimate acquintance with these woods, but Mr Elwes was good enough to drive me through them a couple of years ago, and I can assure you that I was most favourably impressed with their condition, and the careful management which that condition indicates. Lord Bathurst, I understand, has been kind enough to place his woods at your disposal for educational purposes, and I think the College owes to his lordship a debt of gratitude for his liberality and public spirit. Let us hope that proprietors in other parts of the country will follow Lord Bathurst’s admirable example. Thus, the College appears to be well equipped to impart that knowledge of forestry which in these days is considered of great importance in the development of the resources of the land, and through it to land- owners and land agents, as well as to the labouring classes, because VOL. XVII. PART II. N 186 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. increased afforestation of waste lands provides extra work in the shape of managing the woods, and in the development of industries. As regards the latter point, let me remind you of the beech woods in the Chiltern Hills, whose existence caused the development of an extensive chair industry, which uses the produce of these forests as its raw material. Tens of thousands of people are employed in that industry, which would never have seen the light of day without those forests. There is every likelihood that similar industries will spring up in other parts of the country if you create the necessary woodlands. On the whole, then, I think the students of this College are to be congratulated on enjoying benefits which are as yet denied to students at other similar institutions. What I have said so far, naturally brings me to the question whether extended and improved forestry is of such importance to this country generally, as to justify any special measures to be taken towards furthering it. To answer that question is a complicated matter: hence, within the short time at my disposal, I can only touch on a few of the more important points. REQUIREMENT OF Forest PRODUCE IN THIS COUNTRY. The production of timber in this country may be estimated at perhaps two million tons a year, and that quantity has probably not varied very much during the last forty years. On the other hand, these islands imported in 1864 about 34 million tons of timber, and in 1899 10 millions, making an average annual increase of about 190,000 tons. Here, then, is an important fact. Of the timber imported in 1899 about 87 per cent. was pine and fir, and only 13 per cent. so-called hardwoods. Of the latter, 3 per cent. were oak, and the other 10 per cent. teak, mahogany, furniture woods, house and door frames. Some of these cannot be grown in this country. The centre of gravity of these importations rests, however, in the coniferous woods, and these, or efficient substitutes for them, can be produced in these islands. As regards prices, it may be said that they fell from 1870 onwards to about 1888, owing to the great development of the means of transport by sea; from 1888 to 1894 they were steady, but then a reaction set in, so that the years 1894 to 1899 showed a gradual rise in prices equal to about 18 per cent. Then came the war in South Africa, which caused a temporary check, but during the last twelve months the effects of it have practically disappeared, In my opinion, we shall never again INAUGURATION OF NEW CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CIRENCESTER. 187 see the low prices of ten to fifteen years ago, because the more accessible forests in the exporting countries have been heavily worked, if not exhausted, so that the timber for export has, year by year, to be carried over longer distances before it reaches the sea. SOURCES OF TIMBER SUPPLY. Before I proceed to deal with forestry in this country, let me say a few words about the sources whence this timber comes. In 1899 we received from Canada under 2 million tons, from other British possessions rather more than } million tons, total for British possessions about 24 million tons; from foreign countries 7} million tons, total 10 million tons. The latter came from the following countries—-Russia, about 21 million tons; Sweden, about 24 million tons; Norway, about } million tons; Germany, rather less than }$ million tons ; France, # million tons ; United States of America, 1 million tons. But we are not the only importing country in Europe; on the contrary, most of them import timber. For example, Germany’s net imports are 44 million tons a year; France, 14 million tons; Belgium, over | million tons; Denmark, nearly $ million tons ; Italy, nearly $ million tons ; Spain, nearly $ million tons; Holland, ¢ million tons ; Switzerland, + million tons; and Portugal, Bulgaria, Greece, and Servia, smaller quantities. The exporting countries in Europe are Russia with 6 million tons, Sweden 45 million tons, Austria-Hungary 34 million tons, Norway 1 million tons, and Roumania 60,000 tons. If you draw the balance of imports and exports for the whole of Europe, you find that there is an annual deficit of about 2} million tons a year, which are supplied by Canada, the United States of America, and smaller quantities from other countries. ARE FururE SUPPLIES SAFE? My reply is, “by no means.” To begin with, the timber which we get from Germany is really only a re-export, because that country has a net import of 43 million tons a year. It has been known for some time past that Norway is working her forests with a deficit (by cutting more than grows annually), Sweden was hitherto considered as solvent in this respect, but a Parliamentary paper just issued gives a different account. Sir W. Barrington writes from Stockholm to the Marquis of Lansdowne, on the 18th March 1903: ‘‘ Recent calculations estimate the annual consumption of 188 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. timber at some 1060 million cubic feet, which is said to be about 106 million in excess of normal reproduction.” Here, then, is another of our most important sources of supply also working with a deficit. As to Austria-Hungary, very little timber comes to this country, because half their export goes to Germany and the bulk of the other half to various other countries, especially France. There remains, apart from a diminishing supply from Sweden and Norway, Russia. That country has enormous areas under forests, but it has still greater areas without it. Its-population is rapidly increasing. Differing views are taken of Russia as to her capabilities of main- taining her export of timber. Some experts say that her resources are inexhaustible, others doubt it. My own opinion, having weighed the evidence on both sides, is that Russia is a somewhat doubtful factor. At any rate, there can be no doubt that the demand is increasing year by year, and that other European countries must reduce their exports. Then as to North America: the United States are no longer a real exporting country, because they import already more from Canada than they export. Thus we are reduced to Canada for making good the deficiency in Europe. That country is supposed to have about 266 million acres of timber lands, and she could, no doubt, supply the rest of the world with the necessary coniferous timber, if her forests were managed in a rational manner, instead of killing the goose that lays the golden eggs. There are also the peculiar conditions of the timber trade, and the great destruction wrought by forest fires, to be taken into account. In summing up this part of the subject, it may therefore be said, (1) that we require enormous and ever- increasing quantities of timber, (2) that prices in the future are likely to be higher than in the past, (3) that supplies from outside rest on a very unsafe basis, (4) that the increase of the afforested area in this country, especially by utilising the waste lands, is sure to lead to an increased demand for labour, STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN THIS COUNTRY. It is clear, then, that we must look about and see what we can do for ourselves in these islands. A detailed examination shows that we have plenty of land available for extended afforestation. There are altogether some 25 million acres, or 30 per cent., of the land in Great Britain and Ireland, which is either lying waste altogether or used for rough grazing, apart from their value as INAUGURATION OF NEW CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CIRENCESTER. 189 shooting grounds. It is, no doubt, difficult to estimate the actual returns yielded by these lands, but I feel sure that I am within the mark when I say it is less than one shilling an acre all round. Some of the lands may yield up to half-a-crown, but enormous areas yield considerably below a shilling, even down to threepence an acre, We may safely say, then, that there is no lack of land obtainable at reasonable and even low rates. As regards the climate, there is practically nothing better to be desired, as far as the production of timber is concerned, however unpleasant it may be in other respects. We have, generally speaking, mild winters and cool summers. Of rain we have plenty, often too much, while snow and ice are not nearly so frequent as in other northern European countries. Unfortunately of gales and strong winds we have more than a fair share, but with proper management their injurious effect upon forest growth can be considerably reduced. On the whole our climate, at any rate up to the centre of Scotland, though it may not be equal to that of a great portion of France, compares very favourably with that of Germany, and there is absolutely no reason, in this respect, why we should not grow as good timber here as is done in Germany. Certainly, our climate is considerably more favourable than that of Norway, Sweden, and North Russia, whence we import some 6 million tons of timber a year. If home-grown timber has hitherto been considered inferior to timber imported from those three countries, it is due, not to the climate, but to the manner in which it has been grown. Conifers have been too heavily thinned while young, so that they yielded knotty timber with broad annual rings. Only let us grow our timber in the manner followed in France and Germany, the countries which share the honour of having developed the science and art of forestry, and we shall produce the same quality of Scotch pine (the red deal of the Baltic) and Norway spruce (the white deal of the Baltic) as that now imported into this country. It is the non-observance in this country of good sylviculture which is at fault, and not the climate. As regards hardwoods, and especially oak, it is asserted by leading timber merchants, that the quality of British-grown timber is actually superior to that imported from the Continent, but that the latter comes to us in better shaped, cleaner pieces, which again indicates faulty sylviculture in this country. On the whole, there is no doubt in my mind that we can produce just as good timber in this country as that now imported from other European countries, provided we put our shoulders to the wheel, and teach 190 - TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. our land agents and foresters correct sylvicultural methods. At the same time, we must not expect immediate results in all cases. In only too many instances the land has suffered in yield-capacity owing to continued exposure, and the subsequent dissipation of all organic matter. In such cases there will be some difficulty in the beginning, but if once more a suitable forest crop has been estab- lished on the areas, the producing powers of the land will increase in the same degree as organic matter accumulates in the soil. The loss of increment in the beginning is a penalty which we shall have to pay for neglect in the past. FINANCIAL ASPECT OF BritisH FORESTRY. The next question you are likely to ask me is, ‘“‘ Will it pay to put land under forest in this country?” In answering that question we meet with great difficulty. Most naturally you would say, “Let us inquire what the results of forestry have been so far.” That inquiry would lead to disappointing results, because, in the first place, it is almost impossible to obtain, in this country, data which would conclusively prove the case, either one way or the other; and, secondly, we can only estimate what the effect would be if rational sylvicultural methods were applied to the industry, accompanied by a more systematic management. As regards the first point, I must point out that those data which are available are almost invariably vitiated by the fact that many items are included under expenses which have little or nothing to do with forestry by itself. For instance, you find heavy payments for fences which ought to be charged against shooting rents or enjoy- ment of the chase, or even against the cultivation of adjoining land, to keep the cattle out of the woods. In other cases, fancy roads are kept up for the benefit of the proprietor. As regards the second point, I have no hesitation in saying that the returns might in many, if not in most cases, be doubled by following the rules of rational sylviculture and by systematic management. (Here Dr Schlich gave an illustration from the experience of Saxony, and quoted the figures which will be found on p. 221 of this Part.) OpsECTS OF MANAGEMENT. The management of forests depends on the objects which it is proposed to realise. It rests with the proprietor, in so far as his INAUGURATION OF NEW CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CIRENCESTER. 191 choice is not limited by the laws of the country, to determine in each case what these objects shall be, and it then becomes the duty of the forester to see that they are realised to the fullest extent, and in the most economic manner. Here you have the fundamental principle in a nutshell. In these islands nearly the whole of the woodlands belong to private proprietors. They desire, in the majority of cases, to have the woods so arranged that they either lend themselves to landscape beauty, or to the rearing of game, or to the production of a particular kind of produce required in the management of estates. Either one or more, or sometimes all these objects, have to be kept in view. Where this is the case, the economic working is sometimes altogether out of the question, or, at any rate, considerably interfered with. And yet, even in such cases the objects of the proprietor may be realised, and the woods can be made to yield, if not a full, at any rate a fair return, while the proprietor must put down any deficiency in the return against his pleasure, or against shooting rents, or the benefits derived by the rest of the estate. Economic ForRESTRY. Where, however, the manager is not hampered in this way, and where economic forestry is aimed at, as it would generally be in the case of extended afforestation of waste lands, the question of finance would stand in the foreground. The forester must decide what to plant, how to.plant, and how to treat his woods, so as to realise the highest possible net returns. The answers to all these questions involve practically a treatise on sylviculture and forest management, which your Professor will no doubt propound to you. On this occasion I can only offer a few general remarks. The financial results may be said to depend chiefly on (1) the soil you have to deal with, (2) the average annual production of the several species, (3) the value per cubic foot of timber, (4) the cost of planting and subsequent treatment, (5) the degree to which the trees are exposed to injury, and last, but not least, the rate of interest on the money invested in forestry. Rate OF INTEREST. It has been said in public by an eminent botanist, “that no British landowner will invest money in forestry unless he is assured 192 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of 4 per cent. on his money.” But, I say, is this reasonable? What other investment of equal security gives 4 per cent. in these days? Does agriculture proper give 4 per cent.? Why should forestry be expected to give a higher per cent. than agriculture? Let us consider the case of consols for a moment: they give nominally 24 per cent., but look at the ups and downs which they undergo. A few years ago they stood at 112, now they are quoted at 88, a fall which represents 10 years’ interest. Such fluctuations do not occur in forestry. Once that industry has been established on a safe basis it yields a steady income, and the capital is safe from anything like the fluctuations to which consols are subject. Im my opinion, forestry, conducted on proper lines, offers an investment at least as safe as consols, and it seems to me unreasonable to expect more than 2} per cent. from it. There are millions of acres in these islands fit for planting, which are valued at such a low rate that they can be made, if put under forest, to yield steadily 24 per cent. and more. At the same time, I must lay stress on the fact that all forest operations must be conducted in a truly economic manner. Extravagance has no place in forestry, or in agriculture either. Sol. In coming to the question of soil, I desire to impress upon you this fundamental rule: ‘ Never attempt to plant a species which is not thoroughly suited to the locality, that is to say, soil and climate.” Every disregard of this ruté is likely to lead to financial loss. It is quite astonishing how often this rule is sinned against. Sometimes the planter has not a sufficient understanding of what is the species most likely to thrive best in a given case. This shortcoming must be met by proper instruction, such as you will, henceforth, no doubt receive at this College. In other cases the planter has developed a fancy for a certain species, and he proceeds to plant it under all circumstances. This is a most disastrous failing, which the forester must combat with all his might. The subject must be approached with an open mind, and all personal fancies must be absolutely put on one side. No doubt the selection of the right species is a very difficult task, and the subject must be studied in detail. As a general proposition, it may be said that ‘‘heavy soils are better adapted for broad-leaved species, and lighter soils for conifers.” This rule is, however, not without exception. Spruce, for instance, does very well on heavy soil. There is a medium class of soil, which INAUGURATION OF NEW CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CIRENCESTER. 193 I shall call loam, which practically suits any of our forest trees ; in the same degree as you proceed to heavier soils, the conifers retire, and vice versa. Again, some species, to do really well, require a fertile soil, like sycamore, ash, oak, and elm; others are somewhat less exacting, like chestnut, beech, and silver fir ; next come Norway maple, lime, alder, larch, and spruce; less exacting again, willows, poplars, birch, Weymouth pine, Scotch and Austrian pine. There are, of course, many other points to be considered, and the forester must make his choice accordingly. AVERAGE ANNUAL PRODUCTION. We have as yet in this country very few data which throw light on the possible average production of the various species. The matter is complicated by the fact that certain species grow fast from the very start, while others grow slow at first, but make up for it by growing faster later on. Both in Germany and in France the collection of statistics on the question under con- sideration has, during the last twenty or thirty years, been most actively prosecuted, so that a great mass of information is now available, although it is not yet complete. We have now tables giving detailed information of the progress of woods of beech, Scotch pine, spruce, and silver fir; provisional tables for oak, larch, and some other trees. The best available data show that on a locality of average yield-capacity in the use of each species, and under proper sylvicultural treatment, larch and ash give the greatest average production under a rotation of about 70 years; Scotch pine under a rotation of about 80 years; spruce, 90 years; beech and silver fir, 120 years; and oak, 130 years. On fertile soil the culmination occurs earlier, and on inferior soils later. If worked under that rotation, we can count on an average pro- duction in the way of timber as follows: Ash, about 40 cubic feet per annum; oak, 46 cubic feet; beech, 57 ; Scotch pine, 70; larch, 73; spruce, 84; and silver fir, about 111 cubic feet per annum. Placing the value per cubic foot for oak and ash all round at ls. 5d., beech 1ld., larch 11d., Scotch pine and silver fir &d., and spruce 7d., larch gives the highest annual money production and spruce the lowest. But it must be remembered that the mean annual production culminates at different periods, that of oak being as much as 130 years, whilst that of spruce is 90 years, 194 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Tue Cost or PLANTING. Economy in planting is of great importance, because compound interest on the original outlay must be allowed for a long period of time. Generally speaking, the cost of planting is greater in the case of broad-leaved trees, such as oak, ash, and sycamore, and smallest in the case of conifers, such as larch, Scotch pine, and spruce. The exotic Douglas fir makes an exception, because its seed is as yet expensive. For argument’s sake we may place the cost of planting an acre with spruce at £3, 10s.; Scotch pine, £4 ; larch, £4, 10s.; beech and silver fir, £5; oak and ash, £6. Charging compound interest at the rate of 24 per cent., we find that the cost of planting amounts at the time of cutting over the wood, in the case of larch (at 70 years) to £25; Scotch pine (80 years), £29; spruce (90 years), £32; ash (70 years), £34; silver fir (120 years), £97; beech (120 years), £97; oak (130 years), £149. VALUE OF Soin FoR FORESTRY. I cannot take you through all the intricacies of the calculations, but I may say that, based upon the above considerations, and additional data which I cannot now place before you, I have calculated the amount which a proprietor may pay for land if he wishes to plant certain trees and get 24 per cent. on the invested capital. I have then, to keep on the safe side, deducted 25 per cent. from the amount thus obtained, and I find that he may pay for his land the following sums per acre: for planting oak £9, 11s.; beech, £9, 17s.; Scotch pine, £14, 5s.; spruce, £15, 1s.; silver fir, £16, 6s.; ash, £24; larch, £34, 28. That is to say, if he obtains the land at a lower rate, he gets more than 25 per cent. on his investment; if he pays more, he gets less than 2} per cent. You will observe that larch pays best by far, ash comes next, while oak stands last. EXTERNAL DANGERS. Here the hardwoods have a decided advantage as regards insects, fungi, fire, gales, ete. Spruce and Scotch pine are especially exposed to insect attacks, also to fungus attacks, but the most serious thing of all is the liability of larch to be attacked by the canker produced by Peziza Willkommii, Indeed, this fungus has now spread to such an extent in these islands that few INAUGURATION OF NEW CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CIRENCESTER. 195 places will be found where it does not occur. The appearance of this fungus makes the planting of larch in future highly problematic. Great efforts have been made to get at the bottom of this disease, but the results are, up to date, not satisfactory. The Peziza is a wound parasite ; that is to say, the tree must have been injured in some way, to break the bark and let some sap flow out, to enable the spores of the fungus to germinate. Different opinions are held as to how the injury has been caused. Causes have been given as damage by frost, the attacks of the aphis Chermes laricis, hail, wind, and what not. Dr Massie, of the Royal Gardens at Kew, has lately published an article on the subject in the Board of Agriculture’s Journal.! That article does not contain much which was not known before, but it contains ove view which I do not consider correct. Dr Massie maintains that the disease is chiefly due to the damage done by the aphis, inasmuch as the canker generally commences somewhere around a branch, and the aphis mother settles in the angle of the branch with the main stem. This is very ingenious, and I have no doubt that the attacks of the aphis may cause the damage. But, on the other hand, the canker appears where there is not an aphis within miles around. I have just condemned and cleared away a larch wood seventeen years old because it was ruined by canker, and I have never seen an aphis within five miles of the wood, although I have watched.it for the last eleven years. My personal opinion is that we have not yet got to the bottom of the matter, but that probably snow, ice, and wind have more to do with it than the aphis. If heavy snow or rime settles on the tender branches they are pressed down, and probably small rents are caused where the branch joins the main stem. Sap flows out, and gives the spores the means of germinating. It is not improbable that strong wind causes the damage. Unfortunately the result is that the pure larch woods must be given up. The only way to pro- ceed is to plant a sprinkling of larch into other woods. In that case it has a better chance of escaping the disease, and if not it can be cut out in the thinning without ruining the rest of the wood. INDIGENOUS TREES VERSUS EXOTICS. To sum up, in my opinion the best plan in economic forestry in this country is: Plant ash, sycamore, and oak on lands which 1 Reprinted in last year’s Transactions, pp. 25-36. 196 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. are thoroughly suited to them; and conifers, such as Scotch pine, spruce, Corsican pine, and perhaps others on the rest, in either case with a sprinkling of larch. On wet lands, probably, poplar pays best. There can be no doubt that it is desirable to make experiments with such exotics as are likely to suit our climate and soil, but we must be careful not to be carried away by enthusiastic recommendations. It stands to reason that the indigenous species have stood the test of climate, soil, and other conditions, and we know what we may expect of them. Planting exotics, except on an experimental scale, is always a risky matter, until actual experience has shown decided results; and that takes, unfortunately, a long time. There is no knowing what diseases exotic trees may develop, and I think the case of the larch is a case in point. Still, the larch has done us good service, at any rate for a time, and there are other exotic species which may do the same. Amongst the latter, the three most promising are the Douglas fir, the Weymouth pine, and the Corsican pine. The last-mentioned produces a straighter stem than Pinus sylvestris, and suffers less from rabbits. The Weymouth pine gives heavy crops of timber; it is the species which yields the Canadian white pine. Above all, however, the Douglas fir deserves attention. There are two varieties of it, the Atlantic or Vancouver variety, and the Colorado variety. The former is a marvellously fast grower, but it is not quite so hardy as the other. The Vancouver variety is to be recommended for the south and west of England and Ireland; the Colorado, or slower growing variety, for the north of England and for Scotland. The Douglas fir gives a yield that beats the larch in its palmiest days, and I may mention a wood of it on the estate of Lord Ducie which made a most favourable impression upon me. There are, no doubt, other exotic trees which deserve attention, but, as I have said already, we should be careful to avoid planting them on any considerable scale until actual experience has shown that they are superior to our indigenous trees, for, as the old proverb puts it, ‘‘A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.” In Concuusion, Dr Schlich said forestry was an industry based upon science. {t could not be studied in the class-room only, but there must be instruction and observation in the forest. The treatment of woods differed with every change of conditions, and it was INAUGURATION OF NEW CHAIR OF FORESTRY AT CIRENCESTER. 197 necessary to observe the development of their woods from the time the seed was laid down till the wood was finally cut over. Above all, continued action and treatment were essential. The want of these had been one of the principal causes why the industry of forestry had not been more developed in this country. However, there seemed to be a little forward movement going on now. Lord Onslow’s predecessor appointed a committee some eighteen months ago which had led to the provision, in the first instance, of instruction for those interested in the forest industry, such as proprietors, land agents, and woodmen, That would be developed at that College, and he hoped similar measures would be taken by other agricultural colleges in the country, and also by our leading universities. Steps had also been taken by the Commissioners of Woods for the instruction of woodmen and forestmen on a small scale in the Forest of Dean, where the men received instruction on two days and worked the other four. He wished the students before him all success in the prosecution of their studies in that new branch of work, and he thanked them for the way they had listened to his humble endeavour, 198 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XXII. The Management of Fire Protection Lines in Scots Fur Forests. By Dr Kientrz. Note by A. C. Forses. In several articles in the Zeitschrift fiir Forst und Jagdwesen which appeared in 1901-2, Dr Kienitz, Forstmeister in charge of the Chorin forest (visited by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society in 1895), dealt with the question of managing those strips of land in Prussian fir forests which run parallel to the railway lines, and which are maintained and managed to prevent fires breaking out, through engine sparks, in the forest behind. At the outset, Dr Kienitz called attention to the fact that at least half a dozea systems of managing these lines often exist within as many miles, and that it is impossible to lay down rules regard- ing them which could be followed with advantage in all cases. About 2 miles of railway line run through the Chorin forest ; and careful attention to the subject convinced the Doctor that the main- tenance of the adjoining fire lines was far too costly a process, and that equally good results might be obtained by cheaper methods, The police regulations for the maintenance of these lines date back to 1856, according to which the ground on either side of the line, for a distance of 8 to 16 yards, was to be broken up and kept clear by the railway authorities. This ground could either be utilised for growing green vegetables or potatoes, or could be planted with hardwood, underwood, young conifers, or fruit trees. The coniferous crops behind had to be thinned out and pruned up for a farther distance of 8 to 16 yards, in such a way that the companies could clear the ground of grass, moss, heather, etc., and break it up in the desired manner. The principle of securing the safety of the adjoining forest by keeping the surface of the ground of the first line cleared of all surface growth only, while utilising it for a forest crop, was not fully recognised ; and considerable areas of ground were and are left bare which might well have been put to use, while the expense of keeping down the surface growth has still to be incurred. In other cases, again, lines may be seen on which an attempt has been made to grow hardwoods, which have succeeded only on the fresher and less exposed ground, On the drier and poorer soils, such attempts have not only been attended with great expense, but also with indifferent results. On such spots it is generally considered necessary to maintain within the forest a second line of defence, which is intersected by ditches in such a way that a ground fire would be checked. MANAGEMENT OF FIRE PROTECTION LINES. 199 Dr Kienitz then reviews the various orders and regulations which have been issued from time to time on the subject of these lines. In the first place, and before the days of excessive traflic, the - authorities allowed the forest to come close up to the line, or rather to the edge of the embankment or cutting, as the case might have been. After the occurrence of fires in various parts, the order was issued to break up the ground at a given distance from the line, and the forest guards were instructed to patrol the sides of the line in dry weather, and at such times as trains were due to pass through. The next method adopted was the digging of banks and ditches about 1 chain from the line and parallel to it. At intervals of 30 yards other ditches ran at right angles from these to the slope of the permanent way, so that a fire break- ing out between them might be easily controlled. It was not until 1864, twenty-two years after the opening of the line, that a strip of ground 50 feet wide was cleared of forest on either side of the bare or cropped area, and this strip was rented by the rail- way authorities, who undertook to keep a ditch 6 feet broad and 4 feet deep clear of surface growth along the boundary. The effect of this broad, bare strip was, however, not suflicient to prevent fires, and in 1868 about 100 acres of Scots fir, about twenty-five years of age, were burnt. Since that time sufficient attention has been paid to the protection lines to prevent serious damage being done. When the railway line was taken over by the Government in 1880, a more elaborate system was organised to ensure the safety of the adjoining forests, and, according to present arrangements, the following method is adopted. Each. year the ditches which intersect the bare strips are completely cleared of all growth be- fore the 15th of March, while the ground between them is cleared of all dead vegetable matter which would feed a surface fire. Coniferous woods which are at all liable to ignite, and stand on the second line, are thinned, cleaned, and pruned to a degree which hinders the occurrence of crown or branch fires. After the felling of the crop on the second strip, the ground is to be replanted with hardwoods ; or if the soil does not allow this, the felling is to be delayed until the main crop behind has outgrown the most dangerous stage for fire injury. Since 1887, the Railway Department has been in favour of letting the cleared strip for the growth of crops; but as this is only practicable on the better class of ground, the poorer soil has been planted with 200 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. hardwoods and worked on short rotations. The planting has been carried out more or less generally, but where the ground is poor, and the danger from fire greatest, it has proved a failure ; the young hardwoods have been killed by surface fires, or, where the soil is cleared to an extent which prevents this, they have been smothered by drifting sand. Behind this second strip again, banks and ditches are cut to check surface fires. The above method of protecting the forest is explained in the following plan, which is the usual method in the Chorin forest. This method is effectual enough, as is proved by the fact that no forest fire has occurred from engine sparks, although innumerable fires have broken out in the protection lines. But the pecuniary sacrifice entailed in their maintenance is very great. Apart from the strips of ground leased by the Railway Department, and which have a nominal breadth of 25 yards, but which are actually often wider, there are the strips behind which have to be stocked by the Forest Department with an unprofitable crop of hardwoods. But another disadvantage of the present system lies in the fact that the height attained by this hardwood crop is rarely sufficient to intercept all the sparks, many of which are carried into the forest beyond, where the fires resulting from them are stopped by the cross ditches. Under the present system, again, the Forest Department has not only to bear the cost of planting this unprofitable crop, but is also saddled with the expense of cutting trenches in the section of forest behind, and of the pruning and thinning of the trees, without any compensation. The Railway Department, on the other hand, has to keep clear the ditches and the ground on the first bare section, and has also to pay compensation for actual damage done by fires in the tree crop behind. It is to the interest of both Departments, therefore, that the desired object should be attained in the least expensive manner, and should, at the same time, render the protection lines thoroughly effective by preventing fires beyond their zone of influence. The essential conditions for the accomplishment of this purpose are— (1) the absence of all combustible material on the surface of the protection lines, or the existence of ditches broad enough to prevent fires spreading beyond them; and (2) the existence of a crop of trees on the lines capable of preventing sparks from flying beyond them. So far as the first condition is concerned, it has long been MANAGEMENT OF FIRE PROTECTION LINES. 201 VOL. XVII. PART II. 0 202 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. known that nothing checks a surface fire better than bare sand or soil. Surface vegetation which is sown or planted for the purpose, does not answer at all times or at all seasons of the year. The cultivation of annual crops, such as lupines or potatoes, will prevent a surface fire, but a perennial plant does not exist in Europe which will cover dry ground with noncombustible stems and leaves, such as those possessed by a Mexican Opuntia, and yet leave no gaps between it. Researches made in the Chorin forest with different perennial plants, with a view to prevent surface fires, have proved the difficulty of finding one which fulfils the desired conditions, Lupines and Lathyrus sylvestris do not succeed on poor ground. Gorse will grow into bushes, but the dry twigs burn like matchwood. Caragana frutescens burns with the grass which grows up amongst it. Nothing remains but to grow annual crops, or to break up the surface of the ground. So far as the second condition is concerned, it is generally considered that the tree crop best adapted for intercepting sparks should consist of hardwoods, as these suffer less from fire than conifers. But a great deal of the ground in question will not grow hardwoods. Only a few hardwoods will grow on the moderately fertile soil, on the poorest they fail altogether. Larch, oak, poplar, robinia, and birch are the most easily satisfied, but on ground most in need of protection the plant- ing of these lines with hardwoods merely remains a pious wish, and where planting has been done, only a crippled growth remains as evidence of the work. But apart from this, these bare lines or stunted crops do not fulfil the object aimed at, Sparks have been known to fly 40 yards over them, and to cause fires in the forest beyond. A broad, completely barren strip, which does not lead to any satisfactory result, but for which rent has to be paid, and labour to be expended in keeping it clean, is an expensive property, and is not a desirable acquisition. The only tree which will grow on these strips and keep green throughout the year is Scots fir. It is not such a good fire resister as some trees, yet it is the best for keeping green the whole year through. It is only destroyed by fire when the flames spring up from below, not by sparks falling into the crowns, as these are caught and extinguished before they do any injury. Hardwoods not only require better ground, but during March and April, the most dangerous months of the year, they are bare of foliage, and do not MANAGEMENT OF FIRE PROTECTION LINES. 203 act as eflicient spark catchers. All forest fires begin as surface fires, and when the crowns of the trees are close to the ground, the flames spread to them without difficulty. But when the crowns are high, and beyond the reach of the flames, they remain practically uninjured, and it then only becomes a question as to how much heat the stems are able to bear. The power of resisting heat is acquired by the Scots fir very early; stems of an inch or two in diameter acquiring a bark thick enough to char outwardly without damaging the vitality of the tree, while birch of the same size is much more sensitive, and oak, beech, hornbeam, etc., on account of their thin periderm, are quickly destroyed. A Scots fir plantation, therefore, can be made secure against fire provided that precautions are taken to prevent the fire from reaching the crown, and that the heat is not sufficient to injure the stem. The height to which the flames will rise, and the heat of the fire, depend upon—(1) the quantity and condition of the combustible material on the surface, (2) the density of the crop, and (3) the area over which the fire extends. These three factors can be regulated to some extent by the forester ; but the violence of the wind and the dryness of the air are conditions over which he has no control, though they have a considerable influence upon the fierceness of a fire. As a general rule, the drier grounds, on which fires most frequently occur, have only a scanty surface covering of moss, lichens, stunted grass, and herbs, between which the dry needles of firs or leaves of hardwoods lie. To prevent surface fires with this kind of covering, it is sufficient if the trees are pruned up for the first 3 feet from the surface, and the fallen branches or other combustible material raked up, provided that the trees are not too dense, nor the area too large. But with heather or thick turf, the trees must be pruned for at least double this height. The thick bark of young Scots fir proves sufficient protection only when every tree stands free, otherwise the flames will rise between two stems to a dangerous height. Care must be taken that each tree stands singly, or at least a yard from its neighbour, but, at the same time, too wide distances must be avoided, as these would allow sparks to fly through the belt. : Scots fir of fifteen to twenty years of age is generally safe against surface fires which have not embraced wide areas, and they are, at the same time, able to hinder sparks from reaching ground behind them. With surface fires covering a wide area, the heated air enables 204 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the flames to reach a height which would be out of the question in the case of small fires. The area of the protection lines, therefore, must not exceed a certain size, but must be divided by a ditch or path from the rest of the wood, so as to restrict the surface fires to dimensions which render crown fires impossible. How broad a protective strip should be has not been definitely determined. According to Dr Kienitz’s observations, the correct breadth lies between 40 and 50 feet, provided that this area is stocked with Scots fir of about 20 to 50 feet in height, without large gaps, and that the branches of the trees are pruned up as much as possible, It has been noticed that bare lines in the Chorin forest have been naturally seeded with Scots fir in many places, and that these natural groups prove effective spark interceptors, while they are not injured by surface fires when pruned up and thinned out to the proper extent. Dr Kienitz lays down the following rules for the management of fire lines in Scots fir woods; he considers that they are based on more economical principles than those hitherto followed. When a new line is laid through a forest, it is desirable that the Railway Department should purchase all land adjoining the line which is required for storing material, the erection of tele- graph lines, etc., and that also which must be kept clear of wood for the proper working of the signals. The Department should then maintain clear tracks of a yard in breadth.along the boundary of this land, so that fires breaking out on it may not extend beyond it. Parallel to these tracks, and from 40 to 50 feet inside the standing wood, the ground should be intersected by cross tracks kept clear of all surface growth; these would pre- vent fires breaking out between them from spreading farther. The trees standing on the area so intersected should be pruned up at least 5 feet high by the Forest Department, but at the cost of the Railway Administration, and all dead branches should be taken off annually. The wood should be thinned out to a distance of 3 feet from tree to tree, and care taken that all blanks are filled up. The surface of the ground should be cleared of all inflammable material, such as dry grass, heath, etce.; but the light covering of very poor soils might be left for the benefit of the crop. In plantations under eight years of age, the ground between the trees should be broken up until they have reached a height of 8 feet, when they can be pruned up as described above. In case sparks are found to fly over and through this MANAGEMENT OF FIRE PROTECTION LINES. 205 line, a second line behind the first must be prepared and main- tained in the same way, until the latter becomes more effective. As old timber forms a more imperfect protection against sparks than a young crop, and as the former is more likely to prove dangerous to telegraph lines or endanger the permanent way itself if overturned by wind, the trees on the protection line should be worked on a short rotation. When the crop is felled, however, a temporary strip behind must be provided with cross tracks until the ground in front is again stocked with trees of the required height. After the felling, the ground should be re- planted with ball-plants at 4 feet apart, and the ground between should be broken up for several years. After the trees have reached a height equal to that of the engine funnels, they may be considered an effectual protection, and the further breaking up of the ground may cease: in order to hasten this stage, the effect of artificial manures on the young trees may be tried on poor ground. By carefully carrying out the above rules, the maintenance of bare and unprofitable strips of ground becomes unnecessary, and it may also be possible to utilise the bared tracks as footpaths or roads. When the traffic is insufficient to keep down surface growth, a grubber or horse-hoe must be run over them occasion- ally for this purpose; the cost of doing this need not be more than 16s. to 20s. for a length of 24 miles or so, and in thinly inhabited districts, with long lines of railway, it is an invaluable method of safeguarding the adjoining forest. In a note appended to the reprint of the above article, Dr Kienitz calls attention to the suitability of these protection lines for the growing of telegraph poles for the Post Office. These poles must be clean, straight, and with little taper, and are usually obtained in Germany by taking out dominant trees in middle-aged forest, which ought properly to stand until the end of the rotation. Dr Kienitz thinks it might be arranged to grow a large proportion of such poles on these fire lines, and thus to supply the requirements of the postal authorities, and protect the forests from fire in one and the same operation, as the low rotation naturally lends itself to the task. Possibly many of our large Scots fir plantations in Great Britain through which railway lines run, and which often suffer from fire in dry summers, might be protected in the same or in a modified form of the same manner as the German forests. 206 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XXIII. Forestry at the University of Edinburgh. By Colonel F. Batey. The teaching of Forestry atthe University of Edinburgh was begun in 1889, and the Class has been conducted annually without a break until the present time. In 1891-92, owing to a change of lecturer, the course was a short one, and no fee having been levied, the Class was attended by 40 persons, 12 only of whom presented themselves for examination. Taking these 12 as the bona jide students of that year, and omitting the other 28, the total attend- ance up to and including 1902-3 has been 112, and the yearly average has been 8. The average of the last three years has been 16, which is also the number in the current year, 1903-4. Students may join the Forestry Class without preliminary examination. If they do not intend to graduate in Agriculture, they are permitted to pay a University Entrance Fee of 5s. only, in lieu of the ordinary Matriculation Fee of £1, ls. The smaller fee does not, however, entitle them to a Class Certificate, nor does it confer on them any other University privilege. The Class Fee is £3, 3s. The Class meets during the Winter Session of the University, the lectures commencing about the middle of October and concluding towards the end of March, with a Christmas vacation of about a fortnight. The prescribed number of meetings of the Class is 100, the time available for each lecture being one hour. In 1902-3 the work of the Class was arranged as follows, viz.:— . LECTURES. Subject. No. Introductory, ; : : 1 The Principles of Sylviculture (Text-book, Dr Schlich’s Vol. I.), 7 <> tS The Formation and Tending of Woods (Text-book, Dr Schlich’s Vol. IT.), , 23 Protection of Woods against Injuries, . d eed Structure, Physical Properties,and Defects of Timber, 7 Utilisation of Forest Produce, : , : «plik Systematic Forest Management, . : : an Uses and Effects of Forests, : : : ope Total No. of Lectures, : : . 38s Class Examinations, . : : 2 “eke Excursions, 9 Total Meetings, ; . 100 fod FORESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 207 The excursions, which occupied fourteen hours in actual work, were made to woods, nurseries, timber-yards and works in neighbourhood of Edinburgh. THe DEGREE IN AGRICULTURE, WITH FORESTRY TAKEN AS PART OF THE CuRRICULUM.! I. Preliminary Examination. The following Preliminary Examination must be passed, at not more than two sittings, before the candidate presents himself for any part of the First Science Examination, but not necessarily before he enters on his curriculum :— 1. English. 2. One of the following: Latin, Greek, French, or German. 3. Mathematics. 4. One of the following: Latin, Greek, French, German (if not already taken), Italian, or such other language us the Senatus may approve, Dynamics (Elementary Statics and Kinetics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases). The Fee for this examination is 10s. 6d. II. Courses of Instruction. Candidates must, in the course of three academical years (1.¢., three Winter Sessions, or two Winter Sessions and three Summer Sessions), attend eleven courses of instruction, viz. :— 1. Mathematics or Biology (¢.e., Zoology and Botany). . Natural Philosophy. Chemistry (including Practical Chemistry). Agriculture and Rural Economy. Agricultural Chemistry. Geology. Veterinary Hygiene. Agricultural Entomology. . Economic Science as applied to Agriculture. cD WIS Ot I Oo Bo 4 So . Forestry.! 11. Engineering Field Work. Some of the above are full courses and some are half courses. Av least five full courses or their equivalent (counting two half 1The Regulations provide that Experimental Physics or Engineering may be substituted for Forestry. Full details regarding the Degree in Agriculture will be found in the Regulations for Graduation in Science, obtainable from Mr James Thin, 55 South Bridge, Edinburgh. Price 2d. 208 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. courses as one full course) must be taken at the University of Edinburgh, and these must include the course in Agriculture and Rural Economy. The remainder of the courses may be taken at any institution recognised for the purpose by the University Court. Residence and practical work at a farm are required to such an extent, and under such regulations, as may from time to time be prescribed. At present the period of such residence must not be less than twelve months. Ill. Hxeaminations. (A) First Science Examination.—There is a First Science Examination, for which the three following courses in the Uni- versity qualify, viz. :— 1. Mathematics (Full Course). Winter Session, 100 Lectures. Fee, £3, 3s. or, alternatively — Biology (Zoology and botany) as follows:—(Kach a Half Course, together a Full Course). (a) Zoology (Hlementary). Winter or Summer Session, 50 Lectures. Fee, £4, 4s. Practical Zoology (Elementary). Winter or Summer Session, 50 Meetings. Fee, £2, 2s. (with 10s. for Laboratory Expenses). (b) Botany. Summer Session, 50 Lectures, Fee, £4, 4s. Practical Botany. Summer Session, 50 Meetings. Fee, £2, 2s. (with Garden Fee of 5s.) 2. Natural Philosophy (Elementary Dynamics and Elementary Physics)—Full Course. Winter Session, 100 Lectures, Fee, £3, 3s. 3. Chemistry (Full Course). Winter Session, 100 hours. Fee, £4, 4s. Practical Chemistry. Winter or Summer Session, 50 Meetings. Fee, £2, 2s. The Fee for the First Science Examination is £3, 3s. (or £1, 1s. for each subject). (B) Final Science Hxamination, for which the following University courses qualify :— FORESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 209 4, Agriculture and Rural Economy (Full Course). Winter Session, 100 Lectures and 10 Field Demonstra- tions. Fee, £4, 4s. 5. Agricultural Chemistry (Full Course). Winter Session, Lectures and Practical Work, about 100 hours. Fee, £3, 3s. 6. Geology (Half Course). Summer Session, 25 to 30 Lectures, 10 Demonstrations in Laboratory, and 8 Field Demonstrations. Fee, £3, 3s. 7. Veterinary Hygiene (Half Course). Winter Session, 15 Lectures and 1 or 2 Demonstrations at Veterinary College. Fee, £1, 1s. 8. Agricultural Entomology (Half Course). Winter Session, about 20 hours, Fee,! £2, 2s. 9. Economic Science as applied to Agriculture (Half Course). Winter Session, 50 Lectures, Fee, £2, 2s. 10. Forestry (Full Course).? Winter Session, 100 Lectures. Fee, £3, 3s. 11. Engineering Preld Work (Half Course). Summer Session, 75 hours. Fee, £3, 3s. The Fee for the Final Science Examination is £3, 5s. The Matriculation Fee of £1, 1s. is paid annually. An agricultural student desirous of qualifying also as a forester should, at the Preliminary Examination, take up both German and French, or at least one of those languages; and he should unquestionably take the University course of Biology in preference to that of Mathematics. The fees for the above three years’ curriculum, including matriculation and examination fees, amount to less than £52; but the class fees of all qualified students are payable by the Carnegie Trust.° 1 Free to present and past students of the class of Agriculture and Rural Economy. * The Regulations provide that Experimental Physics or Engineering may be substituted for Forestry. 3 Three qualifications are at present demanded of students applying for pay- ment of Class Fees by the Carnegie Trust. The Applicant (1) must be over sixteen years of age; (2) must be of Scottish birth or extraction, or must have given two years’ attendance after the age of fourteen at a school or institution under inspection of the Scotch Education Department; and (3) must be qualified by Preliminary Examination under the ordinances of the Scottish Universities’ Commission, and the regulations of the Joint Board of Examiners, to attend the classes for which payment of fees has been claimed. 210° TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. It is interesting to compare the above curriculum of study with that laid down for the British students who were formerly admitted as candidates for the Indian Forest Service to the French Forest School at Nancy. The figures indicate in both cases the number of hours occupied in class work under the Professors.! In Edinburgh. At Nancy.? Forestry proper, . ; rt 90 156 Botany, . : : - 1» LOO 1% Zoology, ; : ; . 100 Geology, ; ; : eoObe ii Agricultural Entomology, 2 20 Economic Science, . : » 2 50 39 Natur: i . : eee He See Footnote? (v.). Agriculture, . : 100 39 Agricultural Chemistry, . . 100 Veterinary Hygiene, : aba Sa Engineering Field Work, me 132 937 600 Engineering Drawing, . : Ses 388 French Law, . : 5 ON 156 Totals, . ge Bit! 1144 1 The time compulsorily spent by the Nancy students, in their class-rooms, working without the supervision and assistance of the Professors, is not included. It certainly did not exceed that which is devoted by the majority of the University students to private study in their own rooms, ? Before entering the Forest School at Nancy, candidates were required to pass an examination in the following subjects, viz. :— (i.) English Writing from Dictation, and English Composition. (ii.) Arithmetic in all its branches. (ili.) Algebra, up to and including the Binomial Theorem. (iv.) Elementary (Five Books of Euclid) and Plane Trigonometry. (v.) Elements of Mechanics, Physics, and Chemistry. (vi.) Surveying, Land Measuring, Plan Drawing, and the Use and Adjustment of Instruments, (vii,) A competent knowledge of French. A preference was given to candidates who, in addition to the above, showed proficiency in translating from French, in the elements of Botany, Geology and Mineralogy, and in Freehand Drawing. FORESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. Dl Work on excursions during the progress of the courses of lectures occupy the Edinburgh students about 120 hours, as com- pared with 100 hours similarly spent by the Nancy men; but the latter had the further great advantage of a summer course, occupied as follows (the figures indicating days):— Out of Doors. In Study. Total. Sylvicultural Excursions, . or 7 26 Exercises in Working Plans, . 15 9 24 Botanical Excursions, : A 1 4 Geological Excursions, 2 l 3 Surveying, : : : . 32 18 50 Total days, ; areal 36 107 It will be seen that if the time spent during the Winter Session at Nancy on French Law and the not very useful course of Engineering Drawing be neglected, the work done in Edinburgh compares very favourably both as to quantity and quality with that done at Nancy, even though it be admitted that at the latter school the course in Botany, and some other courses, were specialised in a way that may at present be impossible here. During the past eight years twenty students have taken the Agricultural Degree, with Forestry as one of their subjects. Of the six men who did so during the year 1902-3, all but one took up Biology in preference to Mathematics. It may reasonably be hoped that, should the Government give effect to the recommendations of the late Forestry Committee, and provide a suitable and accessible practical training ground in Scotland,! on which students could reside for a length of time sufficient to enable them to acquire a sound knowledge of practical forest work, or should some other satisfactory arrangement be made for their practical instruction, the University will confer a Degree in Forestry distinct from that in Agriculture. The curriculum of study for the proposed Degree would, after certain necessary modi- fications, remain, at first at any rate, much the same as that now prescribed for the Degree in Agriculture, with a compulsory term of residence and work in the State Demonstration Forest or else- where, such as would correspond with the term of residence on a 1 See paragraphs 17-23, 26 and 36(a) of the Report of the Forestry Com- mittee of 1902. 212 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. farm exacted from students for the latter Degree. Men who could earn such a Degree would not compare unfavourably with those who passed through the French Forest School in former days. Most of these latter have attained high positions in the Indian Forest Service, and have been instrumental in building up the splendid system under which the vast State forests of India, covering nearly 120,000 square miles, have not only been rescued from destruction, but are year by year growing more valuable, and yield a rapidly rising annual surplus revenue. OUR FORESTRY PROBLEM. 213 XXIV. Our Forestry Problem.1 By Dr Scuticn, C.I.E., Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Forestry at Coopers Hill College. A year ago the President of the Board of Agriculture appointed a Committee to inquire into and report upon the present position and future prospects of forestry and the planting and management of woodlands in Great Britain, and to consider whether any measures might with advantage be taken, either by the provision of further educational facilities or otherwise, for their promotion and encouragement. Ireland was excluded from the reference in accordance with the expressed wish of the Irish Agricultural Department. One of the assistant-secretaries to that department was, however, nominated a member of the Committee, so that the authorities in Ireland might be in full possession of the views of the Committee for further action in that country. The Committee has now submitted its report and made various recommendations, which are under the consideration of the President of the Board of Agriculture. In the meantime every serious citizen should be made aware of the problem, and should awake to the necessity of early action being taken in the matter. The questions which present themselves are chiefly the following :— (1) Why is the forestry problem of importance to Great Britain and Ireland } (2) What will be the result, not long hence, if nothing is done ? (3) What is the present state of affairs ? (4) What are the practical objects which the people and Parliament ought to set before them for immediate execution ? IMPORTANCE OF THE FORESTRY PROBLEM. For the purpose of demonstrating this, it will be necessary to indicate shortly the quantity of timber required by the country. Ina paper I read before the Society of Arts on February 27, 1901,? I gave detailed information regarding the outlook of the world’s timber supply. This information I shall not repeat here, but limit myself to giving a few of the main points. In the first 1 Reprinted from the World’s Work, by permission of the Editor. 2 See Part 3 of Volume XVI. of the Zransactions, p. 355. 214 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. place, it must be stated that although the average forest area per head of population in Europe amounts to two acres, the imports of timber show already an excess over the exports amounting to 2,620,000 tons a year. That deficiency comes chiefly from Canada and the United States of America, and smaller quantities from Australia, India (nearly all teak timber), the countries round the Gulf of Mexico, the west coast of Africa, and a few other places. It is well known that the supplies from outside Europe at the present rate cannot be relied on beyond a limited number of years, since the United States, as time goes on, will require all the timber which Canada can export, under the system hitherto followed in the latter country, where reckless cutting and disastrous forest fires are still the order of the day. Russia, with Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Austria-Hungary, which have so far supplied the rest of Europe, will not be able to maintain the exports of the past, owing partly to the gradual exhaustion of their surplus stocks, and partly to their increasing home require- ments, due to the growth of their population and the development of industries. On the other hand, the requirements of the chief importing countries (excepting France) are rapidly increasing. The imports of the United Kingdom have grown from 3,400,000 tons in 1864 to 10,000,000 tons in 1899, or at the average rate of 189,000 tons a year. The imports of the latter year were valued at £25,000,000. The average annual value increment of the imports during the years 1890-94 amounted to £382,000, and during the period 1895-99 to £771,000. There has been some- what of a check during the South African war, but signs are already discernible that the imports will resume their gradual rise. Looking now at Germany, which takes the second place amongst European importing countries, we find that her net imports of timber up to 1864 amounted on an average to 13,000 tons a year. In 1899 they had risen to 4,600,000 tons, or an average annual increase of 131,000 tons. The value of the imports in 1899 came to £14,820,000. The Belgian net imports of timber amount now to 1,020,000 tons, valued at more than £4,000,000. They have increased during the last thirty-five years on an average at the rate of 22,000 tons a year. The net imports of France have remained practically stationary during the same period; they amounted to about 1,230,000 tons OUR FORESTRY PROBLEM. 215 a year, or little more than the quantity now imported into the small kingdom of Belgium. Of the total area of Great Britain and Ireland, 4 per cent. are under forest, Of the total area of Germany, 26 per cent. are under forest. Of the total area of Belgium, 17 per cent. are under forest. Of the total area of France, 18 per cent. are under forest. Pondering over all these figures, one is almost inclined to say that the requirements of timber are an index to the industrial development of a country. Other European countries which import timber are Denmark, Italy, Spain, Holland, Switzerland (rapidly on the increase), Portugal, Bulgaria, Greece, and Servia; Roumania exports moderate quantites. The price per ton of timber next demands attention. It fell from 1870 onwards until about the year 1888 in consequence of the enormous development of the means of transport, especially by water. From 1888 to 1894 prices remained stationary, but since then a slow but steady rise has taken place, amounting to about 18 per cent. during the five years 1894-99. Fluctuations in the price will of course occur, but I have no doubt whatever, that on the whole it will continue to rise, in the same degree as supplies have to be brought from localities farther and farther removed from the world’s great highway—the ocean. This holds good especially in the case of Russia, the most important source of supply in Europe. Matters have now come to such a pass in that country that the Government has taken measures to ensure a permanent supply for home consumption by restricting and regulating cuttings. The head of the Prussian forest department informed me a year ago, that a remarkable change has of late taken place in the western provinces of Russia. German timber merchants, who go there to buy up and work out forests, used to send all the timber to Germany; now they transport already considerable quantities into the interior of Russia, because there they obtain better prices than in Germany. To sum up, it may be said that the quantity of timber required in Europe is rapidly increasing, so that the deficiency in the supply must advance correspondingly, making it more and more problematic, whence the material, especially the coniferous timber, is to come in the future. 216 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. EFFECTS OF A SHORTAGE IN THE TIMBER SUPPLY ON THE Unitep Kinepom. It is all very well to say that we can pay for the timber we need, but that will not meet the case. When the supplies from outside fall off, the rise in prices may become prohibitive, and the effects of an insufficiency of material would be disastrous. Of the 10,000,000 tons a year imported lately into this country, 8,700,000 tons were coniferous timbers, which form the very staff of life of our building trade and mining operations. A deficiency of supply in this material would be a real calamity for the population of these islands. Let us not deceive ourselves by imagining that in such an emergency iron and steel can be substituted for timber. That this is a fallacy has been proved by past experience. While the population of the United Kingdom has increased by about 20 per cent. during the last twenty years, the imports of timber have increased during the same period by about 45 per cent., in other words, every inhabitant uses now considerably more timber than twenty years ago. At the same time, nobody can say that extraordinary efforts have not been made of late years to substitute iron and steel for timber. As a matter of fact, the latter is an absolute necessity to civilised peoples. Engineers have not even succeeded in superseding the wooden railway sleepers by steel sleepers. Mr Hawkshaw, in his presidential address to the Institute of Civil Engineers the other day, dwelt particularly on this subject, saying: ‘Engineers could not do without timber, nor, indeed, without much timber. For the last thirty years they had heard it said in that room that steel would shortly be adopted in place of wood for sleepers; but although we could make our own steel, but had to import our timber sleepers, this has not come to pass,” etc. The same experience has been gained in France and in the United States of America, the home of the great iron and steel trusts. As to the effect of a shortage of the timber supply on the mining industry, it would be too terrible to contemplate, as it would practically bring mining to a standstill, and throw hundreds of thousands of workmen out of employment, and the same may be said of the building trade. THE PRESENT STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THIS COUNTRY. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has an area of 78,000,000 acres (in round figures), of which about 3,000,000 OUR FORESTRY PROBLEM. DALE acres are classed as under wood, equal to not quite 4 per cent. of the area. This makes about ;4, of an acre of woodland per head of population—an area capable of yielding only a fraction of the timber required by the nation. Hence, we find that the imports amount to at least five times the amount produced in the country. An examination of the agricultural returns of Great Britain and of those of Ireland show that there are extensive areas of waste land, which yield either no return or a very small one. Again, there are other areas entered as mountain land, used as rough grazing. These lands may be apportioned as follows :-— Waste land, including Mountain Total area inland water. and heath land. in acres. England, ‘ . 4,050,000 1,985,000 6,035,000 Wales, ; : 690,000 1,055,000 1,745,000 Scotland, ‘ . 4,250,000 9,410,000 13,660,000 Isle of Man and Channel Islands, 45,000 18,000 63,000 Ireland, i . 5,235,000 Be 5,235,000 Total, . . 14,270,000 12,468,000 26,738,000 I am not in a position at this moment to say what the area of inland water may amount to, but for argument’s sake let us assume that there are of Actual waste land, . ; : : . 12,000,000 acres. Mountain and heath land, . ; . 12,000,000 _ ,, Or a total of . : : : . 24,000,000 _ ,, This area is extensive enough to set people considering whether that land could not be used in a more profitable manner than at present. The question is, however, not so simple as it would appear at first sight, because nearly the whole of this land is private property, and most of it is utilised as shooting-grounds. The latter, however, after all is said, do not, even in Scotland, yield more than 1s. 6d. an acre all round, while the rest give much smaller returns, down to perhaps 3d. an acre, and in many cases not even that. How to OptTaIN A PERMANENT SuPPLy OF TIMBER IN THIS COUNTRY. It is obvious that this country cannot interfere in the manage- ment of the woodlands of foreign countries. Again, under the VOL, XVII. PART II. P 218 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. enlightened principle followed by Britain, that her great colonies shall be self-governing, any interference with their internal management is out of the question. Amongst the latter, Canada and Australia take the chief places as regards the supply of timber. Although forest conservancy in Australia is anything but enlightened, we can count for a good many years to come on a considerable quantity of hardwoods. These, however, will only serve for certain limited purposes, while 87 per cent. of our imports are coniferous timbers, the supply of which requires our chief attention. Canada could furnish them, if the Governments of that country would put their shoulders to the wheel. Without going into details, I may say that the lumber and milling interests of Canada are so powerful, that it seems almost hopeless to expect a decided change of policy in the management of her forests. In the meantime the resources of the latter are rapidly decreasing. Under these circumstances, let us consider what can be done at home. With the exception of about 67,000 acres of Crown forest, all British woodlands are in the hands of private proprietors, or one or two municipalities. Most of the woodlands are maintained for landscape beauty, shooting purposes or shelter, so that their yield cannot be considerably increased. Again, the 24,000,000 acres of land, of which I spoke above, are private property. Of that area a large portion is fit for afforestation, and the question arises whether this can be achieved, and if so, in what manner ! In a paper read before the Society of Arts in November 1899, it was boldly proposed that Parliament should allot £1,000,000 a year during the next hundred years, so as to acquire and afforest 6,000,000 acres of land, which would yield all the ordinary timber required in the United Kingdom. It was argued, that only the State was in a position to do justice to the scheme for any length of time, as has been done in other European countries The position of Britain is, in this respect, somewhat different from that of other continental states. In the latter, the areas now forming the State forests were, with small exceptions, always State or Crown property, and it required only the gradual introduction of systematic and scientific management to render them highly remunerative. In Great Britain the lands are, as already stated, private property, and it would not be easy in England, or even in Scotland, to acquire large areas, because OUR FORESTRY PROBLEM. 219 owners would not care to sell. In Ireland the difficulties would probably be much smaller. To expect Parliament to vote £1,000,000 a year, and for a hundred years, is, of course, utopian, but I fail to see why the State should not do something on a smaller scale. A more modest sum might be set aside for the purpose, and either the Commissioners of Woods, or the Agricultural Department, or both, instructed to acquire any suitable surplus lands whenever opportunities offer. In this way the area of the State (or Crown) forests might gradually be increased in England, Wales, and Scotland. In Ireland operations on a somewhat larger scale might be attempted. A new Irish Land Bill is about to be laid before Parliament, and provision might be made in it for the acquisition by the State of all waste lands which it is not necessary to include in the farms to be acquired by the tenants. In this way a considerable area might be obtained at a very low price. It has been estimated that, of the 5 235,000 acres of waste lands in Ireland, not less than 3,000,000 are fit for afforestation. Most of these lands can be bought for from ten shillings to one pound an acre. Assuming that only half the area so bought is really fit for successful afforestation, the purchase price per acre of real forest land would be between one and two pounds per acre. At that rate the financial success of afforestation would be ensured. In Ireland, then, the State can, and in my opinion should, interfere by the direct acquisition of State forests. Such a measure would be a great help in the settlement of the Irish land question. The labour connected with the preparation and planting of the land, the subsequent management and working of the forests, and the development of industries which draw their raw materials from the forests, would provide just that class of additional work for the small Irish farmer, especially in the poorer districts, which will assist him in earning the necessary money to pay off the instalments which will gradually convert him into the proprietor of his farm. In England, Wales, and Scotland the acquisition of State forests will probably be a very slow process. Here we must work in a somewhat different way. We must count on extended afforestation by the landed proprietors, but the State should do what it can to help. The chief desideratum is to provide the means of acquiring a sound knowledge of systematic forestry as elaborated by scientific and practical investigation. First and 220 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. foremost, the sons of the big landowners and young men who are preparing for the highest class of estate managers, must be given the opportunity of acquiring such knowledge. Hence the establishment of a course of forestry teaching should be arranged at Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, and Dublin. Ultimately regular forest faculties may be organised at these universities, or a joint faculty for forestry and agriculture, but at the outset we may be satisfied with the appointment of a lecturer on forestry at each of these centres of learning. For practical instruction an area of 100 to 200 acres should be acquired at or near each university, where sowing and planting, etc., could be taught, and where illustrative experiments could be made. But something more is wanted, and this has been fully explained in the Forestry Committee’s report. There should be at least one larger area in each, England, Scotland, and Ireland, of from 2000 to 10,000 acres, under a competent manager, where systematic economic forestry is carried out on a large scale. These State demonstration forests will serve a double purpose ; they will afford the means of introducing university students to systematic and rational management, such as is likely to be adopted on the estates with which they will afterwards be con- nected. These areas must be managed as commercial undertakings, so as to produce the best financial results. In the second place, young men of the working classes can be received at these forests as working apprentices, giving them an opportunity of acquiring a sound knowledge of the business, thus fitting them for the posts of woodman, forester, or bailiff on the various estates of the country. Finally, arrangements may be made at agricultural colleges for instruction in forestry for the benefit of men who, while unable to pass through a university course, prepare for the management of landed estates, As to the funds required for extended afforestation, these will no doubt be forthcoming in the case of many landed proprietors, as soon as we have succeeded in convincing them that economically conducted forestry will pay a fair interest on the invested capital. In other cases, however, this will not be so. The Forestry Committee in their report have dealt with the question of State loans at low interest, and suggested that the matter might stand over for the present. I should, however, like to draw attention to the system of Co-operative Credit Organisations, upon which OUR FORESTRY PROBLEM. 221 Mr Montgomery published, in 1902, an interesting bulletin.! Such Credit Organisations should be local, where members can obtain advances at a moderate rate of interest, either for a short period or on the principle of a sinking-fund. Organisations of this class have, I understand, already been started in Ireland and elsewhere, but a further and considerable extension would doubtless prove of the greatest assistance to landed proprietors. The financial aspect of the problem is, of course, of the highest importance, but at the same time it is most difficult to deal with, owing to the absence of suitable data. The Forestry Committee have taken a considerable amount of evidence on the point, and arrived at the conclusion that excellent results, even with indifferent management, have often been obtained from planta- tions formed on land of little or no value for any other purpose. Nobody expects that waste lands, which have for a long period of time been exposed to deteriorating influences, will at once spring into full production on being planted, and this is specially pointed out in the evidence ; but there can be no doubt that most ot our waste lands were once under forests, and, if the thing is done in the right way, can again be successfully afforested in spite of initial difficulties. In order to show how proper management will lead to increas- ing financial prosperity, I propose placing before the readers of the World’s Work a few data from the history of the Saxon State Forest. Saxony is a highly industrial country, and in this respect comparable with Great Britain, We have reliable statistical data about these forests since the year 1817, from which it appears that the area in 1817 amounted to 367,499 acres and in 1893 to 428,542 acres, giving an increase of 61,043 acres, equal to 17 per cent. These lands include good, bad, and indifferent soils, and the greater part are situated in mountainous districts up to an elevation of nearly 3000 feet above sea-level. The yield in wood per acre amounted in 1817 to 61 cubic feet; in 1895 it had risen to 92 cubic feet, or an increase of 31 cubic feet, equal to 50 per cent. We do not know what the average stock of wood standing on each acre wasin 1817, but in 1844 it came to 2173 cubic feet ; in 1893 it had risen to 2658 cubic feet, representing an increase in fifty years of 505 cubic feet, equal to 23 per cent. 1 ** Co-operative Agricultural Credit in Germany and Switzerland,” Report by H. de F. Montgomery, D. L., Member of the Agricultural Board of Ireland, 1902. See Note on page 331. 222 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. This shows that, in spite of the greatly increased yield, the forests are now much more valuable than fifty years ago. The net returns (after deducting a// expenses) show the following results per acre and year : During the period 1817-26 : : 4-0 shillings. 4! . 1827-36 : : £2 a at 1837-46 : : 4° 3 = 1847-53 : : 6:00 bp ey 1854-63 : - “0:0 ae S 3 1864-73 ; . Tse 2 f 1874-83 : : | “oe “3 A 1884-93 : . Tee They rose further in 1900 to : . 2255 ae I may add that the average receipts per cubic foot of wood were 2‘ld. in 1817 and 4:5d. in 1900, a rise equal to 114 per cent., while the above figures show that the net receipts per acre have during the same period risen by 462 per cent. Surely here is an incontrovertible proof of what scientific and systematic management of woodlands can achieve ! There are many other important points connected with this subject which I should have liked to discuss, but want of space prevents my doing so. Enough has, I hope, been said to demonstrate the extreme importance of the problem, and the simple steps imperatively called for to solve it. AFFORESTATION OF WATERWORKS CATCHMENT AREAS. 223 XXV. Afforestation of Waterworks Catchment Areas. By JosePpH Parry, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer-in-Chief of Liverpool Waterworks. Throughout Europe and America there is gratifying evidence of a new and increasing interest in forestry. Various causes have in the past contributed to the neglect of this important industry. In England the neglect, especially in so far as State action is concerned, has been especially marked since the substi- tution of iron for wood in shipbuilding. As long as there was a demand for timber for the use of the navy, the planting of trees was felt to be an object of national importance, and active measures were adopted and Acts of Parliament passed to ensure a sufficient supply of suitable oak. Then when the enormous demand came for timber for railway and other engineering works, the natural resources of foreign countries—the growths of many ages—were so easily and cheaply brought here by sea carriage, that little or no inducement was offered to grow timber at home. Planting for profit, therefore, practically ceased, and the planting for ornamental and sporting purposes by landed proprietors was, and is, of comparatively small market value. The total acreage of land returned as woods and plantation in Great Britain is only 2,726,116 acres, being less than 4 per cent. of the total area of the country. According to Mr Nisbet, most of this consists of ‘“‘old copsewoods, in which most of the standard trees are oaks dating from the time when the maritime power of England depended upon our oak supplies.” Of the acreage given above, there are 66,758 acres of Crown forests, under the control of the Woods and Forests Department, Ib is notorious that these Crown forests have been sadly neglected and mismanaged, but a decided improvement has of late years taken place in the administration of the Department. With regard to the only Crown forest of which I have any intimate personal knowledge, namely, Delamere, in Cheshire, I agree with the description of it given by the Arboricultural Society, that it is a model of what a forest ought not to be, The total imports of timber into Great Britain and Ireland last year were 9,896,688 tons, valued at £27,652,393. 1 Read before the British Association at Southport, 1903. 224 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Nearly three-fifths of this came from Canada, Russia, and Sweden. The bulk of the wood was coniferous, which can be grown in any temperate climate. The number of loads of pit-props imported in 1901 was 1,897,810, and the number of sleepers required annually for renewals along our railway lines is estimated at 3,750,000. The quantity of home-grown timber used in Great Britain and Ireland is estimated at 2,000,000 tons, so that the home production is only about one- sixth of the total consumption. The demand for timber shows a steady increase, and as new uses for it are constantly being dis- covered, the demand will no doubt continue to increase even more rapidly in the future than in the past. For example, the im- portation of pulp of wood for paper-making is a comparatively new development, and last year the quantity imported (not in- cluded in the above figures) amounted to 525,799 tons, valued at £2,398,215. The price of timber is also increasing at a rate that cannot fail soon to be seriously felt. Ten years ago (1892) our imports were 7,842,382 tons, valued at £18,470,969, being an average of £2°35 per ton, and, as already stated, last year the total was 9,896,688 tons, or an average of £2°78 per ton. Whilst there is this steadily increasing consumption to be provided for, foreign sources of supply are falling off. The total im- ports into Huropean countries show a considerable excess over exports. In Canada and the United States of America huge forests have been cut down in a most wasteful manner by the lumbermen and settlers. The havoc done has at last attracted the attention of the Governments, and steps are being taken to ensure better control in the future. The Government of the United States has commenced experi- mental planting in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto forest reserves in Southern California, which are estimated by the United States Geological Survey to contain 1,447,000 acres of brush land, upon which all valuable timber has been destroyed by fire. Since the reserves were established, the danger from fire has been so reduced, by a vigorous patrol system, that a large pro- portion of the brash land is now safe enough to warrant planting, Two or three years experimental work has developed economical and rather rapid methods of planting, and during the past season the planting has been extended over several hundred acres by a field party of the Bureau of Forestry. AFFORESTATION OF WATERWORKS CATCHMENT AREAS. 225 In April 1902, the Niobrara and Dismal River forest reserves, containing altogether 208,902 acres, were established for the purpose of making a systematic trial at afforestation. The Department of the Interior has invited the Department of Agri- culture to undertake the work, which is now fairly begun. The following extracts from a recent report of the United States Department of Agriculture show, further, how vigorously the subject is being dealt with in that country :— “The States of New York, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut have recently acquired extensive areas of non-agricultural land, and are now engaged in the work of foresting them. The State of New York especially is undertaking work of great magnitude. Within the Adirondack Preserve are about 60,000 acres of burnt-over waste land which it is planned to reforest. A beginning was made last year by the planting of 750 acres, and it is proposed hereafter to plant at the rate of 1000 acres per year until the waste land is covered. Nurseries for the growing of seedlings are now being established. *«The State of Michigan last year set aside a tract of 60,000 acres of cut- over pine land for an attempt at systematic forestry. *«The Kansas State Board of Agriculture reports 142,984 acres of planted forest in 1900. Nebraska claims over 200,000 acres.” While these active measures are being taken in America, and large sums of money are being spent in protecting and restocking old forests, in planting new areas, and in training expert foresters, the British Government is still hesitating and inactive. Last year the late President of the Board of Agriculture appointed a Departmental Committee to inquire into and report as to the present position and future prospects of forestry, and to consider whether any measures might be taken for their promo- tion and encouragement. That Committee has issued its report, which contains many valuable recommendations, but there are no signs yet of effect being given to those recommendations. One of the recommendations is, ‘‘ That the attention of corpora- tions and municipalities be drawn to the desirability of planting with trees the catchment areas of their water-supply,” and it is to the important field thus suggested for the promotion of Forestry that I desire to call special attention in this paper. There are no available statistics from which I can give the exact areas of the watersheds from which supplies are collected for waterworks purposes, but in preparing evidence for the Forestry Committee, I estimated the total area to be about 576,000 acres, irrespective of 226 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the watersheds contributing to rivers from which supplies are taken by pumping. The gathering-grounds included in the 576,000 acres from which water is collected into catchment reservoirs are generally situated in thinly populated upland districts, but, notwithstanding the sparseness of the population in most of these areas, great difficulty is experienced in satisfying the demands of modern hygienic science with respect to the degree of purity to be maintained. The undesirability of allowing water for domestic consumption to be polluted by human sewage has never been seriously disputed, but as long as impurities were determined and measured only by chemical analyses, the presence of matters detrimental to health could seldom be quite conclusively proved. The science of bacteriology has changed all this, and if the standards of purity now exacted by the medical profession, based upon the determinations of bacteriologists, are to be observed, much more rigorous methods must be adopted than have hitherto been considered necessary to protect the streams and rivers from contamination by pathogenic organisms. Efforts made to prevent fouling, by putting into operation the provisions of the Public Health Acts, the Rivers Pollution Act, and the by-laws of con- servators, have proved ineffective, and the results obtained have been unsatisfactory. And in consequence of the inadequacy and failure of these statutory provisions and by-laws, the authorities of many large towns, such as Manchester, Liverpool, and Birming- ham, and of many smaller towns, have been led to the conclusion that the purity of their water-supplies can only be effectually secured by themselves becoming the owners of the watersheds, Acting on these convictions, they have applied to Parliament for powers to acquire the watersheds by agreement or by compulsion ; and Parliament, having been satisfied as to the soundness and wisdom of the conclusions arrived at, has readily granted the necessary powers. The cases that have come to my own knowledge in which compulsory powers for acquiring watersheds have been obtained, amount toa total of 102,615 acres. It is probable that the precedents set by these towns will be largely followed in the near future, and here the important question arises, How are the areas thus acquired to be utilised? It is evident that, in order to reduce to a minimum the risks of polluting the water in a manner likely to produce disease, the first object must be to limit the resident population to the lowest number reasonably practicable. This cannot be accomplished if agricultural operations are allowed to AFFORESTATION OF WATERWORKS CATCHMENT AREAS. PHT be carried on in the ordinary way, for no really satisfactory methods can be devised for the disposal and treatment of the sewage of resident populations of farmers and farm-labourers with their families, and the pollutions from shippons and farmyards, so as to permit of the effluents being discharged into the water-courses. Sheep grazing is, from a waterworks point of view, the least objectionable of farming pursuits, especially where, as in some cases known to me, the proportions of live stock are calculated according to the number of acres to a sheep, and not according to the number of sheep to an acre. Grouse moors are still less objectionable, especially where the growth of peat is kept under proper control, and suitable channels are cut for the water. In considering the desirability of afforesting the gathering- grounds of waterworks, it must not be assumed that the proposi- tion is to cover the entire area with trees. Each watershed must be separately studied, and must be to some extent differently treated. Questions of aspect, temperature, depth of soil, wind, rain, and frost, and other features must be taken into account in determining where and what to plant. It is probable that the proportion of any gathering-ground that can be planted with advantage will be found to vary from 25 to 75 per cent. of the total. These are points upon which it is necessary to obtain competent expert evidence at the outset, so as to avoid imprudent expenditure and to guard against failure. A working plan should be prepared and systematically carried out, careful records being kept of all expenditures and receipts. Forestry has been so much neglected in this country that there are very few people to be found who are qualified to advise upon planting for profit on a large scale, and it is particularly important to distinguish between planting as usually practised by landowners, and systematic scientific planting as practised under State control and direction in several European countries, In this connection I was much interested in reading the evidence given before the Committee on Forestry by the Karl of Selborne. I quote two or three extracts :— ‘IT only took to forestry about ten years ago, and I became very keen on it. I very soon became convinced that nobody in my neighbourhood or on the estate knew anything whatever about it, and it gradually dawned, upon me that that applied not only to my father’s property, but all the surrounding properties,” 228 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Again, ** Everything was absolutely haphazard. The thing is now systematised, and runs perfectly smoothly. I know what it will cost me every year. I can make exact estimates of expenditure, and I am even now able, from the natural capabilities of the place, to practically make the returns balance the expenditure, but of course what I am really trying to do is to build up a property which will be valuable to my son and my grandson.” Then he was asked, ‘* You believe that the question of forestry is one of considerable importance to landowners ?” Answer :— **T think it isof immense importance. I do not think English landowners have the slightest conception of the money they are throwing away, or that this country realises the amount of undeveloped property there is in forestry in this country.” Afforestation must not be regarded merely as a method of utilising land which would otherwise remain unproductive. It can claim much more than this. Indeed, for a large proportion of these waterworks’ areas, timber-growing may justly claim to be the most profitable use to which the land could be applied. As to the effect of trees upon the yield and quality of the water collected, it cannot be otherwise than beneficial. I do not know of any exact gaugings of the flow from forest areas as compared with the same or similar areas free from trees, but there can be no doubt that, having regard to the diminished evaporation and other influences, a larger percentage of rain will reach the reservoirs from forest areas than from the same areas without trees. The quality of the water will also be better, owing to the soil on the slopes of the hills being held together by the roots of the trees, and the destructive effects of the heavy rains in carrying down huge masses of clay and soil being prevented. These matters have been very fully investigated in the United States of America, The Year-Book of the Department of Agriculture for 1902 contains a report upon forest planting, in which the following statement is made :— ‘© A forest furnishes the best possible cover for the watersheds of storage reservoirs, For this reason fully as much as for the financial one, several AFFORESTATION OF WATERWORKS CATCHMENT AREAS. 229 water companies are planting extensively in the Eastern States. Among the most important of these are the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board of Massachusetts, which is planting on the watershed of its immense reservoir at Clinton, Mass., and the water department of the City of Woonsocket, R.I. In both cases the planting is being done in co-operation with the Bureau of Forestry. The water companies supplying the cities of New Haven and Hartford, Conn., are also planting large tracts about their reservoirs under plans prepared by the Director of the Yale Forest School, and the City of Middletown, Conn., is similarly planting under directions from the State Forester.” Again, on page 143 of the same report it is stated :— “‘In the case of the mountain slopes upon which planting is being done, the importance of a forest cover in conserving the water-supply for the cities of Los Angeles and Pasadena and contiguous country is considered so great that the Los Angeles County Forest and Water Association and the Pasadena Board of Trade have contributed liberally toward the work. The planting gives promise of excellent results.” The following is an extract from the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture on the Forests and Rivers of the Appalachian Region :— ‘«The perpetuation of the streams and the maintenance of their regular flow, so as to prevent floods and maintain their water-powers, are among the prime objects of forest perservation in the southern Appalachians. Nothing illustrates the need of this more fully than the fact that on the neighbouring streams, lying wholly within the Piedmont plateau, where the forests have been cleared from areas aggregating from 60 to 80 per cent. of the whole, floods are frequent and excessive. During the seasons of protracted drought some of the smaller streams almost disappear, and the use of water-power along their course is either abandoned or largely supplemented by steam- power. “*To-day the larger valuable water-powers in the South Atlantic region are mainly limited to the streams which have their sources among the Southern Appalachian Mountains ; and the waters of these streams show a striking uniformity of flow as compared with the streams lying wholly within the adjacent lowland country, where forest clearing has been excessive. While the rainfall is somewhat greater in the mountain region, it is a question of the regularity rather than the volume of flow, and this depends upon the water storage. The soil in the one region is as deep as in the others, and the slopes being gentler in the low country, other things being equal, the water would soak into it the more easily. In the mountain region itself the flow of the streams along which proportionately large clearings have been made, has become decidedly more irregular, and the flood damages have greatly exceeded those along other streams where the forests have not been disturbed. The problem resolves itself into one of a forest cover for the soil.” 230 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. I have also received from the Chief Engineer to the Metro- politan Water and Sewerage Board of the State of Massachusetts, chemical analyses which fully bear out the statements made by the Secretary of Agriculture as to the excellence of the water derived from forest areas. The Corporation of Liverpool made a new departure in this matter some six years ago, when they obtained the advice of Mr W. R. Fisher, Assistant Professor of Forestry at the Royal Engineering College, Coopers Hill, in regard to the management of plantations on their Vyrnwy Watershed in North Wales. The total area of these Vyrnwy plantations, old and new, is at present over 600 acres. Nurseries have been established which will enable the planting to be carried on more rapidly in the future. There are to-day in these nurseries nearly 200,000 young trees which are to be planted out during the coming season. It this rate of planting can be maintained, and it is likely to be continued for some years to come, it will be seen that the area of plantations which I have given will soon be largely augmented, the number of trees required to cover one acre being about 2700. Lake Vyrnwy is nearly five miles in length, and the larger plantations are near to the upper end, the nurseries being situated near to the lower end. All the workmen employed reside below the Dam, and therefore off the Watershed, with the exception of the Forester with one assistant, and their residence within the area of the gathering-ground is accidental and temporary. In order that the men may reach their work quickly and fresh, an oil- launch has been provided, in which, when they are employed at the upper end of the lake, they are carried to and from their work, so that little time is lost or energy expended in travelling. This has proved a very useful and inexpensive mode of transit, the launch being useful for several other purposes. There is at the present time a saw-mill belonging to the Corporation driven by steam- power, which is used for sawing timber for general works and estate purposes, and machinery has lately been ordered to utilise the power of the compensation water from the Lake for generat- ing electricity, so that in future the saw-mill will be operated by an electric motor deriving its power from a dynamo driven by a water turbine. This brings me to another important feature connected with the afforestation of watersheds, namely, that on these gathering-grounds, water-power is generally available, or capable of being made available, without great expense, by which AFFORESTATION OF WATERWORKS CATCHMENT AREAS. 231 the successful working of forests from a financial point of view can be greatly assisted. Saw-mills and wood-working machinery, driven directly by water-power or by electric motors, may contribute to the profitable utilisation of trees in several ways, and particularly by reducing timber to marketable sizes, and by providing mechanical power to produce various kinds of wooden implements and articles of commerce, also by providing power for making wood-pulp, With regard to the question of cost, the actual average expenditure incurred by the Corporation during the last five years has been £261 per annum. This year, includ- ing the extended planting operations already arranged for, the expenditure will be higher. After observing the results of recent operations around Lake Vyrnwy, and examining the details of expenditure, I feel satisfied that for the class of lands to which I particularly refer, afforestation on the catchment areas of water- works can be carried out not only with great advantage to the country, but also with profit to the owners of the works. 232 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XXVI. John, Duke of Atholl, his Larch Plantations (1774-1830), and the Larch Disease. By Joun Boorn, Gross-Lichterfelde, near Berlin. In the Zransactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society for 1901 (Part 3 of Volume XVI.), I find on page 515 that on the 7th of August, under the presidency of Mr Munro Ferguson, the Excursion dinner was followed by a lively discussion on some questions of great interest to arboriculturists. Among these questions the Larch disease occupied a prominent position. I cannot say that I agree with all that has been said on this subject, but I have waited till the 7ransactions of 1902 were published, hoping that somebody would take the matter up. I was rather disappointed, and so I think it my duty to write these lines. Having been a member of this Society since 1876, I have derived from it in all these years so much valuable information regarding the growth and the progress of newly-introduced foreign timber trees, and in my several visits to Scotland have had such kind assistance from men like John M‘Gregor, Wm. M‘Corquodale, Malcolm Dunn—all dead now,—that I embrace with pleasure this opportunity of returning my thanks to the Society, by directing attention to a publication which seems to be quite forgotten. The general laws of naturalisation, 7.e., bringing a plant from its native country into another, are almost the same alli over the vegetable kingdom. In introducing the Douglas Fir from North America or the Larch from the Alps, we need the same care not to place them in situations or plant them in soils which are opposed to their nature. Certainly there might be more difficulty about the one than the other. The Douglas Fir, which is dis- tributed over an area of more than 50,000 square miles, is not confined to mountainous regions, and grows very freely in many soils and situations. The Douglas Fir will therefore undergo this change much easier than the Larch, which, being an alpine tree, can only be grown in high regions, and only in such localities can offer successful resistance to the attacks of disease. So I have felt for many years the most lively interest in collecting all avail- able information on the Larch, with regard to the introduction of foreign timber trees. When I look over the papers which have been published during the last quarter of the nineteenth LARCH PLANTATIONS AND THE LARCH DISEASE. 233 century, it seems difficult to find any certain point of view, because the most competent men hold opposite views on nearly all the elementary questions regarding the Larch and the Larch disease. I begin with the first noteworthy publication, which I remember having read with delight thirty years ago. As this publication! is rarely mentioned, it seems to me that it is almost forgotten, and considering the value of its contents, which have been approved by practical results during a century, I now appreciate it still more, and I venture -to say that it is quite an extraordinary one. Although written more than a hundred years ago, and published in 1832, it has kept its freshness and originality and the stamp of the author. It deals not only with the arboricultural side of the question, but with the politico-economic as well; for we can learn from it how to turn wide ranges of waste, barren, and uninhabitable land into a productive, healthy country, with an active population. John, Duke of Atholl, who succeeded to the title as fourth duke in 1774, must have been a most extraordinary man to engage himself in such a far-sighted enterprise. The whole history of Forestry does not reveal a similar case of a large proprietor having taken such an interest in afforestation as did John, Duke of Atholl, with a surprising perseverance, during fifty years from 1774. His Parliamentary and other representa- tive duties, entailed on him by his high social position, very likely made it necessary for him to reside a great part of the year in London, while the scene of his planting operations was about five hundred miles off—a distance which, one hundred and twenty-five years ago, took much more time to cover by stage-coach than it does nowadays in the “ Flying Scotchman.” We may imagine, therefore, that the Duke had many public duties to. perform; but on reading his day-books they give the impression that he was an enthusiastic forester, whose lifelong problem had been: planting the Larch, and treating every question concerning the Larch. We do not find in those times many men of highest rank who began to plant the hare mountain ranges with forests, and took part in introducing a new species into our forests of indigenous trees, after having been convinced ‘‘ that the results of experience 1 Account of the Larch Plantations on the Estates of Atholl and Dunkeld, by the late John, Duke of Atholl. Drawn up from papers and documents communicated by his Grace’s Trustees to the Highland Society of Scotland, 1832. William Blackwood, Edinburgh. VOL. XVII. PART II. Q 234 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. in Scotland accord exactly with the expectations of reason”; and we find very few who had the courage to invest a very large capital in such an undertaking—a rare thing even in present times. The Larch had been introduced from the Tyrol into the Atholl forests by Dake James in 1738. Before his death in 1764 he had the wood examined, and even in this rather young state the result proved very satisfactory, for the wood of the then only twenty years old trees was found to be much superior in quality to the wood of all the indigenous coniferous trees of the same age ; so his heir continued the trials, and planted till his death in 1774 about 11,000 Larches. The “plantin’ Duke” followed in 1774. He saw the great advantages of planting the Larch, coming as it did from the continental Alps, and having the peculiar property of thriving in the most elevated positions, and at the same time of producing most excellent timber on inferior soils. ‘Immense extents of mountain ranges may thus be applied to useful purposes, which otherwise would have been quite unavailable,” says the Duke; and he continues, ‘Scots Fir thrives at an elevation below 900 feet, but the Larch ascends to 1600 feet above the sea, and it may ascend higher. This is an important fact in a national point of view. Much of that mountain land of Great Britain which is at present worthless may grow timber to supply her navy and merchant shipping without at all interfering with the land which produces her cereal crops, or even her fine pasture land in a lower situation.” I think these few words of the Duke explain the whole Larch question. It is very strange that we find the Larches at Dunkeld often mentioned, but scarcely ever anything about the Duke’s experiences as recorded in his day-book. If we had taken advantage of these experiences there would have been no Larch question, as nearly all our difficulties are the natural consequence of ill-treatment of this noble tree with alpine nature ; and, as the Duke says, ‘‘ the failure must be ascribed, not to the nature of the materials, but to the misapplication of the tests employed.” | When Duke John succeeded his father in 1774 he began with completing the plantation of 225 acres which his father had left unfinished. It took some years to do this, owing to the difficulty of obtaining larch plants. They were dear at that time, costing 6d. a piece, but the price went down to 35s. per thousand as more plants were raised. The demand increased as planting Larch LARCH PLANTATIONS AND THE LARCH DISEASE. 235 began to attract more attention. As to how this grand planting affair gradually developed during the next half century, I must refer the reader to the original Accownt, and must content myself with stating here that the Duke in this period planted about 14 millions Larch (13 millions unmixed and about 1 million mixed) on 8017 Scotch acres. At the same time the reader will find in the Account a profound knowledge of the whole planting business, and many proved experiences, which raise this paper on Larch plantations to the first rank asa most exhaustive mono- graph dealing with all possible circumstances. [After alluding to an article by De Candolle of Geneva on the “Native Larch Forests of Switzerland,” which appeared in the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture for 1835, and to the chapter on the **Larch Disease” in Professor Hartig’s book on Diseases of Trees, the English Arboricultural Society’s Report on the same subject, the Reports of the Society’s Excursion to Dunkeld in 1884, and to Strathspey in 1894, and to Mr Elis Nilson’s letter of December 1899, all of which have already appeared in the Transactions, the author goes on to say :] The above mentioned highly satisfactory results of the Atholl and other Larch woods, planted very likely in right situations, were passed over in silence in the discussion to which I referred at the beginning of this article; mention was only made in general terms “of isolated cases in alpine situations, where Larch did well, but in nine cases out of ten the disease was so prevalent that it was unprofitable to plant Larch.” . . . Thereupon I ask, Are all the mountainous regions in Scotland, like those of Atholl, already covered with Larch? If that is so, it would certainly be of no more use to plant Larch, as it properly belongs only to mountainous regions. On page 521 we find another totally incorrect statement: “It was not till 1839 that they had any record of disease having appeared in the Atholl plantations. Before the introduction of the disease the Larch grew well on any soil.” This assertion is in contradiction to the Duke’s day-book, where we read that the disease was known to him. ‘* Previous to the year 1795,” he writes, “‘a blight. . . affected the Larch, and of those in low situations, many died . . . trees above 30 feet in height, and trees in high situations escaped this affection . . .” (then follows a minute description of this disease). And as to the remark that ‘it grew well on any soil,” I can 236 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. only say that the Duke at great length gave strict directions where to plant Larch, and what soils had to be avoided. When such erroneous statements are made without being corrected, there can be no wonder that people have little faith in planting Larch. But how do the glowing reports of the different Excursions agree with this mournful discussion on the 7th of August 1901. The Duke’s successful experiments during half a century appear to me to be ignored by the present generation. We ought to pay a little attention to his writings, especially as the results of his prolonged practical planting operations in the naturalisation of this alpine tree accord with the opinions of scientific authorities and of many practical men. I think this fact adds much to the credit of the Duke’s careful and correct observations made during a long period, All the false doctrines and prejudices which exist to-day about the Larch are refuted in the Duke’s Accownt, and they all find in it a suitable answer in a most convincing manner, everything being based upon practical results. No better proof can be given of the Duke’s keenness of observation than his remarks regarding the Larch disease. However ignorant he must have been of the nature of this disease,—Hartig’s scientific researches were made long after his death,—still he knew the only “remedy” for it was to treat the Larch as an alpine tree / In one respect the Duke was wrong. He planted the Larch to grow timber for the ships of the navy. His calculations are of the highest interest, although in one point they proved erroneous. He estimated the timber to be most valuable for shipbuilding, —he could not anticipate our age of steel and iron,—but never- theless his financial calculation of the value of the Larch timber has proved just. The superiority of Larch wood was manifest in the Duke’s time, and is so still, being dearer and much more valuable than the wood of the Scots Fir; and the late Duke was right in noting in his day-book: ‘‘I have no hesitation in saying that the price, when the wood is thoroughly known, will long continue superior to the best foreign fir timber, and little inferior to the oak.” As to the value of Larch wood compared with that of the Douglas Fir and other conifers, I will give here, at the end of this article, very interesting evidence. LARCH PLANTATIONS AND THE LARCH DISEASE. DST | A Douglas Fir, grown in my father’s plantations from seed which the Royal Horticultural Society in London had distributed in 1828, after the first voyage of Douglas, was felled in 1878,— fifty years old, I sent samples of the wood to Robert Hartig to get a correct statement as to the quality of timber grown in Germany. I added a specimen of Douglas Fir sent to me by the late Mr M‘Corquodale from the trees of Lord Mansfield at Scone Palace. Professor Hartig having examined the anatomical structure and value of the specimens, reported as follows :—“ It is easy to see that the wood of Douglas Fir, grown in Germany and in Scotland, surpasses by far the Pinus sylvestris, and is almost equal to the Larch wood grown in the mountains. The value of the wood is indicated in the following numbers ; Larix europea, LI Abies Douglasii, II. Pinus sylvestris, IT. Abies excelsa, AYE Picea pectinata, V.” In concluding this article, I most respectfully suggest that the Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society should reprint the Duke’s Accownt for the members of the Society. In my opinion, the only remedy for the Larch disease is to follow exactly the methods of the great ‘“ plantin’ Duke”: select the situations only on high mountainous regions, and not stick the Larch any more like a fencing-post, regardless of its nature, into low-lying lands, nor into muggy situations. 238 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XXVII. Our Imported Coniferous Timbers. By A. D. Ricuarpson, Edinburgh. The United Kingdom is the largest timber-importing country of the world, and our timber supplies are drawn from every quarter of the globe. Nine-tenths by weight of the timber we import is coniferous, and the great bulk of this is pine and fir of foreign growth, most of which comes to us in the converted state. Our annual timber bill amounts at present to over £25,000,000, and there is a steady upward tendency. The value of our timber imports for the quinquennial period 1895-99 amounted to over £22,000,000 per-annum on the average, and for 1899 alone it stood at over £25,500,000. Of the latter sum, about £20,500,000 was for coniferous timber, hewn, sawn, and manufactured, and of this timber, Norway, Sweden, and Russia together contributed over £11,750,000 worth, and the rest of the European countries to the value of nearly £2,000,000. Canada and Newfoundland supplied us with over £4,500,000 worth, and the United States with over £2,000,000 worth, the remainder coming from various other parts of the world. In 1899, therefore, we paid to foreign countries not far short of £16,000,000, and to our colonies over £4,500,000, for coniferous timber; and of that paid to foreign countries, over three-fourths was for pine and fir timber, of which a large proportion could be profitably produced within the confines of our own shores. Coming to a closer analysis of our imported coniferous timbers, we find that they consist in the main of the produce of but a few species of trees. These are the Scots pine and common spruce of Europe, and the red, white, and pitch pines, and black and white spruces of North America. Other coniferous timbers which we import are the silver fir and maritime pine of Europe, the Oregon pine and Californian redwood, and the Kauri pine of New Zealand; and to these may be added the American pencil “cedars,” and a few others of little or no commercial importance. Undoubtedly the most important coniferous timber we import is that of the Scots pine, or, as it is frequently called, Scots or Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris). This tree is also known as wild pine and northern pine, and its timber comes into the home market under a puzzling variety of trade names. It yields all the kinds of timber designated as “red” or “yellow,” which come from the Baltic countries, and the local varieties of its timber are imported OUR IMPORTED CONIFEROUS TIMBERS. 239 under special trade names. The imported timber of the Scots pine is generally known in the home trade as Baltic red-wood, but it is also called Baltic red fir, red pine, and red or yellow “ deal.” Its varieties are designated according to the locality from which they come, or to their port of shipment, as White Sea, Swedish, Danzig, Riga, St Petersburg, Gefle, etc., red or yellow deals, battens, or boards, and these are graded into first, second, third, and so on qualities, and are stamped or branded accordingly by the exporters. The best qualities of red-wood which we import are those which come from the Baltic and White Sea ports. The timber which comes from the regions about Danzig and Riga is the strongest and most durable, and is specially well adapted for structural work of all kinds, for railway sleepers, and for all purposes where exposure to weather, damp, etc., are factors which have to be taken into account. A fine quality of this kind of timber was formerly imported from Memel, but this supply has now almost ceased. The red-woods shipped from the southern and eastern ports of the Baltic are the largest, hardest, and most resinous of our imported Scots pine timbers; but the finest qualities of this timber for joinery are those imported from St Petersburg and Archangel. ‘These are drawn from the northern parts of Russia, chiefly from the White Sea region, and they are much finer in texture, and less resinous, than those of the south. A fine quality of this timber also comes from Sweden. This is grown on the eastern slopes of the Scandinavian highlands, and is shipped from the ports on the east coast of the country. The coniferous timber of European origin which ranks next in importance to that of the Scots pine, amongst those we import, is that of the common or Norway spruce (Picea excelsa). This timber, like that of the Scots pine, is largely used in house- building and constructive work generally, and under the trade names of white-wood, white fir, and white “deal,” immense quantities of it are imported into Britain from the Baltic and Norwegian ports; and besides the converted timber, great numbers of undersized stems of this tree are imported for scaffold poles, pit-props, and various other purposes. Like that of the Scots pine, the timber of the spruce varies in character with locality, and the qualities of the various local varieties are graded and branded in a similar fashion to those of the red-woods. The most important coniferous timber which we import 240 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. from the New World is that known in the home trade as yellow pine. This is derived from the American white pine (Pinus Strobus), a tree better known to planters in this country as Weymouth pine. The timber of this tree is called white pine in America, and of the coniferous timber which we import from Canada it forms by far the largest proportion. It is much used for internal finishing in house-building, and on account of its fine grain and close texture, its non-liability to warp, and its large dimensions, it can be used for many purposes for which the Baltic timbers are quite unsuited. In fact, in general joinery and cabinetmaking no other coniferous timber occupies so important a place. The heaviest and strongest of the coniferous timbers we import is pitch pine, a timber very similar in character to some of the strong, hard, resinous varieties of the Scots pine of some parts of Europe. It is mostly imported in the hewn state, and it is used for a considerable variety of purposes, but chiefly in engineering works, carriage building, etc., and in house-building for beams, open roofing, stairs, etc. Pitch pine is a timber regarding the nomenclature of which a good deal of ambiguity exists, and even in a standard work like Laslett’s Timber and Timber Trees, the author falls into error regarding the identity of the species from which the timber of commerce is derived. In North America the tree which is called pitch pine is Pinus rigida, a tree which yields a coarse kind of timber which is never exported, but the pitch pine of commerce is the produce of Pinus palustris, the long- leaved pine of the Southern States, where it is also known by the names of yellow pine, red pine, turpentine tree, and some others. In the home market this timber is known as Georgia pitch pine, from the fact that most of it is shipped from the ports of that State, and it has taken to a large extent the place of the heavy Scots pine timbers of the Memel and Riga trade. The least important of the pine timbers which we import from North America is that of the red pine (Pinus resinosa). This tree may be said to be the representative of the European Scots pine in the New World, and its timber is used for practi- cally the same purposes as the timber of that tree. In Canada this tree is called Norway pine, and it is the yellow pine of the Nova Scotians. It is not native to Europe, and the name OUR IMPORTED CONIFEROUS TIMBERS. 241 Norway pine has no doubt been applied to it under a mistaken belief that it was the same species as that which occurs so plentifully in Norway. The timber of Pinus resinosa is im- ported into Britain under the trade name of American or Canadian red pine, but the imports of this timber seem to be on the decline, and at present it finds its principal market in the western parts of the country. The spruce timber which we import from North America is really the produce of two distinct species—viz., the white or “single” spruce (Picea alba), and the black or double “spruce”’ (Picea nigra) ; but the timbers of these two trees are not separated commercially, and both are imported under the trade name of American or Canadian spruce. These two species take the place in America which the Norway spruce does in Europe, and their timbers are imported for practically the same purposes as those for which Baltic white-wood is employed ; but the market for Ameri- can spruce, like that for American red pine, is confined chiefly to the western parts of the country. Oregon pine, or, as it is sometimes called in the timber trade, Columbia red-wood, is derived from a tree which is quite familiar to us in Britain. This is the Douglas fir (Psewdotsuga Douglasit), a tree which has been largely planted in this country, and which gives promise of becoming a valuable timber tree here. The timber of this tree is as yet imported in comparatively small quantities, but it bids fair to take the place of Baltic red-wood for some purposes. When the timber of the Californian red-wood (Sequoia semper- virens) made its appearance in the home market some years ago, it caused not a little sensation, but the hopes which were then held out of its becoming important commercially, have not been realised. Ib is still imported, but only to a limited extent, and its use is practically restricted to internal finishing in high-class buildings, and to some kinds of cabinetmaking. It is, however, a wood of great beauty, and planks of it can be procured of very large size; and it is said to be very durable when placed in contact with the ground. Under the popular name of ‘‘cedar” a number of timbers are known, but very few of these have any connection with the true cedars (Cedrus). The timber which is imported as pencil cedar is really the produce of two species of juniper—viz., Juniperus virguniana, the Virginian red cedar, and Juniperus bermudiana, 242. TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the Bermuda cedar. This timber is now almost wholly used in the manufacture of lead pencils, and as the supply of Bermuda cedar has become well-nigh exhausted, the bulk of what we now import is the produce of the Virginian tree. Formerly this timber was much sought after by cabinetmakers for the construction of the internal parts of wardrobes, cabinets, etc., its pungent odour furnishing eflicient protection against insect attack, but its use for this kind of work has now practically ceased. The timber of the European silver fir (Abies pectinata) is imported under the trade name of “Swiss pine,” and it is chiefly used in the manufacture of musical instruments, for which purpose, on account of its excellent sonorous properties, it is well adapted. The only other European coniferous timber which we import to any extent, is that of the maritime or cluster pine (Pinus pinaster), and practically the whole of this is in the form of pit-wood. The most of this timber comes from the west coast of France, where large forests of the maritime pine have been formed on the sand- dunes, and it finds its chief market here in the Welsh colliery districts, where it does not come much into competition with the Baltic produce. The timber of the Kauri pine of New Zealand, like that of the Oregon pine and Californian red-wood, is one of the more recent introductions. The timber is excellent, and has been used to some extent in shipbuilding and for various other purposes, but heavy freights operate prejudicially against its importation. In its native country, however, the Kauri pine (Agathis, or Dammara, australis) is an important timber tree, and large quantities of its timber are exported to the neighbouring Australian towns—in fact, it plays much the same part in that quarter of the globe which the pines and firs do in Europe and America. NOTES ON FORESTRY IN FINLAND. 243 XXVIII. Notes on Forestry in Finland! By Joun F. ANNAND, Haystoun Estate, Peebles. The area of Finland equals the whole of the United Kingdom, with the addition of Holland and Belgium (about 144,220 square miles). Of this vast area over one-half is forest land, and of the remaining half only a small proportion is cultivated plough land, but much consists of lakes and marshes. It is a country of great beauty, and although poor from an agricultural point of view, it possesses the enormous advantage of being able to produce in the finest quality the timber trees most commonly used for architectural and building purposes. Geologically the country belongs to the Scandinavian Peninsula, and not to the great plain of Eastern and Northern Europe. It is made up mainly of granite, gneiss, and glacial formations. The surface-soil is largely composed of glacial debris, partly changed by sea action after glaciation—gravel, brash, pebbles, sand, etc., with a substratum of granite or gneiss rocks, and rocky outcrops are frequent. On the other hand, there are also large plains, formed in the post-glacial period, when part of the country was covered by the sea. The soils on these plains consist largely of clay, and are comparatively fertile, and more suitable for the cultivation of field crops than of forest trees. The gravel and rubble over- lying the granite form excellent lodgment for the vertical-rooted pine, which also thrives in the drier oases in the sandy marshes ; while the fir (spruce) does best in the cool, mossy, and wet ground. The rainfall is everywhere abundant, or at least sufficient for tree growth, and the forests extend far northward. Finland cannot be called a mountainous country, as only a small part in the extreme north belongs to the Scandinavian mountain chain. A good deal of country, however, rises to 1000 feet or more above sea-level], and it is at this elevation that we find the densest and most valuable forests; but, in fact, the whole country is studded over with forests of varying size and density. INDIGENOUS TIMBER TREES FOUND IN THE FORESTS. In point of commercial value the common Scots Pine or Red- wood (Pinus sylvestris) easily holds first place. Grown, as it 1 Compiled chiefly from Finland, by N. C. Frederiksen, formerly Pro- fessor of Political Economy in the University of Copenhagen. 244 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. usually is in Finland, in dense masses, the tree is tall, straight, and free from knots, and forms a fine, full-wooded bole. The Norway Spruce Fir or White-wood of commerce (Picea excelsa) is next to the pine in point of timber value. Bulk for bulk it is worth somewhat less than the pine, but the extensive modern requirement of spruce for paper-pulp can be met by trees of com- paratively small dimensions. In Finland the spruce demands a better soil than the pine, and in particular wants more moisture, and it suffers also severely from gales. A mixture of spruce and pine is common in the natural forests, and, says Mon. Frederiksen, “Tt is in the north in the woods thus arranged that we often meet with the long, healthy pines, as straight as the most perfect columns, and such as are rarely seen in Central Europe.” Amongst deciduous trees the Birch predominates, being found everywhere throughout Finland, and the Dwarf Birch (Betula nana) farthest north of all. The Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa) grows largely in the swamps of South Finland, while Alnus incana is common in the north, being often more strongly represented in burnt-over forest land than birch. The Aspen Poplar (Populus tremula) is found almost as far north as the birch, but rarely in dense growth or pure forest. Other evidently indigenous deciduous trees, found chiefly in South Finland, are Ash, Elm, Maple (Acer platanoides), Lime, Oak, Hazel, Mountain Ash, and Service trees, Hawthorn, and Apple. Larch has been introduced with some success, and experiments are now being made with Pinus strobus, P. cembra, Abies pectinata, A. balsamea, and Douglas fir from the Pacific coast. WastTEFUL Meruops anp DerstrRUCTIVE AGENCIES, Only a small part of the timber cut in the forests is exported, and of the great mass used at home much is wasted. Not so very long ago it was, in some districts, thought good policy to burn the old pine woods simply in order that they might be changed to pasture Jands or into plantations of the inferior deciduous trees which could later be used in the old “Svedja” method of agriculture. This very wasteful system consisted in burning over the forest lands in order to obtain a few harvests and some pasture land afterwards. In a large part of the country this method has entirely changed the character of the forests, and instead of the dense pine and fir woods, we find thinly stocked woods of birch, with some aspen, alder, and spruce. The Legis- NOTES ON FORESTRY IN FINLAND. 245 lature has attempted to check this wasteful practice, but the restrictions imposed by law are not always regarded. Equally antiquated and wasteful is the method of manufacture of tar—an industry dating from the sixteenth century. The healthy and vigorous trees of forty to eighty years of age are partially stripped of their bark for several successive seasons, and are then felled, cut up into pieces, and charred in pits or kilns, from which the tar is collected. Large tracts. of forest have thus been destroyed. Although tar-burners are now content to use less extravagant material, such as stumps, roots, saw-mill waste, and forest thinnings, the old wasteful methods are still in vogue to a large extent. Formerly forest fires were frequent, and large tracts of dense pine and fir forests have thus been destroyed. Terribly destruc- tive gales also swept over much valuable timber during the years 1866, 1873, 1890, 1897. Excessive grazing with cattle, horses, and, in some cases, even with sheep, has been, and still is, very detrimental. Export or TimsBer, Etc. The chief products of the forests now go through the saw-mills. In 1889 planks, battens, boards, staves, etc., were exported to a total value of 82,000,000 marks. In 1899 the exportation of hewn spars or beams, of laths and lathwood, of round spars, bow- sprits, yards, masts, etc., represented a value of about 54 million marks. Pit-props and wood for pulp-mills and paper factories were exported to the value of 54 million marks. To this list should be added firewood (33 million marks), and bobbin squares of birch (34 millions), bobbins and articles of turnery (3 millions), -poles, rafters, knees for keels, beams (2 millions). The value of the whole bulk of wood exported, hewn or manufactured in the saw-mills, amounted in 1899 to the large sum of 101 million marks. To this may be added the export of pulp, pasteboard, and paper, over 18 million marks, or nearly £6,000,000 sterling in all. STATE Forest ADMINISTRATION. Not till 1850 was it decided to establish a proper forest administration, and it was ten or twelve years later before any. thing practical was done. Following on advice given by Baron Edmund Von Berg, of the Forest School of Tharand, in Saxony, 246 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. administration districts were formed; but some are unworkable, or, at any rate, insufficiently controlled, owing to their enormous extent. There are four districts of over 3 million acres, twelve of over 250,000 acres, twenty-five of 60,000 acres, and nine of smaller extent. Forest guards are numerous compared to the foresters at the head of districts, but the guards are uneducated men with small salaries. Up to the present, little has been done further than preserving the forests and selling the heavy timber for the benefit of the Treasury. Formerly this Crown property had been used by everybody pretty much as they pleased. In 1863 a School of Forestry was established at Evois. The School has been extended lately, and a course of instruction has been suggested at the University of Helsingfors, it being generally _admitted that advanced studies are more profitably carried on at a university than in isolated schools. A course of instruction has been instituted for forest guards, and it is proposed to establish stations for experimental forestry, as has already been done for agriculture. Every year small grants of money are distributed through the agricultural societies for the promotion of forest cultivation, which can hardly yet be said to exist. The State foresters are allowed to assist private persons in drawing up schemes of management and with other work connected with forest cultivation. In 1860 it was estimated that in the Government forests there were 10 million trees large enough (12 inches diameter and over at 20 feet high) to furnish big logs, and 5 million trees suitable for railway sleepers. Later, more exact measurements were made, giving 26} million first-class and 30 million second-class trees, and if the woods are included where the trees are not numbered, but where their bulk is approximately calculated, the total number in each class is 344 and 45 millions. As the State forests extend to about 35 million acres, this only gives about 1 first-class and 1+ second-class tree to the acre, and even if calculated for the dry ground alone, which extends to 14 million acres, it only gives about 24 and 3} trees per acre. Still there are large districts where 19 large trees per acre are to be had. The present condition of the Crown forests will be better appreciated if we remember how they were formerly treated. Over large areas of the domains the trees have been cut down to obtain resin or tar; elsewhere the forests have been burned over for the sake of two or three crops of grain and a little subsequent NOTES ON FORESTRY IN FINLAND. 247 pasture. Hven now there is a constant succession of forest fires; the area destroyed in this way during 1891-95 amounted to an average of 40,000 acres per annum. The foregoing remarks regarding waste in the Government domains apply equally to the forests owned by communes and private individuals. PROSPECTIVE OuTPUT OF TIMBER, Etc. The Finns are now, however, fully alive to the importance of a better conservation of their forest wealth, and the beginning which has been made in forest administration is sure to be followed up in the near future by more vigorous measures for the proper working both of State and private forest properties. The use of artificial seeding and planting is now beginning to be understood, and the great capacity of the country for the produc- tion of timber is beginning to be utilised. When all has been said, however, it is to be feared we have no grounds for hoping that there can be a continuity of supply as regards timber of first-class size and quality, at any rate, not for export; but the supplies of smaller and immature timber for pit-wood, paper-pulp, and such like, are still very plentiful. It has to be kept in mind, however, that new industries requiring enormous quantities of timber, such as pulp-making for paper and pasteboard, match-making, turnery, etc., are more and more being extended and developed in the country, and in time the Finns are bound to use up the bulk of the surplus timber, even of smaller and medium sizes. Many will be surprised to learn that in some provinces of the country there are complaints of lack of timber. This does not refer to some districts on the coast, where, as in Iceland, the houses are built of turf because there is so little timber. It is from districts where the peasant proprietors hold often as much as five thousand acres of forest land each that complaints of scarcity come, with the result that in some cases the Government have granted to each man as much as from 1200 to 2500 acres of Crown forest. This state of matters prevails in many districts in the province of Uleaborg in the north, which contains about the half of the whole area of Finland. In many cases the peasants have met the generous treatment of the Government by an immediate sale of all the heavy timber on their newly acquired 248 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. land; and in certain parishes with large forest areas, the peasants, on account of their reckless timber cutting, have now little to sell except osier bark. The destruction of the forests in the Lapmark in particular is very much to be regretted, because regeneration by natural means is extremely slow and difficult. In South Finland, in a moderately rich soil, a pine takes 82 years to attain a diameter of 20 centimetres at a height of 7 metres (about 7? inches at 23 feet high), In Central Finland it takes 105 years, and in the north, below the Lapmark, it takes 130 years to reach the same size. The average height of a pre- dominant forest tree, 100 years old, is in those regions 82 feet, 68 feet, and 59 feet respectively. In the very best and deepest soils the height in the same time may reach 108 feet, 87 feet, and 62 feet; while in the poor, shallow soils, only 58 feet, 49 feet, ~ and 30 feet are to be looked for. In the far north, on the other side of the watershed, in the Lake Enare District, it takes over three hundred years for apine tree to attain a diameter of 10 inches at 20 feet high. The figures for spruce in the various parts of the country are similar to those for the pine, only, other things being equal, the spruce attains to maturity two or three decades earlier. These figures seem clearly to prove that, after a general clearance of virgin forest growth, such as we now frequently meet with in various parts of Sweden and Norway, the extremely slow rate of production will seriously militate against a continuity of supplies being maintained in Finland, unless a much more rigid system of conservation than at present is adopted. That this is a matter of very great importance to us will readily be understood when we call to mind the fact that of the £6,000,000 worth of forest produce annually exported from Finland, nearly £2,000,000 worth is sent to our own ports. Swedish saw-mill owners also import from Finland 14 million marks’ worth of heavy timber every year, and a large proportion of this timber is said to be re-exported from Sweden to this country in the form of boards, planks, and battens, That the Swedish saw-mill owners are finding it necessary to import a portion of their heavy timber is another proof of the growing scarcity of first-class coniferous timber in Northern Europe. FOREST RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA. 249 XXIX. The Forest Resources of Australia available for British Commerce.’ By E. T. ScamMMELL, F.R.G.S., formerly Com- mercial Representative for the West Australian Government. One of the most important duties requiring the early attention of the Federal Government of Australia is that of dealing with the forest resources of the Commonwealth. At present the forest laws and regulations in force, according to the opinion of the Victorian Royal Commission on Forestry, 1901, are ‘“ weak, unsystematic, and inefficient.” This has been acknowledged at different times by the various Governments of the Australian States, and desultory efforts to introduce some scheme of State regulation have been made, but no scientific and comprehensive plan, on the lines laid down by France, Germany, or British India, has apparently been seriously considered, or, at any rate, attempted. Referring to the need of forest conservation and management in Greater Britain, Professor Schlich says: ‘ Surely the time has come, or rather, it came some time ago, for a more vigorous forest policy on sensible lines throughout the Empire. Let us strive to introduce systematic forest management, more particularly into Canada and Australasia, The question is no doubt beset by great difliculties, but where there is a will there is also a way. Above all, let the self-governing Colonies consider the magnificent example which has been set them by India, where the preservation of the State forests has now been put on a safe basis, for the everlasting benefit of the people of the country and the Indian exchequer. Humboldt says that ‘men in all climates’—by the indiscriminate felling of trees—‘ prepare at once two calamities for future generations—a want of wood and a scarcity of water.’ In order to avoid these calamities, which will as surely fall upon the New World as the old, unless prevented by wise and timely action, it is incumbent upon British Colonial Governments to give the question of forest control and develop- ment their most careful and enlightened consideration.” I am glad to know that the labours of the Victorian Commis- sion have resulted in a strong recommendation being made, to the effect that the action of the Government of India should be followed by the Legislatures of Australia. It is satisfactory also to note that the Western Australian Government have lately appointed a commission for the purpose of obtaining information, 1 Read before the British Association at Southport, 1903. VOL. XVII. PART II. R 250 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. and of recommending measures for dealing with the forests of that State, while New South Wales and Queensland are consider- ing proposals having similar objects in view. The way, therefore, is being prepared for concerted action on the part of the Federal Government, by co-ordinating, as far as may be possible, the efforts that are being made by the various States of the Common- wealth, and by advising the adoption of measures which, while applicable to the separate States, shall be suitable to the country at large. Tue Forest AREAS OF AUSTRALIA. The magnitude and importance of the interests involved may be judged by the fact that the forest areas of Australia comprise 107,037,000 acres of marketable timber, or nearly half the areas of the forest lands of Europe, excluding Russia. Of this area Queensland possesses 40 million acres, New South Wales 20 million, Victoria 12 million, South Australia 4 million, Western Australia 20 million, and Tasmania 11 million acres. To this should be added a considerable area in Queensland (over 100 million acres) and in Western Australia (over 70 million acres) covered with inferior timber, which has‘a local value for building and for general purposes. Many, if not most, of the important forests of Australia are fairly accessible from the sea, as the best grown and most valuable timbers are mainly coastal. This especially applies to the belts of jarrah and karri in Western Australia, which occupy clearly-marked and distinct areas on the hill ranges of the south- west, which skirt the coast for some hundreds of miles ; and also to Tasmania, whose forests of blue gum and stringy bark grow down to the shores of that forest-clad island. In Victoria the southern forests, which correspond very largely to those of Tasmania, are not far from the sea, while in the northern part of the State, where the timber is akin to that of New South Wales and Queensland, considerable areas border on the river Murray. The sub-alpine regions of Victoria, however, where some of the finest timber of that State is found, are at present practically inaccessible. In New South Wales and Queensland a number of the largest and most valuable belts of forest land lie between the dividing range and the sea; but in both these States there are large areas too far from the coast to render them serviceable as immediate sources of supply. FOREST RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA, 251 THe ComMeERCIAL TIMBERS OF AUSTRALIA, The timbers of the Commonwealth are of many varieties, and some of them of high commercial value. The chief of these, as shown in the great work of the late Professor Baron von Mueller, are the eucalypts, which are indigenous to Australia, and are found in all parts of the country. Of this valuable timber alone there are over one hundred and fifty species. Besides the eucalypts, there are many kinds of casuarinas (the Australian oak), some conifers (the Moreton Bay pine), the cypress pine, the brown pine or colonial deal, and others, many acacias (the Australian wattle), banksias, and numerous other varieties. At present, however, the range of Australian woods available for British commerce is limited. Western Australia and Tasmania are the only States that have seriously dealt with the question of exporting timber, or of using their forest resources as a valuable commercial asset. New South Wales is beginning to enter the field, and Queensland should be able to utilise her timbers for the supply of outside markets. But before these States can hope to compete with Western Australia or Tasmania, or in any way to command the attention of timber users in this country, they must issue, under authority, a definite and reliable statement of the timbers available for export. General statements on the subject—of which the Government books are full—are of no practical use, nor are the tests, proving the strength and general value of the timbers, such as those issued by the Queensland and New South Wales Governments, unless accompanied by reliable data as to the timber actually available. For example, two of the most useful eucalypts of Australia—ironbark and tallow wood—to which special attention has recently been called by the New South Wales Government, are said to be so restricted as to render an export trade of any magnitude impossible. ‘There are, however, other varieties of timber in New South Wales and Queensland, of which there should be an ample supply. In the case of Victoria and South Australia, notwithstanding the proposed efforts to conserve and increase the forest resources of these States, there is little prob- ability of any export trade in timber being possible for many years tocome. Our attention, therefore, for the purpose of this paper, must be confined, practically, to Western Australia and Tasmania. 252 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. The leading timbers of this State are the well-known jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and karri (Hucalyptus diversicolor), which occupy a computed area of 8,000,000 and 1,200,000 acres respectively in the south-western district. The average size of matured jarrah trees is from 90 to 120 feet in height, and from 3 to 5 feet in diameter. The stems are straight and clean, and rise 50 to 60 feet without a branch. Karri is a still finer tree, its height averaging 200 feet, diameter 4 to 6 feet, and its stem rises branchless from 120 to 150 feet. The colour of the matured woods is red, and it is difficult, even for experts, to tell from the material itself the difference between them. The usual test is by burning, when jarrah is found to leave (ordinarily) a black clinker, and karri a white ash. Both timbers are largely used for harbours and dock purposes, railway sleepers and waggons, and street paving. For structural works karri is preferred, as it possesses greater lateral strength than jarrah. But for general uses jarrah is (locally) in much greater demand, and is esteemed the better wood. These timbers, when sound, possess, in common with some other Australian woods, great immunity from the attacks of marine and land insects, and are comparatively non- inflammable. The former characteristic renders them suitable for sea-work of every kind and for use in damp ground, while the latter renders them useful as a fire-resisting material, on account of which, I understand, an order has recently been placed for karri sleepers for the Baker Street to Waterloo tube railway by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, Ltd. The durability of karri and jarrah is universally recognised. Samples of timber which had been in use for piers and railways and for underground work for many years (such as those shown at recent exhibitions in Paris, Glasgow, and London) prove that they compare favourably with the best hardwoods of the world. The usefulness of these woods for street paving in this country is also well known. Of the other timbers of this State available for export, tuart (Lucalyptus gomphocephala) occupies the first place. This timber, in strength and toughness, is one of the best, if not the best, of all Australian woods. But the limited area it occupies renders a large export trade in it impracticable. Red gum (Hucalyptus calophylla) is a strong and useful wood, and has a very wide range. It requires, however, to be carefully FOREST RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA. MS selected, as it is often marred by numerous veins, These, how- ever, exude a gum which possesses important medicinal properties, and is used locally for tanning. The term “red gum” is common to many Australian eucalypts, particularly to the Hucalyptus rostrata of Victoria and the Hucalyptus resinifera of New South Wales. Wandoo (Lucalyptus redunca) is a wood that needs to be better known. It covers a considerable area, and it is com- puted that there are from 6 to 7 million loads of marketable timber available for use or export. It is well suited for railway and wheelwright work. York gum (Hucalyptus loxophleba), another widely-distributed timber, is a strong, tough wood, suited for general purposes. The same also may be said of the yate gum (Hucalyptus cornuta) and other eucalypts of this nature, of which this State and Australia generally possess a great variety. The Acacia saligna (a species of wattle) supplies a valuable tannic acid—mimosa tannin—of which the bark contains about 30 per cent. The well-known raspberry jam (Acacia acwminata) is a beautiful wood, suitable for cabinet work. Another acacia, the badjong (Acacia microbotrya), is used for barrel staves and soft-wood joinery. There are many other timbers in this State— casuarinas, banksias, and conifers—suitable for building, furniture, and fancy work, which are available for export. TASMANIA. The most important and best known tree of the Tasmanian forests is the blue gum (Lucalyptus globulus). Its name is derived from the colour of the young growth. In size it compares with jarrah and karri. The colour of the matured wood is golden yellow to purplish brown or buff. It is in considerable demand for harbour works. Good piles, like those supplied for the national harbour works at Dover, can be obtained up to 100 ft. in length. with only a moderate taper. It has been tried for street paving in London, though with only moderate success. If sound and well selected, blue gum is one of the most important and valuable trees of Australia, and, according to recent reports by the Govern- ment of Tasmania, is available in any quantities. On account of its rapid growth, and the pungent and odorous exhalations from its leaves, it has been widely planted in Southern Europe, par- ticularly in malarial districts, with most beneficial results. In South Africa, India, and particularly in the Southern and Western States of America, extensive plantations of blue gum have been 254 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. made. In a report on LHucalypts Cultiwated in the United States, issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1902, this tree is described as the best all-round eucalypt. As an illustration of its use for harbour purposes, the report states that a contractor, who was constructing a pier at Oceanside (California), required a few piles of Oregon timber to complete his contract. As these were not, for the moment, to be had, he obtained from a neighbour- ing plantation some piles of blue gum. When it became necessary, some years later, to repair the pier, these were found to be the only sound piles in the structure. ‘The demand for these piles,” the report states, ‘‘is now greater than the groves of eucalyptus can supply.” Stringy bark (Lucalyptus obliqua) is a more widely distributed tree than blue gum. It attains an immense size. The timber varies considerably, according to the situation and soil in which it grows. It is used for similar purposes to blue gum, but it is more subject to gum veins, and has, therefore, to be carefully selected It should be serviceable for street paving, but its tendency to warp and shrink renders careful seasoning and pre- paration necessary. Among the other timbers of Tasmania which are available for export, blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) and myrtle (agus Cunninghamit) are the best known and most in demand. Black- wood is extensively used for furniture, panelling for railway carriages, wainscotting, and interior fittings. It resembles cedar in appearance. Alcock & Son, of Melbourne, use it for billiard tables, and Collard & Collard, of London, for pianos. It has lately been supplied to the Admiralty for gun carriages, having passed the necessary test in the Government arsenals. Myrtle has been favourably reported upon by Messrs Ransome, saw-mill and mechanical engineers, of Chelsea, for its strength and high finish. Fine examples of its use, with blackwood, for dados and wall linings may be seen in London. In addition to these there are the Huon pine (Dracrydium Franklinii), an exceedingly fine timber, light and strong, which should constitute a useful and valuable commercial asset for local and export purposes. New Sourh WALES AND QUEENSLAND, [ do not propose to give any detailed description of the timbers of these States, since, as already indicated, sufficient particulars FOREST RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA. 255 are not to hand to justify any confident expectations of a con- tinuous supply for commercial purposes. The only timbers from New South Wales that are being exported to any extent are blackbutt (Lucalyptus pilularis), which is being used for sleepers and railway waggons, and tallow wood (Lucalyptus microcorys), which is being sent to South Africa for use as sleepers. Black- butt is in colour a lightish yellow or brown. It grows toa height of from 50 to 150 feet, with a diameter of from 2 to 4 feet. Like other Australian hardwoods, it is liable to warp, and requires careful seasoning. There is a difficulty at present in securing large sizes for exportation, for which there is an increasing demand. Tallow wood is of a clear yellow or light reddish colour when newly cut, but changes afterwards to a pale brown. Its average height is from 100 to 120 feet, and its diameter 6 to 8 feet. Its common name is due to the greasy nature of the wood. It is largely used in Syduey for street paving, and, with blackbutt and box (Tristania conferta), is being tried for that purpose in Westminster. CONCLUSION. My object in bringing forward at these meetings a practical subject of this nature is to aid, as far as one is able, the efforts that are being put forth by scientific, as well as commercial, men to promote the interests of our Colonies, the development and progress of which cannot fail to be of deep concern to this Association. It will, I am sure, be readily granted that the more widely the products and the possibilities of these great Colonial possessions are known, the more clearly will the fact be accentuated that our interests, whether scientific, industrial, or commercial, are one. 256 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XXX. Humus as a Geographical Agency.! By Marcet Harpy, University Ccllege, Dundee. The excellent translation by M. Ed. Henry? of E. Wollny’s book on the decomposition of organic matter and kinds of soils, has again drawn attention to this fundamental work. E. Wollny greatly added to, arranged methodically, and criticised the researches on this subject which were scattered throughout scientific publications; and from these he draws conclusions which are of interest to the botanist, the agriculturalist, and the forester, no less than to the geographer. Thus it is neces- sary to give a concise account of this important work, not only in order to direct the attention of specialists to the original, but also to give the general public a grasp of the whole question, that they may utilise practically the results. Organic remains lie either on the surface of the ground or in its more superficial layers, where they are continually under- going physical and chemical changes, which vary with the nature and state of the material and with the external conditions, From a chemical standpoint these processes may be reduced to two main types: oxidation, when there is a sufticient supply of air to the organic matter, and reduction when otherwise. Slow oxidation or eremacausis is chiefly characterised by a somewhat abundant formation of volatile products, such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, water, leaving a residue of mineral matter, most of which is available for immediate use to the higher plants. On the other hand, if oxygen is not supplied to the decaying matter in sufficient amount, the mode of decomposition becomes a process of reduction or putrefaction. The gaseous products are then much less abundant. They are principally carbon dioxide, marsh-gas, hydrogen, sulphuretted hydrogen, and some others. The solid residue is consequently greater, mainly consisting of nitrogenous compounds, volatile fatty acids, and mineral matter, and is unfit for immediate use by the higher plants. It is dark in colour and very resistant to any further decomposition changes. In both cases, however, these phenomena are chiefly of a biological nature, and due mainly either to ! Reprinted from the Scottish Geographical Magazine. 2 E. Wollny, La décomposition des matieres organiques et les formes @humas dans lewrs rapports avec Vagriculture, Traduction Kk. Henry, 1902. HUMUS AS A GEOGRAPHICAL AGENCY. 21 the micro-organisms which air, water, and soil contain in varying amount, or to soluble ferments. Most of these micro-organisms are lower plants, such as bacteria, Mucorinez, and, to a less extent, yeast. The Mucorinee have a considerable oxidising power, whereas a great many bacteria, by nature or circum- stances anrobic, act as reducing agents. In _ putrefaction, for instance, these bacteria bring about the first stages of reduction. All these organisms live exclusively in the super- ficial layers of the soil, though protected from the light. At a depth of one metre their numbers have greatly decreased ; at two metres they have practically disappeared. Quite a number of animals contribute to the eremacausis process of decomposition. These are rhizopods, earth-worms, Anguillule, crustacez, snails and slugs, myriapods, many insects, both larval and adult. They work by tearing up the material, or swallowing and digesting it.! Various agencies are at work, modifying both the rate at which the transformation proceeds and its nature. On the one hand, the physical and chemical conditions of the matter itself ; and on the other, the external conditions—air, heat, moisture, light, and chemical agencies. Thus, the general process of decomposition is the outcome of a number of simultaneous minor processes. Apart from purely chemical forces, each of these is controlled by the activity of certain micro-organisms and soluble ferments, this activity being in its turn controlled by the combination of the conditions of the matter and of external circumstances. The decomposition thus varies its aspects according to the prevalence of one or another process. But, as a rule, the whole is controlled in quantity and quality by the factor which is at a maximum or at a minimum. In nature these factors at once depend upon the climate and the soil, with its living and dead plant covering. We may thus approach the problem from this standpoint, and investigate the influence of each component of the climate, soil, and vege- table carpet upon each of the main processes, especially on the freeing of carbon dioxide, which may be used as a criterion of the intensity of decomposition. We are thus enabled to 1. Keller, Humusbildung und Bodencultur unter dem einflusstierischer Thitigkeit, 1887. 258 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. formulate certain general conclusions, based upon the law of maximum and minimum, which we have already mentioned. Among the different factors of climate, we must above all consider temperature and moisture.) When we remember that lowering of temperature is associated with a decrease of bio- logical and chemical activities, we easily understand why decomposition must be slower, and hence accumulation of organic residues faster, in the north than in the south, in the highlands than in the lowlands. Where moisture is relatively constant, it is the temperature which controls the decomposition, as in the Lombardo-Venetian plain. Conversely, when tempera- ture is moderate and constant, moisture becomes the pre- dominant agency, as in Sicily and Southern Italy. The influence of the soil varies with its position, slope, and physical and chemical constitution. In the dry season, or in a dry country, for instance, a northern exposure will offer the more favourable conditions for decomposition. Among the mountains of the south of France the soil is deeper on the northern slopes, because there the moisture necessary for eremacausis is more abundant and remains longer than on the souchern slopes, showing that the greater moisture more than compensates for the lower temperature. With these conditions reversed, a southern exposure will produce the greater intensity of eremacausis. As regards the slope of the ground, when there is an average inclination of 20°, the production of carbon dioxide is at a maximum. It decreases when the slope is steeper or more gentle. . The physical constitution of the soil will determine its heat and the quantity of air and water which it holds. Hence its effects are very complicated. As the amount of water increases, there is a corresponding decrease in the permeability to air. The finer the grain of the soil, the less the permeability to water. Soils which are rich in colloidal substances—humus, clay, and iron—are impermeable to air even when they contain an amount of water still far from saturation. On the other 1 Researches made by a number of scientific workers have shown beyond doubt that light, especially its blue and violet rays, has an injurious influence on bacteria. It is to be hoped that methodical observations and experiments will bring into greater prominence the consequences of this fact, which are, in all probability, of importance in the decomposition of organic matter in nature. HUMUS AS A GEOGRAPHICAL AGENCY. 259 hand, the amount of water influences conduction and calorific capacity. For example, during the cold season, a peaty soil is the warmest, then loam, limestone, and lastly sand. In spring these temperature relations are altered, so that in summer the sand is warmest, then peaty soil, limestone, and loam. Thus if we are considering the warm period only, the thermal characters of clay or loam are the least favourable for decom- position, those of sand the most favourable. Hence it will be seen why practical men call clayey grounds cold and sandy soils warm. The chemical nature of the soil may be of great importance. For example, lime, as carbonate, furthers the formation of humic acids; as sulphate, it favours nitrification. The carpet of living plants and the decaying deposits are at work hastening or abating the above-mentioned influences. A living covering retards the decomposition of organic matter just in proportion to the vigour and density of the plants composing it, while in a soil coated with dead material the eremacausis is slower than in bare earth, but more rapid than in ground clothed with growing plants. The result of the decomposition of organic matter is thus the production of a number of elementary volatile substances with a solid organic residue containing also mineral salts. It is to this organic residue that the name humus applies. Wherever a moderate amount of moisture, and a fairly high temperature, along with enough air, produce a strong ere- macausis, humus is only formed in trifling quantity. When one of the factors falls to minimum, the gasification of the organic matter correspondingly decreases, balanced by an increase of solid residues. Climate and soil thus both have their influence upon the production of humus. Humus is comparatively thin in a moist and moderate climate, as in the greater part of France, where peat-bogs are rare, occurring only in the mountains. In tropical regions, where the insolation is continuous, fermentation may proceed so rapidly that practically no humus residue is left. With the lowering of temperature at higher latitudes or altitudes, the thickness of organic residues increases, as we see in the zone of lowland peat-bogs or morasses of Ireland, Holland, Hanover, North Germany, and Russia, or in the mountain peat-bogs. 2960 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Similarly, the greater the permeability of the ground, the less can humus accumulate upon it. In fine-grained soils there is not enough air, under normal conditions, for an active eremacausis; consequently the organic matter is but slowly decomposed, leaving an abundant residue. In some cases the air-supply may be so meagre that the disintegration is a process of putrefaction, and humus gathers forming thick layers. According to the permeability of the soil, there is every link between these extremes, and the transitions are represented by very various types, on account of the number of the agencies which are brought to bear upon the eremacausis. Humus varies in colour from a dark brown to reddish yellow, according to its mode of formation. It presents widely different textures, porous in mould, spongy or friable in peat, earthy or fibrous elsewhere. Old peat has a greasy appearance, and forms an amorphous plastic moss. Humus consists of organic substances with a greater or less amount of mineral matter. Among the former are ulmin and ulmic acid, humin and humic acid, crenic and apocrenic acids, which arise from subsequent oxidation of humin and its acid. A comparative analysis of living and humic matter shows in the latter an increase of carbon and a corresponding decrease of hydrogen and oxygen. The nitrogen varies from 3 to 20 per cent. of the total humus weight, but is usually combined as insoluble compounds. Humus forms an almost waterproof layer; but it absorbs the water easily, and retains it even better than clay. On the other hand, it is subject to a very great evaporation. On the whole, humus contains more water than any other kind of soil, but gives it off to the plants with greater difficulty. It must there- fore contain a greater proportion of water than sand or clay does, in order to meet the requirements of its vegetation. Humus dried up in air becomes more permeable to gases. When water increases and the volume of the pores decreases, the quantity of carbonic, ammoniacal, and other gases, which is here always greater than in the open air, diminishes corre- spondingly. The humic substratums are very hygroscopic, and remarkable by their power of condensing ammonia, marsh-gas, sulphuretted hydrogen, etc. On account of its dark colour, humus has a strong absorbing power for the sun’s rays. On the other hand, it has but weak HUMUS AS A GEOGRAPHICAL AGENCY. 261 radiation. One might then naturally expect to find it warming rapidly. But this is not the case, for the specific heat of this soil is greater than that of sand or clay. Moreover, an intense evaporation from the usually moist surface, prevents any con- siderable rise in temperature near the surface. The heat proceeds slowly downwards on account of the poor calorific conductivity of the material. All these properties explain how, with normal temperature variations, humus is on the average colder than sand in summer and warmer in winter. CLASSIFICATION OF Humus.—According to the external cir- cumstances which control the production of humus, it may be classified into more or less well-defined groups. Lremacausis products.—Humuses formed in favourable con- ditions of air, moisture, and temperature have this in common, that they disappear more or less quickly, forming carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia, leaving a solid residue of the mineral constituents contained in organic matter, and that they give an alkaline or neutral reaction. This soil is generally termed mould (Mull or Terreau). Agricultural mould is made from harvest remains and organic material brought to the land. It decomposes quickly and does not gather. Forest mould includes the humus of the ground (Waldmull) and the humus of the covering (Strewmull) or leaf-mould. The former comes from the roots of trees that die in the earth every year. The latter is spread over the soil as a thin covering, which decomposes rapidly. It is overlaid by a shallow, unstable layer of detritus. This humus is composed of an intimate mixture of organic constituents with the mineral elements of the soil. Slime-mould (Schlamm mull) is formed in well-oxygenated water. Should bad conditions be offered, the reaction grows less active and turns to putrefaction. This forms rohhwmus or raw humus, which gathers in thick, compact layers. Steppe raw humus is mainly due to the physical nature of the soil, which prevents free access of air. It is formed in various climates, in very fine grained, little permeable soil, which interferes with the water-supply to the deep roots, and deter- mines the exclusion of the forest and the predominating of the steppes, prairies, and similar herbaceous formations. 262 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Heather raw humus results from lack of moisture in the regions where the dominating heather produces a dense felting or network of roots. It is often characterised by the formation, at no great depth, of a brown or black grit or pan, of organic origin, usually called Ortstein in German, Alios in French, and Moorpan in English! This dark humus, of compact structure, is as tough as peat. Forest raw humus? is derived from the material of the covering (Strewmull), when, either on account of the temperature or the growth of the trees, moisture decreases and air no longer is supplied in sufficient amount. Decomposition is retarded ; the covering becomes more and more impermeable. The plants which settle on that humus, heaths and vacciniums, help by the compact network of their roots and their own remains to increase the deposit and exhaust the superficial layers of the ground. Meadow or Pasture raw humus originates, on the contrary, from the decomposition of roots of grasses and other meadow herbs, with a limited supply of air and an excess of moisture. It is formed especially in the meadows or pastures, in the low-lying parts of the land. Products of putrefaction.—The result of decomposition with- out oxygen is peat or acid humus, a very stable mass, which may accumulate in vast beds. They are divided into lower or infra-aquatic marsh or peat, and sphagnum, or supra-aquatic moors. Lower or infra-aquatic marshes are formed in the neighbour- hood of running water or in lake hollows, on physically and chemically very different soils. They arise from the putrefaction of grasses, sedges, and rushes, and a few mosses which grow on the quiet river banks and lake shores usually covered with alluvial deposits. When they thus invade ponds and lakes, they restrict the surface area. The first condition for the occurrence of the plants of these marshes is a soil rich in nutritive elements, especially lime. Sphagnum moors, or supra-aquatic moors (Hatde moors), are formed in hollows both in the plains and the mountains by the putrid decomposition of sphagnum mosses which grow at 1 P, E. Miiller, Studien wiber die Natiirlichen Humusformen und deren Hinwirkung auf Vegetation und Boden, Berlin, 1887. 2 C0. Grebe, Auforstung von Odlandereien, 1896. HUMUS AS A GEOGRAPHICAL AGENCY. 263 the surface of the water. They are constantly associated with very pure waters, especially poor in lime. They arise on very different subsoils, but more particularly on impermeable clay, peaty pastures, or on infra-aquatic marshes, if the nature of the water happens to change. These sphagnum moors often form in the forests on mountain slopes or plateaux, owing to the thick layers of raw humus which accumulate there, and the moorpan which it produces. ! Between these two types there is every stage of transition ; they may even be intermixed, Influence of Humus on the Fertility of the Soils—Humus exerts a different influence, according to whether it forms part of the soil itself or is spread over it as acovering. As a constituent of the soil, its effect on the vegetation varies with the amount contained in the soil. A moderate proportion of humus is a considerable help to the fertility, but an excess of humus is extremely unfavour- able. Humus matter enriches the soil by contributing soluble food-stuffs, and protects it against percolating water which would otherwise dissolve and wash away its salts. From the researches of Petermann, P. P. Dehérain, Lawes, Gilbert, and Breal, we may conclude that higher plants can utilise some organic matters supplied to them, but it has not yet been ascertained whether those substances can be directly absorbed, or whether they have to undergo a chemical change brought about by the action of certain substances secreted by the roots. Besides, quite a number of plants have. symbiotic fungi or mycorhiza in their roots, which can supply to their hosts carbon and nitrogen from the organic detritus. The formation of carbon dioxide in humus furthers the disinte- gration of the underlying rock and the solution of certain other- wise insoluble mineral constituents, and thus helps to increase the fertility of the soil, Humus has also the power of loosening compact soils, thus making them permeable; whereas with sand, it diminishes permeability. Consequently evaporation is furthered in sand, but checked in clays and compact subsoils. Finally, humus moderates extremes of soil temperature arising from variations in external conditions. The quality and quantity of the dead covering spread over the ground in forests depends upon many factors, but chiefly 1 P. Grebner, Die Heide Norddeutschlands, Leiy zig, 1901. 264 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. upon the nature and the condition of the materials composing it.’ Organic matter amounts to 80 per cent. of the total weight of the covering, dried in open air. Of that mass, the greater part is made up of non-nitrogenous compounds, This humic covering or leaf-mould absorbs a certain amount of water, which is proportionate to its thickness, but becomes more nearly constant as the thickness increases. Another portion of the fallen water percolates into the subsoil. This is greatest with a layer, 20 centimetres deep, of leaf-mould. Evaporation is lessened in this layer, till, after a certain thick- ness, it remains constant. Upon the temperature of the soil, the dead covering also exerts a moderating influence, in that it does not undergo so wide a thermal variation range as does inorganic earth. In all these ways the materials of the covering and the humus which arises from it constitute the natural manure of forest soil. However, this influence of the covering on the physical and ehemical constitution of deeper layers of the soil may become injurious, if the detritus decomposes in unfavourable conditions. In a mould soil, there is first a superficial layer,? the most decomposed and exhausted by drainage; then a zone rich in soluble food-stuffs, and yet deeper, the crude earth, very little, if at all, modified. But where there is acid humic decomposition, the dissolving and washing away of the salts is of much greater import. Often there arises, thus, at no great depth, in the Jayer of active decomposition, a hard stratum of agglutinated humic substances which had first been dissolved and then reprecipitated. This organic grit or pan (Ortstein-Alios) con- stitutes an impermeable layer which offers a mechanical obstacle to the penetration of roots, water, or air into the soil beneath it, and becomes very injurious to the vegetation and healthiness of the country. Before a good many wells and pits had been dug through the pans of the landes of Gascony, this region, now one of the healthiest of France, was noted for its barren- ness and unhealthiness. From the foregoing, we see that humus deserves to rank 1 E. Ramann, Die Waldstreu und ihrer Bedeutung fiir Boden und Wald, Berlin, 1890. 2. Ramann, Der Ortstein und dhnliche Secunddrbildungen in den Alluvial- und Diluvial-sanden, Berlin, 1886. HUMUS AS A GEOGRAPHICAL AGENCY. 265 among the agencies which determine the aspect and the future of a country, 7.e., among the geographical agencies. Owing to its réle having been overlooked, or not fully appreciated, many phenomena failed to find their correct interpretation. In modifying the physical and chemical constitution of the soil, it affects the superficial erosion of the rocks. Here, by soluble acids, it furthers the disintegration of the solid rock, and impoverishes the superficial layers. Elsewhere, by covering the soil, it protects it from extreme variations of temperature and moisture, prevents the transportation of disintegration products, and checks erosion. In those light soils where it accumulates in proper quantities, it binds together and acts against a too rapid mechanical washing away. Humus forms enormous deposits, particularly in peat-bogs, in tundras, and in steppes (Zchernozom). The coal-beds, too, we may in most cases conceive as derived from former infra- aquatic marshes of geological ages. No less striking and varied is its action on vegetation. For instance, it changes a forest into a sphagnum bog or a heather tract, and again the bog into heather. It transforms pasture into marsh, marsh into infra-aquatic bog, this into sphagnum moor, etc. Elsewhere it develops slowly forest at the expense of steppe. The geographer must take humus into account and under- stand its influence if he desires to interpret aright the relief and nature of the land, its vegetation and fauna, the economic and social history of man. VOL. XVII. PART II. s 266 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XXXI. The Altitude of Forest Trees on the Cairngorm Mountains.1. By Hucu Boyp Wart. In the region of the Cairngorm Mountains is to be found the finest wild forest scenery in the country, in respect both of extent and of natural features. From the hill-slope above Boat of Garten, for instance, the prospect is such as no other district in the country can show. That fine river, the Spey, is immediately below the eyes; across it are the massed and serried ranks of the pine trees of the forests of Abernethy and Rothiemurchus, extending for miles up and down the river, and stretching up the hills, which culminate in the principal summits of the Cairngorms. This great background, far in the distance, dwarfs by its size and remoteness the woodlands at its base. They seem, in proportion, only dense plantations such as may be seen on any hill-side, and it is perhaps not until the forests are actually visited and passed through that their extent is properly appreciated. 1 do not know that the history of these woodlands has yet been told with any fulness or scientific accuracy, tradition, legend, and imagination—all admirable things in their proper places—having been too much drawn upon. Nor will this side of the subject be taken up here, this paper being limited to some observations, recently made, on the kinds of trees found on the Cairngorms, and particularly as to the altitudes at which they grow. It may be said generally that about 1700 feet above sea-level represents the line above which only few or exceptionally situated trees occur, and these only of a very few species. It might be more accurate to say that 1500 feet is the limit; about this height the Abernethy and Rothiemurchus Scots pines die out. In Glen Feshie, and on the Don above Cock Bridge, and in Glen Quoich, the highest pines are also at about 1500 feet. In Glen Dee they stop at about 1300 feet, and in Glen Lui, at Derry Lodge (alt. 1386 feet), there is a detached clump of fair-sized pines. At Braemar, Creag Choinnich (alt. 1764 feet) is wooded nearly to the top, chiefly with Scots pines and larches. The only other tree which attains the heights just named is the birch, which seems better able than the Scots pine to hold its own, and even gain ground. In some places—such as Glen Quoich—the wreck of the pines, blown down and decaying, while not un- picturesque, is in some aspects painful. The fallen pines seem ‘Reprinted from Cairngorm Club Journal, January 1903, Aberdeen. ALTITUDE OF FOREST TREES ON CAIRNGORM MOUNTAINS. 267 not worth clearing away, and a new plantation at the height-limits named is quite unusual. There is a dense one of Scots pines in Glen Lui (alt. about 1300 feet), carefully fenced, well grown, and healthy looking, but such a plantation cannot be said to add to the beauty of the spot. The birch, on the other hand, cannot be other than beautiful, and one of the finest and most extensive birch woods known to me is at Braemar. Many of the houses in the village of Braemar are built in clearings in this wood, trees frequently being left standing at and around the houses. By the side of the Dee the birches are tall, and many are above the average size; but when an altitude of 1500 feet is reached, they have become beautifully small and well proportioned—regular dwarf trees. There are thousands not over six feet in height. They ascend in almost unbroken numbers to an altitude of about 1700 feet on the side of Morrone, and sweep along its northern slopes from about Corriemulzie to Glen Clunie—a distance of more than two miles. It is somewhat curious how they immediately die out in Glen Clunie, and from near the Croft of Muickan, till the Spital of Glenshee is reached (about 14 miles), not a group of forest trees is to be seen. The Morrone Wood is a characteristic Highland native wood, with an undergrowth of heather, juniper, and bracken. Amongst the birches are occasional aspens, occur- ring up to 1500 feet, and Scots pines come in in places, but the wood isa typical birch one. Since I made these observations, I have learned that Macgillivray knew this Morrone Wood (previous to 1855), seemingly much in the same state then as it is now (Natural History of Deeside and Braemar, 1885, p. 172). This writer’s remark that ‘the whole tract along the riverfrom .. . Birse to the Linn may be considered a birch forest” (op cit., pp. 164-5), is at variance with Lord Cockburn’s observation made in 1846. The last-named remarks on the equal profusion of the birch and Scots pine near Castleton (Circuit Journeys, 2nd ed., 1889, p. 305). Macgillivray, however, seems to have looked on the Scots pine as not a native of Braemar (op. cit., pp. 17 and 361). The present conditions are that by the Dee at and above Braemar the Scots pine is predominant, and by the time the Linn is reached the trees are almost entirely of this species. Hazel and alder occur by the river side above Braemar, and at or near the village (alt. 1110 feet) are well-grown and flourishing examples of the lime, great maple, elm, horse-chestnut, beech, and larch. A dark copper beech is right in the village. These last-named 268 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. species must all be noted as introduced, not native. I did not observe any oaks higher up than about 700 or 800 feet. Through the kindness of Miss J. G. Watt, I had some observa- tions made at Tomintoul (alt. 1160 feet) this summer on forest trees. These, along with my Braemar notes, may be concisely given in the form of a list of species observed at an altitude of 1100 feet and over. This limit is fixed because it covers both Braemar and Tomintoul, and not because any scientific value attaches to an elevation of 1100 feet. Nor can any deduction or inference be safely made from the list as to the limits up to which the species named can grow on our mountains. It is, in short, an ‘“‘ observational,” not a theoretical list. Near Tomintoul, at a height of about 1200 feet, is an interest- ing peat-moss. It is being cut for fuel, and shows a depth of some ten feet in places. the species I have not ascertained, but the probability is that it is the Scots pine. The local story is that this wood was burned by our “auld enemy’ the English in “ Queen Anne’s time.” It is much more likely that this and the remains of other burnt woods frequently found in the Highlands are evidences of the primitive methods by which the earlier inhabitants cleared the land for In it are found trunks of large trees ; their own purposes. List of Species of Forest Trees noted at 1100 feet and upwards. 1. Lime, . 2. Great Maple, 3. Laburnum, . 4. Wild Cherry, 5. Rowan, 6. Hawthorn, . 7. Ash, 8. Elm, . 9. Birch, . 10. Alder, : 11. Hazel, : 13. Beech, 14 & 15, Willows, 16. Aspen, 17. Scots Pine, . 18. Larch, . Tilia europea, . Acer Pseudoplatanus, . Cytisus Laburnum, . Prunus avium, . Pyrus aucuparia, . Crategus oxyacantha, . Fraxinus excelsior, . Ulmus montana, . Betula alba, . Alnus glutinosa, . Corylus Avellana, . 12. Horse-Chestnut, . . Fagus sylvatica, Esculus Hippocastanum, . Salix (2 species at least), . Populus tremula, . Pinus sylvestris, . Larix europea, 1100-1200 feet. 1100 feet. ” ” 1100-1200 feet. up to 1700 ,, 1100-1200 _,, ” 7 1100 feet. 1100-1200 feet. up to 1500 ,. 27 s’ ” over i,t 4m THE DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATION AT TAYMOUNT. 269 XXXIL. The Douglas Fir Plantation at Taymount.' Of all the exotic conifers, this appears to be by far the most important for British conditions. It grows best in Ireland and the west of Great Britain, where the air holds the maximum amount of humidity, but it also thrives well wherever it is sheltered from strong prevailing winds, provided the soil is suffi- ciently deep. It shows a marked aversion to chalk. Of the two chief varieties—the green, from Oregon, and the glaucous, from Colorado—the green appears to be by far the more important for British conditions. It grows much faster, and yet yields better timber than the other, while, although a little more delicate, it is sufficiently hardy for all practical purposes. | No. Age. Height. Girth. County. Remarks. Years. Feet. Ft. in. 1 12 24 2 5 Galway. 2 18 43 4 0 Moray. 3 22 62 f Carmarthen. 4 30 80 6 0 | Moray. 5 40 100 teG: King’s. 6 46 92 joel Perth. Measured 1891. 7 58 103 9 0 Perth. Same tree as No. 6, measured 1903. 8 61 120 10 10 Buckingham. | From seed sent home by Douglas in 1827, measured 1891. 9 73 127 1l 6 Buckingham. | Same tree as No. 8, measured 1903. In the case of the Douglas fir I am able to give some figures from a wood (Taymount) of eight acres planted with four-year-old plants in the spring of 1860 on the estate of the Earl of Mansfield, about seven miles from Perth, in central Scotland. Professor Schlich puts the quality of the locality in the first class, but in doing so I think he estimates somewhat too highly. My reasons for thinking so are two-fold: (1) the impression gathered from an inspection of the soil is that there are many 1 Abstracted from a paper entitled ‘‘ Exotic Conifers in Britain,” read by Dr Somerville before the Congress of Forestry Experimental Stations, Vienna, September 1903, and reprinted in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture, December 1903. 270 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. more suitable situations, and (2) the height-growth recorded in the Table above is in many cases better than that at Taymount. The planting was done in squares, the Douglas firs being placed 12 feet apart, and the interspaces filled with larch, so that the trees stood 6 feet apart. An acre thus contained, theoretically, 1210 plants, of which 908 were larch and 302 Douglas firs. By the year 1880 the larches had all been removed, and in 1887 the Douglas firs were thinned, so that only 202 remained per acre. The Douglas firs (600-700) removed from the eight acres: realised by auction sale £34. There can be no doubt that too many trees were removed at this time. What with too wide planting to begin with, and too much thinning in 1887, the trees remaining in the latter year were very rough and branchy, and about 1896 all the branches to a height of 30 to 35 feet were pruned off. No thinning has taken place since 1887. On July 20th, 1888, Professor Schlich! made a careful estimate of the volume of the growing stock. By counting and measuring the diameter of all the trees on ;*5 acre, he arrived at the following result, in terms of an acre :— Diameter | Number Diameter | Number at 43 feet | of Trees Total Sectional at 43 feet | of Trees Total Sectional from of each Areaat 4} feet. || from _ | of each Area at 43 feet. Ground, | Diameter. | || Ground, | Diameter. Babee wae eee alll as |e : Inches. Square feet. Inches. Square feet. 4 3 ‘26 UES St) 232) 21°78 5 12 1°64 12 20 23°56 6 3 59 13 35 32°26 7 7 1°87 14 17 18°17 8 10 3°49 | 15 20 24°54 g 17 | (al 16 8 aller) 10 Vs 8°18 17, | 2 3°15 Total number of trees, 202; Total Sectional Area, 158*17 square feet. The average sectional area is thus ‘783 feet, equal to a diameter of 12 inches. An average tree was felled, and gave the following dimen- sions :— Diameter at 44 feet from ground, ; 11:78 inches. Sectional area, : ; ; ‘T57 sq. ft Total height, . : : : 60 feet. ' Trans, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Vol. XII. p. 226. THE DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATION AT TAYMOUNT. 271 The tree was found to measure 3 inches in diameter at 48 feet from the ground, and there it was cut through. It was then divided into eight sections of 6 feet each, each of which was measured, with the following result :— No. of Section. Length of Section. pera vo oe out ca Feet. Inches, Cubic feet. 1 6 12°5 Byala “2 6 10:0 3°27 3 6 9°5 2°95 4 6 8°5 2°3 5 6 7°0 1°60 6 6 6°5 1°38 7 6 5:0 0°82 8 6 3°5 0°40 Total, 48 17°89 The top and branches measured 50 cubic feet, say— 50 x -15=7'5 eubic feet of solid wood. These figures are calculated by Dr Schlich to give a total volume of wood, exclusive of top and branches, of 3738 cubic feet per acre. The trees being four years old when planted, had reached an age of nearly thirty-two years on July 20th, 1888, so that the increment, apart from thinnings and branches, was 117 cubic feet per acre per annum, By the courtesy of the Earl of Mansfield, I have been able to bring the statistics of this interesting wood up to date, by measure- ments taken by Mr Pitcaithley on June 22nd, 1903. Two typical areas, each of ;', acre, were selected, and the trees counted and measured. The results are given in the accompanying Table :— 272 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sample Area No. 1. Sample Area No. 2. No. of Tree. are S Sorerie No. of Tree. barre tes Ae aac Inches. Square inches. | Inches. Square inches. 1 TET 96°8 1 6°5 33°2 2 12°0 113°1 2 7°0 38°5 3 WE 126 °7 | 3 72 40°7 4 13°7 147°4 4 80 50°3 5 150 | 176°7 5 9°6 72°4 6 IBS) 1) 183°8 | 6 | 10°8 91°6 7 15°6 191°1 | 7 | 12:0 11371 8 15°9 198°6 8 12°3 118°8 9 18:1 257°3 9 12°4 120°8 10 18°3 | 263-0 10 13°5 143°2 11 185 | 268°8 11 14°5 165°1 12 18°6 | 217 12 14°8 172°0 13 189 | 280°5 13 15:0 1767 14 19:3 | 292°5 14 15°8 19671 15 19°6 301°7 15 15:9 198°6 16 19°9 311-0 16 16°5 213°8 17 20°1 317°3 17 16°9 224°3 18 21°8 373°2 18 17°0 227°0 19 17°4 237°8 Total Sect. Area in sq. in., | 4171°2 20 18-0 254°5 ” 3 ” Sq. Ges 29°0 | 21 18°1 257°3 29s », perAcre,| 290 | 22 18°5 268°8 Average Sect. Area per 23 18°6 271-7 tree in sq. in., : 231°7 24 19°9 311°0 Do. in sq. ft., 1°6 25 20°5 330°1 Total Sect. Area in sq. in., | 4327°4 :, 3 #5 sq. ft., 30°0 3 45 5, perlAcre; 300 Average Sect. Area per tree insq: in." faseeene 173°1 Do. in sq. ft., Is2 Average Sectional Area per tree on both sample Areas=197°6 sq. inches. Bf ie Ae - “ =1-372 sq. feet. On area No. | there were 18 trees, and on area No. 2, 25 trees, the mean for the whole wood being probably not less than 210 per acre. In order to facilitate accurate comparison with Dr Schlich’s figures of 1888, we may assume the same average number of trees per acre, namely, 202. In the case of area No. 2, four of the trees were exceptionally small, and in a wood planted sufficiently close in youth they would certainly have disappeared in the thinnings. The total sectional area of the stems at 44 feet was 290 and 300 feet respectively per acre, mean say 295. From these figures the mean diameter of the trees of area No. 1 works out at 17:2 inches (girth, 4 feet 6 inches), while in the case of area No. 2 it is 14:8 inches (girth, 3 feet 104 inches). THE DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATION AT TAYMOUNT, De The mean diameter may be put at 15°9 inches, equal to a girth of 4 feet 1? inches. In 1888 Dr Schlich found the average diameter to be 12 inches, his sample tree being a quarter inch less. Some trees having last winter been blown down towards the margin of the wood, Mr Pitcaithley measured a typical one in 6 feet sections, the details of which are given below. The total length was 80 feet, the diameter of 3 inches being reached at 714 feet. The true cubical contents work out at 58°93 feet, or 46°76 feet calculated by quarter-girth measure. No. 1.—Sampite Doveras Fir, Measured 1903. No. of Length of _ Mean | Volume of Y Mean ( Te ceahiee Section. Bertone | aamcrer of Roce Circumference | Quarter-girth Sections. | each Section. of Sections. WCHStire! -- | Feet. Inches. | Cubic feet. Ht. in. Cubic feet. ] 6 18°0 10°60 4 84 8°31 2 6 16°2 8°59 a: 6°77 3 6 L5°3 7°66 4 0 6°00 4 6 14°5 6°88 3 94 5°41 5 6 13°5 5°96 3 64 4°68 6 6 12°6 SAD 3 34 4°08 7 6 11°6 4°40 3 04 3°45 ro) 6 LOSS 3°61 x 4) 2°84 9 6 9°2 | PARTE 2 42 Ql 10 6 7°6 | 1°89 2 0 1°50 uit 6 NTS) | “99 sy: | 0°77 Wy 54 3°6 *39 0 11: 0°30 Total, 713 58°93 46°76 As, however, this tree was rather larger than the average, girthing, as it did at breast-height, 4 feet 7 inches (17° inches diameter), Mr Pitcaithley was good enough to select a normal standing tree, girthing 4 feet 1 inch (15:6 inches diameter, 1327 square feet section area) at 44 feet from the ground, and this was duly measured in 6 feet lengths. Its total height was 83 feet, the point of 3 inches in diameter being reached at 75 feet. The true cubical contents, neglecting top and branches, were found to be 50:25 feet, or, calculated according to English measure, 39°49 feet. With 202 trees to the acre—and there are probably rather more than less—this gives the enormous total of 10,150 cubic feet, or, by quarter-girth measure, 7977 cubic feet. 274 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. No. 2.—SampiteE Dovueuas Fir, Measurep 1903. Volume of Volume of No. | Length eae of| Wood in C irenareeenee Wert by of Section. | of Section. | Seahionn each vorSccnonn Quarter-girth | | Section. | Measure. | Feet. | Inches. Cubic feet. | Ft. in. Cubic feet. 1 6 | 17°52 10°04 4 7 7°88 | 2 6 5529 7°64 4 0 6°00 3 6 13°54 6°00 3 64 4°70 4 6 12°66 5°24 3 34 4°16 5 6 12°02 4°73 | By. NS 3°71 6 6 11°31 4°19 2 114 3°37 7 6 10°35 3°51 2 8} 2°73 8 6 9°39 2°89 25s 2°28 | 9 6 8-44 2°33 2 2 1°81 10 6 7°16 1°68 1 103 1°31 11 6 | 5°89 1°14 1 63 0°88 12 6 4°62 70 | I 2s 0°54 13 3 | 3°13 ‘16 =). Gua 9e 0-12 Total, 75 | | 50°25 39°49 If the volume per acre be deduced from the equation— Volume per acre Sectional area per acre 5 = =a ’ Volume of sample tree Sectional area of sample tree 295 x 50°25 1:327 we get, volume per acre= = 11,171 cubic feet. Seeing that this was the method adopted by Dr Scblich, we may accept the last result for purposes of comparison. Deduct- ing the volume per acre in 1888 (3738 cubic feet) from the volume in 1903 (11,171 cubic feet), we get the almost incredible result that 7435 cubic feet of wood have been added per acre during the past fifteen years, an average increase during that period of 495 cubic feet per acre per annum. When, however, it is seen that even the smaller of the two sample trees contains about three times as much timber as the sample tree of 1888, and bearing in mind the fact that no trees have been removed since that year, the result becomes more easy of credence. During the same period the average height has increased from 60 to 83 feet, the point of 3 inches diameter being reached at 48 feet in 1888 and 75 feet in 1905. Taking the age of the wood (forty-seven years) from the time THE DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATION AT TAYMOUNT, 275 the seed was sown (1856), we have a mean height-growth of 1:77 feet per annum, and a mean annual increase in volume per acre of 238 cubic feet. The contents of the two sample trees are calculated both as to true contents and also by the English system of quarter-girth measure. In the case of No. 1, the true volume was 58-93 cubic feet, while the quarter-girth contents were 46°76 cubic feet, so that, to reduce the former to the latter, it is necessary to deduct 20°65 per cent.; while to convert quarter-girth measure into true contents it is necessary to add 26°03 per cent. In the case of tree No. 2, the corresponding percentages are 21-41 and 27:25. For ordinary purposes, therefore, it will suffice to add a fourth in converting quarter-girth contents into continental or calliper measure ; while to convert the latter into the former a fifth must be deducted. Dr Schlich’s sample tree contained about 14 cubic feet quarter-girth measure, so that an acre carried— 14 x 202 = 2828 cubic feet. The smaller of the sample trees measured this year contained 39°49 cubic feet by the same system of measurement, therefore— 39°49 x 202 = 7977 cubic feet per acre. In 1888 Dr Schlich calculated the “form figure” of the Douglas fir, at the age of thirty-two years, to be °39, and anticipated that it would gradually decline.! This, however, has not proved to be the case, for, in the case of sample tree No. 1, the form figure works out at— Volume 58°93 x 12x12 12 Ee z = = = “4 l Sectional area x height 240:53 x 80 «x 12 a while in the case of No. 2 it is 50:25 % 12:5 12 5612 191°13 x 83 x 12 = 456. If the less favourable of these form figures, namely, -441, be used to calculate the true timber contents from the mean of the two sample areas, we get— 295 x 80 x -441=10,407 cubic feet, IONE (hia 85 Levc 276 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. which is very near what we came to (10,150 cubic feet) by multiplying the volume of the smaller sample tree (50°25 cubic feet) by the assumed number of trees per acre (202). As, however, I believe there are, on an average, 210 trees per acre, the calculation would probably be more correct thus— 50°25 x 210=10,552 cubic feet, which ditfers from the result (10,407 cubic feet) got by using the form figure by less than 1} per cent. These figures show that, in the Douglas fir, we have a tree of extraordinary value, and although it is a little fastidious both as to soil and climate, there are doubtless large tracts where its cultivation will prove in the highest degree remunerative. DISEASES, INSECTS, AND ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. 240 XXXIII. Diseases, Insects, and Animals Injurious to Forest Trees. By Giisert Brown, Forester, Beaufort. DisEasEs [NsuRIOUS TO PINES. Speaking broadly, there are two great classes of diseases which imperil the life of conifers. There are, on the one hand, diseases due to the action of animals and plants, which injure or destroy the roots, stem, or leaves, etc., of conifers, and so bring about the death of the whole or part of them ; and, on the other hand, there are dangerous physical conditions of soil, climate, atmosphere, etce., which render the life of conifers. more or less impossible. These two classes of dangers are frequently found acting together, and so a given case of disease may be complicated owing to the co-operation of many factors. The symptoms, too, of one disease may more or less closely resemble those of others, and thus dis- crimination and determination may be a matter of difficulty. So many are the diseases of trees due to parasitic fungi, it would be impossible to deal with the whole. I will therefore only deal with serious diseases, and those are seen in our everyday routine. Some of the most deadly and common are Trametes radiciperda, Agaricus melleus, and Peridermium pini. These fungi differ con- siderably in their mode of action and manner of inducing disease, but they all eventually destroy the timber of the trees by dissolv- ing and consuming the structural elements. The conducting and supportive functions of the wood are interfered with, and death of the whole or a part of the tree is the result. Trametes radiciperda. This disease attacks the roots of the Scots fir and a few other of the pines, sending its snow-white mycelium beneath the bark and travelling thence up the stem, to finally penetrate the wood by way of the cambium and inner parts. The rotting of the wood rapidly follows, and other symptoms so peculiar appear that the presence of this fungus can be concluded with certainty from them. Owing to reddish discoloration of the timber which results, the disease has been termed red-rot. This disease is extremely difficult to eradicate, because the mycelium travels from root to root in the soil, and the spores are supposed to be carried by burrowing animals from one place to another or by direct infection from the roots of neighbouring trees. 278 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Agaricus melleus. This mushroom or honey fungus, although a less pronounced parasite, is not less destructive; the details of its action on the timber, and its mode of spreading from root to root in the soil by means of its long, purple-black cord-like mycelium strands, also differ. These threads extend themselves under the surface of the soil, push their way into the bark of the roots with which they happen to come in contact, and develop themselves under it as long, ribbon-like filaments, ultimately causing the death of both young and old trees. Infected plants exhibit a strong outflow of resin at the base of the stem, which penetrates and cements the soil round the foot of the tree. Characteristic features of its occurrence are the dying off of the plants here and there in patches ; the rapidity with which plants in excellent growth are attacked and killed off, after having, perhaps the same year, developed very good growth in height; and the large numbers of tawny coloured mushrooms round the root of the tree. Peridermium pint. Of all the fungous diseases which affect pines, none is more interesting, and few more disastrous, than one induced by a form long known as Peridermium pint. This disease makes its appear- ance as bladder-like bags of spores protruding from the leaves or cortex, and springing from the mycelium which destroys the cell- tissues; in consequence of this the growth of the tree ceases at these places. The damage done by the cortical form is twofold in character. In the first place, the cortex and cambium are killed at the spot invaded, and this injury may go so far as to ring the stem or branch. Then, in the second place, an abnormal formation and excretion of turpentine is incited and soaks into the wood, and renders the passage of water upwards difficult or impossible The natural consequence is the perishing of the whole part above the infected places, and in dry summers such a result is apt to follow rapidly. The dying off of the tops of old pines is very often caused by this fungus. Beidium elatinum. When going through silver fir woods, a very frequent sight is a few of the silvers broken over, and on looking closely it is found that they have broken over at a dry, bare part or cankerous swelling of the stem; this is invariably caused by the silver fir DISEASES, INSECTS, AND ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. 279 fungus, Meidium elatinum. It is noticeable at different heights up the stem; the bark gradually dies off from excrescences formed, often of very considerable size, and the wood is laid bare and begins to rot. Sometimes two or three cankerous spots may be seen on one tree, rendering the bole more or less unsuited for technical purposes, and, under any circumstance, there is consider- _able loss in value. Nectrias. Spruces, and to a less extent silver fir and pines, are often affected with a disease caused by the “ Nectria cucurbitula,” the hyphee of which invade the small sieve-tubes of the bast. As long as the fir is doing well the parasite is confined to the resting parts of the bark, and cannot make its way into the active cambial region, the living cells of which go on dividing and growing quite normally. There is considerable reason :for believing that it makes all the difference to the fungus what kind of start it gets. © If the mycelium is young and feeble the active tissues of the cortex may cut it out very soon, and the ordinary observer can find no trace of the invading fungus or of disease; but if it starts in a bed of dying cells capable of yielding it suflicient food materials (the hyphz can grow in a cavity flooded with turpen- tine), its rate of spread depends entirely on what resistance is offered by the vegetable activity of the cells around. This raises the interesting question of the mutual actions and reactions between the hyphe and the living cells of the tree. All I can say here is that the hyphze may excrete some poison-like sub- stance whose action the living cells of the cortex and cambium may resist so long as they are strong, well fed, and vigorous, and may even break up and destroy. Once let such cells, however, fall below a certain standard of health and activity, and the hyphz make their way in and carry all before them. Factors in the environment (soil, temperature, light, etc.) determine the result. Hysterium prnastri. This is a disease which is very often noticeable on young pines when in the seed-bed. In autumn the leaves first show a slightly mottled appearance, occasioned by the mycelium of the fungus developing in the interior of the foliage. In the following spring the needles rapidly assume an entirely brown colour and die off, and the spermogonia of the fungus show as black pimples. Pines so affected are of very little or no use for shifting, as they are so 280 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. weakened by the loss of their leaves that they are unable to obtain sufficient nutriment for their sustenance. Care should be taken to clear away all the needles from the seed-bed, as the spores lying in the soil can play an important part in the cause and spread of the disease. Pexiza Willkommit, The canker of the larch disease is due to the attack of a fungus known scientifically as “ Peziza Willkommi.” Like all fungi, it spreads by spores, which in this case are produced in cup-shaped fructifications, which are always to be seen protruding from the dead bark of the larch in the neighbourhood of a blister. These bodies are about the size of a biggish pin-head, and when fresh are of a rosy hue inside and white externally. On the spores germi- nating, the mycelium enters under the bark wherever it can find any damaged place. Then it spreads forth branches, so that in a short time a regular network is formed, which attack and kill all living cells with which they come in contact. In this way all the cells of the cortex, bast, and cambium are killed, no new wood being formed on that part, and if the growth of the parasite is faster than the growth of cambium, the tree will undoubtedly die. The outflow of resin, which is so characteristic of the disease, is due to the shrinkage and cracking of the wood and tissues consequent on their death. In regard to the part of the tree attacked by the disease, it is generally to be seen at the base of a branch or twig, and if the blister be examined, a dead branch or twig may generally be seen protruding from the centre of the diseased part. If a part of a tree should escape infection until it is two or three inches thick, the chances are decidedly in favour of its escaping the disease altogether at that particular part. The belief is that if the spores of this fungus germinate on the sound bark, cortex, or other part of the larch tree, the hyph fail to effect an entrance ; on the other hand, if the spores are sown on a wound, however slight, the mycelial threads are able to enter and set up the disease. DISEASES INJURIOUS TO Harpwoops. There are a few diseases which attack seedlings, which, in favourable circumstances, prove disastrous to the young plants. Rosellinia quercina. This disease attacks the roots of young oak seedlings in nursery- beds, and occasions fading and dying away of the plants. The DISEASES, INSECTS, AND ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. 28] roots appear to be woven round with fine fungous filaments, in the vicinity of which the bark tissues turn brown, whilst black pimples about the size of a pin-head make their appearance here and there on the main root. Wet weather is very favourable for furthering the spread of this disease. Phytopthora fagt. This disease occurs chiefly on the seed leaves of beech, also on those of the maple and sycamore: it makes itself apparent by the blackening of the shoots and cotyledons, or by the breaking out of black spots on these, which is soon followed by the death of the seedlings. Insurious INSEcTs. Hylobius abietis—Pine Weevil. The worst enemy to young conifers, especially after planting out, is the Hylobius abietis, the large dark brown beetle of convex shape, with light yellow marks between the eyes and on the thorax and wing-covers. ‘The weevils lay their eggs in spring and continue to lay during summer, in dead but not dry pine, choosing especially the cut stumps of recently felled trees, also unbarked logs and the lower parts of dead standing trees. Under the bark the grubs gnaw irregular galleries in the sap-wood, changing at the end of these to pup. Like the grubs of all weevil, they require shelter, and will not feed exposed to daylight. They will, however, thrive in the closely-packed sawdust heaps which accumulate while the wood is being sawn up, and which serve excellently as a focus for infection. The duration of larval life is very variable, and depends greatly on the temperature and the season. As a rule, if the eggs are laid in the spring, the larvee are seen in about a month, and are full grown by the autumn. These full-grown larve lie in their hollowed-out beds until the early summer of the next year, when pupation takes place, followed by the issue of the adult beetles in June. The beetles have a long life, and can continue egg-laying for a long time, so that adults, pups, larve, and eggs may all be got at the same time. No injury whatever to growing plants of any value is done by the feeding of the grub; it is the work of the perfect beetle which is so harmful. The insects can fly, but hardly ever do so, except at pairing time; they therefore frequent the neighbourhood of their breeding-places. They prefer pine, but also attack spruce and larch, hardly ever deciduous trees, unless pressed by hunger. VOL. XVII. PART II. T 282 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Young plants up to five or so years of age are chiefly attacked, pieces of bark being eaten away into the cambium. Flow of sap or resin follows the injury, the latter being often very conspicuous. They cannot do serious injury to old bark, consequently the damage done to trees over ten years of age is usually insignificant. The preventive measures consist in keeping the ground free from unbarked logs and trunks, heaps of rubbish and of sawdust, and in preventing egg-laying in the stools of recently-felled timber. This is done by barking the exposed part, covering with soil, and beating firmly down. Hylesinus piniperda—Pine Beetle. This beetle is, next to the Hylobius abietis, the most injurious insect to pines over the greater part of Scotland. It is a small, oblong beetle of brown colour. The pine beetle swarms very early, as early as March in good weather, or in April if it is less favour- able, and deposits its eggs under the bark of newly-felled stems, also in standing trees of sickly growth, selecting as far as possible only the portions of the tree where the bark is thick. It, like the pine weevil, prefers Scots fir, but will make use of spruce and larch. The female commences boring under a projecting side where the bark is thick, often on the under side of a fallen trunk if it is free from the ground, and excavates a gallery in the bark, running, with the exception of the entrance which is curved, parallel to the axis of the stem. It is from three to four and a half inches long, and takes from three to five weeks to construct. The eggs, which may reach a hundred and twenty in number, are placed in small hollows excavated alternately along its two sides. The bore-holes, by means of which the insects effect an entrance, are not infrequently noticeable from the yellowish out- flow of resin on the bark. The eggs hatch in a few days, and the larvee begin to eat galleries at right angles to that of the mother. The larval galleries are at first small, but increase in size with the growth of the inmate, and soon take an irregular course. The larvee, when full grown, change to pups, in a small cavity hollowed out in the bark at the end of the burrow, and appear as perfect insects in June or July, emerging from the tree by eating out a circular hole from the pupal chambers. After the eggs are all laid the female dies; her dead body can be found at the end of the chambers. The borings of the parents are not at first conspicuous, but can be detected later by dust thrown out from between the scales of bark, whereas the hole made by the exit of the beetles, DISEASES, INSECTS, AND ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES, 283 which are in no way concealed, at once indicate that they have bred in the bark. Other injury to the pine consists in the boring of the escaped beetle into the young shoots for feeding purposes. This is effected by making a lateral hole in the shoot at a distance varying from one to five inches from the top. The hole becomes marked by a circular ring of exuding resin, and from it there is a burrow running up the pith of the shoot, which is killed. These shoots, which break readily, through the entrance hole or above it, strew the ground after a high wind. This damage, repeated year by year, produces a striking change in the appearance of the tree, which loses its compact crown and becomes stag-headed, the foliage being thin and scant. Lophyrus pini—Pine Saw-fly. The females in late spring cut a longitudinal slit in a pine needle, and lay in it from ten to twenty eggs, repeating the process on adjoining needles till over a hundred eggs have been deposited, which are all covered over with a kind of frothy slime. The larve hatch in a fortnight or rather more, and feed in clusters on the needles of young Scots pine. So long as they are still small the caterpillars generally feed in twos on each needle, and leave the mid-rib standing; but when they are stronger and nearer the attainment of their full growth they devour the whole needle. During the month of July they enter into the pupal state, a smal] leathery cocoon being formed between the scales of the bark and on the branches of the foliage and on the ground. In about three weeks the fully developed saw-fly makes its appear- ance. A second egg-laying may take place. Retinia buoliana—Pine Shoot Moth. The caterpillar of this insect causes destruction to the shoots of pines. The moths are small, reddish brown or grey in colour. They lay their eggs singly in young pines at the base of the bud of the terminal shoot or lateral branches, and into these the cater- pillars bore, hollowing out the centre bud and then attacking the Jateral buds, so as to destroy the whole or part of the terminal whorl. The larve lie in the shoots throughout the winter, and pupate in spring. Their presence is easily recognised by the altered and stunted shoots which have failed to grow, and break off at a touch, as well as by a flowof resin caused by feeding, ‘The lateral branches thus injured subsequently grow twisted, and 284 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the twisted or curved shape lasts for many years after the injury. GALLS. A gall is generally known as an abnormal growth of some plant tissues produced by animal agency acting from within. The exciting cause in the case of typical galls appears to be a minute quantity of some irritating fluid or virus secreted by the female insect, and deposited in the cortical or foliaceous parts of the plants. The virus causes the rapid enlargement and subdivision of the cells affected by it, so as to form the tissues of the galls. Larval irritation plays an important part in the formation of many galls. Chermes abietis—Spruce Gall Aphis. This very minute insect, of a yellowish green to a light brown colour, with whitish down and white wings, punctures the young buds for the purpose of depositing its ova. They have passed the winter in crevices and under bark scales, and early in April attach themselves each to the base of a young leaf, which reacts by a small swelling. There they lay a number of eggs. By means of the puncture thus made, and the absorption of sap by the young aphides, a cone-like swelling of the compressed needles takes place, green at first but afterwards ruddy brown. Each gall contains a series of cavities or chambers. In these cavities the larve live in numbers, either entering the chambers during the growth of the gall or being enclosed by the swelling of the surrounding needles. Fortunately the side shoots are much more frequently attacked than leading shoots, for the shoot when punctured assumes curious shapes and bends, and if badly attacked the young plants fall into a sickly condition. Such galls are now very frequent. They should be cut off and burned; by doing so twenty or thirty larvee in éach are killed. This would also not only save spruce, but larch, as the spruce aphis is understood to be one stage in the life-history of the larch aphis. Chermes laricis—Larch Aphis. This small dark brown insect, easily recognisable from its white woolly pad, damages the needles of the larch from April to August by sucking the sap, and when the insects attack the leaves they render them incapable of performing their functions, and they may leave wounds by which the spores of injurious fungi may gain entrance. DISEASES, INSECTS, AND ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. 2385 There are many gall insects which attack hardwood trees, but few of them do seriousinjury. Most of them give rise to cankerous spots and small pimples on the leaves, but as the leaves of these trees fall every year, the damage is not so disastrous as it is to pines. Cryptococcus faye. This scale is to be seen on many beech trees throughout the country. It presents the appearance of a shower of snow having frozen. It is generally known as “Felt Scale.” When the pest is but sparsely distributed on the stem, little damage results ; but when the attack is very bad the bark separates from the stem, and the tree ultimately dies in consequence. On moving the white covering about midsummer, the insects may be found in all their respective stages. Coceus fraxine. This is a scale becoming very common amongst ash, and known as the “Ash Felt Scale.” The bark is all covered with white or greyish spots, and on rubbing the bark a _ reddish substance appears, which substance is caused by the eggs being squeezed. That part of the tree affected by the scale is unable to perform its usual growth ; the trees are considerably less in circumference at the affected part than the stem of the tree above it. DAMAGE CAUSED BY ANIMALS. Roedeer. The damage done to woods by roedeer consists partly in biting off the buds and young shoots of most species of trees, thus causing the immedate death of young plants, and when often repeated crippling and stunting older plants and interfering completely with their normal development. Roebuck do a deal of damage by rubbing the bark off the tree in the act of cleaning the velvet off their horns. It is well-nigh impossible to rear plants success- fully where a strong head of roedeer is maintained, unless special measures are adopted to secure them against the bucks, Hayes. The damage done by hares consists in the nibbling of the young buds of broad-leaved species, and in cutting over the young shoots of conifers; this, however, seldom takes place but in very hard winters, when there is a decided want of food. 286 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Rabbits. Of all ground game rabbits are by far the worst enemies to plants; they nibble the buds, and eat and nibble all sorts of trees, especially those newly planted. They also cause annoyance by burrowing in the ground near trees, causing them to be more easily blown down. Squirrels. These little rodents, when numerous, do considerable harm to woods. They are very fond of devouring seeds of many kinds, especially acorns and beech nuts and the seed of conifers, which they procure by picking the cone to pieces. They also love to peel the soft, sappy bark from young pines in spring, stripping it off in patches, biting the external covering and sucking the sap, so that the slender stems are injured to no slight extent. Scots fir about twelve years old suffers severely; they are often to be seen with four and five feet all bare of bark. They also strip off the film of bast, and use it for building their nests. The damage done by squirrels is especially noticeable after a gale of wind, the young trees being broken over at the peeled parts. a | NOTES FOR PLANTERS. 28 XXXIV. Notes for Planters, By G. U. Macponatp, Raith. Now that the planting season is again with us, it may not be out of place to touch upon a few points of interest to those about to enter upon this important work for the first time. Assuming that the area to be planted is sufficiently protected against game and field stock, and that the soil has been properly drained, if needed, the important question that the planter has to decide is what trees are best adapted to the varying conditions of soil and situation with which he has to deal. For as a general rule it is only on very small areas that the quality of the soil and the other conditions are so uniform as to warrant the use of only one species of tree over the whole ground. Frequent mistakes have been made in the past, and are still being made, in planting trees on soils and in situations unsuitable to their natural growth, and no doubt many of the diseases which affect our forest trees have been induced by this unnatural treatment. Little wonder that proprietors and foresters have so often to complain of ‘‘ pumped” elm and ‘royed” larch, when it is found that these species have been planted on soil which was eminently better adapted for beech and spruce. In the hope of being of some service in helping beginners to avoid the mistakes referred to, | venture to offer a few hints on the soils best adapted for the healthy growth of a limited number of the more common and useful timber trees grown in Great Britain, and also a few remarks as to the manner in which these trees should be planted. Oak, perhaps the most valuable of our timber trees, should be planted on rich, strong soil of considerable depth. If planted on light soil, it attains a premature maturity and decays early. Oak thrives best on a high, well-drained situation. Trees of this species, when grown on marshy soil or along the margins of water-courses, not infrequently get “frost cracked,’ which renders the timber practically useless ; hence the importance of choosing for it a moderately dry situation. Select strong, well-shaped plants of from 2 to 3 feet in height, with an abundance of fibrous rootlets, and plant them in pits previously prepared for their reception, at distances of about 5 feet apart when a pure crop is wanted. Avoid mixing this tree with a number of other species, but if for amenity or reasons 288 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of exposure another species is considered desirable, then the beech is pre-eminently the best tree to associate with it. In this case plant the oaks 10 feet apart, with a beech between, leaving the plants 5 feet apart as formerly. Should the stems of any of the young oaks get destroyed during the first or second spring after planting, cut them back in the month of May, and allow them to sprout from the bottom. When the sprouts have reached a height of 2 or 3 feet, select the best one for the future stem. Ash, another of the most valuable of our timber trees, to be grown to perfection must be planted in a rich loam, with plenty of moisture. Care must be taken, however, to drain away all stagnant water. Along lower slopes, or the foot of glens and valleys, the ash generally luxuriates. Being of little value as a soil protector, owing to the openness of its crown, this tree should not be planted on large areas as a pure crop. It does best when mixed with one or more of the following species: plane, horse- chestnut, and maple, and in certain localities even spruce may be profitably associated with it. If grown in groups as a pure crop, it should be planted at a distance of 6 feet apart. The young plants should be from 3 to 4 feet in height, with a stout, firm stem, and should be taken from a nursery where they have had plenty of room, both in the seed-bed and in the lines. When grown closely together in the nursery lines the plants are apt to be overdrawn and lanky, the stems remaining soft throughout the winter, and, as a consequence, are more easily destroyed by frost after they are put out in the forest. If to be mixed with others, place the plants at distances of 12 feet apart, and fill in the intervening spaces with one or more of the species formerly mentioned, so that, when finished, the plants will stand at about an equal distance of 6 feet apart. Wych elm, to be grown sound, must be planted on moderately rich, well-drained ground, with an open subsoil. It should never be planted on very exposed situations, nor in cold, moorish soil. Owing to the spreading and irregular nature of its crown, it is best planted in groups or on small areas as a pure crop. When pitting for this species, make sure that there is ample room to receive the spreading roots without any chance of their being - doubled up in the holes. Use plants from 3 to 4 feet in height, and plant at intervals of 5 feet. Kept together in this manner they soon shoot upwards, and form straight, clean stems. NOTES FOR PLANTERS. 289 Sycamore, or Scotch plane, if grown on suitable soil, forms a very valuable asset to most wooded properties. It requires a moderately light, deep soil; and though quite hardy even in exposed or wind-swept places, it should be planted in sheltered hollows and on the lower slopes of well-drained glens when it is grown for profit and early use. This species thrives well as a pure crop, and owing to its heavy leaf-fall is an excellent pre- server of the soil. Like the ash, if the plants have been crowded in the nursery-bed or lines, the young growths are difficult to ripen so as to withstand the frost, and much injury results after their removal to the forest. Select therefore plants which have had plenty of growing space in the nursery. These should be from 3 to 4 feet in height, and should have been twice transplanted. Plant in the forest at 5 feet apart. Beech.—Of all our hardwood trees there is perhaps none which can adapt itself to so many varying conditions of soil and situa- tion as the beech. For forming shelter-belts for more delicate species, or growing under the shade of other trees, it is unequalled. To see it at its best, however, it should be grown as a pure crop, on light, dry soil of moderate depth overlying whin. The ground should be thoroughly drained if necessary, and the young trees —from 2! to 3 feet in height—should be planted at about 43 feet apart. Black Italian Poplar.—This is the only variety of poplar worth cultivating for profit. It thrives best in deep, rich loam contain- ing an abundance of moisture. Grown by itself, or in company with the white Huntingdon willow, it forms a valuable crop at a comparatively early age, especially in the vicinity of mining districts. Plants, which should be taken from cuttings and twice transplanted in the nursery lines, should be finally put out at a distance of 6 feet apart. Larch, the most valuable of our coniferous timber trees, should be planted on a moderately deep, sandy loam, on the slopes of hills having a northern aspect. If the ground is wet, it should be thoroughly drained one year at least before it is planted. On no account should larch be planted in low, humid hollows, no matter how suitable the soil may appear to be. Under such conditions it is sure to become diseased. If the ground to be planted is free from rough herbage, the best plants to use are two years bedded and one year transplanted ; but if the reverse is the case, then use plants two years bedded and two years transplanted. If planted 290. TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. as a pure crop, they should be notched into the ground at from 4 to 45 feet apart. If mixed, the best species to associate with it are beech and Douglas fir, but beech is the better of the two. In this case plant alternately at 5 feet intervals. In planting larch, the greatest care should be taken that the young trees are not injured by the heel of the planter’s boot coming in contact with them when firming the ground. Scots fir thrives best on light sandy or moorish soil which has been previously drained and freed from all stagnant water. For growing on heath-land it is the most reliable of all our timber trees. Unless the surface of the ground is coated with rough heather or weeds which cannot be burned, the best plants to use are two years bedded, one year transplanted. If the ground is rough, then use plants two years bedded and two years trans- planted. Put in the plants at intervals of 5 feet, and use the T notch system. This species should always be planted as a pure crop. Norway spruce grows to perfection in moist hollows, at the foot of glens, and alongside water-courses, although it will often grow to a profitable size on comparatively high ground which has a free subsoil. Avoid planting it on exposed situations, as, owing to its shallow root system, it is easily uprooted by gales. Use plants which have been two years bedded, and two years one year transplanted. Notch or pit at intervals of 4 feet. This tree does best when planted in bulk by itself. There are other species, such as the Douglas fir, Thuja gigantea, Abies grandis, etc., well worthy of notice, but those which have been dealt with are the most reliable kinds for planting for economic purposes. THE RAPID AGEING AND FIREPROOFING OF WOOD. 291 XXXV. The Rapid Ageing and Fireproofing of Wood." The preservation of wood was formerly accomplished by drying and covering it with coatings designed to prevent the entrance of air and moisture. But these have now given place to numerous plans for the introduction of antiseptic liquids. The decomposition of wood commences soon after it has been felled and exposed, whether in logs or pieces, to the air, to moisture and to variations of temperature. It is also destroyed by being buried in the ground. Cut up into planks, and dried in the open air, it warps and cracks, causing considerable reduction in its value. At 300° C. (572° Fahr.) all wood, dry or pre- served by antiseptics, is carbonised without production of flame ; but if subjected to a red heat or to the action of a burning body, as in fire, the pieces of wood are completely destroyed, even if they are covered with a coating opposing a certain resistance to the fire. Whence the multitude of processes made use of for more than a century for increasing the durability of wood. Not only are the chemical and physiological causes of the changes of wood now understood, but a remedy has been found for the evil. It has been known for a long time that dry wood is much less subject to decomposition than moist wood, which is still impregnated with sap. This knowledge has led to submitting the wood before use either to natural or to artificial and rapid desiccation. Until within the last few years the first or natural method, the most simple, that of exposure to the air for a time, afforded good results ; but natural drying, which occupies a good deal of time, especially for hard species and for considerable thicknesses, necessitates a very large surface for piling the wood, and the loss by waste due to splits at the extremities increases the cost of dry wood. This explains the numberless methods employed for securing the rapid drying of the wood under the best possible conditions, Paulet describes one hundred and seventy-three methods, most of which have been patented, and which may be distributed in the three following groups :— 1. By natural infiltration or displacement, applicable to stand- ing wood or to that recently cut down. ! Condensed from the translation of an article from the Revue de Chémie Industrielle, printed in the Scientific American and the Indian Forester. 292 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2. By pressure in the open air, applicable to wood in its bark ; or by pressure in an enclosure, applicable to dry wood. 3. By superficial application of antiseptic agents (by carbonisa- tion, immersion and coating), applicable to all kinds of wood. In the first group may be mentioned rafting, which consists in immersing the pieces in water. This allows of drying the wood more rapidly ; for the sap having been partially driven out by the water, which has replaced it, the latter will evaporate more readily than the sap. For instance, oak for flooring, which would require two years of drying in the open air, may be dried in four months after having been subjected to the action of the water. Wood is immersed in a stream or basin for three or four months. Jf the circumstances allow of raising the temperature of the water to 30° C. (86° Fahr.), the time of immersion may be reduced to fifteen or twenty days. Steam also afforded good results so far as the drying is con- cerned, but unfortunately the fibre is affected to some extent and the wood becomes much less tenacious. In the Leclere process the operation is conducted by steam, followed by drying in a current of warm air. The wood is arranged in a close chamber of masonry, and the steam is brought in for forty-eight hours by perforated pipes. Under the action of the condensed water a part of the sap comes from the cells of the wood, and the other part is coagulated. Thus the result is not complete. The wood is afterwards dried by causing a current of warm air (30°—35° C.= 86°—95° Fahr.) to circulate in the same chamber for a fortnight in the case of planks of ordinary thickness. The wood is piled upon the open-work floor of the chamber, inclining it sufficiently to cause the sap to flow. Each piece is separated from its neighbours, and this allows the air and steam to circulate freely over the whole surface. For drying, the warm air is introduced, at one time from above, at another from below, and alternately at one or the other extremity of the chamber. It is drawn in through the wood and drawn out by a ventilator working at the opposite extremity. Boucherie’s processes, which belong to the first and second groups, utilise at one time the vital osmatie force of growing trees; at another they effect the infiltration of a liquid, or the displacement of the sap by this liquid, on the tree recently felled. In the first case, one or two saw cuts are made at the base of the trunk, or several deep holes are drilled into it. An earthen band, THE RAPID AGEING AND FIREPROOFING OF WOOD. 293 or a strip of cloth smeared with rubber, is placed around the base and communicates by means of a tube with a small cask containing an antiseptic solution, which must not be too concentrated. The Sap on rising in the tree draws with it the liquid, according to the diameter of the capillary vessels. The tree receives the poison as it receives the nutritive element. In the second case, if the tree is felled, it is placed in a slightly inclined position, and a leather sack, as impermeable as possible, is attached to the trunk and put in communication with a reservoir 10 or 15 millimetres above.! The results are quite appreciable, but the process is incomplete, the penetration being irregular, and the displacement of the sap almost 77i/ in the heart of the wood. In the Renard-Perin process, the piece of wood is sawn at the two ends perpendicularly to its axis. One of the extremities is covered with a sack of impermeable canvas, into which the solution is poured; the other extremity is connected with a metallic receiver, in which a vacuum is produced by the combus- tion of tow soaked with wood spirit, which completely closes the apparatus. The aspirator draws from the capillary interstices the natural liquids which they contain. These are replaced with the solution under atmospheric pressure. The operation is repeated two or three times. In general, the processes by pressure in an enclosure, belonging to the second group, are worked by means of cast-iron cylinders containing the pieces of wood. In many cases a vacuum is produced, at the outset, in the cylinder which contains one or several pieces; and the liquid is then introduced under pressure maintained for several hours. A modification of the Boucherie and the Renard-Perin processes is the new process of G. Lebioda & Co.,—the injection of the wood before conversion. The trunk or log is enclosed in a kind of cast- iron autoclave able to support a pressure of 150 atmospheres. The liquid is injected by a pipe under pressure which is gradually increased for a quarter of an hour, in the case of spruce, up to 100 atmospheres. The wood is surrounded by the liquid, which is always kept at the same pressure. According to the inventor, the fibres of the wood offer no resistance under this process. The liquid entering, acts like steam in the Gifford injector. When the 1 The reservoir is usually fixed some 26 to 30 feet above the timber to be treated.—Hon. Ep. 294 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. object is to dry wood rapidly by this process, the treatment is etfected simply with water. Superficial carbonisation, belonging to the third group, is suitable to hard woods which cannot be impregnated with antiseptic substances. This treatment is of more lasting efficacy. The charring is produced by a flaming jet, which in the current of compressed air forms a kind of blow-pipe and causes a strong disengagement of heat. The flame draws out the water contained in the superficial layers, dries the fermentable portions, car- bonising the external part completely, and it produces a torrefied surface about half a millimetre (4, of an inch) thick, almost distilled and impregnated with the products of this distillation, which are empyreumatic creosoted substances. Drying with smoke is effected in a chamber of masonry heated by the combustion of moist sawdust, which yields a thick smoke, but renders the wood useless for many industries, on account of its disagreeable odour and the slight resistance of its fibres, which have undergone some change. None of these processes, except that of Nodon and Bretonneau, solves in an entirely satisfactory manner the problem of the rapid drying of wood or the complete penetration of antiseptic or fire- proofing products. They have succeeded in utilising electricity for modifying the constituents of the sap. The working of this process is quite simple. The apparatus consists of vats of cement or wood, which are filled with the solution employed for the treatment of the wood. This may be antiseptic, or formed of salts for rendering the wood uninflam- mable. That in use at Aubervilliers is a solution of crystallised magnesium sulphate (80 parts water, 20 magnesium sulphate) heated to 35° C. (95° Fahr.), in which the wood is immersed. This bath may be used indefinitely, provided it is regenerated with magnesium sulphate. About every month the bath is brought to the boiling point in order to coagulate and readily separate the organic matters proceeding from the wood. Before the solution of magnesium sulphate was employed, ether baths were experimented with, which were abandoned on account of practical objections, such as the deposit of resinous matter on the surface of the wood, which had to be removed by scraping and washing, or on the fibre itself, which quickly blunted the tools employed in working the wood. In the treatment with the magnesium sulphate the continuous THE RAPID AGEING AND FIREPROOFING OF WOOD. 295 current employed is 110 volts, but instead of being directed through the wood always in the same direction, a change is made every hour or every two hours, or half the amount of electric horse-power necessary for the operation is passed from the top to the bottom, and then the other half from the bottom to the top. The duration of the treatment by electricity is proportioned to the electric resistance of the wood, which varies according to its nature, its thickness and its humidity. As in the processes by injection, the operation is the more prompt and complete, whatever the species of timber, provided it has been recently felled, that is, if the sap has not undergone modification. The time may vary from seven to fourteen hours. During the electric treatment there is a formation in the mass of the wood, under the influence of the electrolysis, of new mineral compounds, stable and imputrescible, and this in a way much more complete than by any other process, preventing the ulterior development of the germs which cause the decomposition of the wood. The action of the electric current in the process of the ageing of wood is therefore very important. Investigation with the microscope, and the results of analysis, demonstrate the penetra- tion of the action to the heart of the wood. Drying of the Treated Wood.—After treatment, if the wood is in logs, it is cut up, according to need. After it has been thoroughly soaked with water, it is left from 8 to 15 days under a shed for drying. For this purpose the boards or scantlings are piled on each other separated by two or more spruce laths, according to length, the thickness of the lath varying from 8 to 25 millimetres (4 of an inch to 1 inch), according to the thickness of the boards. If sufficient space is available, the wood can be left to dry entirely in the open air, but it there undergoes alternations of heat and cold. It seems, therefore, preferable, after a first drying without, to pile the timber in a chamber, where a current of heated air is kept in constant circulation for from two to eight weeks, according to thickness, at a temperature gradually increased to 35° or 40° C. (95° or 104° Fahr.). The wood is then thoroughly dried and ready for use. Principal Advantages of the Artificial Ageing of Wood over the Process of Natural Drying.—If a piece of senilised wood and a piece of the same kind simply dried in the open air are compared under the microscope, it will be observed that the cells of the former have undergone contraction. The entrance of air is there- 296 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. fore rendered more difficult. Then the original albumenoid sub- stances no longer existing, the wood will not be affected by the hydrometric condition of the air, and may be preserved without change, escaping putrefaction and attack by insects. These properties have been proved by tests which show an increase in the tenacity of the fibrous matter, Experiments made by the superintendents of wood paving in the city of Paris have attested conclusively the efficacy of this process. Pavements of senilised beech and pavements of beech simply creosoted have been laid in several quarters, particularly at the Porte Saint Martin. When taken up some time afterwards, the treated beech showed no sign of the usual decay, and exhibited more resistance to wear than the beech not treated. By ageing, the colour of the wood is not modified, and its sonorousness is increased to such an extent that it is now sought for by the makers of instruments of music. This process not only imparts to the wood the qualities that have been enumerated, but it causes an important saving over the methods hitherto employed, especially over that of drying in the open air, by diminution of the capital represented in the value of the wood and in the ground occupied, and by the prevention of waste. It is applicable not only to the rapid drying of wood, but by modifying the conditions of treatment, of increasing any one of the qualities previously cited, according to the kind of wood and the use to which it is to be applied. Finally, by the electric treatment the uninflammability of wood may be increased by employing, for example, ammoniacal salts in the vats. FIREPROOFING OF Woop. It is impossible to render wood completely incombustible, but an almost absolute immunity against the attacks of fire can be imparted. Gay-Lussac was one of the first to lay down the principal conditions indispensable for rendering organic substances in general, and wood in particular, uninflammable. 1. Throughout the whole duration of the action of the heat, the fibres must be kept from contact with the air, which would cause combustion. The presence of borates, silicates, etc., imparts this property to organic bodies. 2. Combustible gases, disengaged by the action of heat, must THE RAPID AGEING AND FIREPROOFING OF WOOD. 297 be mingled in sufficient proportion with other gases which do not burn easily, in such a way that the disorganisation of bodies by heat will be reduced to a simple calcination without production of flame. Salts which are volatile or decomposable by heat, but not combustible, like certain ammoniacal salts, afford excellent results. Numerous processes have been recommended for combating the inflammability of organic tissues, some consisting in external applications, others in injection under a certain pressure of saline solutions. By simple superficial applications only illusory protection is attained, for these coverings, instead of fireproofing the objects on which they are applied, preserve them only for the moment ' from a slight flame. Their power of resistance to the fire being of only short duration, these coatings scale off or are rapidly reduced to ashes, and the parts covered are again exposed. It often happens, too, that such coatings have disappeared before the occurrence of the fire, so that the so-called remedy becomes injurious from the false security which it occasioned. We will cite some formulas still recommended. They are applied— (1) By immersion or imbibition ; (2) By application of successive coats by mean of a brush. 1. For immersion or imbibition the following solution is advised :—Ammonium phosphate 100 grammes; boracie acid 10 grammes per litre, or ammonium sulphate 135 grammes; sodium borate 15 grammes, boracic acid 5 grammes per litre. For each of these formulas two coats are necessary.! 2. For application with the brush, the three following composi- tions are the best :— (a) A mixture of hot sodium silicate 100 grammes, Spanish white 50 grammes, glue 100 grammes. (6) For first application—hot water 100 grammes ; aluminium sulphate 20 grammes: second application—hot water 100 grammes; liquid sodium silicate 50 grammes, (c) First application, two coats hot of—water 100 grammes ; sodium silicate 50 grammes: second application, two coatings of—boiling water 75 grammes, gelatine white 200 grammes ; work up with asbestos 50 grammes, borax 30 grammes, and boracic acid 10 grammes. 1 1 gramme=(about) 154 grains troy ; 1 litre=a little less than 1 quart. VOL, XVII. PART II. U 298 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Oil paints are rendered uninflammable by the addition of phos- phate of ammonia and borax in the form of impalpable powders; mortar of plaster and asbestos, and asbestos paint, are still em- ployed for preserving temporarily from limited exposure to a fire. In England, America and Paris, attempts have been made to introduce under strong pressure, preserving solutions into fibrous substances. Large establishments have been erected in different countries for this purpose. Unfortunately the process by pressure is still attended with the serious evil of introducing fireproofing products into the outer part of the wood only; the solution pene- trating to quite a limited depth. The process consists In removing from the wood, by the aid of steam under pressure, a part of liquid products which it contains. This induces a sort of distillation of the inflammable products, for which solutions are substituted, generally composed of ammonium sulphate or phosphate, boracic acid or alkaline borate. The best result has been obtained by electricity. In the Nodon and Bretonneau process fireproofing products have been introduced through the whole mass of the wood, and this in a way much more regular than by injection even under strong pressure. A truly exceptional power of resistance to the attacks of fire has been thus imparted. The quantity of fireproofing products depends on the strength of the bath and the duration of treatment. It has been ascertained by experiment that wood is really uninflammable; that is to say, that it resists for quite a long time a very high temperature, if it contains, according to its nature, from 15 to 20 per cent. of the salts employed. FIREPROOFING OF Woop BY ELECTRICITY. The successive operations and the apparatus for incorporating the fireproofing salts into the mass of the wood are nearly the same as those for the ageing of wood properly so-called. It is absolutely necessary for the treatment that the wood should be both green and not too hard. The total duration of the operation is 48 hours, divided into two equal parts. At the end of the first period, the wood is reversed (turned upside down). The wood thus treated has absorbed from 15 to 20 per cent. of its weight of the salts of the bath. These salts penetrate to the heart of the cells and form a sheath around the fibre. If the wood after drying is submitted to the action of fire, the ammoniacal salts, which encompass the fibres, melt. On a 2 THE RAPID AGEING AND FIREPROOFING OF WOOD. 299 increase of the heat, the fibrous matter is carbonised slowly and the gaseous products resulting from the decomposition of the salts prevent the ignition of the combustible products proceeding from the calcination of the fibre. In a word, the fire is limited to the points attacked, and is not communicated to the neighbouring fibres. The official tests conducted at Paris by the fire department are conclusive. The inventors constructed a number of cubic boxes, 0°50 metre in size, of spruce and poplar fireproofed planks, 26 millimetres (about an inch) in thickness ; the bottoms of the boxes were perforated with five holes. One of the boxes was filled with a kilogramme (21 lbs.) of dry shavings, which, when set on fire, required five minutes for consumption. 20 20 0 65 0 306 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Circumference Height Height at 5 ft. of Bole. of Tree. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 17. Ash, : é : eee 0) 40 0 80 0 18. Wych Elm, .. pee og) 32 0 88 0 j by Se wee me ; ; gag LL) 30 0 (0, 8 20. Oak, ; $ 5 5 Is: 0 af. (0 85 0 21. ,, (Pleasure Grounds), . 18 6 45 0 75 «(0 22. Beech, . : 2 145 50 0 105 0 23. Oak (Hop Gardens Pond), 16 0 48 0 90 0 24, 2 : : a lett ee 250) 90 0 2D: tans : ; : : «162 38 0 90.56 26. ,, (The Abbot’s Oak), . 17 4 20 O 70 O i Nee : : . 20 0 16,0 68 0 28, Wellingtonia gigantea, . 12 8 see 80 0 29. Poplar, Black, . : 1S; 2 45 0 100 0 30. - agree : SY 7 50 0 100 O 31. Abies Menziesir, : es) 60 O 90) 20 It may be interesting to mention that the Park extends to about 3000 acres, and that about 100 miles of grass walks and roads intersect it, The dairy, farm buildings, rubbish destructor, and crematorium were hurriedly passed over, and a visit to some of the more interesting groups in the zoological collection brought the first day’s outing to a close. Second Day. Wrest Park. A long drive through Woburn and Ampthill brought the party to Wrest Park, owned by Earl Cowper. A delightful time was spent in wandering through the gardens, pleasure-grounds, and groves. The predominating tree was the elm, but many fine » specimens of long, clean oak, ash, and beech were also noticed and remarked upon. One splendid beech was about 11 feet 6 inches in circumference at 5 feet up, and had a bole about 52 feet high, and a few Wellingtonias were at least 70 feet high. Some of the grand old yew hedges, dating back to Tudor times, called forth unanimous admiration on account of their immense size and wonderful regularity of growth. A visit was paid to the old Roman bath, traces of which still exist, to demonstrate the ancient THE TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL EXCURSION. 307 beauties of this fine old place. After luncheon, which was served in the Whitehart Hotel, Ampthill, the party drove on to AMPTHILL Park. This park, which is the property of the Duke of Bedford, is one of the oldest in the kingdom, and is said to be even older than Windsor Great Park. It is here that what is considered to be the largest oak tree in England is to be seen. Its dimensions are—Circumference (5 feet up), 29 feet 6 inches; height of bole, 25 feet ; height of tree, 75 feet. Other trees measure as under :— Cireumference Height Height at 5 ft. of Bole. of Tree. ft; in: ft. 10; ft. in. Oak, : : ' » Lnag 32 0 side » 21 2 18 0 55 «(0 » 19)" 9 32 0 40 0 ” 19 4 28 0 55 0 ” 1s es, 40 0 55 0 » 24 6 30 0 ae » 20 2 20 O 50 0 ” Die Ue 24 0 ” 26 0 32, 40 9 22. 3 24 0 Sor ” 20. 2 L5, 0 55 0 be 20 0 30 0 es » 22 10 18270 55 0 » - 20 3 38 (0 ” 24 3 22 O Of course most of these trees are unsound, some of them being quite decayed away with the exception of a mere shell. After viewing the stone cross on the summit of the hill over- looking Ampthill House, erected to commemorate the memory of Catherine of Arragon, the company proceeded to Ture WosurRN EXPERIMENTAL Fruit FARM. The printed catalogue of the experiments, which had been kindly presented to each of the members, contains the following description :—‘‘ The farm was established in 1894. The ground consists of 20 acres of heavy loam land overlying a deep bed of 308 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Oxford clay. The elevation is 270 feet above sea-level. Pre- viously, the land had formed a portion of an arable farm. The soil is of average, though somewhat variable, fertility. It was prepared for planting by trenching two ‘spits’ deep, and breaking up the subsoil, each spit being replaced in its original position. The ground was not manured.” The farm is owned by the Duke of Bedford, and is under the direction of Mr Spencer Pickering, F.R.S., who met the party and explained to them the nature of some of the experiments. Un- fortunately a violent thunderstorm and heavy rainfall interfered very much with the proceedings. The object of the experiments is to ascertain the effects of growing fruit trees under different conditions as to surface cultivation, root and branch pruning, manuring, aeration of the soil, etc. Mr Pickering explained what had been done in some of the plots, and although there seemed to be much doubt in the minds of some of the practical horticulturists present as to the value of some of the results, all were impressed with the painstaking care with which the experi- ments were being conducted, even to the minutest detail. Some of the results obtained, however, seemed very puzzling. For example, the application of 12 tons of dung per acre, or of artificial manure corresponding in nutritive value to a dressing of 12 tons of dung per acre, to a plot of apple trees produced no appreciable result on their growth; but it was considered by some of the party that the clay subsoil might account for this result, and that a similar experiment on a more porous subsoil might give a different result, such as was afterwards observed at Tring. Again, a covering of grass or weeds on the surface of the soil over the roots produced bad effects, while in some cases trees carelessly planted and unattended grew even better than some that were carefully planted and received every attention. The evil effects of frequent root-pruning, which was performed at intervals ranging from one to four years, were to be expected ; but when it is taken into account that most orchards are under grass, the bad effects which result from a covering of grass at Woburn are surprising. It may be, however, that the youth of the trees there, and the consequent nearness of their roots to the surface, have something to do with these bad effects. Before leaving, a vote of thanks was cordially given to Mr Pickering for his great kindness in meeting the members at great personal inconvenience, and for the explanations he had THE TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL EXCURSION. 309 given them. The day’s outing concluded with a hurried inspec- tion of some of the pot-culture experiments in connection with the field experiments conducted by the Royal Agricultural Society of England on the Woburn Experimental Station, which is close to the fruit farm. These were explained in detail by Dr Veelcker’s assistant, under whose supervision they were carried out. Third Day. The programme for the third day included visits to Ashridge Park, Tring Park, and Mentmore. Starting early, the company drove first to ASHRIDGE PARK, the “stately home” of Earl Brownlow. On entering the park the members were impressed with its great natural beauty and its magnificent trees, which, with very rare exceptions, were in a very healthy condition. Elms, oaks and ashes were abundant, but the - beech was the predominant tree. The “Queen’s Beech” had a clear bole of 70 feet, and was said to contain about 400 cubic feet of timber. The timber is of excellent quality, and commands a high price in the market. Mr Smith from Tring Park, Mr Liberty, the forester, and Mr Lowe, the gardener, accompanied the members in their walk through the gardens and pleasure- grounds, where a fine avenue of Wellingtonias was much admired. The time allotted, however, was too short to permit the members to linger, and only a glance could be spared for the Monks Garden, the Grotto, and the Bamboo Garden. Many ex- pressions of admiration were heard as the members took a last look at the beautiful mansion and chapel, and universal regret was expressed that a whole day had not been devoted to an in- spection of the beauties of this magnificent place. Trine Park. A short drive brought the members to Tring Park, the seat. of Lord Rothschild, where they were met by Mr Richardson Carr, the land agent. A visit was first paid to the nursery, where Mr Smith not only rears forest plants, but carries out experiments in fruit-tree growing. His experience of the application of dung to fruit trees has been quite the opposite of that obtained at Woburn. 310 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. A walk through a wood containing some fine grown beech brought the company to the park, where they saw the kangaroos, land tortoises, and other animals, and afterwards, under the guidance of Mr Hill, inspected the gardens and glasshouses, which were much admired, Lord Rothschild very hospitably enter- tained the party to luncheon in the Bungalow, and before leaving the table, Mr Cook, in name of the Society, thanked Lord Roths- child for his splendid hospitality. Mr Richardson Carr replied on behalf of his lordship. Votes of thanks were also accorded to the proprietors of Ashridge, Tring, and Mentmore for their great kindness in granting permission to visit their estates that day. Mr Smith and Mr Hill were also thanked for their kindness and assistance. After luncheon, the Jersey cows and Shire horses were paraded for the benefit of the agricultural members of the party, and later a hurried visit was paid to the splendid Zoo- logical Museum, which is said to be the finest private collection in the country. MENTMORE. The last place of call on the programme was Mentmore, one of the seats of the Earl of Rosebery. Mr Harrison, the agent, and Mr James Smith, the gardener, acted as guides. The racing stables were first visited, where the company had the privilege of seeing Ladas and Sir Visto, the brood mares, foals, and other less famous horses belonging to the stud. A walk through the beautiful grounds was much enjoyed, the Italian garden, which is the special feature of the place, being much admired. After spending a very pleasant hour, the drive to Leighton Buzzard was resumed. THe Excursion DINNER. The annual Excursion Dinner took place in the evening in the Swan Hotel—Mr Cook, vice-president, occupied the chair, and was supported by Dr Somerville, Mr Harrison, and Dr Wagstaff. Messrs Alex. Pitcaithley, vice-president, Wm. Mackinnon, and A. D. Richardson acted as croupiers, The loyal toasts having been given from the chair, Mr Pitcaithley gave the ‘“‘Tmperial Forces,” which was replied to by Colonel Porteous ; “Our Guests,’ proposed by Mr D. P. Laird, was replied to by Dr Wagstaff, of Leighton Buzzard; ‘The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society” was given by Mr Harrison, and replied THE TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL EXCURSION. Bild to by Mr Buchanan ; “The Landed Interest” by Mr Fleming, and replied to by Mr J. A. Campbell; ‘Kindred Societies” by Mr Wm. Mackinnon, and replied to by Mr Peter Fyshe; “ Forestry Education,” by Mr Wilde, and replied to by Dr Somerville; “The Chairman” was proposed by Bailie Murray; ‘The Croupiers ” by Mr Smith, Maybole; and “The Secretary” by Mr Jack, Maybole. Fourth Day. The fourth and last day of the Excursion was devoted to an inspection of beech woods in Buckinghamshire, and cabinet and chair factories at High Wycombe. The company, leaving their luggage at Leighton Buzzard Station to be forwarded to Euston Station, London, took train for Aylesbury, where carriages were waiting to convey them to HAMPDEN, the seat of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. Wyburn Woods were first inspected, and here Mr James, the local agent, explained the system of management followed. The woods on the estate extend to about 2000 acres, and are worked according to a regular system peculiar to the district. One- third of the area is taken in hand each year, and from it are extracted the stems of a size that meet the local demand. Those stems are also taken which are very broad crowned, diseased, or otherwise faulty. On the spots from which the trees have been removed there springs up a plentiful supply of seedling beech, so that no expense is incurred in establishing the young crop. It takes about forty years for beech to grow to the most useful size for chair-making timber. They did not care about cultivating the large plank trade, as better prices were realised for good clean timber for turning. From 10d. to 1s. 3d. per cubic foot on the ground were the prices realised, according to quality and existing demand, and every- thing that could possibly be classified as timber was sold at these figures. Many of the purchasers brought their machinery into the woods and did their turning there, sending direct into the chair factories, and saving the cartage on the waste. Any- thing down to 2 inches in diameter could thus be worked up. The timber was usually felled by the vendors, and sold in lots of about fifty trees, averaging from 10 feet to 15 feet each. 312 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Some oak was grown with the beech, but there was not much demand for it, and it was usually sold at about 1s. 6d. per cubic foot. It was principally long and clean grown, as the trees present in the woods showed, and was of good quality. The net yield was said to be 15s, per acre per annum over the whole area. A few minutes were spent at Hampden House, and the company then drove on to HUGHENDEN, which formerly belonged to the late Earl of Beaconsfield, and is now the property of Mr Coningsby Disraeli. On this property the woods are gone over in a succession period of seven years, operations being conducted over one-seventh of the area each year. From these areas about one-tenth part of the stock is removed. In this way the felling age being about seventy, an amount of timber approximately equal to the growth of the year is removed each felling season. By this arrangement the main stock or capital of the forest is not touched, and only the annual production or interest is removed. In the case of the Hughenden- woods, Mr Arthur Vernon, who has the management of the estate, informed the party that the annual receipts amounted to 40s. per acre per annum for the last thirty years. It is expected that this income, subject, of course, to fluctuations in the price of timber, will annually be reaped in perpetuity. So long as the principle above enunciated is adhered to, there is no reason why this expectation should not be realised. West WYCOMBE. The woods on this estate, which is owned by Sir Robert Dashwood, Bart., were also visited under the guidance of Mr Vernon. The system of management is similar to that followed on the Hughenden Estate. From West Wycombe the party drove back to High Wycombe to see the chair and cabinet factories of Messrs Birch & Son. All the stages of manufacture were watched with greatest interest by the visiting party. So far as possible, beech timber is employed in the construction of the chairs, but owing to the small extent of the woods in the district, a quite insufficient supply is obtainable locally. Eighty per cent. of the timber must be imported from abroad, THE TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL EXCURSION. 313 Canadian birch being found to be the best substitute for English beech. The latter, however, is much preferred and eagerly purchased. _ This was the last item on the programme, but before leaving for London the members dined together at the Red Lion Hotel, Mr Vernon, Mr Birch and Mr Smith from Tring being the guests. Mr James had unfortunately to leave earlier in the day. Mr Cook thanked Mr Vernon for his kindness in arrang- ing the programme for the day, and Mr Birch for the privilege of seeing over his factories. In replying, both gentlemen made very interesting references to the beech woods of the Chiltern Hills, and to the development of the chair industry at High Wycombe. Mr Buchanan, Convener of the Excursion Committee, thanked the Local Secretaries, Mr Thos. Smith, Tring Park, and Mr James Smith, Mentmore, for all the trouble they had taken in connection with the arrangements for the Excursion, which had been so successfully brought to a close. The company travelled by the 7.56 p.m. train to London, where a number remained for a few days, but the majority left for Scotland by the 11.50 p.m. train, and reached their destinations in the course of Saturday forenoon. In preparing the foregoing report, use has been made of the printed programme prepared by the Duke of Bedford, the Catalogue of Experiments at the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, and the reports which appeared in the Zimber Trades Journal, the North British Agriculturist, and the Scottish Farmer. VOL. XVII. PART II. x 314 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. XXXVII. Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society's Showyard at Dumfries, July 1903. For the third year in succession the Royal Scottish Arbori- cultural Society organised a Forestry Exhibition in connection with the Agricultural Show, and the Highland and Agricultural Society for the first time placed a money grant at its disposal for the purpose of a prize fund. The sum voted was £20, to which the Arboricultural Society added a number of medals, making up a competitive list of a dozen classes, but, unfortunately, only one-half of these secured entries. This Exhibition was therefore not quite so attractive as those held during the previous two years, but it yet possessed a good deal of interest for the arboriculturist. There were three entries in the class for a collection of timber of four varieties of conifers grown in Scotland—viz., Scots fir, spruce, silver fir, and larch. In the class for a model of a portable saw-mill for estate purposes there was only one entry. For the best article for estate or farm use, made from home-grown timber, there were three entries, embrac- ing two field gates and a farm cart. In the class for collection of furniture or house-fittings made from home-grown timber, there was a suite of rustic oak furniture in stag-horn design. And in the class for examples showing the best methods of utilising smallwood in the manufacture of fancy wood articles and turnery, woodwork, etc., there was only a fancy rustic oak seat. One of the most useful objects for which the Society offered a medal was for an instrument or method of expeditiously ascertaining the diameter of trees at a given height, and in this class a girth- finder and a pole instrument were entered. The Judges were James Cook, Arniston Estate Office, Gorebridge, and A. T. Gillanders, Forester to the Duke of Northumberland, Alnwick Castle. Their award was presented to the general meeting held on 27th July, and is printed in the proceedings of that meeting. Among the articles sent for exhibition only, the Society again exhibited part of a collection of 170 sections of British-grown trees and shrubs, and a series of micro-photographic slides of plant tissue, highly magnified. Captain Walker of Crawfordton sent specimens of various forest trees showing the bad effects of ‘‘notch” planting. Messrs Thomas Kennedy & Co., nurserymen, Dumtries (of which firm Mr John Newbigging, one of the local secretaries, is a partner), exhibited a specimen of the Japanese FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT DUMFRIES. 315 larch (Larix leptolepis) direct from its native country, where it was grown at an altitude of 5000 feet on the Fuji Mountain. The section was taken from a tree about forty-six or forty-eight years of age, and seemed to be of very good quality, but consider- ing its rapid growth in this country when young, it certainly appeared small when compared with the common European larch. Allowance must, however, be made for the elevation at which it was grown. Photographs were also exhibited showing Larix leptolepis growing sylviculturally and arboriculturally. The same firm exhibited four young specimens of the same tree which were raised from seed on the Murraythwaite estate in Dumfries- shire seven years ago. They were about 10 feet high, which shows the rapid growth this tree makes in this country when young. Mr George Leven, forester, Auchencruive, Ayr, sent stobs and paling rails creosoted by the method described in the last Part of the Society’s 7’ransactions, which had been in use for eight years, and also specimens of Douglas fir showing the results of an attack of fungus, believed to be Phoma pithya. Mr John Smith, Peebles, exhibited an octagon table made from elm grown on the Stobo Estate, Peeblesshire, and also an interesting exhibit of tables made of natural and fumed oak in contrast with a piece of oak, polished, which had lain over four hundred years under water. He also sent a measuring instrument for ascertaining the height and diameter of trees. An interesting display from England was that of Messrs Joseph Gardner & Sons, Bootle, Liver- pool, who sent a number of small specimens of foreign hard- woods arranged in mosaic panels. Mr T. Borrowman, Forester, Melville, St Andrews, exhibited a table made by himself. The Local Secretaries were John Newbigging, Nurseryman, Dumfries, John Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie, and David Crabbe, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, and they were assisted during the Show by Mr David Barrie, Comlongan Castle. Messrs Thomas Kennedy & Co., Nurserymen, Dumfries, kindly decorated the stands and grounds with a number of beautiful young conifers. 316 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. NOTES VAND ‘OU ER TPES: Forest Frres. The following notes, compiled from the translation of an article by M. Jacquot in the Revwe des Haux et Foréts, published in the Indian Forester, will interest students of this question. Dead Leaves. M. Berthelot, and more fully MM. Gauthier and Drouin, have proved that a fire, if sufficiently intense to decompose the humus and humic acid, thereby destroys the faculty they possessed of developing those most essential and scarce substances which contain nitrogen. Even if the fire does not destroy woody tissues, it burns up the covering of dead leaves. M. Détrie suspected what M. Coudon and especially M. E. Grandeau have proved, viz., that these dead leaves possess the precious faculty of absorbing nitrogen from the air. Since MM. Schlesing and Mintz in 1877 discovered the nitromonad, the first bacterium whose powerful action on the chemical changes in the soil was proved, attention has been concentrated rather on its agricultural than on its forest utility. The researches of M. Henry therefore mark an important step in science, By his experiments in 1897 the learned professor of the French Forest School proved that dead leaves may even double their original richness. The quantity of leaves produced annually on 1 hectare varies with the soil, climate, species, age, treatment, and density of the crop and the luxuriance of the crowns. It may reach 12,0001 kilogrammes of the living substance. The Bavarian stations have supplied some valuable figures, but these, as M. Henry remarks, are minima: ‘‘ They relate indeed to forests afflicted with rights to fodder. The impoverishment resulting from this detestable practice reacts fatally on the vegetation.” Other countries supply similar proofs. Jaeger and Buro, working under the same conditions, arrived at the same results as Professor Ebermayer. But Dr Krutsch, examining soils that were not so impoverished, 1 Equivalent to nearly 11,000 lbs. per acre. NOTES AND QUERIES. ahi found weights one-fourth greater for spruce and one-seventh greater for Scotch pine. After giving figures to indicate the air-dried weight of the dead covering produced annually by the fall of leaves and other vegetable debris in forests of various species and ages, the author states that, according to M. Henry’s weighings, at the end of one year, a weight of 100 lbs. of oak and hornbeam leaves produces a gain of at least -666 lb. of nitrogen. The leaves have by that time lost their colour, but not their form, and are far from being reduced to humus. Their action as gas-absorbers is slowed down, but only ends with their complete decomposition. This takes three years for certain common species such as beech, and nearly twice as long for pine needles. It is thus a very moderate estimate to say that, after allowing for all losses of gas returned to the atmosphere during the process of decomposition, there still remains “850 lb. of nitrogen absorbed and fixed from the air by each 100 lbs. of dead leaves. This quantity is pure profit—the increment of the leaves from the moment they fall to the ground. But at the time of falling they contain a certain quantity which amounts to over 1 per cent. for the principal species. This may be considered as the minimum for oak, beech and hornbeam. The total loss of nitrogen resulting from the burning of the leaves is therefore 1°850 lbs. per 100 lbs. of dry leaves of these three species. Probably it is at least 2-500 lbs. for pine, but for safety it may be taken as 2 lbs. Debris. The dead twigs, etc., etc., which reach the ground are also nitro- genous compounds. ‘They decompose more or less slowly, but always end by conversion into substances useful to plants (such as starches, nitrates, ammoniacal salts). A fire, even a slight one, destroys these small organs and dissipates the nitrogen, which exceeds ‘7 per cent. Under normal conditions the nitrogen derived from the two above-mentioned sources would have contributed to the formation of ulmic compounds and humus incorporated in the vegetable soil. A fire dissipates it in pure loss. The damage corresponds to the price of a manure containing the same proportion of the gas. In the case of a hectare of high beech, aged 100 years, the loss of the soil covering would, on certain assumptions, amount to over £2, 16s. per acre. Similarly, in the case of a 40-year old pine forest, the 518 ‘TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. loss would be £2, 7s., and in the case of a 6-year old stored coppice, the loss would be £1, 10s. per acre. The cost of transport and labour would be additional. The artificial product applied to restore the loss contains, ib is true, some other substances of a fertilising nature, but these cannot be considered as replacing any of the nitrogen due. Mineral foods cannot be substituted even for each other. Forest crops, though less exhausting than field crops, nevertheless make equally imperious demands for certain substances, and suffer equally severely as soon as any one of the necessary elements becomes insufficient. Field manures are intended for field crops, and do not produce the same effects in forests. What the latter want is nitrogen, and nothing else can make good the loss of the soil covering. The author of a forest fire should be compelled to make good the loss, under strict analytical tests, to within | per cent., and he should furnish that manure which is most appropriate’ to the soil and the season. RaILway RaATEs. The question of the injustice of preferential railway rates on foreign timber was raised at a meeting of Council in April, and a small committee was appointed to endeavour to collect in- formation on the subject. Owing, however, to the difficulty experienced in getting information from the railway companies, and mistaken ideas as to the law on the part of traders and foresters, very little data is available as yet. A few extracts from replies received in answer to inquiries made will best show how matters stand. One correspondent says: ‘“‘T believe there is a great difference in the charges for carrying foreign compared with home wood.” Another says: ‘ Foreign timber has, and I am afraid will still continue to have, the cheaper rate over home-grown round timber on account of its being easier to handle, bought in larger quantities, and landed in ports where the railway companies have to cut their prices keen in competition. I know timber merchants who get reduced rates, but that being a private transaction between themselves and the company or companies, they, in my opinion, are quite justified in keeping to themselves what otherwise might mean hundreds (of pounds) per year.” soars F Vy 2% © * “O06T BI poatoooy, ssaT 0 OL IleF ¢ ‘TO6T 10g suorydtsosqug bo bo APPENDIX B. Office-Bearers for 1902 :— PRESIDENT. The Right Hon. the Earn or MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. VICE-PRESIDENTS. D. F. MackeEnzi&, Factor, Mortonhall, Liberton. W. Srevart FoTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. JAMES Cook, Estate Office, Arniston, Gorebridge. The Right Hon. Lorp Lovat, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. JoHN MerHvEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. COUNCIL. JoHN ANNAND, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Peebles. W. A. MACKENZIE, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry. ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, Forester, Jeanie Bank, Scone. JAMES RoperrTson, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. Rosert Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. G. U. MAcponaLp, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville Castle, Lasswade. Joun Boyn, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow. JAMES ForGAN, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry. D. P. Larrp, Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield. WILLIAM MACKINNON, Nurseryman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh. CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. JoHN Hay, Overseer, Dollars Estate, 24 Picken Street, Kilmarnock. Gro. LEVEN, Forester, Auchencruive, St Quivox, Ayr. Sir Kennetu J. MAcKENzIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Sir JoHn STrrLInGc MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. A. D. RicHarpson, 7 West Catherine Place, Edinburgh. Epwarp P, TENNANT, Yr., of the Glen, 31 Lennox Gardens, London, S. W. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (Note.—Mr FRASER, Dalzell, declined to accept office, and Mr J. T M‘LAREN, Polmaise, resigned immediately after the Annual Meeting.) HON. SECRETARY. R. GC. Munro Fercuson, M.P., Raith House, Kirkcaldy, Fife. HON. EDITOR. Colonel F. Bartey, R.E., University Lecturer on Forestry, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. 23 SECRETARY AND TREASURER. Rosperr GALLowAY, S8.S.C., 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. AUDITOR. JoHn T. Watson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. JUDGES AND TRANSACTIONS COMMITTEE. Colonel BaiLey, R.E., University Lecturer on Forestry (Convener). JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, Edinburgh. JoHN Micuig, Factor, Balmoral. JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. RosertT Linpsay, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield. A. C, ForsEs, Wood Manager, Longleat. Rosert GALLowAY, S.S.C., Secretary, 5 St Andrew Square, Edin- burgh, ex officio. HONORARY CONSULTING SCIENTISTS. Consulting Botanist.—Isaac BAYLEY BALFour, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ANDREW PEEBLES AITKEN, M.A., Sc.D., Professor of Chemistry, Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. Bortuwick, B.Se., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—RoBERT STEWART MaAcDovGAat., M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist. —JOHN SmirH FLETT, M.A., B.Se., M.B., C.M., Geological Survey, 28 Jermyn Street, London, S.W. Consulting Meteorologist.—RoBERT CockBuRN Mossman, F.R.S.E., F,R.Met.Soc., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh. TRUSTEES. The EArt or MANSFIELD, R. C. Munro FEercuson, M.P., and W. Srevart ForurincHamM of Murthly. Counties. Aberdeen, Argyle, . Ayr, Banff, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan, . Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardin, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, oss, Roxburgh, Sutherland, West Lothian, Wigtown, LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JOHN Micuiz, Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. WALTER EvuioT, Manager, Ardtornish. JOHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. JOHN Hay, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, Kilmarnock. ANDREW D. Paces, Overseer, Culzean, Maybole. JOHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. Wm. Mitne, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wm. Ineuis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RoBertT Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Rosert Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss. D. Crass, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. JOHN Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie. JOHN NEWBIGGING, Nurseryman, Dumfries. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wma. Gitcurist, Timber Merchant, Ladybank. EpMUND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. R. Carrns, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Panmure House, Carnoustie. JAMES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JoHN Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullowuir, Blairadam. Joun Davinson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. * * * * * * * * W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy. W. A. Mackenzin, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry. Arex. PITcAITHLEY, Jeanie Bank, Old Scone, Perth. JoHN ScrimMGEOouR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Joun J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss Amy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JouN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. James F. Harvie, Factor, Skibo Castle, Dornoch. Donaup Roserrtson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAmEs SmiTH, Hopetoun Gardens, South Queensferry. JAmeEs Hocartda, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WaLKeEr, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, Berks, . > Bucks, . 5 Cheshire, Derby, Devon, . : Gloucester, Hants, . Henis, ‘eo - Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, 25 England. JOHN ALEXANDER, 43 Ampthill Street, Bedford. FRANCIS MITCHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Sroriz, Whitway House, Newbury. JAMES SmiTH, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton- Buzzard. Wo. Exper, Cholmondeley Park, near Malpas. THomAs Dow, Belvedere Road, Woodville, Burton-on-Trent. JAMES BArRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Wo. Storie, Forester, Gulworthy, Tavistock. GEORGE HANNAH, Over House, Over Almondsbury, Bristol. ANDREW SLATER, Estate Office, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight. JAMES Barton, Forester, Hatfield. THomAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring. kh. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. HAmitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES Martin, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. HAvetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor BovnicEr, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. GEORGE CADELL, ¢/o The Secretary, Surveyor’s Institution, 12 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. JAMES RopceEr, Forester, Morton Hall, Ringland, Norwich. Northumberland, JouN Davipson, Secretary, English Arboricultural Society, INGLES, 6 : Salop, . Stafford, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, . 5 Mada, 6 4 Dublin, » Galway, - : Kildare, Kilkenny, King’s County, Tipperary, Wicklow, Haydon-Bridge-on-Tyne. W. Micuiz, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomiryson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. Frank HULL, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. Rosert T, Couuins, Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent. ANDREW Boa, junior, Agent, Great Thurlow. PHILIP PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford. A. D. CurisTiz, The Gardens, Ragley Hall, Alcester. A. C. Forses, Wood Manager, Longleat, Warminster, Wa. Forsss, Forester, Swinton, Masham. ADAM MAIN, Forester, Rose Cottage, Loftus. D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Ireland. Jas. WILsoN, B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin. THOMAS ROBERTSON, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. RoBerT M‘KeErrow, Manager, Carton, Maynooth. ALEX. M‘RAg, Forester, Castlecomer. AncH. HENDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. ADAM JOHNSTONE, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh. PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST. GEORGE Paxton, Richardland, Kilmarnock. 26 APPENDIX C. List of Presentations to the Society's Library during the year 1901. ie oe 19. 20. Annual Report on State Forest Administration in South Australia, Year 1899-1900. . Reports of the Conservators of Forests, Cope of Good Hope, Year 1899. Annual Report Department of Agriculture, Victoria, 1899. . Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science, vol. x., part 2, Session 1899-1900. . The Forestal Conditions and Sylvicultwral Prospects of the Coastal Plain of New Jersey. By John Gifford, D.dic. 1900. . Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, part 3, 1900. From the Secretary for Agriculture, Victoria. . Notes on Forestry as a branch of Estate Management. By R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P. 0} poddojsuvi}, suodiosqng sioqumoW oi] Jo uoysodorg ‘~T | 9 9 SELF “ASYVHOSIOC DViidVO= i 6 CEP 61 b ' GOGT UF poatooor gO6T 10y sworydisosqug 61 18% —— 9 $ G : : “L061 PUL QOGL UL poatoooy ssa7T 9) LSE ZOGT 10J suoryditosqng Le ———— (0) ey yr * aareoor 9OUTS ynq Jo 10}JIM Woy Stray YP ‘TOL Loqmuoo0(] ISTE YB savotry ‘suorjdiwosyng saoquiopy Arvurpao ‘TLOGBL Loquoda(f ISTE 4e puvy Ul ooUurTeg “ASYVHO 0 G 8eF **o0qg Jo oo1ad yoour 07 onudAdY wor, pottojsuvay ung SI QI : ‘uorejnuruto0s Aq stoquioyy Avearpag OL 6LF : . : . ‘SLOQUIO TA, AVON : ‘ ‘ZOBL UL SUOI4dILOSqng slog Mloyy OUT Gl Git * Haptuuvy ‘puryjyoog Jo yuvg [RuoyvyN Uy Gl GooF * : * — “F8ZT 98 °G ‘ON ‘30099 AZINUUY poojzURAeNy) ‘41100 rod 7 Auvdutog AvATIVY ULIUOPITVD OSPF “ASYVHO ‘TOGL AoqQuIB9E(T ISTE Sutpus avo X 10jZ spuNoOoW Jo goraqsqy "ad XIONAddV *TOGBL loquiodseq ISTE yw spung "7 G “| § 15 ‘Lonny ‘NOSLVM ‘L NHOL ‘OU 0} PoJIqIYXe Uaeq OsTe oAvy ‘eaoqe sv spung s,fyo100g 9Yy Suruesedded ‘satqlmnoag ery, "4001109 TAY} PUNO PABY pure “ovijsqy Ue SI BUtoZeL0J 0y4 GOLA Jo ‘ZOGL taquiaoaq 4sTE 0} «wok oy} LO} LoINsvary, oq} JO SJUNOIDV ey PeuIMvxXe savy T yeqy Ayys90 Aqosoy [—'SOBL Avwnune y29, ‘HDUAANIAT OL L 7EoF IL § 628 ILL Z81 17 () al Q -3- Ge . . e o e e . ‘suoujoD -SUDLT, ZOBT JO esvysod pue ysoo Jo quomAvd 09 qoolqns Qunod0y JueLINO Wo “PTT ‘se (gq) pue Qdreoay yisodeq wo 6zeF_ (v) “(peyury ‘puryoog jo yurg [euonyeN UI wns Sateq) «awok 4xou 0} poldtvo ontaady jo sour[eg ‘9 ‘gq5no0q Y9039g jo solid yoo 04 [eyIdey 04 pattejsuvsy TUNG ‘G Le oF 0 #1 #8 y . * — §sf¥19NO Aqqjog pur ‘sanbayO uo uors -SIULUOZ) ‘saseysog [vleue+sy ‘ssuljootl = ysnsny pur Arenurve jo syoy[rg Jo saneqsod 0 GL LLF ‘SuoruomsunLz [OBL JO 25R4S0g —2'21A ‘skvTJNO snosuv[poost{ pur saseysog Ton Sear: : * MorneD jo puog s,Aavya109ag To wnIMerg pure ‘gouvansUy ‘SUISIJIQAP VW 0 0 &9 : “aoInsvody, puae A1eya109g og 8 ; ; " “xoqrpny 9 € & ; > i ; , ‘quey G : : ° ‘quoulaseuvyy Jo sosuedxq “Ff i 0) iy ‘ : : ‘skeqqng 12410 0 O10 . : ; * Susytoapy € Ot LF : ; : : ‘Saryutg : : : ‘usapleq Vy 4B MOYS S.A4aI00g [eInyNoIsy pue purlysry oyy ye woyiqryxg” Aayso10q “gE * “pg ‘sz ‘ex ‘syepelw ‘61TH ‘Aauoyy) sozug *Z OL L P89F 0 8II Z IL Gt ¢ 6 @ OL 8t ZS ‘paleaoday XBy, eUlODUT “9 ‘plos ‘‘oqe ‘suo1ppnsunuy ‘qso10JUy] PU SPUEPLAIG “F ‘qepideg WOdf pallajsuvsy SMOdosqug slequisdyy eT Jo uonsodorg ‘¢ 9 GL S90F 0 #1 39 Pao eas OSS ; “GOBL 104 -m900q] ISTE qe sivalIy 0) 9 863; | “ZO6L Jequia0eq] STE 78 O]qBIOAODALII SB YO W9}}IIM puv pappeoury —pn pag d 16 APPENDIX E. Office-Bearers for 1903 :— PRESIDENT. W. STevArT FoTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. VICE-PRESIDENTS. JAMES Cook, Estate Office, Arniston, Gorebridge. The Right Hon. Lorp Lovar, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. JOHN MeTHveEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. The Right Hon. the EARL oF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, Forester, Jeanie Bank, Scone. COUNCIL. G. U. Macponatp, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville Castle, Lasswade. JOHN Boyp, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow. JAMES ForGan, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry. D. P. Larrp, Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield. WILLIAM MACKINNON, Nurseryman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh. CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. JoHN Hay, Overseer, Dollars Estate, 2 The Glebe, Riccarton, Kilmarnock. GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchencruive, St Quivox, Ayr. Sir KennetuH J. Mackenzi£, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Sir JoHn Stir~tinc MAxweELt, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. A. D. RicHarpson, 7 West Catherine Place, Edinburgh. EDWARD P, TENNANT, Yr., of The Glen, 31 Lennox Gardens, London, S.W. JOHN ANNAND, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Peebles. Comin CHISHOLM, Forester, Lundin and Montrave Estates, Hattonlaw, Lundin Links. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. RogvErtT Forsss, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. A. T. GILLANDERS, F,E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumberland. JoHN W. M‘Hartisz, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. D. F. Mackxenziz, F.S.1., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Midlothian. W. H. Massig, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. HON. SECRETARY. R. C. Munro Frreuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House, Kirkcaldy. HON. EDITOR. Colonel F. BarLey, R.E., University Lecturer on Forestry, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh, ie SECRETARY AND TREASURER. Rosert GatLoway, S8.8.C., 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. AUDITOR. Joun T. Watson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. JUDGES AND TRANSACTIONS COMMITTEE. Colonel BaiLey, R.E., University Lecturer on Forestry (Convener). JoHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, Edinburgh. JoHN Micutz, Factor, Balmoral. JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Rosert Linpsay, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield. A. C. Forses, Wood Manager, Longleat, Warminster. Ropert Gauitoway, S.S.C., Secretary, 5 St Andrew Square, Edin- burgh, ex officio. HONORARY CONSULTING SCIENTISTS. Consulting Botanist.—Issac BAYLEY BAL¥Four, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ANDREW PEEBLES AITKEN, M.A., Sce.D., Professor of Chemistry, Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. Bortuwick, B.Sec., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MacDovuaatt, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—JoHN SmirH Fier, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., C.M., Geological Survey, 28 Jermyn Street, London, S.W. Consulting Meteorologist. —RoBERT CocKBURN MossMAN, F.R.S.E., F.R.Met.Soc., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh. TRUSTEES. The EARL OF MANSFIELD, R. C. Munro FEereuson, M.P., and W. SrevarT ForHrincHamM of Murthly. Counties. Aberdeen, A Argyle, . Ayr, Banff, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, West Lothian, Wigtown, 18 LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JoHN Micure, Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. WALTER Evxiot, Manager, Ardtornish. JoHNn D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Paces, Overseer, Culzean, Maybole. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. JOHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. Wm. Mitnez, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Ines, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick, JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RosBeERt Fores, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Rosert Brown, Forester, Boiden, Luss. D. CrasseE, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. JOHN Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie. JOHN NEWBIGGING, Nurseryman, Dumfries. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wo. Gitcurist, Kemback Sawmills, Cupar. EpMUND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. R. Carrns, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Panmure House, Carnoustie. JAMES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JoHN Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAmeEs Terris, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JoHN Davrpson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. * * * * * * * Cal W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy. W. A. Mackenzi#£, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry. ALEX. PITCAITHLEY, Jeanie Bank, Old Scone, Perth. JoHN SorimGEouR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Joun J. R. MerKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss Amy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JoHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Marner, Nurseryman, Kelso. JAmzEs F. Harpin, Factor, Skibo Castle, Dornoch. DonaAtp Roserrson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES SmirH, Hopetoun Gardens, South Queensferry. JAmES HoGarra, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WALKER, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, . Berks, Bucks, Cheshire, Derby, Devon, . : Gloucester, Hants, Herts, . Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesea, Norfolk, 19 England, JoHN ALEXANDER, 43 Ampthill Street, Bedford. FrANcIS MITcHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Storiz, Whitway House, Newbury. JAMES SmitH, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton- Buzzard. Wo. Exper, Cholmondeley Park, near Malpas, THomAs Dow, Belvedere Road, Woodville, Burton-on-Trent. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Wo. Srortek, Forester, Gulworthy, Tavistock. GrorGE HANNAH, Over House, Over Almondsbury, Bristol. ANDREW SLATER, Estate Office, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wiggington, R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Hamitron, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havexock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor BovunGER, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. GEORGE CADELL, c/o The Secretary, Surveyor’s Institution, 12 Great George Street, Westminster, S. W. JAMES RopaGEr, Forester, Morton Hall, Ringland, Norwich. Tring. Northumberland, Joun Davipson, Secretary, English Arboricultural Society, Notts, Salop, Stafford, Suffolk, . Surrey, . ¢ Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, . Kildare, Kilkenny, King’s County, Tipperary, Wicklow, Haydon-Bridge-on-Tyne. W. Micutis, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. WILSON ToMLINSON, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. FrANK Hutt, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport. Rosert T. Couiuins, Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent. ANDREW Boa, junior, Agent, Great Thurlow. PuHitie PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford. A. D. Curistiz, The Gardens, Ragley Hall, Alcester. A. C. Forses, Wood Manager, Longleat, Warminster, Wo. Forsss, Forester, Swinton, Masham, ApAM Matn, Forester, Rose Cottage, Loftus. D. Tart, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Ireland. Jas. Wrison, B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Tuomas Rospertson, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Rosert M‘Kerrow, Manager, Carton, Maynooth. ALEX. M‘Ragz, Forester, Castlecomer. Arcu. HENDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. ADAM JOHNSTONE, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh. PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST. A. D. Ricuarpson, 7 West Catherine Place, Edinburgh. 20 APPENDIX F. List of Presentations to the Society’s Library during the year 1 1902. . A Manual of Indian Timbers. By J. S. Gamble, M.A., C.I.E., &e. New and Revised Edition. . Wood: a Manual of the Natural History and Industrial Applications of the Timbers of Commerce. By Prof. G. S. Boulger. . Timber. Translated from the French of Paul Charpentier. . Utilisation of Wood Waste. Translated from the German of J. E. Hubbard by M. J. Salter, F.1.C., F.C.S. . Official Year Book, New Zealand, 1901. . Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, 5th series, vol. xiv., 1902. . Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, vol. 1xii. . The Country Gentlemen’s Estate Book, 1902. . From the Korsniis Sigverks Aktiebolag:— Bidrag till Gefle Stads Historia och Berkrifning af Oskar Fyhrvall. Gefle, 1901. Official Handbook to the Exhibition and Town. . Reports of the Conservators of Forests, Cape of Good Hope, Year 1900. . Annual Report, Forest Department of Madras Presidency, 1900-1901. . Report of the Superintendent of Forestry for Canada, 1901. . New Zealand Timbers and Forest Products. Compiled by Sir W. B. Percival, K.C.M.G. . Reports of Conservator of Forests for South Australia, for Years 1889-90 to 1901-02. . Reports of the Department of Lands and Surveys, New Zealand, 1897-98 to 1900-01. . Transactions of the English Arboricultural Society, vol. v., part 1; vol. i., part 6; and vol. iv., part 1. . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of England, vol. xxvi., part 4; vol. xxvii., part 1. . From the Royal Dublin Society :— Transactions, vols. i. to vi.; vol. vii., parts 1 to 13. Proceedings, vols. i. to viii. ; vol. ix., parts 1 to 4. Economic Proceedings, vol. i., parts 1 and 2, General Index. . Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1901, parts 1 and 2. . Journal of Agriculture of Victoria. Monthly. . Report of the Secretary for Agriculture, Nova Scotia, 1901. 22, Agricultural Returns, 1901. . From the Department of Agriculture, Victoria :— Bulletin No. 1. Impressions of Victoria from an Agricultural Point of View. By S. W. Wallace. Bulletin No. 2. Treatment of Vintage by Diffusion. By Pierre Andrien. Bulletin No. 3. Black Spots on the Apple, and Spraying for Fungus Diseases. By D. M‘Alpine. Bulletin No. 4. Review of the past Butter Season. By R. Crowe. dl. 32. 21 Quistione Arborea. By Dr Luigi Savastano, Royal School of Agriculture. In Portici. . Annual Report of the Ohio State University, 1901, parts 1 and 2. . Forestry and Irrigation. Monthly Magazine of the American Forestry Association. . Fungus Diseases of the Stone Fruit Trees in Australia. By D. M‘Alpine, Government Vegetable Pathologist. . The Field Naturalists’ Quarterly, voli., No. 1. . Webster's Foresters’ Diary and Pocket Book, 1903. . From the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati, Ohio:— Bulletin No. 1. Collections for an Essay towards a Materia Medica. By B. S. Barton. Reproduction Series, No. 1. Bulletin No. 2. The Indian Doctors’ Dispensatory. By Peter Smith. Reproduction Series, No, 2. Bulletin No. 3. The Genera of Gastromycetes. By C. G. Lloyd. Mycological Series, No. 1. Bulletin No 4. References to Capillarity to the end of 1900. By J. N. Lloyd. Pharmacy Series, No. 1. Bulletin No. 5. The Geastre. By C. G. Lloyd. Mycological Series. No. 2. Mycological Notes. By C. G. Lloyd. Nos 5, 6,7, 8, and 9. Some European Forest Scenes. By Dr John Gifford. A Reprint. New or Little Known North American Trees, No. 4. By Prof. C. L. Sargent. A Reprint. . The Utilisation of Waterworks Gathering Grounds by Afforestation. By W. B. Crump, M.A., and Wm. G. Smith, B.Sc., Ph.D. A Reprint. . A Botanical Survey of Scotland. By Wm, G. Smith, B.Sc., Ph.D. A Reprint. ’ ey. > : ' ; =) 44 withhtae 7 Ai . ‘ dad iy ae ' 4 Ada ty) AG i 1 Le i4 Aa 1 5 7 ‘ it Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Societp. YEAR. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. INSTITUTED 16th FEBRUARY 1854. _s_. «sss _a_a_a_s a2 2 as PRESIDENT. W. Srevart FornrincHam of Murthly, Perthshire. 1.—FORMER PRESIDENTS. JAMES Brown, Deputy-Surveyor of the Royal Forest of Dean. Ditto, Wood Commissioner to the Ear] of Seafield. Ditto, ditto. The Right Hon. Tur EArt or DuciE. The Right Hon. Tur EArt oF Srarr. Sir JoHN Hatt, Bart. of Dunglass. His Grace THE Duke of ATHOLE. JoHN J. CHALMERS of Aldbar. The Right Hon. Toe EARL or AIRLIE. The Right Hon. T. F. KENNEDY. RosBertT HutcHison of Carlowrie, F,R.S.E. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Hueu CiecuHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. Ditto, ditto. JoHN Hurron BAurour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS. L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. Ditto, ditto. The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blairadam, M.P. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. The Most Hon. THE MARQUESsS oF LoTHIAN, K.T. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. ALEXANDER DicKson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. YEAR. 1883. 1884, 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. bo Hucu OLecHorN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. The Right Hon. Sir Herperr Eustace MAxweE tl, Bart. of Mon- reith, M.P. Ditto, ditto. The Right Hon. THe Marquess oF LintitHcow, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. Ditto, ditto. Isaac BAyLEy BAt¥rour, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.8., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. R. C. Munro Frereuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. Colonel F. Bartey, R.E. (retired), F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Forestry, University of Edinburgh. 1899. The Right Hon. THe Ear or MANSFIELD. 1900. Ditto, ditto. 1901. Ditto, ditto. 1902. Ditto, ditto. 2.—LIST OF MEMBERS. Corrected to March 1908. HONORARY MEMBERS. Date of Election. 1886. AvEBURY, The Right Hon. Baron, D.C. L., High Elms, Down, Kent. 1873. 1886. 1901. 1886. 1886. 1894, 1901. 1886. 1903. 1889, Branpis, Sir Dietrich, K.C.I.E., Ph.D., #x-Inspector General of Forests in India, Bonn, Germany. CAMPBELL, Sir James, Bart. of Aberuchill, Redhill, Lydney, Gloucestershire. GAMBLE, J. Sykes, C.I.E., F.R.S., M.A., ex-Director of the Indian Forest School, Highfield, Kast Liss, Hants. Hooker, Sir Joseph D., M.D., K.C.S.I., The Camp, Sunningdale, Berks. JoHorE, The Maharajah of, Johore, Malay Peninsula. LOGAN, Sir Charles B., W.S., 23 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Menzizs, Sir Robert, Bart. of that Ik, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy. MicHAkt, General, C.S.I., Bangor Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire. Niuson, Jigmistare Elis, Forestindare for Kolleberga skogsskola Ljungbyhed, Sweden. SarGeEnt, Professor C. 8., Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard College, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A. co Date of Election. 1889. ScuuicH, Dr William, Professor of Forestry in the Engineering College for India, Coopers Hill, Surrey. 1895. Scuwappacu, Dr Adam, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia. 1886. TaKeEI, Morimasa, 58 Mikumicho, Ushima, Tokio, Japan. Date of HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS, Election. 1901. Bruce, William, College of Agriculture, India Buildings, Edinburgh. 1901. Cromer, T., Alexander, Forester, Colesborne, Cheltenham, Gloucester- shire. 1902. GitBerT, W. Matthews, The Scotsman Office, Edinburgh. 1902, Smiru, Fred., Highfield Mount, Brook Street, Macclesfield. 1901. Srory, Fraser, Assistant Factor, The Glen, Innerleithen. 1901. UsHEer, Thomas, Courthill, Hawick. Date of LIFE MEMBERS. Election. 1883. ADAM, Sir Charles Elphinstone, Bart. of Blairadam, 5 New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C. 1874, AppiNGToN, The Right Hon. Lord, Addington Manor, Winslow. Bucks. 1883. ALEXANDER, John, Elephants Nook, 43 Ampthill Street, Bedford. 1883. ATHOLE, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole. 1887. Barney, Colonel F., R.E., F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. 1896. Barrp, J. G. A., M.P., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, S.W. 1884. BaLrour or BuriEtcH, The Right Hon. Lord, K.T., Secretary for Scotland, Kennet House, Alloa. 1900. Batrour, Charles B., of Newton Don, Kelso. 1886. BaLrour, Edward, of Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. 1877. Batrour, Isaac Bayley, LL.D., Sc.D., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Edinburgh. 1866. Barris, James, Forester, Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon. 1889. Barron, John, Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby. 1877. Barry, John W., of Fyling Hall, Fylingdales, Scarborough, Yorks. 1871. Baxter, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. 1897. Brae, James, The Gardens, Lanrick Castle, Doune, Perthshire. 1871. Brtx, William, of Gribdae, 293 Lordship Lane, London, S. E. 1897. Buack, Alexander, The Gardens, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. 1877. BotcKxow, C. F. H., of Brackenhoe, Marton Hall, Marton R.S.O., Yorks 1895. Boorp, W. Bertram, Land Agent, Bewerley, Pateley Bridge, Yorks. 1857. BorrHwick, Wm., Forester, Dunnichen, Forfar. 1902. Brarp, William Wilson, Tossville, 12 Milton Road, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. 1900. Brown, Charles, Factor, Kerse, Falkirk. 1896, Brown, Rev. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire. Date of Election. 1867. 1873. 1879. 1879. 1897. 1903. 1896. 1882. 1883. 1872. 1898. 1879. 1887. 1897. 1876. 1892. 1874. 1901. 1875. 1898. 1900. 1865. 1895. 1901. 1893. 1884. 1867. 1876. 1900. 1892. 1901. 1898. 1896. 1883. 1872. 1895. 1902. 1876. 1881. 1899. 1879. 1900. 1888. Bruce, Thomas Rae, Old Garroch, New Galloway. Brypon, John, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. Buccieucu, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith. BucHANAN, Charles, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. CAMPBELL, James Arthur, Arduaine, Lochgilphead, Argyleshire. CapEL, James Carnegy, 34 Roland Gardens, London, S.W. CARMICHAEL, Sir Thos. D. Gibson, Bart. of Castlecraig, Malen House, Balerno. CHOWLER, Christopher, Gamekeeper, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. CHRISTIE, William, Nurseryman, Fochabers. CLERK, Sir George D., Bart. of Penicuik, Midlothian. Coats, Sir Thomas Glen, Bart., Ferguslie Park, Paisley. Colquhoun, Andrew, 75 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. Cook, James, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Coupar, Wm., Overseer, Balgowan, Perthshire. Cowan, Charles W., of Logan House, Valleyfield, Penicuik. Cowan, George, 1 Gillsland Road, Edinburgh. CowPeEr, R. W., Gortanore, Sittingbourne, Kent. Craic, Sir James H. Gibson, Bart. of Riccarton, Currie. Craic, Wm., M.D., C.M., F.R.S.E., 71 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. CrAWFoRD, Francis C., 19 Royal Terrace, Edinburgh. Crooks, James, Timber Merchant, Woodlands, Eccleston Park,. Prescot. Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland. Crozier, John D., Forester, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeen. CUNNINGHAM, Captain John, Leithen Lodge, Innerleithen. Curr, W.S., Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. CurRIE, Sir Donald, K.C.M.G., M.P., of Garth Castle, Aberfeldy. DALGLEISH, John G., of Ardnamurchan, Brankston Grange, Stirling. DALGLEIsH, Laurence, of Dalbeath, Rutland Square, Edinburgh. DauHousi£, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Brechin Castle, Forfarshire. Davipson, William, Forester, Margam Park, Port Talbot, Wales. Dewar, John A., M.P., Perth. Dicsy, The Right Hon. Baron, Minterne, Cerne, Dorsetshire. Dovetas, Alex., Abbey Gardens, Wykeham R.S.0., Yorks. Dunpas, Charles H., of Dunira, Dalchonzie, Crieff, Perthshire. Dunpas, Sir Robert, Bart. of Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Dunpas, Lieut.-Colonel Robert, Yr. of Arniston, Kirkhill, Gorebridge. DurHAM, Right Hon. the Earl of, Lambton Castle, Durham. Epwarps, William Peacock, S.S.C., 21 Hill Street, Edinburgh. EuxioT, Walter, Manager, Ardtornish, Morvern, Oban, Argyle. ELLIson, Francis B., Bragleenbeg, Kilninver, Oban. FaLconer, Dr John, St Ann’s, Lasswade, Midlothian. Ferouson, James Alex., Ardnitb, Partickhill, Glasgow. Fereuson, R. C. Munro, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith, Fife. or Date of Election. 1901. 1902. 1881. 1896. 1878. 1873. 1869. 1897. 1866. 1901. 1892. 1892. 1893. 1899. 1903. 1881. 1900. 1901. 1868. 1897, 1884. 1874. 1880. 1900. 1882. 1899. 1903. 1880. 1880. 1901. 1874. 1884. 1902. TS 7s 1876. 1876. 1869. 1884. 1901. 1883. 1882. 1870. 1901. Frypiay, John Ritchie, of Aberlour, Aberlour House, Aberlour. Firzwitiiam, Right Hon. the Earl of, Wentworth, Rotherham. Forsess, Arthur Drummond, Millearne, Auchterarder, Perthshire. Fores, James, The Gardens, Overtown, Dumbartonshire. Forbes, Robert, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Fores, William, Forester, Swinton, Masham, Yorkshire. ForGAN, James, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry, Perthshire. FoTHRINGHAM, W. Steuart, of Murthly, Perthshire. FRANCE, Charles S., 7 Belmont Place, Aberdeen. Fraser, Alexander, Solicitor and Factor, 63 Church Street, Inverness. FRASER, George, Factor, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. FRASER, Simon, Land Agent, Hutton in the Forest, Penrith. GALLowAy, Robert, S.8.C., Secretary, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Garriocu, John E., Factor, Lovat Estates, Beauly. GAscoIGNr, Lieut.-Col. Richard French, D.S.O., Craignish Castle, Ardfern, Argyleshire. GILcHRIST, Wm., Kemback Saw-mills, Cupar. GLADSTONE, Sir John R., Bart. of Fasque, Laurencekirk. GopMAN, Hubert, Land Agent, Ginsborough, Yorkshire. Gossip, James A., of Howden & Co., The Nurseries, Inverness, GoucH, Reginald, Forester, Wykeham, York. GRAHAM, Wm., 6 Royal Crescent, W., Glasgow. GRANT, John, Overseer, Daldowie, Tollcross, Glasgow. GRANT, Sir George Macpherson, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Banffshire. HALDANE, William S., of Foswell, W.S., 55 Melville Street, Edinburgh. HaAmitton, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. Hamitton, The Right Hon. Baron, of Dalzell, Dalzell House, Motherwell. Harpik, David, Factor, Errol Park, Errol. Hare, Colonel, Blairlogie, Stirling. Havetock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire. HEPBURN, Sir Archibald Buchan-, Bart. of Smeaton-Hepburn, Preston- kirk. Heresert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Heywoop, Arthur, Glevering Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. Hoop, Thomas, Land Agent, Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex. Hore, H. W., of Luffness, Drem, Haddingtonshire. Horne, John, Director, Forests and Gardens, Mauritius. HorspureH, John, Aberdour House, Aberdour, Fife. Hur, Louis, of Possingworth, Hawkhurst, Sussex. Inglis, Alex., Greenlaw Dean, Greenlaw, Berwickshire. JouNston, James, F.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. JOHNSTON, Robert, Forester, Bon Ryl Estate, Duns, Berwickshire. Jonas, Henry, Land Agent and Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London, S. W. Ketr, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld, Perthshire. KENNEDY, Frederick D. C.-Shaw-, Dyroch, Maybole. o> Date of Election. 1890. KennEepy, James, Doonholm, Ayr. 1892. Kerr, John, Farmer, Barney Mains, Haddington. 1898. Kinross, John, Architect, 2 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. 1902. Krippen, William James, Advocate, B.A., LL.B., Westerton, Balloch, Dumbartonshire. 1890. Lairp, David P., Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield, Edinburgh. 1896. Larrp, Robert, Nurseryman, 17a South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. 1901. Lams, Alexander, Overseer, Freeland, Forgandenny. 1894. Lamrneron, The Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G., Lamington, Lanarkshire. 1896. LANSDOWNE, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley Square, London, S. W. 1876. LercesTer, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk. 1868. LesLiE, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glaslough, Ireland. 1874. Lestiz, The Hon. George Waldegrave, Leslie House, Leslie, Fife. 1893. LevEN, George, Forester, Auchencruive, Ayr. 1881. LeyLann, Christopher, Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland. 1883. Loney, Peter, Estate Agent, 6 Carlton Street, Edinburgh. 1881. LonspALE, Claud, Rose Hill, Carlisle. 1898. Lovat, The Right Hon. Lord, C.B., D.S.O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly, 1880. 1875. 1900. 1891. 1875. 1900. 1901. 1870. 1900. 1894. 1874. 1895. 1884. 1901. 1902. 1885. 1879. 1872. 1893. 1897. 1898. 1895. 1879. Inverness. Love, J. W., clo Mrs Boyce, Byron Street, St Kilda, Victoria, South Australia. LovELacg, The Right Hon. the Earl of, East Horsley Towers, Woking, Surrey. Low, William, B.Se., Tighnamuirn, Monifieth. LumspEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. LuTTRELL, George F., of Dunster Castle, Taunton, Somersetshire. LYELL, Sir Leonard, Bart. of Kinnordy, Kirriemuir. M‘Catium, Thomas W., Retired Ground Officer, Dailly, Ayrshire. M‘CorquopaLn, D. A., Bank of Scotland, Carnoustie, Forfarshire. Macponatp, Harry L., of Dunach, Oban. MacponaLp, James, Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. Macponatp, Ranald, Factor, Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire. MacDoueatt, Professor Robert Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Macpurr, Alex., of Bonhard, Perth. M‘Gispon, Donald, Forester, Hawthornden. MacGrecor, Alasdair Ronald, Edinchip, Lochearnhead. MacIntosu, William, Fife Estates Office, Banff. M‘Inrosu, Dr W. C., Professor of Natural History, University of St Andrews, 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews. Mackenzig, Donald F., F.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Edinburgh. MACKENZIE, James, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen. M‘Krrrow, Robert, Manager, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Mackinnon, A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth. MACLACHLAN, John, of Maclachlan, 12 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. M‘LARreEN, John, 12 Findhorn Place, Edinburgh. Date of Election. 1898. 1898. 1899. 1879. 1880. 1895. 1896. 1895. 1901). 1876. 1884. 1894, 1893. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1896. 1892. 1897. 1882. M‘LareEn, John, Gardener, Ballencrieff, Drem, East Lothian. Mactean, Archibald Douglas, J.P., Harmony, Balerno. Macrasr-GiistraP, Major John, of Ballimore, Otter Ferry, Argyleshire. MacRircuigz, David, C.A., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Matcoum, Lieut.-Col. E. D., R.E., Achnamara, Lochgilphead. Mann, Charles, Merchant, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. MANSFIELD, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Scone Palace, Perth. MArGERISON, Samuel, English Timber Merchant, Calverley, near Leeds. MarsHA.t, Archd, M‘Lean, Estate Office, Portpatrick, Wigtown. Martin, James, Forester, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire. Massiz, W. H., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Mavueuan, John, Estate Agent, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham R.S.0., Yorks. MAXWELL, Sir John Stirling, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. MEIKLE, R. A., Ri Cruin, Lochgilphead, Argyleshire. Mersuam, Captain, Pontryffydd, Bodvari, Rhyl, Denbighshire. Micut®, John, Factor, Balmoral, Ballater, Aberdeenshire. MILLER, Sir James Percy, Bart. of Manderston, D.S.O., Duns, Berwickshire. Mitne, J. K., Kevock Tower, Lasswade, Midlothian. MitnE-Homg, J. Hepburn, Caldra, Duns, Berwickshire. MiTcHELL, Francis, Forester, Woburn, Beds. 1902. MircnELt, John, jun., Timber Merchant, Leith Walk Saw-mills, 1895, 1897. 1899. 1895. 1902. 1898. 1896. 1899. 1901. 1893. 1902. 1899, Leith. Moncre!FFfE, Sir Robert D., Bart. of Moncreiffe, Perth. Morean, Alex., Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. Mora@an, Andrew, Assistant Factor, Glamis. MorGan, Malcolm, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. Munro, Hugh Thomas, Lindertis, Kirriemuir. Murray, Hon. Alan David, Scone Palace, Perth. Murray, William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Nairn, Michael B., of Rankeillour, Manufacturer, Kirkcaldy. Nicotson, Edward Badenach, Advocate, 4 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh. Nisset, J., D.€ic., Royal Societies’ Club, 63 St James Street, London, 8. W. Nisset, Robert C., Farmer, Kingsknowe, Slateford. Nosss, Eric Arthur, B.Sc., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town. 1894, OrKNEY, William C., Surveyor’s Office, Montrose Royal Asylum. 1899. Orr-Ewine, Archibald Ernest, Ballikinrain Castle, Balfron. 1902. 1879. 1898 1902 1900 1897 Orr-Ewine, Charles Lindsay, M.P., Dunskey, Portpatrick, Wigtown- shire. Paton, Hugh, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. . Paton, Robert Johnston, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. . Patron, Tom W., Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. . Prerrins, C. W. Dyson, of Ardross, Ardross Castle, Alness. . Puruip, Alexander, Solicitor, Brechin, Forfarshire. Date of Election, 1878 1896. 1856. 1878. 1876. 1855. 1873. 1876. 1897. 1879. 1866. 1890. 1883. . PITcAITHLEY, Alexander, Forester, Jeanie Bank, Scone. Pirman, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. PortsmMouTH, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Eggesford, North Devon. PuNCHARD, Frederick, Underley Estate Office, Kirkby Lonsdale, West- moreland. Rak, William A., Factor, Murthly Castle, Perthshire. RAMSDEN, Sir John, Bart., Byrom Hall, Ferrybridge, Normanton. RicHARrpson, Adam D., 7 West Catherine Place, Edinburgh. RiTcHI£, William, Dalawoodie, Dumfries. Ropertson, A. Barnett, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. ROBERTSON, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. ROBERTSON, Jas., Wood Manager, Panmure, Carnoustie, Forfarshire. Roprinson, William, Gravetye Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex. Routuo, The Hon. Wm. Chas. Wordsworth, Master of Rollo, Duncrub Park, Dunning, Perthshire. 2. RoseBery, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.G., K.T., Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. . SANDERSON, Wm., Talbot House, Ferry Road, Leith. . Scort, Daniel, Wood Manager, Darnaway, Forres, ScrIMGEOUR, James, Gardener, Manor House, Donaghadee. . ScriMGEOUR, John, Overseer, Doune Lodge, Doune. . SHAW-STEWART, Michael Hugh, M,P., of Carnock, Larbert, Stirling- shire. . SHEPPARD, Rey. H. A. Graham-, of Rednock, Port of Menteith, Stirling. . SmitH, Charles G., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen. . SmirH, Thomas, Overseer, The Nursery, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring, Herts. . SmitH, Thomas Valentine, of Ardtornish, Morvern, Argyleshire. . SmiTH, William G., Ph.D., Professor, Yorkshire College, Leeds. . SmMyTHE, David M., of Methven Castle, Perth. . SMYTHE, Francis Henry, Strathearn, Nottingham Road, Natal. . SOMERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sc., D.Cic., F.R.S.E., Board of Agriculture, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S. W. . Sprot, Major Alexander, of Garnkirk, Chryston, Glasgow. . Sratr, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wig- townshire. . SrEwarRtT, Duncan D., Factor, Rossie Estate, Inchture, . Stewart, Sir Mark J. M‘Tagegart, Bart., M.P., of Southwick, Kirk- cudbrightshire. . SUTHERLAND, Evan C., Highland Club, Inverness. . SUTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. . TALBert, Peter, Forester, David Street, Blairgowrie, Perthshire. . TENNANT, Edward P., 31 Lennox Gardens, London, S. W. . Terris, James, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, Kinross-shire. . THomson, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey. . Tuomson, Peter Murray, S.8.C., 5 York Place, Edinburgh. Date of Election. 1901. THomson, Spencer Campbell, of Eilean Shona, 10 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh. 1871. Tomurnson, Wilson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts. 1902. Trerusis, Hon. C. Forbes, Fettercairn House, Fettercairn. 1902. Trotter, A. E. C., of Bush, Milton Bridge, Midlothian. 1883. Trorrer, Major-General H., of Mortonhall, Edinburgh. 1903. TULLIBARDINE, The Marquis of, Blair Castle, Blair Athole. 1872. Urquuart, B. C., of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire. 1902. Urquuart, Farquhar, Nurseryman, Inverness. 1878. WALKER, Colonel I. Campbell, Newlands, Camberley, Surrey. 1897. WALLACE, John A. A., of Lochryan, Cairnryan, Stranraer. 1900. Warwick, Charles, Land Steward, Clandeboye, Co. Down. 1893. Watson, John T., 6 Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh. 1891. WetsH, James, of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. 1871. Wemyss, Randolph Gordon Erskine, of Wemyss and Torrie, Fife. 1898. Wuirs, J. Martin, Balruddery, near Dundee. 1899. Wuytsr, John D. B., Factor, Castlecraig, Dolphinton. 1869. Wriip, Albert Edward, Conservator of Forests, Darjeeling, India, 1898. Witson, David, Timber Merchant, Troon, Ayrshire. 1889. Writson, David, jun., of Carbeth, Killearn, Glasgow. 1898. Youncrr, Henry J., of Benmore and Kilmun, Greenock. 1899. Yur, Amy Frances, L.A., Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. 10 ORDINARY MEMBERS. The Names printed in italics (in this and preceding list) are those of Members whose present Addresses are unknown. Any information regarding those Members will be gladly received by the Secretary. Law V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zransactions while their Subscriptions remain unpaid. Any Member whose Annual Subscription to the Society remains unpaid for three years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till he shall have paid up his arrears. Date of Election. 1895, ABBoT, Thomas, Forester, Firknowe, Peebles. 1902. AcLAND, Sir Charles Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.A., D.L., ete., Killerton, Exeter. 1900. Aparr, David Rattray, S.S.C., 24 Castle Street, Edinburgh, 1902. AINsLIE, Thomas, Lynmore, Penicuik. 1900. A1rcutson, John, Glenmuick Estate, near Ballater. 1902. A1rcHison, William, Assistant Forester, Weirburn Cottage, Grant’s House. 1878. AITKEN, Andrew Peebles, M.A., Sc.D., Professor of Chemistry, Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh. 1903. ALLAN, James, Wood Merchant, Bieldside, Aberdeen. 1865. ALLAN, John, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. 1898. ALLAWAY, William, 13 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. 1901. ANDERSON, Daniel, Overseer, Nisbet, Duns. 1895. Anderson, Duncan, Assistant Agent, Hutton Estate Office, near Preston. 1897. Anderson, John, Forthbank, 18 Mentone Terrace, Edinburgh, 1899. Anderson, Robert, Assistant Forester, Chatsworth, Derbyshire. 1901. ANDERSON, Robert, Bailiff, Phcenix Park, Dublin. 1900, ANcus, Alexander, Gardener, Dalzell, Motherwell. 1887. ANNAND, John F., Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. 1899. ANNANDALE, William, Land Steward, Kincaldrum, Forfar. 1902. ANsrRUTHER, Sir Windham Carmichael, Bart., Carmichael House, Thankerton. > 1897. Armit, James, The Gardens, Heywood, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co. 1902. Armstone, John, Saughton Vale, Murrayfield. 1898. Armsrrone, Thos. J. A., Factor, Glenborrodale, Salen, Fort William. 1860. AusTIN & M‘AstANn, Nurserymen, 89 Mitchell Street, Glasgow. 1892. BALLINGALL, Niel, Sweet Bank, Markinch, Fife. 1898. BANNAN, Andrew, Forester, Glenfarg Estate, Abernethy. 1897. Barcoiay, Robert Leatham, Banker, 54 Lombard Street, London, E.C. 1900. BARKER, Arthur, Assistant Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws. 1903. Barnes, Nicholas F., Head Gardener, Eaton Hall, Chester. ue Date of Election. 1867. 1895. 1874. 1903. 1899. 1883. 1901. 1898. 1800, 1898, 1900. 1895. 1889. 1903. 1901. 1901. 1899. 1854. 1872. 1892. 1876. 1898. 1898. 1887. 1896. 1883. 1897. 1899, 1889. 1900. 1896. 1901. 1900. 1878. 1899. 1899. 1898. 1893. 1895. 1900. 1901, 1895. 1897. Barri, David, Forester, Comlongan Castle, Annan, Dumfries. Barrik, James Alexander, Forester, Harlestone, Northampton. Barton, James, Forester, Hatfield House, Herts. BattiscomsBe, E., Hinton Court, Hereford. Beatson, David J., Crown Office, Parkend, near Lydney, Gloucester- shire, Brtu, Andrew, Forester, Forglen, Turiff, Aberdeenshire. Bett, Andrew, Forester, Bridgend, Montgreenan, Kilwinning. Bett, David, Seed Merchant, Coburg Street, Leith. Betz, Robert, Land Steward, Baronscourt, Newtown-Stewart, Ireland. Bett, R. Fitzroy, of Temple Hall, Coldingham. Br, William, Assistant Forester, Balthayock, Perth. Bennet, J. B., C.E., A.M.I., 12 Hill Street, Edinburgh. Brerry, Francis, Forester, Minto, Hawick. BINNING, The Lord, Mellerstain, Kelso. BissET, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres. BissET, John, Wood Merchant, Maryculter, Aberdeen. Bissett, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. Boa, Andrew, Great Thurlow, Suffolk. Boa, Andrew, jun., Estate Agent, Great Thurlow, Suffolk. Bonp, Thomas, Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. Booru, John, 39 Mozartstrasse Gross-Lichterfelde, Berlin. BortTHWIcK, Albert W., B.Se., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BortTuHwIick, Francis J. G., W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh. Bouncer, Professor, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. Bow.es, William A., The Gardens, Adare Manor, Adare, Co. Limerick. Boyp, John, Forester, Wood Cottage, Kennishead, Thornliebank. BrarpD, J. B., Assistant Forester, The Park, Great Witley, Stourport. Braip, Thomas, Factor, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. Britrron, Horatio A., Timber Merchant, Shrewsbury. Broom, John, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. Brown, David, Manager, Wollaton Offices, Nottingham. Brown, David, Factor, Danure, ete., Royal Bank, Maybole. Brown, Gilbert, Assistant Forester, Stormontfield, Perth. Brown, J. A. Harvie-, of Quarter, Dunipace House, Larbert. Brown, John, C.A., 10 Royal Exchange, Edinburgh. Brown, John, Forester and Ground Officer, Craighall, Rattray, Perthshire. Brown, John C., West Gardens, Abercairney, Crieff. Brown, Robert, Forester, Boiden, Luss. Brown, Walter R., Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, near Winch- field, Hants. Brown, William, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Tickle, Top Naut, Prestatyn, North Wales. Bruce, David, Forester, Ingmire Hall, Sedbergh, Yorks. Bruce, Peter, Manager, Achnacloich, Culnadalloch, by Connel. Brypon, John, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Darlington, Co. Durham. 12 Date of Election, 1873. 1895. 1899. 1887. 1902. 1896. 1896. 1901, 1900. 1902. 1899. 1895. 1899. 1902. 1896. 1900. 1894. 1902, 1901. 1903. 1902. 1900. 1903. 1898. 1900. 1897. 1898. 1898, 1892. 1892. 1901. 1899. 1897. 1884. 1890. 1902. 1896. 1891. 1892. 1892. Bucuan, Alexander, A.M., F.R.S.E., LL.D., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, 42 Heriot Row, Edinburgh. Buist, Robert, Overseer, Newbyth, Prestonkirk, East Lothian. Burn-Murpocu, John, of Gartincaber, Doune. CADELL, George, National Club, 1 Whitehall Gardens, London, S. W. CapreLt, Henry Moubray, of Grange and Banton, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.A.S., J.P., ete., Grange, Bo'ness. Carrns, Richard, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee. CALLANDER, Henry, of Prestonhall, Dalkeith. CAMERON, Alex., Land Steward, Caledon Demesne, Caledon, Tyrone. CAMERON, Dr James, The Fountain, Loanhead. CAMERON, Ewan, of Rutherford, West Linton. CAMERON, John J., Clydesdale Iron Works, Possilpark, Glasgow. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Land Steward, Rosemill Cottage, Strathmartin, by Dundee. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Hilton Cottage, Stanley, Perthshire. CAMPBELL, Buchanan, W.S., 7 Lansdowne Crescent, Edinburgh. CAMPBELL, James Alex., M.P., of Stracathro, Brechin. CAMPBELL, James S., Assistant Forester, Luffness, Aberlady. CAMPBELL, John, Timber Merchant, Inverness. CaMPBELL, Lieut.-Col. J. C. L., Royal Engineers, of Achaladar, c/o Claude Ralston, Glamis. CAMPBELL, Peter Purdie, Factor, Estate Office, Mertoun, St Boswells. Cancun, Thomas Richard, B.Sc., P.A.S.1., Craigard, St Andrews. Carneciz, W. C., Land Agent, Sarsden, Chipping Norton, Oxon. Carrie, William, Assistant Forester, Drumpelier, Coatbridge. CarruTHers, Major Francis Jobn, of Dormont, Lockerbie. Carson, David Simpson, C.A., 209 West George Street, Glasgow. Cavers, Walter, Timber Merchant, 12 East Brighton Crescent, Portobello. CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Gask, Auchterarder, Perthshire. CHALMERS, James, Forester, Ayton House, Abernethy. CHALMERS, Thomas, c/o Messrs Pennick & Son, Kendalston Nurseries, Delgany, Co. Wicklow. CHAPMAN, Andrew, Breckonhill, Lockerbie, Damfriesshire. CHAPMAN, Mungo, Torbrix Nurseries, St Ninians, Stirling. Charteris, John, Seedsman, 4 India Buildings, Edinburgh. Chirnside, Robert, Woodman, Wynyard Park, Stockton-on-Tees. CHISHOLM, Colin, Forester, Lundin and Montrave Estates, Hattonlaw, Lundin Links. CurisTIz, Alex. D., The Gardens, Ragley, Alcester, Warwickshire. CLARK, Charles, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn. CLARK, Francis Ion, Estate Office, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Clark, George Fraser, C.A., 24 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. CLARK, John, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. CLARK, John, jun., Forester, Bawdsey, Woodbridge, Suffolk. CLARK, William, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. 13 Date of Election. 1902 1901. 1902. 1896. 1900. 1893. 1882. 1895. 1858. 1899. 1901. 1903. 1900. 1875. 1867. 1893. 1899. 1898. 1900. 1898. 1900. 1898. 1899. 1891. 1897. 1900 1900. 1901. 1901 1894 1865. 1892. 1901 1902 1897 1895 1903 1901 1893 1897 1884. ‘ CLARK, William, Assistant Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy. Crayton, Thomas Lill, Under Forester, Manby Lodge, Broughton Brigg. CiovuaeH, C. H., Oldcroft, Stanwix, Carlisle. Cockburn, Alex. K., Assistant Forester, Bowland, Stow. Couuiz, Alexander, Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire. Co.uins, Frederick, Forester, West Mill, Ware, Herts. Couutns, Robt. T., Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. Connor, George A., Factor, Craigielaw, Longniddry. Cowan, James, Forester, Bridgend, Islay, Argyleshire. Cowan, Robert, Chisholm Estates Office, Erchless, Strathglass. Cowan, Robert Craig, Craigiebield, Penicuik. CowreEr, John R. B., Market Gardener and Potato Merchant, Gogar House, Corstorphine. CraBBeE, Alfred, Assistant Forester, Bredisholm House, Baillieston, Lanarkshire. CrapBeE, David, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire. CRABBE, James, Forester, Glamis Castle, Forfarshire. Craic, John, Loxington, Saltcoats. Crerar, David, Land Steward, Methven Castle, Perth. CricuTon, William, Manager, Castle Ward, Downpatrick. CromsBiz, David, The Gardens, Curraghmore, Portlaw, Ireland. CroMBI£, James, Forester, North Lodge, Lethen, Nairn. Cumminc, John H., The Gardens, Grantully Castle, Aberfeldy. CUNNINGHAM, George, Advocate, 21 Royal Circus, Edinburgh. Curtis, Professor Charles E., Woodlands, Brockenhurst, Hants. DaguisH, John, Rothley Lake, Cambo R.S.O., Northumberland. DaiLuy, James, Forester, Errol Estate, Errol, Perthshire. Daz, Thomas, Nurseryman, Millport, Cumbrae. Daue.izesH, J. Edward, Nurseryman, Market Weighton, Yorkshire. DatryMP_e, Hon. Hew H., Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire. DatziEL, Henry, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. DALZIEL, James, Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire. Daruine, David C., Nurseryman, Corn Exchange Buildings, Aberdeen. Davipson, John, Agent, Greenwich Hospital Estates, Haydon Bridge- on-Tyne. Davipson, John, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Davis, George, Overseer, Glencurse, Perth. Dewar, H. P., Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. Dicey, Reginald, Land Agent, Geashill Castle, King’s County. DincGwAL., Alexander, Glendoig Villa, Perth. Dosson, Thomas, M.D., Knott End, Windermere. Donatp, James Alexander, Assistant Forester, 102 Dean Street, Kilmarnock. Donawpson, James, Timber Merchant, Tayport, Fife. Dorman, Arthur John, of Grey Towers, Newby, Nunthorpe R.S.O., Yorks, 14 Date of Election. 1882. 1897. 1887. 1892. 1867. 1898. 1900. 1862. 1873. 1900. 1898. 1885. 1898. 1899. 1893. 1898. 1902. 1901. 1901. 1901. 1898. 1873. 1898. 1894. 1901. 1899. 1900. 1899. 1903. 1880. 1893. 1893. 1869. 1899. 1899. 1897. 1890. 1898, 1891. Doveas, Captain Palmer, of Cavers, Hawick. Dovuctas, James, The Gardens, Charleville, Enniskerry, Co, Wicklow. Dovatas, Robert, 64 Princes Street, Edinburgh. Dow, R., Forester, Douglas Castle, Douglas, Lanarkshire. Dow, Thomas, Forester, Belvedere Road, Woodville, near Burton-on- Trent. Dow, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Weekley, near Kettering. Drummond, Dudley W., Commissioner, Cawdor Estate Office, Ferry- side, South Wales. DrumMMoND & Sons, William, Nurserymen, Stirling. DuRWARD, Robert, Manager, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. Durute£, James A., Traveller, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Eapson, Thomas G., Assistant Forester, Whaley, Mansfield. EppineTon, Francis, Overseer, Monk Coniston Park, Lancashire. Epminson, Wm. D., Tweed View, Berwick-on-Tweed. Epwarps, Alex. W. B., Assistant Forester, Durris, Drumoak. Exper, William, Forester, Cholmondeley Park, Malpas, Cheshire. Exper, Wm., Engineer, Berwick-on-T weed. Evuicz, Captain Edward Charles, Invergarry. Exrick, John, Forester, Glenkindie, Aberdeenshire. Extwes, John Henry, F.R.S., of Colesborne, Cheltenham. ErskIneE, Richard Brittain, Oaklands, Trinity, Edinburgh. Ewan, Peter, Assistant Forester, Halfway, Balquharn, Bankfoot. Ewine, David, Forester, Strichen House, Aberdeen. Farquuarson, Dr Robert, of Finzean, M.P., Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. FARQUHARSON, James, Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. FarquHarson, Sir John, K.C.B., Corrachree, Tarland, Aberdeen- shire. Fawcett, Thos. G., Land Agent, Yarm-on-Tees, Freaks, Matthew, c/o Mrs M‘Donald, Bridgend, Liberton. Frerouson, J. E. Johnson, M.P., of Springkell, Ecclefechan. Frereusson, John Blackburn, Barrister-at-Law, J.P., LL.B. Camb., Balgarth, Ayr. Frrcusson, Sir James Ranken, Bart., Spitalhaugh, West Linton. Frnuayson, Alexander, Forest Cottage, Newbattle, Dalkeith. FrntaAyson, Malcolm, Solicitor, Crieff, Perthshire. Fisuer, William, Estate Agent, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, Yorkshire. FisuEer, W. R., Assistant Professor of Forestry, Coopers Hill, Surrey. Fieminc, John, Timber Merchant, Albert Saw-mills, Aberdeen. Fert, John Smith, M.A., M.B., B.Sc., Geological Survey, 28 Jermyn Street, London, S. W. Forses, Arthur C., Wood Manager, Longleat, Horningsham, Warminster. Fores, James, Factor, Blair Castle, Blair Athole. ForEMAN, Frederick, Nurseryman, Eskbank, Dalkeith. 15 Date of Election. 1892. 1892. 1889. 1898. 1900. 1902. 1898. 1899. 1895. 1901. 1857. 1901. 1896. 1902: 1899. 1899. 1874. 1896. 1898. 1902. 1899. 1900. 1897. 1897. 1901. 1870. 1897. 1894, 1894. 1880. 1893. 1899. 1893. 1900. 1897. 1897. 1902. 1887. 1867. 1893. 1893. ForGAN, James, Sunnybraes, Largo, Fife. ForcaAn, William, Forester, Bowood, Calne, Wiltshire. Forster, William A., Forester, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. Foster, James, jun., Kennet Village, Alloa. Fraser, Alexander, Factor, Lundin and Montrave Estates Office, Leven. FRASER, George M., Land Agent, Hopewell House, Tarland, Aberdeen- shire. FRASER, James, Assistant Forester, Cahir Park, Cahir, Co. Tipperary. FRASER, James, Estate Manager, Aldowrie, Dores, Inverness. Fraser, J. C., Nurseryman, Comely Bank, Edinburgh. Fraser, John M‘Laren, of Invermay, Forgandenny, Perthshire. Fraser, P. Neill, of Rockville, Murrayfield, Edinburgh. FRASER, William, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire. FRATER, John, Foreman Forester, Ardross Mains, Alness, Ross-shire. Frater, John, Head Forester, Ardross Castle, Alness, Ross-shire. Futon, William, Overseer, Robertland, Stewarton, Ayrshire. Fysur, Peter, Newtoulees, Dunbar, GALLOWAY, George, Estate Offices, Woodhouses, Whitchurch, Salop. GAMMELL, Sydney James, of Drumtochty, Drumtochty Castle, Fordoun. GAULD, William, Assistant Forester, Binley Village, Coventry. GAvIN, George, Overseer, Falkland Estate, Falkland. GEEKIE, C. W., 24 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. GELLATLY, John, Forester, Newhall, West Mains, West Linton. GELLATLY, Thomas, Forester, Meggernie Castle, Gallin, Glenlyon. GEMMILL, Wm., Farmer, Greendykes, Macmerry, East Lothian. GiFForD, John C., Assistant Professor of Forestry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. GILBERT, James, Forester, Gallovie, Kingussie. GILLANDERS, A. T., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumber- land. GILLESPIE, James, Forester, Blairmore, Braco. Gitmour, Major Robert Gordon, of Craigmillar, The Inch, Midlothian. GLEN, David A., Forester, Bedgebury Park, Goudhurst, Kent. Goupiz, George, Eskdale Lodge, Dalkeith, Midlothian. GorDON, George, C.E., Queensgate, Inverness. Gorpon, John G., N.P., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Gorpon, Thomas, County Buildings, Edinburgh, Gow, Peter, Land Steward, Laggan, Ballantrae, Ayrshire. Gow, Peter Douglas, Farmer, Bonaly, Colinton, Midlothian. GRAHAM, Andrew, M.D., Currie. Grant, Alexander, Forester, Rothie-Norman, Aberdeenshire. GRANT, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch, Banffshire. GRANT, John B., Forester, Downan House, Glenlivet. GRANT, Peter, Land Steward, Kilmeade Farm, Athy, Co. Kildare. 16 Date of Election. 1902. 1902. 1902. 1898. 1903. 1879. 1880. 1897. 1901. 1899. 1897. 1892. 1903. 1890. 1896. 1895. 1897. 1897. 1894. 1897. 1892. 1896. 1889. 1869. 1897. 1866. 1871. 1901. 1893. 1899. 1893. 1898. 1900. 1895. 1902. 1900. 1895. 1866. 1897. 1874. 1902. 1876. 1900. Gray, Robert, Timber Merchant, Fraserburgh. Gray, Walter Oliver, Foreman Woodman, North Lodge, Minto. Greic, Hugh Gorrie, Coltness Estate Office, Wishaw. Grey, Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., of Falloden, Chathill, Northumberland. GriFFiTuHs, Sir Richard Waldie, of Hendersyde Park, Kelso. Happrnetron, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T., Tyninghame, Prestonkirk. Happon, Walter, Solicitor, Royal Bank, Hawick. HALuipAy, Geo., Timber Merchant, Rothesay, Bute. Hauurpay, John, Timber Merchant, etc., Rothesay. HAMILTON, James, The Gardens, Manderston, Duns. Hamitron-Octtvy, H. T. M., of Beil, Prestonkirk, East Lothian. HannaH, George, Overseer, Over House, Over, Almondsbury, Bristol. Hannau, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkealdy. Harvie, James F., Factor, Skibo, Dornoch. Har ey, Andrew M., Forester, Betterton Farm House, Wantage, Berks. Harrower, David K., Timber Merchant, Elm Park, Bo’ness. Harrower, William, Forester, Garth, Aberfeldy, Perthshire. Hart, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire. Harvey, James, The Gardens, Mortonhall, Liberton. Hay, Alexander, of Benjamin Reid & Co., Nurserymen, Aberdeen. Hay, John, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, 2 The Glebe, Riccarton, Kilmarnock. Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Rosebank, Loanhead, Midlothian. Haves, John, Overseer, Dormont, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. Hayman, John, Glentarff, Ringford, Kirkcudbrightshire. Heaeaiz, James George, Factor, The Burn, Inch of Arnhall, Edzell. HenpeErsON, Arch., Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County. HENDERSON, John, Overseer, Vogrie, Gorebridge. HENDERSON, Peter, Factor, Ballindalloch. Henperson, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian. HENDERSON, Robert, Assistant Forester, Scone, Perth HENDERSON, William, Forester, Gosford Demesne, Markethill, Co. Armagh, Ireland. Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh. Hewirson, William, Assistant Forester, Lanes Barr, Girvan. Hitt, Claude, of Messrs John Hill & Sons, Spot Acre Nurseries, Stone, Staffordshire. HincuEs, Ralph Tichborne, J.P., D.L., Foxley, Hereford. Hisiop, William, Assistant Forester, Ravenswood, near Melrose. Hoare, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath. Hocarru, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire. Hoce, Thos., The Gardens, Woodside, Paisley. Home, Edward, Assistant Forester, Whiterig, Ayton, Berwickshire. Hower, John Arnold, Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Huu, Frank, Forester, Lilleshall, Newport, Salop. Hunter, David, of Ahlbottn & Co., 5 Nelson Street, Edinburgh. 17 Date of Election. 1901. 1901, 1895. 1897. 1891. 1895. 1896. 1902. 1901. 1901. 1893. 1902. 1898. 1895. 1898. 1896. 1901. 1901. 1900. eRe 1878. 1900. 1902. 1888. 1893. 1867. 1896. 1876. 1897. 1899. 1901. 1902. 1896. 1894. 1879. 1900. LOOT 1898. 1899. 1898. Imriz, James, Assistant Forester, Garscube, Maryhill, Glasgow. Imriz, William, Timber Merchant, Oakwood, Ayr. Inewis, A. M., Nurseryman, Forres. INGLIs, George Erskine, Estate Agent, Campbeltown, Argyleshire. INcuis, William, Forester, Brodick, Isle of Arran. Innes, Alexander, Forester, Drummuir, Keith. Innes, Alexander, Forester, Stourhead, Bath. INNEs, Colonel F, N., of Learney, Torphins, Aberdeenshire. INNES, George, Assistant Forester, Cothall Cottage, Altyre, Forres. IrVINE, John, Assistant Forester, Colesborne, Cheltenham, Glouces- tershire. JAcK, George, S.S.C., Dalkeith, Midlothian. JACK, Thomas, Farmer, Hermiston, Currie. JACKSON, James, The Gardens, Methven Castle, Perth. JAMIESON, Andrew, Overseer, Carnbroe, Bellshill. JAMIESON, James, Forester, Ffairfach Nurseries, Golden Grove Estate, Llandilo, South Wales. JARDINE, R. W. B., Yr. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. JEFFERIES, Wm. J., Nurseryman, Cirencester. JouNsTON, Andrew Reid, Assistant Forester, Cluny Square, Cardenden, Fife. JOHNSTON, David, Manager, Charlestown Limeworks, Fife. JOHNSTON, Edward, Forester, Dalquharran, Dailly, Ayrshire. JOHNSTONE, Adam, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh, County Wicklow. JOHNSTONE, William, Head Forester, Beil, Prestonkirk. Jonas, Robert Collier, Land Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London. JONES, James, Wood Merchant, Larbert, Stirlingshire. — JONES, Thomas Bruce, Wood Merchant, Larbert. Kay, James, Wood Manager, Bute Estate, Rothesay, Bute. Kerr, David, jun., Assistant Forester, The Nursery, Knowsley, Prescot. KeELMAN, John, Forester, Esslemont, Ellon, Aberdeenshire. Kemp, David, 22 Young Street, Edinburgh. KENNEDY, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Lambton Park Fence Houses, Durham. Kent, William, Forester, Crossford, Dunfermline. Kerr, Rev. John, The Manse, Dirleton. Kerrt.es, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth. Kipp, Wm., Forester, Harewood, Leeds. KiIncAIRNEY, The Hon. Lord, 6 Heriot Row, Edinburgh. Kine, David, Nurseryman, Osborne Nurseries, Murrayfield. KINLOCH, Sir John G. 8., of Kinloch, Meigle. Kytiacuy, The Hon. Lord, of Kyllachy, 6 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. LAIDLER, George, Assistant Factor, Ivy Cottage, Brodick. LArtrp, James W., Nurseryman, Monifieth. 18 Date of Election. 1899. 1899. 1901. 1897, 1900. 1903. 1902. 1874. 1880. 1898. 1903. 1898. 1879. 1880. 1897. 1898. 1898. 1894. 1900. 1902. 1892. 1896. 1894. 1898. 1893. 1899. 1900. 1902. 1902. 1893. 1897. 1895. 1901. 1897. 1894. 1902. 1901. 1898. 1901. 1901. 1890. Lamonp, Alexander, Forester, Freeland, Forgandenny. Lamonp, William, Assistant Forester, Beechhill Nursery, Murrayfield. Lauper, William, Assistant Gardener, Baronscourt, Ireland. Lauriston, John, Assistant Forester, c/o A. Gowan, Woodend, Winchburgh. LAWRIE, James, The Gardens, Murthly Castle, Perthshire. Lawson, Alexander R., Forester, Glenmuick, Ballater, Aberdeen. LEearmont, John, Nurseryman, Larchfield Nurseries, Dumfries. Leicu, William, of Woodchester Park, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. LEISHMAN, John, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, Roxburghshire. Leys, Wm. B., Forester, 28 Hay Terrace (c/o Moss), Edinburgh. LippaLL, William John Norbray, Advocate, 26 Great King Street, Edinburgh. LicutTroor, Francis P., Land Agent, Hafod, Devil’s Bridge R.S.O., Cardiganshire. Linpsay, Robert, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield, Midlothian. Linuiracow, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. Lock, Hampton C., Greenwich Park, London, H.C. Low, James, Temple, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Low, James, Forester, Innes Estate, Elgin. LumspDEN, Fredk. R., Newburn, Largo, Fife. LumspEN, Robert, jun., 316 Morningside Road, Edinburgh. MacArtuur, William, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. MacsEaNn, Simon, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. M‘Brata, David, Forester, Cruchmore Lodge, Drumeliffe, Sligo. M‘Catium, Edward, Overseer, Kerse Estate, Falkirk. M‘Cauuum, James, Forester, St Ann’s Cottage, Lockerbie. M‘Coveriz, M. S., Land Steward, Tullamore, King’s County, Ireland. M‘Diarmip, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. MacpiArmip, Hugh, Factor, Island House, Tiree, Oban. Macponatp, Daniel, 35 Park Road, Trinity, Edinburgh. M‘Donatp, Donald M‘Intosh, Assistant Forester, Tower Cottage, Durris. MacponaLp, George U., Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. M‘DonaLp, James, Forester, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow. Macponatp, John, Forester, Skibo, Dornoch. Macponatp, Mrs Eleanor E., The Manse, Swinton. M‘Dona.p, William, Forester, Hornby Castle, near Lancaster. M‘Dovuaau., Alex., Forester, Tuncombe Park, Helmsley R.S.0O., Yorks. Macpoveat., John, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. MacEwen, Alexander, Overseer, Castle Lachlan, Strachur, Inveraray. Macrapyen, Donald, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill. M‘Garva, Gilbert Ramsay, Factor, Estate Office, Innes, Elgin. M‘Guin, John, Assistant Overseer, Kelburne Estate, Fairlie. M‘Graeor, Alex., The Schoolhouse, Penicuik, Midlothian. Date of i) Election. 1902. 1896. 1899. 1901. 1896. 1901. 1899. 1901. 1895. 1894. 1895. 1901. 1899. 1898, 1898. 1892. 1865. 1899. 1887. 1900. 1891. 1867. 1901. NEKOe 1899. 1897. 1900. 1892. 1896. 1901. 1885. 1902. 1892. 1878. 1879. 1901. 1897. 1893. 1902. 1898. 1901. 1895. 1902. 1902. M‘Grecor, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Durris, Drumoak, Aber- deenshire. M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld. M‘Greeor, Archibald, Forester, Airthrey Castle, Bridge of Allan. MacGregor, James, Assistant Forester, Lynedoch, Almond Bank, Perth, Macgregor, John C., Assistant Forester, Perlethorpe, Ollerton, Notts. M‘Grecor, Robert, Assistant Forester, Law Muir, Methven. M‘Harpy, Alexander, The Castle, Inverness. MacHarriz, John W., City Gardener, City Chambers, Edinburgh. Macuray, Frank, Ground Officer, Culloden, Inverness. M‘Inwratru, Wm., Forester, Egton, Grosmont R.S.O., Yorks. Macintosh, D. L., The Gardens, Castle Wemyss, Wemyss Bay. Macrntosu, William, Forester, New Chapel, Boncath R.S.O., South Wales. M‘Intyre, James, Foreman Forester, Cordon, Lamlash, Arran. M‘Inryre, Malcolm, The Gardens, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire. Mackay, Mneas J. G., LL.D., Advocate, 2 Albyn Place, Edinburgh. M‘Kay, Allan, c/o Park & Co., Ltd., Timber Merchants, Fraserburgh. Mackay, John, Lauderdale Estate Office, Wyndhead, Lauder. M‘Kay, John, Assistant Forester, Golspie Saw-mills, Golspie. Mackay, Peter, Forester, Taymouth Castle, Aberfeldy. M‘Kecunikz, Angus, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Hope, Bailifgate, Alnwick. MAcKENDRICK, James, Forester, Pallas, Longhrea, Co. Galway. Macxenziz, Alex., Warriston Nursery, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. Macxkenzi®, Charles, Assistant Factor, Mortonhall, Liberton. M‘Kenziz, Daniel, Forester, Wynyard Estate, Stockton-on-Tees. M‘Kenziz, James, Wood Merchant, Inverness. MackeENzi£, John, Forester, Arbigland, Kirkbean, Dumfries. Mackenzikz, Sir Kenneth John, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh, Macxkenzin, W. A., Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry. MaAcKkeEnzin, Win., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. MACKENzIbE, William, 102 Dean Street, Kilmarnock. Mackinnon, George, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade. MacKinnon, John, Gardener, Terregles, Dumfries. MacKinnon, William, Nurseryman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh. Macxintosu, The, of Mackintosh, Moy Hall, Inverness. M‘Laren, Charles, Land Steward, Cally Lodge, Dunkeld. M‘Laren, Donald, Overseer, Sundrum, by Ayr. M‘LareEn, Patrick M., Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres. M‘LAReEN, William, Forester, Altyre, Forres, Morayshire. MAcLEAN, Peter, Forester, Invergarry. M‘LENNAN, John, The Gardens, Castle Boro, Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford. M‘Lxrop, Peter, Nurseryman, Perth. Macmi Luan, John D., Forester, Oriel Temple, Collon, Co. Louth. Maecnico., D., Land Agent, F.S.I., Derwas, Abergele. M'‘Omisu, John, Nurseryman, Crieff. Date of Election. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1896. 1890. 1900. 1895. 1884. 1894. 1896. 1897. 1902, 1901. 1898. 1899. 1893. 1895. 1893. 1901. 1896. 1891. 1886. 1896. 1901. 1899. 1889. 1901. 1877. 1869. 1892. 1895. 1893. 1893. 1882. 1899. 1902. 1895. 1899. 1900. 1898. 1891. M‘Puerson, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. MacrHerson, Duncan, Assistant Forester, Scone, Stormontfield, Perth. MacpHeErson, John, Manufacturing Forester, Novar, Evanton. M‘QUEEN, John, Proprietor of the Scottish Border Record, Galashiels. M‘Rag, Alexander, Forester, Castlecomer, Ireland. M‘Rasg, Henry, Assistant Forester, Coedrighan Park, near Cardiff, South Wales. M‘TavisH, John, Assistant Forester, The Poles, Dornoch. Main, Adam, Forester, Loftus R.S.O., Yorkshire. Mautocu, William, 50 South Street, Perth. Mar AnD KELLIE, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Alloa House, Alloa. Marshall, Alexander, 150 Leadenhall Street, London, E.C. MARSHALL, George, Broadwater, Godalming, Surrey. MArsHALL, Harley, of Dunduff, Dunfermline. MArsHALL, John, Wood Merchant, Killiecrankie, Perthshire. MArsHALL, John, Timber Merchant, etc., Maybole. MarsHALL, J. Z., Timber Merchant, 2 Dean Terrace, Bo'ness. Martin, David, Overseer, Fettes College, Edinburgh. Maruer, R. V., of Laing & Mather, Nurserymen, Kelso. MATTHEWS, Robert, Land Steward, Duncrub Park, Dunning. MAxtTone, John, Forester, Duff House, Banff. MAxwELL, James, Forester and Overseer, Ruglen, Maybole. MAxweE tt, The Right Hon. Sir Herbert E., Bart. of Monreith, M.P., Port William, Wigtownshire. MEIKLEJOHN, John J. R., Factor, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. Metprum, David, Nurseryman and Seed Collector, Arbroath Road, Forfar. MELVILLE, David, The Gardens, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. ME LvILue, The Right Hon. Viscount, Melville Castle, Lasswade. MENZIES, James, Assistant Forester, Townholm, Kilmarnock. MetuHveEN, Henry, of Thomas Methven & Sons, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh, Metuven, John, of Thomas Methven & Sons, Leith Walk Nurseries, Edinburgh. Meruven, John, The Gardens, Blythswood, Renfrewshire. Micutz, James, Forester, The Nurseries, Orwell Park, near Ipswich. Micuie, William, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts. MippiEMass, Archibald, Forester, ulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth. MILNE, Alex., of James Dickson & Sons, 32 Hanover Street, Edinburgh. Mi.neE, Alexander, Factor, Urie Estate Office, Stonehaven. Mitne, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Albury, Surrey. MiLng, James, Land Steward, Carstairs House, Carstairs. MILN®, Ritchie, Assistant, Annandale Kstate Office, Hillside, Lockerbie. Mine, Robert Anderson, Solicitor, Peebles. MILNE, Robert P., Spittal Mains, Berwick-on-Tweed. Ming, R. W., Forester, 26 Etterby Street, Stanwix, Carlisle. Date of Election. 1890. 1902. 1901. 1894. 1898. 1869. 1897. 1901. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1897. 1902. 1898. 1899. 1895. 1903. 1902. 1896. 1890. 1901. 1895. 1902. 1897. 1892. 1902. 1901. 1902. 1900. 1896. 1900. 1900. 1894. 1893. 1885. 1895. 1893. 1895. 1891, 1901. Mine, William, Farmer, Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed. Mitne, William, Forester, Huntly Hill, Stracathro, Brechin. Mitne-Home, David William, Yr. of Wedderburn, Caldra, Duns. Mitsom, Isaac, Gardener and Steward, Claydon Park, Winslow, Bucks. MircHe., David, Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun,. MiIrcHELtL, James, Factor, Ardallie, Fossoway. MitTcHELL, Wm., Forester, Lough Cutra, Gort, Co. Galway. MircHEt, William Geddes, Estate Agent, Doneraile, Co. Cork. Morrat, James, Land Steward, Riccarton, Currie. Morrat, John, Forester, Blackwood, Lesmahagow. Morrat, William, Overseer, Possil, Maryhill, Glasgow. Moon, Frederick, Forester, Garden Cottage, Mount Trenchard, Foynes, Co. Limerick. Morean, David, Douglasleigh, Carnoustie. Morean, Hugh, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. Morrison, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Jerviston Lodge, Mother- well. Morrison, Hew, Librarian, Edinburgh Public Library. Morrison, William, Manufacturer, Clydesdale Iron Works, Possilpark, Glasgow. Morton, Alexander, of Gowanbank, Darvel. MossMAN, Robert C., F.R.S.E., F.R.Met.Soc., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh. MurrHeEaD, George, F.R.S.E., Commissioner, Speybank, Fochabers. Motuin, John, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine. Munro, Donald, Assistant Forester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk. Munro, George A., 8.S.C., 6 Rutland Square, Edinburgh. Munro, Hugh, Teacher, Penicuik, Midlothian. Murray, Alexander, Forester, Murthly, Perthshire. Morray, Bailie John, J.P., 11 Strathearn Road, Edinburgb. Murray, David, Gardener, Culzean Gardens, Maybole. Murray, Donald, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres. Murray, George J. B., Assistant Forester, Holylee, Walkerburn. Murray, Hon. A. W. C. O., M.P., Master of Elibank, Juniper Bank, Walkerburn. Murray, John C., F.S.1., Factor and Commissioner, Hagges Castle, Glasgow. Murray, William, of Murraythwaite, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire. Nem, Archibald, Forester, Warkton, Kettering, Northamptonshire. NELSON, Robert, Assistant Forester, Kinmount Estate, Cummertrees, Duntfriesshire. NeEwsiecinG, John, Nurseryman, Dumfries. NEwrTon, George, 28 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. Nicou, James, Forester, Aird’s Mill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. Nicou, James, Forester, Croxteth, Liverpool. Nicou., John, Solicitor, 10 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh. Nicott, William Peter, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Date of Election. 1898 1899. 1897. 1900. 1902. 1875. 1893. 1902. 1900. 1902. 1894. 1897. 1898. 1895. 1897. 1899. 1869. 1897. 1897. 1898. 1898. 1895. 1896. 1896. 1874. 1902. 1901. 1897. 1902. 1901. 1899. 1899. 1899. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1895. Nisbett, J. L. More, The Drum, Liberton, Midlothian. Nose, Charles, Forester, Elie House, Elie, Fife. NorMAND, Patrick Hill, Whitehill, Aberdour, Fife. OLIPHANT, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Chapelhill, Methven. OswaLp, Richard Alexander, of Auchencruive, Ayr. Pace, Andrew Duncan, Land Steward, Culzean, Maybole, Ayrshire. Pace, Walter, Farmer, Myregornie, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Pacet, Leopold Cecil, Land Agent, Harewood, Leeds. Paterson, George, Timber Merchant, 8 Albyn Terrace, Aberdeen. PATERSON, Peter, Commission Agent, 12 Maygate Street, Dunferm- line, PatTrERsoN, George, Forester’s Office, Leinster Street, Athy, Co. Kildare, Ireland. PaTrerson, James P., Nursery Manager, Dollardstown Nursery, Athy, Ireland. PATTERSON, Thomas L., Hardengreen, Dalkeith. Paxton, George, Richardland, Kilmarnock. PEARSON, James, Forester, Sessay, Thirsk, Yorks. PEARSON, James, Assistant Factor, Colinsburgh, Fife. PEEBLES, Andrew, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford, Surrey. Peebles, James, Assistant Forester, clo Mrs Rennie, The Cross, Douglas, Lanarkshire. PEEBLES, Philip, Estate Office, Syon House, Brentford. Perrson, George B., Land Agent, Baldersby Park, Baldersby S.O., Yorks. Prirson, George H., Assistant Land Agent, Baldersby Park, Baldersby 8.0., Yorks. Puitip, William Watt, Factor, Estate Office, Gigha, Argyleshire. PuiLp, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. Pup, John, Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. Piatt, Colonel Henry, Gorddinog, Llanfairfechan, Carnarvonshire. Piummer, C. H. Scott, of Sunderland Hall, Selkirk. Poxttock, Alexander, Rustic Builder, Tarbolton, Ayrshire. Poo.r, Wm., Corn Exchange Buildings, Edinburgh. Porert, E. P., Assistant Surveyor, Forest of Dean, Coleford, Glouces- tershire. Porta, Maurice, Sandhoe, Hexham. Porrrovus, Colonel James, of Turfhills, Kinross. Porteous, George, Merchant, Poltonhall, Lasswade. Power, David F., Forester, The Gardens, Keith Hall, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. Prentice, George, Strathore, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Pricr, Aaron W., Forester, Bolstone, Ross-on-Wye. Price, W. M., Factor, Minto, Hawick. Priest, W., The Gardens, Eglinton Castle, Irvine. 23 Date of Election. 1903. 1901. 1898. 1399. 1902. 1897. 1870. 1902. 1901. 1894. 1900. 1897. 1901. 1902. 1892. 1896. 1898. 1900. 1897. 1899. 1896. 1896. 1894. 1896. 1900. 1896. 1902. 1902. 1902. 1895. 1883. 1902. 1899. 1901. 1897. 1900. 1893. 1897. 1898. Rag, Robert T., Land Steward, Sunlaws, Roxburgh. RaFFAN, Alexander, Foreman Forester, Fairburn, Ross-shire. RAFFAN, James, Estate Steward, Granston Manor, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co. RarFwn, Johannes, Tree-Seed Merchant, Skovfrékontoret, Copenhagen, F. RawpH, William, Forrester Road, Corstorphine. Raxston, A. Agnew, Factor, Philipstoun House, West Lothian. RatTrRAyY, Thos., Forester, Westonbirt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire. Rerp, Charles S., Factor and Accountant, 8 Duke Street, Kilmarnock. Rem, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Ashton Court, Long Ashton, near Bristol. REID, James S., Forester, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. Reip, John, Estate Overseer, The Mains, Lochgelly. Reid, William, Forester, Lydney Park, Lydney, Gloucestershire. RENNIE, Joseph, Forester, Marywell Lodge, Cullen House, Banffshire. Riper, William H., Editor Timber Trades Journal, 164 Aldersgate Street, London. Ritcuie, Alexander, Overseer, Harvieston and Castle Campbell Estates, Dollar. RitcuHi1£, Thomas, Nurseryman, Callander, Perthshire. RitcuHiz, Wm., Assistant Forester, Moss-side Cottage, Lynedoch, Perth. Rose, John, Road Surveyor, County Buildings, Edinburgh. Rosertson, Andrew N., Forester, Craigbarnet, Campsie Glen, by Glasgow. Ropertson, Charles, Assistant Forester, Fulford, Raith, Kirkcaldy. ROBERTSON, Duncan, Forester, Strathord, Stanley, Perthshire. ROBERTSON, George, Assistant Forester, Theobald’s Park, Waltham Cross, Herts. Rosertson, George D., Assistant Forester, Carolside, Earlston. RoBeERTSON, James, Assistant Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. ROBERTSON, James, Assistant Forester, Ardgilzean, Scone. RoBERTSON, John, Forester, Altyre, Forres. Rosertson, John, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. RoBERTSON, John, 136 George Street, Edinburgh. Ropertson, R. A., M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer on Botany, University, St Andrews. RosBeErTson, Thomas, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn, Co. Galway. Ropertson, William, Assistant Forester, Ringwood, Birnam, Perth. Rogrnson, Stewart, Lynhalls, Kingston, Herefordshire. Rogson, Alex., of Smith & Son, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. Roxgson, Alexander, Head Gamekeeper, The Kennels, Culzean, Maybole. Rogson, Charles Durie, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Rogson, John, Assistant Forester, Baronscourt, Co. Tyrone. RopeeEr, James, Forester, Morton Hall, Ringland, Norwich. RopcEr, James, Factor, Keir, Dunblane, Perthshire. RopimeEr, Charles 8., Factor, Benmore, Kilmun, Argyleshire. Date of Election. 1893. 1898. 1887. 1899. 1903. 1893. 1870. 1901. 1894. 1875. 1895. 1870. 1892. 1901. 1881. 1903. 1890. 1902. 1900. 1897. 1893. 1902. 1887. 1902. 1894. 1898. 1900. 1868. 1899. 1902. 1901. 1873. 1871. 1883. 1901. 1895. 1901. 1901. 1902 1901. 1901. 1896. 1898. 1899. 1898. RomAneEs, James, C.A., Harewood Glen, Selkirk. Ross, Charles D. M., Factor, Abercairney, Crieff. Ross, John, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire. RovueH, Edward D., Manure Merchant, Broxburn. Ruz, John, Forester, Huntly. RUTHERFORD, James A., Land Agent, Highclere Park, Newbury, Berks. RUTHERFORD, John, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh, Roxburghshire. Ryan, Thomas, The Gardens, Castlewellan, Co. Down. Samson, David T., Seafield Estates Office, Grantown, Strathspey. Sanc, Edmund, of E. Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy. ScLaTErR, Alexander, Seed Manager, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. Scorr, Adam, Forester, Southwick Park, Fareham, Hants. Scorr, David, Overseer, Dumfries House, Cumnock, Ayrshire. Scott, Frank, Assistant Forester, Temple Hill, Selborne, Alton, Hants. Scorr, James, Forester, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. Scorr, John, Forester, Hartrigge, Jedburgh. Scort, John D., Land Steward, Estate Office, Brushford, Dulverton, Somerset. Scorr, Malcolm William, Registrar, etc., Currie. Scorr, Robert, Police Constable, Lauder. SHARPE, Thomas, Forester, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. Saw, Andrew, Victoria Saw-mills, Perth. SHOOLBRED, Walter, of Wyvis, Evanton, Ross-shire. Simpson, Anthony, Dropmore, Maidenhead, Bucks. Simpson, George, Timber Merchant, Kirkcaldy. Simpson, James, Nurseryman, Dundee. Stncuiatr, William, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife. SincER, John G., Forester, Newe Estates, Strathdon, Aberdeenshire. SLATER, Andrew, Estate Office, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight. SLEIGH, Charles W., M.A., Factor, Blackwood Estate Office, Lesma- hagow. Smart, John, Merchant, 18 Leith Street, Edinburgh. Smit, Allan, Land Steward, Dunira, Comrie. Situ, G. B., Wire Fence Manufacturer, Craighall Ironworks, Glasgow. Smiru, James, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton-Buzzard, Bucks. Situ, James, The Gardens, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. SmirH, James, Forester, Woodville Cottage, Birr, King’s County. Sir, John, Cabinetmaker, Peebles. SmitH, John C., Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Almond Bank, Perth. SmirH, Matthew, Manager for Dyer & Co., Peebles. Smrru, Robert, Factor, Cranstoun Riddel, Dalkeith. SmirH, Sydney, Factor, Drummuir Estates Office, Keith. Smiru, Thomas, Factor, The Castle, Maybole. Smiru, William, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee. Smiru, William, The Gardens, Oxenford Castle, Dalkeith. SmiruH, William, Forester, Thirladean, Philiphaugh, Selkirk. Spence, William, Assistant Forester, Clunie Square, Kirkcaldy. 25 Date of Election. 1899. 1885. 1901. 1903. 1899. 1902. 1899. 1901. 1897. 1898. 1901. 1901. 1902. 1876. 1899. 1897. 1898. 1902. 1893. 1893. 1899. 1902. 1892. 1903. 1901. 1869. 1892. 1900. 1898. 1895. 1900. 1902. 1897. 1895. 1893. 1893. 1869. 1901, 1901. 1903. 1900. 1900. 1901. Spiers, Adam, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edinburgh. Sprers, David, Overseer, Mugdrum, Newburgh, Fife. Spiers, David, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres. Sprunt, David, Assistant Forester, Murdostoun Castle, Newmains. STALKER, Wm. J., Nurseryman, Nairn. STEVENSON, Allan, Architect, 14 Cathcart Street, Ayr. Srewart, Alex., Forester, Shadwell Court, Thetford. Srewart, Alistair D,, c/o Mrs Robertson, 79 Scott Street, Garnethill, Glasgow. SrEwart, Charles, Assistant Forester, Waulkmill, Scone, Perth. Srewart, James, Land Steward, New Buildings, Sandbeck Park, Tickhill, Rotherham. STEWART, James, Forester, Fothringham, Forfar. Stewart, John M., Forester, Dunsinnan, Perthshire. Stewart, Rev. Daniel Caldwell, The Manse, Currie. Stewart, Robert, Forester, Stonefield, Tarbert, Lochfyne, N.B. STEWART, William, Land Steward, Dalhousie Castle, Dalkeith. SroppArT, James, Builder, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian. Stopparr, William, Land Steward, Dartrey, Co. Monaghan. Srong, Alfred William, Clerk of Works, Ashton Court Estate, Bower, Ashton, Bristol. Srorte, William, Forester, Gulworthy, Tavistock, Devon. Storie, W., Whitway House, Newbury, Berks. Stuart, J. Windsor, Factor, Bute Estate Office, Rothesay. Srunt, Walter Charles, Lorenden, Ospringe, Kent. SUTHERLAND, John D., Solicitor and Estate Agent, Oban, Argyle. Swan, Andrew R., Farmer, Craiglockhart Farm, Slateford. TAINSH, John, Estates Office, Ochtertyre, Crieff. Tait, David, Overseer, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire. Tait, James, Builder, Penicuik, Midlothian. Tait, James, jun., Woodsbank, Penicuik. Tait, William, Assistant Seedsman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh. Tait, Wm. A., 13 Brandon Terrace, Edinburgh. Taytor, Alexander, Overseer, Kildrummy, Mossat, Aberdeenshire. Taytor, John, Assistant Forester, Dalgety, Donibristle Park, Aberdour. TAyLor, William, Forester, Sandside, Kirkcudbright. TeRRAS, Alexander, Forester, Dalgetty Castle, Turiff. THomson, David, Mavisbank, Oakley, by Dunfermline. Tuomson, David W., Nurseryman, 24 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. Tuomson, Lockhart, S.S.C., 114 George Street, Edinburgh. THomson, Major W. Anstruther, Kilmany, Cupar-Fife. TIVENDALE, William D., Head Forester to Duke of Portland, Burnhouse, Galston. Top, Mrs J. W., Rosebank, Roslin. Tully, James B., Assistant Forester, Skibo, Dornoch, TURNBULL, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Abberwick, Alnwick. TuRNER, Joseph Harling, Agent for Duke of Portland, Cessnock Castle, Galston. g 26 Date of Election. 1898. 1900. 1902. 1893. 1903. 1894. 1870. 1893. 1893. 1899. 1898. 1899. 1901. 1901. 1893. 1872. 1893. 1889. 1902. 1899. 1902. 1895. 1884. 1901. 1901. 1895. 1895. 1883. 1891. 1902. 1882. 1903. 1895. 1899. 1896. 1900. 1902. 1901, TweEEDI®, Alexander, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry. TWEEDIE, John M., Forester, Foulden, Berwick. TyTLer, J. W. Fraser, W.S., of Woodhouselee, Roslin. 3. UNDERWOOD, Henry E., Sub-Agent, Fornham, St Martin, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. . Uxwry, Arthur Harold, D.(@c., Department of Interior, Forestry Section, Ottawa, Canada. WADDELL, James, 2 Springbank, Leven. WALKER, Captain George Lawrie, of Crawfordton, Thornhill. WALKER, Henry H., Factor, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. Wat, G. Y., Land Agent, Grange House, Darlington, Durham. Watuace, David P., Forester, The Saw-mills, Filleigh, Molton, S. Devon. WALLACE, Robert B. P., Timber Merchant, 12 Morton Street, Leith. WANDESFORDE, R. H. Prior, of Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. WANN, James J., The Gardens, Kennet, Alloa. Ward, Edward, Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres. Wason, Eugene, M.P., of Blair, Dailly, Ayrshire. Watson, James, Manager, Moy Hall, Inverness-shire. Watson, John, Timber Merchant, Annandale Street, Edinburgh. Wart, James, J.P., of Little & Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle. Wart, James W., Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle. Warrers, Dennis, Forester, Wester Elchies, Carron, Strathspey. WesstTeEr, Thomas, Overseer, Burdie House, Gilmerton. West; Robert, Assistant Forester, East Lodge, Glenearn, Bridge of Earn. WuHILLINS, Henry, Assistant Forester, Albury, Surrey. Wuite, William, Farmer, Edgefield, Loanhead. Wuirron, James, Superintendent of Parks, 249 George Street, Glasgow. Wuytock, James, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith. Wiican, Lewis Davis, of Glendaruel, Argyle. Wicut, Alexander, Overseer, Thurston, Innerwick. WicHron, John, Forester, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham. Wi kik, Charles, Assistant Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington. WILKIE, G., Architect, Hayfield, Peebles. WILKINSON, John, Factor, The Grange, Kirkeudbright. WituiAMson, A., Wood Manager, The Warren, Eridge Hamsell, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. WILLIAMSON, James, Overseer, Over Rankeillour, Cupar, Fife. WituraAmson, John, Bank Agent, Loanhead, Midlothian. Witson, Gilbert, Timber Merchant, Dailly, Ayrshire, Winson, James, M.A., B.Se., Royal College of Science, Stephens Green East, Dublin. Wruson, James, jun., Nurseryman, St Andrews. Witson, John, M.P., Airdrie House, Airdrie. Witson, John Currie, Factor, Tullyallan Estate Office, Kineardine- on-Forth, Date of Election. 1897. 1903. 1897. 1901. 1899. 1893. 1895. 1894. 1868. 1899. 1897. 1875. Witson, John H., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., St Andrews. Writson, Thomas, Head Gardener, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Wilson, William, Forester, Dingley, Market Harborough, Leicestershire. Witson, William G., Overseer, Dalquharran, Dailly. WIitson, William, Timber Merchant, Auchenleck, Ayrshire. Wiseman, Edward, Nurseryman, Elgin. WISEMAN, William, Nurseryman, Forres. Woop, William, The Gardens, Newton Don, Kelso, Berwickshire, WYLLIE, George, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. Wyllie, Robert, Assistant Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. Yeats, Alexander, Land Steward, Dunnottar Estate, Stonehaven. Young, William, Forester, Morriston Cottage, Earlston, Berwickshire, v . < * Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON. HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1903—Continued. MEETING AT DUMFRIES. An informal meeting of Members of the Society and others attending the Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agri- cultural Society’s Show at Dumfries, was held in the Committee Room in the Showyard, on Thursday, 23rd July, at 2 p.m. The Right Hon. the EArt or MANSFIELD was called to the chair. The CuHarrMAN referred to the notice calling the Meeting, which stated that a discussion would take place on the best means for improving the Exhibition, and he invited suggestions from those present to help the Council to insure that there would be a larger and better exhibition next year. Captain WALKER of Crawfordton said the list of prizes was in some respects unsatisfactory, for instance, some conifers, such as nobilis and Menziesir, were of too recent introduction to be cut down as timber Exhibits. They were looked upon as specimen trees, and proprietors would not cut them down. He thought the list should be confined to the fir tribe in common use, such as the Scotch fir, larch, spruce, and probably silver. He thought, also, that the timber asked for was too heavy. Mr Joun Hay, Kilmarnock, said it was discouraging for Exhibitors, in the section for articles for estate and farm purposes, to have such different articles as carts and gates competing against each other. The SEcRETARY said the Committee might remodel the Prize Schedules and Classification of Exhibits before another Show. Mr Joun AnnanpD, Haystoun Estate, Peebles, said he thought 2 the Society should aim.at Exhibits of commercial timber, rather than of timber of specimen trees, and suggested that reports should be submitted, giving particulars of the conditions under which the timber was grown. Mr Georce Leven, Auchencruive, Ayr, expressed disappoint- ment at the smallness of the Exhibition. He complained of the scanty way in which prizes were awarded by the Society, remark- ing that, so far as he was aware, no Gold Medal had been awarded during the past six or seven years. He pointed out that the Prize Schedule stated the classes of medals and their converted values, and he thought Exhibitors with the best Exhibits might fairly expect to be awarded gold medals. The Society should give more encouragement to Exhibitors, and help to draw them out. The CHAIRMAN pointed out that by the Schedule the Judges were empowered to award such prizes as they considered suitable for the Exhibits. He said the Meeting had been a very useful one, and he hoped the Council would reconsider the Schedules early, so as to give Exhibitors time to prepare their Exhibits for next year. Captain WALKER remarked that he thought slip-planting was the cause of most of the damage done by wind, etc., and suggested that the Society should investigate the matter. On the motion of Mr Wm. Mackinnon, Edinburgh, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the Highland and Agricultural Society for providing accommodation for the Exhibition and the Meeting, and for their contribution to the Prize Fund. Votes of thanks to the Local Secretaries and the Chairman concluded the business. THE GENERAL MEETING. A General Meeting of the Society was held in No. 18 George Street, Edinburgh, on Monday, 27th July 1903, at 11.30 a.m. W. Srevart ForurincHam, Esq. of Murthly, President, in the chair, APOLOGIES FOR ABSENCE. Apologies for absence were intimated from Lord Lovat, Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, Colonel Bailey, and Mr John Boyd. MINUTES. The Minutes of the Fiftieth Annual Meeting, held on Wednesday, 28th January 1903, were held as read and approved of. 1S) CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. Mr Forurincuam said this was the first opportunity he had had of thanking the Members for electing him President of the Society. He hoped to carry out the traditions of the office. He was glad to say that the Society was in a flourishing condition, the finances were sound, and. the Membership was steadily increasing. They expected to announce a Membership of over 1000 at their Jubilee Meeting next year. Their Members were very representative of the whole country, and the wider the Society was known, the greater would be its influence for good. The Annual Excursions were of great value, in allowing Members to see the work of their neighbours, It was good for the Members to visit foreign countries also, and to get foreign foresters to visit this country, as in these ways each had an opportunity of learning from the other. He regretted his inability to go with them on their Excursion to England, but hoped they would have a good time, and get both instruction and enjoyment. ELECTION OF AN Honorary ASSOCIATE. On the recommendation of the Lecturer on Forestry at Edinburgh University, Mr Epwarp BarriscomBe, Hinton Court, Hereford, senior student at the Forestry Class during Session 1902-3, was elected an Honorary Associate. JupGEs’ Report oN MopeEL oF A SHEAR FENCE. The Report was not received in time for the Meeting, and the matter was remitted to the Council, with powers. JupGES’ Report on Essays. The Report of the Judges on the Essays received in competition was submitted, and the following awards were made, in terms of their recommendations :— Crass I. (1) “Forestry in Ireland.” Award—No. 2 Silver Medal, to Davin M‘Braru, Cruchmore Lodge, Drumceliffe, Sligo. (2) ‘ Forestry in Ireland.” Award — Bronze Medal, to W. M. Mircuey, Lough Cutra, Gort, Co, Galway. 4 Crass TI. (1) ‘* Diseases, Insects, and Animals Injurious to Trees.” Award—No. 1 Silver Medal, to GiLBErRT Brown, Forester, Beaufort, Beauly. (2) “The Propagation of Trees and Shrubs.” Award—Bronze Medal, to D. M. Macpona.p, Assist- ant Forester, Alnwick Castle. (3) “The Propagation of Trees and Shrubs.” Award—Bronze Medal, to ALEX. M‘Grecor, Assistant Forester, Durris, Drumoak. Forestry EXHIBITION AT THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY’sS SHOW. The SecrRETARY reported that the Exhibition at Dumfries was smaller than those held at Aberdeen and Inverness. The quality of the Exhibits was, however, very good, and the Exhibition had attracted a great deal of attention. He mentioned that a Report on the Exhibition would be published in the Zvransactions, and submitted the following awards by the Judges of the articles sent in competition :— Four Varieties of Timber of Conifers Grown im Scotland, viz, Scots Far, Spruce, Silver Fir, and Larch. Ist prize £3, D. Crabbe, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. 2nd prize £2, W. Macalpine Leny of Dalswinton. V.H.C., Sir John Gilmour, Bart. of Lundin and Montrave, Model of Portable Saw-mall. No. 2 Silver Medal, to John Macpherson, Novar, Ross-shire. Best Article for Estate or Farm Use manufactured from Home-grown Timber. No. 1 Silver Medal, to N.S. Hattersley, Maryfield, Dalswinton, for a farm. cart. No, 2 Silver Medal, to D. Crabbe, Byreburnfoot, for a field gate. V.H.C., George Leven, Auchencruive, for an estate gate, Best Collection of Furniture Made of Home-grown Timber. No. 1 Silver Medal, to Alex. Pollock, Tarbolton, for suite of rustic oak furniture worked in stag-horn design. 5 Kzamples showing Best Methods of Utilising Small Wood in Manufacture of Small Wood Articles, Turnery, Woodwork, ete. No. 2 Silver Medal, to Alex, Pollock, Tarbolton, for a fancy rustic oak seat, Instrument or Method for Expeditiously Obtaining the Diameter of Trees at a Gaven Height. No, 1 Silver Medal, to John M‘Tavish, Forester, The Poles, Skelbo, Sutherlandsbire, for a pole instrument for obtaining the length and diameter of standing timber, The awards were approved of, and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the Judges and to the Local Secretaries for their services, St Louris Exurpirion 1n 1904. The PrestDENT explained that the Society had been invited to send Exhibits of Scottish Forestry to the Exhibition at St Louis. The Council had, however, decided that it was impossible to send any large Exhibits, but had offered to provide photographs of American conifers grown in this country, and of specimen park trees. The matter was remitted to the Council, with powers, REGISTER OF FORESTERS AND OTHERS. The SECRETARY mentioned that the Register was now in operation, and that he had a number of men on his list desiring places. The President commended the Register to the attention of Proprietors desiring men, and hoped it would prove useful. THE Socriety’s JUBILEE, 16TH FreBruary 1904. The SEcrETARY reported that, in connection with the Society’s Jubilee, the following recommendations had been submitted to and approved of by the Council, viz., (1) that the Annual Meet- ing and Dinner and a Conference be held in Edinburgh in February; (2) that a Forestry Exhibition be held in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Perth ; (3) that an Excursion be made to France ; and (4) that a special Number of the 7’ransactions be prepared. A discussion took place as to whether the Conference should be held in Edinburgh in February, or at the same time as the 6 Exhibition at Perth, and as the majority of Members appeared to be in favour of the former place and time, the whole matter was ‘emitted to the Council, with powers to carry out the recommenda- tions, it being understood that the Conference would be held in Edinburgh in February if it could be conveniently so arranged. Vote oF THANKS. A vote of thanks to the Chairman for presiding concluded the business of the Meeting. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. SYLLABUS OF SUBJECTS FOR ESSAYS. The following subjects are offered for competition in 1904 :— [The Judges are empowered to fix the value of the Prizes to be awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays. All Essays, Reports, Models, or other Articles intended for Competition must be lodged with the Secretary not later than 31st May 1904. Each Essay, Report, Model, or Article must bear a Morro, and be accompanied by a sealed envelope bearing watside the same Morvo, and the Class to which the Competitor belongs, and containing inside, a Carp with the Name and ADDRESS of the Competitor. Essays should be written on one side of the paper only; the left-hand quarter of each page should be left as a blank margin. The lines should not be crowded together. Judges cannot compete during their term of office. Successful Competitors may either have the medals or their con verted values, which are as follows: —Gold, £5; No. 1 Silver, £3 , No. 2 Silver, £2; Bronze, 10s. ] Crass I1.—For Oren ComPETITION. I. Contrast the position of the United Kingdom as a Field for Timber-Growing on a commercial scale with that of other European countries, and show how a considerable proportion of the Timber which we now import could be produced at home. (Five Guineas offered by W. H. Masstz, Esq., of Messrs Dicksons & Co., Nurserymen, Edinburgh.) II. The Output of an acre of Home Nursery. (Z'wo Guineas offered by Wm. Mackinnon, Esq., of the firm of John Downie, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.) The essayist will assume that the trees are raised from seed or cuttings, and that they are moved to the woods when four years old. He will indicate what amount of seed and area of seed-beds will be needed, and what area of plant-beds will be required to receive the trans- planted seedlings. He will show what number of trees of various kinds may be expected annually from such a nursery. 2 Ill. On the best methods of utilising or marketing Forest Products. (Zwo Guineas offered by D. P. Latrp, Esq., Pinkhill Nurseries, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.) IV. The results obtained by various methods of Planting, with various Species, Sizes, and Descriptions of Plants. The Report to be based on actual experience; soil and other local conditions to be fully described. V. The durability and comparative values of the Timber of British Grown Exotic Trees (European Larch excepted) when used for estate and building purposes. VI. Measures that have been adopted to prevent the destruc- tive effects of Gales. (A Medal.) VIL. The Natural Regeneration of Woods, and the subse- quent Treatment as regards Artificial Assistance, should such have been rendered necessary owing to the Natural Sowing having been irregular, insuflicient, or too dense. (A Medal.) The author must cite some particular case, and give the results of a systematic attempt at natural regeneration, bearing in mind the fact that a patchy, imperfect restocking cannot be regarded as satisfactory or successful. VIII. The Valuation of Woods or Plantations for the purpose of Transfer. (A Medal.) The writer to describe the method (a) of valuing matured woods, (6) middle-aged woods, (c) park trees and others that may be, in addition to their value as timber, considered as ornamental, (d) young woods, and (e) coppice. 1X. For an approved Report on the Woods of which the competitor is Forester. Reporter to state the extent of the woods, the kinds of timber grown, soil, situation, age, manage- ment, ete. [A standing subject.] (A Medal.) X. An account of the Present State and Future Prospects of Forestry in the North of Scotland. (A Medal.) XI. On the best method of growing a continuous Crop of Timber. (A Medal.) The Essay should deal with the different kinds of Woods, the ages, and proportion per acre of the trees at different stages, and whether these have been raised by natural or artificial means. Reference may be made to any system practised abroad which might prove applicable in this country. 3 XII. The Sylvicultural Advantages of Under Planting, with specified examples. (A Medal.) XIII. The best method of Preventing Damage by the Pine Saw-fly—Lophyrus pint of Curtis. (A Medal.) XIV. Auy Disease incidental to Forest Trees. [A standing subject.| (A Medal.) XV. The most advantageous methods of Transporting Timber. (A Medal.) The writer specially to describe any means of moving felled timber from the interior of woods to their margins, or to roads. XVI. For accurate Measurements of Height and Cubic Con- tents of pure groups of the following species, viz. :—Pseudotsuga Douglas, Picea sitchensis or Menzesii, Pinus Strobus, Pinus Laricio, Abies pectinata, and Thuja gigantea. The method of measurement, the age, and number of trees, the system of planting and thinning, and particulars of soil, situation, and elevation of localities to be given in the case of each group. (A Medal.) XVII. Report on damage to trees caused by lightning, describing its effects, and showing the kinds of trees most liable to be struck. (A Medal.) XVIII. The erection and maintenance of a Saw-mill and other Wood-working Machinery suitable for Estate purposes. (A Medal.) The writer should fully describe the saw-mill or other machinery to which his Essay relates, giving estimates of outturn and of cost. XIX. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) Cuass [].—For Assistant ForRESTERS ONLY. I. The Propagation of Forest Trees and Shrubs, based on personal experience. (A Medal.) II. Any disease affecting Trees, or injuries caused to Trees, by fungi, insects, or animals. (A Medal.) III. The Peeling and Harvesting of different kinds of British Bark used in Tanning. (A Medal.) + IV. The best method of protecting Trees from injury by Ground Game. (A Medal.) V. The extraction of Chemicals from Wood or Bark. VI. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) The Council invite the attention of young Foresters to the fore- goiny subjects, as they wish to encourage their literary efforts. ROBERT GALLOWAY, Secretary. 12 YorK BUILDINGS, EDINBURGH, January 1904. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. JOHN NISBET, D.Q&c., HONORARY EDITOR. A. D. RICHARDSON, ASSISTANT EDITOR ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER V OD Sey ti: EDINBURGH: Pott ED. FOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. 1905. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVI The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed VILLI. IX. XIII. Exo Vie XV). XVI. MAU by the authors of papers. . Address delivered at the Fifty-first Annual Meeting, 16th February 1904. By W. Srevarr ForurincHam, Esq., President of the Society, . The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1854-1904, . A brief Survey of the History of Forestry in Britain during the last Fifty Years. By the Honorary Epiror, . The Society’s Jubilee Dinner, . Conference on Forestry Education, . Excursion to Dunkeld, Murthly, and sane parnariee jug 1904. By A. Murray, Forester, Murthly, . Forestry Exhibition in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show at Perth, July 1904. By A. Murray, Forester, Murthly, Perthshire, : ; The Twenty-seventh Annual Excursion—France, 23rd July to 6th August 1904, A Short Account of the State and other Forests of France visited by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, July- August 1904, and of the Foréts de St Amand, et de Raismes (Valenciennes). Prepared from official sources by Colonel BaiLtty, R.E., Lecturer on Forestry in the University of Edinburgh, and Professor FisHER, Royal Indian Engineering College, Coopers Hill, . Report on the Excursion to France, from 23rd July to 6th August 1904. By Grorcr U. Macponatp, Forester, Raith, Fifeshire, . German Forestry. By Fraser Srory, Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, . Notes on a Visit to some Bavarian and Saxon Forests with Dr Schlich and the Coopers Hill Students, 1904. By JoHNn J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire, Notes on Continental Forestry, 1904. By the Hon. Epiror, On Planting Waste Land for Profit. By Grorcr U. MAcDoNALD, Forester, Raith, Fifeshire, The Colorado Variety of the Douglas Fir (Ramiende esta Carr.), with Photograph. By the Assisranr Epiror, The Douglas Fir Plantation at Taymount (with Photograph). By the Assistanr EpITor,. : : An Account of a Chafer Infestation (with Plan), By FREDERICK Moon, Forester, Mount Trenchard, Foynes, Co. Limerick, PAGE 65 68 74 118 138 1V CONTENTS. Rerorrs BY THE HONORARY SCLENTISTS— Report by R. Srewart MacDovucatt, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Honorary Consulting Entomologist, . ; 3 . Report by A. W. Borrawick, D.Sc., Honorary Consulting Cryptogamist, Larch Disease Inquiry: Report by Sus-CoMMITTEE appointed 10th December 1904, NorEs AND QUERIES :—Experimental Plots at Cockle Park— R F Parliament and Forestry—St Louis Exhibition—The Creosoting of Spruce, Larch, Oak, and Scots Pine—Railway Sleepers from Irish-grown Timber—Chiltern Hills Beech—Scientific Tree- butt Blasting—British Oak for Wood-Paving—Jarrah and Karri—Sweden’s New Forestry Laws—The Forests of Poland— Russia’s Timber Trade with the United Kingdom—The Timber Resources of European Russia--The Forests of the United States—American Forestry Congress—Influence of Forests on Climate—The Uses of Wood in Japan—Forestry Education at the Imperial University of Tokio—Teaching of Forestry in the Provinces—Forestry at the Edinburgh University—Appoint- ments to Forestry Lectureships, etc., in 1904—Edinburgh University Forestry Class—University of Edinburgh: List of Names of Students and Graduates who have obtained Educational or Administrative Appointments in Forestry or Agriculture, and who, with the exception of the Last Five on the List (one of whom was the First Lecturer on Forestry), were Students of the Forestry Class in the University—The Brechin Arboricultural Society—Imports of Timber into the United Kingdom, 1903 and 1904, SVIEWS AND NoTices oF BookKs— English Estate Forestry. By A.C. Forpes, F.H,A.S., Lecturer on Forestry, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Trees: a Handbook of Forest-Botany for the Woodlands and the Laboratory. By H. MarsHati Warp, Sc.D., F.R.S., ete., : The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification. By HERBERT STONE, F.L.S., F.R.C.1., . Forestry. Translated from the German of Dr ADAM SCHWAP- PACH by Fraser Story and Eric A. Nosss, Ph.D., B.Se., F.H.A.S., ; F F 2 Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. By W. Scuuicu, Ph.D., C.I.E., F.R.S., F.L.S., PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL Socigery, 1904. [With Appendices. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoyAL ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL Socinry, 1905. [With Appendices. ] List or Mempers, corrected to April 1905. PAGE 219 243 243 JOBILEE VOLUME. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. eggs eC) gud 1 zs Zi ike it) of Wr VOL XV JOHN NISBET, D.&c,, HONORARY EDITOR. A. D. RICHARDSON, ASSISTANT EDITOR. ROBERT GALLOWAY, &.8.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. nk. ER RRemnennmnnnn=*s 38, EDINBURGH: PRINTED EORY THE YSsSOCLEL™: SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. LIBRAR Price to Non-Members, 4/G NEW YORK BOTANICAL NOV i¢ 1972 Gi A DINATCNA! “CANVINYAD) DYUNGWVH 4eeu ‘Y¥3ENSLSIVH ‘SNOS SNIBH ‘f—SS24PPV ‘uonvoydde uo aay andoyeyeg «“3]Nser Pood YIM s1ayMAIVAV MOIS puL ‘sjoo1 ‘yySle1y Jsomo] ye ‘Sanquey v2 ‘Ajjdwoid vowawy pue pur[suq 0} satteatep asivy = ‘*Ajyenuue ‘asvpSnoq saigpy JO Sx90}s eSawy «*sassew ur “O49 ‘SYUVTd espe qua][aoxe YIM a1oja1ayy ‘punoas Apues ur Surmors ase syurid [Vy THH ‘ff JO SelesinNY ey} Ul spag-peeg jo MZIA eq syueid uot ozr yo sjuamdiysS —*939 §*918 ‘s1fa907Ga) xrawT ‘vagorna XtavT ‘sisuUuavyqzs DI2g pue 4sei0q Suimoin ‘sadoy 008 ‘SOMOSINN ‘NUNANVH Jeeu ‘“WAANALSTIVH ‘SNOS .SN OM itv ~ € i ee 5 aid - a Ee a ee : "7 aa CN ADVERTISEMENTS. DOUGLAS & FOULIS BOOKSELLERS anv LIBRARIANS STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY Priced List Free on Application An extensive Stock of New Books in all Classes of Literature at the usual Discount Prices also Books for Presentation in handsome Bindings Catalogues of Surplus Library Books at greatly Reduced Prices issued at Intervals. Gratis and Post free to any address 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH ADAM WILSON & SONS, tbome Timber Merchants and SawzMillers, AUCHINLECK, AYRSHIRE. Every description of Round and Cut up Home Timber supplied for Collieries, Cartwrights, Coachbuilders, Boatbuilders, &c. Branches: TROON AND DAILLY, AYRSHIRE. Telegraphic Address : Telephone No. ‘“WILSONS, AUCHINLECK.” 0200 CATRINE. THE NEW FORESTRY; oF the Continental System adapted to British Woodlands and Game Preservation. Copiously Illustrated. By JoHn Simpson, lately Head Forester to the Right Hon. the late Earl of Wharncliffe. SECOND EDITION, Price 15s. net. Postage 4d. extra. Also QUICK FRUIT CULTURE. New methods for Gardens great or small. By JoHN Simpson, Author of “The New Forestry.” Price 7s. 6d. net, Postage 4d. extra. PAWSON & BRAILSFORD, Publishers and Printers, SHEFFIELD. a ADVERTISEMENTS. ‘QvOy AHOsALVIS * i F i ‘Aapunogs ‘oom } HOUNsNICS "LASULS SAYHVOIVa * * ‘3900 Pd49035139y “LASYLS NOLNIIDS Evy -MODSV1D "M'N ‘GvOu¥ NS3GWVO & :NOGNO1 SS —— ese ou ree SERA artis) pe gt rel 7 Es (eS FPS VR RE y me — — rey Ls Pr WE: ~ ‘AATF TOENON RUGS HLESERIUTL THERE anv a V bed dtidie Za) RY Ze cc eS So aa pnd ‘eu ‘LODT “ON [et}uap ‘S19puUnOojUuOA, pue ‘ss90uI bug [ed1ajd9;q pure ‘buynelpywusA ‘buneopy ‘SIOP[ ING osSnoyJOH “aL 7 YNONOW hikes AIZNAMOVIN ONeN ‘9>> ‘ON STeq10H—MOSse[H ‘YSsinquipy ,,“WoIy,, 10 _. asnoyqjoy,, ‘ BInqut , UOptOT ‘sneyqqtery,, ‘BLD ‘ON ae ag eh quipd —suin.6a)a —auoyda)a J, “SUL Oy) AJsafew si 0] Juawmjujoddy jejsads Ag ADVERTISEMENTS. FOREST, FRUIT, %o AND ALL OTHER “ot TREES AND PLANTS. EVERGREENS, ROSES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 2% HERBACEOUS PLANTS &. STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS, SEEDS ror FARM anp GARDEN. JOHN DOWNIE, faeAND 77 SHANDWICK PLACE, EDINBURGH. Nurseries: Beechhill, Murrayfield, and Belgrave Park, Corstorphine. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155. Established il 801 : SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES, A Large Stock of i ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, ROSES and FRUIT TREES. Special Prices for Large Quantities, and Estimates given Jor Planting. JAMES DICKSON & SONS, 46 HANOVER STREET and INVERLEITH ROW, Pee -lhiNeB EoG Ei: CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION, SPECIAL AWARD For Exhibit of CHOICE CONIFERS SS OO at the SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW in Waverley Market, Edinburgh, November 1904. ADVERTISEMENTS. DAVID W. THOMSON'S FOREST TREES. An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees, comprising SCOTS FIR, LARCH FIR (Native and Japanese), SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, ABIES DOUGLASII, LARICIO and AUSTRIACA, and other trees in great variety, and in good condition for Removal. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS and TREES in all Sizes. Rhododendrons, Ponticums, and Hybrids, ALSO FINEST NAMED SORTS. HOLLIES, YEWS, LAURELS Paiva and other Game-Cover Plants in fine condition for Removal. GATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS AND CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS. See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1905, Post Free on application. furseries— WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD and BOSWELL ROAD. Seed Warebouse— 13 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Blythswood Sq., Glasgow. STAFF. PRINCIPAL—Proressor R. PATRICK WRIGHT. PROFESSORS. Agriculture, - . - R. Patrick Wricut, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E. Agricultural Botany and Forestry, - A. N. M‘Acping, B.Sc.(Lond.), Assoc. R.C.S. Agricultural Chemistry, - - Joun W. Parerson, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.H.A.S. LECTURERS. Agriculture and Dairying, - - Danie Ross, N.D.D., F.H.A.S.; James M‘CuTcHEon, F.C.S.; and JoHNn StruTuErs, M.A., B.Sc., N.D.A., N.D.D. Agricultural Entomology, - - James J. F. X. Kine, F.E.S. Bacteriology, - - - - - R. M. Buchanan, M.B., C.M. Veterinary Science, - - : - James M‘Catt (Principal of Yctexinary College), and Joun R. M‘Catit, M.R ar Book-keeping, - - - - - Danrev Ross, F.H. A. S., N.D.D Agricultural Engineering, - - Harry Bamrorp, M.Sc., A.M.I oi oy Agricultural Surveying, - - - RicHARD HENDERSON, F.H.A.S., P.A.S.1. Poultry and POSE ee Pane - - Susan Fincranp, N.D.D. Forestry, - - W. P. A. Hupvson, M.A.(Cantab.), P.A.S.I. Horticulture, - = : 2 - Joun Mutr, F.R.H.S. Bacon-curing, - T. Howarpb STEVEN. ASSISTANTS — Rosert Fores, N.D.D., Harry Gren, and Joun Boyp. DAIRY SCHOOL. Instructor in Cheesemaking, - - R. J. DRumMonp. Assistant in Cheesemaking, - - Joun P. Hunter, N.D.D. Instructress in Buttermaking, - - Euiza J. Freeman, N.D.D. Dairymaid, - - - : - Nery Dykes. Secretary and Treasurer—JOHN CUTHBERTSON, F.R.S.E., F.E.1.S. Clerk—E. Kirkwoop. Janitor—Wm. CAMERON. The classes of the College, in conjunction with those of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College and the University of Glasgow, afford a complete Course of Instruction in Agricultural Science, and qualify for the B.Sc. Degree in Agriculture, for the National Diploma in Agriculture, and for the Diploma of the Surveyors’ Institute. Complete Courses of Instruction in the Science and Practice of Dairying are also given, which qualify for the examinations for the National Dairy Diploma. Session—For General Agricultural Classes, October to April; and for Classes in Dairying, April to October. Prospectus (gratis) and full information on application to the Secretary. NEW EDITION. THOROUGHLY REVISED TO DATE. THE ROYAL ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. Containing 57 Maps and 94 Inset Maps and Plans, with Indexes to about 185,000 Places. = = = Royal Folio, half-bound Russia or Morocco, price £6, 6s. COMPLETE CATALOGUE SENT FREE ON APPLICATION. W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., Geographical, Educational, and General Publishers, Edina Works, Easter Road, and 20 South St. Andrew Street, EDINBURGH ; 7 Paternoster Square, LONDON, E.C. Yy MM bts J.MAIN Ye MME a Zi Mtb i LYZ/ZLIE P ae r : Er en, saan YS = (a SS] Ga ce || Se, — OurR COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES = ee STEEL ' CIRON BUILDINGS | pa a ASS - SHEDDING S| 6STEELPALE | TROOFING FENCING, + = = lS ES i =e FOR HAY SHED N26. PURPOSES, INDUSTRIAL PP. (i ——"“H1ttttt}))j . CLYDESDALE IRON Works, ™& Possmparn, GLASGOW. ‘749 CANNON ST. CORN ii LEINSTER ST. EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. as.susno.1, ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Edinburgh, London, and Provincial Newspapers and Periodicals; also in all Colonial and Foreign Publications. A single copy of an Advertisement sent to Keith & Co. ensures ‘mmediate insertion, without further trouble to the Advertiser, in any number of newspapers, and at an expense not greater than would have been incurred if the Advertisement or Notice had been forwarded to each Newspaper direct. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, GRASS PARKS, MANSION HOUSES, &c., to Let, ESTATES for SALE, TIMBER for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, &c.; and Messrs J. M. Munro, Lrp., having been appointed Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, and to the HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, Agents and Factors can have every confidence in placing their Advertising in the hands of the firm. REGISTRY for Servants (Male and Female) of all Classes. KEITH & CO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS. HARDY FOREST TREES FROM THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND. Best for planting in cold and exposed sttuattons. SPECIAL PRICES FOR LARGE QUANTITIES. CATALOGUES POST FREE. BEN. REID & CO., LTD., Nurserymen and Seedsmen to the King, ~+ ABERDEEN. -> A. & 6. PATERSON, LIMITED. HEAD OFFICE: ST ROLLOX, GLASGOW. Branches at ABERDEEN, BANCHORY, INVERGORDON, etc. Buyers at Scoteh Growing Woods. Sellers of Larch Fencing of all descriptions. JAMES JONES, LARBERT SAWMILLS, LARBERT, N.B. All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, suitable for COLLIERIES, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, BOATBUILDERS, &c., &c. Che Country Gentlemen’s Estate Book. wad aboot ante 620 pages, including 70 Full-page Plates. Bound in Stiff Red Cloth Cover Price 5s. 6d. post paid. THE ESTATE MAGAZINE. Monthly. Illustrated. Price 6d. post paid. THE MODERN HOMESTEAD: Its Arrangement and Construction. By RICHARD HENDERSON. This book constitutes a complete practical guide to the arrangement and con- struction of new homesteads, and the re-arrangement and alteration of existing ones. Fully Illustrated. Cloth bound. Price 20s. ON BREAKING RETRIEVERS. By E. G. WHELER. Price Is, post paid. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS OF A PAIR OF COTTAGES Designed by Colonel KAIKEs, F.S.I., for erection on the Ragley Estate of the Marquess of Hertford. Price, first set, 21s., and not more than three other sets to one person, at 5g, per set. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FORESTRY IN BRITAIN. By Sir HAro_p G. HEWETT, Bart. Price 2s, 6d. post paid. THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY : From an Everyday Point of View. By RicHARD HENDERSON Price 12s. 6d. post paid. PUBLISHED BY THE COUNTRY GENTLEMEN'S ASSOCIATION, LTD., 2 Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W. ADVERTISEMENTS, Telephones : National, No. 3 PARTICK. Corporation, No. W333. ROBINSON, DUNN «& GO, Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. Telegrams : ‘“ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. Creosoting Works at TEMPLE. ea ua ot “ACME”? WEED KILLER. For destroying WEEDS, MOSS, &c., on GARDEN WALKS, DRIVES, ROADS, &c. USED IN ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S GARDENS, KEW, CRYSTAL PALACE, &ec. STRENGTH.—1 in 25. 1 gallon to 25 gallons of water. 1 gallon, 2s. 3d.; tin free. 5 gallons, 7s. 6d.; drum, 2s. 6d. 10 gallons, 13s. 4d.; drum, 5s. DOUBLE STRENGTH. —1 gallon to 50 gallons of water. 1 gallon, 3s. 6d.; drum, od. 5 gallons, 14s.; drum, 2s. 6d. Empties allowed for when returned (carriage paid) within two months. Prices for larger quantities on application. ‘ ACME” POWDER WEED KILLER. Dissolves quickly in Cold Water. SIZES—No. 1. Sufficient to make 25 gallons, 1s. Qd. tin. Ss. No. 2. 3 a 50 a eo eres No. 3. _ 5; 100 iam OSE » No. 3, Carriage Paid. Tins free. ACME” SUMMER SHADING, WHITE AND GREEN. For Shading Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c. Easily applied. Will not wash off with rain. 1 Ib. makes 4 gallon. 1s. per Ib. THE ACME CHEMICAL COMPANY, LIMITED, TONBRIDGE, KENT; and River Street, BOLTON, LANCASHIRE. ADVERTISEMENTS. THE NEW LARCH. eee ee No Planter can afford to overlook Larix leptolepis, the Japanese Larch. ITS ADVANTAGES : Rapidity of Growth. Hardiness. Immunity from disease and the ravages of Insects. Adaptability to almost any situation. Rapidity with which it recovers from an injury. Highly ornamental appearance. Quality of Timber. DICKSONS & CO.. The tking’s Wurserpmen, 1 Waterloo Place, EDINBURGH, Hold the finest stock of it in Europe, and invite correspondence. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed Situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable, Every Requisite for Forxsr, Farm, and Garpen. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, ESTABLISHED 1759. KILMARNOC K. ee eee EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. The Cenrrat Cuasses in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AcricuLTuRE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to W. Scorr STEVENSON, Secretary, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. 7 f4 i’ - . ” my —— > \ bh a4 ? a a (ce jet af gaic et STR a apr 6 ahs Roval Scottish Arboricultural Society. INSTITUTED 1854. Patron—HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. Permission to assuine the title ‘* Royal” was granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1887. FORMER PRESIDENTS. 1854-56. JAMES Brown, Wood Commissioner to the | Ear] of Seafield. 1857. The Right Hon. Tue Ear or Ducte. L858. The Right Hon. THe EArt oF Sratr. 1859. Sir JoHN Hatt, Bart. of Dunglass. L860. His Grace THe DUKE oF ATHOLL. i861. Jouwn I. CHAumers of Aldbar. 1862. The Right Hon. THE EArt or AIRLIE. 1863. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy. (864-71. Ropert HuTcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. 1872-73. Huea CLecHorN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. 1874-75. Jonn Hurron Batrour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS.L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1876-78. The Right Hon. W. P. Apam of Blair- adam, M.P. 1882. 1879-81. The Most Hon. Tue MaAreauis LoTaHiAN, K.T. OF ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. | 1883-85. Hueu CLecHornN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. The Right Hon. Sir Hersert Eustace MAXWELL, Bart. of Monreith, M.P. 1886-87. 1888-89. The Most Hon. THE Marquis oF LINLITHGOW. 1890-93. Isaac BAyLEY Batrour, M.D., Sce.D., F.R.S., LL.D., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 1894-97. R. C. Munro FERcuson, M.P. 1898. Colonel F. BatLry, R.E. 1899-02. The Right Hon. Tak EARL or MANSFIELD. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1905. President. W. STEUART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, Perthshire. Vice=Presidents, LEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, Forester, Jeanie Bank, Scone. HAS, BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. THE Rieur Hon, THE EARL OF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. IR KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Sir JOHN STIRLING MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollok- Place, Edinburgh. shaws. Council. AMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. OBERT FORBES, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. . T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumberland. OHN W. M‘HATTIE, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. . F. MACKENZIE, F.S.1., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Liberton. 7. H. MASSIE, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. OHN BOYD, Forester, Pollok Estate, Wood Cottage, Kennis- head, Thornliebank. IR THOMAS GIBSON CARMICHAEL, Bart. of Castle Craig, Malleny House, Balerno. AMES COOK, Estate Office, Arniston, Gorebridge. EORGE U. MACDONALD, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. WILLIAM MACKINNON, Nurseryman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh. R. V. MATHER, Nurseryman, Kelso. ADAM SPIERS, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edin- burgh. CoLoNEL BAILEY, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. JOHN ANNAND, Overseer, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. Dr A. W. BORTHWICK, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. JAMES JOHNSTONE, F.S.1., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. GEORGE LEVEN, Forester, Auchencruive, St Quivox, Ayr. JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh JOHN SCRIMGEOUR, Overseer, Doune Lodge, Doune. DAVID W. THOMSON, Nurseryman, 113 George Street, Edinburgh. Hon. Editor. Dr JOHN NISBET, Royal Societies Club, 63 St James Street, London, S.W. Assistant Editor. A. D. RICHARDSON, 8 Sciennes Gardens, Edinburgh. Auditor. JOHN T. WATSON, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Hon. Secretary. R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House, Kirkcaldy. Secretary and Treasurer. ROBERT GALLOWAY, 5.8.C., 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. bo Membership. HE Roll contains the names of over 1000 Members, compris- ing Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions,‘ specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of 3 4,584, 3s. tod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model Forest for Scotland which might serve the above- named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the recent Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in_ their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. Excursions. During the past twenty-six years, well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895, a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, and in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden. During the past summer the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited. ‘These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. + The Society’s Transactions. The Transactions of the Society are published annually, and issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Copies of the Transactions, which now extend to seventeen volumes, are to be found in the principal Libraries of the United Kingdom, as well as in those of the British Colonies and of America. Honorary Consulting Scientists. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Scientists appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—IsAAC BAYLEY BALFouR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, B.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BORTHWICK, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MACDOUGALL, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., Royal Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—JOHN SMITH FLETT, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., C.M., Geological Survey, 28 Jermyn Street, London, S.W. Consulting Meteorologist.—ROBERT COCKBURN MossMAn, F.R.S.E., F.R. Met.Soc., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names will be found on page 28 of the Proceedings appended. ‘They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Foresters, Etc. A Register of Foresters and others desirous of obtaining situations is now in operation. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.8.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. ( Full Name, Designation, Degrees, etc., . a Address, Life, or Ordinary Member, \ Signature, . Signature, . Proposer’s Address, Signature, . Seconder’s | Address, {CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscrib'ng annually c . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed 4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, subscribing annually. : : : . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, sub- scribing annually : : : : . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually ; : : : . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zransactions. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for three years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till all his arrears are paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Zzfe Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, é : : £10 tows 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, ¢ 5: 95220 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, . ; 3 igen VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zzfe Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by xezw Life Members. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made on the Form provided for the purpose, which must be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the next meeting of the Council. The Proposal shall lie on the table till the following meeting of the Council, when it shall be accepted or otherwise dealt with, as the Council may deem best in the interests of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. — ha " wi cs oxi ‘ a PAE ; 3 4 yi A i © hs vy, iGo, ‘ALAIOOS AHL AO NOWLVG ‘GYVMaY ONIM ALsalvyy SIH FRESIDENTS ©F DE SOCGIERY, 1654-1902 James Brown, LL.D., 1854-57. 6. Joun I. Cuatmers of Aldbar, 1861-62. . The Right Hon. Tue Earr or Ducir, 1857-58. 7. The Right Hon. Tur Eart or AIRLIE, 1862-63. The Right Hon. THe Eart or Srarr, 1858-59. 8. The Right Hon. T. F. KENNEDY of Dunure, 1863-64. Sir Joun Harr, Bart. of Dunglass, 1859-60. 9. Rosert Hurcutison of Carlowrie, 1864-72. His Grace THe Dukr or ATHOLL, 1860-61. 10. HuGu CreGuorn, M.D., LL.D., etc., of Stravithie, 1872-74, 1883-86. ERESIDENTS OF ThE SOCIETY, 1654-1904: 11. Jonn Hutton Batrour, M.D., etc., 1874-76. 16. The Most Hon. THE Marouts oF LINLITHGOW, 1888-90. 12. The Right Hon. W. P. Apam of Blairadam, M.P., 1876-79. | 17. Isaac BayLey Batrour, M.D., LL.D., ete., 1890-04. 13. The Most Hon. THe Marguts or Loruran, K.T., 1879-82. 18. R. C. Munro FercGuson of Raith and Novar, M.P., 14. ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., LL.D., etc., of Hartree, 1894-98. 1882-83. 19. Colonel F. BatLrey, R.E., 1898-go. 15. The Right Hon. Sir Hersertr E. Maxwe tt, Bart. of 20. The Right Hon. THe Earrt or MANSFIELD, 1899-1903. Monreith, M.P., 1886-88. 21. W. STE TART FOTHRINGHAM of Murthly, 1903- No. 15 ts Copyright of Elliott & Fry, London; No. 17 ts Copyright of Maull & Fox, London. em, OSINOH |, INVN®) ‘[ NIV ‘yaw ‘NUGSINVY NHO[ IS ‘'ALSIDOS AHL SO SYAagWAW LSACIO AHL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, I. Address delivered at the Fifty-first’ Annual Meeting, 16th February 1904. By W. STEvUART FOTHRINGHAM, Esq., President of the Society. This being our Jubilee Meeting, I think it is only right that we should, in some shape or form, draw attention to the history of the Society. Presidents before me have drawn attention, and very ably, to various points in connection with the more practical aspects of forestry, but on this particular occasion I think it would be only right that we should take some little survey of our past history and progress. In 1854 the Society was founded, under the Presidency of James Brown, who was then Deputy- Surveyor in the Forest of Dean, and with a Committee of nineteen Members. As far as the records of the Society show, there were few other Members, so that evidently it was a small Society to start with. Two years later the Society commenced to publish their Transactions. It was not until 1866 they began, like most Societies, to have an Annual Dinner, and it was not a bad way of bringing the Members of the Society together. The next event of great interest occurred in 1869, when Queen Victoria was pleased to give to the Society her patronage. This was a sign that the Society was getting on, and that its position was well established, because it is well known that the Sovereign does not give his or her patronage to a Society which is not properly founded. Her Majesty continued her patronage to the end of her life, and King Edward has been pleased to give the Society his patronage since that time. It was not till 1873 that the discussions on forestry were inaugurated at the Annual Meetings, and people at large began to take an interest in what the Society was doing. 1 See footnote, page 6. VOL. XVIII. A 2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. In 1875 Prof. J. H. Balfour, then President of the Society, suggested, at one of those discussions, the formation of a British Forestry School. As you know, the Society has been trying since that time to get a British, and preferably a Scottish, Forestry School established. This was the object of the Society in 1875, and since then the Society has continually pressed it on the authori- ties, and I hope we will continue to press that object until our efforts are crowned with success. In 1885 a Select Committee of the House of Commons was instituted, partly, if not entirely, at the instigation of the Society, and that Select Committee in 1887 recommended the establishment of a Board of Forestry. The Committee did not do anything, but perhaps in time we may see a Board of Forestry, or, at any rate, a Government Depart- ment interested in that particular branch of industry. Mr Hutchison, who was a distinguished Member of the Society, and was President for eight years, suggested in 1885 both a Forest Area and a Lectureship on Forestry in Scotland, and, I suppose, as a result of that Dr Somerville was appointed first Lecturer on Forestry in Edinburgh University. Then there was a motion to have a regular Chair of Forestry endowed in Edinburgh, and a Chair of Forestry Endowment Fund was started in 1890. Since that time the Society has continued by all the means in its power to try and press upon the Government, and upon the proprietors of land and others interested, the importance of education in matters relating to forestry. In 1902 a Departmental Committee was appointed by Mr Hanbury, and a large amount of evidence was taken. Their Report has been published in our Zransactions, and that Committee reported absolutely in favour of all the objects which the Society has always pressed—the establishment of a forest area and of forestry instruction. I hope we will continue to try and get the recommendations in that Report given effect to, and I hope that the resolution we have passed to-day will have some effect in getting them carried out.1_ The Society, in continuing its efforts to promote education on forestry matters, adopted a scheme of Excursions. In 1878 the first Excursion took place to Scone, and others have been made there once or twice since ; and Excursions have been annually undertaken to various places in Scotland, England, Ireland, North Germany, and Sweden, and now we are going to France, all with the view of 1 Since the above Address was delivered, some progress has been made in this direction, see page 18. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 3 educating ourselves, and learning what we can from our neigh- bours. I hope we shall not be long in the position of having to go and learn from our neighbours, but that we shall have depu- tations from other countries coming to Scotland to see what we can show them. This has been a very brief resumé of the history of the Society. I have tried to show you that the objects of the Society have always been to further the interests of forestry in Scotland and the education of the forester, and we have got to press these still, so that, by its influence, forestry may be so developed in Scotland that pupils will come to it to learn forestry instead of going to Germany or France or elsewhere. I think we have also forwarded the cause of technical education by publishing annually in our Transactions valuable papers on practical work in various forms. We do not profess to be entirely theoretical. We are quite in favour of encouraging practical work. Further, the Society, as stated in the Report, has started a Register of Foresters. It is kept by the Secretary, and I am sure it will be of great advantage if it were more widely known throughout the country. It should tend to bring together the foresters in one place who want situations, and the employers in another who have situations to fill. As for the Membership of the Society, I am able to say that, for the first time in our history, we have more than a thousand Members. Our numbers are now tro16. That is very gratifying, and we have to thank all those who have been recruiting recently on behalf of the Society. I hope they will not cease their efforts now, for the larger number our Society represents, the more likely will we be to get our wants attended to by the Treasury and the other Government departments. Our position is, I think, a pretty good one. We started, as has been said, with a few Members fifty years ago, and now we have a Membership of over a thousand. That shows a record of success which probably few societies are able to equal. I hope all the Members will spread abroad the objects of the Society, so that people generally, and proprietors of land in particular, may understand that we are convinced that, with proper attention, plantations and woods can be made remunerative. If we can do this, and if we can get a State Forest Area carried out on proper lines—if we can induce Government to take up that question, I think we shall have gone very far towards securing the objects 4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. for which the Society exists. When Lord Mansfield was here, he remarked that young foresters in this country were not employed in a proper way, and he suggested the introduction of the apprentice system. That, I am quite sure, is a step in the right direction, and the head foresters who have tried it bear witness to the fact that the young men engaged in this way take a more intelligent interest in their work. These, Gentlemen, are all the remarks I shall offer you at present, but I would conclude by again congratulating the Society on having reached the jubilee year of its existence. Mr John Methven, Edinburgh,—Gentlemen, I have to propose that we give our thanks to our President for his excellent and interesting historical sketch of the Society. To the many kindnesses that he has extended to foresters, he has added another to-day. We also thank him for his kind invitation to us to come and see his beautiful estate at Murthly in the month of July. At the close of the President's Address, Mr Fraser Story, Lecturer on Forestry to the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, delivered a lecture on ‘German Forestry.” The lecture, with the discussion thereon, is repro- duced at page 138. THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1854-1904. 5 Il. Zhe Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1854-1904. In the Transactions for 1884,! the year in which the International Forestry Exhibition was held at Edinburgh, a brief account of the formation and rise and progress of the Society is given, together with an enumeration of the principal events with which it was identified from the time of its foundation down to that year. In this account it is stated that :—‘‘ At a meeting held in Edinburgh on the 16th? of February 1854, at which Mr William M‘Corquodale, Forester, Scone Palace, Perth, presided, for the purpose of presenting a testimonial to Mr James Brown on the occasion of his appointment to the office of Deputy-Surveyor of Dean Forest, Gloucestershire, a suggestion was made by Mr William Thomson, Deputy-Surveyor, Chopwell Wood, Co. Durham, that, as Agriculture and Horticulture had derived much benefit from Associations designed to promote their respective interests, ‘something of a similar kind should be done for Forestry. The suggestion was at once adopted by the Meeting, and the Scottish Arboricultural Society there and then originated. “ A Committee was immediately formed to carry out the proposal, the Members of which were :—James Brown, Deputy- Surveyor, Dean Forest, President; William M‘Corquodale, Forester and Wood-Surveyor, Scone, Vice-President; James Alexander, Nurseryman, Edinburgh, Secretary; John Anderson, Nurseryman, Perth, Z7easurer; James Balden, Forester, Lennox- love; John Balden, Forester, Bywell Castle; Mr Campbell, 1 Vol. XI. p. 114. 2There is a curious discrepancy between the date given here and that of the first minute of the meeting. The first minute, written by the Secretary, Mr James Alexander, on a sheet of note paper, bears date 17th February; but the transcript of this minute in the Minute-Book bears date 16th February. In all the other documents of the Society, and in all references to its institution, the date 16th February, so far as is known, occurs, with the single exception of Mr M‘Corquodale’s reference in his Address delivered at the Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting, 6th August 1889 (Vol. XII. p. 375), where he speaks of it as 17th February, a singular error, if error it was, on the part of the Chairman of the Meeting at which the Society was formed, and who had all through been closely identified with its work. The original minute is reproduced at page 43. 6 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Alloa; Robert Cowan, Forester, Arniston; James Dickson, Forester, Charlton; Thomas Forbes, Forester, Whittinghame ; Robert Gardiner, Forester and Land Steward, Eglinton Castle ; John M‘Donald, Forester, Bargany; John M/‘Laren, Forester, Hopetoun; Hugh M‘Laren, Forester, Shaw Park; Alexander M‘Leish, Forester, Alnwick Castle; James Rutherford, Forester, Buckden ; John Thomson, Forester, Culhorn; William Thomson, Deputy-Surveyor, Chopwell; and Thomas ‘Taylor, Forester, Camperdown, Members of Committee. “Several Meetings of the Committee were held during the year 1854, at which the Constitution and Laws were drawn up, and various matters of importance discussed and arranged for the formal institution of the Society. The results of the labours of the Committee were submitted to the first ‘Annual General Meeting’ of the Society, held at 6 York Place, Edinburgh, on 31st January 1855,1 Mr James Brown, President, in the chair, and after full consideration were unanimously approved of.” Mr Brown continued in the Presidency for three years, and was succeeded by the Earl of Ducie; and since that time the Presidential Chair has been filled by many eminent Arbori- culturists. The Society does not seem to have been long in making headway, for by the time it had been four years in existence, its Membership had risen to 167, and about this number it oscillated for the next eight years; but at the close of this period the Membership again took an upward tendency, and in 1877 it reached 750. After this time the Membership again seems to have become practically stationary, and it is not till 1895 that any marked increase appears. From this time onwards, however, there has been a steady increase, and on the Jubilee Anniversary the Roll of Membership stood at 1016. So far as can be ascertained, the Founders of the Society and those who subsequently became Members in the first year of its existence have passed away, and the oldest Members of the Society are now Sir John Ramsden, Bart., and Mr John Grant Thomson, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey, both of whom joined the Society in 1855. 1 Two Annual General Meetings, the first and second, were held in 1855 (in January and November), so that from this year onwards the number of the Annual General Meeting appears throughout the Zyamsactions as one in advance of the actual number of years in the Society’s existence, and the Jubilee Meeting therefore appears as the fifty-first instead of the fiftieth. THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1854-1904. 7 There seems to be an impression in some quarters that prior to the foundation of the Scottish Arboricultural Society a local Arboricultural Society was in existence at Brechin, in Forfarshire; but while there is ample evidence of its existence,! there is nothing to show that the Brechin Society was antecedent to the Scottish Society. On the contrary, the evidence is all the other way. From a paper on “ Local Arboricultural Societies” by Mr Robert Philip, Forester, Aldbar, Brechin, read at the Annual General Meeting of the Scottish Arboricultural Society on 14th November 1855, and subsequently published in the 7ransactions,? it seems quite clear that the Brechin Society had not then been formed, for Mr Philip states that, “ As we have not met as a Society, I cannot state in this paper what our constitution will be, but I consider that the subscription should be as low as possible, in order to embrace all who may feel inclined to be members of the local, and not preclude any from remaining or becoming members of the Scottish Arboricultural Society.” Mr Philip, it is true, does not mention the local Society by name, but there can be no doubt that it is the Brechin Society to which he refers. The first reference to this Brechin Society in the records of the Scottish Society occurs in the Minutes of the Annual General Meeting held on r2th November 1856, where it is stated that, ““On a statement by Mr Philip, it was agreed to publish in the Zvansactions such Essays of the Brechin Arboricultural Society as might be approved of, and to furnish the Society with copies of the Zvamnsactions for their members at half-price ;” and in the first volume of the Zransactions three essays appear which had been awarded prizes by the Brechin Society in 1856 and 1857.3 Mr Philip was elected a Member of the Scottish Society at the meeting at which he read his paper on local Societies, and in the list of Members as it stood at 12th November 1856 he is designated ‘‘ Secretary to the Brechin Arboricultural Society.” It is quite evident, therefore, that the Brechin Society came into existence in the interval between 14th November 1855 and 12th November 1856, but as to the actual date of its formation no record seems to be obtainable. How long the Society continued to exist is not known, but it seems to have been still in existence in 1858, for in the Minutes 1 A copy of the Laws will be found at page 237. 2 Vol. I. p. 38. * Vol. I. pp. 96, 207, and 210. ~ 8 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of the Annual General Meeting of the Scottish Society held on 6th October of that year the following entry occurs :—‘“It was agreed that all Essays read before the Brechin Arboricultural Society, or other local Societies, shall be submitted to a Special Committee of the Scottish Arboricultural Society, and sanctioned by them, previous to being published in the Society’s Zrans- actions ;” and in an essay on “Thinning and General Manage- ment of Forest Trees,” by a writer who signed himself “ Justitia,” which was awarded a silver medal at the meeting on 6th October 1858, and was subsequently published in the Z7vansactions,! the writer states that “Arboricultural Societies are now instituted in Edinburgh, Brechin, and Peebles, and from these I hope much good may emanate.” ‘These are apparently the last references to the Brechin Society which occur in the records of the Scottish Society, and it is probable that soon after this time it came to an end. Of other local Arboricultural Societies, with the solitary exception of that at Peebles, referred to by ‘ Justitia” in his essay, no record seems to exist. How long the Peebles Society continued to exist is not known, but it is probable that, as in the case of the Brechin Society, its career was not of long duration. PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY. 1854. The Society founded. James Brown, author of TZyhe Forester, elected first President. 1855. Constitution and Laws adopted at Annual Meeting. Addresses on the Aims and Objects of the Society delivered by the President and Wm. Thomson. Sub- scriptions fixed at—Foresters, ros. 6d.; Under Foresters, 5s. Medals offered for Essays. Five Vice-Presidents first elected. Members admitted on payment of first Subscription. E. J. Ravenscroft appointed Auditor. 1856. Zransactions first published. First issue of complete List of Members. Subscriptions fixed at—Amateurs and 1 Vol, II. p. 3. This essay must, of course, have been written before Ist August 1858, the date on which essays for competition were to be sent to the Secretary. * The first edition of Zhe Forester was published in 1847, Mr Brown then being forester at Arniston, Midlothian, THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1854-1904. 9 others, ros. 6d.; Foresters, 5s.; Under Foresters, 2s. 6d. Specimens illustrative of Pruning exhibited by Wm. M‘Corquodale at General Meeting. 1857. Earl of Ducie elected President. Returns of Prices of British Forest Produce first obtained. Silver Medals first awarded for Essays. Proposal to hold itinerary Annual Meetings disapproved of. Thomas Methven appointed Auditor in place of E. J. Ravenscroft, resigned. 1858, Earl of Stair elected President. Honorary Members first elected, viz., Dr J. H. Balfour, Sir Wm. J. Hooker, Dr Lindley, Prof. George Lawson (Asséstant Secretary of the Society 1854-58), James M‘Nab, and Peter Clark. 1859. Sir John Hall, Bart., of Dunglass, elected Presedent. Six Vice-Presidents elected. Robert M. Stark appointed Secretary in place of James Alexander, first Secretary of the Society, resigned. 1860. Duke of Atholl elected President. Subscriptions fixed at —Proprietors, Nurserymen, etc., 10s. 6d.; Factors, etc., 5s.; Foresters, 3s.; Under Foresters, 2s. 1861. John I. Chalmers of Aldbar elected President. The Secretary, Robert M. Stark, resigned office. Nursery- men’s subscriptions fixed at 5s. Proposal to start Forestry periodical discussed. Five prizes of 45 each offered by Society to stimulate Foresters to contribute Essays on special subjects. 1862. Earl of Airlie elected President. John Sadler appointed Secretary. General Meeting decided that in Essay Competitions the decisions of the Judges were to be final. 1863. Right Hon. T. F. Kennedy of Dunure elected President. Committee appointed to test and report on M‘Glashan’s Transplanting Machine. 1864. Robert.Hutchison of Carlowrie elected President. Society’s Motto suggested by the Secretary, and adopted. Com- mittee reported favourably on M‘Glashan’s Transplant- ing Machine. IO TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1866. The first Annual Dinner held. Committee appointed to establish, in Edinburgh, a Forester’s “ Registry Office.” Presentation to Treasurer. 1867. Education and Training of Foresters discussed at Annual Meeting. The Prestdent presented Medal Dies to the Society. 1868. Deputation appointed to wait on British Association regarding assistance in testing the Influence of Forests on Climate. Dr Cleghorn delivered address at Annual Meeting, on “Forest Service of India and Scottish Forestry.” 1869. Her Majesty the Queen became Patron of the Society. Thomas Methven appointed Zveasurer in place of John Anderson, first Treasurer of the Society, resigned, and David Syme appointed Axditor in place of Thomas Methven. Ten Guinea Cup offered by David Mitchell! Nurseryman, Edinburgh, for a practical Essay on Arboriculture. Robert H~=tchison and William Thomson elected Honorary Members. Ex- hibition of Cones from Scotland, England, and Ireland at Annual Meeting. 1870. Committee appointed to investigate the Influence of Forests on Climate, the British Association giving a grant in aid of £20. Proposal to grant Diplomas for Efficiency in Forestry discussed and postponed. Exhibition of Cones, etc., at Annual Meeting. 1871. Subscriptions fixed at—Nurserymen, Factors, etc., ros. 6d. ; Foresters, 5s.; Under Foresters, 3s. Exhibition of Cones, Woods, Photographs, etc., at Annual Meeting. 1872. Hugh Cleghorn, M.D., of Stravithie, elected President. Decided to devote two days to Annual Meeting ; to have discussions on selected subjects; and to appoint a Deputation to visit and report on European Forests and Forest Schools. Exhibition of large collection of Woods, etc., at Annual Meeting. 1873. Annual Meeting first held at Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Discussions on _ special subjects at Annual Meetings inaugurated. Museum Committee 1 Mr Mitchell died in 1904. THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1854-1904. II appointed. John Ord Mackenzie appointed Awditor in place of David Syme, resigned. Sir Dietrich Brandis elected Honorary Member. Exhibition of Cones, Tools, Photographs, etc., at Annual Meeting. 1874. Prof. J. H. Balfour, M.D., elected President. In his Inaugural Address the Pres¢dent forcibly pointed out the advantage of planting waste land in Britain. Memorial sent to Government in favour of acquiring Arboretum. George Chrichton appointed Zveasurer in place of Thomas Methven, resigned. Exhibition of Woods, Cones, etc., at Annual Meeting. 1875. The President suggested the creation of a British Forest School, and sketched a curriculum. William M‘Corquodale elected Honorary Member. Death of William Thomson, originator of the Society, recorded. 1876. Right Hon. W. P. Adam of Blairadam elected President. New Code of Laws and Regulations submitted to Annual Meeting, and approved. Discussion on “A Journal of Arboriculture” led Messrs Rider & Son, London, to publish the Journal of Forestry, in May 1877. Exhibition of Woods, Cones, etc., at Annual Meeting. 1877. Local Secretaries (14) first appointed. Presentation to Treasurer. 1878, First Excursion of the Society —Scone, Perthshire. Council resolved to inquire and report on obtaining a Royal Charter for the Society. George Chrichton elected a Trustee in place of Prof. Balfour, resigned. Exhibition of Cones, Seeds, Fibres, Photographs, etc., at Annual Meeting. 1879. Marquis of Lothian, K.T., elected Prestdent. John M‘Laren, jun., appointed Secretary in place of John Sadler, resigned, and also TZveasuver in place of George Chrichton, deceased. (David Mitchell, Znterim Treasurer.) W. P. Adam elected a Trustee in place of George Chrichton. Education Committee appointed. Exhibition of Woods, Cones, etc., at General Meeting. Excursions in Perthshire and Midlothian. I2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 . Charter and Education Reports approved and remitted. Hornsby’s Hedge-cutting Machine exhibited in opera- tion. J. Ord Mackenzie and Robert Hutchison elected Trustees. Presentation to William M‘Corquodale. Excursions in Peeblesshire, Linlithgowshire, and Mid- lothian. . Special Prizes for Essays offered to Assistant Foresters on the suggestion of the Prestdent. Question of Forestry Education remitted to the Council. Sir Richard Temple, Bart., delivered an Address on Forestry; elected an Honorary Member. Marquis of Lothian elected a Trustee in place of W. P. Adam, deceased. Excursions in Morayshire and East Lothian. . Professor Alex. Dickson, M.D., of Hartree, elected Preszdent. The Council recommended the creation of a School of Forestry in Scotland. Proposal to hold International Forestry Exhibition in Edinburgh. Excursions in Fife and Dumbartonshire. . Hugh Cleghorn, M.D., of Stravithie, elected President for second time. Preparation for International Forestry Exhibition absorbed whole attention of Society; £100 voted to Guarantee Fund. Excursions in Perthshire and Selkirkshire. . International Forestry Exhibition held at Edinburgh. Numerous Exhibits by the Society and individual Members. Excursions in Midlothian and Perthshire. . Select Committee of House of Commons on Forestry sat. Evidence given by /restdent and other Members of the Society. Mr Hutchison suggested Lectureship on Forestry might be started at once at Edinburgh University. Forest Area also suggested. Mutual Benefit Society suggested. Subscription List revised, and Scale at present (1904) in force adopted. Marquis of Lothian, Dr Cleghorn, Sir John Lubbock, Sir James Campbell, General Michael, Hon. Robert Southey, Sir Joseph D. Hooker, Professor Dickson, Hon. Wm. Russell, Maharajah of Johore, Edward Jack, and Morimasa Tokei, elected Honorary Members. Presen- tation to Secretary. Excursion in Cumberland and Westmoreland. THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1854-1904. 13 1886. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., M.P., elected President. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Select Committee of House of Commons again sat. Society’s Specimens illustrative of Forestry sent to Museum of Science and Art,! Edinburgh. | Prosposal to start Forestry Periodical again discussed. Wm. J. Moffat appointed Secretary and Treasurer in place of John M‘Laren, jun., resigned. Excursion in Argyll and Buteshire. . Her Majesty the Queen granted permission to the Society to use the title “Royal.” Paper on the proposed School of Forestry by Sir Dietrich Brandis, read by Dr Cleghorn. Proposal for Forestry Periodical again discussed, and project abandoned. Excursion in Aber- deenshire. . Earl of Hopetoun elected Prestdent. The Council petitioned Parliament against the transference of the Royal Botanic Garden to the University of Edinburgh. Presentation to Dr Cleghorn. ‘Dr Cleghorn Forestry Library” founded. Visit to Arboretum. Excursion in Roxburgh- shire. . Dr Wm. Somerville appointed first Lecturer on Forestry at Edinburgh University. Society made representation to Secretary for Scotland in favour of Select Com- mittee’s recommendation to create a Board of Forestry and Schools of Forestry. Government decided that Royal Botanic Garden and Arboretum were to remain Crown Property. Professor Sargent and Dr Schlich elected Honorary Members. Excursion in Notts. . Professor I. Bayley Balfour, M.D., Sc.D., elected President. Society decided to memorialise University Commissioners in favour of Forestry Education. Forestry Chair Endow- ment Fund started. Excursion in Ross-shire. . The President promulgated teaching scheme for Working Foresters and Gardeners at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Dr Somerville appointed Professor of Agriculture and Forestry at Durham College of Science. Chair of Forestry discussed. Proposed Forestry Journal again discussed. Deaths of Wm. M‘Corquodale and John M‘Laren, two of the founders 1 Now the Royal Scottish Museum. Ig TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of the Society, recorded. Excursion in Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown shires. 1892. Classes for Working Foresters and Gardeners instituted at Royal Botanic Garden. University Commission recommended establishment of Chair of Forestry in Edinburgh University. Favourable report of University Forestry Chair Endowment Fund submitted. Forestry made optional subject for B.Sc. degree in Agriculture in Edinburgh University. Excursions in Fife and Perthshire. 1893. Creation of Edinburgh School of Rural Economy suggested 1894. R. by President. Excursion in Berks, Bucks, Surrey, and Hants. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, elected President. President made suggestion to visit Germany. Decided to hold Annual Meeting in January, and a General Meeting at date of Excursion. £433, Ios. paid to University for Forestry Chair Endowment Fund. Wm. J. Moffat, Secretary and Treasurer, resigned office. R. Galloway appointed Jnterim Secretary; G. Mill appointed /nterim Treasurer ; }.Ord Mackenzie resigned Auditorship. Sir Charles Logan elected an Honorary Member. Excursion in Inverness, Moray, and Banff- shire. 1895. Deputation to Mr Long, President of the Board of Agriculture, on the subject of a proposed School of Forestry, etc. Professor Somerville delivered Address on “Formation of a Limited Liability Company to acquire an Estate for Sylviculture.’” Death of Dr Cleghorn recorded. Society’s Books and Specimens handed over to Royal Botanic Garden. Cabinet of Lantern Slides, illustrating Timber-Structure, presented by D. F. Mackenzie. Paper on German Forestry read by John Michie. Robert Galloway appointed Secretary and Zyreasurer. John T, Watson appointed Axdifor. Professor Schwappach elected Foreign Honorary Member. Excursion in North Germany. 1896. Motion to alter name of Society to “Royal Scottish Society of Forestry” rejected. Further sum of £150, 13s. 10d. handed over to University for Forestry Chair Endow- THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1854-1904. 15 ment Fund, making total of £584, 3s. 1od. Com- mittee appointed to collect statistics as to distribution of Forest Trees in Scotland for International Board of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Scientists appointed. Professor Schwappach visited Scotland, and delivered Address on “The Importance of Density in Sylvi- culture.” Excursions in Perthshire, Stirlingshire, and Midlothian. 1897. Address presented to the Queen on the occasion of Her Majesty’s Diamond Jubilee. Prizes of #21 and £5, 5s. offered by the President and the Society respectively for Essays on the best Method of establishing a Forest Area in Scotland: four Essays received; £15, 15s. awarded. Lord Balvaird and R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., elected Trustees in place of Dr Cleghorn and Robert Hutchison, deceased. Address delivered by Professor Schlich on “ Forestry Education.” Resolution that Members use their influence with Local Authorities, etc., to induce them to plant trees to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee Year. Paper on “ Forestry during the Queen’s Reign,” by Malcolm Dunn, published. Large additional number of Local Secretaries appointed. Excursions in South of Ireland and Peeblesshire. 1898. Colonel F. Bailey, R.E., elected Pres¢dent. Scheme for the Establishment of State Model Forests prepared by the President and Professor Somerville, and adopted by the Council, and copies sent to President of Board of Agriculture, Chancellor of Exchequer, Secretary for Scotland, Scottish Members of Parliament, and others. Mr Munro Ferguson appointed Honorary Secretary. Raith Working-Plan published. Catalogue of “Cleg- horn Memorial Library” submitted by Director of Museum of Science and Art. Specimens of Douglas Fir affected by Phoma pithya exhibited for first time, by George Leven, Auchencruive, Ayr. Malcolm Dunn elected an Honorary Member. Excursions in Glou- cestershire and Peeblesshire. 1899. Earl of Mansfield elected Preszdent. Reply from Board of Agriculture regarding Establishment of State Model Forest: no action to be taken meantime. Raith 16 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Bursary of £30 per annum instituted by Mr Munro Ferguson, conditions attaching thereto published, and Alex. T. Crombie appointed Bursar for 1899-1900. Copies of Raith Working-Plan distributed amongst landowners and others. Death of Malcolm Dunn recorded, Dunn Memorial Fund started. Books presented to Society handed over to “Cleghorn Memorial Library” and to Lecturer on Forestry in the University. Jagmiastare Elis Nilson, of the Swedish State Forest Department, visited Scotland in order to study condition of Larch Woods; letter to the Society embodying his views on same published. Lecture on “Pure Forests and Mixed Forests” delivered by Sir Dietrich Brandis. Section of Scots Pine, 270 years old, grown at Riccarton, Midlothian, exhibited by Sir James Gibson Craig, Bart. Proposal to visit France in 1900: proposal afterwards abandoned. Excursion in Inverness, Ross, and Sutherlandshire. 1900. Remit made to Mr Munro Ferguson and Colonel Bailey to prepare Draft Memorial setting forth the claims of Edinburgh as a centre in event of Royal Indian Engineering College at Coopers Hill being abolished ; afterwards found that the Government had decided to make no change meantime. Digest of replies to Circular issued to Members of Society regarding Fires caused by Railway Engines, sent to Boards of Agricul- ture and Trade in connection with Sparks from Railway Engines Bill. Subscriptions from Members of Society to Dunn Memorial Fund, 4112, 3s. 6d. Proposal to publish Zransactions quarterly abandoned meantime. Motion to admit “Honorary Associate Members” adopted. Raith Bursary for Ig00-1901 awarded to Matthew Feaks.. Novar Working-Plan published, and copies circulated amongst landowners and_ others. Dr Nisbet delivered Address on “British Forestry and its Future Prospects.” Excursion in North of Ireland. 1901. Death of Queen Victoria. Address presented to the King on Her Majesty’s death, and on His Majesty’s accession to the Throne. Royal Patronage renewed. Deputatien to Mr Hanbury, President of the Board of Agriculture, THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1854-1904. J i76 setting forth Society’s views on Forestry Education, State Model Forests, and Sparks Bill. Mr Munro Ferguson also suggested to Mr Hanbury the appointment of a Departmental Committee on Forestry. International Congress on Sylviculture held at Paris. Digest of in- formation ve Fires caused by Railway Engines circulated amongst Members of Parliament, etc. Raith Bursary for 1901-1902 awarded to Frank Scott. Forestry Exhibition held at Inverness in connection with Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show. Forestry to be one of the subjects taught in the recently founded College of Agriculture at Edinburgh. Jubilee Com- mittee appointed. Proposal to increase number of €ouneil from